[{},{"de":[["wojna w sferze informacji -posługująca się słowami i obrazami raczej niż bombami i kulami",[]]]},{"de":[["Weaponized rhetoric is both a substitute for war and a new method of warfare.",[]],["Weaponized rhetoric goes beyond persuasion, argumentation, or propaganda in their traditional senses.",[]],["The main tools of weaponized rhetoric are narrative, action, and image.",[]]]},{"sy":[["information warfare",[]],["IW",[]]],"rt":[["bezpieczeństwo kognitywne",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["heuristic cues",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A profile picture is one way to foster social presence.",[]],["how having a profile picture creates a sense of presence of those who are not physically present",[]],["an important aspect of impression development through CMC is being able to give the communicator some form of social presence.",["Tidwell and Walther (2002)"]]],"rt":[["machine heuristic",[]]],"sp":[["heuristic cues",[]]],"ex":[["A profile picture is one way to foster social presence.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["O conceito já é relativamente conhecido no âmbito acadêmico, embora ainda haja confusões e generalizações (entende-se que tratar de um assunto associado ao meio ambiente é, automaticamente, JA, quando há entendimentos diferentes).",[]],["a noção de risco, boa parte dos casos associada a processos longos, a incerteza científica e a complexidade técnica",["7"]],["Ele começa com um conceito de serviço social, dá voz à luta e às demandas e se expressa com honestidade, credibilidade e finalidade.",[]],["necessariamente precisa abordar os temas de maneira aprofundada e sistêmica, ou seja, relacionando o fenômeno principal da reportagem com outros fenômenos naturais e sociais.",[]],["jornalismo que, por meio de sua abordagem ambiental, carrega sua mensagem transversalmente.",[]],["não é o mesmo que jornalismo que cobre pautas ambientais (como se fossem pautas políticas, esportivas ou policiais), mas aquele que na sua prática considera os valores do campo ambiental (ao menos parte deles) na construção das matérias, sendo elas aprofundadas ou não.",[]],["Ser sistêmico, na prática, significa que o repórter precisa perceber o fenômeno principal da pauta associado a outros fenômenos, e que só assim, tentando perceber o todo, será capaz de apresentar de maneira aprofundada os problemas com causas, consequências e possíveis soluções.",[]],["precisa ser sistêmico e baseado na pluralidade de vozes. Ser sistêmico, na prática, significa que o repórter precisa perceber o fenômeno principal da pauta associado a outros fenômenos, e que só assim, tentando perceber o todo, será capaz de apresentar de maneira aprofundada os problemas com causas, consequências e possíveis soluções.",["14"]],["O jornalismo ambiental, partindo de um tema específico (mas transversal), visa ser transformador, mobilizador e promotor de debate por meio de informações qualificadas e em prol de uma sustentabilidade plena.",["14"]],["extrapola a ideia de ser uma cobertura centrada nos assuntos de meio ambiente. A concepção é outra, independente, baseada na pluralidade de vozes e na visão sistêmica, para além de uma cobertura factual ou programada",["14"]]],"sy":[["ecojornalista",[]],["jornalismo sustentável",[]],["especialização profissional",[]],["renovação do jornalismo",[]]],"rt":[["jornalismo especializado",[]],["jornalismo científico",[]]],"sb":[["jornalismo ambiental empírico (estudado dentro do discurso jornalístico)",["13"]],["jornalismo ambiental conceitual (analisado desde o discurso dos movimentos sociais ambientalistas, do discurso político e do discurso acadêmico)",["13"]]],"sp":[["jornalismo especializado",[]]]},{"de":[["manifesta a partir de fontes reconhecidas como competentes e autorizadas em determinadas áreas de conhecimento, e pela apropriação de um discurso especializado, que incorpora termos e expressões comuns (e muitas vezes exclusivos) dessas áreas.",["6"]],["Na maioria dos casos, o Jornalismo Especializado se localiza em espaços (páginas, cadernos, programas, portais etc.) determinados, seja como resultado do trabalho individual de profissionais (jornalistas ou não) capacitados para exercê-lo, seja como fruto do trabalho de um grupo de profissionais, reunidos em editorias específicas",["6"]]],"rt":[["jornalismo segmentado",[]]],"sb":[["jornalismo ambiental",[]]]},{"de":[["diferente do jornalismo segmentado, que leva em consideração mais o público e seus nichos (segmentos).",[]]],"rt":[["jornalismo especializado",[]]]},{},{"de":[["um dos pressupostos que orientam a prática qualificada na área de meio ambiente defendida por nosso grupo de pesquisa.",[]],["a precaução é chamada quando não há conhecimento dos danos ou não certeza de sua ocorrência e alcance de impacto.",["21"]],["enquanto a prevenção é um assunto de especialistas confiado em seus saberes, a precaução é um assunto que compete à sociedade em seu conjunto e deve ser gestionado em seu seio para orientar a tomada de decisões políticas sobre assuntos de relevância fundamental",[]],["indica que os riscos servem, de forma concreta, mesmo que ainda não comprovados, de alerta para que a sociedade tome novas posturas em relação à crise ambiental",["33"]],["é um aspecto relevante quando falamos de MCs, considerando as incertezas científicas e sua ameaça ao futuro",["30"]]],"rt":[["prevenção",["21"]],["riscos ambientais",["30"]],["comunicação de riscos",["31"]]]},{"de":[["dá-se por meio da redução do tempo entre obtenção da informação, tomada de decisão e ação. Quanto mais tempo dispendido com a obtenção da informação, menos tempo para agir em prol de salvar vidas",["33"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["then the two were used in to satirize, ridicule, mock, and even put down a person/party in target",[]],["The use of such cynical comments can actually lead to degradation of language quality in political communication",["25"]],["the use of cynicism in these comments could actually produce propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["sarcasm",[]]],"sp":[["satire",[]]]},{},{"de":[["then the two were used in to satirize, ridicule, mock, and even put down a person/party in target",[]]],"rt":[["cynicism",[]]],"sp":[["satire",[]]]},{"de":[["some countries that have been colonized retain an unrealistic illusion about their colonizers, and this tendency may even be reinforced after a few generations. In other words, the cultural imperialism of the colonial period is continuing with its effects, resulting in a symptomatic addiction to the dominant culture in areas of the weaker culture.",["8"]],["some countries that have been colonized retain an unrealistic illusion about their colonizers, and this tendency may even be reinforced after a few generations.",[]]]},{"de":[["more based on ideology rather than the trend of globalization",["7"]]],"sy":[["cultural imperialism",[]]]},{"de":[["It is this Western control that makes the concept of cultural imperialism clear.",[]],["cultural imperialism of the modern film industry mainly comes from the influence of the American film industry",[]],["cultural imperialism today manifests itself more in the form of intercultural encounter",[]],["cultural imperialism causes cultural destruction to developing countries. Western media can distort the image of other cultures and in some cases trigger the loss of indigenous cultures in developing countries, and therefore lead to the homogeneity.",[]],["Herbert Schiller elaborated on the cultural imperialism theory and described it as the dominant influence of the culture of Western countries over the culture of the weaker ones [18]",["18"]],["cultural imperialism no longer is imposed with force, but instead exerts its influence subconsciously [8]",["8"]],["cultural imperialism no longer is imposed with force, but instead exerts its influence subconsciously",["8"]],["cultural imperialism is able to be prominent and significant in the global dissemination",[]],["brings not only erosion from the ideological aspect, but also introduces new technologies and new ideas.",[]],["The transnational flow of culture with film as the carrier creates more opportunities for cultural imperialism.",[]],["the centre of cultural imperialism has gradually turned to film and other industries.",[]]],"sy":[["cultural colonialism",["7"]]],"rt":[["media imperialism",[]]],"sb":[["non-Western cultural imperialism",[]],["media imperialism",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["cultural imperialism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["no longer implies any hegemonic overtones.",[]]],"sp":[["cultural imperialism",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["opinion leaders",[]]]},{"sy":[["niche opinion leaders",[]]],"sp":[["opinion leaders",[]]]},{"de":[["the amount of their followers ranges from 10 to 100,000 people.",[]]],"sy":[["niche opinion leaders",["17"]]],"sp":[["opinion leaders",[]]]},{"sp":[["opinion leaders",[]]]},{"de":[["These are most often ordinary people united with their public by common interests.",[]]],"sp":[["opinion leaders",[]]]},{"de":[["Leaders of public opinion on social networks (top bloggers) are people with a large audience (the number of followers is at least 5 thousand). In certain situations, leaders of public opinion can be considered people who, although they do not have many followers, but have authority in a narrow field, are professionals.",[]]],"sy":[["top bloggers",[]]],"sb":[["microinfluencers",[]],["nano-influencers",[]],["macro-influencers",[]],["millionaires",[]]]},{"de":[["Opinion leaders have a higher social status among their followers, so they have a strong influence on the choice of their audience.",[]],["Opinion leaders are considered the most trustworthy of their followers.",[]]],"sy":[["trendsetters",[]],["influencers",[]],["brand ambassadors",[]],["lawyers",[]],["it-girls",[]]],"sb":[["microinfluencers",["17"]],["nano-influencers",["17"]],["macro-influencers",["17"]],["millionaires",["17"]]],"ex":[["Elon Musk",[]],["Mark Zuckerberg",[]],["Pavel Durov",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Social media influencers have their followers on social media, so they can have a significant influence on individual decision-making on various social issues.",[]],["use social media to communicate with journalists and the public to interact (or even attack) with their political opponents",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["social cognitive",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Critical discourse analysis or CDA is an amalgamation of a variety of micro-sociological theories and also theories on society and power based Michael Foucault's definition of power [10]",["10"]],["Because critical discourse analysis perceives language as a social practice, it presupposes that it cannot function in isolation, but only within a cultural or social setting [9]",["9"]],["Critical discourse analysis or CDA is an amalgamation of a variety of micro-sociological theories and also theories on society and power based Michael Foucault's definition of power",["10"]],["it focuses on how social relations, identity, knowledge and power are constructed through written and spoken texts in communities. The prime target of critical discourse analysis is to disclose the hidden ideological and power relations which are embedded in text",["7"]]],"sy":[["CDA",[]]],"rt":[["critical communication studies",[]],["Discourse analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["Discourse, on the other hand, as text in context, is defined by its effect.",["9"]],["social dimension of discourse, which he understands as a sequence of contextualized, controlled and purposeful acts accomplished in society, namely, a form of social action taking place in a context.",[]]],"sy":[["text in context",[]]]},{"de":[["it focuses on how social relations, identity, knowledge and power are constructed through written and spoken texts in communities.",["6"]]]},{"de":[["Thus, the language becomes an important thing in human life either communication device or the process to affect human thought and behavior.",[]]]},{"sp":[["dimension of text",[]]]},{"rt":[["semantic",[]],["syntax",[]],["stylistic",[]],["rhetorical",[]]],"sp":[["dimension of text",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["social dimension of discourse",[]]]},{"rt":[["Van Dijk's framework",["13"]]],"sb":[["macrostructure",[]],["superstructure",[]],["microstructure",[]]],"sp":[["CDA Framework",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The primary features of AI ethics are fairness, data privacy, security, ethical algorithms, decision-making, dependability, and transparency in AI",["24"]]]},{"de":[["Excessive dependence on AIgenerated material and issues like \"AIgiarism\" (machinemediated plagiarism) might undermine creativity and critical thinking.",[]]],"sy":[["machinemediated plagiarism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["linking to newsletters, magazines, and publications from state agencies",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["digital gateways, allowing users to access a wealth of information related to their areas of interest without the necessity of following every account utilizing the same hashtag.",[]],["searchable terms, offering users a convenient means to explore and contribute to discussions on a myriad of topics.",[]]],"sp":[["structural features",[]]]},{"de":[["establish a direct channel of communication and engagement.",[]]],"sp":[["structural features",[]]]},{"de":[["augment participation, foster collaboration, and enhance transparency",[]]]},{"de":[["distinguished from GAs based on coders' decisions often guided by context provided by URLs",[]]]},{"de":[["addressing issues of immediate public concern, such as safety, weather, housing, health, travel, voting, and employment",[]]]},{"de":[["According to Habermas (1989), the public sphere necessitates the supportive spirit of cultural traditions, patterns of socialization, and a populace accustomed to freedom, surpassing the institutional assurances of the legitimate state (Habermas, 1992).",["Habermas, 1992"]],["the public sphere necessitates the supportive spirit of cultural traditions, patterns of socialization, and a populace accustomed to freedom, surpassing the institutional assurances of the legitimate state",["1992","Habermas, 1992"]]]},{"de":[["may reduce direct engagement such as replies and likes",[]],["suggesting their role in fostering responsive engagement",[]]],"rt":[["transmission of interactivity",[]],["reflection model",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Social media platforms, on the other hand, go beyond the informative role, enabling discussions around disseminated information.",[]],["They enable agencies to initiate dialogues, promoting the exchange of information, reminiscent of the traditional approach embraced by governmental agencies.",[]]],"ex":[["Facebook",[]],["Twitter",[]]]},{"de":[["invited readers to engage in events or activities",[]]]},{"de":[["the role of mentions in enhancing retweets",[]],["positively influencing information dissemination",[]]],"rt":[["reflection of interactivity",[]],["transmission model",[]]]},{"de":[["often directed at specific users",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Truth is a defines except if \"such imputation [that led to the defamation action] concerns personal matters, and such proof is not be of benefit to the public.\"",["54"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, the Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished with imprisonment of three to fifteen years",["48","47"]]],"rt":[["Criminal defamation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Coordinated inauthentic behaviour conducted on behalf of a foreign or government actor",[]]],"sp":[["inauthentic behaviour",[]]]},{"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation and disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["It has two essential features that it is deliberate and is misleading by design. Prosecution should only apply when both these elements are present.",[]],["The definition must show intent to deceive.",[]],["It has two essential features that it is deliberate and is misleading by design.",[]]],"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["hate speech",[]],["Satire or parody",[]],["Misleading content",[]],["Imposter content",[]],["Fabricated content",[]],["False connection",[]],["False context",[]],["Manipulated content",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["misinformation and disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation and disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation and disinformation",[]]]},{"sb":[["coordinated inauthentic behaviour",[]],["(a) use of multiple accounts on the platform, with the intention to mislead other users",[]],["(b) misleading users about ownership or control of a page",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation and disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation and disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Social media usage has been shown to significantly increase in cases of natural disasters and crises (Gottlieb and Dyer, 2020), as information needs to be transferred quickly.",["Gottlieb and Dyer, 2020"]],["Social media allows for interaction in online journal clubs with experts, sharing data on a global open-source platform, bookmarking content in specified web pages, and hosting webinars and video conferences.",[]]],"rt":[["traditional media",[]],["traditional journals",[]],["e-mail",[]],["traditional broadcast news",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["whether a product review is positive or negative",[]]]},{"de":[["Labeling these articles with their sentiment would provide succinct summaries to readers; indeed, these labels are part of the appeal and value-add of such sites as www.rottentomatoes.com, which both labels movie reviews that do not contain explicit rating indicators and normalizes the different rating schemes that individual reviewers use. Sentiment classification would also be helpful in business intelligence applications (e.g. MindfulEye's Lexant systemfoot_0 ) and recommender systems (e.g., Terveen et al. (1997), Tatemura (2000)), where user input and feedback could be quickly summarized; indeed, in general, free-form survey responses given in natural language format could be processed using sentiment categorization.",[]]]},{"sy":[["topic-based categorization",[]]],"ex":[["sports vs. politics",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["dependencybased features",[]]],"sb":[["Frame-word interaction features",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frame-semantic features",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These rationales, however, may not always contain reasons.",[]]],"ex":[["a sentence that mentions that the author likes a product is a rationale, but it does not contain any reason for her liking it.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["A newspaper's slant index is governed by the frequency of use of partisan collocations of 2-3 tokens.",[]],["rate the ideological leaning of newspapers",["Gentzkow and Shapiro (2010)"]],["governed by the frequency of use of partisan collocations of 2-3 tokens",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["feature-based",[]]]},{"ex":[["Certainly not the best sushi in New York, however, it is always fresh",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["a text segment that directly supports a CDC in the context of a given Topic.",[]],["Context Dependent Evidence (CDE)",[]]]},{"sp":[["a text segment that directly supports a CDC in the context of a given Topic.",[]],["Context Dependent Evidence (CDE)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["specificity",[]],["the richness of detail",[]],["information specificity",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The authors speculate that liars may have added unrealistically many concrete details to their narrative to appear truthful.",[]],["Moreover, liars are thought to be inclined to appear convincing and attempt to do so by including specific, concrete information into their narratives.",[]],["deceptive future experiences seemed to have a lower abstraction score (i.e., they are less abstract, hence more concrete), contain more named entities and a higher RM score than truthful intentions, all pointing to more concrete language in deceptive statements",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These linguistic properties were described as factors as constituting a measure of specificity",[]]]},{"de":[["In line with the cognitive load theory of deception (Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981), it was argued that the liars' task of fabricating a believable account take up so many cognitive resources that they resort to simple, concrete language of describing actions, which is easily constructed with motion verbs.",[]],["Simple language as measured through motion verbs",[]]],"ex":[["e.g., 'walk,'",[]]]},{"de":[["In its simplest form, a person reference is made through personal pronouns ('he,' 'they'). A more specific reference would include mentioning proper nouns that refer to persons ('friend,' 'daughter').",[]],["A more specific reference would include mentioning proper nouns that refer to persons ('friend,' 'daughter').",[]]]},{"de":[["approaches to deception detection, in that truthful narratives are concrete, contextually embedded and rich in detail, whereas deceptive narratives lack such information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["One way in which this can be explained is that liars are less able to recall concrete details of an event and -in the case of the Verifiability Approach -are reluctant to provide specific information.",[]],["truthful narratives are concrete, contextually embedded and rich in detail, whereas deceptive narratives lack such information",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Digital cyberspace as a unique form of modern tool of power is getting its preference and becoming a game changer.",[]]],"sp":[["Power",[]]]},{"de":[["circulation of disinformation was to instigate and mobilize people to perform violence",[]]],"sy":[["deceptive disinformation",[]],["engineered information",[]]]},{"de":[["the source is aware of its nature; and (c) it is purposefully conveyed to mislead.",[]],["the process of information is defective; (b) the source is aware of its nature; and (c) it is purposefully conveyed to mislead.",["Floridi ( , 2005Floridi ( , 2011"]]]},{},{"de":[["lack of information and knowledge gap cause misinformation.",[]],["In other words, lack of information and knowledge gap cause misinformation.",[]]]},{"de":[["It has many forms: economic, political, religious, communicative, technological, physical, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["more homophily on relevant resources or characteristics, which are correlated with these, tends to increase intergroup inequality",["DiMaggio & Garip, 2011"]]],"rt":[["cultural tastes and dispositions",[]],["habitus",[]]]},{},{"de":[["highlighting human rights, global implications, and a focus on humans rather than animals or the natural environment",[]]],"rt":[["global equality",[]],["human rights",[]],["historical responsibility",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["is not due to their dwelling on an absolute geographical margin but rather to their symbolic handling in dominant forms of media representation",["Roosvall and Tegelberg 2012"]]]},{"de":[["This problem arises, for instance, when a transnational source of injustice is addressed within a state-territorial frame that limits the horizon of justice to actors who reside upon and share membership in the political terrain of a modern state",["Fraser 2008, 22-23"]],["It occurs in media representations of U.N. climate summits, where transnational indigenous groups are misframed in various ways.",[]],["The concept of misframing allows researchers to determine whether climate related issues are connected to relevant scales in media reporting.",[]],["that Fraser identifies as part of contemporary political structures",[]],["misframing through the imposition of state-territorial frames",[]]],"rt":[["misrepresentation",[]]],"ex":[["This misframing is precisely what indigenous groups, like the Sami, a transnational people spread across four nation-states (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia), experience at U.N. climate summits where nation-states negotiate along territorial lines",["Roosvall and Tegelberg 2012"]],["when a transnational source of injustice is addressed within a state-territorial frame that limits the horizon of justice to actors who reside upon and share membership in the political terrain of a modern state",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, they [are] empowered to name the word in their own terms. Citizen media activate processes from individuals to communities that resignify their contexts and identities [...] Citizen media are the media that are used by citizens to trigger communication processes that contribute to shape their local communities.",["Rodríguez 2009, 18"]],["different experiences of free/community/citizen media",[]]],"sy":[["free",[]],["community",[]],["popular",[]],["alternative",[]]]},{"de":[["Community-based media should serve as a tool for local communities and should be representative of their diverse interests.",[]],["citizen/community media has to be thought of as exercising old and new communication and information practices; these media need radio spectrum and licences for covering marginal communities across the country",[]]],"rt":[["citizen/community/popular media collectives",[]]],"sp":[["third sector of the media",[]]]},{"de":[["They express alternative points of view on the level of culture and have alternative organisation models at the level of political economy",["2015,330"]]],"rt":[["third sector",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It should be made clear that community radio is not about doing something for the community, but about the community doing something for itself, i.e. owning and controlling its own means of communication.",["Mtimde et al. 1998, 14"]],["The historical philosophy of community radio is to use this medium as the voice of the voiceless (landless peasants, urban shack dwellers, impoverished indigenous nations, trade unions, etc.), the mouthpiece of oppressed people (be it on racial, gender, or class grounds) and generally as a tool for development",["Mtimde et al. 1998, 14"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["mainstream media agenda",[]],["the concentrated MCS constantly reflects its undemocratic structure, particularly in terms of these left-wing activities and expressions.",[]]]},{"de":[["exploring alternative means of understanding the communications systems and their relationship with democratic participatory practices and non-profit commercial logics, which attempt to struggle against and escape the hegemonic structuration of corporate, global capitalism.",[]]],"sy":[["third sector of the media",[]]]},{"de":[["the third sector of the media, which continues in the margins and at grassroots levels.",[]],["Thus, they do not necessarily have any commercial or governmental interest. They are media sources that aspire to reflect the different expressions of organised civil society, and expressions that the other sectors do not encompass (Sáez 2008).",["Sáez 2008"]],["this article understands the third sector as stemming from its citizenship specificity to empowered individuals, communities, collectives and social movements, and the way they use communication and information as an expression of citizenship to consolidate or build democratic societies.",[]],["the third sector remains in the margins and in an unequal position",[]],["the third sector of the media in reshaping and opening up the undemocratic MCS",[]]],"sy":[["community, non-profit, citizen, radical, popular, free, alternative and indigenous media",[]],["free media",[]]],"rt":[["community",[]],["non-profit",[]],["citizen",[]],["radical",[]],["popular",[]],["free",[]],["alternative",[]],["indigenous",[]],["community/citizen actor",[]],["free/community/citizen media",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The approach relies on a variety of perspectives and pedagogies that encourages theoretically informed practice, acknowledging that the breadth of information, learners, and instructors are socially situated entities.",["21"]]],"rt":[["critical literacy",[]]]},{"sy":[["critlib",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["QuantCrit",[]]]},{"de":[["BIPOC students in higher education, for example, are often viewed through a deficit lens by academics and teachers.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["librarianship is notorious for organizing its various services (i.e., technical services, public services, administration, etc.) into distinct silos, often with a specific internal or external orientation.",[]]]},{"de":[["The goal of social justice is full and equitable participation of people from all social identity groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs.",["65"]],["The process for attaining the goal of social justice should also be democratic and participatory, respectful of human diversity and group differences, and inclusive and affirming of human agency and capacity for working collaboratively with others to create change.",["65"]],["The goal of social justice is full and equitable participation of people from all social identity groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs. The process for attaining the goal of social justice should also be democratic and participatory, respectful of human diversity and group differences, and inclusive and affirming of human agency and capacity for working collaboratively with others to create change.",["65"]]]},{},{"de":[["cambio de paradigma, del gatekeeper del poderoso periodista tradicional al gatewatching colectivo",["Bruns, 2005"]]],"rt":[["gatekeeper",[]]]},{},{"de":[["El fenómeno del periodismo ciudadano, cuando la audiencia produce noticias o material informativo de interés (vídeos, fotos), es el que ha sido menos estudiado de forma sistemática.",[]]]},{"de":[["muchas de las aproximaciones conciben la identidad más como un proceso que como un concepto estático.",[]]]},{"de":[["Es el reflejo de nuestra imagen en el espejo de la Red.",[]]],"sb":[["parte personal",[]],["parte social",[]],["Parte personal: ¿Qué enseño sobre mí mismo? Qué es lo que la persona hace de forma visible en internet",[]],["Parte social A: ¿Quién me influencia? Quién configura la red social de la persona en internet o su red personal de aprendizaje",[]],["Parte social B ¿Quién se ve influenciado por mi? Quién incluye a esta persona como parte de su red social o de aprendizaje",[]]],"sp":[["identidad",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["cognición externa",[]]]},{},{"de":[["desencadena un mecanismo psicológico de defensa que provoca que, individuos y sociedades, tiendan a simplificar el mundo externo y lleva a la selección de aquellos datos que confirman los prejuicios previos, ignorando el resto de los datos existentes.",[]],["el exceso de información desencadena un mecanismo psicológico de defensa que provoca que, individuos y sociedades, tiendan a simplificar el mundo externo y lleva a la selección de aquellos datos que confirman los prejuicios previos, ignorando el resto de los datos existentes.",[]]],"sy":[["exceso de información",[]]]},{"ex":[["Twitter",[]]]},{"de":[["un complejo entramado relacional entre prácticas comunicativas y sociales e infraestructura tecnológica dando lugar a un nuevo ecosistema de comunicación interpersonal colectiva",[]]],"ex":[["Facebook, Twitter, blogs, foros, agregadores de opiniones, medios de comunicación profesionales sólo online, etc.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["microblogging conversacional",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["new journalism",[]]],"rt":[["periodismo narrativo",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Nacidos a finales de 2000, estos nativos digitales ejemplifican la revitalización de un periodismo de largo formato y cuidada factura dirigido a clubes de lectores especializados que demandan una recepción periodística más pausada.",[]],["El periodismo lento evita la competición extrema por la primicia y pone en entredicho géneros y formatos (como la propia noticia, la prensa gratuita, el periodismo en redes sociales, etc.), que de alguna manera están abocados a una concisión extrema, con lo que esto conlleva de simplificación, descontextualización y fragmentación de realidades más complejas.",[]],["Forman parte del periodismo lento aquellas expresiones que: a) desafían el ciclo 24 horas/7 días a la semana (24/7) y rescatan temporalidades más pausadas como la semana, el mes o el trimestre; b) no toman en cuenta la extensión de la información periodística, sino que, en la búsqueda de la calidad y el rigor, reivindican el periodismo de largo formato (longform journalism) y géneros como el reportaje en profundidad, el ensayo, la crónica o la entrevista; c) censuran la lógica de la novedad, lo inmediato o lo desacostumbrado como principales valores-noticia y, en su lugar, atienden a las necesidades de los ciudadanos como criterio último para definir lo noticioso.",[]],["recuperan las historias detalladas y rigurosas, sin que haya límite para la extensión de las piezas",[]]],"sy":[["periodismo slow",[]]],"rt":[["periodismo de largo formato",[]],["crónica",[]],["reportaje",[]],["periodismo de investigación",[]],["periodismo narrativo",[]]]},{"de":[["permiten \"humanizar\" las informaciones a través del seguimiento de distintas historias de vida, abundante contextualización histórica, o distintas capas expresivas y de fuentes, testimonios y datos.",[]]],"rt":[["new journalism",[]],["la crónica",[]],["el reportaje en profundidad",[]],["nuevo periodismo",[]]],"sb":[["la crónica",[]],["el reportaje en profundidad",[]],["new journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["una operación que aplica técnicas del periodismo de datos para desenmascarar los errores, ambigüedades, mentiras, falta de rigor o inexactitudes de algunos contenidos publicados en los medios de comunicación.",[]],["Se trata de un filtro que garantiza que los textos periodísticos están contrastados a partir de fuentes fiables, documentos oficiales y resultados de investigaciones solventes, en un momento en el que la profesión periodística está lastrada por la precariedad laboral",[]],["una operación que aplica técnicas del periodismo de datos para desenmascarar los errores, ambigüedades, mentiras, falta de rigor o inexactitudes de algunos contenidos publicados en los medios de comunicación",[]],["Se trata de un filtro que garantiza que los textos periodísticos están contrastados a partir de fuentes fiables, documentos oficiales y resultados de investigaciones solventes",[]]],"sy":[["verificación de datos",[]]],"rt":[["periodismo de datos",[]]]},{"de":[["Se trata de una vieja práctica que ya se usaba en algunos panfletos y publicaciones del siglo XVIII y XIX, pero que cambia con internet al acelerarse la distribución de la información y socializarse el contenido masivamente (Nelson; Harsh, 2018; Haigh; Haigh; Kozak, 2017).",["Nelson; Harsh, 2018","Haigh; Haigh; Kozak, 2017"]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["desinformación",[]]]},{"de":[["accidental exposure, although necessary, is generally associated with low levels of political awareness.",[]]],"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["Audiences started to be perceived not only as active in the interpretation of journalistic texts and messages but also as active in the sense of production, dissemination of content and public debate in online environments",["Suau, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["The new nature of audiences is diffuse, but at the same time connected to the day-to-day, which is precisely one of the main features of what Schroder et al. call the multifaceted nature of audiences",["Schroder et al., 2003"]],["This new participatory dimension of the nature of audiences adds a new social or relational component that did not appear in previous definitions of audiences",["Livingstone, 2013"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["associated with the new roles or work practices of journalists",["Bakker (2014)"]],["closely linked to debates about new audience roles in an environment that fosters new forms of participation",[]]],"sy":[["news curating",[]]],"rt":[["news curating",[]],["news sharing",[]]]},{"de":[["The democratic subject here arises through engagement in the formation of groups of activism and protest.