[{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["advocacy journalism role",[]]]},{"ex":[["adversaries against political authority",[]],["advocates of certain social groups",[]],["missionaries of a cause or ideology",[]]]},{"sb":[["analyst",[]],["access provider",[]],["mobilizer",[]]]},{},{"de":[["understanding journalism as assisting government in the development and nation-building process.",[]]],"ex":[["facilitators to government programs and policies",[]],["collaborators",[]],["mouthpieces of government",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["detectives",[]],["investigative journalists",[]],["watchdogs",[]]]},{"de":[["It is somewhat similar to the advocacy role, but was distinguished as specific for the transition to the democracy period.",[]],["This role is somewhere in between the Hanitzsch and Vos (2018) developmental-educational function in which journalists are social change agents, and educators of democratic values in the transition to the new system, but it also has some characteristics of the collaborative-facilitative function, in understanding journalism as assisting government in the development and nation-building process.",[]],["This role relates to the thematic focus of democratic aspects, as it assumes the journalist to hold a function of legitimizing the democratic system.",[]],["in the case of defenders of democracy, journalists are expected to promote the democratic values and legitimize the democratic political system.",[]]],"rt":[["advocacy role",[]],["social-political worker",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["in which journalists are social change agents, and educators of democratic values in the transition to the new system",[]]],"ex":[["change agents in transitional societies",[]],["educators",[]],["mediators between conflicting social groups",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["disseminator",[]],["curator",[]],["storyteller",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the autonomous pole of the journalistic field is defined by the rules of the journalistic profession, to which new entrants are socialized through journalism education; on the other hand, the heteronomous pole is where these rules and values conflict and overlap with other fields' logic.",[]]]},{"de":[["closer to the autonomous pole of the journalism field",[]],["the category included journalism ethics and the question of credibility and responsibility of journalists.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["the populist disseminator",[]],["detached watchdog",[]],["critical change agent",[]],["the opportunist facilitator",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Social-political worker is a normative role specific for the socialist period.",[]],["As social-political worker was a term commonly used for journalists in the period, very often this role was explicitly referred to as such.",[]],["The social-political worker was perceived as an essential part of the political system, with internalized values of the socialist system and provided information relevant for the functioning of the complex self-management system.",[]]],"sy":[["information worker",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Hate speech damages the public fabric because it causes two types of harm: it provokes violence as well as fosters social discord and discriminates against vulnerable populations.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["has a crucial function of revealing coherence between events and conveying instructions about how to integrate this information",["Gernsbacher, 1997","Graesser et al., 2004"]]],"sb":[["adversative",[]],["causal",[]],["concessive",[]],["conditional",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["wohl",[]]]},{"de":[["they subtly manipulate how a proposition should be received by the addressee, constituting framing devices par excellence.",[]],["modal particles are rather typical in speech instead of highly-edited written texts",[]]],"sb":[["MODAL PARTICLES SIGNALING COMMON GROUND",[]],["MODAL PARTICLES SIGNALING WEAKENED COMMITMENT",[]]]},{"de":[["frames a message as uncontroversial and covertly makes the message difficult to refute",[]]],"sy":[["ja",[]]]},{"de":[["have a strong effect in imposing the reader to accept the proposition",[]]],"sy":[["eben",[]],["halt",[]]]},{"sp":[["modal particles",[]]]},{"sp":[["modal particles",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["the adverb 'even' triggers the presupposition that other measures have already been taken to alleviate the overcrowded infrastructure, and that setting up tents was the most unexpected measure",["Giannakidou, 2007","Szabolcsi, 2017"]],["the usage of person names also presupposes the existence of the referred persons",[]]]},{"de":[["aim to fill the research gap in investigating the linguistic properties of framing.",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["discourse",["Biti according to Zgrablji Rotar, 2005, 15"]]],"rt":[["concept of discourse",["Biti according to Zgrablji Rotar, 2005, 15"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["A larger number of web portals and pluralism of media content, more accurately, various topics and styles, create space for a dialogue on the Internet through its transformation.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the new public space is not a synonym for a new public sphere.",[]]],"rt":[["public sphere",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["positive (+) means any assessment that is affirmative in relation to the subject in question",[]],["negative (-) means any negative or critical assessment in relation to the subject matter described in the content",[]],["neutral (0) means any general or specific statement of something just described or claimed, but without taking a certain attitude",[]],["programmatic (!) means any assessment which proposes something that \"should be\" in relation to the matter in question",[]]]},{"de":[["social media enhanced their visibility, alongside the connectivity of proponents of such theories.",[]],["This is largely due to the platforms' logic, which makes conspiracy theories more appealing, producing more user engagement",["Bucher 2018"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["generates a sense of psychological boundaries",["Branigan 2005: 121"]]]},{"ex":[["The clustered position of the IV poles at the corner of the room is a shot that deframes the absence of the onceexisting ward",["Branigan 2005: 143"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The film world is created by combining individual frames in sequence to produce continuous motion.",[]],["In cinematic language, a frame, through various techniques, can conceal or suggest intended meanings.",[]],["The term frame is also used to refer to the complete background of the image as a gestalt form.",[]],["The shape of an object within the image is considered a frame, similar to a frame line.",[]],["Branigan continues his discussion on the frame as the rationale for the gaze or the view of the image.",[]],["Frames in moving pictures become rhetorical figures, describing the entire film within a narrative structure that unfolds into a story. It provides the psychic state of the film.",[]],["The frame, rather than an image, functions as a composition for the psychological interpretation of the spectator in understanding the experience of people in the ward.",[]]],"rt":[["frames of isolation",[]],["frame line",[]]]},{"de":[["a narrative attempt to recall the past through the present, functioning as a nonsubjective flashback",[]],["conveys the socially constructed meanings associated with HIV",[]],["evokes a structure that suggests isolation or an enclosed space through a container schema that generates a sense of psychological boundaries",["Branigan 2005: 121"]],["brings the past into the present as a long-term memory, enabling comprehension of the speakers' emotions",[]],["a film frame can convey both radical and ambiguous meanings.",[]],["The frames of isolation in both documentaries reflect the loneliness and social disregard that people with HIV/AIDS endured during the epidemic and continue to face afterwards.",[]]],"ex":[["the Palm Springs desert functions as a frame of isolation",[]]]},{"de":[["The analysis shows that the camera emphasises the theme of isolation in the documentaries by focusing away from the subjects toward the surroundings, such as abandoned hospital rooms and their immediate environment, to provide a more subjective sense of isolation endured by people living with HIV/AIDS.",[]],["The frames of isolation illuminate past events by depicting reality, while also generating meanings that extend beyond mere pictorial representation.",[]],["the frame of isolation becomes an artistic medium that preserves the collective memory of the AIDS crisis.",[]]],"rt":[["frame",[]],["isolation",[]]]},{"de":[["Cinematic techniques such as framing play a significant role in creating this impact.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It is an illusory border created for the viewer as a visual feature.",[]]],"sy":[["subjective contour",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["neutralization theory",[]]]},{"sp":[["neutralization theory",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["denial of responsibility",[]],["denial of injury",[]],["denial of victims",[]],["appeal to higher loyalties",[]],["condemnation of condemners",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It can also refer to the vulnerability of people to becoming a target.",[]]]},{"rt":[["capable guardians",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["belong to a range of ideological persuasions, mixed commercial and industrial motivations, and ambivalent distances from the colonial state and its war agenda",[]]],"rt":[["war effort films",[]]]},{"de":[["indirect and reluctant fiction film propaganda made by local filmmakers",[]]]},{"de":[["It is precisely the job of propaganda to put a spin on the obvious and produce new hegemonic narratives.",[]],["In a state of total war, which required civilians to participate in the war effort, morale came to be recognised as a significant military factor, and propaganda [...] emerged as the principal instrument of control over public opinion and as an essential weapon in the national arsenal.",[]],["the more a message circulates, the more it accrues in propagandist force",[]]],"rt":[["Media and mass communication technologies",[]]],"ex":[["posters, books, handbills, radio, exhibitions, parades, and films",[]]]},{"de":[["Naval recruitment films or short films about how the colonies were producing raw materials for the war effort would thus qualify as 'useful cinema' that was outside the ambit of commercial entertainment but was strategically deployed by institutional, industrial, or political actors.",[]]],"ex":[["Naval recruitment films",[]],["short films about how the colonies were producing raw materials for the war effort",[]]]},{"rt":[["instructional films",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fear Appeal",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory of Fear Appeal is applied in marketing and advertising campaigns, especially in health insurance, life insurance, and product safety features.",[]],["Fear control revolves around emotional reactions caused by risk",[]],["danger control directs adaptive behavior to avoid it",["Przybylski et al., 2013"]],["the Fear Appeal comprises three significant conceptions: perceived efficacy, threat, and Fear.",[]]],"rt":[["perceived efficacy",[]],["threat",[]],["Fear",[]]],"sb":[["Fear control",[]],["danger control",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fear Appeal",[]]]},{"de":[["the WHO has termed it Infomedic",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["rumors",[]]]},{"de":[["various forms of aggressive communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Cancel culture or cancelling as a form of aggressive communication",[]],["cancel culture as a new discourse practice",[]],["offensive, active communication that attracts the attention of the audience, <… > activating the audience, emotionally forcing to take sides one of the opponents, empathize with events, actively including in them",["7, p. 306","7"]],["the environment for the functioning of the cancel culture is a media discourse that most clearly reflects socio-political sentiments in society and has a direct impact on the formation of public opinion",["2"]],["the phenomenon of cancel culture is noticeably gaining strength in Russian society, thanks to the possibilities of digital space.",[]],["The relevance of studying this phenomenon is explained by the increasing implementation of various forms of aggressive communication and the search for effective means of protection against it.",[]],["A feature of this phenomenon is the fact that speech actions can only partly be attributed to conflict communication, while speech behavior itself forms a new ethics that imperceptibly penetrates into the country's linguistic and cultural community.",[]]],"sy":[["cancelling",[]]],"rt":[["discussion",[]],["criticism",[]],["Ostracism",[]],["Boycott",[]]],"sp":[["aggressive communication",[]]],"ex":[["State broadcasters from countries including Iceland, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands had called for Russia to be banned from the contest",[]],["The Rotterdam Philharmonic also threatened to cancel its longstanding annual Gergiev festival this year",[]],["Switzerland's Verbier festival has asked Gergiev to resign his position as music director of the Verbier Festival Orchestra",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Esta autoridad se articula en torno a conceptos centrales como objetividad, verificación y distancia / neutralidad (Schudson, 1978;Kovach y Rosenstiel, 2007;Deuze, 2005).",["Schudson, 1978","Kovach y Rosenstiel, 2007","Deuze, 2005"]]],"rt":[["objetividad, verificación y distancia / neutralidad",["Schudson, 1978","Kovach y Rosenstiel, 2007","Deuze, 2005"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["La actividad de los verificadores es objeto de críticas de naturaleza diversa.",[]],["el papel que estos desempeñan en sus prácticas informativas y de verificación",[]],["los verificadores eligen determinadas afirmaciones o hechos cuyo descifrado o verificación se hace improbable",[]],["enseñar de qué manera son desacreditadas las noticias falsas por parte de los verificadores",[]],["Basados en criterios de verificación de hechos y datos independientes y transparentes, los verificadores se presentan como instituciones que defienden un cierto retorno hacia el ideal romántico de los principios fundamentales del periodismo: objetividad y facticidad",["Amazeen, 2017","Kunelius, 2006"]]],"rt":[["verificación de contenidos",[]],["noticias falsas",[]]]},{"de":[["no solo aportan enlaces a las fuentes utilizadas para llegar a una conclusión, sino que explican los pasos realizados para concluir si una declaración o una afirmación es verdadera o no.",["Singer, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["Factual verification of a claim often encounters many challenges. The challenges are summarized into the following four categories.",[]],["Evidence collection means finding relevant textual information from web-sources.",[]]]},{"de":[["Expert consultation collects information directly from relevant people.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["For example: Rumors! Natural spray helps you sleep instantly. The word \"Rumor!\" in the claim directly pointed out that the claim is nonfactual, causing information leakage.",[]]]},{"de":[["multi-modality requires collect and infer over multi-modal evidence.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["People seek status to improve their positions in groups or organizations",["15"]],["status shows both distinction from inferior groups and identification with superior groups",["16","17"]],["Status is then obtained by demonstrating knowledge of or familiarity with high status entities-individuals, products, experiences.",[]],["people seek status for both external rewards such as economic resources and social relations as well as internal rewards such as psychological and emotional well-being",["14","22","24"]],["plays an important role in people's continuous contribution",["14"]],["Status seeking is a fundamental human motive in social interactions.",[]]]},{"de":[["Variety seeking signals status by distancing oneself from provinciality, which is a mark of ignorance and lack of education, and thus a sign of lower social class",["41"]],["Both of these measures use raw counts, essentially measuring how many different categories of cultural products has the individual consumed, with no regard for how much some categories are favored or disfavored compared to others.",[]]],"rt":[["cultural omnivorousness by volume",[]]],"ex":[["Jack [44] describes how undergraduate students signal status by discussing exotic vacations that enhance the diversity and exclusivity of their perspectives.",["44"]]]},{"de":[["Thus, we operationalize this condition by the stabilization threshold in review ratings-the number of reviews needed to have a relatively stable average rating.",[]],["a foundation for crowdsourcing platforms",[]],["the stabilization threshold in review ratings-the number of reviews needed to have a relatively stable average rating",[]]],"sy":[["wisdom of crowd",[]]],"rt":[["peer pressure",[]],["herding effects",["6","8"]],["quality and credibility of crowd wisdom",["2","60"]]]},{"de":[["evaluations of a product often oscillate at the start with a few reviews, stabilizing only as reviews increase.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Fake News",[]],["hoaxes",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["lies",[]],["deception",[]],["misleading",[]],["rumors",[]],["fraud",[]]]},{"de":[["hoax information usually has the characteristics of chain letters by including sentences like \"Spread this to everyone you know; otherwise, something unpleasant will happen.\"",[]],["hoax information usually does not include the date of the event or does not have a real-time or can be verified, for example, \"yesterday\" or \"issued by...