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["closely linked to a change in the consumption of news: from that of a model based on mass audiences to one based more on small connected communities of audiences that share content in different spaces on the internet",[]],["because it is closely linked to a change in the consumption of news: from that of a model based on mass audiences to one based more on small connected communities of audiences that share content in different spaces on the internet (Villi, 2012).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is a model that is strongly linked to the new communication technologies and with the participatory dimension of the new environment (Papacharissi, 2010;Dahlgren, 2013;Rainie, Wellman, 2012).",["Papacharissi, 2010;Dahlgren, 2013;Rainie, Wellman, 2012"]]],"sp":[["citizenship",[]]]},{"sb":[["actualizing citizen",["Bennett, 2008","Bennett;Segerberg, 2013"]],["private sphere",["Papacharissi, 2010"]],["solo sphere",["Dahlgren, 2013"]],["networked individualism",["Rainie;Wellman, 2012"]]]},{"de":[["seeks to widen its outlook to take in other forms of deliberation, albeit some of these questionable",[]]]},{"de":[["Democracy, here, is based on the search for consensus, rather than on the sum of individual wills.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The result is the echo chambers effect:",[]]]},{"de":[["the internet results in a substantial reduction in the interactions between citizens, thereby reducing diversity and pluralism and consequently a homogenisation from the point of view of interest and opinions, i.e. the echo-chambers discussed above.",[]],["substantial reduction in the interactions between citizens, thereby reducing diversity and pluralism and consequently a homogenisation from the point of view of interest and opinions",[]],["in which citizens tend to only interact with others who hold similar opinions.",[]]],"sy":[["ideological bubbles",[]]],"rt":[["selective exposure",[]],["filter bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["Because the media compete for the attention of users, and users for the attention of other users. Attention is a limited resource, and in the new media environment has to deal with an ever-increasing number of sources of information, which has led to an 'economy of attention' (Webster, 2011;Davenport;Beck, 2001).",[]]]},{"rt":[["selective exposure",[]],["echo-chambers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in which citizens tend to only interact with others who hold similar opinions.",[]]],"sy":[["echo-chambers",[]]]},{"de":[["Incivility is an ambiguous concept, open to multiple interpretations.",[]],["incivility implies a greater degree of severity, in that its presence undermines democracy and individual freedom.",[]],["incivility brings nothing positive in that it does not recognise the mutual respect between speakers",["Brooks; Geer, 2007"]],["the decision as to what behaviour is regarded as sociable or unsociable depends on each individual",[]]],"rt":[["impoliteness",[]]],"sb":[["name-calling",["Coe, Kenski & Rains (2014)"]],["aspersion",["Coe, Kenski & Rains (2014)"]],["lying",["Coe, Kenski & Rains (2014)"]],["vulgarity",["Coe, Kenski & Rains (2014)"]],["pejorative for speech",["Coe, Kenski & Rains (2014)"]],["name-calling, aspersion, lying, vulgarity, and pejorative for speech",[]]]},{"de":[["The democratic subject is regarded as a rational individual, self-seeking, a maximiser of instrumental utility, who knows his/her own best interests.",[]]]},{"de":[["are present in most online communities",[]],["despite their passive attitude feel part of the community",[]],["may have an emotional reaction to the content, but they do not externalise it, although they may make subsequent use of that content",[]]],"sy":[["engaged listeners",["Barnes (2013)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["public sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["the redistribution of content",[]],["it allows the act of sharing to be separated from the intentionality of the user: news sharing can be occasional or sporadic and can also refer to more conscious, planned activities.",[]],["the content shared is of public interest, regardless of its format.",[]]],"sy":[["redistribution of content",[]]],"rt":[["recontextualising",[]],["endorsing",[]],["content curation",[]]]},{"sp":[["public sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["or engagement with matters of public interest.",[]]],"rt":[["engagement with matters of public interest",["Gil de Zúñiga; Copeland; Bimber, 2013","Dimitrova et al., 2011","Anduiza;Cantijoch;Gallego, 2009"]]]},{"sy":[["solo sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["at the same time a consumer and producer of content",["Bruns, 2008b"]]],"ex":[["blogs, wikis and forums",[]]]},{"de":[["Publics developed in other spaces for participation and meeting, such as cafes, social clubs or squares, where citizens came together, had discussions and exchanged views that led to the formulation of public opinion",["Dewey, 1946","Habermas, 1989"]]]},{"de":[["the connecting link between public sphere and democracy",[]],["One of the characteristics which describes this new public sphere is its fragmentation",["Galston, 2003"]],["Dahlgren (2005) sets out three constituent dimensions of the public sphere",[]],["publics and audiences have always been understood as opposite concepts, separated in space and time.",[]]],"rt":[["digital",[]],["virtual",[]],["online",[]]],"sb":[["the political public sphere",[]],["a cultural public sphere",[]],["networked public sphere",[]],["public sphericules",[]],["personal publics",[]],["affective publics",[]],["structural dimension, which relates to its formal institutional features: organisation, financial policy, ownership, control and regulation of the media, as well as the legal framework defining the freedom of communication.",[]],["the representational one and refers to the output of the media, and includes impartiality, accuracy",[]],["The third dimension is that of interaction.",[]]],"ex":[["the Twittersphere or the blogosphere",[]]]},{"de":[["These authors take the view that the reduced size of the sphere and the shared interest in a subject may improve the quality of the deliberation.",[]]],"sp":[["public sphere",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["-providing an evaluation of the contributions of journalists and other users; -communicating the value or perceived quality of the material; and -re-diffusing selected content.",["Singer (2014)"]],["providing an evaluation of the contributions of journalists and other users; -communicating the value or perceived quality of the material; and -re-diffusing selected content.",[]]]},{"de":[["The problem re-emerges strongly because technology has increased audiences' control in establishing their own patterns of consumption of information (Brundidge, 2010).",["2010"]]],"rt":[["echo-chambers",[]],["filter bubbles",[]],["accidental exposure",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["content curator",[]]]},{"de":[["ascribing an active motivated role to those who share news in 2.0 environments",["Bruns, 2018","Villi, 2012"]],["Describing audiences as curators of content (social curators) on social networks implies ascribing an active motivated role to those who share news in 2.0 environments",["Bruns, 2018","Villi, 2012"]],["the role of a citizen who selects and interprets the most interesting news content and then shares it on social networks, promoting a dialogue around the theme of shared news.",[]]],"sy":[["curators of content",[]]]},{"de":[["a place in which to develop media-centred practices or 'low' intensity forms of political engagement.",[]]],"sp":[["private sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["at the same time a consumer and producer of content",["Thurman, 2008","Singer et al., 2011"]]],"sy":[["UGC",[]]],"ex":[["blogs, wikis and forums",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["desinformación corporativa",[]]]},{"de":[["La negatividad de la desinformación se basa en la corrupción del proceso fiable de recogida y presentación de los hechos.",[]],["los desórdenes informativos, en especial la desinformación, no se basan para su aceptación social en la coacción propagandística sino en la libertad de los ciudadanos para elegirlos de forma voluntaria",["Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018"]],["su potencial catastrófico reside en que su intersección con la política y debido a su carácter performativo (Austin, 1975(Austin, [1962]]) se persiguen objetivos que tienen como objetivo transformar la realidad",["Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018"]],["su potencial catastrófico reside en que su intersección con la política y debido a su carácter performativo (Austin, 1975(Austin, [1962]]) se persiguen objetivos que tienen como objetivo transformar la realidad (Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018).",["Austin, 1975(Austin, [1962]]","Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018"]]],"sy":[["desórdenes informativos",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["lo inexacto",[]],["lo incompleto",[]]],"sp":[["desorden informativo",[]]],"ex":[["deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["Los desórdenes informativos están interrelacionados entre sí y dependen, de forma necesaria, de las tecnologías post Internet, lo que ha modificado la naturaleza misma de la comunicación interpersonal colectiva.",[]],["Los desórdenes informativos suponen una voluntad de autoridad sobre la realidad, en la práctica, una voluntad de supremacía ideológica, y un riesgo para las democracias liberales.",[]],["acelerados por la innovación tecnológica, desde su origen corporativo han ido mutando hasta convertirse en un aspecto vertebral de la ideología política",[]],["la intencionalidad de producir desórdenes informativos facilita que toda opinión o evento sea susceptible de ser elevado a verdad en la medida en que resulte útil a una cierta ideología, cosmovisión política o causa corporativa.",[]],["los desórdenes informativos, en especial la desinformación, no se basan para su aceptación social en la coacción propagandística sino en la libertad de los ciudadanos para elegirlos de forma voluntaria",["Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018"]],["los desórdenes informativos no tienen por qué haber culminado en el cinismo de los hechos alternativos.",[]]],"sy":[["desinformación",[]],["fake news",[]],["hechos alternativos",[]],["posverdad",[]],["deepfakes",[]],["desórdenes desinformativos",[]]],"rt":[["tecnologías post Internet",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["negacionismo intencional",[]]]},{"sy":[["alternative facts",[]]]},{"de":[["la posverdad consiste en la subordinación y reorganización de los hechos desde una voluntad ideológica y política concreta, lo que necesita de un mecanismo de legitimación en el que se persigue naturalizar una epistemología basada en las emociones políticas, dado que las emociones y sentimientos son reales los hechos que los provocan, los desórdenes informativos, tienen que ser reales",["Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018"]],["Esto es, la posverdad consiste en la subordinación y reorganización de los hechos desde una voluntad ideológica y política concreta, lo que necesita de un mecanismo de legitimación en el que se persigue naturalizar una epistemología basada en las emociones políticas, dado que las emociones y sentimientos son reales los hechos que los provocan, los desórdenes informativos, tienen que ser reales (Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018).",[]]],"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",["Wardle;Hossein, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Pese a que la posverdad no ha tenido un desarrollo teórico acorde con su relevancia social, encontramos aproximaciones al concepto desde la filosofía (McIntyre, 2018), la crítica cultural (D'Ancona, 2017), las teorías cognitivas (Lewandowsky et al., 2017), y también obras colectivas en las que se combinan distintos enfoques (Ibáñez, 2017).",[]],["los contornos del concepto se vuelven imprecisos cuando se lo asocia a fenómenos ya conocidos y estudiados previamente, como la desinformación, la propaganda y la manipulación informativa",[]],["la posverdad se utiliza para aislar temas con los que se identifica a un adversario político que es mostrado como una amenaza",[]],["la posverdad debilita la noción de realidad",[]],["se diluye la separación entre verdad y mentira: se confunden realidad y deseos",[]],["El principal es considerar que se trata de un concepto de la política y que se aplica a los discursos políticos, sobre todo en aquellos aspectos de la comunicación política propios de un entorno digital",[]],["reacción anti-establishment",[]],["una reacción anti-establishment contra la autoridad, un elemento típico del posmodernismo, para el cual la verdad implica autoritarismo a la hora de imponer una visión de la realidad",[]],["la posverdad, más que un contenido semántico concreto, es una forma de calificar al otro, percibido como una amenaza existencial, no como un rival político",["Ruiz-Caballero, 2015"]],["devaluación de los hechos o posfactualidad",[]],["preeminencia de creencias y sentimientos",[]],["implicaciones políticas",[]],["implicaciones epistemológicas",[]],["la posverdad es una reacción anti-establishment contra la autoridad, un elemento típico del posmodernismo, para el cual la verdad implica autoritarismo a la hora de imponer una visión de la realidad",[]],["la posverdad corta la relación entre verdad y política",[]],["la posverdad es un \"avatar del posmodernismo\"",[]]],"sy":[["post-truth",[]],["mentira de siempre",[]],["mentira enmascarada",[]],["bulo posmoderno",[]],["neolengua políticamente correcta",[]],["artículo de fe",[]]],"rt":[["la desinformación",[]],["la propaganda",[]],["la manipulación informativa",[]],["propaganda",[]],["manipulación",[]],["desinformación",[]],["entretenimiento como sustituto de la información",[]],["publicidad",[]],["comunicación política digitalizada",[]],["posmodernismo",[]],["entorno digital",[]],["populismo",[]],["Epistocracia",[]],["establishment",[]]],"sp":[["posmodernismo",[]]],"ex":[["la elección de Donald Trump y el Brexit",[]],["casos de negacionismo científico como el cambio climático y el movimiento antivacunas",[]],["la mentira se convierte en artículo de fe",[]],["es peor que la mentira clásica porque niega el principio de realidad",[]],["muestra un cambio de actitud de la sociedad ante la verdad",[]]]},{"de":[["la infodemia está obstaculizando las medidas de contención del brote, propaga el pánico, crea confusión de forma innecesaria y genera división en un momento en el que necesitamos ser solidarios y colaborar para salvar vidas para poner fin a esta crisis sanitaria",["Adhanom-Ghebreyesus; Ng, 2020"]],["sobreinformación de muchos aspectos relacionados con la enfermedad",[]]]},{},{"de":[["en esta extensión del modelo original se argumenta que la agenda de atributos de los medios sobre un determinado objeto -por ejemplo, un candidato político-se transmite hacia el público, del mismo modo que sucede con la agenda de objetos",[]]],"rt":[["segundo nivel",[]],["segundo nivel de la teoría",[]]]},{"de":[["se reconstruye habitualmente mediante técnicas de análisis de contenido",[]]],"rt":[["agenda del público",[]],["agenda política",[]]]},{"rt":[["agenda política",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["tercer nivel",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["clima de opinión",["Wolf (2000)"]]],"rt":[["agenda de los medios",[]]],"sb":[["agenda intrapersonal",[]],["agenda interpersonal",[]]]},{"rt":[["relevancia intersubjetiva",[]]],"sp":[["agenda del público",[]]]},{"sp":[["agenda del público",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["clima de opinión",["2000"]]],"rt":[["clima de opinión",["Wolf, 2000"]]],"sp":[["agenda del público",[]]]},{"de":[["La prensa no tiene mucho éxito en decir a la gente qué tiene que pensar, pero sí lo tiene en decir a sus lectores sobre qué tienen que pensar",["Cohen, 1963, p. 13"]]],"rt":[["framing",[]],["teoría del cultivo",[]]]},{"sy":[["compelling associations",[]]],"ex":[["delitos relacionados con las drogas e impacto de las drogas sobre los individuos",[]]]},{"rt":[["atributos sustantivos",[]]]},{"rt":[["atributos afectivos",[]]]},{},{"de":[["transferencia de relevancia desde la agenda de los activistas hacia la agenda del público",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["primer nivel",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["transferencia de relevancia",[]]]},{"de":[["La necesidad de orientación se manifiesta en todos los ámbitos que el individuo percibe como importantes para su vida o para la sociedad de la que forma parte (relevancia) y sobre los que no tiene información (incertidumbre).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["La experiencia del individuo en torno a un asunto parece aumentar las posibilidades de integración, es decir, de acomodación de la información nueva en un esquema amplio y preestablecido, disminuyendo así la influencia de acontecimientos puntuales y, por tanto, de la transferencia de relevancia",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["función traductora",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["teoría del establecimiento de la agenda",["1"]]]},{"de":[["un conjunto de noticias puede modelar la percepción del público acerca de cuáles son los asuntos más importantes del momento",[]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["digital media (social media and websites or apps)",[]]],"rt":[["legacy media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They interact and interrelate, sometimes harmonically and sometimes in conflict, shaping the current political information environment and the increasingly digitalised public sphere.",[]]]},{"de":[["causes people that use social media to inform themselves to have lower political interest and less knowledge about public affairs",["Gil de Zúñiga; Diehl, 2019","Lee; Xenos, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["It is a valuable mechanism for guiding people, especially in highly complex situations such as the one generated by the Covid-19 pandemic.",[]],["information enables us to know what is going on around us. Moreover, it allows us access to current events and public affairs that may affect our daily life.",[]],["it is a key tool for the functioning of a healthy democracy.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["television and the rest of the legacy media, such as print newspapers.",[]],["legacy media, such as print newspapers",[]],["have a greater capacity to successfully conduct fact-checking and data verification tasks, further limiting the circulation of rumours and fake news, as opposed to the digital environment.",[]],["legacy media (print media, national open television, and cable television)",[]]],"rt":[["television",[]],["digital media",[]]],"ex":[["television",[]],["print newspapers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It has two dimensions: supply, related to the quantity and quality of news on public affairs provided to citizens, and demand, which includes the consumption habits of the public and their attitudes towards the news.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["bulo",[]]]},{"de":[["Este término, que al parecer deriva del caló",[]],["contenidos que buscan el engaño premeditado",[]],["evita emplear anglicismos innecesarios",[]],["Son bulos, en suma, todos aquellos contenidos falsos que alcanzan difusión pública, fabricados intencionadamente por múltiples motivos, que pueden ir desde la simple broma o parodia, hasta la controversia ideológica, pasando por el fraude económico.",[]]],"rt":[["desinformación",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["bromas",[]],["exageraciones",[]],["descontextualizaciones",[]],["engaños",[]],["broma",[]],["exageración",[]],["descontextualización",[]],["engaño",[]]],"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",[]],["desinformación",[]]]},{},{"de":[["La 'descontextualización' está frecuentemente ligada a formatos fotográficos o de vídeo: imágenes reales, a menudo de meses o incluso años atrás, se sitúan falsamente en el presente, en un contexto que no es verdadero.",[]]],"sp":[["bulo",[]]],"ex":[["una foto compartida en redes sociales de decenas de ataúdes alineados indicaba que se trataba de muertos por coronavirus en Italia (Maldita.es, 23 marzo 2020); aunque ciertamente se trataba de una foto tomada en Italia, databa en realidad de octubre de 2013, cuando decenas de inmigrantes subsaharianos fallecieron ahogados mientras intentaban alcanzar las costas de Lampedusa.",["Maldita.es, 23 marzo 2020"]]]},{"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",[]]]},{"de":[["La categoría de 'engaño' engloba falsificaciones de diverso tipo. Algo más de la mitad -en concreto, 97 de los 188 engaños hallados en la muestra-recurren a la suplantación de identidad; es decir, con el fin de darles mayor verosimilitud, atribuyen su contenido a fuentes acreditadas que, en realidad, no son autoras del contenido compartido. Es particularmente frecuente la suplantación de marcas comerciales.",[]]],"rt":[["suplantación de identidad",[]],["suplantación de marcas comerciales",[]]],"sp":[["bulo",[]]],"ex":[["el bulo que indicaba que Mercadona iba a \"limitar la compra a solo dos artículos por persona\" (Maldita.es, 16 marzo 2020)",[]],["el que anunciaba que Carrefour había decidido \"abrir sus establecimientos de 7 a 8 de la mañana para personas mayores de 65 años\" (Maldita.es, 17 marzo 2020).",[]],["el que solicitaba el número de cuenta corriente para poder cobrar el subsidio por ERTE (EFE Verifica, 27 marzo 2020).",[]],["un médico de atención primaria que se refiere a cuestiones de virología.",[]]]},{"sp":[["bulo",[]]],"ex":[["un bulo lanzado por el portavoz de Unidas Podemos en el Congreso de los Diputados, Pablo Echenique, quien indicó que, cuando se recomendaba el confinamiento domiciliario de la ciudadanía, Vox había enviado \"52 diputados de todos los territorios de nuestro país a trabajar al Congreso de los Diputados\" (Maldita.es, 11 abril 2020); la realidad fue que a la sesión del Congreso señalada por Echenique habían asistido únicamente 16 diputados de Vox.",[]],["la diputada del Partido Popular Cayetana Álvarez de Toledo, quien manifestó que la Comunidad de Madrid, gobernada por su partido, estaba destinando \"el mayor presupuesto de su historia a Sanidad\" (Newtral, 27 marzo 2020); el dato era falso.",[]]]},{"de":[["se ha asentado en el vocabulario coloquial, periodístico, político y académico.",[]],["fake news cuenta con una variedad de definiciones, la mayoría de las cuales enfatizan la amplitud del término. Como resultado, no hay un acuerdo universal sobre dónde se encuentra el problema y cómo enmarcarlo",["Alemanno, 2018"]]]},{"sb":[["texto",[]],["fotografía",[]],["vídeo",[]],["audio",[]]]},{"ex":[["el vídeo de YouTube titulado \"El coronavirus se puede parar en 24 horas\", cuya fuente es \"un supuesto licenciado en biología molecular llamado Isidro Fuentes García\" (Newtral, 25 marzo 2020), una persona que en realidad no existe.",[]]]},{"de":[["En esta categoría se incluyen personas e instituciones conocidas (por ejemplo, representantes políticos o medios de comunicación), junto a otras poco conocidas. En ocasiones, el engaño se apoya en el hecho de que se trata de una persona o institución poco conocida por el público, pero de apariencia solvente.",[]]],"ex":[["un vídeo difundido por las redes sociales afirmaba que el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 había sido fabricado en un laboratorio chino y trataba de legitimar la información citando como fuente al sitio web \"Global Research\" (Newtral, 14 marzo 2020).",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",[]]]},{"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["seguridad ciudadana",[]],["marcas comerciales",[]],["celebridades",[]]]},{"de":[["estafa económica mediante phishing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["AR is characterized by complementing our sensory perception of the world with digital elements that are accessible through technological devices (Telefónica, 2011).",["Telefónica, 2011"]],["AR surpasses conventional screens (desktops and laptops) by being projected onto other types of mobile device, thus demanding that journalists be able to devise messages for presentation on very different platforms.",[]],["require a combination of reality and virtuality (Maquillón-Sánchez; Mirete; Avilés, 2017).",["Maquillón-Sánchez; Mirete; Avilés, 2017"]]],"rt":[["virtual reality",[]],["mixed reality",[]],["interactivity",[]],["immersion",[]],["augmentation",[]],["portability",[]],["ubiquity",[]],["geolocation",[]],["connection",[]]],"sb":[["Level 0: physical world hyperlinking Use of barcodes, 2D codes (such as QRs), or image recognition. At this level, the codes are hyperlinks to other content. There is no 3D registration or marker tracking.",[]],["Level 1: marker-based AR Configured by 2D pattern recognition or 3D object recognition.",[]],["Level 2: marker-less AR Operation based on the use of GPS, compasses, or accelerometers of electronic devices. It can determine the situation and orientation, and can superimpose points of interest onto real-world images.",[]],["Level 3: augmented vision AR turns into augmented vision and becomes an immersive experience, thereby amplifying its customization possibilities.",[]],["Level 0: physical world hyperlinking",[]],["Level 1: marker-based AR",[]],["Level 2: marker-less AR",[]],["Level 3: augmented vision",[]]],"sp":[["extended reality",[]]]},{},{"de":[["demonstrating great solvency in the coverage of social issues (Mañas-Viniegra; Veloso; Sierra-Sánchez, 2020).",[]]]},{"de":[["based on seven main principles: extension versus depth, continuity versus multiplicity, immersion versus extraction, construction of the world, seriality, subjectivity, and performance.",[]]]},{"de":[["Cuando estos programas suponen la utilización de redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN) (Krizhevsky; Sutskever; Hinton, 2017) o generativas [lo que se denomina synthetic media (Barnes; Barraclough, 2019)] para generar",["Krizhevsky; Sutskever; Hinton, 2017","Barnes; Barraclough, 2019"]],["El proceso requiere una elevada capacidad de computación y un tiempo proporcional a lo convincente que sea el resultado final",["Thompson et al., 2020"]],["El uso de algoritmos entrenados previamente sobre bases de datos existentes reduce significativamente la duración del proceso",["Vougioukas; Petridis; Pantic, 2019"]],["La introducción de la inteligencia artificial para la generación de deep-fakes, así como la generalización del uso de la realidad virtual y la aumentada, supone un salto cualitativo respecto de las formas convencionales de desinformación.",[]]],"sy":[["synthetic media",["Barnes; Barraclough, 2019"]]],"ex":[["la generación de videos pornográficos",[]],["fraude documentado data de 2019. En él se sintetizó digitalmente un audio con el fin de engañar al CEO de una compañía energética británica para que pagase 240.000 dólares a un contratista",["Stupp, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["Es una técnica subversiva, no de captación de información",["Mahariras;Dvilyanski, 2018"]],["El carácter multifacético de la desinformación supone también el riesgo de una dispersión excesiva de la legislación aplicable [privacidad, penal, constitucional (electoral), civil…] a un mismo fenómeno en el que, además, la falta de veracidad no es necesariamente el elemento punible.",[]],["fenómeno ubicuo",[]],["las operaciones en el ámbito cognitivo están orientadas a obtener ventajas en el terreno de lo emocional, al ser a este último al que apela la desinformación.",[]]],"rt":[["relatos interesados",[]],["estrategias híbridas",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]]]},{"sy":[["face swap",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["descontextualización",[]],["imágenes generadas ex novo",[]],["extracciones parciales",[]],["retocadas",[]],["alteradas",[]],["deep-fakes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Es consustancial a la capacidad de juicio y toma de decisiones de las personas, y a su conciencia de grupo.",[]],["Para Defensa, alcanza al sistema de creencias, emociones y la motivación con el fin de modificar la conducta manifiesta de las personas afectadas por el conflicto y repercute en el resto de los ámbitos.",["Gómez-de-Ágreda, 2019"]],["pretende afectar las decisiones humanas. Sin embargo, se diferencia de los otros en que no aspira a hacerlo alterando la realidad, sino las percepciones y las emociones.",[]],["La característica peculiar del ámbito cognitivo es que no es posible actuar directamente sobre el mismo, sino que se afecta a su naturaleza desde el resto de los ámbitos operacionales.",[]],["las operaciones físicas o cibernéticas tienen un impacto sobre sus propios entornos, pero al mismo tiempo repercuten en las percepciones y emociones influyendo sobre la voluntad de la audiencia objetivo",["Peco-Yeste, 2020"]],["Es consustancial a la capacidad de juicio y toma de decisiones de las personas, y a su conciencia de grupo. Para Defensa, alcanza al sistema de creencias, emociones y la motivación con el fin de modificar la conducta manifiesta de las personas afectadas por el conflicto y repercute en el resto de los ámbitos.",[]]],"rt":[["terrestre",[]],["naval",[]],["aéreo",[]],["espacial",[]],["cibernético",[]]]},{"de":[["Astroturfers (Peng et al., 2017) simulate public support for or rejection of a certain leader or an opinion, for example, public support for a bill so that private companies can create the illusion of public support for their cause.",["Peng et al., 2017"]],["By concealing a message's author, astroturfers propagate inauthentic communication and undermine democratic values and plurality",["Lits, 2020"]],["trends which pose a threat to democracy",["García-Orosa, 2021"]]],"sy":[["fake grassroots campaigns",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation campaigns",[]],["identity concealment",[]],["identity theft",[]]],"ex":[["the shale gas exploration debate in the United States show that astroturf groups used frames that differed significantly from authentic non-governmental organizations, which allowed their detection",["Lits, 2020, p. 164"]],["the voice of the people",[]],["shale gas exploration debate in the United States",["Lits, 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["bots",[]]]},{"de":[["Caused by platformization and technological determinism, the changes democracies have undergone and continue to undergo may seem similar, but they depend on context and have disparate effects.",[]],["political actors' strategies and tactics have been determined by technological innovations",[]]]},{"ex":[["range from the denial of critical issues such as climate change to other trivial ones",["Kelkar, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["The analysed pieces display a wide array of options, including exclamations, rhetorical questions, or direct appeals",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information",["European Commission, 2018, p. 3"]]]},{"de":[["regardless of their political and economic independence, these are media organisations with a long history. Their structure and contents meet some minimum journalistic standards.",[]],["regardless of their political and economic independence",[]],["Their structure and contents meet some minimum journalistic standards.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Losantos destroys the Spanish left: 'It is revolting, totalitarian, and abject'",[]],["Rosa Díez smashes Sánchez again: 'He wants to rule like a dictator leaning on our enemies'",[]],["The calamitous Carmen Calvo",[]],["The useless Garzón",[]],["The despicable vice-president of the Castile and León Council",[]],["The sectarian Mónica López",[]],["The heinous Antonio Maestre",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["counter-information",[]]]},{"de":[["highlights the deceptive nature of outlets that present themselves as alternatives to the mainstream media ('countermedia'), although they often merely absorb contents and reframe them according to ideological interests",["Toivanen;Nelimarkka;Valaskivi, 2021"]],["Pseudo-media turn rational dissent and democratic debate into unfounded criticism fuelled by value, emotion-based judgements, with the aim of generating mistrust",["Figenschou;Ihlebaek, 2019"]],["key agents in the Spanish information disorder",[]],["outlets that present themselves as alternatives to the mainstream media ('countermedia'), although they often merely absorb contents and reframe them according to ideological interests (Toivanen;Nelimarkka;Valaskivi, 2021).",["Toivanen;Nelimarkka;Valaskivi, 2021"]],["This term highlights the deceptive nature of outlets that present themselves as alternatives to the mainstream media ('countermedia'), although they often merely absorb contents and reframe them according to ideological interests (Toivanen;Nelimarkka;Valaskivi, 2021).",["Toivanen;Nelimarkka;Valaskivi, 2021"]]],"sy":[["pseudo-information websites",[]]],"rt":[["countermedia",[]],["information disorder",[]],["fake news",[]],["Pseudo-information",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["hate in the media and on social networks (SN) has a subjective nature that varies depending on the context, the country, and even each individual",["Salminen et al., 2018"]],["Tontodimamma et al. (2021) identify, however, the following common features in the different definitions: the targeting of a group or an individual as a member of a group; the presence of content that expresses hatred, hostility, and prejudice and causes harm and incites wrongdoing; the public nature of the speech; and, finally, a context that makes backlash possible.",[]],["Generally the primary objective of these messages is to connect with like-minded people to support their cause",["Hawdon; Oksanen; Raesaenen, 2017"]],["some authors believe that that intention is not a defining feature, since it is usually posted or verbalized regardless of whether it elicits response or affects the group",["Malecki et al., 2021"]],["the HS expressed has a variety of intensities and objectives: It can stigmatize, discriminate, and produce harm, or simply engage users in debate",["March;Marrington, 2019"]],["These remarks use explicit but also less obvious means (metaphors, irony, and sarcasm) to legitimize themselves.",[]],["However, the indicators that characterize these expressions are subject to interpretation and change over time.",[]],["This means that hate in the media and on social networks (SN) has a subjective nature that varies depending on the context, the country, and even each individual",["Salminen et al., 2018"]],["hate in the media and on social networks (SN) has a subjective nature that varies depending on the context, the country, and even each individual (Salminen et al., 2018).",["Salminen et al., 2018"]],["The consequences of this hate speech, whether outright or subtle, are very serious since they perpetuate prejudices, stereotypes, and group hierarchies and are used to justify violent actions.",[]]],"rt":[["cyberbullying",[]],["trolling",[]]],"ex":[["metaphors, irony, and sarcasm",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["one of the first descriptions of this type of communication that adds a new interpretation of the traditional rhetoric of hate.",[]],["crypto hate speech is structured around emotional rhetoric and that, not only is it used by representatives of various parties, but it is also adopted by anonymous users.",["Reguero-Sanz, Berdón-Prieto, and Herrero-Izquierdo (2023)"]],["Reguero-Sanz, Berdón-Prieto, and Herrero-Izquierdo (2023) continue to delve into the characteristics of this emerging concept, stressing that crypto hate speech is structured around emotional rhetoric and that, not only is it used by representatives of various parties, but it is also adopted by anonymous users.",["Reguero-Sanz, Berdón-Prieto, and Herrero-Izquierdo (2023)"]],["This term, recently incorporated into the Royal Academy of Spanish, should be further elaborated upon, and new concepts should be incorporated to substantiate it.",[]],["Only messages with a level of criticism parallel to overt aggression were considered as such.",[]]],"rt":[["traditional rhetoric of hate",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In adapting this type of content to formats that hybridize information and entertainment (politainment)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The veracity of the information disseminated, impartiality, the media's independence from external agents, and their commitment to defending the audience's interests are some of the predictor variables of media credibility",["Lee, 2010"]]],"sy":[["trust",[]]],"rt":[["trust",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["was seen as a factor that does not aid in trusting the media",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["the perception of being somewhat immune to the threat of disinformation",["Martínez-Costa et al., 2022"]]]},{},{"de":[["Said social license is based on three factors -legitimacy, consent, and trust-which stem from what the organization does",["Morrison, 2014"]],["Said social license is based on three factors -legitimacy, consent, and trust-which stem from what the organization does (Morrison, 2014) and not so much from what it is or claims to be.",["Morrison, 2014"]]],"rt":[["legitimacy",[]],["consent",[]],["trust",[]]]},{"de":[["It is therefore a relational concept, determined as much by the expectations of the one who conveys it as by the actions of its receiver",["Garusi; Splendore, 2023"]],["functions as an \"institutional economizer\" (Rosanvallon, 2008), as it reduces the need for proof and verification of the goods and services that it provides.",["Rosanvallon, 2008"]],["trust is the effect it has on the audience as a result of the quality of the news product",["Medina; Etayo-Pérez; Serrano-Puche, 2023"]],["it depends on news being created using the appropriate procedures to ensure that it corresponds with the reality of the events that have occurred",["Fawzi et al., 2021","Hanitzsch;Van-Dalen;Steindl, 2018"]],["Trust, in fact, is considered a fragile, intangible, and highly relational asset.",[]],["trust deals with an attitudinal issue, resulting from a cognitive and relational process in which the person subjectively examines and evaluates the media system, the qualities of an information source (the type of media outlet, the brand, or a journalist), or the content of its messages",["Lucassen; Schraagen, 2012; Otto; Köhler, 2018; Strömbäck et al., 2020"]],["It is therefore a relational concept, determined as much by the expectations of the one who conveys it as by the actions of its receiver (Garusi; Splendore, 2023) and which, when applied beyond the original interpersonal context, functions as an \"institutional economizer\" (Rosanvallon, 2008), as it reduces the need for proof and verification of the goods and services that it provides.",["Garusi; Splendore, 2023","Rosanvallon, 2008"]]],"rt":[["social, political, and institutional license",[]],["ontological security",["Giddens, 1991"]],["credibility",[]],["reputation",[]]]},{"de":[["the absence of an agent still nevertheless conceals the person or thing responsible for the action.",[]]]},{"rt":[["gatekeeping",[]]]},{"de":[["the effect of cars on society is as profound as that of television and the computer",["Urry, 1999, pp. 2-3"]]]},{"rt":[["crash",[]]]},{"de":[["By this definition, the term crash implies two vehicles or hard objects of equal force colliding and breaking, and not a vulnerable human body being struck by a force much larger and faster than itself.",[]]],"rt":[["collision",[]]]},{"de":[["The criminal frame, which focuses on the act of the driver being charged, was used in 20 headlines.",[]],["As the criminal frame focuses on the driver rather than the victim, it has the potential to elicit more sympathy for the victim and assign greater perceived blame on the driver (Niemi & Young, 2016, p. 1235).",["Niemi & Young, 2016"]],["Emphasizing the repercussions and criminality of killing pedestrians may be an effective mechanism to encourage drivers to obey traffic bylaws intended to keep pedestrians safe (Fleiter & Watson, 2012, p. 382).",["Fleiter & Watson, 2012"]],["As the criminal frame focuses on the driver rather than the victim, it has the potential to elicit more sympathy for the victim and assign greater perceived blame on the driver",["Niemi & Young, 2016, p. 1235"]],["Emphasizing the repercussions and criminality of killing pedestrians may be an effective mechanism to encourage drivers to obey traffic bylaws intended to keep pedestrians safe",["Fleiter & Watson, 2012, p. 382"]]],"rt":[["factual frame",[]],["human frame",[]],["factual humanized frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The factual tone of these headlines dehumanizes the victims of traffic incidents and decouples them from their societal and systemic implications by reporting them as isolated incidents (Iyengar, 1990); in these cases, the reader is not prompted to care about reducing these fatalities, as there is no appeal to emotion or to systemic societal issues.",["Iyengar, 1990"]]],"rt":[["criminal frame",[]],["human frame",[]],["factual humanized frame",[]]]},{"sy":[["factual frame with humanizing elements",[]]],"rt":[["factual frame",[]],["human frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["an exception to the above terms",[]]]},{"de":[["the human frame, which humanizes the victim by emphasizing the tragedy of the incident, was used in 10 headlines",[]],["the human frame seems to be useful for rallying public attention and calls for action against pedestrian traffic fatalities.",[]],["The emphasis on family and friends also serves indirectly to give a voice to the victim and present the victim's story alongside that of the typical factual testimonials from police",[]],["The positive adjectives (explored in \"Victim Descriptors\" above) further humanize the victims and reinforce their status as ideal victims; i.e., as undeserving of their death by virtue of their goodness or innocence",["Christie, 1986"]],["The increased culpability and emphasized violence of the human frame are likely because greater perpetrator culpability is associated with ideal victims",["Christie, 1986","Niemi & Young, 2016, p. 1235"]]],"rt":[["factual frame",[]],["criminal frame",[]],["factual humanized frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The attention given to the age of particularly young and particularly old victims is likely a reflection of the perceived vulnerability of these groups and reinforces the concept of the ideal victim (Christie, 1986).",[]],["The positive adjectives (explored in \"Victim Descriptors\" above) further humanize the victims and reinforce their status as ideal victims; i.e., as undeserving of their death by virtue of their goodness or innocence",["Christie, 1986"]],["The increased culpability and emphasized violence of the human frame are likely because greater perpetrator culpability is associated with ideal victims",["Christie, 1986","Niemi & Young, 2016, p. 1235"]]]},{},{"de":[["the coverage of pedestrian traffic fatalities is affected, like other news stories, by the purported newsworthiness of the incident.",[]],["The newsworthiness of the incident was affected in this sample by several factors: the criminal nature of the incident, the victim's characteristics and particularly their status as ideal victims, whether or not the victim was named, and similarities between incidents that suggested larger systemic issues.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["не лише дезінформує, а й дезорієнтує, задає хибні орієнтири та згубні пріоритети",[]]],"rt":[["антираціоналізм",[]]]},{},{"de":[["su velocidad de propagación iguala ahora a la del resto gracias a estas nuevas plataformas de intercambio de información",[]],["La superabundancia informativa y el relajamiento en el control de las fuentes favorecen la circulación de fake news en redes sociales",[]]],"sy":[["noticias falsas",[]]],"rt":[["fast-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["editado en formato libro",[]]],"sy":[["periodismo de larga duración",[]]],"rt":[["slow journalism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["slow journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["depende de su fuerza narrativa, de la descripción de detalles y del tiempo empleado para investigar",[]],["prevalecen la investigación en profundidad, la precisión, el estilo y el contexto sobre las prisas y las exclusivas",[]],["en este ensayo se sostiene la necesidad de encontrar una periodicidad apropiada para producir información digital. Lo que significa que se deberán aumentar los intervalos de tiempo para producir noticias y, por consiguiente, para consumirlas.",[]],["incorporan podcasts o reportajes de corta extensión que incluyen gráficos de visualización de datos",[]],["La importancia que el slow journalism concede a la verificación de las fuentes actúa como escudo contra las informaciones difundidas",[]],["La comprobación de fuentes, citaciones y declaraciones forma parte de las prácticas habituales del slow journalism",[]],["un género propio o un conjunto de prácticas periodísticas",[]],["actúa como dique de contención contra la desinformación, la saturación informativa y la circulación descontrolada de información no contrastada en Internet y las redes sociales",[]]],"sy":[["periodismo lento",[]]],"rt":[["grandes reportajes",[]],["el Nuevo periodismo",[]],["los géneros de no ficción",[]],["el periodismo explicativo",[]],["el inmersivo",[]],["el etnográfico",[]],["el literario",[]],["reportaje en profundidad",[]],["géneros informativos",[]],["géneros híbridos",[]],["narrativa",[]],["relato multimedia",[]],["periodismo lento",[]],["periodismo narrativo",[]],["Nuevo periodismo",[]],["periodismo explicativo",[]]],"sb":[["longform journalism",[]],["periodismo de larga duración",[]]],"ex":[["Jot Down",[]],["CTXT",[]],["Correspondent",[]],["Delayed Gratification",[]],["The Atavist",[]],["Longform",[]],["Narratively",[]],["Aeon",[]],["ProPublica",[]],["Long Play",[]],["Ricochet",[]],["XXI",[]],["The New Yorker",[]]]},{"de":[["Un fenómeno que se ha visto exacerbado por el uso de redes sociales y otras plataformas digitales, que permiten una rápida propagación de contenido falso",["Echevarría, 2016"]]],"sy":[["noticias falsas",[]]]},{"de":[["Este proceso incluye la identificación de hechos verificables, la búsqueda de evidencia y la publicación de los resultados de la verificación",["Lotero-Echeverri et al., 2018"]]]},{"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"sy":[["biased/inaccurate news",[]]],"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Disinformation results in biased, deceptive, and decontextualized information based upon which emotional decisions are made, impulsive reactions, or stopping actions in progress.",["6"]],["Disinformation results negatively impact users' experience and decisions, such as online shopping and stock markets",["6"]]],"rt":[["Misinformation",[]],["Fake news",[]]],"sb":[["Fake news",[]]],"sp":[["intention-based",[]]],"ex":[["Fake news is considered disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news has the highest impact and uses tools such as content fabrication, propaganda, and conspiracy theories",["5"]],["Fake news has the highest impact and uses tools such as content fabrication, propaganda, and conspiracy theories [5].",["5"]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]],["false information",[]]]},{"sb":[["fake news",[]],["biased/inaccurate news",[]],["misleading/ambiguous news",[]]]},{"sp":[["intention-based",[]]]},{"sy":[["misleading/ambiguous news",[]]],"sp":[["false information",[]]],"ex":[["rumors, clickbait, and satire/sarcasm news",[]]]},{"ex":[["rumors, clickbait, and satire/sarcasm news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is created to manipulate the activity of the targeted person by saying the messages.",[]]],"sy":[["Face Swap",["7","8"]]],"rt":[["false information",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["Lip Sync",[]],["Puppet Master",[]],["Face Swapping",[]]],"ex":[["political abuse, spreading false information, and pornography",[]]]},{"de":[["Face Swap is the standard deepfake method",["7","8"]]],"sy":[["Face Swap",[]]],"rt":[["Deepfake",[]]],"sp":[["Fake images",["6"]],["DeepFake",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fake images",["6"]],["DeepFake",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fake images",["6"]],["DeepFake",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Es decir, es el utilizado para dar información centrada en la sustancia de las propuestas de los candidatos y partidos en especial en el contexto de una campaña electoral (Cappella & Jamieson, 1997).",[]]],"sy":[["issue frame",[]]],"sp":[["encuadres de política",[]]]},{"sy":[["strategy frame",[]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]]]},{"de":[["el encuadre estratégico se centra en el estilo del político, sus acciones y motivaciones, pudiendo generar un aumento del cinismo político (de Vreese, 2005).",["de Vreese, 2005"]]],"rt":[["encuadre de juego (game frame)",[]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",["de Vreese, 2005","de Vreese & Semetko, 2002"]]]},{"sy":[["game frame",[]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]]]},{"de":[["el encuadre de juego presenta más bien datos de opinión a través de encuestas y hace uso del lenguaje de la guerra, lo que puede incrementar interés en la política, debido a que la hace más comprensible y emocionante para el ciudadano (Shehata, 2014).",["Shehata, 2014"]]],"rt":[["encuadre de estrategia (strategy frame)",[]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",["de Vreese, 2005","de Vreese & Semetko, 2002"]]]},{"sy":[["strategic game frame",[]],["framing de juego estratégico",[]]],"sb":[["encuadre de estrategia",[]],["encuadre de juego",[]]],"sp":[["encuadres de política",[]]]},{"de":[["Tradicionalmente se ha observado que la cobertura periodística de las campañas electorales puede estar encuadrada en términos de juego estratégico (strategic game frame), que ofrece una especial importancia y presencia en los medios a las estrategias de los candidatos para obtener el mayor rédito electoral.",[]]],"rt":[["encuadre de estrategia (strategy frame)",[]],["encuadre de juego (game frame)",[]],["encuadre de juego",[]],["encuadre estratégico",[]]],"sb":[["encuadre de juego (game frame)",[]],["encuadre de estrategia (strategy frame)",[]]]},{"sy":[["media frame",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["news frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["el tratamiento o framing particular que los medios utilicen para ofrecer su cobertura puede tener un peso muy importante en la conformación de una opinión pública más o menos activa",[]],["un proceso que comporta la creación, selección y establecimiento de ciertos encuadres noticiosos",["Matthes, 2012"]],["el framing implica la aceptación de la existencia de distintos encuadres que son enfatizados en las noticias para dar puntos de vista diferentes respecto del asunto informado (de Vreese, 2012).",[]]],"sy":[["encuadre",[]]],"sb":[["frame building",[]],["frame setting",[]],["framing effects",["de Vreese, 2003"]]]},{},{"de":[["en detrimento del debate político",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["conflicto",[]]]},{},{"de":[["ha sido percibido como un enfoque periodístico consustancial a la cobertura de la política",["de Vreese, 2014","Schuck et al., 2016"]],["al enfatizar la confrontación y desacuerdo entre los actores políticos que en muchas ocasiones deriva en un tratamiento desfavorable de la política al vincularla al ataque y al reproche",["Bjarnøe et al., 2020","Galais, 2018","Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000","Trussler & Soroka, 2014"]],["En este sentido, el conflicto remite al desacuerdo, la disputa y la confrontación de, al menos, dos puntos de vista o posiciones acerca de un asunto y de los efectos que tiene para la sociedad la decisión que se tome finalmente sobre el mismo",["Bjarnøe et al., 2020","Colvin et al., 2020","Galais, 2018","Lengauer et al., 2012"]],["Una discrepancia que puede derivar en el ataque e incluso en reproches entre los diferentes actores",["Bartholomé et al., 2018","Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["La definición presenta dos dimensiones: la relativa a la descripción del conflicto y la referente a los motivos para su uso en los medios.",["Semetko y Valkenburg (2000)"]],["este uso del encuadre de conflicto puede ser explicado más como una rutina periodística, que lleva a elaborar la información yuxtaponiendo las declaraciones de unos actores políticos con las de otros",["Bartholomé et al., 2018","Trussler & Soroka, 2014"]],["puede ser entendido como la confrontación de diferentes ideas y posturas en torno a un asunto",["Lengauer et al., 2012","Schuck et al., 2016"]],["el conflicto constituye un paso previo y necesario para el consenso y la toma de decisiones para resolver los problemas",["Schuck, 2017","Schuck et al., 2016"]],["Cierto desacuerdo entre partidos políticos, individuos, grupos, instituciones o países",["Semetko y Valkenburg (2000)"]],["Dos o más posturas diferentes en torno al tema o problema abordado",["Semetko y Valkenburg (2000)"]],["Un partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país realiza algún tipo de reproche a otro partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país",["Semetko y Valkenburg (2000)"]],["En el relato se alude a cierto desacuerdo entre partidos políticos, individuos, grupos, instituciones o países",[]],["En el relato se informa que un partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país realiza algún tipo de reproche a otro partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país",[]],["En el relato se alude a dos o más posturas diferentes en torno a algún tema o problema abordado",[]],["donde la confrontación política tiende a aumentar",[]],["el valor noticia innato al conflicto permanece fijo en la rutina periodística a la hora de elaborar la información de la política",[]],["el conflicto remite al desacuerdo, la disputa y la confrontación de, al menos, dos puntos de vista o posiciones acerca de un asunto y de los efectos que tiene para la sociedad la decisión que se tome finalmente sobre el mismo",["Bjarnøe et al., 2020","Colvin et al., 2020","Galais, 2018","Lengauer et al., 2012"]],["el conflicto remite al desacuerdo, la disputa y la confrontación de, al menos, dos puntos de vista o posiciones acerca de un asunto y de los efectos que tiene para la sociedad la decisión que se tome finalmente sobre el mismo (Bjarnøe et al., 2020;Colvin et al., 2020;Galais, 2018;Lengauer et al., 2012).",["Bjarnøe et al., 2020","Colvin et al., 2020","Galais, 2018","Lengauer et al., 2012"]]],"rt":[["desacuerdo",[]],["disputa",[]],["confrontación",[]],["encuadre de debate o acuerdo político",[]],["negatividad",[]],["incivismo",[]],["ataque",[]],["reproches",[]]],"sb":[["conflicto sustantivo",["Bartholomé et al., 2018"]],["conflicto no sustantivo",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]],["encuadre",[]]],"ex":[["En el relato se alude a cierto desacuerdo entre partidos políticos, individuos, grupos, instituciones o países.",[]],["En el relato se informa que un partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país realiza algún tipo de reproche a otro partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país.",[]],["En el relato se alude a dos o más posturas diferentes en torno a algún tema o problema abordado.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["encuadre de conflicto",[]]]},{"de":[["El debate entre actores políticos acerca de un tema o asunto concreto",["Muñiz et al. (2018)"]],["La toma de decisiones políticas como un acuerdo entre actores",["Muñiz et al. (2018)"]],["El acuerdo logrado por los actores tras una negociación alrededor de la decisión informada",["Muñiz et al. (2018)"]],["La toma de decisiones políticas como escucharse mutuamente, comprensión mutua, etc.",["Muñiz et al. (2018)"]],["la noticia se presenta como un debate político en la búsqueda del consenso y cooperación, a través de un discurso que enfatice una confrontación de opiniones entre, al menos, dos posturas para alcanzar el acuerdo, solucionar disputas, cooperar o incluso lograr una reconciliación",["Lengauer et al., 2012","Sevenans & Vliegenthart, 2016"]],["plantea la existencia de debate o diálogo acerca de propuestas o temáticas que pueden derivar en acuerdos a partir de la negociación o la conversación entre actores.",[]]],"rt":[["encuadre de consenso",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]],["encuadre",[]]],"ex":[["En el relato se presenta la toma de decisiones políticas como un acuerdo entre actores.",[]],["En el relato se menciona un acuerdo logrado por los actores tras una negociación alrededor de la decisión informada.",[]],["En el relato se menciona la toma de decisiones políticas como escucharse mutuamente, comprensión mutua, etc.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Una práctica periodística que en el contexto de las campañas electorales denota la manera como son narradas en las noticias las propuestas, discusiones y estrategias de los candidatos y partidos, enfatizando o excluyendo posibles enfoques acerca de la realidad existente",["Gerth & Siegert, 2012","Muñiz et al., 2018","Rodelo, 2020","Schuck, 2017"]],["el estudio del framing no debe realizarse sin atender al contexto cultural donde se ha presentado la información",[]],["Una práctica periodística que en el contexto de las campañas electorales denota la manera como son narradas en las noticias las propuestas, discusiones y estrategias de los candidatos y partidos, enfatizando o excluyendo posibles enfoques acerca de la realidad existente (Gerth & Siegert, 2012;Muñiz et al., 2018;Rodelo, 2020;Schuck, 2017).",["Gerth & Siegert, 2012","Muñiz et al., 2018","Rodelo, 2020","Schuck, 2017"]]],"sy":[["encuadre",[]],["news frames",[]],["encuadres noticiosos",[]]],"rt":[["news frames",[]]],"sb":[["encuadre de conflicto",[]],["encuadre de debate y acuerdo político",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["casi todos los grupos sociales fueron cooptados e integrados en los sectores del pri. Esta práctica corporativa se convertiría en política de Estado.",[]],["el Gobierno crearía y fomentaría instituciones que integrarían a todos los sectores sociales en virtuales aparatos del Estado",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["los insiders tienen como objetivo establecer un proceso consultivo con el Gobierno antes que este adopte una decisión definitiva sobre un tema que afecta a sus proyectos",["Grant, 1995"]]],"sy":[["ya establecidos",["Grant, 1995"]]],"rt":[["outsiders",["Grant, 1995"]]]},{"rt":[["libertad de pensamiento",[]]]},{"rt":[["libertad de expresión",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["se materializa en los procesos electorales",["Sartori, 1993, p. 55"]],["la opinión pública influye decisivamente en los políticos y sus programas, pues cuando estos no atienden a la opinión pública esta no vuelve a brindarles su apoyo",["Sartori, 1993, p. 73"]],["el verdadero fundamento de todo Gobierno democrático",["Sartori, 1993, p. 55"]]],"rt":[["libertad de pensamiento",[]],["libertad de expresión",[]],["policentrismo",[]]]},{"sy":[["no establecidos",[]]],"rt":[["insiders",["Grant, 1995"]]]},{"de":[["periodismo independiente y crítico de la clase política y de los poderes fácticos",[]],["este periodismo independiente tiene sustento en grupos muy importantes de la sociedad civil, los cuales pueden acotar el poder del gobernador",["Smith, et al., 2008"]]]},{"ex":[["si bien existen medios afines a la derecha, como el periódico Excélsior, la revista Contenido, la revista Letras Libres y los noticiarios de tv Azteca, etc., también existen medios de clara filiación de izquierda, como el periódico La Jornada, la revista Proceso y los noticiarios de Carmen Aristegui.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Through three methods available to the media, such as agenda-setting, priming, and framing, this process helps form public opinion and influence policymaking.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The angel change happens when organizations or political figures stress their potential to fix an issue and de-emphasize villains.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["News also uses frames to position a story in a context so that the reader knows its meaning or importance.",[]],["Through three methods available to the media, such as agenda-setting, priming, and framing, this process helps form public opinion and influence policymaking.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["intended as a play on the self-proclaimed \"watchdog\" duty of journalists",[]]]},{"de":[["As such, the morality of the story in the NPF is always equal to a political solution",["Stone, 2002"]]]},{},{"sy":[["the science of the story",[]]],"sb":[["Scope of Conflict",[]],["Causal Mechanism",[]],["The Devil-Angel Shift",[]]],"de":[["The NPF takes a structuralist stance on narrative, where narratives are defined as having specific generalisable structures such as plots and characters that can be identified in multiple narrative contexts.",[]],["According to Shanahanet al. (2018), the Narrative Policy Framework has five basic assumptions: a) Social construction matters in public policy: Although there is indeed a reality populated by the objects and the processes independent of human perceptions, it is also true that what those objects and processes mean varies in terms of how humans perceive them. b) Bounded relativity: Social constructions of policy-related objects and processes vary to create different policy realities; however, this variation is bounded (e.g., by belief systems, ideologies, norms, normative axioms) and thus is not random. c) Policy narratives have generalizable structural elements: The NPF takes a structuralist stance on narrative, where narratives are defined as having specific generalisable structures such as plots and characters that can be identified in multiple narrative contexts. d) Policy narratives operate simultaneously on three levels: For purposes of analyses, the NPF divides policy narratives into three interacting categories: the microlevel (individual level), meso-level (group and coalitional level), and macro-level (cultural and institutional level). Policy narratives are assumed to operate simultaneously at all three levels. e) Homo narrans model of individuals: Narratives are assumed to play a central role in how individuals process information, communicate, and reason.",["Shanahanet al. (2018)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Through three methods available to the media, such as agenda-setting, priming, and framing, this process helps form public opinion and influence policymaking.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These may be fairies, spirits, mermaids or demons.",["Stewart 1991, xv"]],["images 'that [enable] the expression and negotiation of sensitive issues … it is a medium for the community's dialogue with itself '",["ibid., 108"]],["a medium for the community's dialogue with itself",["ibid., 108"]]],"ex":[["fairies, spirits, mermaids or demons",["Stewart 1991"]]]},{"de":[["'The figure of the devil expresses terror, labels it as evil, and points the finger at somebody acting behind the scenes to cause it'",["ibid., 146"]]]},{"de":[["Folk devils are sometimes seen as penetrating society from the outside; at other times they have developed from within the very society they are now seen as posing a threat to.",[]],["Sometimes they are a visible group; other times they become epitomized by a single individual or phenomenon, or they exist only as a potential threat.",[]],["turning of folk devilry into an analytical tool allows him to look into how evil and accusation operates in more secular contexts",[]],["the folk devil emerges as an internal figure.",[]],["the devil here is something, or someone, that has always been there but which suddenly (re)emerges as particularly evil.",[]],["devilry is often perceived as humans taking on non-human (or devilish) characteristics",[]],["the chapters in this section highlight the increasing role of folk devils in political practices and media representations",[]],["it is often those labelling others as folk devils that in the end constitute the greatest threats to society",[]]],"rt":[["moral panic",[]],["moral panics",[]]],"ex":[["refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, right-wing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals and sugary foods",[]],["accusations of sorcery and sugar as devilish",[]],["middle-class hipster figure",[]],["goblins and spectres",[]],["the image of the Roma as a folk devil exhibits not only stigmatizing characteristics but also complicated relationships in terms of tension and expectations between the 'decent and productive majority' and the 'inadaptable minority'",[]],["labelling of asylum seekers as folk devils",[]]]},{"de":[["they share a trait with both folklore and horror stories.",[]],["The need to point out a devil who threatens to ruin the 'normal order' in society in turn helps to define that very same society.",[]],["By maintaining and developing categories of 'the other' as a symbol of evil, ideas of the devil also serve the very purpose to create and maintain that very society, the boundaries of society and the perception of order.",[]],["They are damaging in themselves -but also merely warning signs of the real, much deeper and more prevalent condition. They are transparent (anyone can see what's happening) -but also opaque: accredited experts must explain the perils hidden behind the superficially harmless (decode a rock song's lyrics to see how they led to a school massacre).",["Cohen 2002(Cohen [1972]], viii, emphases in original"]],["Sometimes they are a visible group; other times they become epitomized by a single individual or phenomenon, or they exist only as a potential threat.",[]],["They are damaging in themselves -but also merely warning signs of the real, much deeper and more prevalent condition.",["Cohen 2002(Cohen [1972]], viii, emphases in original"]],["They are transparent (anyone can see what's happening) -but also opaque: accredited experts must explain the perils hidden behind the superficially harmless (decode a rock song's lyrics to see how they led to a school massacre).",["Cohen 2002(Cohen [1972]], viii, emphases in original"]],["individuals whose mere presence or actions feed a population's fear of a general degradation of society.",[]]],"rt":[["moral panics",[]]],"ex":[["LGBT persons",[]],["working migrants",[]],["refugees",[]],["criminals",[]],["Roma",[]],["adulteresses",[]],["refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, right-wing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals and sugary foods",[]]]},{"de":[["ambiguity and uncertainty became the key concepts in everyday life, as borders between right and wrong were merged, where 'we' became 'they' and good and evil only existed as obscure categories",[]],["ambiguity and uncertainty became the key concepts in everyday life, as borders between right and wrong were merged, where 'we' became 'they' and good and evil only existed as obscure categories.