\" statements that do not show clarity.",[]],["hoax information usually does not have an expiry date on the information alert",[]],["no identifiable organization is cited as a source of information or includes the organization but is usually not linked to data.",[]],["hoax is often associated with, fake news, lies, disinformation, misinformation, deception, misleading, rumors, fraud",[]]],"sy":[["Fake News",[]],["lies",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["deception",[]],["misleading",[]],["rumors",[]],["fraud",[]],["Allcott [6] -Hoax News Defined as a deliberate and verifiable news article that can mislead readers‖",[]]],"rt":[["lies",[]],["deception",[]],["misleading",[]],["rumors",[]],["fraud",[]],["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Fake News",[]],["hoaxes",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["lies",[]],["deception",[]],["misleading",[]],["rumors",[]],["fraud",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Most existing approaches consider the hoax news problem as a classification problem that predicts whether a news article is a hoax or not.",["9"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["FND",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["Support",[]],["Query",[]],["Deny",[]],["Comment",[]]]},{"de":[["Stance detection has emerged as a crucial approach to effectively analyze underlying biases in shared information and combating misinformation.",[]],["The objective is to classify the given post into one of four categories: support, query, deny, and comment.",[]]],"rt":[["Support",[]],["Deny",[]],["Query",[]],["Comment",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["blog posts, social media, comments, reviews, articles, and forum discussions",[]],["blog posts",[]],["social media",[]],["comments",[]],["reviews",[]],["articles",[]],["forum discussions",[]]]},{"sp":[["stance detection",[]]]},{"de":[["critics bemoan the catch-all nature of the phrase, which could include anything from pure hoaxes, clickbait, deliberate political disinformation campaigns, and even outright propaganda.",[]],["the term has been used by politicians to discredit media reports unfavourable of their leadership or policies.",[]],["lies and twisted information",[]],["Not that news is fake, but the idea that the world isn't trusting journalism as much as it used to",[]]],"rt":[["information disorder",[]],["alternative facts",[]],["post-truth politics",[]]]},{"sp":[["defining functions of journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["this manifested itself in a decreased 'watchdog' role of journalism.",[]]],"sp":[["defining functions of journalism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["peripheral path",[]]],"sp":[["processing likelihood model",[]]]},{"sp":[["rumors",[]]]},{"rt":[["central path",[]]],"sp":[["processing likelihood model",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["When rumors are spread, the person sharing the information often does not know whether it is true or false.",[]],["Rumors tend to be particularly common during times of disaster (Liu et al., 2014), when people feel a need to create order, give meaning, or manage risks in ambiguous situations (Bordia & DiFonzo, 2007).",["Liu et al., 2014","Bordia & DiFonzo, 2007"]]]},{"de":[["The more ambiguous and stressful a situation is, the greater the need to interpret it, to generate a clear understanding and find ways to alleviate the feeling of ambiguity.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["This is how both the victory in the Great Patriotic War and the Great Purge can be represented in the same text;",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The concept of framing embodies a context-sensitive explanation for shifts in political beliefs and attitudes.",["Scheufele & Iyengar 2017: 619"]],["framing moves that lead to a fundamentally different interpretation of Stalin's role in history and different ideas about his support by Russians",[]],["this framing angles the initial message",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A package has an internal structure. At its core is a central organizing idea, or frame, for making sense of relevant events, suggesting what is at issue",["Gamson & Modigliani 1989: 3"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["They point to what's passed, but they motivate, involve, paralyse reflection as a relevant present",["Filippov 2005: 118"]]]},{},{"de":[["hate speech is a criminal act in the form of insults, defamation, blasphemy, unpleasant actions, provoking, inciting, and spreading false news or hoaxes",["13"]],["Criticism could be a form of hate speech if the criticism implies attacking something (an individual, race, or group).",[]],["Criticism could be a form of hate speech if the criticism implies attacking something (an individual, race, or group) [2].",["2"]],["Based on the Circular Letter of the Chief of Police Number: SE/6/X/2015 section 2f, hate speech is a criminal act in the form of insults, defamation, blasphemy, unpleasant actions, provoking, inciting, and spreading false news or hoaxes [13].",["13"]]]},{},{"de":[["It transformed discussions about immigration and refugees, particularly in digital spaces.",[]],["It affects the national identity discussion, assuming that it is increasingly shaped through virtual interactions and discourse",[]],["Unlike traditional nationalism, which relies on state-led narratives and physical boundaries, online nationalism thrives in decentralized, participatory platforms, allowing individuals to construct and amplify exclusionary ideas with unprecedented reach.",[]],["It transformed discussions about immigration and refugees, particularly in digital spaces. It affects the national identity discussion, assuming that it is increasingly shaped through virtual interactions and discourse",["(Heang, 2024;Wu et al., 2024)"]]]},{},{"de":[["These narratives often emerge in response to media framing and reflect broader societal anxieties, shifting responsibility onto governments, international organizations, local authorities, or even the refugees themselves.",[]]]},{"de":[["wherein the presence of refugees is portrayed as a menacing factor to national stability, inciting demands for resolute government intervention.",["Stenger (2023)"]]],"rt":[["online nationalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The content components identify levels of knowledge or understanding about a particular subject through the self, medium, or reality.",[]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["disinformation occurs when semantic content is erroneous.",["Floridi (1996Floridi ( , 2011)"]],["Disinformation is a type of misleading information which has the potential to spread falsehoods",["Fallis, 2015"]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]],["Disinformation is a type of misleading information which has the potential to spread falsehoods",["Fallis, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["as social media has become an integral part of daily life patterns, a means of communication, and an influencer to shape the power dynamics",["Marshall, 2017"]]]},{"sb":[["a joke",[]],["exaggeration",[]],["decontextualization",[]],["deception",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation has critical role in creating communal polarization.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sb":[["long-standing rumors staying for more extended periods",[]],["newly emerging rumors that often come in the name of breaking news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Cho et al. (2022) designed a conceptual framework for social media literacy that requires to identify its two components, content, and competencies, and understand the interrelations between them.",["Cho et al. (2022)"]]],"sb":[["content",[]],["competencies",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["frames present a central part of how individuals cognitively comprehend and file events, and as such, are an important determinant of how a news story is told, especially in times of conflicting accounts and factual uncertainty.",["Papacharissi and De Fatima Oliveira (2008: 54)"]],["Framing involves strong and emotive rhetoric that conveys a reporter's stance and serves to categorize issues (Andsager, 2000).",["Andsager, 2000"]],["Framing selects and emphasizes aspects that attract the audience's attention (Andsager, 2000;Entman, 1993).",["Andsager, 2000","Entman, 1993"]],["Papacharissi and De Fatima Oliveira (2008: 54) argue that 'frames present a central part of how individuals cognitively comprehend and file events, and as such, are an important determinant of how a news story is told, especially in times of conflicting accounts and factual uncertainty.'",["Papacharissi and De Fatima Oliveira, 2008"]],["Entman (2007: 164) notes that framing brings together 'a few elements of perceived reality and . . . assembles a narrative that highlights connections among them to promote a particular interpretation.",[]]],"rt":[["media framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["peace-oriented media",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["strategic communication",[]]]},{"rt":[["qualitative content analysis",["2012: 25","Mayring, 2000"]]]},{"rt":[["root causes",[]]]},{"de":[["the verb \"to bork\" in example (7) represents the concept \"Struggle for power\", actualing the frame slot \"Unfair practices of struggle for power\"",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["hidden meanings",[]]]},{"de":[["the mind of a recipient, who interprets intertextual information marked by precedent units and actualized in a new context, activates a cognitive structureintertextual frame -with the help of semantic or pragmatic associations.",[]],["New discourse meanings of a precedent unit or, in other words, its additional meanings, formed as a result of discourse actualisation, lead to changes in the content of the original frame of the unit and form a so called intertextual frame, consolidating intertextual knowledge and new knowledge derived from a new text.",[]]],"rt":[["semantic frames",[]],["thematic frames",[]],["stylistic ones",[]]],"sb":[["semantic frames",[]],["thematic frames",[]],["stylistic ones",[]]]},{"sb":[["lexicalised precedent names and their derivatives",[]],["precedent names as part of set expressions or figures of speech",[]],["citations",[]],["quasi-citations",[]],["specific metaphors",[]],["speech patterns",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Being a reflection of the social and cultural experience of a certain national community",[]],["precedent units form concepts stored in the \"cognitive space / cognitive domain\" of this community in the form of frames",[]]]},{"de":[["precedent units activating them have double referential meaning and name both the \"initial proprial referent and a new (non-proprial, contextual) referent\" (Spiridonov, 2014, p. 103).",["Spiridonov, 2014, p. 103"]]]},{"sp":[["intertextual frame",[]],["intertextual frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["intertextual frame",[]]]},{"sp":[["intertextual frame",[]],["intertextual frames",[]]]},{"sb":[["tragic apocalypse",[]],["comic apocalypse",[]]]},{"sp":[["apocalyptic frames",[]],["apocalyptic framing",[]],["apocalyptic rhetoric",[]]]},{"de":[["The comic assumption that human being are free actors",["p. 92"]]]},{"sb":[["water communication",[]]]},{"de":[["frames serve as specific interpretative tools that help us understand discourses on complex topics, such as water as a resource and the risk of water scarcity or (mis-)management.",[]]],"rt":[["problematization",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["problematization means to investigate how an issue is constructed as an issue, as well as how it is classified and contextualized (Deacon, 2000;Bacchi, 2012)",[]],["a fundamental concept in sustainability and environmental research, because without the problematization of an issue, there is no engagement in finding a solution.",[]],["a core process of permanent stimulation of dissent and legitimization of dominant arguments",[]],["problematization-as a core process of permanent stimulation of dissent and legitimization of dominant arguments-allows for the reflection of common knowledge or common-sense issues (Weder, 2017), as well as the development of new viewpoints and critical thinking (Crotty, 1998).",["Weder, 2017","Crotty, 1998","2017","1998"]],["Problematization thus offers a deeper understanding of framing as a process of deconstruction (problematization) and (re)construction [remedy promotion, solution orientation, normativity, with a reference to Entman (1993)].",["Entman (1993)"]]],"rt":[["sense making processes",["Weder et al. (2019a)"]],["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["As such, they serve as resources for the invention of arguments that enable people to explain otherwise terrifying or anomalous events and incorporate them into a structure of meaning. The comic assumption that human being are free actors and the tragic assumption of divinely ordained fate do not only determine the shape of historical narratives; they also serve as elements of self-definition that constrain and enable arguments for different audiences",["p. 92"]]]},{"sp":[["apocalyptic frames",[]],["apocalyptic framing",[]],["apocalyptic rhetoric",[]]]},{"sp":[["environmental communication",[]]]},{"de":[["This model is used successfully in circumstances of a need to analyse and present complex relationships between social interactions, discourse and communication media and technology of individuals, collectives and networks in physical and digital environments.",[]],["The ecological communication model is a modern model that enables researchers a holistic approach of understanding the dynamically interconnected links between social dimensions, discourse and communication technology both in the physical and digital environment.",[]],["this model turns the attention from studies directed at single communication devices or applications towards interactions among the entire ecosystem.",[]],["In fact, this model turns the attention from studies directed at single communication devices or applications towards interactions among the entire ecosystem.",[]]],"sy":[["ecological communication model",[]]]},{"de":[["journalists are more or less familiar with the term disinformation, but are lacking training on recognising information that has the character of disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["infodemic",[]]]},{"de":[["the emergence of COVID-19 and its subsequent protective measures were accompanied by a vast array of information which made it difficult to find secure sources and guidelines",[]],["the technology we rely on to keep connected and informed is enabling and amplifying an infodemic that continues to undermine the global response and jeopardizes measures to control the pandemic",["foot_2"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["health pandemics",[]],["ecological crises",[]],["humanitarian conflicts",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Agenda-setting",[]]]},{"rt":[["accessibility",[]]]},{"de":[["It contains unique effort aspects as well as deceptive loops intended to create a conspiracy.",[]]]},{"sb":[["satirical and parody news",["Tandoc et al., (2018)"]],["fabrication",["Tandoc et al., (2018)"]],["manipulation",["Tandoc et al., (2018)"]],["propaganda",["Tandoc et al., (2018)"]],["advertising",["Tandoc et al., (2018)"]]]},{},{"de":[["O\" Shaughnessy (2004) suggests that the term propaganda is \"open-ended\".",["2004"]],["when portrayed with collective consent by mainstream institutions, it does more damage.",[]],["In India, propaganda has a deep social character that it refuses to lose its efficacy.",[]],["Propaganda is far away from persuasion but closer to manipulation.",[]],["politics is about propaganda",["2008","p. 14"]],["The ideological distancing involving the separation of the decoder or observer from the activity or communication could be viewed a neutral perspective of propaganda",["Guess et al., 2020"]],["Often defined as an insidious dissemination of information, propaganda is spread through various outlets, the media being one of them.",[]],["insidious dissemination of information",[]]],"rt":[["persuasion",[]],["perception",[]],["mindset",[]],["suspicion",[]],["language",[]],["rhetoric",[]],["emotions",[]],["behaviours",[]],["disinformation narrative",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["entrenches epistemic injustice by silencing women as legitimate producers of knowledge",["Malik, 2025"]]],"sb":[["testimonial injustice",[]],["hermeneutic injustice",[]]]},{"de":[["This results in unequal social locations for certain groups, thereby shaping experiences of people within these groups (Wood, 2005).",["Wood, 2005"]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic injustice",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, women's social positions grant them distinctive standpoints from which to understand and interpret social realities.",[]],["These standpoints differ from men's opinions and are crucial for a comprehensive and equitable public discourse as they emphasize the lived experiences of women",["Lwamba et al., 2021"]]]},{"de":[["In the media and gender literature, this unequal representation has been established as an annihilation of women, one that excludes or mutes their relevance, experiences, and outputs within diverse sociocultural, political, and economic contexts (Harding 1991;Malik, 2025;Orbe, 1998;Wood, 2005).",["Harding 1991","Malik, 2025","Orbe, 1998","Wood, 2005"]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic injustice",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic injustice",["2007"]]]},{"de":[["the Swedish speakers' arrogance could imply that they see themselves as superior to the Finnish speakers and, therefore, act badly towards them",["Saukkonen 2011: 92-93"]]]},{"rt":[["whore",[]]]},{"de":[["Dehumanisation is a tool for discrimination and a pejorative term. Karen Stollznow compares dehumanisation to demonisation; both have been used by regimes, movements, and individuals to characterise an object as 'bad' or 'inferior' and, consequently, undeserving of equal rights",["Stollznow 2008: 177-178"]],["Dehumanisation is a tool for discrimination and a pejorative term.",[]],["both have been used by regimes, movements, and individuals to characterise an object as 'bad' or 'inferior' and, consequently, undeserving of equal rights",["Stollznow 2008: 177-178"]]],"rt":[["demonisation",[]]]},{"de":[["Dehumanisation is a tool for discrimination and a pejorative term.",[]],["Karen Stollznow compares dehumanisation to demonisation; both have been used by regimes, movements, and individuals to characterise an object as 'bad' or 'inferior' and, consequently, undeserving of equal rights",["Stollznow 2008: 177-178"]]],"rt":[["demonisation",["Stollznow 2008: 177-178"]]]},{},{"rt":[["dehumanisation",[]]]},{"de":[["Emotive expressions are expressive in character and the opposite of matter-of-fact statements",["Marander-Eklund 2009: 25"]],["An emotive expression does not name an emotion but may allude to the writer's own feelings about something or try to influence the intended recipient's feelings",["Hedquist 1978: 1"]],["the writer uses certain words to express and/or to provoke a certain emotion or attitude",[]],["emotive expressions often include whole sentences or passages that together create an emotionally charged statement, while on their own, they may seem neutral.",[]],["An emotive expression does not name an emotion but may allude to the writer's own feelings about something or try to influence the intended recipient's feelings.",["Hedquist 1978: 1"]]],"rt":[["emotional words",[]],["metaphors",[]]],"ex":[["words such as wonderful and brilliant are positive, while miserable and arrogant are negative -and all four of them are intense",[]],["For instance, words such as wonderful and brilliant are positive, while miserable and arrogant are negative -and all four of them are intense.",[]]]},{"rt":[["online hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily the most common pattern of masculinity in a society, but is produced through certain exemplars of masculinity, such as professional athletes, symbols of authority, even though most men and boys do not manage to completely live up to them",["Connell & Messerschmidt 2005: 846"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a means of conveying emotions",["Ahmed 2004: 11-13"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["When using the terms 'hate speech' or 'online hate speech', I will be referring to the kind of hate-mongering that takes place on the Internet, if not stated otherwise.",[]]]},{"de":[["In Ahmed's words, the expressed emotions create surfaces or boundaries between 'us' and 'them'. Emotions both circulate and stick; some people may be moved by emotion while others are branded by them",["Ahmed 2004: 10-11"]]]},{"de":[["turns the attention to what action the statement performs or consummates, not to the linguistic meaning",["Butler 1993"]]]},{},{"de":[["rejects the idea that emotions are something 'I' or 'we' have. 