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["moral panic typically takes its starting point in big newspaper headlines where the folk devil is pointed out",[]],["the moral panic that subsequently arises with public fear.",[]],["the extent of the problem has been exaggerated, that facts are distorted and the problem acutely angled.",[]],["the logics of moral panics relates to items 'from the anthropological curio cabinet' such as taboo and scapegoating, but the manner in which it operates relates to both 'archaic and postmodern forms'",["Lancaster 2011, 23"]]],"rt":[["folk devil",[]],["taboo",[]],["scapegoating",[]]]},{"de":[["the logics of moral panics relates to items 'from the anthropological curio cabinet' such as taboo and scapegoating, but the manner in which it operates relates to both 'archaic and postmodern forms'",["Lancaster 2011, 23"]],["The combination of sensationalism, politics and fake news has proven fertile ground for moral panics.",[]],["Moral panics are carried by the speed of media and further stipulate a feeling of belonging among the large majority, by pointing out a deviant and even dangerous minority.",[]]],"rt":[["sensationalism",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["Imagined Communities",[]]]},{"de":[["white and shows 'the signs of physical inactivity, an indoor life, and a rich and abundant diet' (ibid., 57) and has become an image of a world economy run amok to a degree where starving Indians are robbed of what they have the least of: fat.",["ibid., 62"]]]},{},{"de":[["Whether one perceives the Devil as a supernatural being, or as an uncontrollable force arising in the unconscious, or as an absolute aspect of human nature is less important than the essence of the perception, which is that we are threatened by alien and hostile powers",[]],["The figure of the devil expresses terror, labels it as evil, and points the finger at somebody acting behind the scenes to cause it",["ibid., 146"]],["the devil 'became a symbol of not only one's neighbors' strategies but also of the morally repugnant behavior that each of the IDPs was forced to engage in to survive'",["ibid., 151"]]],"ex":[["the serpent in the Garden of Eden (as a temptation), the fallen angel Lucifer, the Hebrew sea monster Leviathan, the accuser of Job, the dragon in the Book of Revelations, the author of lies, the promoter of evil",[]]],"sb":[["devilry",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Someone with critical thinking skills also tends to have an explorative and reflective mindset.",[]],["Key skills include reasoning, analysis, evaluation, judgment, and decision-making",["Butler, 2012"]],["An important fundamental characteristic of critical thinking is the ability to search for an evidentiary basis to justify a point of view.",[]],["Critical thinking is the first line of defense when information is not always reliable because it guides a person to hold beliefs that are consistent with the available evidence.",[]]],"rt":[["analysis and interpretation",["Shaw et al., 2019"]],["judgment",["Shaw et al., 2019"]],["evaluation",["Shaw et al., 2019"]],["inference",["Shaw et al., 2019"]],["decision making",["Shaw et al., 2019"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["abstract formulations that do not exactly conform to any particular empirical instance. They are defined, in the Weberian sense, by essential features that are accentuated in order to bring out the most salient aspects of a given form of life.",[]]]},{"de":[["a conception inspired by Jurgen Habermas's (1970) optimistic yet quite possibly unrealisable ideal of undistorted communication.",[]]]},{"de":[["individuals are compelled now to make agonistic choices on which way to go at nodal points along their life-course trajectory -there may be no guidance -and also they are required to take sole responsibility for the consequences of choices made or, indeed, not made.",[]]]},{"de":[["The neoliberal self combines the idealised subject(s) of classical and neoclassical economics -featuring entrepreneurship and consumer sovereignty -with the contemporary discourse of 'the taxpayer', who is sceptical of redistributive justice, and a 'cool' posture that derives symbolically -and ironically -from cultures of disaffection and, indeed, opposition.",[]],["consistent with 'the recasting of identity in terms of flexibility, adaptability and instant transformation' in the words of Elliott and Urry (2010: 7).",[]],["a conception of the individual subject within the matrix of neoliberal ideas",[]],["combining freewheeling consumer sovereignty with enterprising business acumen",[]],["subjectivity cultivated by the cool seduction of promotional culture and acutely brand-aware commodity fetishism",[]],["the rational, self-interested actor in the market place",[]],["This kind of self is a neoliberal self, figuring a competitive individual who is exceptionally self-reliant and rather indifferent to the fact that his or her predicament is shared with others -and, therefore, incapable of organising as a group to do anything about it.",[]]],"ex":[["Leading celebrities, most notably high-tech entrepreneurs, for instance, operate in the popular imagination as models of achievement for the aspiring young.",[]]]},{"de":[["frames the meaning of everyday reality for people: 'Neoliberalism has, in short, become hegemonic as a mode of discourse... [with] pervasive effects'.",["2005: 3"]],["neoliberalism is implicated in an ideological battle for hearts and minds over everything, most insidiously by influencing the very language that is used mundanely.",[]],["a doctrine of political economy and a form of governmentality",[]],["a scheme for reordering the social and a design for refashioning the conduct of the self",[]],["[t]he application of the economic grid to social phenomena",[]],["extending the economic model of supply and demand and of investment-costs-profit so as to make it a model of social relations and of existence itself, a form of relationship of the individual to himself, time, those around him, the group, and the family.",[]],["the application of economic reasoning to everything and the construction of a distinctive subjectivity",[]]],"rt":[["neoliberal hegemony",[]],["Thatcherism",[]],["Reagonomics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the leading cultural, political and economic features of a given civilisation tend to be implicated in the construction of a preferred self",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These voters systematically underweight the importance of media bias in influencing news reports.",[]]]},{"de":[["Viewers do not fully take into account the bias of the media source and therefore are subject to persuasion upon exposure.",[]],["Persuasion predicts that Fox News permanently altered voting patterns in the United States.",[]]]},{"de":[["Fox News convinced 3.22 percent of its listeners that were not already voting Republican to do so",[]],["Fox News convinced 8.23 percent of its audience",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["selective sharing",[]]]},{"de":[["Under correlation neglect, we can allow for arbitrary correlation between the agents' signals within each period and our main results are qualitatively unchanged.",[]]]},{"rt":[["information diet",[]],["selective sharing",[]]],"sb":[["unbalanced echo chamber",[]]]},{"de":[["false or very uninformative (low q), yet people mistakenly treat them as reliable and informative (high q)",[]]]},{"de":[["People often have unjustifiably favorable views of themselves relative to others on various characteristics, which may include how well informed they are or how good they are at getting and understanding information.",[]]]},{"de":[["Such incorrect models may result from intuitive system-1 reasoning (Kahneman (2011)), or from relying on a class of problems the agents know how to solve.",[]]]},{"de":[["she updates as if she excessively treats silence as absence of news and thus partially ignores news selection.",[]]]},{"de":[["help people handle the overload of daily news, or pool news from different sources into one convenient access point",[]]],"ex":[["The Drudge Report, Apple News, Yahoo! News",[]],["The Drudge Report",[]],["Apple News",[]],["Yahoo! News",[]]]},{"de":[["polarization does not mean that all agents with echo chambers leaning towards a state polarize in the direction of that state.",[]]],"sy":[["belief polarization",[]]],"rt":[["long-run polarization",[]],["affective polarization",["Mason, 2015;Rogowski and Sutherland, 2016;Mullinix, 2016;Iyengar and Krupenkin, 2018;Iyengar et al., 2019"]]],"ex":[["polarization along some individual characteristics (like income, wealth, education, racial segregation)",[]]]},{"de":[["selection neglect can be weakened, but not removed.",[]],["Misperception is akin to reading too little into the absence of news from friends, or more intuitively, reading too little into their silence.",[]]],"rt":[["selective sharing",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus, she can selectively suppress information, but cannot fabricate information. That is, sharing signals takes the form of verifiable information.",[]],["agent i can share it with all her friends or stay silent. If she receives no signal, she stays silent. Thus, she can selectively suppress information, but cannot fabricate information. That is, sharing signals takes the form of verifiable information.",[]],["gives rise to unbalanced news diets",[]]],"rt":[["selection neglect",[]]],"ex":[["Concretely, an agent can share a newspaper article, but cannot edit its content.",[]]]},{"de":[["readers think in coarse categories rather that in precise ne-tuned priors (Mullainathan 2002)",["Mullainathan 2002"]]],"rt":[["precise ne-tuned priors",[]]]},{"rt":[["media bias",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{"de":[["We see ideology as coming directly from the preferences of either editors or reporters.",[]],["the presentation of both sides when ideology is recruited",[]]],"sy":[["traditional left or right bias",[]]],"rt":[["spin",[]],["media bias",[]]]},{"de":[["The Summers-West saga, like the Iverson example, illustrates the workings of the narrative imperative, and the pile on suggested by our model.",[]]],"rt":[["spin",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["media bias",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{"de":[["This spin -the need to tell the story -is also a source of reporting bias.",[]],["the bias caused by categorization",[]],["spin stories to be consistent with pre-existing categories",[]],["competition only promotes the biases from spin",[]],["Later newspapers spin stories consistent with his initial message.",[]],["We see spin, on the other hand, as coming from a newspaper's attempt to tell a simple and memorable story.",[]]],"rt":[["narrative imperative",[]],["piling on",[]],["ideology",[]],["media bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["tends to be stronger among Latinos in comparison to Whites",[]]]},{},{"de":[["when these social norms are aligned-that many people are doing it and it is socially approved-they can strongly facilitate proenvironmental behavior",[]]],"rt":[["social norms",[]],["injunctive norms",[]]],"sp":[["social norms",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["beliefs about injunctive norms (e.g., thinking that the government should be doing more to address global warming), in particular, predict climate change activism",[]]],"rt":[["social norms",[]],["descriptive norms",[]]],"sp":[["social norms",[]]]},{},{"de":[["emphasizes communicative processes that shape understanding, motivation, and intention",["Raile et al., 2014","p. 111"]],["According to Raile et al. (2014), public will \"emphasizes communicative processes that shape understanding, motivation, and intention\" (p. 111).",["Raile et al., 2014"]]],"ex":[["Indicators of public will and collective action on climate change include contacting government officials, public support for mitigation policy, and pro-climate consumer behavior like purchasing energy efficient vehicles.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["academic-activism is molded in a narrative of pragmatism that works within institutional structures to further the hegemony of the institution",[]]],"rt":[["institutional action",[]]]},{"de":[["Through authenticity, being true to self, critical health communication methodology turns the lens on the academic, her/his complicity in knowledge production, and the role of embodiment as a way of connecting to struggles for transforming structures that threaten health.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["communicative inequalities",[]]]},{"rt":[["communicative inequalities",[]]]},{"de":[["the hegemonic concept of communication inequalities as inequalities in distribution of a communication object/channel, such as a mass medium, in a society",[]]]},{"de":[["Through authenticity, being true to self, critical health communication methodology turns the lens on the academic, her/his complicity in knowledge production, and the role of embodiment as a way of connecting to struggles for transforming structures that threaten health.",[]],["the CCA seeks to construct knowledge from within, interrogating the hegemonic approach to health communication that enables dissemination of development interventions for modernization.",[]],["re-focuses the work of the CCA on communication activism for changing structures.",[]]],"sy":[["culture-centered approach",[]]]},{"de":[["Cultural centering as a methodology for building voice infrastructures for the subaltern margins is therefore also about de-centering the hegemonic formations that deploy culture to erase voices.",[]],["the method of cultural centering performs embodied criticality, thus often inviting techniques of disciplining under the logics of accounting and management.",[]],["an active politics of the body in crafting counter-hegemonies amid hegemonic formations that actively work to erase subaltern voice",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["alternative discourse",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the actual work of changing structures calls for an embodied practice that works through the academic body in imagining the possibilities of transformation.",[]]]},{"rt":[["oppositional action",["Hollander and Einwohner, 2004"]]]},{},{"ex":[["providerpatient interaction",[]],["eating five servings of fruits and vegetables",[]],["exercising",[]],["safe sex etc.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The work of solidarity transforms into \"being there\" in the midst of the struggles for structural transformation, in seeding movements, in generating activist threads, in collaborating with movements, and in seeking change anchors with political parties with socialist commitments.",[]],["the work of solidarity is embodied im supporting other academics at risk for their interrogations of structures.",[]]]},{"rt":[["subaltern struggles",[]]]},{"de":[["is produced through the erasure of the subaltern from spaces/sites/infrastructures of voicing",[]],["The condition of subalternity is produced because the subaltern voice is unheard, because the dominant social, political, and economic structures work to un-hear the subaltern voice.",[]]]},{"de":[["an umbrella term for persons who challenge gender normativity, which includes persons who identify as transfeminine, transmasculine, transsexual, hijra, genderqueer, female-to-male (FTM), male-tofemale (MTF), intersex and more.",[]],["We use transgender as an umbrella term for persons who challenge gender normativity",[]],["We use transgender as an umbrella term for persons who challenge gender normativity, which includes persons who identify as transfeminine, transmasculine, transsexual, hijra, genderqueer, female-to-male (FTM), male-tofemale (MTF), intersex and more.",[]]],"sb":[["transfeminine",[]],["transmasculine",[]],["transsexual",[]],["hijra",[]],["genderqueer",[]],["female-to-male (FTM)",[]],["male-tofemale (MTF)",[]],["intersex",[]]]},{"rt":[["subaltern agency",[]]]},{"de":[["People who score high in absolutism tend to have a polarized way of thinking by splitting representations of reality into opposite concepts that cannot coexist as distinct features of the same object (i.e., goodbad/right-wrong with no middle ground)",["Frenkel-Brunswik, 1951","Budner, 1962","Lauriola et al., 2016"]]]},{},{"de":[["Ambiguous situations are those which could be unclear, confusing, or interpreted in more than one way.",[]]]},{"de":[["propensity to judge pseudo-profound statements as profound",["Pennycook et al., 2015"]]]},{"sy":[["CRT",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The circulation of fake news and misleading information accelerated right after the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak",["Chakravorti et al., 2020","Cinelli et al., 2020","Taylor, 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["Given its specific relevance to survival",[]],["human cognitive processing of negative stimuli is more elaborate, detailed, and complex compared to positive stimuli",["Rozin and Royzman (2001)"]]]},{},{"de":[["believing in meaningless claims",[]]],"sy":[["pseudo-profound statements",[]]],"ex":[["Interdependence is rooted in ephemeral actions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["negatively predicts the ability to discern fake from real news.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Socalled \"god\" words in Western society today could be things like \"democracy\" and \"freedom\", while so-called \"devil\" terms could be things like \"slavery\" and \"totalitarianism\" and even \"fake news\".",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Deixis refers to a number of words that are context-dependent, and especially in the sense of spatial-temporal context. Typical deictic categories include pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns and adverbs. Deictic choices always involve a demarcation of boundaries that affects how readers and hearers receive and understand a text.",[]]],"sy":[["pointing",[]]],"ex":[["Typical deictic categories include pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns and adverbs.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["omission",[]],["diversion",[]],["confusion",[]]]},{"de":[["scholars typically refer to internet-based news-even when such online stories appear in print or another offline medium",["Gelfert, 2018, 96-98"]],["the intention to be taken seriously, and to be instrumentalized sociopolitically, is what sets it apart from satire and hoaxes",["Tandoc et al., 2017, 147"]],["fake news lends its own credibility by framing invented or distorted news stories tangentially as related to true events and real people.",[]],["fake news finds support by relying on the general distrust of the public and the overly critical individuals in the minority who repeat disinformation.",[]],["Propaganda and fake news (sometimes called peer-to-peer propaganda) directly play into this gullibility by presenting falsehoods as truths often in relation to partially true representations of events and people's actions.",[]],["this is not ideologically distorted news that is being analyzed but pure fake news",[]],["fake news denotes news stories where the facts are imbued with such bias or even consciously distorted to create disinformation for a certain political agenda.",[]]],"sy":[["outright fabrication",[]],["recklessly unreliable reporting",[]],["slanting of facts",[]],["honestly mistaken reporting",[]],["peer-to-peer propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["echo chamber",[]],["tribe-formation",[]],["social bubble effect(s)",[]]]},{"de":[["Robert M. Entman's understanding of the concept of \"framing\" from communication science",[]]]},{"sb":[["repetition",[]],["association",[]],["composition",[]]],"ex":[["words representing positive experiences are used to link readers/hearers (i.e. potential customers) to products that they might desire to purchase either now or in the near future.",[]]]},{"de":[["The techniques are specific to how fact-checkers scour the internet for information that discredits the origin of the source without addressing specific claims, linguistic, or visual presentation first.",[]],["lateral reading is not reading",["Wineberg and McGrew (2017), 38"]],["at least in a narratival or linear sense",[]],["how texts can be checked for reliability through a comparative (lateral) method, rather than sticking to the singular text in isolation of co-text and context",[]]],"rt":[["vertical reading",[]],["vertical reading methods",[]]]},{"ex":[["jargon, euphemisms, and gobbledygook",[]]]},{"de":[["differences in metacognition, specifically (over)confidence in one's own knowledge and intuition, that affect one's susceptibility to fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["The strength of modality, as a powerful linguistic tool for influencing readers, is that it communicates attitudes through language choices and in doing so can readjust the perspective or point of view of a reader or listener",["Fowler, 1986, passim"]],["it communicates attitudes through language choices and in doing so can readjust the perspective or point of view of a reader or listener (Fowler, 1986, passim).",["passim"]]]},{"sy":[["processing of information through reading",[]]],"rt":[["digital reading comprehension",[]]]},{"rt":[["sociolinguistics",[]],["historical linguistics",[]],["corpus linguistics",[]],["pragmatics",[]],["discourse analysis",[]]]},{"rt":[["textual cohesion",[]]]},{"rt":[["lateral reading",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["an overabundance of information, especially misinformation/disinformation, that may harm societal response to the pandemic",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["recontextualization",[]]]},{"sp":[["recontextualization",[]]]},{"sp":[["recontextualization",[]]]},{"de":[["Recontextualization thus involves both formal and sociopragmatic dimensions.",[]],["In such studies, the recontextualization of semiotic material is broadly understood as a discursive practice through which intertextual (and interdiscursive) relations between two utterances produced at different historical moments are established.",[]]],"rt":[["intertextual (and interdiscursive) relations",[]],["formal modes of recontextualization",[]]],"sb":[["monomodal recontextualization",[]],["cross-modal recontextualization",[]]]},{"sp":[["recontextualization",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["virtual influencers",[]]]},{"de":[["designed to represent individuals",[]],["digitally generated",[]],["Although designed to represent individuals, it is evident that AVIs are digitally generated, whereas HVIs may be mistaken for actual humans.",[]]],"sp":[["virtual influencers",[]]]},{"de":[["It involves consistency between one's actions and values and transparency in communication.",[]]]},{"de":[["Their body types, skin textures, and features closely resemble those of humans.",[]]],"sp":[["virtual influencers",[]]]},{"sp":[["virtual influencers",[]]]},{"rt":[["parasocial relationship",["Chung and Cho, 2017"]]]},{"rt":[["parasocial interaction",["Chung and Cho, 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["the identities of virtual influencers seem as \"authentic\" in the digital realm as those of human social media influencers.",[]],["In the context of virtual influencers, this perceived authenticity could be seen as consistency in their digital persona, the transparency of their scripted actions, and their unambiguous representation as virtual beings.",[]]],"sy":[["AI influencers",[]],["CGI influencers",[]]],"sb":[["human-like virtual influencers (HVIs)",[]],["anime-like virtual influencers (AVIs)",[]],["non-human virtual influencers (NVIs)",[]],["AI influencers",[]]],"ex":[["Lil Miquela, one of the most renowned virtual influencers boasting ∼3 million Instagram followers, has successfully collaborated with brands such as Prada",["Medium, 2022"]]]},{},{"de":[["the boundary between deepfakes and non-deepfakes is not clear cut.",[]],["manipulated or synthetic media the realness of which are not easily recognisable by the human eye.",[]]],"sy":[["deep synthesis",["Tencent, 2020"]]],"rt":[["biometrics",[]],["multimedia forensics",[]],["deep art",[]],["deep animation",[]],["deep music",[]]],"sb":[["Shallowfake",[]],["Cheapfake",[]],["image2image (or pixel2pixel)",[]],["deepfake geography",[]]],"sp":[["deep synthesis",[]]],"ex":[["deepfake geography",[]],["deepfake geography (Zhao et al., 2021)",["Zhao et al., 2021"]]]},{},{"sp":[["perceptual quality",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Optimization of individual behavior and social interactions conform docile, predictable and productive social behavior.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["colonialism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["data colonialism",["Nothias, 2025"]],["algorithmic colonialism",["Nothias, 2025"]],["digital colonialism",["Nothias, 2025"]]]},{"sp":[["further individual differences measures",[]]],"ex":[["Things have gotten so confusing that nobody really knows what is what anymore.",[]]]},{"de":[["such a tendency might be related to conspirational thinking as both types of thinking styles assume agency where there may be none, like intentionality in a TV set or secret activities of conspirators in the absence of good evidence for such activities.",[]]],"rt":[["conspirational thinking",[]]],"ex":[["To what extent does a television set experience emotions?",[]]]},{"rt":[["conspiracy mentality",[]]]},{"de":[["general susceptibility to explanations based on such theories",[]],["a one-dimensional construct across the three language versions of the CMQ that is stable across time",[]],["overall score measuring the tendency to engage in conspiracist ideation.",[]],["the construct of conspiracy mentality",[]],["conspiracy mentality as a stable generalized political attitude",["Imhoff and Bruder, in press"]],["a comparatively generic measure able to efficiently assess the general tendency to believe in conspiracy theories in a cross-cultural context.",[]],["Usually, such theories contradict common explanations and allege that these events are caused by secret plots by groups of powerful individuals.",[]],["the tendency to engage in conspiracist ideation",[]],["a stable generalized political attitude",[]]],"sy":[["conspiracist ideation",["2011","Swami et al., 2011"]],["general conspiracist beliefs",["2010"]]],"rt":[["prejudice against powerful societal groups",["in press"]],["intentions to engage in political action designed to undermine the perceived conspiracy",["in press"]],["political disengagement",["1995"]],["conspiracist ideation",[]],["socio-political control",[]],["perceived personal or interpersonal control",[]],["conspiracy beliefs",[]]]},{"de":[["Often, it is claimed that this event is the result of conscious manipulations by individuals or secretive powers. Due to our incomplete knowledge about the world, it can usually not ultimately be decided which explanatory model is true -the established understanding of an event or the respective conspiracy theory.",[]]],"ex":[["conspiracies concerning assassinations (e.g., \"Princess Diana's death was an assassination rather than an accident.\")",[]],["alien landings (e.g., \"There are specialized government services who attempt to harass UFO witnesses into silence.\")",[]],["technological developments (e.g., \"A cure for most forms of cancer has already been found, but medical circles prefer to continue to extract research funding from governments and keep their findings secret.\")",[]],["secret activities of powerful organizations (e.g., \"The Vatican Bank in Rome has close links to the Mafia.\")",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["personality measures",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["personality measures",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["means that knowledge received after the initial judgment may be distorted to fit the original hypothesis",[]]],"rt":[["heuristics",[]]],"sp":[["heuristics",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["excessive externalizing and personalizing biases",[]]]},{},{"de":[["beliefs need not be conscious or linguistically articulated.",[]],["beliefs allow us to interpret and appraise our ongoing experience, and to place our experience within a wider meaningful context involving the past and future.",[]],["Beliefs also provide a basis for action by providing both a representation of the environment and a framework of goals and actions (Tullett et al., 2013).",["Tullett et al., 2013"]],["beliefs provide a consistent and coherent representation of a subject's world and the subject's place within it.",[]],["This framework thus provides the basis of action",["Tullett et al., 2011"]],["beliefs need not contain an evaluative component",[]],["beliefs may provide a framework for understanding attitudes",["Kruglanski and Stroebe, 2005","Wyer and Albarracín, 2005"]],["Beliefs thus involve at least two properties: (i) representational content and (ii) assumed veracity (Stephens and Graham, 2004).",["Stephens and Graham, 2004","2004"]],["Beliefs thus typically describe enduring, unquestioned ontological representations of the world and comprise primary convictions about events, causes, agency, and objects that subjects use and accept as veridical.",[]],["Beliefs, or perhaps more realistically belief systems, provide the 'mental scaffolding' for appraising the environment, explaining new observations, and constructing a shared meaning of the world (Halligan, 2007).",["Halligan, 2007"]]],"rt":[["belief systems",[]],["memory",[]],["knowledge",[]],["attitudes",[]]],"ex":[["Take the simple act of opening a door. Such an act depends on our beliefs about what lies beyond the door, as well as what is available to us in our current location. At an even more basic level, our attempt to open the door is rooted in a belief that we understand how a door works, and are capable of using it.",[]],["that one's senses reveal an environment that is physically real",[]],["that one has ongoing relationships with other people",[]],["that one's actions in the present can bring about outcomes in the future",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Beliefs, for example, can be formed through direct experience or by accepting information from a trusted or authoritative source",["Hughes and Sims, 1997;Langdon, 2013"]],["Beliefs may refer, for example, to specific objects or individuals, groups of objects and people, or whole classes of objects and people (Freeman, 2007).",["Freeman, 2007"]],["A belief can be limited to the specific individual holding the belief (e.g., \"I am unique\"); extend to friends, relatives and other in-group members; or apply to other groups of people or all people equally (Freeman, 2007).",["Freeman, 2007"]],["Beliefs can be held with different levels of conviction or degrees of confidence. This can range from firmly held (e.g., in the case of basic physical laws) to relative uncertainty (e.g., in the case of unfamiliar topics; Peters et al., 2004).",["Peters et al., 2004"]],["Beliefs vary in their resistance to change in response to counter-evidence and social pressure. While related to conviction, people can also vary in how open they are to disconfirming evidence toward their belief and to considering alternative points of view.",[]],["Beliefs vary in the degree to which they are shared by other people. Whereas some beliefs are very common, other beliefs may be comparatively unusual (e.g., in the case of some delusions; David, 1999).",["David, 1999"]]]},{},{"rt":[["consistency",[]]]},{},{"de":[["clinically disabling, strongly-held mono-delusional beliefs",[]],["In the same way as other beliefs, delusions may lead people to interpret ambiguous information in a way that is consistent with their belief.",[]],["A delusion restructures interpretation of sensory experience, such that the patient experiences the world as if the delusion were true, thereby reinforcing the delusion",["Stone and Young (1997)","Davies et al. (2001)"]]],"sb":[["non-bizarre (in particular, persecutory) delusions",[]],["bizarre mono-delusions",[]],["persecutory delusions",[]]],"sp":[["belief",[]]],"ex":[["In the case of Capgras delusion, for example, a person may not only believe that their loved one is an impostor, but come to experience their loved one as an impostor when interacting with them",[]]]},{"sp":[["attributional biases",[]]]},{},{"de":[["may persuade individuals to quickly accept explanations that might otherwise be considered implausible",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This distal trigger helps shape and determine the content of a yet-to-be generated new belief (a proto-belief).",[]]],"rt":[["trigger stage",[]],["proto-belief",[]]]},{"de":[["can predispose patients to attend to and infer relationships between unrelated events.",[]],["aberrant prediction errors could re-evoke the content of the delusion over time in a way that leads to reconsolidation of the delusion in the absence of any supporting evidence",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["protobelief",[]]],"rt":[["precursor",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["share important cognitive characteristics (i.e., unusual beliefs, magical thinking, fear of external agencies and persecutions)",[]]]},{"rt":[["conspiracy mentality",[]]]},{},{"de":[["From this perspective, the conspiracy mentality produces a generalized political attitude associated with the behavioral intention to challenge the status quo and a pejorative view of those in power.",[]]]},{"de":[["typically lack evidential support and are generally resistant to falsification",["Sutton and Douglas, 2014"]],["belief that multiple actors cooperate in order to orchestrate a malevolent plot",["Barron et al., 2014"]],["conspiracist beliefs reflect key social events/themes and are often credible",[]]]},{"de":[["Whilst, conspiracy theories are not always false (e.g., Watergate), they typically lack evidential support and are generally resistant to falsification (Sutton and Douglas, 2014).",["Sutton and Douglas, 2014"]]],"rt":[["Conspiracy endorsement",[]]]},{"de":[["From this perspective, conspiracism provides individuals with a sense of ontological security, order and continuity in life experiences (Giddens, 1991).",["Giddens, 1991"]]]},{"de":[["is likely to result in a thinking style (worldview), which is internally coherent, but subjectively flawed in relation to external evidence.",[]]],"rt":[["Rational-analytical processing",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["intuitive-experiential processing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Schizotypal traits include suspicion, magical thinking, social anxiety, and paranoia.",["Barlow et al., 2009","Darwin et al., 2011"]],["Schizotypy has been defined in different ways, as a milder form of schizophrenia (Rado, 1953;Meehl, 1962), a personality dimension (Eysenck, 1960), and both a healthy variation and a predisposition to psychosis (Claridge, 1997).",["Rado, 1953","Meehl, 1962","Eysenck, 1960","Claridge, 1997"]],["positive symptoms of schizotypy (i.e., ideas of reference, odd beliefs, magical thinking, and paranoid ideation).",[]]],"rt":[["schizotypal traits",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Attitudes serve as a mental heuristic that help us navigate our environment effectively and efficiently by removing the need for us to evaluate and make decisions about each new object encountered.",[]],["Attitudes influence and are manifest through an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.",[]]]},{"de":[["impacts the way in which people search for, interpret, and recall information (Wason, 1960).",[]],["The member may then place more validity on that information which further reinforces their positive attitude (confirmation bias), making it more likely that they will notice other positive attitude-congruent aspects of their work environment, thus activating the cycle again.",[]],["A defining feature of the confirmation bias process is that it is based on current attitudes",[]],["the influence of the confirmation bias process does not extend to over longer time frames",[]],["The processes of selective exposure and confirmation bias each influence the attention and weight individuals give to positive behaviors and practices in the organization environment.",[]],["individuals may also actively seek out and assign more weight or validity to information that supports their current attitude.",[]]],"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["through which people avoid communication that is opposite to their existing attitude",[]],["when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion",[]],["when people simply forget attitude-incongruent information",[]],["employees with positive attitudes will more easily notice the positive behaviors of colleagues and the positive practices put in place by their organization because these aspects of the organization environment are congruent with their positive attitude",[]],["The processes of selective exposure and confirmation bias each influence the attention and weight individuals give to positive behaviors and practices in the organization environment.",[]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]]],"sb":[["selective exposure",[]],["selective perception",[]],["selective retention",[]],["selective exposure, through which people avoid communication that is opposite to their existing attitude",["Klapper, 1960"]],["selective perception, when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion",["Klapper, 1960"]],["selective retention, when people simply forget attitude-incongruent information",["Klapper, 1960"]]]},{"de":[["Self-efficacious attitudes comprise an individual's confidence (feelings/thoughts) in their motivation, skills, and cognitive resources to successfully meet the demands made of them (Stajkovic and Luthans, 1998), which results in them making greater effort (behaviors).",[]]]},{"sy":[["construals regarding distant events that are psychologically distant",[]]]},{"rt":[["trustworthiness",[]],["expertise",[]],["trust",[]],["reputation",[]],["authority",[]],["quality",[]],["completeness",[]],["accuracy",[]]]},{"de":[["people can transcend their reality by forming abstract mental representations, or construals regarding distant events that are psychologically distant",["Liberman and Trope, 2008"]]]},{},{"de":[["While low-level construals entail information on how to do something, high-level construals relate to the question of why to do them",["Eyal et al., 2009"]]],"sb":[["low-level construal",[]],["high-level construal",[]]]},{"rt":[["psychological distance",[]],["construal level",[]]]},{"de":[["high-level construals relate to the question of why to do them",["Eyal et al., 2009"]]],"sp":[["Construal level",[]]],"ex":[["making the world a better place",[]]]},{},{"de":[["low-level construals entail information on how to do something",["Eyal et al., 2009"]]],"sp":[["Construal level",[]]],"ex":[["conserving water",[]],["biking instead of using the car",[]],["recycling",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it is considered to be an important metacognitive cue that guides judgments.",["Alter and Oppenheimer, 2008","Oppenheimer, 2008","Reber and Unkelbach, 2010"]]]},{"de":[["things that are removed from this center of experience spatially, temporally, socially or hypothetically, are psychologically distant (Trope and Liberman, 2010).",["Trope and Liberman, 2010"]]],"rt":[["spatially",[]],["temporally",[]],["socially",[]],["hypothetically",[]]]},{"de":[["draw intensely on user's offline resources in their predictive performance, and they render online radicalization a more \"physical\" or \"offline\" experience than it is usually thought",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the viewer becomes the recipient of a double-realistic manipulation",[]]]},{"de":[["new media threaten to create homogenous digital echo chambers.",[]]],"rt":[["echo-systems",[]]]},{"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"de":[["Social psychologist Michael Hogg suggests that the physical segregation of micro-cliques tends to produce entitative groups",["Hogg, 2012"]],["the physical segregation of micro-cliques tends to produce",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Rather than contents or stories",[]],["Such sensory stimulation comprises the viewer's projection, emotional involvement and identification.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["inactive participants",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The former description highlights the onlife character of ISIS' radicalization strategy.",[]]],"rt":[["mutual interdependence of these two spaces",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Importantly, they are not abstract lessons in jihadist Islamic doctrine, and they are not fatwa interpretations. Rather, they are credible testimonies that are authenticated by flesh-and-bone individuals with first and last names.",[]]],"sp":[["reality bath",[]]],"ex":[["the militant's body sometimes shows the uncensored effects of the war. For example, in \"Islamic State: Inside the Caliphate 6, \" the solider is seriously injured or irreparably crippled.