'Rather, it is through emotions … that surfaces or boundaries are made: the \"I\" and the \"we\" are shaped by, and even take the shape of, contact with others'",["Ahmed 2004: 10"]]]},{"de":[["a suspicious person is not to be trusted.",[]],["Casting suspicion upon a group can become an instrument for discrimination disguised as a self-protective strategy.",[]]],"rt":[["demasculinization",[]],["dehumanization",[]]],"ex":[["Naming them 'suspicious people' depicts their fear of Palestinians as a question of security rather than discrimination",["Ochs 2011: 82"]]]},{"rt":[["bitch",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["on behalf of the state",[]]]},{"de":[["its mechanism is an unexpected, often sudden clash, 'which can be between real and unreal (absurd humour), between taboo and non-taboo (e.g. sexual humour, toilet humour, aggressive humour), or between the gruesome and the innocent, the banal, or even the cheerful'",["Kuipers, 2005: 456"]],["Humour's semantic ambiguity can promote self-critique and reflection, creating bonds between states.",[]],["humour can also establish a sense of superiority and serve as a political weapon to defend a particular version of national Self against criticism from within or outside.",[]],["humour is frequently used to articulate what is seldom stated directly -to manage misrecognition -and deal with taboos, the analysis of humourous practices provides us with important insights into the mechanisms of identification and conflict in international relations.",[]],["In other words, humour occurs when two ideas or events, that are usually considered incompatible, are juxtaposed, shifting in perspective from seriousness to play (Kuipers, 2008).",["2008"]]],"rt":[["gapstitching",[]]],"sb":[["absurd humour",[]],["sexual humour",[]],["toilet humour",[]],["aggressive humour",[]]]},{"de":[["humour offers an important way of coping with misrecognition by ridiculing and thereby downplaying international criticism.",[]],["misrecognition only becomes politically salient when it is publically articulated as a specific discourse of misrecognition, drawing on a multitude of unarticulated and ambiguous individual experiences.",[]]]},{"de":[["it is when they feel unfairly treated -or misrecognised -that they insist on getting the treatment they feel entitled to.",[]],["misrecognition only becomes politically salient when it is publically articulated as a specific discourse of misrecognition, drawing on a multitude of unarticulated and ambiguous individual experiences.",[]]],"sy":[["méconnaissance",[]]],"rt":[["stigma management",[]]]},{},{"de":[["foreign policies rely upon representations of identity, but it is also through the formulation of foreign policy that identities are produced and reproduced",["Hansen, 2006: 1"]]],"rt":[["foreign policy",[]],["public diplomacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["public diplomacy can be seen as a deradicalising form of foreign policy discourse.",[]],["the attempt to fight misrecognition and gain acceptance through public diplomacy does not necessarily 'smoothen' national characteristics or elude radical differentiations",[]],["Understood as 'direct communication with foreign publics, with the aim of affecting their thinking, and ultimately, that of their government' (Malone, 1985: 199)",["199"]]],"rt":[["peer-to-peer public diplomacy",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["disparagement",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["recognition",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The full truth of the Other is ultimately lost behind the face or between the features and expressions it presents to us",[]],["the face as a material component of the body … is never fully fixed, grasped or possessed by the viewer of that face",["Black, 2011, p. 21"]]]},{"de":[["the product, remainder, leftover, scraps of this process of symbolization, the remnants, the excess which escapes symbolization and is as such produced by the symbolization itself",[]],["the Real is simultaneously presupposed and posed by the symbolic",[]],["the Real is at the same time the product, remainder, leftover, scraps of this process of symbolization, the remnants, the excess which escapes symbolization and is as such produced by the symbolization itself.",["p. 191"]]]},{"de":[["studies of whiteness have asserted that White people do not see themselves as 'raced', yet enjoy privileges as a result of their whiteness",[]]]},{"de":[["with crisis framing often directing attention to immediate dangers while overshadowing long-term solutions.",[]],["with crisis framing often directing attention to immediate dangers while overshadowing long-term solutions",[]]]},{"de":[["Key terms such as \"emergency,\" \"point of no return,\" and \"catastrophic consequences\" are commonly used to portray climate change as an immediate and critical threat.",[]],["aligning with advocacy goals to raise awareness about the severity of climate change",[]],["Articles often focus on the urgent need for action, invoking fear and a sense of impending disaster.",[]],["while the frame effectively conveys the magnitude of the issue, it risks overwhelming audiences if not paired with actionable pathways.",[]]],"ex":[["Terms like \"climate emergency\" or \"crisis\" suggest a need for immediate, drastic action.",[]],["The climate crisis is real",[]],["We're in the midst of a crisis",[]]]},{"de":[["By combining insights from critical discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, this approach looks at how discourse not only reflects but also constructs social reality (van Dijk, 2008).",["van Dijk, 2008"]]],"rt":[["critical discourse analysis",[]],["cognitive linguistics",[]]]},{"de":[["Cognitive CDA combines critical discourse analysis (CDA) and cognitive linguistics to explore how linguistic patterns reflect and construct shared mental models, known as cognitive frames.",[]],["The Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework consists of three analytical dimensions: textual analysis, cognitive analysis, and contextual analysis.",[]],["By combining insights from critical discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, this approach looks at how discourse not only reflects but also constructs social reality",["van Dijk, 2008"]]],"rt":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",[]],["cognitive linguistics",[]],["critical discourse analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames are constructed through language and cultural norms, influencing how issues are understood and prioritized.",[]],["These frames guide how individuals perceive, process, and act on information, making them a crucial element in climate change communication.",[]],["In climate change discourse, frames simplify the complexity of this multifaceted issue by condensing scientific, economic, and ethical dimensions into digestible narratives.",[]],["Frames are mental models that emphasize some parts of reality while downplaying others, affecting how people think, feel, and act",["Lakoff, 2010"]]],"rt":[["mental models",[]]]},{"de":[["Cognitive linguistics provides tools to analyze how language shapes are thought through key concepts such as conceptual metaphors, mental schemas, and attentional biases.",[]]]},{"de":[["Cognitive linguistics places a strong emphasis on how mental schemas and conceptual metaphors influence how people think",["Lakoff & Johnson, 1980"]]]},{},{"de":[["crisis frames evoke a sense of urgency, they run the risk of encouraging eco-anxiety and inaction if they are not backed by workable answers.",[]]],"sy":[["climate crisis",[]]],"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"de":[["According to Van Dijk (2008), discourse both creates and reflects social reality, supporting or contradicting prevailing ideas.",["Van Dijk (2008)"]],["CDA shows how frames represent conflicting interests, like political ideologies or corporate profit objectives, in the context of climate change.",[]],["According to Van Dijk (2008), discourse both creates and reflects social reality, supporting or contradicting prevailing ideas. CDA shows how frames represent conflicting interests, like political ideologies or corporate profit objectives, in the context of climate change.",["van Dijk, 2008"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The intensity of the language may induce feelings of helplessness or eco-anxiety",[]]],"sy":[["feelings of helplessness",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These mechanisms include conceptual metaphors, mental schemas and attentional biases that shape how individuals and societies engage with climate issues.",[]],["Frames were defined as recurring themes or perspectives used to present climate change issues.",[]]],"sb":[["crisis frame",[]],["opportunity frame",[]],["natural disaster",[]],["sustainable development",[]],["green transition",[]],["sensationalist frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Cognitive linguistics places a strong emphasis on how mental schemas and conceptual metaphors influence how people think",["Lakoff & Johnson, 1980"]]]},{"de":[["often appealing to audiences through empathy.",[]],["By showing the destruction wrought by natural disasters, this frame emphasizes the need for emergency responses and preparedness.",[]],["helps to build empathy, encouraging people to support disaster relief efforts, advocacy for adaptation strategies, and insurance for climate-related damage.",[]],["calls attention to the importance of disaster preparedness and response.",[]],["serves to humanize the issue, making it more relatable to the public by showcasing the real-world consequences of climate change",[]],["This approach serves to humanize the issue, making it more relatable to the public by showcasing the real-world consequences of climate change.",[]]],"ex":[["floods",[]],["wildfires",[]],["extreme weather",[]],["Droughts",[]],["Displacement",[]],["destruction",[]],["Media coverage of wildfires or hurricanes to highlight the consequences of climate change",[]],["During the 2019 Australian bushfires, the use of the Natural Disaster frame highlighted the immediate destruction and need for relief.",[]]]},{"de":[["opportunity frames that emphasize innovation and economic growth can inspire support from realistic audiences like company executives and legislators.",[]]],"sy":[["economic opportunity",[]]],"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["exclusion",[]],["inclusion",[]]]},{"de":[["using framing, media influence public opinion and public agenda.",[]],["The editorial office can manifest its own attitude (Figure 5) to the expressed propositions using a variety of techniques: framing the attitude in the title and lead, adding a suggestive illustration, putting the interviewee supportive or challenging questions or reminding about the unacceptability of racist statements.",[]]]},{"de":[["using framing, media influence public opinion and public agenda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A look at the camera symbolises awareness of the presence of the observer/photographer.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the dominating mitigation strategy turned out to be the political elite's incompetence resolving the refugee crisis (41%).",[]]]},{"de":[["it helps to depict asylum seekers as deviant and outside of the normal realms of society (Cohen, 1973)",["Cohen, 1973"]],["To emphasize the threat caused by asylum seekers to societies",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["men in chaotically filmed crowd were typical for this cluster of pictures",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["appeal to expert opinion, argument from popular opinion, from analogy, from commitments, from ignorance, ad hominem arguments",[]]]},{},{"de":[["media, for the most part, reflect the position held by the government, and are not trying to reveal the complex reality behind it.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Topoi point at the place where the conclusion is to be drawn from.",[]],["In other words, topoi are the contexts in which the audience is expected to make sense of the mentioned arguments.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["bomb throwers",["Javed, 1998"]],["portrait of anti portrait",["Saeed, 2003"]]]},{"de":[["as it can be said that cartoons are the chronicle of the current history",[]],["It is a unique form of communication which edges on the verge of fine art",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["political cartoons as an entertainment functions possess the ability to make readers laugh at difference scenarios and personalities.",[]],["political cartoons as aggression reduction functions provide readers a place of catharsis and avenue to reduce their frustration and annoyance regarding certain situations.",[]],["political cartoons as agenda setting functions set a stance in amusing manner.",[]],["political cartoons as framing functions provide specific frames about a certain issues in limited space and single configurations.",[]],["political cartoons are considered as \"both opinion-molding and opinion -reflecting\"",["Caswell (2004)"]],["Some scholars see the genre of political cartoons as an important medium of formation and building of public opinion on salient political and social issues",[]],["cartoon communication is used for government propaganda, public catharsis, publicity stunt, or instructional aid",[]],["source of opinion and image building",[]]],"rt":[["social comment cartoons",["Treanor & Mateas, 2009"]],["proper political cartoons",["Treanor & Mateas, 2009"]]],"sb":[["entertainment functions",["DeSousa & Medhurst, 1982"]],["aggression reduction functions",["DeSousa & Medhurst, 1982"]],["agenda setting functions",["DeSousa & Medhurst, 1982"]],["framing functions",["DeSousa & Medhurst, 1982"]]]},{"de":[["They have to realize the real essence of the functions of mass media.",[]],["They are responsible to raise the voices of the pubic and to disseminate the unbiased and objective facts and realities prior to their personal and organizational interests.",[]],["It is a matter of self regulation.",[]],["The theory has major premise: freedom carries concomitant obligations; and the press which enjoys a privileged position…, is obliged to be responsible to society for carrying out certain essential functions of mass communication in contemporary society",["Gunaratne & Hasim, 1996, p.103","Gunaratne & Hasim, 1996"]]],"sp":[["libertarian theory",[]]]},{"de":[["The key constructs of the theory include: sources of information, contents, media that is used to communicate the information, and how these interact to either amplify or attenuate the individual perception of risk and subsequent behavior.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["People use social media as an alternative source for evidence-based information on health",[]],["These same social media could also be used to spread myth, misconceptions and misinformation",[]],["social media has been identified as a possible place to conduct rumor surveillance in public health which can hinder the uptake and impact of health intervention",["Fung et al., 2015","Joshi et al., 2020"]]],"ex":[["Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram",[]],["Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram are popular and broadly used examples of these participative platforms",[]],["Facebook",[]],["Twitter",[]],["WhatsApp",[]],["Telegram",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["zero-shot stance detection in English, where evaluation is on topics not seen during training",[]],["is crucial for developing widely applicable stance models.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the author clarifies that framing is selecting some aspects of an interpreted reality and highlighting them in a communicative text in order to promote (a) problem definition -determining what a causal agent is doing, with what costs and benefits; (b) causal interpretation -identifying the forces that create the problem; (c) moral evaluation -assessing causal agents and their effects; and/or (d) solution indication -presenting and justifying solutions to problems and predicting their likely effects (Entman, 1993).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the media agenda as it is \"a hierarchised list of matters (themes, issues, problems), characters, actions, positions (of sources, for example), of decisions worthy of the media stage and spotlight\" (Belim, 2014, p. 128)",[]]]},{"rt":[["validation",[]],["widening of parameters",[]]]},{"de":[["assuming the logic that it exists if the protest is represented in the media",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus, the authors refer to the transparency of the procedures that guide the organisation of the analysis material into categories so that the analyst's personal bias has the least possible impact on the process.",[]]]},{"de":[["this phenomenon encompasses a pattern of news creation that focuses on the most violent aspects of protests: it describes them in a similar style used in crime news, emphasises the protesters' ignorance, characterises the protests as ineffectual, focuses on the dramatic aspects of the protests while ignoring the underlying cause, invokes public opinion against the demonstrations and prioritises sources that support the government",["McLeod & Hertog, 1998","1998"]],["(a) emphasis on violence; (b) exclusion of protesters' voices; (c) sharing of testimonies primarily critical of the protests.",["Lee (2014)"]],["The protest paradigm is a framework that media scholars have used to understand the specific types of framing that news media often use to undermine legitimacy, obscure the social/political concerns of a protest, or both.",[]]],"ex":[["Formulated after the study of the Golden Jubilee School protests in Hong Kong in the late 1970s, this phenomenon encompasses a pattern of news creation that focuses on the most violent aspects of protests: it describes them in a similar style used in crime news, emphasises the protesters' ignorance, characterises the protests as ineffectual, focuses on the dramatic aspects of the protests while ignoring the underlying cause, invokes public opinion against the demonstrations and prioritises sources that support the government (McLeod & Hertog, 1998).