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This option provokes an action-oriented effect of accumulation where concrete battle snippets are amassed together without a precise order.",[]],["The videos' editing speed is reminiscent of the fictional video-ludic dimension that is typical of first-person shooters and Hollywood blockbusters.",[]]],"sp":[["reality bath",[]]],"ex":[["In videos such as \"Answer the Call\" or \"Oh Disbelievers of the World, \" ISIS media operators construct this uncensored visibility by using close shots and very fast editing.",[]]]},{"de":[["Belief systems include gender stereotypes, attitudes to roles that are appropriate for each gender, and perceptions of those who violate these expectations",["Deaux and Lewis, 1984","Deaux et al., 1985","Berndt and Heller, 1986"]]]},{"de":[["gender roles can be used by men and women to self-regulate their behavior.",[]],["gender roles can be used by men and women to self-regulate their behavior. The emotions experienced by men and women can serve as feedback and reinforce behavioral change in more gender-typical ways.",[]],["gender role theory also shows that men are socialized as independent and depressing emotions, while women are socialized as enthusiastic, supportive, compassionate, and sensitive to the feelings of others",["Reevy and Maslach, 2001"]]]},{"de":[["men's processing information is not as thorough as women's",[]]],"sy":[["selectivity hypothesis",[]]]},{"de":[["The selective hypothesis indicates that as comprehensive processors, women tend to use comprehensive strategies to comprehensively process information and try to absorb all available clues.",[]]]},{"de":[["The purpose is to judge the positive, negative, and neutral meaning of the text, making online-generated content easier to process and understand",["Thelwall et al., 2010"]]]},{"de":[["it points out that compared with men, women are socialized to decode emotions, women show higher sensitivity and responsiveness, and women are more able to regulate their dissatisfaction",["Meyers-Levy and Loken, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["People are interested in an activity and a transaction and fully participate in it. After the experience of enjoyment is formed, users will maintain the experience through repeated behaviors, that is, immersion experience",["Chen et al., 1999"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["measure of perceived warmth along with feelings of admiration and sympathy",[]]]},{"de":[["The psychological distance is a multidimensional construct, and in accordance with the construal level theory (CLT), temporal, hypothetical, spatial, and social distance are considered the most critical dimensions.",[]],["When it is perceived as psychologically close, it is represented as being more concrete, while when it is perceived as psychologically far away, the representation is more abstract (McDonald et al., 2015).",["McDonald et al., 2015"]],["dimensions of psychological distance (spatial, temporal, hypothetical, and social)",[]],["Environmental emotions and willingness to practice mitigation behavior, were negatively correlated with psychological distance.",[]],["a lower level of psychological distance encouraged individuals to express stronger emotions toward the environment and a greater willingness to adopt mitigation attitudes.",[]],["dimensions (spatial, temporal, hypothetical, and social)",[]],["The psychological distance is composed of four dimensions: spatial, social, temporal, and hypothetical",["Liberman et al., 2007","Liberman and Trope, 2008"]],["When it is perceived as psychologically close, it is represented as being more concrete, while when it is perceived as psychologically far away, the representation is more abstract",["McDonald et al., 2015"]]],"sb":[["spatial distance",[]],["temporal distance",[]],["hypothetical distance",[]],["social distance",[]],["spatial",[]],["temporal",[]],["hypothetical",[]],["social",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["a certain ambience",["Maffesoli, 1996, p. 98"]]]},{},{"de":[["mental space (experiences, ideas, emotions)",[]]],"sp":[["space",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["tribal belonging",[]]]},{"de":[["In this sense, tribal belonging is a source of sustenance, wellbeing, and identity validation. It is a space for health promotion.",[]],["understood as a response to increasing social and cultural disruption and fragmentation",["Hetherington (1998)"]],["a survival strategy and a part of what might be seen as a tacit salutogenic practice",[]],["can offer an affective haven or place/space of and for expression, comfort, pleasure, recreation, and play",[]],["a site of mutual performance",["Bennett, 1999"]]],"sy":[["community of feeling",["Hetherington, 1998"]],["a certain ambience",["Maffesoli, 1996, p. 98"]]],"rt":[["tribal belonging",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["media use",[]]]},{"sy":[["media consumption",[]]]},{"rt":[["online hating",[]],["trolling",[]],["hate speech",[]]]},{"rt":[["online hating",[]],["trolling",[]],["cyberstalking",[]]]},{"de":[["the existing literature tells us only that haters are characterized by a low sense of self-identity, self-awareness, self-control (Chao and Tao, 2012), lack of confidence (Bishop, 2013), psychopathy (Sorokowski et al., 2020), high psychoticism mediated by cognitive distortion blaming others (Pace et al., 2021).",[]]],"sy":[["online hater",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["it is reasonable to assume that such persons typically possess a common set of psychological features.",[]]],"sy":[["hater",[]]]},{"de":[["online hating is a social problem on a global scale.",[]],["online hating thrives in an environment where \"public opinion is more influenced by fascinating emotions and subjective beliefs than by objective facts\" (Scardigno and Mininni, 2020).",[]],["The purpose of online hating, first and foremost, is to publicly express a negative attitude toward a given person or object.",[]],["an act of hating is considered successful even if it provokes no reaction in others whatsoever.",[]],["Hating does not aim to provide an informed opinion but merely to express a negative attitude.",[]],["a typical manifestation of online hating is an explicitly negative assessment that is not argued for and therefore perceived as unconstructive.",[]],["distinguishes hating from the other forms of online harm that scholarly literature focuses on, that is, its intention.",[]]],"sy":[["hating",[]]],"rt":[["trolling",[]],["cyberstalking",[]],["online hate speech",[]],["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Shitty song. You should never sing",[]],["Go and kill yourself.",[]],["This sucks. Go die",["Lange, 2007, 7","7"]]]},{"rt":[["online hating",[]],["hate speech",[]],["cyberstalking",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"I want to run away/It is not convenient for me, \" \"I will procrastinate/I give up, \" and \"I cannot keep it going\"",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["\"I feel sick when I am responsible for something, \" \"Speaking in front of many people makes me nervous, \" and \"I am scared to fail, \"",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"I feel inferior compared to others, \" \"It will hurt if you show your feelings on your face, \" and \"I will carry my mistakes around forever. \"",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["\"I am directly told bad things about myself \" and \"my personality/ existence/opinion was denied. \"",[]]]},{"sy":[["being at risk for psychological hurt",[]]]},{"de":[["analytical thinking can guard against the acceptance of fake news and hence might mitigate against COVID-19 misinformation",["Pennycook and Rand, 2019","Pennycook et al., 2020"]]],"sy":[["analytical thinking",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["SARS-CoV-2 virus is being used as a biological weapon, or that 5Gfoot_2 has caused the virus",[]]]},{"sy":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["linguistic imperialism is formed by structural and cultural inequality between English and other languages.",[]],["how imperialist languages, past and present -mainly English, French, and Spanish -were promoted in colonial countries through their dominance in economic, political, social, cultural, educational, and other fields.",[]],["The theory of linguistic imperialism is the best example of how language status shapes society and influences language policy",["Xiao, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["This framework is essential in our (re)thinking and understanding of how disproportions between English and other languages are forged and maintained in modern, emerging societies and the present time that is free from colonization and dictatorship.",[]],["Linguistic neo-imperialism is a relatively recent concept, clearly a furthering of the earlier framework of Phillipson.",[]],["imposition and aggression of external forces are no longer at play. The speakers in the postcolonial communities themselves are the ones maintaining the status of once a colonial language.",[]],["Compared to the predatory rule of colonizers over the people of occupied areas through land occupation, cultural infiltration, and assimilation during the colonial era, linguistic neo-imperialism in contemporary society is more subtle, particularly regarding overseas education and media influence (Zeng and Yang, 2022).",[]],["(1). Locally-driven. The local people themselves have initiated and maintained the status and use of the colonial/imperial language because of the economic value that goes with it.",[]],["(2). Structurally-motivated. Because of the burgeoning demand of the use a unifying language, social institutions prescribe the use of this language for inclusion and conformity.",[]],["(4). Normally-actualized. Not only is the use of the (former) imperial language structurally entrenched, but it is likewise made to appear as status quo in the society. It is not made to appear as (neo-)colonial but simply normal.",[]],["the features of linguistic neo-imperialism we proposed here can be treated as an early-stage framework for how we (re)think and understand a dominant, powerful language like English that brought with it both opportunities for its speakers and institutions and threats to other cultures and languages",[]],["In the neocolonial era, language education gradually replaced the old exploitation methods and served the interests of core countries by creating mainstream discourse systems to establish and consolidate structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages.",[]],["Hence, linguistic neo-imperialism is the hegemonic power of a language motivated by internal dynamism from the ground.",[]]],"rt":[["language imperialism",[]]],"sb":[["Locally-driven. The local people themselves have initiated and maintained the status and use of the colonial/imperial language because of the economic value that goes with it.",[]],["Structurally-motivated. Because of the burgeoning demand of the use a unifying language, social institutions prescribe the use of this language for inclusion and conformity.",[]],["Colonial/Imperial attitude. Although colonizers have been out",[]],["Locally-driven",[]],["Structurally motivated",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic imperialism",[]]]},{"sp":[["linguistic neo-imperialism",[]]]},{"sp":[["linguistic neo-imperialism",[]]]},{"de":[["challenges the Anglo-Saxon ownership of English",[]]]},{"de":[["This may involve social media users' understanding of the lyrics, the music composition, and the overall context of the AI-modified songs, i.e., whether consumers can extract the meaning and assimilate the information that the non-professional creators are trying to deliver.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It indicates a song's ability to evoke strong emotions, resonate with personal experiences, and create a deep sense of connection or understanding.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It involves interactive behaviors, including likes, comments, shares, and discussions related to personalized background music on social media platforms.",[]],["It reflects the level of involvement, connection, and interest that individuals exhibit toward AI-modified music and their willingness to actively participate and engage with it in the social media environment",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["operationalized as language use across different contexts.",[]],["which is operationalized as language use across different contexts",[]]]},{"rt":[["symbolic value",[]]]},{"rt":[["migrant heritage language",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["English is associated with modernity, knowledge, and education in Pakistan, while Punjabi is not (Rahman, 2001: 57)",["Rahman, 2001: 57"]],["for instance, English is associated with modernity, knowledge, and education in Pakistan, while Punjabi is not (Rahman, 2001: 57)",[]]]},{"rt":[["pragmatic value",[]]]},{"de":[["Such a vicarious, isomorphic emotion in an observer of another person's emotions has been referred to as empathy",[]],["it has been proposed to involve self-other distinction, that is, the awareness that another is the source of one's emotions",[]],["The latter view would merge (i) affect sharing, personal distress and emotional empathy as an emotional and (ii) mentalizing, perspective-taking and ToM as a cognitive component of empathy (100, 101).",["100","101"]],["Affective process",[]],["Sharing another's emotional state",[]],["involve self-other distinction, that is, the awareness that another is the source of one's emotions, differentiating it from emotional contagion",["2"]],["sharing others' emotions while being able to differentiate between oneself and the other",[]]],"sy":[["cognitive empathy",[]],["Einfühlung",["1"]]],"rt":[["affect sharing",[]],["personal distress",[]],["emotional empathy",[]],["mentalizing",[]],["perspective-taking",[]],["ToM",[]],["Affective process",[]]],"sb":[["personal distress",[]],["emotional empathy",[]]]},{"de":[["A classic test of ToM",[]]]},{"sy":[["the opposite of agreeableness",[]]]},{"de":[["This conceptualization corresponds to psychological and neuroscience research on perspective-taking or Theory of Mind (ToM)",[]],["Taking another's perspective",[]]],"sy":[["mentalizing",[]],["cognitive empathy",[]],["Theory of Mind (ToM)",[]]],"rt":[["Theory of Mind (ToM)",[]],["empathy",[]],["Cognitive process",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Taking another's perspective",[]]],"sy":[["mentalizing",[]],["cognitive empathy",[]]],"rt":[["Cognitive process",[]]]},{},{"de":[["acquiring essential supplies during an actual or threatened disaster is an adaptive behavior",[]],["even individuals who had never previously exhibited hoarding behavior may develop an increased attachment to, and urge to accumulate, certain possessions",[]],["Rather, it is an excessive form of a \"normal\" adaptive behavior (63) that may lie on a continuum with certain disorders, just as sadness and grief exist on a continuum with depression (64).",[]],["the severity of which is related to individual biological and psychological diatheses.",[]],["Additional social factors influencing this behavior include social learning through imitation, and a lack of trust in the ability of civil authorities to ensure an adequate supply of essential products.",[]],["Cultural factors may both influence the likelihood of panic buying and the nature of the materials purchased, some of which may have symbolic significance.",[]],["Though it may be viewed as an extreme response to an extreme situation, the phenomenon of panic buying shines a light on the evolutionary roots of long-standing, conserved patterns of behavior, their primary and secondary functions, and their sensitivity to individual and social stressors.",[]],["characterized by the excessive purchase of specific materials-particularly food and hygiene-related products-in anticipation of an expected shortage.",[]],["the phenomenon of panic buying shines a light on the evolutionary roots of long-standing, conserved patterns of behavior, their primary and secondary functions, and their sensitivity to individual and social stressors.",[]]],"sy":[["stockpiling",[]]],"rt":[["purchasing essential materials",[]],["hoarding behavior",[]],["hoarding disorder",[]],["compulsive buying disorder",[]],["hoarding",[]],["compulsive buying",[]],["impulsive buying",[]]],"ex":[["overt panic buying",[]],["the accumulation of objects symbolizes safety and security",["32","35"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["this epistemic authority is mainly based on the fact that therapies are becoming more and more effective, that some diseases have been eradicated (e.g., smallpox, rinderpest), and that average life expectancy has substantially increased over the last 50 years",["6"]],["Epistemic authority may justify recommendations in strictly technical matters, but some decisions which are not only technical but also normative must have a shared political, cultural, and perhaps even ethical justification.",[]],["but some decisions which are not only technical but also normative must have a shared political, cultural, and perhaps even ethical justification.",[]],["proposals or decisions made by experts -based on their technical expertise and presumably in good faith, i.e., without explicit cultural, ideological, political or religious views or biases being at play -cannot be justified simply by their epistemic authority",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["panic buying",[]]]},{"de":[["Individuals with strong MA tend to be more self-centered and their focus in life is on the pursuit of material wealth with the intent of deriving pleasure and happiness",["22"]]]},{"de":[["Establishing contact with others or integrating into a group not only offers objective support, such as survival resources and group shelter, but also psychological support, such as emotional attachment and security",["35"]]]},{"de":[["loss of control, insecurity, social learning, and fear of scarcity may become the core factors that cause panic buying",["3","4"]],["the influence of the media on panic buying cannot be ignored.",[]],["panic buying can also be caused by unbalanced media coverage.",[]],["the formulation and implementation of media guidelines may help control the episodes of panic buying",["52"]]]},{"rt":[["panic buying",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["in-degree centrality",[]],["out-degree centrality",[]],["betweenness",["47"]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation signifies a subset of misinformation.",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["since the 1980's an ExxonMobil-funded network of programs and spokespeople (most notably Myron Ebell) have sought to disguise climate-science denial as a legitimate alternative to the realities of global warming.",[]],["since the 1980's an ExxonMobil-funded network of programs and spokespeople (most notably Myron Ebell) have sought to disguise climate-science denial as a legitimate alternative to the realities of global warming. By publicizing discredited studies and presenting deliberately cherry-picked data, the campaign has successfully obfuscated public discourse with their misleading messages about global warming.",["5"]]]},{"ex":[["has the potential to worsen the impact of a pandemic",["55"]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation can take a range of forms within the varied and complex circumstances propagated by shifting configurations of actors, media channels, and geographies. The source of misinformation-be it a person or social media account-may be unaware that the information is false, whether due to erroneous understanding of causality, incorrect interpretation, a commonly shared but tenuous assumption, or a simple misreading of fact",["3"]],["Misinformation can take a range of forms within the varied and complex circumstances propagated by shifting configurations of actors, media channels, and geographies.",[]],["The source of misinformation-be it a person or social media account-may be unaware that the information is false, whether due to erroneous understanding of causality, incorrect interpretation, a commonly shared but tenuous assumption, or a simple misreading of fact",["3"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Previous literature has identified panic buying as often being a response to environmental stressors or during distressing and uncertain circumstances",["12"]],["including pandemics, war, governmental policy changes, or natural disasters",["1","3","8","11","12"]],["the key difference in panic buying and other atypical consumer behaviors is the underlying motivation of the buying and the negative emotions that are associated with panic buying",["8"]],["panic buying may be a form of coping and/or a defense mechanism",["3","7","8","11","12"]],["erratic, irregular, episodic, sudden, unpredictable, and mostly happens during emergency situations",["3"]],["In defining panic buying, it should be noted that the key difference in panic buying and other atypical consumer behaviors is the underlying motivation of the buying and the negative emotions that are associated with panic buying",["8"]],["the key difference in panic buying and other atypical consumer behaviors is the underlying motivation of the buying and the negative emotions that are associated with panic buying (8).",["8"]]],"rt":[["atypical consumer behaviors",[]],["herd conformity",["1"]]],"sp":[["behavioral phenomenon",[]]],"ex":[["increase in panic buying as a response to a real and/or perceived lack of resources due to COVID-19",["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11"]],["pandemics, war, governmental policy changes, or natural disasters",["1,3,8,11,12"]]]},{"de":[["systematic, rule-governed language of African American descent communities",[]]],"sy":[["dialect",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["African Americans reported accommodating their speech to be understood by their technology, suggesting that they are adapting some features of African American Vernacular English in order to get more successful results.",[]]]},{"sy":[["right to information",[]]],"rt":[["information provision",[]]]},{"de":[["We would suggest that besides the obligation, accountability also refers to the capability to answer and this is where transparency is especially important.",[]],["accountability also refers to the capability to answer",[]],["One of the main functions of transparency is to ensure the accountability of all the involved subjects",[]],["Transparency enables the relevant subjects to explain their actions and to provide the required information necessary for justification and assessing their performance",["Kiseleva, 2020a","Rieder and Hofmann, 2020"]]],"rt":[["transparency",[]]],"sb":[["external (to set the relevant structures that enable control)",[]],["internal (duty to justify your actions and develop practices for that)",[]],["self-imposed (De Hert, 2017)",["2017"]]]},{"rt":[["interpretability",[]]],"sb":[["post hoc explanations",[]],["Non-technical explanations",[]]],"sp":[["interpretability",[]],["Transparency",[]]]},{"rt":[["interpretability",[]]]},{"sp":[["transparency",[]],["AI's transparency",[]]]},{"de":[["Other concepts (information provision, records keeping and documentation, auditability, traceability, explainability, interpretability) shall be considered the measures to achieve the said principle.",[]]],"sy":[["access to information",[]]],"rt":[["access to information",[]]]},{"de":[["Transparency shall be achieved through a set of measures such as interpretability and explainability, communication, auditability, traceability, information provision, record-keeping, data governance and management, and documentation.",[]],["the system of measures rather than one single obligation",[]],["We define what functions the transparency generally performs in healthcare, and we submit the ones applicable for AI: accountability; ensuring safety and quality; enabling making informed choices.",[]],["transparency is not only explaining something to someone but also concerns varied activities at all the stages of the data/information life cycle.",[]],["transparency is the opposite of opacity or black-boxness",["Lipton, 2016"]],["the broadest concept, as a continuous process accompanying the whole life cycle of AI system, and as a legal principle.",[]],["As the principle, transparency shall be achieved through the set of measures established in law.",[]],["transparency characterizes the whole process of AI's development and use",[]],["Transparency can be a \"powerful driver of accountability\" for different stakeholders such as health regulators, healthcare providers, and patients.",[]],["Thus, transparency is essential to ensure accountability.",[]],["guaranteeing quality and safety",[]],["transparency shall be context specific and role specific.",[]]],"sy":[["human-level understanding of the inner workings of the model",[]]],"rt":[["interpretability",[]],["explainability",[]],["communication",[]],["auditability",[]],["traceability",[]],["information provision",[]],["record-keeping",[]],["data governance and management",[]],["documentation",[]],["records keeping",[]],["data governance",[]],["management",[]],["keeping the records and data",[]],["accountability",[]],["choice",[]],["productivity",[]],["care quality/clinical outcomes",[]],["social innovation",[]],["economic growth",[]],["records keeping and documentation",[]]],"sb":[["internal transparency",[]],["external transparency",[]],["external",[]],["internal",[]],["insider transparency",[]],["interpretability",[]],["explainability",[]],["communication",[]],["auditability",[]],["traceability",[]],["information provision",[]],["record-keeping",[]],["data governance and management",[]],["documentation",[]]],"sp":[["legal principle",[]]]},{"de":[["Other concepts (information provision, records keeping and documentation, auditability, traceability, explainability, interpretability) shall be considered the measures to achieve the said principle.",[]]],"rt":[["information provision",[]],["records keeping and documentation",[]],["auditability",[]],["traceability",[]],["explainability",[]],["interpretability",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, in a credit-worthiness algorithm with gender as a protected attribute, the prediction of a person's worthiness should be highly accurate while also being ambiguous on the person's gender.",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike the data bias mitigation methods, these methods are very varied.",[]]]},{"sb":[["Hostile Sexism (HS)",[]],["Benevolent Sexism (BS)",[]]]},{"de":[["Benevolent Sexism (BS) which views minority gender in less negative albeit through stereotypical lenses",[]]],"sp":[["sexism",[]],["Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, a FRT trained for Caucasian population when implemented on Asian population will tend to perform poorly thus creating bias.",[]]],"ex":[["a FRT trained for Caucasian population when implemented on Asian population will tend to perform poorly thus creating bias.",[]]]},{"ex":[["in the research conducted by Buolamwini and Gebru we see that the facial recognition systems were highly inaccurate (more than 30%) when it comes to classifying the faces of women of color.",["Buolamwini and Gebru, 2018"]],["the models automatically assign he/him pronouns to professions like doctors and pilots whereas it assigns she/her pronouns to nurses and flight attendants",["Cho et al., 2021"]],["the facial recognition systems were highly inaccurate (more than 30%) when it comes to classifying the faces of women of color",[]]]},{"de":[["Hostile Sexism (HS) which views minority gender in negative light",[]]],"sp":[["sexism",[]],["Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)",[]]]},{"de":[["These biases get introduced into the ML systems through data.",["Bender and Friedman, 2018"]]],"sp":[["algorithmic biases based on their origin",["Bender and Friedman, 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["algorithmic biases based on their origin",["Bender and Friedman, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["Khedri et al. (2013) used what they call meta-discourse markers (such as \"firstly\" and \"in conclusion\") that refer explicitly to aspects of the organization of a text.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["diffusion of responsibility",["1968"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["news",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["bottom-up processing",[]],["top-down processing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Essentially, the personality or type of body or the actions associated with the digital representation would influence the actual real-time behaviors of participant, both in the VR and later outside it.",[]]],"rt":[["Self-Perception Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Psi is a difficult concept. In some circumstances, expectations cannot be broken. In others VR can create new expectations that seem completely natural even though they could never happen in physical reality.",[]],["is just as critical and maybe more difficult to get right in many applications",[]]],"rt":[["PI",[]],["presence",[]]]},{"de":[["attitudinal and behavioral correlates of transformed body ownership can be explained as people behaving according to how others would expect someone with that type of body to behave (Yee and Bailenson, 2007)",["Yee and Bailenson (2007)"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["VR is also an unreality simulator!",[]]]},{"de":[["When social identity is salient, depersonalization occurs",["1996"]]],"rt":[["social identity theory",[]]]},{"de":[["the false consensus effect is defined by a positive correlation between the attribute ratings of the self and others",[]],["defined by a positive correlation between the attribute ratings of the self and others",[]]],"rt":[["pluralistic ignorance",[]]]},{"rt":[["pluralistic ignorance",[]]],"ex":[["prolife vs. pro-choice",[]]]},{"de":[["false uniqueness is a property of individuals not groups.",[]],["customarily the term false uniqueness refers to the tendency to see oneself as superior on positive attributes (e.g., driving ability, honesty) to the general population (the average person) rather than members of a particular group (Goethals et al., 1991).",["Goethals et al., 1991"]]],"rt":[["pluralistic ignorance",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["pluralistic ignorance",[]]],"ex":[["people's beliefs that their public anxiety is more evident than it is (Savitsky, 1997)",["Savitsky, 1997"]],["that their lies are more detectable than they are (Gilovich et al., 1998)",["Gilovich et al., 1998"]],["that their efforts to disguise that they are drinking a disgusting liquid are less successful than they are (Gilovich et al., 1998)",["Gilovich et al., 1998"]],["that their efforts to disguise that they are drinking a disgusting liquid are less successful than they are (Gilovich et al., 1998).",["Gilovich et al., 1998"]],["and that their efforts to disguise that they are drinking a disgusting liquid are less successful than they are (Gilovich et al., 1998)",["Gilovich et al., 1998"]]]},{},{"de":[["The group experiencing pluralistic ignorance is not actually ignorant in the sense of being unsure as to where it stands but is rather confidently mistaken as to where it stands",["O'Gorman, 1986"]],["pluralistic ignorance is defined by a mean difference between group members' actual attributes and their perceptions of the group members' standing on those attributes.",[]],["Pluralistic ignorance has been an especially popular explanation for the fact that shifting private attitudes are not always accompanied by shifting social norms.",[]],["Pluralistic ignorance more recently has been identified as an impediment to collective action on matters of pressing public concern",[]],["functions not to maintain support for unpopular social norms but to render inaccurate face-to-face groups' interpretations of consequential situations.",[]],["In large groups, people typically cannot physically observe all other members. They must infer the nature of the group's modal attitudes or practices from a sample of group members. If that sample, unbeknownst to them, is not representative of the broader group, they will misestimate the group norm",["Merton, 1968","Greeley and Sheatsley, 1971","Kitts, 2003"]],["If the institution's members do not recognize the extent of the gap between the on-stage and offstage behavior of their peers, they may mistakenly perceive the former as conveying the latter as well.",[]],["This mismatch can vary in extremity, from individuals simply not publicly displaying the same intensity of feeling that they feel privately, to individuals taking public stances that diametrically oppose their private positions.",[]],["Pluralistic ignorance arises because people underestimate their skill at concealing their private experience while trying to do so and overestimate their skill at communicating it while trying to do so subtly (Vorauer and Miller, 1997;Gilovich et al., 1998).",["Vorauer and Miller, 1997","Gilovich et al., 1998"]],["perpetuation may very much depend on psychological processes",[]],["arises from low mutual observability",[]],["can be extended and deepened through high mutual observability",[]],["failure of those acting inauthentically to recognize the inauthenticity of similarly acting others",[]],["the enduring pluralistic ignorance produces alienation from the group rather than conformity to it",[]],["The fact that people, initially rendered silent by pluralistic ignorance, eventually express their true opinions",["Eisner et al., 2020"]],["The (mis)perception that you feel differently than others can be a major barrier to acting on your own beliefs.",[]],["The fear most often tied to pluralistic ignorance is the fear of embarrassment or social disapproval.",[]],["one of the processes inhibiting intervention in bystander situations",[]],["Pluralistic ignorance is a group-level phenomenon: Individuals cannot be pluralistically ignorant, only groups can",["Sargent and Newman, 2021"]],["The collective and systematic nature of the misperceptions that characterize pluralistic ignorance contrasts to the relative, individual-based judgments that constitute the false consensus effect",[]],["Persistent pluralistic ignorance, thus, whatever its origins, will generally reflect the failure of those acting inauthentically to recognize the inauthenticity of similarly acting others.",[]],["The group experiencing pluralistic ignorance is not actually ignorant in the sense of being unsure as to where it stands but is rather confidently mistaken as to where it stands (O'Gorman, 1986).",["O'Gorman, 1986"]],["The fear most often tied to pluralistic ignorance is the fear of embarrassment or social disapproval. People worry that if they act on their private beliefs or perceptions, they will provoke social rejection from others.",[]]],"sy":[["second-order misperceptions of first-order beliefs",["Bicchieri, 2016","Schwenkenbecher, 2022","Bicchieri, 2016;Schwenkenbecher, 2022"]],["collective misperceptions",["Miller and Prentice, 1994","Grant et al., 2009","Miller and Prentice, 1994;Grant et al., 2009"]]],"rt":[["false consensus effect",[]],["false uniqueness effect",[]],["false polarization",[]],["illusion of transparency",[]],["spiral of silence",[]],["social norm misperceptions",[]],["second-order misperceptions of first-order beliefs",["Bicchieri, 2016","Schwenkenbecher, 2022"]],["collective misperceptions",["Miller and Prentice, 1994","Grant et al., 2009"]]],"sb":[["micro and macro variants",[]],["low mutual observability variant",[]],["high counterpart",[]]],"ex":[["no one believes, but everyone believes that everyone else believes",["Katz and Schanck, 1938"]],["no one is certain, but everyone is certain that everyone else is certain",["Miller and McFarland, 1987"]],["Students' reluctance to ask questions during class.",[]],["The sequence begins with members of a vocal minority creating the illusion that that they are the majority. The members of the silent majority, thinking they are in the minority, conform to what they mistakenly perceive to be the majority position",[]],["Wenzel's (2005) investigation of the role of pluralistic ignorance in tax compliance in Australia. He found that taxpayers believed that their fellow taxpayers were less supportive than they were of honesty in the reporting of deductions.",[]],["college binge-drinking",[]],["tax avoidance",[]],["school bullying",[]],["climate change inaction",[]],["risky sexual behavior",[]],["lack of female labor force participation",[]],["The Emperor's New Clothes",[]],["college binge-drinking (Prentice and Miller, 1996;Schroeder and Prentice, 1998), tax avoidance (Wenzel, 2005), school bullying (Sandstrom et al., 2013), climate change inaction (Geiger and Swim, 2014;Sparkman et al., 2022) risky sexual behavior (Lambert et al., 2003) and the lack of female labor force participation (Burzstyn et al., 2020)",["Prentice and Miller, 1996","Schroeder and Prentice, 1998","Wenzel, 2005","Sandstrom et al., 2013","Geiger and Swim, 2014","Sparkman et al., 2022","Lambert et al., 2003","Burzstyn et al., 2020"]]]},{"rt":[["stereotypes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["narrow forms of attention that are difficult to sustain, leading to distraction and mind-wandering",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive style",[]]]},{},{"de":[["identifying with them less",[]]],"rt":[["self-referential processing",[]],["self-construal",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["independent and interdependent as two broad forms of self-construal",[]],["the prevalence of abstract thinking, future-oriented planning, and independent self-construal in modern Western contexts may be viewed not as inherent human tendencies, but as specific adaptations to delayed-return environments.",[]]],"rt":[["interconnected self-construal",[]]],"sp":[["self-construal",[]]]},{"de":[["This newly identified form involves both a broadening of the self to incorporate external aspects of the physical and social environments and a narrowing in terms of reduced attachment to and identification with mental states.",[]],["broad (i.e., including aspects of the environment), it is also narrow as it does not construe mental states (e.g., thoughts and emotions) as being part of or equated with the self",[]],["associated with mindful cognitive styles",[]],["incorporates connections and identification with external objects, such as the natural environment, animals, and the wider social community.",[]],["The interconnected self-construal incorporates connections and identification with external objects, such as the natural environment, animals, and the wider social community. This newly identified form involves both a broadening of the self to incorporate external aspects of the physical and social environments and a narrowing in terms of reduced attachment to and identification with mental states.",[]]],"rt":[["metapersonal self",["DeCicco and Stroink, 2007"]],["allo-inclusive identity",["Leary et al., 2008"]],["quiet ego",["Bauer and Wayment, 2008"]],["transcendent forms of the self",["Cloninger et al., 1993","Levenson et al., 2005","Verhaeghen, 2019"]],["independent self-construal",[]]],"sp":[["self-construal",[]]],"ex":[["Pintupi of Australia",[]],["Mbuti of Central Africa",[]],["North American Indigenous groups",[]],["Kanak of New Caledonia",[]],["Illongot of the Philippines",[]],["Chewong of the Malay Peninsula",[]],["Pintupi of Australia, who perceive their identity as deeply entwined with significant others and the natural environment, often referring to places in the first person",[]],["Mbuti of Central Africa, who exhibit a self-construal deeply connected to the forest, which they view as a living entity and refer to as mother or father",[]]]},{"sp":[["self-construal",[]]]},{"sp":[["cognitive style",[]]]},{"de":[["prioritizing concrete, mindful cognitive styles is advantageous in their environmental context",[]],["emphasizes direct experience and sustained attention",["Paradise and Rogoff, 2009"]]],"rt":[["present-moment awareness",[]],["abstract cognitive styles",[]]]},{"de":[["mindfulness, which involves engaging with the world through direct sensory experiences rather than abstract mental activities such as planning for the future or reflecting on the past.