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In Hall (2009), representation is the process by which members of a culture use language to produce meaning (pp. 60-61).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["where, for example, a government presented as \"resisting the protesters\" is seen as \"good\" and a government presented as \"threatening the students\" is interpreted as \"evil\"",["Kobland et al., 1992"]]]},{"rt":[["mobilisation",[]],["widening of parameters",[]]]},{"rt":[["mobilisation",[]],["validation",[]]]},{"sy":[["偏见歧视",[]]],"sp":[["safety adherence",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["headline generation",[]],["summarization",[]],["continuation of writing",[]],["expansion of writing",[]],["style refinement",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["传播责任",[]]],"sp":[["safety adherence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Together, the protocol took a holistic approach to evaluating journalistic writing, adherence to journalistic principles, and the capacity to meet editorial directives.",[]]],"sb":[["language fluency",[]],["logical coherence",[]],["style alignment",[]],["instruction fulfilment",[]],["Instruction Fulfillment",[]]]},{"rt":[["journalistic writing proficiency",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic writing proficiency (JWP)",[]],["journalistic writing proficiency",[]]]},{"sp":[["safety adherence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This concept is expanded into four key principles by the Society of Professional Journalists: seeking truth, minimizing harm, acting independently, and being accountable.",[]]]},{"sb":[["civil language",[]],["bias and discrimination",[]],["personal privacy",[]],["social harm",[]],["journalistic ethics",[]],["illegal activities",[]],["Civil Language (CIVIL)",[]],["Bias and Discrimination (BIAS&DIS)",[]],["Personal Privacy (PRIVACY)",[]],["Social Harm (SOCIAL)",[]],["Journalistic Ethics (ETHICS)",[]],["Illegal Activities (ILLEGAL)",[]]]},{"sp":[["safety adherence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Conciseness means using the most economical words to express the richest content, adapting to the characteristics of news reporting which requires brief and timely articles.",[]],["Accuracy means being true to the factual nature of things, appropriately measured without exaggeration or understatement.",[]],["Understandability means being as clear as conversation, making it \"easy for all readers, from scholars to those with lower educational levels or limited intelligence, to comprehend.",[]]],"rt":[["journalistic writing proficiency",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic writing proficiency (JWP)",[]],["journalistic writing proficiency",[]]]},{"de":[["Conciseness means using the most economical words to express the richest content, adapting to the characteristics of news reporting which requires brief and timely articles.",[]],["Accuracy means being true to the factual nature of things, appropriately measured without exaggeration or understatement.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This strategy amplifies selection biases by restricting access to different perspectives or factual information.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["digital natives",[]]]},{"de":[["Such content typically aligns with users' existing beliefs, restricting the variety of information they interact with.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the dependence on self-reported responses through a questionnaire can create biases",[]]]},{"de":[["One of the key aspects of social networking algorithms is their ability to analyze user behavior and preferences.",[]]],"sy":[["social networking algorithms",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This limits engagement with varied or opposing perspectives, increasing selection bias.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This type of content frequently includes false information, biased information, and data that is provided without considering its full context.",[]],["It is made to mislead readers and contains verified information. Researchers refer to publications that purposely publish hoaxes, propaganda, and other false material and propagate on social media as fake news.",[]]],"sy":[["false news",["34"]]],"rt":[["hoaxes",[]],["propaganda",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["Articles with entirely false news that the author created.",[]],["Write Satirical news with the audience's enjoyment in mind.",[]],["articles that are inaccurately written and contain some true news. Specifically created to advance a cause or sway opinion",["33"]],["1. Articles with entirely false news that the author created.",[]],["2. Write Satirical news with the audience's enjoyment in mind.",[]],["3. articles that are inaccurately written and contain some true news. Specifically created to advance a cause or sway opinion [33].",["33"]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["Absorbable settlement demands",[]],["Unabsorbable settlement demands",[]],["Absorbable mobilization demands",[]],["Unabsorbable mobilization demands",[]]],"ex":[["a demand for increased wages",[]]]},{"ex":[["a demand for increased wages",["654"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["expressing distrust and disappointment in the union negotiators and instead calling for general strikes in order to achieve bargaining gains",[]],["expressing distrust and disappointment in the union negotiators and instead calling for general strikes in order to achieve bargaining gains.",[]]],"rt":[["logic of settlement",[]],["settlement logic",[]]],"sb":[["soft logic of mobilization",[]]],"sp":[["politico-communicative logics",[]]]},{"de":[["a demand for employer-employee cooperation",[]]],"rt":[["logic of mobilization",[]]],"sp":[["politico-communicative logics",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["logic of mobilization",[]],["logic of settlement",[]]]},{},{"de":[["also served the union bureaucracy and more traditional channels of communication between shop stewards and members at the workplace",[]]]},{"rt":[["logic of settlement",[]]]},{"ex":[["Strikes, for example, are heavily regulated in the current Danish model of bargaining.",[]],["Syndicalist grassroots calling for wildcat strikes may challenge the trade unions' ability to reach a compromise with employers in collective bargaining rounds.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["\"security-politics\"",[]],["\"human-interest/emotion\"",[]],["\"economic-cooperation\"",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A nation's image is a strategic asset shaped by diplomacy, media, and culture (Anholt, 2006).",["2006"]]]},{},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["Two key elements of the term disinformation can be distinguished: the truthfulness of the content and the intent of the information provider.",[]],["In most cases, the content is partially truthful, and in some cases, it is not yet clear what exactly the truthful information is.",[]],["there is an element of intent to deceive recipients, which is certainly diffi cult to prove.",[]],["Another element is the intent to deliberately deceive the public",[]],["one key element of disinformation has found its place in the balancing rights test: information veracity.",[]],["the content is presented and disseminated to deceive the public intentionally",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["mis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]],["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["politicians o en devalue undesirable content just by using the term fake news. erefore, the term fake news bears more contempt as it is o en used to initially discredit the information.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["is taken into account, but as a factor that diminishes the relevance of the content to the public interest.",[]]],"rt":[["dis-information",[]],["mis-information",[]],["information disorder",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"rt":[["dis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]],["information disorder",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["any interference with the right to this type of expression must be examined with due care",["Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria, 2007: 33"]]]},{},{"de":[["These transformations can undermine current systems by advocating alternatives that challenge the status quo, such as how degrowth movements advocate for reducing production and consumption, which is against a central tenet of capitalism",["O'Brien et al. 2018"]]],"sp":[["dissent",[]]],"ex":[["how degrowth movements advocate for reducing production and consumption, which is against a central tenet of capitalism",["O'Brien et al. 2018"]],["degrowth movements advocate for reducing production and consumption, which is against a central tenet of capitalism",["O'Brien et al. 2018"]]]},{},{"de":[["protestors' preferred utilization of disruptive dissent to maximize media exposure and be able to freely express their dissent outside of existing institutions.",[]],["Disruptive dissent is effective in advocating for justice and equity in climate change and highlighting its anthropogenic causes, but the critiques presented can lead to a polarization of the climate change debate, leading to a rise of antagonism against climate activists that can constrain their agency",["O'Brien et al., 2018","Bergmann and Ossewaarde 2020","O'Brien et al., 2018; Bergmann and Ossewaarde 2020"]],["The use of disruptive dissent was portrayed by media as an opportunity for young people to boycott schools and universities, instead choosing to mobilize at protests through organizations such as School Strike 4 Climate to challenge and critique political inaction on climate change.",[]]],"sp":[["dissent",[]]]},{"de":[["This type of dissent is considered useful when indi-viduals are directly involved with those in influential structures to advocate for change, such as through open forums with politicians and policymakers, but difficulties can arise as deeper issues with the political structures are not challenged, risking the depoliticization of climate action",["O'Brien et al. 2018"]]],"sp":[["dissent",[]]]},{"rt":[["thematic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can empower young people to engage in active citizenship, which helps foster positive coping behaviors and demonstrates their agency in articulating goals and agendas for the world in which they want to live",["Gibbs et al. 2013","Gislason, Kennedy, and Witham 2021"]],["can also increase their engagement in socio-political issues and develop their capacity as leaders and community builders, which was associated with enhanced organizational capacity and continued engagement in collective action",["Checkoway and Aldana 2013","Narksompong and Limjirakan 2015"]]]},{"de":[["attitude importance reflects a belief about the significance of an attitude for oneself and forms part of one's self-concept",["39"]],["This subjective judgment is thought to be independent of notions of descriptive or prescriptive importance (i.e., what attitudes most people attribute significance to or what is the right attitude to attribute significance to).",[]],["commonly assessed by asking participants how concerned they are about a specific issue, rather than how much they care about their attitudes on this issue",["15"]]],"rt":[["prescriptive importance",[]],["attitude strength",[]]]},{},{"de":[["traits that humans share with animals (i.e., dehumanization: calm, curious, inflexible, unsophisticated).",[]]],"rt":[["stereotyping",["48"]]],"ex":[["calm",[]],["curious",[]],["inflexible",[]],["unsophisticated",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["I would not want to work with . . .",[]],["I would not want to live near . . .",[]],["I would want to be friends with . . .",[]],["I would never be willing to date . . .",[]]]},{"de":[["person-first language is expected to ensure that addictive behavior, in this example, is viewed as just one of many actions that shape the person's identity",["5","19"]],["In avoiding essentialization, it is indicated that the stigmatized characteristic or behavior can be changed",["6"]],["separating a person from, for instance, their smoking behavior",[]],["person-first language is expected to attenuate stigmatizing views (and behavior) such that different, more humanizing outgroup attitudes (and actions) are adopted.",[]],["In avoiding essentialization, it is indicated that the stigmatized characteristic or behavior can be changed [6].",["6"]]],"sy":[["person-centered",[]]],"rt":[["identity-first language",[]]],"ex":[["person with autism",[]],["person who was formerly incarcerated",[]],["a person with an addiction",["7"]]]},{"ex":[["knowledgeable",[]],["open-minded",[]],["arrogant",[]],["controlling",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Donald Trump",[]],["a vaccine",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["it may not be regulated as it is entirely protected by the First Amendment.",[]]],"rt":[["advocacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["defamation",[]]]},{"de":[["it loses First Amendment protection only in the narrowest, most dangerous situations.",[]]],"rt":[["abstract discussion",[]]]},{"de":[["it not only seeks to rehabilitate the perpetrators of the crimes, but also disrupts public order and suggests the victims themselves are lying",["64"]]],"sy":[["racial defamation",[]]],"ex":[["denying historical events that constituted genocide and crimes against humanity, or asserting facts that are in conflict with historical events that constituted genocide and crimes against humanity",["63"]]]},{},{"de":[["expression that is disconnected from the discussion of matters of public concern",[]],["has so little social value that it does not contribute to the debate on public issues",[]],["Statements that tend to arouse a movement of opinion toward intolerance are beyond the reach of Article 10's protection.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Deep fake detection is a classification problem where classifiers detect all tempered and genuine videos.",[]],["The concept of deepfake is super realistic, high in pervasive, providing authenticity of images or videos in trustworthiness has become a challenging task.",[]]],"sy":[["deepfakes",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Manipulating the face",[]]]},{"sp":[["Manipulating the face",[]]]},{"rt":[["identity exchange",[]],["expression exchange",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fake news detection",[]]]},{"sb":[["Contentonly methods",[]],["Social context-based methods",[]]]},{"ex":[["review classification (Huang and Paul, 2019), named entity recognition (Rijhwani and Preotiuc-Pietro, 2020), and air quality prediction (Du et al., 2021).",["Huang and Paul, 2019","Rijhwani and Preotiuc-Pietro, 2020","Du et al., 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["The information present in these headlines creates suspense and can tease users by containing exaggerate information than actual content.",[]]],"ex":[["\"Only the people with an IQ above 160 can solve these questions. Are you one of them? Click to find out…\"",[]]]},{"de":[["The information present in these headlines creates suspense and can tease users by containing exaggerate information than actual content.",[]]]},{"de":[["Clickbaits are used to tempted visitors to click on a particular link either to monetize the landing page or to spread the false news for sensationalization.",[]]]},{"de":[["Headlines have a different structure but same text as normal headlines.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This model implies a hierarchy between biomedical professionals and others, and information is presented as factual.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Celebrities might have fallen ill and become exposed to mental health issues, or their previous experiences of a mental health disorder were mentioned. The story would have no news value without the celebrity focus",[]],["Mental health is also framed as an individual issue through patient/consumer/lifestyle, experience, and celebrity frames.",[]]],"sp":[["individual issue",[]],["narrative frames",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The crime frame is often associated with violence and presents a person with mental health issues as deviant (although some exceptions exist). The crime frame can also be related to mental health failure, either at the individual level (the offender lost control) or at the societal level (police or the health sector failed to help a person with mental health issues).",[]],["This indicates that VG.no and NRK.no can create stigma towards people with mental health issues, as such coverage has been proven to cause public fear and misconceptions about mental health illness",["Wahl, 2003"]],["The crime frame is often associated with violence and presents a person with mental health issues as deviant (although some exceptions exist).",["4"]],["The crime frame can also be related to mental health failure, either at the individual level (the offender lost control) or at the societal level (police or the health sector failed to help a person with mental health issues).",["4"]]],"sp":[["narrative frames",[]],["framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Positive mental health stories give hope or comfort or create empathy and an understanding of mental health issues.",[]],["Mental health is also framed as an individual issue through patient/consumer/lifestyle, experience, and celebrity frames.",[]]],"sp":[["individual issue",[]],["narrative frames",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames select certain aspects of reality and \"hide\" others.",[]]],"sy":[["framing theory",[]],["frames",[]]],"sb":[["Social awareness frame",[]],["Patient/consumer/lifestyle frame",[]],["Celebrity frame",[]],["Experience frame",[]],["Crime frame",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Their stories could challenge the notion of having a blemished character, as such stories create an understanding of identification, which contributes to destigmatising mental health issues.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["even though the normalisation of mental health is not defined, research has shown that for mental health to become more normalised in the news, the aforementioned qualities should be present. The number of stories connecting crime to mental health and other negative portrayals should be lower, and people with mental health issues should be present in news stories and define their own experiences. However, mental health should not be presented solely as an individual responsibility.",[]],["This is because these perspectives present the topic from both bottom-up and top-down perspectives, which allows for different arguments, subjective feelings, personal experience, and logical arguments.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["While medical experts can provide knowledge or advice, the individual is the agent of action, and the journalist often takes on the adviser role. This frame is associated with service journalism and neoliberalism, focusing on the individual rather than external factors such as society and democratic processes",["Briggs & Hallin, 2016","Hågvar & Alnæs, 2020"]],["Therefore, the text is usually organised around how individuals first notice their mental health problems and learn to live with or resolve them. While medical experts can provide knowledge or advice, the individual is the agent of action, and the journalist often takes on the adviser role. This frame is associated with service journalism and neoliberalism, focusing on the individual rather than external factors such as society and democratic processes",[]],["Mental health is also framed as an individual issue through patient/consumer/lifestyle, experience, and celebrity frames.",[]],["News texts provide the audience with tips and tricks to optimise their mental health (patient/consumer/lifestyle frame).",[]]],"sp":[["individual issue",[]],["narrative frames",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"sy":[["internal stigma",[]]],"ex":[["people with such issues are afraid to \"show\" their perceived stigmatised characteristics to the extent that they avoid seeking professional help or support from their families",["Bengs et al., 2008","Schomerus et al., 2009"]]]},{"de":[["Governments or other authorities are generally seen as responsible for mental health; authorities are questioned and/or mental health news of societal interest may be portrayed.",[]],["In social awareness texts, journalists, and/or sources seek to expose, explain, or improve mental health by examining political discussions in the health sector and holding authorities responsible.",[]]],"sp":[["narrative frames",[]],["framing",[]]],"ex":[["Case stories are familiar in this frame, and individuals are often seen as victims of repressive structures or as \"activist heroes fighting back\"",["Briggs & Hallin, 2016","Hågvar & Alnæs, 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These rights are only fully put into action when the public available information is not manipulated according to some interest, public or private",["Dias, 2017, p. 172"]]]},{"de":[["prohibiting the flow of divergent positions",[]],["prepares \"the terrain to the spread of fake news in an undemocratizing information process\"",["Solano Gallego, 2018"]]]},{},{"de":[["making the distinction between right or wrong, true or false harder",[]],["making the distinction between right or wrong, true or false harder, thus creating the intellectual proletariat.",[]]],"ex":[["creating the intellectual proletariat",[]]]},{},{"de":[["by means of it, citizens can inform and be informed about propositions, ideas, projects and programs from parties and candidates, allowing the adopting of opinions regarding their choices.",[]]],"rt":[["freedom of speech",[]]]},{"de":[["derive from high technology end obscuring what they, in fact, are: speculative models of the future.",[]]]},{"de":[["allows for the ethical revival of the responsible and reciprocal practice of democracy.",["Perez Luño, 2014"]]],"rt":[["risk of manipulation",["Perez Luño, 2014"]],["commodification of the public area",["Perez Luño, 2014"]],["impoverishment in the making of rules",["Perez Luño, 2014"]],["individualism",["Perez Luño, 2014"]],["emptying of communal values",["Perez Luño, 2014"]],["invasion of privacy",["Perez Luño, 2014"]],["cybercrime",["Perez Luño, 2014"]]]},{},{"de":[["a special diversity in mews presentation, when it is difficult to distinguish the important from the unimportant, when the visual dominates the verbal.",[]]],"rt":[["information pollution",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Hype is often fueled by disproportionate media coverage, speculative behavior, or investor overreaction to news.",[]]],"ex":[["Media Coverage: A significant spike in the volume of news articles, social media mentions, or other sources of information about a specific stock or sector compared to its baseline or relative importance.",[]],["Market Over Reactions: Corresponding anomalies in price movement and volatility, such as sharp increases or dramatic swings, that deviate from historical patterns.",[]],["Imbalance in Representation: Evidence of over or underrepresentation in news coverage compared to the stock's weight in its sector (e.g., market capitalization).",[]]]},{"ex":[["Media Coverage: A significant spike in the volume of news articles, social media mentions, or other sources of information about a specific stock or sector compared to its baseline or relative importance.",[]],["Market Over Reactions: Corresponding anomalies in price movement and volatility, such as sharp increases or dramatic swings, that deviate from historical patterns.",[]],["Imbalance in Representation: Evidence of over or underrepresentation in news coverage compared to the stock's weight in its sector (e.g., market capitalization).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["potentially distorting the sentiment analysis for the entire sector.",[]],["For instance, major companies like Nvidia tend to dominate media attention, potentially distorting the sentiment analysis for the entire sector.",[]]],"ex":[["For instance, major companies like Nvidia tend to dominate media attention, potentially distorting the sentiment analysis for the entire sector.",[]],["major companies like Nvidia tend to dominate media attention, potentially distorting the sentiment analysis for the entire sector.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is typically measured using computational methods such as dictionary-based approaches or ML models.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Natural Language Processing (NLP)",[]]]},{"de":[["older events carry less influence but some persistence.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["how news management lacking neutrality shapes information by emphasizing positive or negative aspects purposefully",["Jowett and O'Donnell 2012, p. 1"]],["Propaganda uses psychological and rhetorical techniques that are intended to go unnoticed to achieve maximum effect.",[]],["how news management lacking neutrality shapes information by emphasizing positive or negative aspects purposefully (Jowett and O'Donnell 2012, p. 1).",["Jowett and O'Donnell 2012, p. 1"]]]},{"de":[["national hegemony is not only advanced through overtly violent forms of nationalism-such as chauvinism and fascism-but also through more subtle, everyday expressions of nationalism, which often go unnoticed",[]],["The ideological habits, by which \"our\" nations are reproduced as nations, are unnamed and, thereby, unnoticed.",["Billig 6"]]],"rt":[["ethnocentric discourse",[]],["hegemony",[]]]},{},{"de":[["hegemonic irredentist and, in fact, nationalistic ideal",[]]]},{"de":[["Like Said, Billig draws on the foundational concept of hegemony, as formulated by Antonio Gramsci.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is made up of three basic elements: a vast corpus of texts-including literary works, political treatises, scientific writings, and personal memoirs-that collectively constructed the East as an exotic, primitive, deceptive, and underdeveloped realm; a systematic and seemingly rational, yet fundamentally ideological, Western hegemony over the peoples of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the so-called Middle East; and a coordinated effort by the major European colonial powers to assert both hard and soft diplomatic control over these regions.",[]],["the very power and scope of Orientalism produced not only a fair amount of exact positive knowledge about the Orient but also a kind of second-order knowledge-lurking in such places as the \"Oriental\" tale, the mythology of the mysterious East, notions of Asian inscrutability",[]]],"rt":[["Orientalist perspective",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These representations reflect what Edward Said describes as \"the broadly imperialist view of the world,\" characteristic of Orientalism (Said 15), and they also align with the commodified, ahistorical lens of mass tourism.",["Said 15"]]]},{},{"ex":[["UN Secretary-General, European, Arab, Chinese leaders, and any political figures",[]]]},{"de":[["e.g., focusing on the underlying causes and potential solutions, highlighting the human cost, emphasising the suffering of civilians, promoting dialogue, reconciliation, and conflict resolution, and encouraging journalists to be critical of official narratives and to question the motives and actions of all parties involved in the conflict.",[]],["Peace journalism also seeks to create a more informed public by presenting a broader perspective on conflicts (Ha et al. 2020), giving a voice to marginalised or underrepresented groups, and promoting understanding and empathy (Shin & Biocca 2018).",["Ha et al. 2020","Shin & Biocca 2018"]],["negotiate an end to the conflict/war between the two",[]],["It does not mean avoiding reporting on conflict, but rather reporting on conflicts in a way that helps reduce violence and contributes to peacebuilding efforts (Neumann & Fahmy 2012).",["Neumann & Fahmy 2012"]],["The latter aims to provide a more balanced and constructive view of conflicts, e.g., focusing on the underlying causes and potential solutions, highlighting the human cost, emphasising the suffering of civilians, promoting dialogue, reconciliation, and conflict resolution, and encouraging journalists to be critical of official narratives and to question the motives and actions of all parties involved in the conflict.",[]]],"rt":[["protestors",[]],["negotiators",[]],["negotiator and protester roles",[]],["negotiator",[]],["protestor",[]]],"sp":[["peace and war journalism",[]]]},{"ex":[["protesters in Europe, Asia",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This representation can greatly influence public perception and understanding of the conflict, as well as shape opinions and emotions related to it",["(Fahmy & Neumann 2012)","Fahmy & Neumann 2012"]],["This representation can greatly influence public perception and understanding of the conflict, as well as shape opinions and emotions related to it (Fahmy & Neumann 2012).",["Fahmy & Neumann 2012"]]]},{"de":[["e.g., the immediate events and confrontations and the escalation of conflicts by sensationalising violence, it highlights divisions and differences between parties involved in the conflict and may overlook potential solutions or paths to peace.",[]],["portrays military action, conflict escalation, and armed forces engaged in combat",[]]],"rt":[["victims",[]],["warriors",[]],["warrior",[]],["victim",[]]],"sp":[["peace and war journalism",[]]]},{"ex":[["volunteers on both sides, military leaders on both sides, pro-war protesters, or throwing stones at embassies",[]]]},{"sp":[["Web structure",[]]]},{"sp":[["Web structure",[]]]},{"de":[["Filtering is important in order to collect more specific web content and remove unwanted or duplicated content.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Web contents",[]]]},{"de":[["A selective approach is best if the numbers of websites to be archived are very large or the archiving process is targeting the entire WWW and wants to narrow down the scope by identifying the resources in which the archivists are more interested.",[]]],"sb":[["Selective approach based on criteria",[]],["Selective approach based on event",[]]]},{"sp":[["Selective approach",[]]],"ex":[["websites that address national or international important events, e.g., disasters, elections, and the football world cup, etc.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Web contents",[]]]},{"ex":[["the Archipol archive of Dutch political websites",["10"]],["the Digital Archive for Chinese Studies (DACHS) archive",["11"]],["Minerva by the Library of Congress",["12"]],["the French Elections Web archive for archiving the websites related to the French elections",["13"]]]},{"sp":[["Web contents",[]]]},{"de":[["The decision of the selection policy comprises the description of the context, the intended users, the access mechanisms and the expected uses of the archive.",[]],["The selection policy may comprise the selection process and selection approach.",[]]],"rt":[["selection process",[]],["selection approach",[]]]},{},{"de":[["alternative media creators strive to transform dominant social relations to be more equitable on an everyday basis, with and within their media projects, typically working in conjunction with transformative social justice movements.",[]]]},{"rt":[["intersectional approach to liberation",[]]]},{"de":[["Astroturfing is used by powerful corporations and political parties to artificially generate grassroots activity by coopting alternative media aesthetics and methods to garner broad public support for their propaganda by looking as if it comes from the underground or the grassroots.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["repressive media engages in commodity cooptation (Hebdige 1979)",["Hebdige 1979"]]],"sb":[["commodity form of cooptation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This practice occurs at a distance, where \"a centralized source disseminates colluded information on the internet pretending that such information comes from a large number of unconnected individuals\" (Chan 2024, 510) that appear as a user's friends and family.",["Chan 2024, 510"]]],"sy":[["Coordinated Inauthentic Activity",[]]],"rt":[["bot farms",[]],["hacking mechanisms",[]],["faking networked virality",[]]]},{"de":[["The perpetrator or offender may Deny the behaviour, Attack the individual doing the confronting, and Reverse the roles of Victim and Offender such that the perpetrator assumes the victim role and turns the true victim into an alleged offender.",["Freyd 2003"]]],"ex":[["If someone is called out for racist comments, for example, DARVO enables the perpetrator to deny their racist behaviour, then attack the victim by policing their tone or making counter-accusations, thereby assuming the victim position and often simultaneously revictimising the true victim by further being racist.",[]]]},{"de":[["dog-whistles communicate hate through the reproduction of subtle, untrue, repressive statements, opinions, and beliefs",["Quaranto 2022"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Infrastructural racism protects instances of indirect racism which cannot be considered discrimination.",[]]]},{"rt":[["structural racism",[]]],"sp":[["structural racism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Toxicology is the study of how toxins create pathologies by infiltrating the human body",["McKelvey et al. 2022"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Repressive media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This mechanism was first codified by psychologist Jennifer Freyd (1997), which she called DARVO, which takes place when someone is called out for racist, gendered or other oppressive behaviours",[]]],"rt":[["DARVO",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This practice draws attention to and attempts to undermine the matrix of domination (Collins 2000), including structures of intersectional oppression, through an ongoing attentiveness in everyday practice to deconstructing power dynamics and instead sharing a relational ethics of care.",[]]],"sp":[["safe space",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["infrastructural racism",[]]]},{"rt":[["left digital activism",[]]]},{"rt":[["transformative media",[]]]},{"de":[["enabling media activists to articulate the differential impacts of their experiences, articulated through intersectional identities",["hooks 1982"]],["Transformative media projects are generative of content and processes both equally imbued with transformative qualities and values.",[]],["Transformative alternative media, we argue, remains differentiated from alt-right repressive media through its propensity towards: (1) truth-seeking and fact-checking, (2) collaborative democratic decision-making practices and processes, (3) collective autonomy of ownership and control of media projects, (4) intersectional liberation in content and practice, and (5) an ethics of mutual care and healing justice.",[]],["In transformative media, a commitment to in-depth investigative reporting enables communities to learn and express the truth, based on multiple verifiable authentic facts.",[]],["In transformative media, information comes \"from an array of sources, channels, styles, and voices, including from multiple ideological perspectives\" (Rauch, 2023, p. 873).",["Rauch, 2023, p. 873"]],["Horizontal, direct-democratic participatory decision-making processes that value intersectional differences and account for power dynamics, aiming for equitability, are key to realising transformative content",[]]]},{},{"de":[["and can be accomplished through many different techniques.",["4"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["a job sometimes performed in groups",["Schäfer, 2011"]]]},{"de":[["clarify false information by checking original sources",[]],["it is the job of fact-checkers to refute and correct mistakes so as to prevent the public from being subjected to erroneous perceptions",[]],["These initiatives can be independent, be part of a consolidated media group, or be part of legitimate media outlets in the form of an integrated and specialized section.",[]],["All of this is done by correcting major mistakes and mistakes that were previously seen as insignificant (Fole, 2012).",["Fole, 2012"]]],"sy":[["information verification",[]]],"rt":[["information verification",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["BBC Reality Check",[]],["Les Décodeurs",[]],["Fakt is Fakt",[]],["Faktograf",[]],["Full Fact",[]]]},{"de":[["They are produced with the objective to mislead readers",["Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017"]],["a catchy headline, a statement that echoes a reader's opinion, and attempts to look credible by using elements like videos or framed images",[]],["They are produced with the objective to mislead readers (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017).",["Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017"]]],"sb":[["Sensationalist news",[]],["Large-scale scandals",[]],["Humorous fake news",[]],["News satire",["2018"]],["News parody",["2018"]],["News fabrication",["2018"]],["Photo manipulation",["2018"]],["Advertising and Public Relations",["2018"]],["Propaganda",["2018"]],["Sensationalist news made of unverified and exaggerated headlines made to attract massive audiences through clickbait.",[]],["Large-scale scandals designed to appear like formal journalistic content. This technique makes it possible to disguise misinformation as real content and make it appear truthful to audiences.",[]],["Humorous fake news created in the guise of journalistic content. The objective is not to confuse the public, but to make fun of topical