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["self-construal",[]]]},{"rt":[["interconnected self-construal",[]]],"sb":[["independent self-construal",[]],["interdependent self-construal",[]],["interconnected self-construal",[]]]},{"de":[["Psi may fail if the environment never responds to the participant, or if nothing in the environment ever addresses the participant personally, or if there is something that fails to meet expectations.",[]],["the reactivity of the environment to participant actions",[]],["contingent references by elements of the environment to the participant",[]],["credibility of expectation-i.e., the environment is constructed based on evidence of what is supposed to happen in real life where this is relevant, so that the application is supposed to be a simulation of events that occur in reality.",[]],["the three factors that contribute to plausibility are: 1) the reactivity of the environment to participant actions, 2) contingent references by elements of the environment to the participant, and 3) credibility of expectation-i.e., the environment is constructed based on evidence of what is supposed to happen in real life where this is relevant, so that the application is supposed to be a simulation of events that occur in reality.",[]]],"sy":[["Psi",[]]],"rt":[["presence",[]],["social presence",[]],["copresence",[]],["placeness",[]],["body ownership",[]]],"sp":[["presence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Psi may fail if the environment never responds to the participant, or if nothing in the environment ever addresses the participant personally, or if there is something that fails to meet expectations.",[]]],"sp":[["presence",[]]]},{"de":[["Hence each essay carried a sentiment score, and the set of scores fell into distinct clusters (from a very low sentiment cluster to a very high sentiment one).",[]]],"ex":[["a common theme was \"realism,\" where sentiment scores were higher the more that participants mentioned something about the environment that seemed to be very real.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{"rt":[["reaction",[]],["reasoning",[]],["revealing",[]],["number",[]],["hypothesis/guess",[]],["questionable",[]],["forward referencing",[]],["shocking/unbelievable",[]]],"sb":[["exaggeration",["2"]],["teasing",["2"]],["inflammatory",["2"]],["formatting",["2"]],["graphic",["2"]],["bait-and-switch",["2"]],["ambiguous",["2"]],["wrong",["2"]],["reaction",[]],["reasoning",[]],["revealing",[]],["number",[]],["hypothesis/guess",[]],["questionable",[]],["forward referencing",[]],["shocking/unbelievable",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["reaction",[]],["reasoning",[]],["revealing",[]],["number",[]],["hypothesis/guess",[]],["questionable",[]],["forward referencing",[]],["shocking/unbelievable",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",["2"]]]},{"sp":[["Data Imbalance",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["misinforms people about important issues",[]],["can misinform people about important issues, such as climate change [4] and COVID-19 [5]",["4","5"]],["may threaten the ability of people to agree on what is true [6]",["6"]]]},{"de":[["Egocentricity, on the other hand, was linked to checking their phone during meal times",[]],["egocentricity was negatively associated with concerns about negative remarks",[]],["egocentricity may be more closely aligned with grandiose narcissism",[]],["egocentricity-relating to self-absorption and self-centeredness",[]]],"rt":[["self-absorption",[]],["self-centeredness",[]],["grandiose narcissism",[]]],"sp":[["vulnerable narcissism",[]],["grandiose narcissism",[]]]},{"de":[["vanity and desire for attention inherent in grandiose narcissism",["23","24"]],["those who score high in grandiose narcissism tend to be less sensitive to criticism",["50"]]],"sy":[["\"textbook\" narcissism",[]]],"sp":[["Narcissism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["oversensitivity but not egocentricity is significantly associated with concerns about likes and comments on social media",[]],["Oversensitivity was also positively associated with concerns over negative remarks on social media posts",[]],["oversensitivity factor of the HSNS may be a purer measure of vulnerable narcissism",[]],["identify and monitor individuals high in oversensitivity to prevent the onset of problematic social media use, which has the potential to further oversensitise these individuals to feedback from others.",[]],["oversensitivity-relating to hypersensitivity to judgment and rejection",[]]],"rt":[["hypersensitivity to judgment and rejection",[]]],"sp":[["vulnerable narcissism",[]]]},{"sy":[["phone snubbing",[]]]},{"sy":[["phone snubbing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["driven by fear of receiving criticism, vulnerable narcissists' self-image is tied to external feedback [14] and these individuals tend to engage in fewer social interactions compared with grandiose narcissists [5,8,9,15].",["14","5","8","9","15"]],["people who are high in vulnerable narcissism feel anxious in face-to-face interactions and feel more comfortable online, which may lead to problematic social media use",["26"]],["vulnerable narcissism may in fact contribute more to problematic use of social networking sites (SNS) than grandiose narcissism",["18"]],["vulnerable narcissists who lack opportunities in the real world due to anxiety and insecurities",["46"]],["Vulnerable narcissists' low self-esteem and preoccupation with how others perceive them are likely to drive them to enhance and curate an image online to receive attention and approval.",[]],["social interactions in the real world are problematic",[]]],"sy":[["hypersensitive",[]],["covert",[]],["fragile",[]],["implicit narcissism",[]]],"rt":[["grandiose narcissism",[]],["egocentricity",[]]],"sb":[["oversensitivity",[]],["egocentricity",[]]],"sp":[["Narcissism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) has been used to explain the process of communication in influencing a person behavior and decision making",[]],["The ELM model argues that the elaboration process occurs in a continuum within a person cognitive function in a \"communication-induced attitude change\"",[]]],"sb":[["central route",[]],["peripheral route",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Experience Sharing is one of the emerging communication approaches to overcome barriers and limitations in the talk between patient and physician is experience-based communication.",[]]],"rt":[["storytelling",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Accurate information needs to show interrelation and consistency between provided data and reality",["43"]]]},{"de":[["Information completeness can be understood as the degree where information about the vaccine is provided to its actual status, as perceived by the public",["13"]]]},{"de":[["readers who read the Twitter post will consider it suitable if the information they required about the vaccines is stated and provided in the post.",[]],["readers will perceive that they are well informed in regards to the COVID-19 vaccine.",[]],["readers will believe that they are inadequately informed.",[]],["the peripheral route factors were also found to have a significant influence on perceived informativeness",[]]]},{"de":[["Besides, perceived persuasiveness can only occur when the readers have a sense of trust and belief in the information conveyed to them",["62","63"]]]},{"de":[["the route mostly depends on an individual's emotion rather than argument quality to influence their decision-making process",["16","37","48"]]],"sb":[["peripheral route factors (experience sharing and social pressure)",[]]],"sp":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",[]]]},{"rt":[["social pressure",[]]],"sb":[["experience sharing",[]],["social pressure",[]]],"ex":[["experience sharing",[]],["social pressure",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["and to try to help others",["118"]]],"sp":[["motivations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["when they first engage in the task, they can be also extrinsic motivated",["109","110"]],["by rewards or to avoid punishments or penalties",["111","112"]]],"sp":[["motivations",[]]]},{"de":[["news is dubious and, in some cases, intentionally misleading-this type of content is frequently referred to as fake news",["17"]],["The propagation of fake news about any type of brand has a substantial economic, social, financial, political, and even environmental impact",["25","26"]],["The dissemination of fake news on social media is a primary source of vaccine hesitancy, which is one of the major dangers to world health",["171"]],["Fake news can have damaging consequences that go beyond marketing [31]. For instance, individuals' media trust and capacity to recognize real from fake news are affected as an effect of exposure to fake news in mainstream media [177].",["31","177"]],["This can generate confusion regarding prior knowledge, concerns about whether it is correct, and reliance on incorrect information [178].",["178"]],["the information that is designed to be confused with legitimate news and is intentionally false [131].",["131"]]],"sy":[["bogus content",["17"]]],"rt":[["news",[]]],"sb":[["satire or parody (i.e., when authors use irony and exaggeration to be comedic rather than to harm receivers)",["127"]],["misleading content (i.e., when authors use the information to present an issue or individual in a distorted perspective)",["127"]],["imposter content (i.e., when the message's source pretends to be someone else)",["127"]],["fabricated content (i.e., when authors disseminate completely false information with the intent to deceive and cause damage)",["127"]],["false connection (i.e., when the headline, visual elements, and/or factual substance of a news item have no logical relationship)",["127"]],["false context (i.e., when authors blend true and inaccurate contextual information)",["127"]],["manipulated content (i.e., when authors alter genuine information or imagery to deceive others)",["127"]]],"sp":[["inaccurate information",["80","81"]]]},{"de":[["Fake news spreaders can be non-human (i.e., social bots and cyborgs) or real human beings (e.g., social media users)",[]]],"sb":[["social bots",[]],["cyborgs",[]],["real human beings",[]]],"ex":[["social media users",[]]]},{"sy":[["social media flow",["34"]]]},{"de":[["Individuals experiencing flow, are usually intrinsically motivated by the activity itself",["32","66","68"]]],"sp":[["motivations",[]]]},{"de":[["Motivation as an antecedent of situational involvement in a task constitutes a prerequisite for experiencing the flow in computer-mediated environments.",[]]],"sb":[["intrinsic motivated",[]],["extrinsic motivated",[]],["self-enhancement",[]],["social motivation",[]],["altruistic motives",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["In the online environment, perceived control relates to how web users perceive their ability to navigate successfully around the web environment and how the web responds to their inputs [60].",["60"]]]},{"de":[["Because companies are increasingly choosing online advertising, fake news producers are driven to produce more fake content for increasing web traffic. As a result, programmatic advertising and fake news reinforce each other, worsening the impact of fake news on corporate branding and consumer brand perceptions [173,175,176].",["173","175","176"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["motivations",[]]]},{"de":[["the primary platform for online social interaction and information dissemination",["2"]],["Social media platforms are reshaping how mankind consumes news content, since users may now not only learn about recent events but also share their own stories and advocate for various causes and issues",["2"]],["social media sites are critical communication channels",["4"]]],"rt":[["social networking sites (SNS)",[]]],"ex":[["networks (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram)",[]],["wikis (i.e., Wikipedia, Wikitravel, and Wiki-How)",[]],["video sharing sites (i.e., YouTube, TikTok, and Vimeo)",[]],["bookmarking sites (i.e., Twitter, Pinterest, and Reddit)",[]],["virtual worlds (i.e., Second Life, Minecraft, and OurWorld)",[]],["rating sites (i.e., Google Customer Reviews, Yelp, and Foursquare)",[]],["networks (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram), wikis (i.e., Wikipedia, Wikitravel, and Wiki-How), video sharing sites (i.e., YouTube, TikTok, and Vimeo), bookmarking sites (i.e., Twitter, Pinterest, and Reddit), virtual worlds (i.e., Second Life, Minecraft, and OurWorld), and rating sites (i.e., Google Customer Reviews, Yelp, and Foursquare)",[]]]},{"de":[["The social media flow is generated by social media usage, exposure to inaccurate information on social media, motives in sharing news about environmentally friendly brands, and online trust.",[]],["In this process, social media users concentrate solely on the task at hand and act with deep, effortless, and total involvement",["44","51","137"]],["individuals must perceive a balance between available capabilities and task challenges and must receive immediate feedback",["44","106","133","134","135","136"]],["joyable experience [106,138], they perceive a sense of control over their activities [44,51,106], and become immersed in the activity due to self emerges with action [44,51,106,[139][140][141].",[]],["A distortion in time perception and the duration of time is altered, hours pass in minutes, and minutes might expand to appear as hours [44,51,62,142].",[]],["individuals may feel comfortable to enjoy the activity, because of reduced ambiguity and perceived risk, and experience flow.",[]],["the flow experience is one in which social media users are cognitively efficient, motivated, and happy.",[]],["requires the individual to be cognitively efficient, motivated, and happy at the same time",[]]],"rt":[["time distortion",[]],["intrinsic interest",[]],["perceived control",[]],["concentration",[]],["enjoyment",[]],["flow theory",[]]]},{"sp":[["motivations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Trust is created in an online environment because of successful information exchange",["98"]],["Trust minimizes ambiguity and consumers' perceived risk, hence determining action",["97"]]],"rt":[["online trust",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Compared to bullying, cyberbullying may be even more dangerous as victims can be reached anytime and in any place.",[]],["Moreover, anonymity amplifies aggression as the perpetrator feels out of reach.",[]],["Compared to bullying, cyberbullying may be even more dangerous as victims can be reached anytime and in any place. Moreover, anonymity amplifies aggression as the perpetrator feels out of reach.",[]]],"rt":[["bullying",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Online grooming, differently to offline sexual abuse, is simpler to perpetrate, due to internet's technology and accessibility.",[]],["Furthermore, often the perpetrator misrepresents himself as another child or teenager, in order to establish a trusting relationship",[]]],"rt":[["offline sexual abuse",[]]]},{"de":[["Online pornography is often the first source of sex education for many adolescents, and exposure to violent pornography increases the odds of sexually aggressive behavior",["50"]]]},{},{"de":[["where they show themselves only in a positive way on their social media profiles",["25"]]]},{"de":[["An extensive sharing of these contents through technology has been connected with a negative impact on the emotional and social wellbeing of adolescents involved.",[]],["It can also cause spreading of sexual content material without consent, to a third party as a method of bullying or revenge",[]]],"rt":[["bullying",[]],["revenge",[]]]},{"de":[["Most of them are males and they usually experience a social reclusion range from 1 to 4 years. They refuse to communicate even with their own family and spend even more than 12 h a day in front of a screen",["49"]]],"sy":[["social withdrawal",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the use of dialogic-based assessment in education seems to be very helpful. This kind of assessment repeatedly confirms, for example, the improvement in students learning through active settings or collaborative settings, which are understood to be interactive and, at the same time, as group or team education activities (e.g., [115,116]), and where dialog between teacher and students, as well as between students, is the main part of the education process.",["115","116"]]],"rt":[["dialogic-based assessment",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["The issue of media literacy in terms of the ability of pupils and students to detect media manipulation is a relatively new topic in Slovakia and it is not yet anchored in the content of school education.",[]],["enables one to acquire the ability to critically analyze and evaluate media content",[]],["provides digital media users with: (a) a sovereign orientation in the various contents; (b) the ability to quickly distinguish essential and serious information from non-serious information, including the reliable identification of false information, incomplete information or inaccurate information; (c) the ability to distinguishing serious, verified message/statement from subjective content and unsubstantiated facts [121]; and (d) the ability to use as well as develop critical thinking, which is a prerequisite for prudent use of the media [122].",[]]],"rt":[["critical thinking",[]],["strategies for verifying the credibility of information sources",[]],["rational assessment of issues",[]],["reflection on reality",[]],["media manipulation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["conspiracies",[]]]},{"de":[["Media manipulation chooses methods and tactics, as a result of which the manipulated person is convinced that he has made his own decision, i.e., he is convinced that it is a decision of his own free will.",[]],["It tends to be more difficult to detect because it often represents a formal truth, although its content is actually a lie",["8","9"]],["Media manipulation chooses methods and tactics, as a result of which the manipulated person is convinced that he has made his own decision, i.e., he is convinced that it is a decision of his own free will. The aim of such manipulation is to mislead people. It tends to be more difficult to detect because it often represents a formal truth, although its content is actually a lie",[]]]},{},{"de":[["\"effective at reducing susceptibility to misinformation at scale\"",["52"]],["effective at reducing susceptibility to misinformation at scale",["52"]]],"sy":[["preemptive debunking",[]]]},{"de":[["The content shown to TikTok users is primarily algorithm-driven, presenting users with content that is intended to reinforce their interests [16].",["16"]]]},{},{"de":[["social media messaging is dominated by positive, pro-vaping messages [11,15] which act to shape related culture and norms, and contribute to the view that e-cigarette use is common and socially accepted [16,17]",["11","15","16","17"]]]},{"de":[["Partial fake (PF) speech can bypass the verification and authentication processes, causing severe consequences for individuals and organisations [21,22].",["21","22"]],["The fake segments could be a word or a few words that are generated using the DNN methods used to generate TTS or VC.",[]]],"rt":[["TTS",[]],["VC",[]]]},{"de":[["creating partial fake speech Rp that V will believe is T's real voice",[]],["the PF attack, which focuses on replacing a word or a few words within the real speech.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Developers held responsible for unfair decisions made by AI systems.",[]],["Determining responsibility and addressing potential harm.",[]]],"ex":[["Developers held responsible for unfair decisions made by AI systems.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Pre-processing data",[]],["pre-processing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This can happen when algorithms are based on biased assumptions or when they use biased criteria to make decisions.",[]]],"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["An algorithm that prioritizes age or gender, leading to unfair outcomes in hiring decisions.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of AI, bias can arise from various sources, including data collection, algorithm design, and human interpretation.",[]],["In other words, bias can be viewed as a technical issue",[]],["Bias can arise due to various factors, such as biased data or algorithmic design",[]],["bias can be viewed as a technical issue",["Barocas & Selbst, 2016"]]],"rt":[["fairness in AI",[]]],"sb":[["Positive bias",[]],["negative bias",[]],["data bias",[]],["algorithmic bias",[]],["user bias",[]],["Sampling Bias",[]],["Representation Bias",[]],["Confirmation Bias",[]],["Measurement Bias",[]],["Interaction Bias",[]],["Generative Bias",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of AI, bias can arise from various sources, including data collection, algorithm design, and human interpretation.",[]]],"sb":[["data bias",[]],["algorithmic bias",[]],["user bias",[]],["Sampling Bias",[]],["Representation Bias",[]],["Confirmation Bias",[]],["Measurement Bias",[]],["Interaction Bias",[]],["Generative Bias",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Individual fairness",[]],["fairness in AI",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["An AI system that predicts job candidates' success based on biases held by the hiring manager.",[]]]},{"de":[["Counterfactual fairness is a more recent concept that aims to ensure that AI systems are fair even in hypothetical scenarios.",[]]],"sp":[["fairness in AI",[]],["Individual fairness",[]]]},{"sp":[["Pre-processing data",[]],["pre-processing",[]]]},{"de":[["This can happen when the data is collected from biased sources, or when the data is incomplete, missing important information, or contains errors.",[]]],"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]]},{"sp":[["group fairness",[]]]},{"sp":[["group fairness",[]]]},{"sp":[["group fairness",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Providing clear explanations of AI system's decisions.",[]]]},{"de":[["While fairness and bias are closely related concepts, they differ in important ways, including that fairness is inherently a deliberate and intentional goal, while bias can be unintentional.",[]],["fairness is inherently a deliberate and intentional goal",[]],["fairness is a social and ethical issue",["Barocas & Selbst, 2016"]],["fairness is only concerned with negative bias or discrimination",["Zliobaite, 2021"]]],"rt":[["bias",[]]],"sb":[["group fairness",[]],["individual fairness",[]],["counterfactual fairness",[]],["procedural fairness",[]],["causal fairness",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["A text generation model trained predominantly on literature from Western authors may over-represent Western cultural norms and idioms, under-representing or misrepresenting other cultures.",[]],["an image generation model trained on datasets with limited diversity in human portraits may struggle to accurately represent a broad range of ethnicities.",[]],["Similarly, an image generation model trained on datasets with limited diversity in human portraits may struggle to accurately represent a broad range of ethnicities.",[]]]},{"de":[["Group fairness aims to prevent the AI system from systematically discriminating against any group.",[]],["Aims to prevent the AI system from systematically discriminating against any group.",[]],["Can be achieved through techniques such as re-sampling, pre-processing, or post-processing the data.",[]],["Group fairness is concerned with ensuring that AI systems are fair to different groups of people, such as people of different genders, races, or ethnicities.",[]]],"rt":[["Individual Fairness",[]]],"sb":[["demographic parity",[]],["disparate mistreatment",[]],["equal opportunity",[]]],"sp":[["fairness in AI",[]]],"ex":[["re-sampling techniques can be used to create a balanced dataset, where each group is represented equally.",[]],["1. Re-sampling techniques to create a balanced dataset.",[]],["2. Pre-processing or post-processing to adjust AI model output.",[]]]},{"de":[["This can be achieved through methods such as similaritybased or distance-based measures, which aim to ensure that individuals who are similar in terms of their characteristics or attributes are treated similarly by the AI system (Dwork et al., 2012).",["Dwork et al., 2012"]],["Can be achieved through methods such as similarity-based or distance-based measures.",[]],["Individual fairness aims to prevent the AI system from making decisions that are systematically biased against certain individuals.",[]],["Aims to prevent the AI system from making decisions that are systematically biased against certain individuals.",[]],["Can be achieved through techniques such as counterfactual fairness or causal fairness.",[]]],"rt":[["Group Fairness",[]]],"sb":[["counterfactual fairness",[]],["causal fairness",[]]],"sp":[["fairness in AI",[]]],"ex":[["Using similarity-based or distance-based measures to ensure that individuals with similar characteristics or attributes are treated similarly by the AI system",["Dwork et al., 2012"]],["counterfactual fairness aims to ensure that the AI model would have made the same decision for an individual, regardless of their race or gender.",[]],["1. Counterfactual fairness ensuring the same decision regardless of race or gender.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["A chatbot that responds differently to men and women, resulting in biased communication.",[]]]},{"de":[["Considers the ways in which different dimensions of identity (such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status) interact and affect outcomes.",[]],["Developing AI systems that consider the interaction of different dimensions of identity.",[]],["Addressing the complexity of intersectionality and ensuring fairness across multiple dimensions of identity.",[]]],"ex":[["race, gender, and socioeconomic status",[]],["Developing AI systems that consider the interaction of different dimensions of identity.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["A survey collecting more responses from urban residents, leading to an under-representation of rural opinions.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["post-processing methods that adjust the decisions made by a model to achieve equalized odds",["Hardt et al., 2016"]]]},{},{"de":[["One common approach is to pre-process the data used to train AI models to ensure that it is representative of the entire population, including historically marginalized groups.",[]]],"sb":[["data augmentation",[]],["adversarial debiasing",[]]]},{"sp":[["fairness in AI",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["A medical dataset that underrepresents women, leading to less accurate diagnosis for female patients.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]],"ex":[["A facial recognition algorithm trained mostly on white individuals that performs poorly on people of other races.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Making AI system's decisions and processes understandable to users.",[]]]},{"de":[["This can happen when users provide biased training data or when they interact with the system in ways that reflect their own biases.",[]]],"sp":[["Bias",[]],["Bias in AI",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["MDA framework",[]]]},{"sp":[["narrative",[]]]},{"de":[["Democracy today is not as decision-making as in ancient Athens, but is a manifestation of consenting to competitive leaders",["15"]]]},{"de":[["two macro-dimensions were established based on the intentionality of the designer",[]]]},{"ex":[["Democracy Battle, Save Democracy in Greece, and Little Fat Boy",[]]]},{"de":[["two macro-dimensions were established based on the intentionality of the designer",[]]]},{"de":[["responded to a reflexive conceptual line, added to the use of reward systems and progression in their key design components",[]],["emphasizes a more theoretical vision of the subject matter, incurring a more interpretative vision in the gameplay and motivating reflection",[]]],"rt":[["persuasive games",[]]],"sp":[["typologies of serious games",[]]],"ex":[["The Democracy Times, Tragedy of TV, Die Partei, Venti Mesi, Endless Democracy, Your Cat Lives in a Democracy, Time for Democracy, How to Rig an Election, Pledge to a New Tomorrow, Keep Everybody Happy",[]]]},{"de":[["comes from the same citizens who, through their own initiative, intend to create video games to express their concerns, interests, and social problems.",[]]],"rt":[["political cyberculture",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["chronological narrative",[]],["gameplay narrative",[]]]},{"de":[["two macro-dimensions were established based on the intentionality of the designer",[]],["their design provides the possibility of incorporating basic mechanics, it favors the transmission of a specific story, and they are more intuitive and respond to a critical discourse",[]]]},{"rt":[["expressive games",[]]],"sp":[["typologies of serious games",[]]],"ex":[["The Weimar Republic, Ending Apartheid, Arrival of Democracy, Slava Ukraini, Femida, Democracy Cat, Socratic Democracy, Some Democracy under shower, God Bless Democracy, Operation: Forklift, Beneath the Surface of Democracy, BrazilianikMakia, Wave of Democracy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["1979 Revolution: Black Friday",["27"]],["Hearts of Iron",["29"]],["Assassin's Creed Unity",["30"]]]},{},{"de":[["communicate an ideology, usually via stereotypes according to specific features of a gender, religion, race, or disability",["38"]],["those referring to membership to a specific group",[]],["such speech is usually understood to be messages that incite violence and hate against a group",["37"]],["and that communicate an ideology, usually via stereotypes according to specific features of a gender, religion, race, or disability",["38"]]],"sb":[["hate speech directed at women journalists",[]],["sexism and misogyny",[]],["homophobia/LGBTQ+ phobia",[]],["racial discrimination and hate",[]]],"sp":[["bullying and harassment behaviors",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Generally, communication is most likely and effective within homophilous or similar social networks where family and community groups share a common understanding based on their cultural environment.",[]],["homophily can inhibit people from changing their perspectives.