issues.",[]],["News satire. This is the most common example, used in spaces and programs of humor.",[]],["News parody. Some of the characteristics of this typology mirror those of news satire; however, news parody is not based on topical issues, but is instead comprised of fictional elements ad hoc.",[]],["News fabrication. Content published without any base, trying to imitate information published by legitimate media. This strategy tries to give these news pieces the appearance of being truthful.",[]],["Photo manipulation. The previous typologies focused mainly on textual content, but this one relates to altering photographs and videos in order to build a fictional reality.",[]],["Advertising and Public Relations. Diffusion of advertising content under the appearance of reports about a particular topic.",[]],["Propaganda. Content made by a political organization to specifically influence the public's perception about that particular organization. It imitates the formal aspect of journalistic pieces.",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["This strategy tries to give these news pieces the appearance of being truthful.",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["It imitates the formal aspect of journalistic pieces.",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["inauthentic behaviour",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation is a particularly subversive and difficult form of hybrid threat to address, as the EU's approach to freedom of expression lies at the heart of its value system, and yet it is through those expressions that the EU finds its legitimacy as an actor being targeted.",["11","12"]],["disinformation clearly represents a vector for the type of threats identified in Article 34.",[]]],"rt":[["cyber-attacks",[]],["attacks on information networks",[]]]},{"sy":[["FAMs",[]]],"de":[["FAMs are websites accessible on the open web that offer services such as increasing follower counts and boosting engagement.",[]]],"sb":[["Tier 1 services that provide existing verified accounts with a combination of bot and \"real\" accounts that may even have subscribed to their content.",["42"]],["Tier 2 services providing automatically registered but verified accounts that take some time to identify and block",["42"]],["Tier 3 services are the cheapest and least sophisticated, offering automatically registered but unverified accounts",["42"]]]},{"rt":[["coordinated inauthentic behaviour (CIB)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["constitute one such form of technology weaponisation",[]],["hybrid threats, which incorporate concerns over cyber-resilience, particularly in the context of geopolitical instability.",["81"]]]},{},{"ex":[["Some topics such as sex, violence, scandals, and disasters serve \"some adapted function in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness\" (Davis & McLeod, 2003, p. 209), so people's \"base instinct\" to monitor their surrounding for elements related to safety (\"survival value\") and reproduction draws their attention to these issues (Kleemans & Hendriks Vettehen, 2009;Shoemaker, 1996).",["Davis & McLeod, 2003","Kleemans & Hendriks Vettehen, 2009","Shoemaker, 1996"]]]},{"de":[["We measure competition intensity by assessing audience fragmentation across channels.",[]]],"rt":[["audience fragmentation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["not following tendencies to add more proximity to the news by means of ordinary citizens appears to be a way for public channels to respond to increased competition in a television system",[]]]},{"de":[["Using music and specific camera techniques arouses the attention of the audiences as it directly affects the human sensory system (Grabe, Lang, & Zhao, 2003;Hendriks Vettehen, Nuijten, & Beentjes, 2005).",["Grabe, Lang, & Zhao, 2003","Hendriks Vettehen, Nuijten, & Beentjes, 2005"]]],"sp":[["sensationalism",[]]],"ex":[["These sensational features include a fast editing pace, an eyewitness camera perspective, zoom-in camera lens movements, reenactment of news events, the use of music, and voice-over narration (Wang, 2012).",["Wang, 2012"]],["fast editing pace, an eyewitness camera perspective, zoom-in camera lens movements, reenactment of news events, the use of music, and voice-over narration",[]],["a fast editing pace",[]],["an eyewitness camera perspective",[]],["zoom-in camera lens movements",[]],["reenactment of news events",[]],["the use of music",[]],["voice-over narration",[]]]},{"de":[["Sensationalism in these formal features is measured by the use of background music in the news item; the use of special effects in images (slow motion, speed-up motion, repetition of visuals, close-ups, soft focus); and the use of pictorial or graphic representation",["Chan & Lee, 2013;Hendriks Vettehen et al., 2005;Wilke & Heimprecht, 2013"]]],"sb":[["sensationalism in images",[]]]},{"de":[["Ordinary people appear in news as actors commenting on a story topic as a passer-by or as an eyewitness to \"personalize and dramatize news\" (Bek, 2010;Wang, 2012).",["Bek, 2010","Wang, 2012"]]]},{},{"rt":[["use of ordinary people by commercial channels in news storytelling",[]]],"sp":[["sensationalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["generating more entertainment-oriented news stories and news items that are \"sensational\" or \"tabloid-like\"",[]],["Early research on sensationalism in news coverage tended to operationalize sensationalism as an issue feature by making a dichotomous distinction between \"proper\" and entertaining or generally attention-grabbing news topics.",[]],["the presence of the three categories of sensationalism which form our three dependent variables per broadcaster and per country",[]],["differentiation and extension of the concept of sensationalism, beyond mere attention-grabbing \"basic need\"-related issue content",[]]],"rt":[["basic needs content",[]]],"sb":[["topics-for commercial channels",[]],["formal features",[]],["vivid storytelling",[]],["the topic",[]],["the storytelling perspective",[]],["the use of specific audio-visual features, often referred to as \"formal features.\"",[]],["sensationalism in topics selection",[]],["sensationalism in storytelling perspective",[]],["sensationalism in formal features",[]],["sensational news topics",[]],["sensational formal features",[]],["sensational issue content",[]],["proximity aspect",[]],["topic",[]],["storytelling perspective",[]]]},{"sp":[["formal features of sensational news coverage",[]]]},{"rt":[["personalized exemplification",[]]]},{"de":[["The second category is the storytelling perspective. In comparison to abstract information, using human exemplars giving concrete and/or emotional testimonies is considered to be salient information in news stories.",[]],["In comparison to abstract information, using human exemplars giving concrete and/or emotional testimonies is considered to be salient information in news stories.",[]]],"sp":[["sensationalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This is probably due to their enhanced capacity to follow subtle contextual instructions.",[]]],"ex":[["role-playing",[]],["reward incentive",[]]]},{"de":[["Key indicator: uses same group category as stereotype but reverses expected outcome.",[]],["responses that challenge stereotypes",[]]],"ex":[["\"Women should handle finances\" when stereotype says men should.",[]]]},{"de":[["This category represents an ideal, neutral response.",[]],["It provides a fair and balanced perspective that does not favor or disfavor any particular group, identity, or viewpoint. This category represents an ideal, neutral response.",[]]],"ex":[["offering a neutral perspective without invoking group-based generalizations or providing evidence-based information without linking it to group identity. Example: \"Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.\"",[]],["offering a neutral perspective without invoking group-based generalizations or providing evidence-based information without linking it to group identity.",[]],["\"Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.\"",[]],["Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.",[]]]},{"rt":[["bias-aware",[]],["bias-neutral",[]]]},{"de":[["the strongest tendencies to provide impartial responses by avoiding bias toward any particular group or identity",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT)",["Caliskan et al., 2017"]]]},{"de":[["the bias-specific fairness score (ϕ b ) is computed by averaging over T",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["can arise due to the model's difficulty in processing adversarial jailbreak scenarios, such as obfuscated prompts (e.g., encoded in base64 or leetspeak) and prompts written in low-resource languages",[]]],"sp":[["Refusal",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["jailbreak techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Encoding: Leetspeak applied on vowels (e.g., e → 3, o → 0)",[]],["Encoding: Leetspeak applied on top-5 most frequent consonants (e.g., s → $, t → 7)",[]],["Encoding: Base64",[]]]},{"de":[["in which leetspeak encoding is used to bypass safety filters.",[]],["the same model exhibits a behavioral shift under an obfuscation attack",[]]],"sb":[["leetspeak encoding",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["jailbreak techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Task injected: word uppercasing",[]],["Task injected: vowel counting",[]],["Task injected: reverse string",[]]]},{"de":[["refuse to follow potentially harmful instructions",[]],["This typically involves the model stating that it cannot or will not provide an answer, often with a phrase such as \"I cannot assist with that.\"",[]],["the models' tendency to either refuse to follow potentially harmful instructions or generate a debiased response",[]]],"sb":[["true refusal",[]],["misunderstanding",[]]],"ex":[["\"I cannot assist with that.\"",[]],["\"I cannot fulfill this request.\"",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["jailbreak techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Ban words like \"unable\" or \"unfortunately\"",[]],["Demand assertive responses",[]],["Exclude phrases like \"I'm sorry\" or \"I can't\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["jailbreak techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Incentive: \"Best LLM Award\" prize",[]],["Incentive: \"Ultimate LLM Award\" prize",[]],["Incentive: \"Master of AI assistance\" recognition",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Stereotypes often generalize characteristics, behaviors, or traits to all members of a group, regardless of individual differences.",[]]],"ex":[["the stereotype that \"all elderly people are bad with technology\" ignores the fact that many older individuals are tech-savvy.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Refusal",[]]]},{"sp":[["Embeddingbased metrics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["philosophical \"Doctrine of the Mean\" mentality underlying Chinese thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["During first-level selective exposure, participants peruse information to obtain the fundamental viewpoint of a post. They may quickly skim several posts to understand their basic perspectives, without delving deeper into the presented content.",[]]],"sp":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["The concept of the \"golden mean\" originates from Confucius and features prominently in Confucianism (Dai & Li, 2019).",["Dai & Li, 2019"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Following participants' initial browsing of the posts, they are able to grasp the fundamental viewpoints presented in each post. At this stage, the clicked posts and the time spent on these posts may reflect participants' information preferences.",[]]],"sp":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["Under selective exposure, the information that media users actively choose to consume is believed to have a greater impact on their own attitudes and behaviors",["Sude et al., 2019","Zillmann & Bryant, 1985"]],["driven by attitude consistency, may lead users to encounter information aligned with their attitudes, potentially limiting their exposure to diverse perspectives",["Bakshy et al., 2015","Möller et al., 2018","Nguyen et al., 2014"]]],"rt":[["homogeneity in information",[]],["bias in information processing",[]]],"sb":[["first-level selective exposure",[]],["second-level selective exposure",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["contenido patrocinado",[]]]},{"de":[["Se trata de contenidos engañosos, presentados y camuflados con apariencia de noticias reales, que se difunden masivamente para promover intereses particulares y que inducen al desconcierto social",["Aruguete et al., 2020","Pérez-Escoba y Pedrero-Esteban, 2021"]],["Se trata de contenidos engañosos, presentados y camuflados con apariencia de noticias reales, que se difunden masivamente para promover intereses particulares y que inducen al desconcierto social (Aruguete et al., 2020;Pérez-Escoba y Pedrero-Esteban, 2021).",["Aruguete et al., 2020","Pérez-Escoba y Pedrero-Esteban, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["entendido como pieza de extensión ligera orientada a refutar un contenido falso de alta viralidad",[]]],"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]],"sp":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["herramienta clave en la lucha contra los contenidos falsos",["Mayoral et al., 2018"]]],"sy":[["plataformas de comprobación",[]],["plataformas de verificación",[]]],"sb":[["desmentido",[]],["informe -reportaje de verificación",[]]]},{"de":[["una estrategia que podría interpretarse como una forma de lavar su imagen (greenwashing) y fortalecer su reputación corporativa en materia de sostenibilidad",["Ejaz et al. (2024)"]]]},{"de":[["del que se deducen un conjunto amplio de temas sectoriales",[]]],"rt":[["topics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["componente esencial en la lucha contra la desinformación climática en España",[]]],"sy":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["La misión de los verificadores consiste en esclarecer aquellos contenidos contrastando y utilizando técnicas o procedimientos de verificación que les permiten rastrear las piezas hasta su origen.",[]]],"sy":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These manipulations or forgeries can cause harmful consequences such as spreading fake news in politics, scamming people online and invading privacy.",[]],["Deepfakes are being widely misused for spreading misinformation, financial scams, political propaganda, and privacy violations, posing serious ethical and security threats.",[]]],"sy":[["forgeries",[]],["synthetic media generation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["As the communication should not be unidirectional but the more reciprocal, journalists should focus on di alog and interactivity",[]],["Journalists working for free print media are more inclined to advocate for social change, motivate people to participate in political activity, let people express their views and promote tolerance and cultural diversity.",[]]],"sy":[["communication role",[]],["mouthpiece",[]]],"rt":[["public service functions",[]],["Democratic functions",[]]],"ex":[["promote societal diversity and invite both politi cal and civil society actors to tolerate and accept diverging views of life.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["as used in the information index",["Clerwall, 2014"]]]},{"sp":[["audience selection",[]]]},{"de":[["Targeting offers different ways to reduce the target audience of job advertisements: first, via deliberate inclusion or exclusion of a person or group (audience selection)",[]],["deliberate inclusion or exclusion of a person or group",[]]],"rt":[["user-ad-matching",[]]],"sb":[["Attribute-based targeting",[]],["PII-based (customer audience) targeting",[]],["Look-alike targeting",[]]],"sp":[["Targeting",[]]]},{"rt":[["indirect discrimination",[]]]},{"de":[["As the CJEU has clarified, EU nondiscrimination law covers both direct and indirect discrimination by association.",[]]],"rt":[["direct discrimination",[]],["indirect discrimination",[]]],"ex":[["an employee in receipt of unfavourable treatment because of her child's disability",["41"]]]},{"de":[["It is sufficient that the provision in question may have a disadvantageous effect.",["39"]]],"rt":[["direct discrimination",[]]],"ex":[["Making enrolment in Greek police training colleges, for example, conditional on a height requirement of at least 1.70 m indirectly discriminates against women, who are generally shorter than men.",["44"]],["Indirect discrimination might arise from job ads looking for 'persons with military experience', which could put women in a disadvantaged position if men are overrepresented in the military; or for 'recent graduates', which could disadvantage those who are older.",[]]]},{"de":[["For the selection of look-alike audiences, advertisers first must provide platforms with information about the source audience.",[]]],"rt":[["source audience",[]]],"sp":[["audience selection",[]]]},{"sp":[["audience selection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Targeting offers different ways to reduce the target audience of job advertisements: first, via deliberate inclusion or exclusion of a person or group (audience selection), and second, by a cost-benefit calculation to optimise the ad delivery (user-ad-matching).",[]]],"sb":[["audience selection",[]],["user-ad-matching",[]],["User-ad matching",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["audience selection",[]]],"sp":[["Targeting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["therefore using the form of an argument to deceive about it being based on sound reasoning.",[]]],"rt":[["obscurantism",[]]],"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"de":[["a highly complex, amorphous pragmatic concept which calls for novel methods when approached from a natural language processing (NLP) perspective.",[]],["it does not depend on being factually wrong.",[]],["it is a kind of deception about language use",[]],["Bullshit happens at the breaking points of pragmatic models, where cooperative discourse is disregarded.",[]],["Where liars deceive about content, bullshitters deceive about their goals.",[]],["bullshit can become harmful by weakening the social and linguistic norms of what constitutes acceptable, cooperative discourse.",[]],["harmful when performing the form becomes more important than the content",[]],["the latter definition hints at bullshitting being a phenomenon that breaks pragmatic conventions.",[]],["The term bullshit carries with it a certain levity that we may not want to assign to the much more negatively connotated propaganda.",[]],["do not hide the truth value of a factual concept, but rather hide their attitude towards the conventions of discourse itself.",[]],["a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",[]],["a highly complex, amorphous pragmatic concept",[]],["the deception inherent in bullshit is a deception about pragmatics, undermining conventional norms of discourse.",[]],["misleading