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Storytelling is used by indigenous people to transform traditional knowledge [26] and as a meaning-making activity [53].",["26","53"]],["Using stories, or storytelling, as an educational tool helps us to deliver knowledge content with a context.",[]]],"sy":[["meaning-making activity",["53"]]]},{"de":[["Transformative learning has proven to be very demanding and strenuous and occurs only when the learner is in a situation where there is no other way out that he or she can perceive as sustainable.",["72"]],["every learning that involves a change in the learner's identity",["72"]],["Transformative learning means learning that makes a difference in the individual s behavior, in the learner s actions in the future, and in attitude and personality",[]],["Transformative learning is necessary in managing to take a step away from the kind of education that is most common in higher education today, which often consists of information transfer without challenging the beliefs or assumptions of the learner.",["73"]]]},{"de":[["participants who expressed being \"unsure\" instead of rejecting the vaccine were excluded in the hesitancy rate",[]],["involves a complex interaction of time, place, context, and vaccine specific factors",["6"]]],"rt":[["communications and media environment related factors",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["spirituality",["20","50"]]]},{"de":[["the instrument comprises three subscales to measure three dimensions of religious fundamentalism: External versus internal authority; Fixed versus malleable religion; Rejection versus affirmation of the world.",[]],["Fundamentalism has been associated with a devotion to strict religious interpretations and practices that provide clear rules for living, leaning towards dogma, distinctions between the secular and the religious, antimodernism, and to a sense that individuals' lives are sanctioned and supported by God",["27","28"]]],"sb":[["External versus internal authority",[]],["Fixed versus malleable religion",[]],["Rejection versus affirmation of the world",[]]]},{"rt":[["Religiosity",[]]]},{"de":[["Being that discourses are the key vehicle to shape people's understandings and policies, it is very important to investigate how they are constructed, deployed, and the policy solutions they open (or close). This is the core of what discourse theory investigates",["10"]]],"sy":[["competing ideologies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["are powerful and can shape policies, driving towards and opening specific solutions",["18"]],["the ones that have more space in public and mainstream channels",["18"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["broadly presented in the news, governmental publications and speeches for many years",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the following components are inherent in the phenomena of identity: a). -complex cognitive and figurative content; b). -a variable cultural component that changes due to many life factors, such as ethnic, speech, religious, political, professional, informational, gender, and virtual differences.",[]]]},{"de":[["Об'єктивно масам призначено бути не діячами, а множинним результатом.",[]]],"rt":[["Мовчазна маса",[]]]},{"de":[["economic reporting is a new beat in Africa as most newsrooms where largely investing in politics, entertainment and sport",["MARE; BRAND, 2010; KAREITHI; KARIITHI, 2005"]]]},{},{"de":[["frames call attention to some aspects of reality while obscuring other elements, lead audiences to have different reactions",["Entman (1993, p. 55)"]],["the frame in a news text is really the imprint of power -it registers the identity of actors or interests that competed to dominate the text",["Entman (1993, p. 55)"]],["mass media actively set the frames of reference that readers and viewers use to interpret and discuss public events",["Scheufele (1999, p. 103)"]],["the way events and issues are organised and made sense of and given meaning to",["GAMSON;MODIGLIANI, 1989"]],["framing has important implications for political communication in that it constructs what is perceived as real",[]]],"rt":[["metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases, depictions, and visual images",[]]]},{"de":[["useful in showing how news organisations manipulate language, structure and other aspects in order to emphasise certain aspects of a story while suppressing or omitting others (see ENTMAN, 1993)",[]],["looks at what is set up on stage and where the act is carried out",["Goffman (1974)"]],["useful in showing how news organisations manipulate language, structure and other aspects in order to emphasise certain aspects of a story while suppressing or omitting others",["see ENTMAN, 1993","ENTMAN, 1993"]]],"sp":[["qualitative content analysis",["WIMMER; DOMINICK, 2006, p. 152-153"]]]},{},{"sp":[["types of framing formation in news presentation",["Pan e Kosicki(1993, p. 59)"]]]},{"sp":[["types of framing formation in news presentation",["Pan e Kosicki(1993, p. 59)"]]]},{"sp":[["types of framing formation in news presentation",["Pan e Kosicki(1993, p. 59)"]]]},{"sp":[["types of framing formation in news presentation",["Pan e Kosicki(1993, p. 59)"]]]},{"rt":[["facts on the ground",[]],["lines on the map",[]],["residual phenomena",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["found in all domains of social life and significantly shape practices through their role in facilitating activities and offering access to particular skills and material things needed for learning.",[]]],"ex":[["workplaces, businesses, intergenerational and cross-cultural exchanges as well as educational settings.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This hypothesis assumes that intercultural contact will promote mutual acceptance under certain conditions, especially equality.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["cultural security predicted tolerance, a preference for integration, and an orientation towards social equality in both groups.",[]]]},{"ex":[["interviews",[]],["conversations",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This hypothesis suggests that when individuals and groups are included in the life of the host society, they do not lose touch with their culture.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["using direct author's assessments, which unambiguously indicate to the audience the only possible, in the author's opinion, attitude towards the described phenomena or situations",[]],["uses various explanatory schemes designed to offer the audience a certain logic for understanding the described phenomenon or event",[]],["demonstrate such a behavior model within the described events or situations, which, according to the author, is the most reasonable",[]],["using direct author's assessments, which unambiguously indicate to the audience the only possible, in the author's opinion, attitude towards the described phenomena or situations.",[]],["uses various explanatory schemes designed to offer the audience a certain logic for understanding the described phenomenon or event.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["multiculturalism is not just an ethical doctrine but also a particular political program and state policy characteristic of countries seeking to promote the formation of an open society.",[]],["The fundamental goal of the multicultural policy is to increase the mutual acceptance of each other by members of ethnocultural groups.",[]],["multiculturalism is not a negation of European culture. However, it opposes Eurocentrism as the still dominant point of view.",[]],["multiculturalism as a set of theories and practices for understanding this phenomenon",[]],["one of the most characteristic manifestations of the actualization of horizontal, rhizomatic cultural interactions that characterize the most important shift in the world culture of postmodernity.",[]]],"sy":[["cultural complexity",[]]],"rt":[["tolerance",[]]],"sb":[["ethnic diversity as a demographic phenomenon is called multiculturalism",[]]]},{"de":[["This hypothesis means that if people have a basic sense of security (for example, when there is no threat to their culture and identity), they will accept those who are different from them.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["multiculturalism",[]]]},{"ex":[["associates 5G technology to the spreading of the virus",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The core message of the constructionist paradigm is that a given frame can retain dominance of coverage for a long time.",["69"]]],"sy":[["constructionist paradigm",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The gain sub-frames focuses on the reports suggesting economic benefits or stimulus package meant to cushion the effects of the pandemic on the economy.",[]],["The loss economic consequence sub-frame is contained in the stories that predominantly report the negative economic impacts of the crisis.",[]]]},{"de":[["risks polluting public response and behaviour towards the pandemic and may as well lead to escalation of tension while dissipating energy and resources that would have been employed to fight the virus",[]],["the media may be emphasising stories that stimulate or deepen racial divides",[]]],"ex":[["French doctors are accused of racism and 'treating Africans like human guinea pigs after saying Covid-19 vaccines should be trialled there… They said Africa has 'no masks, treatments and no ICU' for coronavirus patients'",["26"]],["Covid-19: U.S. Bishops warn against patient discrimination",["52"]]]},{"de":[["The overwhelming nature of the virus has been hyped in the media and fear has gripped the people, some of who may have died or lived in apprehension.",[]],["The issue is not that what the media reports is not true in this case, but overhyping it leads to more health or stressful conditions.",[]]],"ex":[["CNN reports that ''Chinese President Xi Jinping has warned against the risk of a second wave of infections in the country as the global pandemic continues to spread'' .",["27"]],["The BBC also reports a high rise in the number of panic attack in the UK due to the fear and anxiety propagated via different media platforms.",["38"]],["''Britain will not meet its goal of full ventilator capacity by the time the coronavirus peaks'' , Britain's Health Secretary, Matt Hancock was quoted as saying that ''the country was on track to have ventilators for 18 000 patients -but they may not be in place in time'' .",["39"]]]},{},{"sp":[["economic frame",[]]]},{"sb":[["conflict",[]],["human interest",[]],["economic consequences",[]],["morality and responsibility",[]],["ethnicisation",[]],["politicisation",[]],["fear/scaremongering",[]],["hope",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The language employed here expresses hope and reassurance to the people who have been bombarded with infodemic and hopeless reports portraying the virus as the worst thing that has happened to the world.",[]]],"ex":[["Spain's rate of new coronavirus infections falls to its lowest yet for a second day in a row in latest sign the country is emerging from the worst of the pandemic",["43"]],["we place our hope in the Cross of Jesus, through which 'we have been healed and embraced so that nothing and no one can separate us from His redeeming love.",["44"]],["…in all likelihood, hope is not lost. \"We tend to overestimate the likelihood of something happening, and we tend to underestimate our capacity to deal with it\".",["45"]],["optimism is less distant as global coronavirus battle rages on",["46"]],["Coronavirus will be defeated like Ebola in Nigeria.",["47"]],["Coronavirus: The good that can come out of an upsidedown world",["28"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["economic frame",[]]],"ex":[["Economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa is forecast to fall sharply in 2020 and the region will suffer its first recession in 25 years, according to a World Bank report.",["48"]],["U.S. stocks plunge as coronavirus crisis spreads",["50"]]]},{"de":[["the media could either mitigate or accentuate the crisis depending on the major frames adopted for the coverage.",[]],["The preponderance of these frames not only shapes public perception and attitudes towards the pandemic but also risks causing more problems for those with existing health conditions due to fear or panic attack.",[]],["the language of communicating the virus is essential for escalating or dowsing the tension caused by the pandemic.",[]]],"rt":[["human interest",[]],["fear/scaremongering",[]],["hope",[]],["conflict",[]],["economic consequences",[]],["morality and responsibility",[]],["ethnicisation",[]],["politicisation",[]]],"ex":[["the nature of media framing of the pandemic may have accentuated public's fear or lack of it as it were in 2001 when Anthrax health crisis was reported.",["8"]],["when President Trump tweeted that chloroquine and other related malaria drugs were useful for treating COVID-19, its framing in the media engineered panic buying of the drug in different countries.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["risks polluting public response and behaviour towards the pandemic and may as well lead to escalation of tension while dissipating energy and resources that would have been employed to fight the virus",[]]]},{"de":[["the political rift between Washington and Tehran has intensified as the pandemic rages on.",[]],["US sanctions against Iran has prevented them from buying medical supplies",[]],["political choices that force doctors to decide which patients live or die.",[]],["Protectionism, environmentalism, social justice and public health have come together. They are key elements of an anti-capitalist political coalition",[]],["politics of supremacy between the two world powers",[]],["Democrats and Republicans jostle to make political gains out of the crisis ahead of the November Presidential election.",[]]],"rt":[["Politicisation frame",[]]]},{"ex":[["falsas cartas que anunciaban la suspensión de clases en Castilla y León",[]],["el retraso de las pruebas de Selectividad en agosto",[]]]},{"de":[["Diseñados para ser creídos, su origen es incierto, pero tras ellos suele esconderse \"la compensación de un deseo frustrado de alguien o un grupo social, la necesidad de hacer pública la confidencialidad de intereses que trastornen el orden establecido, malentendidos o interpretaciones deformadas\" (Kapferer, 1988, p.18).",["Kapferer, 1988, p.18"]],["Las noticias falsas suelen basarse en el rumor, y el medio de éste es informal, creando nexos de complicidad, y es, precisamente, en esta confianza donde encuentra su máximo exponente, ya que no se suelen cuestionar los mensajes procedentes de nuestro círculo más íntimo.",[]]],"sy":[["noticia falsa",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Por lo general, este tipo de noticias suele caracterizarse por la inserción de titulares llamativos y poco rigurosos que pretenden funcionar como \"anzuelos\", pudiendo distorsionar la realidad e incrementar la desinformación, una práctica que queda muy cerca de la manipulación y puede ser considerada un daño colateral en la guerra por conseguir una mayor audiencia.",[]]]},{"ex":[["niegan la existencia de la COVID-19 o apuntan a los efectos perjudiciales de las vacunas",[]],["asegura que tras la pandemia se esconden los intereses ocultos del \"nuevo orden mundial\"",[]],["mensajes que mantienen que el 5G es la causa de la propagación del virus o que el uso de mascarillas provoca hipoxia",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Este chequeo ex-post (Mantzarlis, 2018), busca fuentes primarias y de reputación sólida que puedan confirmar o refutar los contenidos publicados, así como la verificación de comentarios realizados por políticos y otros personajes relevantes.",["Mantzarlis, 2018"]],["encargadas de desmentir rápidamente las informaciones falsas",[]],["la labor periodística desarrollada por las plataformas de fact-checking, encargadas de desmentir rápidamente las informaciones falsas",[]]],"sy":[["chequeo de hechos",[]]]},{"de":[["Este chequeo ex-post",["Mantzarlis, 2018"]],["busca fuentes primarias y de reputación sólida que puedan confirmar o refutar los contenidos publicados, así como la verificación de comentarios realizados por políticos y otros personajes relevantes.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["es la base de los bulos de origen conspiranoico (36%) que se articulan en virtud de que hay una verdad que nadie quiere que se conozca. Cuanto más interés despierte este tipo de información más fácilmente será creída y difundida",[]]]},{"de":[["La mayoría de estos mensajes refrendan teorías conspiranoicas o persiguen captar la atención con titulares alarmistas que despiertan el lado emocional de unos receptores que, en tiempos de excepcionalidad, poseen el umbral del miedo más bajo y son más susceptibles de compartir mensajes que resultan amenazantes.",[]]],"sy":[["bulos",[]]]},{"ex":[["buscan generar desafección a las instituciones del gobierno o perjudicar a la imagen de los principales políticos, generalmente, desacreditándolos ante la opinión pública",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Provecho ideológico: tienen por objeto estigmatizar a un grupo social y alimentar discursos xenófobos.",[]]],"ex":[["con especial incidencia en la xenofobia y la aporofobia",[]]]},{"de":[["las aplicaciones digitales permiten que un contenido pueda ser manipulado para ensamblar, añadir o remover información",[]]]},{"de":[["El medio del rumor es informal, tal como ocurría antes de la invención de la prensa. El rumor corre de boca en boca, confirmando lazos de confianza, lo cual provoca que creamos a ciegas en los mensajes que nos envían y que los distribuyamos masivamente sin llegar a ponerlos en duda.",[]],["En la medida en que una información es admitida por un grupo, pasa a ser de conocimiento oficial: gana notoriedad, frecuenta las ruedas de conversación, se convierte en el asunto principal en torno al cual cada integrante del grupo se pronuncia y se posiciona. Y a cada repetición se afirma, ganando, así, su poder de convencimiento.",[]]]},{"de":[["The people whose attitudes are vulnerable to change are mostly the weak links because they do not have the questioning skills required to stop the spread of misinformation.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It describes a negative experience that follows an encounter with information that contradicts a person's beliefs causing them to reject relevant information to alleviate the dissonance.",[]]],"rt":[["cognitive bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["creating an echo chamber in which members \"like\" posts from other users that reinforce their views or opinions, and they act as a dissemination tool, in which members share posts made in the group with their own larger social networks.",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news stories typically contain falsified, exaggerated claims to benefit from the algorithm's programming using specific keywords or tags that are favored.",[]],["News stories containing false or misleading information called 'fake news stories' can be especially susceptible to the algorithm.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["misinformation is spread with the sole intention to deceive and manipulate people.",[]],["The rapid nature of the spread of misinformation is something that should not be underestimated because it can completely overturn how information is perceived by people and this can have threatening consequences.",[]]],"rt":[["infodemic",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["if one's attitude and beliefs are weak, the values are bound to be brought down which leads to low expectations to be able to know what information is logistically correct or incorrect.",[]]]},{"de":[["considerar o discurso como uma prática social.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["as condições de produção implicam considerar a formação social capitalista, ou seja, o modo de produção e as relações sociais e econômicas de produção da sociedade em que o dizer é produzido.",[]],["A noção de condições de produção do discurso regula, em AD, a relação entre a materialidade linguística de uma sequência discursiva e as condições históricas que determinam sua produção",["Courtine, 2016, p. 20"]]]},{},{"de":[["A fala não é o discurso, pois este se caracteriza como um conceito mais amplo e complexo, em que um dos pilares do método é o materialismo histórico, no qual \"todo o processo discursivo se inscreve numa relação ideológica de classes\" (Pêcheux, 1997, p. 92).",["Pêcheux, 1997, p. 92"]],["o discurso enquanto materialidade está entre a linguística e ideologia, o que provoca a possibilidade de o dizer ter sempre outros sentidos, pois todo dizer provém de determinadas condições de produção e de diferentes formações, sejam elas sociais, ideológicas e/ou discursivas.",["Courtine (2016)"]],["Portanto, o discurso não deve ser compreendido como sendo a análise de uma fala ou mesmo ser tomado como análise semântica e sintática (linguística), ou como uma unidade de análise. Sua concepção é mais ampla, pois os sentidos do discurso decorrem das estruturas materiais que determinam o modo e as relações de produção da sociedade em que são produzidos.",[]],["O discurso não deve ser compreendido como um texto ou um pronunciamento e pode ser analisado sob qualquer forma de expressão (oral, verbal, icônica, corporal, artística, cultural, política, religiosa, imagética, fílmica, fotográfica, de rótulos e outros diferentes tipos de mídia etc).",[]],["existe unanimidade nos artigos no que se referem ao discurso",[]],["o discurso não deve ser compreendido como sendo a análise de uma fala ou mesmo ser tomado como análise semântica e sintática (linguística), ou como uma unidade de análise. Sua concepção é mais ampla, pois os sentidos do discurso decorrem das estruturas materiais que determinam o modo e as relações de produção da sociedade em que são produzidos.",[]]]},{"de":[["Esta formação tem a tendência de agrupar os sentidos semelhantes no seu interior, por isso a paráfrase se consolida como uma existência necessária.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A interpretação implica na tomada de posição (Pêcheux, 2002).",["Pêcheux, 2002"]]]},{},{"de":[["A paráfrase pode ser compreendida como enunciados diferentes, mas que de certa forma produzem significados semelhantes, permitindo caracterizar as formações discursivas.",[]]]},{"de":[["The source of this authority may be legal, financial, or otherwise, regardless of whether the authority is temporary or permanent, legitimate or illegitimate.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This criminal event consists of two elements, the behaviour and the result.",[]],["the general intent is about a common criminal purpose.",[]]],"sp":[["intent of the crime",[]]]},{"rt":[["moral harassment",[]],["sexual harassment",[]]],"sb":[["moral harassment",[]],["sexual harassment",[]]]},{"de":[["the offender's intent must be towards sexual and licentious suggestions and implications that aim at gaining benefits with a sexual nature.",[]]],"sb":[["General Intent of the Crime",[]],["Specific Intent of the Crime",[]]]},{"rt":[["sexual harassment",[]]]},{"de":[["gives rise to psychological, social, and economic distress to victims, their families and society.",[]],["can happen in person or online.",[]],["can include requests for sexual favours, unwelcome sexual advances, and other physical or verbal harassment that is sexual in nature.",[]],["The harassment of another person to obtain favours of a sexual nature",[]],["Sexual harassment in the criminal code is a misdemeanour that can lead to one year of incarceration or a fine of €15,000.",[]],["Sexual harassment, from a strictly legal point of view, is characterized by actions, words, or behaviours, repeated or unique, with a sexual or sexist connotation that harms victims or creates a hostile environment for them.",[]]],"rt":[["sexual molestation",[]],["female degradation",[]],["moral harassment",[]],["sexist acts",[]],["street harassment",[]],["cyber sexual violence",[]]],"sb":[["quid pro quo harassment",[]],["harassment through information technology",[]]],"sp":[["sexual violence",[]]]},{"de":[["In contrast, the specific intent is about a particular intention which comprises the motive and the purpose, two elements that lead the offender to commit the criminal behaviour (Hasani, 1988).",["Hasani, 1988"]]],"rt":[["general intent",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The genre primarily critiques past and present dilemmas faced by people of color, while also imagining futures for those groups that stem from the experiences of cultures formed as a result of the historical African diaspora.",[]],["It aesthetically records black struggles; black identity; and black aspirations, as well as identifying or referring to black (collective and individual) historical traumas.",[]],["the genre and the movement known as Afrofuturism",[]],["Afrofuturism has long used techno-culture and science fiction as a medium to explain the black experience.",[]],["It discusses the black experience around the African diaspora, articulated through art, music, philosophy and various forms of media.",[]],["It places the imagination at the core by offering an alternate explanation for interpreting black encounters, mostly by chronicling stories of alien abductions, time travel and communities of future.",[]],["these stories, art and ideologies focus black diasporic life and require a beautiful, imaginative, and optimistic way of understanding black culture.",[]],["Afrofuturism in films seeks to restore black identity through art, culture and political resistance.",[]],["these stories, art, and philosophies center Black Diasporic life and allow for a way of viewing black culture in a fantastical, creative and hopeful manner.",[]],["Afrofuturism is a cultural aesthetic that looks at literature, arts, music, music videos, fashion design, films and television programmes through a black lens.",[]],["By using Afrocentricity; African magic realism; African mythologies; African aesthetics and tradition; all of which are combined with technology, science and social awareness, Afrofuturism narrates a parallel or distant reality that is dominant and effervescent.",[]],["The worlds imagined in this cultural form go beyond simple science fiction stories created by Blacks: these stories, art, and philosophies center Black Diasporic life and allow for a way of viewing black culture in a fantastical, creative and hopeful manner.",[]],["Afrofuturism has long used techno-culture and science fiction as a medium to explain the black experience. It discusses the black experience around the African diaspora, articulated through art, music, philosophy and various forms of media.",[]]],"sy":[["black's history",[]]],"rt":[["Science Fantasy Fiction",[]],["science fiction",[]],["Afropunk aesthetics",[]],["African diaspora",[]],["techno-culture",[]],["fantasy",[]]],"sb":[["Afrofuturism",[]]],"sp":[["Science Fantasy Fiction",[]]],"ex":[["The world of 'what is' can be supplanted by the support of the world, 'What ifs.'",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["People with disinformation perceptions, in contrast, are likely to avoid news and less willing to follow instructions of the authorities (i.e., social distancing, washing hands frequently).",[]],["especially when inaccurate information downplays the severity of the crisis, which is often the case for disinformation, people could be less likely to follow expert recommendationse.g., during Hurricane Florence, residents refused to evacuate because the effects were perceived as less severe by the public than they actually were (Sandman et al., 2005).",["Sandman et al., 2005"]],["people with disinformation perceptions are less likely to comply and more likely to actively avoid information.",[]]],"sy":[["intentionally misleading",[]],["intentional deception",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["during Hurricane Florence, residents refused to evacuate because the effects were perceived as less severe by the public than they actually were",["Sandman et al., 2005"]]]},{"de":[["CFA analyses indicate that perceptions of mis-and disinformation form separate scales with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation perceptions are less pronounced than misinformation beliefs",[]],["could, in some cases, correspond to less compliance",[]],["People with stronger disinformation perceptions tend to actively avoid corona-related information",[]],["participants with stronger disinformation perceptions across all four national settings are more likely to actively avoid COVID-19-related news than participants with less pronounced disinformation perceptions",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation perceptions",[]],["misinformation beliefs",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Media trust is an important factor here as it is associated with higher levels of compliance with pandemic-containment measures (H1N1 outbreak; Prati et al, 2011).",["Prati et al, 2011"]]]},{"de":[["Misinformation perceptions might stimulate prosocial behavior.",[]],["Healthy skepticism and awareness of the presence of erroneous information might motivate the search for additional information, potentially without undermining trust in authorities.",[]],["people that perceive that information contains 'honest mistakes' (misinformation) may actually look for more information and verify claims to reduce uncertainty (Berger & Calabrese, 1975;Boyle et al., 2004).",["Berger & Calabrese, 1975","Boyle et al., 2004"]],["people with more pronounced misinformation perceptions are more likely to comply (i.e., social distancing, stay at home, strict hygiene measures) and actively find new information on the virus and the disease it causes",[]]],"sy":[["erroneous or inaccurate",[]],["honest mistakes",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["potential cures",["Oyeyemi et al., 2014"]],["vaccine development",["Drezde et al., 2016"]]]},{"de":[["CFA analyses indicate that perceptions of mis-and disinformation form separate scales with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["some use misinformation as an umbrella term to describe falsehoods and deception broadly",["Van Bavel et al., 2021"]],["others use it specifically to capture unintentional forms of false or deceptive content",["Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017"]],["Most experts in our survey also agreed that pseudoscience and conspiracy theories represent forms of misinformation, while satirical and parodical news do not.",[]],["The most popular definition of misinformation was \"False and misleading information,\" followed by \"False and misleading information spread unintentionally.\"",[]],["qualitative experts being more likely to include intentionality in the definition of misinformation than quantitative researchers",[]],["While some use misinformation as an umbrella term to describe falsehoods and deception broadly (Van Bavel et al., 2021), others use it specifically to capture unintentional forms of false or deceptive content (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017).",["Van Bavel et al., 2021","Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017"]]],"rt":[["Fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["satirical and parodical news",[]]],"sb":[["pseudoscience",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["biased or partisan news",[]],["lies",[]],["deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["not restricted to legal penalization",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["blogs",[]],["Reddit",[]],["Truth Social",[]],["Telegram",[]],["8Kun",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["fake news content",[]],["highly partisan disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["YouTube",[]],["Facebook",[]],["Twitter",[]],["Instagram",[]]]},{"sb":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"ex":[["network television",[]],["cable news",[]],["local television",[]],["print newspapers",[]],["radio",[]]]},{"ex":[["TV news websites",[]],["online news magazines",[]],["online newspapers",[]]]},{"rt":[["deep stories",[]]]},{"rt":[["deep frames",[]]]},{"sy":[["information pollution",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["White supremacy is built upon assumptions that elevate and empower white perspectives as normal and standard. This assumption, referred to as whiteness, is not an individual racial identity, but a fundamental part of broader, historically rooted systems of power that privilege white perspectives",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake, deceptive, low-quality, or hyperpartisan news.",["Allen et al. 2020"]],["Conspiracy theories, false content, click-bait, pseudoscience, satire",["Cordonier et al. 2021"]],["Negligent, deceptive, little regard for the truth or fake news.",["Guess et al. 2020","Guess et al. 2018"]],["Fails to meet basic standards of credibility and transparency (e.g. publishing false content, not presenting information responsively, not correcting errors, etc.)",["Altay et al. (working paper)"]],["misinformation represents approximatively 5% of people's news diets",["Allen et al., 2020","Cordonier & Brest, 2021","Grinberg et al., 2019","Guess et al., 2019","Guess, Nyhan, et al., 2020","Marchal et al., 2019"]],["online misinformation can have deleterious effects on society by eroding trust in reliable media",[]],["the broader category of misinformation (including biased, misleading, deceptive, or hyperpartisan news)",[]]],"rt":[["online misinformation",[]],["reliable information",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",[]],["deceptive",[]],["low-quality",[]],["hyperpartisan news",[]]],"ex":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["online misinformation consumption is low in the global north, but this may not be the case in the global south",["Narayanan et al., 2019"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["the remaining 95% consisting of information from reliable sources",["Allen et al., 2020","Cordonier & Brest, 2021","Grinberg et al., 2019","Guess et al., 2019","Guess, Nyhan, et al., 2020","Marchal et al., 2019"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Information overload can impair the quality of decisions, prolong decision-making time, reduce decision satisfaction, and cause chronic stress.",[]],["Attention resources for filtering and managing information are consumed quickly under information overload and the allocation and utilization of attention resources can be disrupted by irrelevant information, which causes the efficiency of information processing to be reduced.",[]],["the available working memory for information processing can't process massive amounts of information in a limited time.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This is an indication that Facebook treats any kind of action on its platform as valuable data.",[]]],"ex":[["marking something as spam",[]],["deleting a post",[]]]},{"rt":[["content moderators",[]]],"sp":[["content moderators",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This enables them to have richer profiles, and then monetize them.",[]]],"ex":[["DoubleClick",[]],["Acxiom",[]],["Experian",[]],["Epsilon",[]],["CoreLogic",[]],["Datalogix",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Behavioral advertising seeks to study the characteristics of this behavior through their actions (repeated site visits, interactions, keywords, online content production, etc.) in order to develop a specific profile and thus provide data subjects with advertisements tailored to match their inferred interests.",["A29WP, 2010: 4"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["soft power",[]]]},{"rt":[["spam",[]]]},{},{"de":[["an illegitimate business model whereby organizations and individuals can buy Likes through 'clickfarms'",[]]]},{"de":[["employed by social media platforms to filter problematic content.",[]]],"sy":[["internal police force",[]]],"rt":[["content moderators",[]]],"sb":[["active moderators",[]],["reactive moderators",[]]],"sp":[["content moderators",[]]]},{"de":[["an intentional use of power to guide, manage, control and order people, tools, actions, and processes towards a specific desired sound.",[]],["an important strategy to establish a power relation by creating the rhythm that orders subjects and territories.",[]],["the power to create, manage, and control the rhythm that orchestrates different elements that produce people's mediated experiences.",[]],["Thus, conducting is an intentional use of power to guide, manage, control and order people, tools, actions, and processes towards a specific desired sound.",[]]]},{"de":[["conducting is an intentional use of power to guide, manage, control and order people, tools, actions, and processes towards a specific desired sound.",[]]],"rt":[["In the context of media, 'to conduct' is an important strategy to establish a power relation by creating the rhythm that orders subjects and territories.",[]]]},{"de":[["Their work is crucial to filtering unwanted behaviors from Facebook, but they are kept hidden for several reasons: to naturalize their work as part of the 'organic' and natural algorithmic processes, to create the feeling of 'real-time' uninterrupted experience, to ensure they are not accountable for their work, to prevent them from having to disclose their working criteria and ethics, and to save money.",[]]],"rt":[["Commercial Content Moderators (CCM)",[]]],"sb":[["active moderators",[]],["reactive moderators",[]]]},{"de":[["Control also meant that, once people consented to cookies or expressed consent by using default settings, they were also made responsible for their actions.",[]]]},{"de":[["i.e. the advertiser has managed to 'convert' the behavior of the user due to the ad.