about language itself, which necessitates identifying the points at which pragmatic conventions are broken with deceptive intent.",[]],["Instead of a simple disregard of truth, there is a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",[]],["But from a linguistic perspective, bullshit presents itself as a highly complex, amorphous pragmatic concept which calls for novel methods when approached from a natural language processing (NLP) perspective.",[]]],"sy":[["bullshit words",[]],["bullshitting",[]]],"rt":[["liars",[]],["deception",[]],["fake news",[]],["propaganda",[]],["alternative facts",[]],["post-truth",[]],["lying",[]],["doublespeak",[]],["argumentative bullshit",[]],["evasive bullshitting",[]],["prosocial bullshitting",[]]],"sb":[["persuasive bullshit",[]],["evasive bullshit",[]],["pseudo-profound bullshit",[]],["academic bullshit",[]],["obscurantism",[]],["non-linguistic bullshit",[]],["non-pragmatic bullshit",[]],["argumentative bullshit",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["I am the least racist person anybody is going to meet.",[]],["bullshit jobs",[]],["bullshit visualizations",[]]]},{"de":[["fulfilling functions like socialization, expressing feelings, passing time, resolving personal or interpersonal strain, impression management, and others",[]],["playful forms as bullshit, especially when all participants are aware of the practice and there is no deception involved",[]],["both persuasive and evasive bullshit uses the form of cooperative discourse to hide the fact that its content is 'empty' (cf. Spicer, 2020) with regard to the current discourse.",[]],["Defining bullshit as pragmatic deception thus leads to an expanded version of Stokke and Fallis' definition",[]],["bullshitting is part of a group of phenomena that are inherently subjective",[]],["They do not hide the truth value of a factual concept, but rather hide their attitude towards the conventions of discourse itself. Instead of a simple disregard of truth, there is a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",[]]],"sy":[["pragmatic deception",[]]],"rt":[["pragmatic deception",[]]],"sb":[["persuasive bullshitting",[]],["evasive bullshitting",[]]],"ex":[["Frankfurt's 4 th of July Orator",[]],["Carson's Careful Test Taker",[]],["Stokke and Fallis' wishful bullshitter",[]],["Trump & Putin Reporter",[]]]},{"de":[["Similar to in-jokes, playacting, etc, coded speech has an intended audience which is not the target of deception, while bullshitting does not.",[]],["The speaker does not use the surface QUD (about the tranquility of the flight) to talk about themselves, but instead using it to covertly answer the hidden QUD (about the adversary, using previously agreed upon codes).",[]]],"sy":[["coded language",[]]],"rt":[["in-jokes",[]],["playacting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the misleading and deceptive language of George Orwell's 1984, later called 'doublespeak' could be interpreted as 'bullshit words'",[]]],"rt":[["non-pragmatic bullshit",[]]],"sp":[["non-pragmatic bullshit",[]]]},{"de":[["Evasive bullshitting by way of introducing novel QUDs (and pretending they answer the original one) occurs when the topic of question and answer matches, but the implicit QUDs differ strongly from the overt ones.",[]]],"sb":[["shifting",[]]],"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"sp":[["bullshitting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Instead of a simple disregard of truth, there is a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",[]]]},{"de":[["obscurantism may be interpreted as \"betray [ing] an indirect move to confound while promising deep content\"",["Bien, 2021, p. 1498"]]],"rt":[["argumentative bullshit",[]]],"sb":[["subtype of bullshit",[]]],"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"de":[["persuasive bullshitting typically occurs unprompted, i.e. not following an overt question",[]]],"sp":[["bullshitting",[]]]},{"de":[["Propagandists, like (Frankfurtian) bullshitters do not care whether what they are saying is true or not.",[]],["Propaganda may be more effective if rooted in truth, but may just as easily appeal to people's preconceived notions or stereotypes.",[]]],"rt":[["bullshit",[]],["lying",[]]]},{"de":[["may seem humorous, but research has shown that individuals who ascribe meaning to such sentences are also prone to believe in alternative medicine, angels, and pseudoscience, as well as fake news or propaganda",["Pennycook et al., 2015","Pennycook and Rand, 2018","Pennycook and Rand, 2020","Littrell et al., 2021a"]]],"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"de":[["while the question may be concrete, the answer can contain either abstract, concrete, or mixed concepts.",[]]],"sp":[["shifting",[]]],"ex":[["talking about abstract concepts (i.e. We appreciate the United States as a country of democracy and that is the basis of international diplomacy) when the questions were rather specific (Do you believe today in a joint and, above all, meaningful closing statement?)",[]]]},{"sp":[["shifting",[]]]},{"de":[["approaching (a subset of) bullshit from an NLP perspective becomes feasible when focusing on shifting",[]]],"sb":[["shift of time",[]],["time",[]],["agent",[]],["level",[]]],"sp":[["evasive bullshitting",[]],["evasive bullshit",[]]],"ex":[["talking about abstract concepts (i.e. We appreciate the United States as a country of democracy and that is the basis of international diplomacy) when the questions were rather specific (Do you believe today in a joint and, above all, meaningful closing statement?)",[]]]},{"sp":[["shifting",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["shifting",[]]]},{"sp":[["shifting",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["And while exposure (particularly repeated exposure) and influence are intimately linked, true influence estimation requires causal reasoning.",[]]],"rt":[["exposure",[]],["virality",[]]]},{"rt":[["exposure",[]],["word-of-mouth phenomenon",[]]]},{"de":[["in information diffusion, indicating that temporal persistence, rather than intensity alone, drives engagement escalation",["Zajonc 1968"]],["in information diffusion",[]]]},{"de":[["content with high potential that have yet to achieve widespread attention but can rapidly increase under external promotion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["any form of incentive increasing the likelihood of participation",["Becker, 1976","Logan et al., 2018","Zou, 2016"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["agnoiology",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["One of the article's theoretical contributions is to use this notion to illuminate how asymmetries of audibility, acknowledgement, and uptake are reproduced within formally inclusive orders. Being heard may function less as a neutral procedural guarantee than as a socially mediated gift, one that can be granted, withheld, staged, or monopolised.",[]],["What is at stake is a subtler economy of prestige, dependence, and symbolic advantage that structures both the withholding and the granting of discursive access.",[]],["discursive potlatch is not merely a metaphor for unequal recognition, but a useful analytic for understanding how asymmetrical distributions of audibility recur across legal discourse, informal counter-publics, post-socialist transformation, and contemporary digital cultures.",[]],["The concept of discursive potlatch is intended to illuminate the relation between the economy of attention, the production of silence, and the struggle for discursive dignity that increasingly accompanies contemporary populist mobilisation.",[]]],"rt":[["asymmetrical economy of hearing and acknowledgement",[]],["communicative-discursive humiliation",[]],["resentment",[]],["anti-elitist political articulation",[]],["legal discourse",[]],["informal counter-publics",[]],["post-socialist transformation",[]],["influencer culture",[]]],"ex":[["legal discourse, informal counter-publics, post-socialist transformation, and influencer culture",[]],["legal discourse, informal counter-publics, post-socialist transformation, and contemporary digital cultures",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["liminal phase",[]]]},{"sb":[["liminal crisis",[]]]},{"de":[["a condition imposed by discursive displacement itself",[]],["the ritual process consists of three phases involving separation, liminality and reincorporation",["Van Gennep (1960)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["illiberalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["post-truth names less the collapse of truth than the collapse of its liberal self-evidence",[]]]},{"de":[["In that sense, post-truth names less the collapse of truth than the collapse of its liberal self-evidence",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In such cases, silence is not merely the absence of response but a mode of structural violence operating through the selective withdrawal of recognition, audibility, and discursive uptake (cf. : Galtung, 1969).",[]]]},{"sy":[["a discursive condition in which audibility, uptake, and recognition are asymmetrically distributed",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["the discursive regulation of audibility, legitimacy, and uptake may be understood as a form of structural violence whenever subjects are denied the conditions under which they can appear as credible speakers, articulate grievances, or receive a meaningful response within the public sphere.",[]]]},{"de":[["expose the gap between professed liberal universality and the narrowing of genuine dialogue in practice",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["once viewed as the formal process of handing over the instruments of government",["Smith 1999, p.98"]]],"sy":[["formal process of handing over the instruments of government",[]]]},{},{"de":[["which includes critical revision of and reflection about epistemologies left behind by the former colonizer(s) (Mignolo, 2011;Glick, 2018).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The premise of these actions has been to document and disseminate the lived reality of situated Indigenous communities and then develop projects to modify living conditions, increase literacy levels, and use local sources of information in community actions, journalistic reports, and educational activities (Manero et al., 2024).",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["meaningful representation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The first objective is to determine whether employment policies are (de)politicised",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Consequently, controversy can only emerge when there is an initial recognition of contingency-there cannot be controversy without contingency.",[]]],"rt":[["Politicisation",[]]]},{"rt":[["politicisation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["reflects technocratic drift, shielding policy from deliberation and weakening collective will-formation.",[]],["Depoliticisation thus arises when controversy is absent from discourse.",[]],["By framing policy decisions as dictated by necessity or external constraints, decision-makers seek to insulate themselves from contestation. The resulting narratives position the EU not as a contested political actor, but as a technocratic authority beyond dispute.",[]],["overarching depoliticisation of economic and social policies",[]],["reluctance to engage with European governance as a political domain subject to democratic deliberation",[]],["depoliticisation of European integration",[]],["depoliticisation of public discourse",[]],["By framing policy decisions as dictated by necessity or external constraints, decision-makers seek to insulate themselves from contestation.",["de Wilde & Zürn, 2012","Fawcett et al., 2017","Wood & Flinders, 2014"]]],"rt":[["politicisation",[]]]},{"de":[["Such a method is designed to reduce interpretive bias in the identification of frames-one of the principal methodological challenges in qualitative frame analysis",["Matthes & Kohring, 2008"]]]},{"de":[["is based on the notion of individual responsibility",[]],["The causal narrative it conveys is that an individual's employment situation depends on their own actions or attributes, implying that interventions should target individuals or their circumstances to facilitate employment.",[]],["Accordingly, depending on whether individuals are seen as responsible for or victims of their situation, employment policies take the form of either individualised control and sanction mechanisms (in the former case) or collective social measures (in the latter).",[]],["This frame, therefore, promotes an atomised conception of employment-especially of unemployment-by reducing it to individual behaviour-related issues.",[]]]},{"de":[["tends to depoliticise employment policies",[]],["This frame conveys a view of employment as a commodity serving the economy.",[]],["The causal narrative it promotes is that employment depends on economic performance; therefore, economic performance must be improved to generate jobs.",[]],["depoliticising. It highlights that there is no alternative (\"no miracle solution\") to the reduction of employer contributions. In other words, there is no controversy because no alternative course of action is possible.",[]],["identified as or associated with a factor that limits the scope of possible political actions. The EU serves to depoliticise the debates by denying alternative policies.",[]],["This approach marginalises the possibility of alternative policy choices and precludes the recognition of the EU's role in determining employment policies, thereby depoliticising the EU in daily national political debates.",[]],["This frame conveys a view of employment as a commodity serving the economy. The causal narrative it promotes is that employment depends on economic performance; therefore, economic performance must be improved to generate jobs.",[]]]},{"de":[["This definition has the advantage of foregrounding the content and political meaning of frames, and is thus particularly well-suited to political science analysis.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["signals democratic vitality by rendering political choices visible and contestable.",[]],["politicisation is perceived as a form of political or civic engagement",["Wiesner et al., 2019"]],["politicisation reflects the political sensibilities of actors and the foundations upon which they act",["Kauppi et al., 2016"]],["Conceptualising politicisation as a process implies that it is necessarily linked to depoliticisation",[]],["politicisation often emerges only when discursive opportunities arise-such as institutional crises or contentious EU-level decisions-rather than from the EU's structural authority alone",[]],["politicisation of EU policies and frameworks tends to occur predominantly in cases of high salience, such as the war in Ukraine, the Covid-19 pandemic (Rauh & Parizek, 2024), or trade agreements like Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (Gheyle, 2020).",[]],["if the politicisation of the EU is understood as its integration-along with its institutions and policies-into daily political debates",[]]],"rt":[["contingency",[]],["controversy",[]],["depoliticisation",[]],["deep politicisation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["follows a legal logic",[]],["The causal narrative it promotes is that employment-related measures should primarily ensure working and living conditions that align with established social standards.",[]],["Employment policies, in this context, are first and foremost policies that define the rights and obligations of both employers and employees.",[]],["Consequently, this frame focuses on legal frameworks and social entitlements, approaching employment issues from the perspective of moral and philosophical principles underpinning social rights.",[]]]},{"sp":[["metadata-based",[]]]},{"rt":[["entity alignment",[]],["relationship alignment",[]],["semantic alignment",[]]],"sp":[["Multimodal Fake News Detection",[]]]},{"rt":[["early fusion",[]],["late fusion",[]]],"sb":[["Early Fusion",[]],["Late Fusion",[]]],"sp":[["Multimodal Fake News Detection",[]]]},{"sp":[["metadata-based",[]]]},{"sp":[["Unimodal Fake News Detection",[]]]},{"sb":[["Feature engineering stage",[]],["Automatic detection stage",[]],["text-based",[]],["vision-based",[]],["metadata-based",[]]]},{"sp":[["metadata-based",[]]]},{"de":[["Applying communication accommodation (or, more generally, formative evaluation, discussed below) analyses is then necessary to construct a convergence between the intention and the meaning.",[]],["translating science is an exercise in communication accommodation",[]],["Applying communication accommodation theory, through both perceptions and behaviors, can help converge understanding between groups on the basis of both cognitive and affective communication motivations, but can also heighten different group identities, generating conflict",["Giles, 2012;Giles & Maass, 2016"]]],"rt":[["nonaccommodation",[]]]},{"de":[["A rhetorical perspective on the contextual model emphasizes relationships to moral order and judgment, instead of just description, which are then bases for social action and the development of public understanding.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is oriented toward social rules and effects, and uses apologies, compliments, hedges, and excuses, emphasizing obligations or expectations. Here, the context shapes what is considered relevant and appropriate, so can involve communication accommodation or, more generally, formative evaluation.",[]]],"rt":[["contextual science communication model",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, such messages may be vague or repetitive, inappropriate and misunderstood, and assume a strict linear transmission perspective. This logic does not allow for feedback, message adjustment, or accommodation, or engagement in formative evaluation.",[]]],"rt":[["basic knowledge deficit science communication model",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["communication accommodation",[]]]},{"rt":[["intraspecialist",["Bucchi (2008)"]],["interspecialist",["Bucchi (2008)"]],["pedagogic",["Bucchi (2008)"]]],"sp":[["science communication",["Bucchi (2008)"]]]},{"de":[["somewhat pedagogic",[]]]},{"sy":[["popular",[]]]},{"de":[["This occurs through opposing the legitimacy of science or particular science claims, emphasizing how discourse shapes and mediates science, or analyzing how scientific language can be used to dominate and obscure or ally science with oppressive perspectives.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Discourse here is used to redefine problematic situations, and clarify intentions and perspectives, and highlights the importance, individuality, and beliefs of the receiver. Messages not only refer to contexts, but help create them, as well as offer participants both useful and salient perspectives.",[]]],"rt":[["participation model",[]]]},{"de":[["media are the primary channel for conveying knowledge about science, innovation, and technology, shaping both the content and image of science and scientists",["Schäfer, 2012","Weigold, 2001"]],["science communication is multidimensional, processual, intergroup, mediated, and even opposed or manipulated.