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["real-time-bidding",[]]]},{"de":[["Cookies revolutionized the web because instead of treating each time you use the web as a 'new' anonymous-session, it began to remember what you previously did in a particular time and space.",[]],["Cookies gave the web a memory; it gave your actions on the web a 'past' which you have no idea about or access to.",[]],["Cookies have introduced new layers of communication whereby websites send dozens or hundreds of cookies that conduct processed listening to people's behaviors across the web.",[]],["This new form of communication has turned people's behavior into data-the message-that is communicated between non-human actors operated by multiple actors.",[]],["Cookies are part of a new territory where they communicate people's behavior and create a dynamic database with profiles that can be monetised.",[]],["legitimate and useful tool, for example, in analysing the effectiveness of website design and advertising, and in verifying the identity of users engaged in on-line transactions",[]],["In both forms of communication, people are not aware of such actions and they are conducted without their consent.",[]],["Cookies revolutionized the web because instead of treating each time you use the web as a 'new' anonymous-session, it began to remember what you previously did in a particular time and space. Cookies gave the web a memory; it gave your actions on the web a 'past' which you have no idea about or access to.",[]]],"sy":[["identifiers",[]]],"rt":[["state",[]],["first-party cookies",[]],["third-party cookies",[]],["web bugs",[]]],"sb":[["First-party cookies are sent and operated by the publishers/websites that people request when they type the URL that is displayed on their browser's address bar.",[]],["Third-party cookies are a different story. These cookies are sent by other companies, which are unrelated to the website you type.",[]],["first-party cookies",[]],["third-party cookies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the connotation of 'darkness' in Dark Web has more to do with encryption, anonymization, and leaving standard communication channels",["Ghel, 2018: 6"]]],"rt":[["Clear Web",[]]]},{"de":[["the way that 'deviant' media categories are (re)produced in different media, times, and territories.",[]],["investigating 'deviant' media categories can tell us a lot about media.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["it reinforces ideas that if specific work is unpaid or underpaid then we won't need it",[]]]},{"sb":[["liking",[]],["reporting",[]],["conducting surveys",[]],["listening",[]]]},{"sb":[["architecture design",[]],["algorithms",[]],["low paid workers",[]],["subscribers",[]]]},{"sb":[["'basic' techniques",[]],["identification of specific suspicious nonhuman activity",[]],["pattern analysis of people's activity",[]]]},{"de":[["These cookies communicate with people's browsers without their knowledge but they are sent from the website they requested.",[]]],"sp":[["cookies",[]]]},{"de":[["This mechanism allows people to inform the service that a particular piece of content or behavior is unwanted for various reasons, such as being hateful or abusive, violent, sexual, harmful, infringing copyright, and etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["This media category was portrayed as unwanted 'side effects' that had to be avoided.",[]],["computer scientists dudes wanted people to avoid emotional outbursts in emails, which were termed by Shapiro and Anderson as 'flaming'",[]],["Flaming is usually termed 'uninhibited behavior', but actually it has many definitions that revolve around the normative way of behaving on the internet.",[]]],"sy":[["uninhibited behavior",[]]]},{},{"de":[["people tend to find these instances of repeated content less relevant, and are more likely to complain about the Pages that frequently post them",["Owens and Turitzin, 2014"]]],"rt":[["spammy behavior",[]]],"sp":[["spammy behavior",[]]]},{"de":[["This media category is usually portrayed as a 'wrong' way to use technology because people who hack do not conform to the standards created by corporate, regional and global actors.",[]]],"rt":[["maintenance",[]],["security",[]],["red team",[]],["tricksters, phreakers, crackers",[]]]},{"rt":[["Unwanted content",[]]],"ex":[["grooming",[]],["cyber-bullying",[]]]},{"rt":[["illegal content",[]]],"sb":[["content considered unsuitable for children",[]]],"ex":[["racist and xenophobic content",[]]]},{"rt":[["hierarchical listening",[]]]},{"rt":[["harmful content",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Liking is a form of filtering that helps Facebook understand what people find more interesting than others across its territory.",[]]]},{"de":[["The Like button, suggest Gerlitz and Helmond, becomes an exchange currency that is supposed to reflect people's social behavior, approach, and emotions towards a form of content.",[]]]},{"rt":[["spammy behavior",[]]],"sp":[["spammy behavior",[]]]},{"de":[["When talking about such mediated bodies, it would not be accurate to discuss 'offline' and 'online' as oppositional presences.",[]],["the way media categories are used affects people's options of living. It affects how they understand and engage with media and consequently how they perform their subjectivities and relate to others, both human and non-human.",[]]],"rt":[["human subjects",[]],["modes of ontology",[]],["entangled assemblages of human and non-human actors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These modes of governmentality show how deviant media categories have been used in different time periods to (re)configure people and territories.",[]]],"sb":[["discipline",[]],["biopolitics",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["technical' media categories",[]],["earlier configuration",[]],["the media category of noise",[]],["the conceptualization of humans as processors, and, importantly, their bad behavior as noise.",[]],["noise is a media category that has been at the center of knowledge production conflicts, negotiations, and power struggles.",[]],["Bell Telephone (Bell) held a crucial position in conceptualizing and defining noise; they were the new experts with the authority to make noise a category.",[]],["Noise as a distinct category was used to represent, manage, and control unwanted sectors of society and unwanted behavior.",[]],["Demarcating such a distinction was also meant to legitimize people, practices, and areas as the appropriate 'sound' for a particular territory.",[]],["any sound, behavior, or activity that could potentially hinder transmission of conversations on the telephone was categorized as noise.",[]],["The quantification of sound finally made it possible to 'capture' noise",[]],["it became a term to distinguish between legitimate social behaviors and their deviant counterparts",[]],["Any behavior, group of people or areas that would interfere with such aspirations because of their problematic commercial/advertising practices, political activities, racial difference or other disturbances would be categorized as noise.",[]],["established and legitimized which forms of information should be categorized as statistical irregularities-noise",[]],["noise was defined to cater to Bell and the NAC's needs",[]],["They created noise and presented it as harmonious sound.",[]],["it is a flexible and mutable category that changes according to the way it is produced by media companies.",[]],["a tool used to redraw boundaries of territories and people.",[]],["Bell and the NAC could structure the perfect model of bodies and behaviors to which everyone else should adjust",[]]],"rt":[["spam",[]],["humans as processors",[]],["deviant media",[]],["sound",[]],["room noise",[]],["deviant media categories",[]],["unnecessary noise",[]]],"sp":[["deviant media",[]],["deviant media categories",[]]],"ex":[["immigrants who conducted street commerce, the Black community in Harlem who organized unauthorised house parties, and also union protests in Union Square",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["opt-out",[]]]},{"rt":[["opt-in",[]],["opt-in mechanisms",[]]]},{"rt":[["black box",[]],["(in)visibility",[]]]},{"de":[["It is about creating asymmetric power through mediated territories.",[]]],"rt":[["paid",[]],["organic reach",[]],["paid reach",[]]]},{"sy":[["unpaid distribution",[]]]},{"rt":[["organic reach",[]]]},{"de":[["citizens were encouraged to monitor people who were noisy, in a social reporting way",[]]]},{"de":[["This planned flow, as Williams argues, was meant to feel natural rather than a disruption; to blur the lines between content and advertisements but also, importantly, to create a seamless flow of time that has its own programmed rhythm.",["Williams, 1974"]]]},{},{"rt":[["social networks",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This is an ongoing process that involves monitoring, detecting, measuring, collecting, categorizing and recording behaviors in mediated territories.",[]],["Each of these actions already produces, shapes, includes and excludes certain types of subject. Having more listening capacities gives you more power to penetrate more mediated layers and know more about people's behaviors in different times and spaces. It creates a dynamic database/archive because there is a continuous process of listening, which adds more knowledge to create profiles and audiences.",[]],["processed listening does tend to come earlier, as it concerns the way media companies listen to different sources, with several tools to produce knowledge.",[]]],"rt":[["rhythmedia",[]]],"sp":[["listening",[]]]},{"de":[["Whether conducted by humans or machines, processing is never neutral: it is a mode of power.",[]]]},{"de":[["DeNardis examines the politics behind the transition between the internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) to IPv6.",[]],["Protocols also have the power to make decisions that influence every segment of people's lives, as well as society's access to knowledge, security, and economy.",[]]],"ex":[["the transition between the internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) to IPv6",[]]]},{"de":[["Protocols also have the power to make decisions that influence every segment of people's lives, as well as society's access to knowledge, security, and economy.",[]]]},{"rt":[["content moderators",[]]],"sp":[["content moderators",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["flagging",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Ordering sociality with rhythm",[]],["The complementary process to that, then, is rhythmedia, which strategically orders this knowledge in particular times and spaces.",[]],["The 're' is important here as it points to the repetition of such actions and how each of them is conducted while relying on previous categories and metrics.",[]],["Such terms and arguments conceptualize spatial and temporal orderings as if they 'just happen' without any planned strategy behind them.",[]],["These procedures, then, are an ongoing process in which media practitioners' actions on people's actions and architecture then (re)produce them into subjects and territories.",[]],["Muzak was a way to conduct rhythmedia to produce factoriesterritories-where efficient worker subjects were produced, to increase profits.",[]],["The ordering changes according to the rhythmedia that is the most profitable for the advertisers.",[]],["Facebook conducts rhythmedia in a way that intends to influence people's behavior into more engagement and hence more knowledge production.",[]],["can be noisy to us, because profit is not the value that should be the soundtrack of our societies",[]],["there are organizations who are responsible for designing, managing, shaping, and using different strategies to create specific subjects.",[]],["Conducting rhythmedia shapes people's behaviors by repetitive training of individual bodies and populations as a whole.",[]],["Both processed listening and rhythmedia are constantly feeding each other with knowledge that (re)produces subjects and the territories in which they live.",[]],["Rhythmedia has been enacted in all three stories in different ways, and it serves several purposes: one, restructuring the territory in a way that promotes a rhythm Deviant Order: How Rhythmedia Orchestrates Sociality | 263 that increases value (and hence profit) for media companies; two, filtering out advertising practices that do not suit the dominant experts; three, producing specific temporalities (speed and frequencies of actions, prioritising specific times of the day/week/year, reordering and stretching work/leisure time) that benefit the media company in terms of efficiency and more value; four, preventing political gatherings by un-crowding, de-politicizing them; five, expanding listening capacities to gain more knowledge about people; and, importantly, six, reproducing people into particular subjects by training their bodies with repetitious actions.",[]],["training of the body, restructuring territories, filtering and de-politicizing",[]],["rhythmedia is also deployed to reconfigure anything that interferes, harms or burdens media companies' business as deviant, noise or spam.",[]],["Lefebvre challenges what seems natural and exposes the calculated strategy to structure and order bodies, things, objects with rational laws.",[]],["ordering things in a way that will lead towards more engagement and less deterrence from ads",[]],["the rhythmedia of these media territories will feel 'organic' and not interfered with",[]],["filtering out advertising practices that do not suit the dominant experts",[]],["producing specific temporalities (speed and frequencies of actions, prioritising specific times of the day/week/year, reordering and stretching work/leisure time) that benefit the media company in terms of efficiency and more value",[]],["preventing political gatherings by un-crowding, de-politicizing them",[]],["expanding listening capacities to gain more knowledge about people",[]],["reproducing people into particular subjects by training their bodies with repetitious actions",[]],["using a favoured rhythmedia to exclude, minimize or eliminate the noise",[]],["Rhythmedia is the way media companies conduct repetitious training on people through orchestrating their experience in multi-layered media territories.",[]],["rhythmedia is a better term to (that flow or channelling) use when analysing how people and objects are orchestrated through media.",[]]],"sy":[["Orchestrating Sociality",[]]],"rt":[["training of the body",[]],["restructuring territories",[]],["filtering",[]],["de-politicizing",[]],["circulation",[]],["restructuring territory",[]],["flow",[]],["alive",[]],["coded processes",[]],["flow of control",[]],["processed listening",[]],["noise",[]],["spam",[]],["deviant",[]]],"sp":[["sonic epistemological strategies",[]]],"ex":[["Only after she reached the desired rhythm, the one that influenced people's behavior in the way she wanted, she kept it as the winning order of things.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["To hear, rather than see, was at once to pose a separate mode of existence, connected to a separate public sphere and a different history.",[]]]},{"de":[["\"Certain companies may pretend to be interested in buying impressions, but intentionally bid to lose in each auction with the goal of collecting as much data as possible as cheaply as possible\"",["Cyphers, 2019"]],["Certain companies may pretend to be interested in buying impressions, but intentionally bid to lose in each auction with the goal of collecting as much data as possible as cheaply as possible",["Cyphers, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["if and when this person creates a Facebook account, the history of their behavior that has been archived thus far will be synched to their unique user ID cookie and a Facebook profile.",[]]]},{"de":[["uses social cues and is very similar to word-of-mouthmarketing.",[]]],"rt":[["word-of-mouthmarketing",[]]]},{"de":[["(posting or uploading)",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["programmability",["van Dijck and Poell, 2013"]],["popularity",[]],["connectivity",["van Dijck and Poell, 2013"]],["datafication",[]]]},{"de":[["Sometimes plugins act just like applications. You can spot one of these plugins because it will ask you for permission to access your information or to publish information back to Facebook.",[]]],"sb":[["the Like Button",[]],["the Activity Feed",[]],["Recommendations",[]],["the Like Box",[]],["the Login Button",[]],["Facepile",[]],["Comments",[]],["the Live Stream",[]]]},{"de":[["people are regulating, controlling and managing each other in a biopolitical way.",[]]]},{"de":[["produces asymmetric power whereby 'sociality' is individual, de-humanized, and raw material for intervention.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such power manifestations have transitioned from the direct action of sovereign and discipline power to soft power",[]]],"rt":[["sovereign and discipline power",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["deviant media categories",[]],["technical' media categories",[]],["media phenomenon",[]],["used to produce and manage people's bodies, preferences, behaviors, and understanding of mediated territories.",[]],["a much larger project of (re)producing people and territories",[]],["ambiguity and fluidity of what seems to be a fixed category is used by media companies to make important decisions about who and what get to be categorized as deviant",[]],["defined (and undefined) to cater to the needs of the digital advertising industry",[]],["separate, flexible, media category to cater to perceived threats to the advertising industry's business model",[]],["Emphasising these characteristics shows two important aspects when classifying forms of behavior on the internet: whether this behavior creates a burden on the system's infrastructure (bandwidth), and whether this behavior was conducted without being requested.",[]],["Spam is also: illegal content, harmful content, pornography, spyware, malware, computer viruses, hacking, identity theft, illegitimate use of personal data, disruption of the network, fraud, and misinterpretation of contracts (European Commission, 2004), as well as: online gambling services, misleading and deceptive business practices, pyramid selling, and unlawful trade practices (OECD, 2005).",["European Commission, 2004","OECD, 2005"]],["categorized as deviant",[]],["can send viruses",[]],["categorized fast, excessiverhythm actions as spam.",[]],["The main characteristics of such 'spammy' behaviors' are having the same behavioral pattern and volume, which means that their rhythms are identical and thus easier to spot as irregular.",[]],["Spam is political because a lot of behaviors women (such as breastfeeding), LGBTQ+ (using names that were not given by birth) and people of color (Harlem house parties) perform are often categorized as inauthentic, noisy, and spammy according to media companies.",[]],["Categorizing such actions through processed listening and shaping different territory architectures in a particular rhythmedia then, has been designed to produce subjects that are in congruent with a standard that is not their own. Importantly-it aims to discourage and de-politicize their actions, gatherings and expressions.",[]],["categorize them as spam",[]],["In both forms of communication, people are not aware of such actions and they are conducted without their consent.",[]],["any 'problematic' behavior threatening their business",[]],["unsolicited bulk communication that was constructed as essential for funding the internet in the shape of web-cookies, and to illegitimize similar practices that were constructed as harming and burdening the infrastructure",[]],["spam is much more than unsolicited bulk email; it just depends who and when you ask.",[]],["Spam is categorized by commercial companies (advertising and media industries, ISPs, and publishers) as an unwanted form of communication and automatically removed outside of people's digital experience.",[]]],"rt":[["noise",[]],["rogue traders",[]],["deviant media categories",[]],["unsolicited bulk email",[]]],"sb":[["fake profiles",[]],["creepers",[]],["compromised accounts",[]]],"sp":[["deviant media",[]],["deviant media categories",[]]],"ex":[["a format",[]],["a software",[]],["a Nigerian prince",[]],["Monty Python's excellent sketch",[]],["chat rooms in USENET",[]],["Nigerian Princes scams",[]],["illegal content",[]],["harmful content",[]],["pornography",[]],["spyware",[]],["malware",[]],["computer viruses",[]],["hacking",[]],["identity theft",[]],["illegitimate use of personal data",[]],["disruption of the network",[]],["fraud",[]],["misinterpretation of contracts",[]],["online gambling services",[]],["misleading and deceptive business practices",[]],["pyramid selling",[]],["unlawful trade practices",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The definition of spyware, as Laura DeNardis (2007) argues, is disputed among software developers and marketing companies who do not think their technologies should be categorized as such.",["2007"]],["So, although cookies and their accompanying technology web-bugs can be considered as spyware, malware and spam, they are not categorized as such. The main reason for this is that their utility has been portrayed as legitimate and vital for the web's business model.",[]]],"rt":[["malware",[]],["spam",[]]],"ex":[["cookies and their accompanying technology web-bugs can be considered as spyware, malware and spam",[]]]},{"de":[["Third-party cookies were developed immediately after first-party cookies and are operated by internet advertising networks such as DoubleClick but also by data brokers such as Acxiom, Experian, Epsilon, CoreLogic, Datalogix, including insurance companies and many, many more.",[]]],"sp":[["cookies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Web Bugs are often invisible because they are typically only 1-by-1 pixel in size. They are represented as HTML IMG tags",["1999","15"]]]},{"sy":[["clear GIF",[]],["web-bug/beacon/pixel tag",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["According to Hammett (2014), images produced through the media is a form of place-scripting.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["texts are sources of information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["forging a new (more positive image) is based on transitional content",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["According to Potter's model there are five basic constitutes of knowledge structures in media literacyknowledge on the content, knowledge on the media industries, knowledge on media effects and knowledge about what is in the real world, and lastly the personal interaction with oneself on his or her drives, needs and intellectual abilities (The Personal locus), that controls the process of processing information and constructing meaning from the information accessed.",[]]]},{"de":[["Media literacy enhances critical thinking skills that enable individuals to make independent choices on accessing, evaluating, analysing, and creating content when exposed to digital media space.",[]],["Media literacy challenges the dogmatic perspective propagated by mass media culture, such as class, race, and gender bias and over consumption.",[]],["Media literacy transforms individuals in the society from being the passive consumers of the media into being the active, critical thinkers and independent citizens in the society",["Vaeth, 2020"]],["ML seeks to understand how media content shapes behaviour and values of the society.",[]],["Media literacy strikes a balance between protection and empowerment approaches of the media.",[]],["The theoretical focus of media literacy bases on the three aims, first, facilitating democracy, participation, and active citizenship, second, knowledge economy, competitive and choice and last, lifelong learning, cultural expression, and personal fulfilment",["Lin et al., 2013","Martens, 2022"]],["Media literacy incorporates three stages that lead to the empowerment of citizens of all ages: (a) becoming aware of the importance of making choices and managing the amount of time spent with various media forms; (b) learning specific skills of critical viewing and surfinglearning to analyse and question what is in the frame/on the screen, how it is constructed, and what may have been left out; and (c) exploring deeper issues of who produces the media that people experience and for what purposes",[]],["Media literacy, is about understanding the media content, and use it as a source of information, growth and empowerment",["Metzgen-ohlswager, 2010"]],["Media literacy educates people to become aware and more critical of the media they consume, for protecting themselves from destructive information, have a better understanding of media content and enjoy the media content.",["Potter, 2008"]],["Media literacy transforms individuals in the society from being the passive consumers of the media into being the active, critical thinkers and independent citizens in the society (Vaeth, 2020).",["Vaeth, 2020"]]],"rt":[["media industries",[]],["media messages",[]],["media audiences",[]],["media effects",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]],["democratization of knowledge",[]],["constructivism",[]],["democratization of communication",[]],["critical thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["goals shape ways we process information by selecting and filtering information to for effective use.",[]],["While drive is important in facilitating and determining the level of energy needed in attaining the goals.",[]],["According to him goals shape ways we process information by selecting and filtering information to for effective use. While drive is important in facilitating and determining the level of energy needed in attaining the goals.",[]]]},{"sp":[["tacit knowledge",[]]]},{"de":[["fundamental component in the effective transfer of tacit knowledge",[]],["encourages a greater willingness to share valuable know-how, expertise, and ideas",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["describing the relationship between employees within an organization",["50"]],["mediates the relationship between direct communication and tacit knowledge sharing",[]],["the presence of trust strengthens the effect of interpersonal communication on tacit knowledge dissemination",[]]],"sp":[["organizational trust",[]]]},{"sy":[["MRT",[]]]},{"rt":[["interpersonal trust",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Coherence is established by determining possible structures, propositions, or concepts to which the current information should be attached.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the discrepancy involves a mismatch between a subjective assessment and an objective fact.",[]],["In the present case, the discrepancy is between self-assessment of understanding and objective accuracy of understanding.",[]],["In particular, we will be concerned with self-assessments that demonstrably overestimate understanding.",[]],["As in perceptual illusions, a victim of the illusion of knowing is unlikely to be spontaneously aware that the selfassessment is illusory.",[]],["The illusion of knowing, however, is not simply a failure to detect the contradiction: It is a failure to detect a contradiction while having confidence that understanding is complete.",[]],["The illusion of knowing, however, is not simply a failure to detect the contradiction",[]],["Lacking an attempted match, new information that contradicts the previous text will be accepted without scrutiny. The contradiction will go undetected, and an illusion of knowing will occur.",[]],["Our formulation can account for one facet of the illusion of knowing, the failure to detect contradictions.",[]],["we propose that confidence arises from a default assumption made by readers. That is, in dealing with expository text, a reader assumes by default that comprehension is progressing smoothly, and this assumption is maintained until the reader is alerted otherwise by an error signal arising from a failure in some comprehension process.",[]],["On such occasions, the illusion of knowing becomes an obstacle to effective learning and instruction.",[]],["the discrepancy is between self-assessment of understanding and objective accuracy of understanding.",[]],["The illusion of knowing was defined operationally as failure to detect a contradiction, coupled with a rating of high comprehension.",[]],["one facet of the illusion of knowing, the failure to detect contradictions",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus detection of discrepancies appears to be an important mediating variable, that is, a common underlying factor in the operation of a number of other variables.",[]]]},{"de":[["misleading postevent information can alter a person'srecollection of an event",[]]]},{},{"de":[["misleading postevent information can lead people to remember witnessing objects, actions, and even entire events that they never actually saw.",[]],["the assessment of the extent to which suggestive questioning results in erroneous eyewitness testimony",[]]],"sy":[["suggestibility phenomena",[]]],"rt":[["source misattribution errors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["attempts to avoid certain thoughts, desires, and so forth, produces effects that are diametrically opposed to the original intent",[]],["attempts to avoid certain thoughts, desires, and so forth",[]]],"sb":[["ironic effects of repetition",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["suggestibility phenomena are best construed as source misattribution errors.",[]]]},{"rt":[["source misattribution errors",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation effects",[]]]},{"de":[["The CIE is robust and occurs in a variety of contexts, regardless of the particular story being presented and regardless of the test applied",["Ecker et al., in press","H. M. Johnson & Seifert 1994, 1998","Wilkes & Reynolds, 1999"]],["the failure to correct initially believed information that turns out to be false",[]]]},{"rt":[["thematic inference",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["induced suspicion",[]]]},{"de":[["occurs mainly because people are unaware of it and that warnings can help, inasmuch as they make people aware of a bias or contamination.",["Wilson and Brekke (1994)"]],["occurs mainly because people are unaware of it",["Wilson and Brekke (1994)"]]]},{"rt":[["continued influence",[]]]},{"de":[["Misinformation continues to affect behavior, even if people explicitly acknowledge that this information has been retracted, invalidated, or corrected",["Ecker, Lewandowsky, & Apai, in press","Ecker, Lewandowsky, Swire, & Chang, 2010","Gilbert, Krull, & Malone, 1990","Gilbert, Tafarodi, & Malone, 1993","H. M. Johnson & Seifert, 1994, 1998","Seifert, 2002","van Oostendorp, 1996","van Oostendorp & Bonebakker, 1999","Wilkes & Leatherbarrow, 1988","Wilkes & Reynolds, 1999"]],["the failure to correct initially believed information that turns out to be false",[]]]},{"de":[["inadequate reliance on active, but invalid, information paired with insufficient retrieval control",[]]],"rt":[["automatic retrieval processes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a more stable personality trait",[]],["related to a more stable personality trait of skepticism-skeptics will generally tend to question the motives behind the dissemination of information",[]]]},{"ex":[["For example, people could falsely remember that information given in a postevent suggestion was actually contained in the original event.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["direct reference",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Alternatively, if someone asks you whether t.v. is bad for you, you may not recollect having learned about this issue and you may not know for sure. Rather you simply believe this to be true.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In other words, write \"know\" when you are certain that you recognize the information, but it fails to evoke any specific conscious recollection from the study time.",[]]],"ex":[["If someone asks you who was the first president of the U.S. you would typically respond in the \"know\" sense, without becoming consciously aware of anything about a particular event or experience of learning that information.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Remembering",[]]]},{"rt":[["knowing",[]]]},{"de":[["essentialist explanations",[]],["essentialist framings of mental illness",[]],["essentialist-consistent, essentialist-inconsistent, or neutral aspects of the mental illnesses",[]],["essentialist beliefs",[]]],"sb":[["essentialist-consistent",[]],["essentialist-inconsistent",[]],["essentialist-neutral",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["People tend to hold essentialist beliefs about simple categories such as \"dogs\" or \"vegetables,\" but also about complex social categories such as race, gender, and sexual orientation (Dar-Nimrod & Heine, 2011).",["(Dar-Nimrod & Heine, 2011)"]],["knowing that someone is a member of a certain category is greatly informative (informativeness)",[]],["the category has existed across history with very few changes (historical invariance)",[]],["the category has all-or-none boundaries (discreteness)",[]],["members of the category are highly similar to one another (uniformity; Gelman, 2003Gelman, , 2004;;Haslam & Ernst, 2002)",[]],["it is difficult or impossible for a category member to lose membership (immutability)",[]],["there are certain characteristics necessary to be a category member (necessary features)",[]],["category membership is due to an inherent underlying reality (inherence)",[]],["the category is naturally occurring rather than socially constructed (naturalness; Gelman, 2003;Haslam & Ernst, 2002)",[]],["Essentialist beliefs encompass various subcomponents. People who hold essentialist beliefs about a category are likely to believe that knowing that someone is a member of a certain category is greatly informative (informativeness), that the category has existed across history with very few changes (historical invariance), that the category has all-or-none boundaries (discreteness), and that members of the category are highly similar to one another (uniformity; Gelman, 2003Gelman, , 2004;;Haslam & Ernst, 2002). They are also likely to believe that it is difficult or impossible for a category member to lose membership (immutability), that there are certain characteristics necessary to be a category member (necessary features), that category membership is due to an inherent underlying reality (inherence), and that the category is naturally occurring rather than socially constructed (naturalness; Gelman, 2003;Haslam & Ernst, 2002).",["Gelman, 2003","Gelman, , 2004","Haslam & Ernst, 2002"]]],"sb":[["informativeness",[]],["historical invariance",[]],["discreteness",[]],["uniformity",[]],["immutability",[]],["necessary features",[]],["inherence",[]],["naturalness",[]]]},{"de":[["The consequences of stigmatization are wide ranging, including loss of self-esteem, job discrimination, and avoidance of treatment",["Rüsch, Angermeyer, & Corrigan, 2005"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["traditionally been understood as stemming from a source's trustworthiness (i.e., the source's honesty) and expertise (i.e., the source's relevant knowledge ;Pornpitakpan, 2004;Wallace et al., 2020)",[]],["perceived source bias (i.e., having a skewed perspective) serves as a third component of credibility and has independent effects on persuasion",["Wallace et al., 2020"]],["has traditionally been understood as stemming from a source's trustworthiness (i.e., the source's honesty) and expertise (i.e., the source's relevant knowledge ;Pornpitakpan, 2004;Wallace et al., 2020), though recent work suggests that perceived source bias (i.e., having a skewed perspective) serves as a third component of credibility and has independent effects on persuasion",["Pornpitakpan, 2004","Wallace et al., 2020"]]],"rt":[["trustworthiness",[]],["expertise",[]],["perceived source bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The traditional mental models account regarded causal completeness of the mental model of the event as the driving force behind the CIE.",[]]]},{"de":[["is a challenge that impacts many consequential domains, including health, politics, social justice, and climate change",["Gupta et al., 2020","Maleki et al., 2021","Ramsay et al., 2010","Treen et al., 2020"]]]},{"de":[["serves as a third component of credibility and has independent effects on persuasion",["Wallace et al., 2020"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["protective belt",[]]]},{"sy":[["ad hoc auxiliary hypothesis",[]]],"ex":[["Neptune is a classic example of what philosophers of science call an ad hoc auxiliary hypothesis",["Popper, 1959","Hempel, 1966"]]]},{"de":[["robustness of theories derives from the ability to explain away disconfirmatory data by invoking auxiliary hypotheses.",[]]]},{"rt":[["irrational belief updating",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Conspiracy theories are interesting from the perspective of auxiliary hypotheses because they often require a spiraling proliferation of auxiliaries to stay afloat. Each tenuous hypothesis needs an additional tenuous hypothesis to lend it plausibility, which in turn needs more tenuous hypotheses, until the theory embraces an enormous explanatory scope.",[]]],"rt":[["auxiliary hypotheses",[]]]},{"de":[["this may arise from symmetric (unbiased) updating.",[]]]}]