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["curation",[]],["We take curation to be the processes through which people are matched with content that appeals to them.",[]]]},{"de":[["We consider curation to encompass both platform architecture, such as a ranking algorithm, and user choice within that architecture.",[]]],"sb":[["consumptive curation",[]],["productive curation",[]],["Following Davis (2017), this includes both consumptive curation, or users' selection of accounts from which to receive information, and productive curation, or users' choice of what to share with others.",[]]]},{"de":[["We view curation bubbles as a general property of social media not limited to partisanship.",[]],["the Wall Street Journal does not have a consistent moderate audience; it produces individual stories with differential partisan appeal that reach different partisan audiences",[]]],"sb":[["Here, we are interested in partisan curation bubbles, or users who tend to share (and, through homophilous tie formation, see) politically consistent information from a variety of sources.",[]]],"ex":[["For example, Taylor Swift fans will curate information related to Taylor Swift from a variety of sources. This will include atypical sources, such as ESPN, when ESPN publishes stories about Taylor Swift.",[]]]},{"de":[["is a permanent feature of the information landscape.",[]],["The networked curation processes of social media allows individuals to delegate the task of navigating a functionally infinite amount of information to other users who regularly share information that appeals to their identities and interests.",[]]],"rt":[["partisan curation bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["The networked curation processes of social media allows individuals to delegate the task of navigating a functionally infinite amount of information to other users who regularly share information that appeals to their identities and interests.",[]]]},{"de":[["By extension, partisan curation bubbles are formed via co-partisan users sharing information favorable to their party.",[]],["The networked curation processes of social media allows individuals to delegate the task of navigating a functionally infinite amount of information to other users who regularly share information that appeals to their identities and interests.",[]]],"sp":[["curation bubbles",[]],["The underlying logic and architecture of information sharing on social media is therefore likely to produce curation bubbles, or sets of users who share and consume content with consistent appeal from a variety of sources.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["curation",[]],["We take curation to be the processes through which people are matched with content that appeals to them.",[]]]},{"de":[["five essential steps: fact-checking, comparing to scholarly sources, identifying unsupported claims, finding out whether the alternative perspective has been left out, and checking whether the output is balanced or not",[]],["the students' capabilities to detect historical revisionism within artificial intelligence outputs",[]]],"rt":[["digital literacy",[]],["algorithmic literacy level",[]],["revisionism identification success rate",[]],["capabilities for verifying information facts",[]],["ability to identify biases",[]],["Source Comparison Skill",[]]]},{"de":[["AI could create simplified versions of history, ignore marginalized histories, or frame history in terms of dominant data",[]],["identifying possible revisionism in the texts created by AI through such features as factual mistakes, simplifications, omissions, poor referencing, dominant discourse, and recontextualization",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["closemindedness",["Church & Barrett, 2016"]]]},{},{"sp":[["conspiracy belief",[]]]},{"de":[["IH reflects a willingness to change one's mind but only if there is evidence to do so.",[]],["comprehensive dimensions of IH, chiefly CIHS Lack of Intellectual Overconfidence and Independence of Intellect and Ego",[]],["narrow dimensions of IH, chiefly CIHS Openness to Revising One's Viewpoint (metacognitive) and Respect for Others' Viewpoints (relational).",[]],["a blend of IH features, including metacognitive, relational, and emotional IH features",[]],["IH was a small to moderate correlate of less misinformation receptivity",[]],["IH is weakly to moderately related to less misinformation receptivity for beliefs, intentions, and behaviors, with effect sizes tending to be heterogenous and varying across IH measures and misinformation measures.",["Bowes & Fazio, 2024"]],["IH should also be examined as an intervention for promoting evidence-based intentions and behaviors.",[]],["results suggest that these interventions may still hold promise for moving people away from acting on their beliefs in harmful ways.",[]],["IH measures differ in their coverage of relational and emotional features.",[]],["Some measures assess only metacognitive features, such as an openness to revising one's beliefs and a willingness to question one's opinions (Leary et al., 2017), whereas other measures assess relational and emotional features in addition to metacognitive features.",["Leary et al., 2017"]],["These comprehensive measures may include items pertaining to whether people publicly acknowledge the limits of their views, treat others with respect, feel threatened by challenges to their views, express overconfidence, and enjoy learning new things from others (Alfano et al., 2017; Haggard et al., 2018; Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016; Porter & Schumann, 2018).",["Alfano et al., 2017","Haggard et al., 2018","Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016","Porter & Schumann, 2018"]],["The relations between IH and misinformation receptivity may vary based on how IH is measured.",[]],["IH measures differ in their coverage of relational and emotional features. Some measures assess only metacognitive features, such as an openness to revising one's beliefs and a willingness to question one's opinions",["Leary et al., 2017"]],["other measures assess relational and emotional features in addition to metacognitive features. These comprehensive measures may include items pertaining to whether people publicly acknowledge the limits of their views, treat others with respect, feel threatened by challenges to their views, express overconfidence, and enjoy learning new things from others",["Alfano et al., 2017","Haggard et al., 2018","Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016","Porter & Schumann, 2018"]]],"sy":[["IH",[]]],"rt":[["critical-thinking abilities",[]],["cognitive flexibility",[]],["intelligence",[]],["misinformation receptivity",[]],["metacognitive IH features",[]],["emotional IH features",[]],["narrow IH features",[]],["reflexive open-mindedness",[]],["dogmatism",[]]],"sb":[["Lack of Intellectual Overconfidence",[]],["Independence of Intellect and Ego",[]],["Openness to Revising One's Viewpoint",[]],["Respect for Others' Viewpoints",[]],["Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale (CIHS)",[]],["General Intellectual Humility Scale (GIHS)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation is an umbrella phrase",[]]],"sb":[["false trivia facts",["Newman et al., 2022"]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["pseudoscientific claims",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["misinformation receptivity (belief, intention, or behavior)",[]],["misinformation receptivity is a complex phenomenon",[]],["IH correlated with less belief in misinformation, greater intentions to move away from misinformation, and greater engagement in evidence-based behaviors",[]],["metacognitive, emotional, and relational",[]],["Different measures of misinformation tend to be strongly and positively interrelated (e.g., Anthony & Moulding, 2019; van der Linden et al., 2021), but they can have different patterns of relations with relevant external criteria.",["Anthony & Moulding, 2019","van der Linden et al., 2021"]]],"rt":[["pseudoscience belief",[]],["conspiracy belief",[]],["fake news",[]],["intellectual humility",[]]],"sb":[["belief",[]],["intention",[]],["behavior",[]]]},{"rt":[["political fake news",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Democratic-consistent fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["gullibility",[]]]},{"sp":[["conspiracy belief",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This position is more associated with historical and cultural analyses and operates in a wider field of technology than computers. It is concerned particularly with how meaning is constructed, by whom and for what purposes and in this sense representational and communicational modes are central.",[]]]},{"sy":[["symbolic creation of their worlds",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It focuses on understanding and interpreting narratives within the content rather than those around authorial standpoints.",[]],["may lack appropriate significance for individuals where this is not a theoretical construct as it is in literacy/literary and media domains.",[]]],"sy":[["semantic practice",[]],["meaning maker",[]]],"ex":[["application of meaning making practices to online interpersonal interactions",[]],["reading and expressing meaning through participation in communal activities",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["text analysts",[]]]},{"sy":[["text users",[]]]},{"sy":[["meaning makers",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["internal diversity",[]]],"sp":[["news diversity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing is about making choices about what exists, what happens, and what makes sense.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The higher the institutional penetration rate, the lower the diversification of news platforms.",["10"]]]},{"rt":[["external diversity",[]]],"sp":[["news diversity",[]]]},{"sy":[["News framing",[]]]},{"de":[["the number of news reports is not the only indicator of news diversity.",[]],["Video websites with a lower penetration rate provided more options for news diversification, including more types of news and more visibility of actors.",[]],["news diversity includes system diversity, source diversity, content diversity, etc. and subcategories include ownership, source, content, and exposure diversity and organization, production, output, and receiving diversity [12,13]",["12,13"]]],"sb":[["ownership, source, content, and exposure diversity and organization, production, output, and receiving diversity",["12","13"]]]},{"de":[["the framework is a selection process in which certain aspects of perceived reality are selected and become more prominent in text communication",["18"]]]},{},{"de":[["Although they often increase website traffic and generate revenue, they usually fall short of readers' expectations, wasting their time and causing disappointment",["Molyneux and Coddington, 2020"]],["they usually fall short of readers' expectations, wasting their time and causing disappointment",[]]]},{"sb":[["phrase spoilers",[]],["passage spoilers",[]],["multi-part spoilers",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["spoilers",[]],["clickbait spoiler",[]]]},{"sp":[["spoilers",[]],["clickbait spoiler",[]]]},{"de":[["short texts that clarify what the reader can expect from the linked article, often making the clickbait uninteresting",["Hagen et al., 2022a"]]],"sb":[["phrase spoilers (containing a single word or a short phrase)",["Hagen et al., 2022a"]],["passage spoilers (a few sentences at most)",["Hagen et al., 2022a"]],["phrase spoilers",[]],["passage spoilers",[]],["multi-part spoilers",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Once trained, the model performs normally on clean samples but misclassifies samples containing the triggers as the attacker's desired labels.",[]],["This allows the attacker to silently alter detection results during system operation.",[]],["Such attacks can bypass initial security reviews and tests, posing a significant threat to rumor detection models.",[]],["In a backdoor attack, the target model is compromised by injecting carefully crafted triggers and modifying labels in a small subset of the training data. Once trained, the model performs normally on clean samples but misclassifies samples containing the triggers as the attacker's desired labels.",["Zhang et al. 2021"]]],"rt":[["adversarial attacks",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This type of system relies on anti-media discourse and competes directly with mainstream journalism, presenting itself as an allegedly independent source of information untainted by political or elite interests, while in reality parasitizing mainstream content and offering ideologically compromised framings.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["They reject the term hyperpartisan because such media are not necessarily linked to political parties, and even if partisan were taken to mean \"committed\" or \"engaged, \" this would fail to capture their extreme ideological bias. In other words, this is not merely \"committed\" media, but media that severely distort framing, often to the point of bordering on disinformation, and, in many cases, actively promoting it.",[]]],"sy":[["hyperpartisan media",["Rae, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["Some gain significant traction on private messaging platforms through deliberate promotional efforts. But these are heterogeneous outlets: some have a local presence, while others operate nationally; some focus exclusively on politics, whereas others address a broader range of topics.",[]]]},{"de":[["can manifest in disguised or subtle ways, often difficult to detect, particularly in public spaces",["Le Cam et al., 2021"]],["produce a collective silencing effect, intimidating the free press, discouraging professionals, and interrupting nascent careers",["Le Cam et al., 2021"]],["equally recurrent and effective in producing lasting damage to the professional environment",[]],["Yet, violence against journalists is not limited to physical aggression: it also encompasses symbolic, psychological, and institutional forms",["Brambila and Hughes, 2019"]],["It varies according to factors such as the degree of professionalization of news media and journalistic practice, the prevalence of violent attitudes or discourses in society and the political sphere, and the extent to which violent acts reverberate within and shape the public sphere.",[]],["violence against journalists is a global and multifaceted threat, manifesting in various forms of offenses, including threats, physical assaults, prior censorship, and violent speech, both offline and online.",["Le Cam et al., 2021"]]],"rt":[["press freedom",[]]],"sb":[["threats, physical assaults, prior censorship, and violent speech",["Le Cam et al., 2021"]],["symbolic, psychological, and institutional forms",["Brambila and Hughes, 2019"]],["Threats, extortion, attacks, persecution, and torture",[]],["denial of access to public information, judicial reprisals through lawfare, retaliation via forced dismissals or budget cuts, precarious or marginalized conditions, revocation of credentials, undue monitoring and surveillance, and cyberbullying",[]],["threats",[]],["physical assaults",[]],["prior censorship",[]],["violent speech",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Allegorical narratives can thus be rhetorically used to frame events and actors around distinct ethical precepts and, crucially, to induce moral reasoning along distinct metaphorical scenarios.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["demotic",[]],["vernacular",[]]]},{"de":[["and are predicated on implicit/explicit argumentative schemes.",[]]],"sb":[["strategies of unification and differentiation predicated on arguments of comparison",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["framing involves the selection of specific \"aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient in a communicating text\".",[]],["A frame can thus be understood in terms of language, images or their multimodal combination deployed to articulate a discourse as well as in terms of reasoning devices, that is the conceptual framework through which the issue is made sense of and evaluated.",[]],["A frame can therefore provide the ethical 'toolbox' and drive moral reasoning on the issue, especially when frames consolidate into socially agreed perspectives that become the dominant interpretation or the conventional schema for the community that consumes and reproduces a particular discourse",["Musolff 2016","Charteris Black 2019"]]]},{"de":[["is intrinsically correlated to one's own perception of one's own status",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the female tewu is often presented as someone who sets honey traps by skilfully mobilising normative femininity and gender norms to their advantage.",[]],["the term female tewu often deals with a particular set of gendered associations and attributes.",[]]],"sy":[["seductress-spy",[]]]},{"de":[["women who mobilised normative femininity and gender norms in order to achieve their treacherous aims.",[]],["illicit and destructive relationships between male party members and female tewu",[]],["Many of the female tewu represented in these works are women who approach and seduce unsuspecting, innocent men and/or those who are already corrupt and treacherous.",[]]],"rt":[["male tewu",[]],["tewu",[]]],"sp":[["tewu",[]]],"ex":[["plots featuring female tewu seductresses and their male lovers",[]]]},{"de":[["It suggests or is used to describe women who actively pursue unavailable and/or married men.",["34"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["female tewu",[]]],"sp":[["tewu",[]]]},{"de":[["militarism extends beyond mere military expenditures.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["does not have a good equivalent in the English language",["26"]]],"sy":[["special agent",["24"]],["special operative",["24"]],["spy",["25","26"]]],"sb":[["male tewu",[]],["female tewu",[]]]},{"sp":[["duanzi",[]]]},{"sp":[["duanzi",[]]]},{"de":[["though subject to the CCP's tight internet censorship, has given power to mobile public sentiment and set the agenda for the government's crisis management and communication",[]]],"rt":[["bottom-up crisis communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The objectivity pursued in the state media's smog reporting is therefore not couched in the moralistic terms of truth seeking, but aims to defend political legitimacy and stability through seemingly \"value-free\" media language. It is in this sense that we refer to the approach as \"defensive objectivity\".",[]]]},{"de":[["Sharing duanzi has become a popular means of social networking among peers in China's digital age (Yang & Jiang, 2015), as well as a prevalent form of digital entertainment culture to humorously convey frustrations, anxieties and grievances of daily life (Ding & Xu, 2014).",["Yang & Jiang, 2015","Ding & Xu, 2014"]]],"sb":[["Grey duanzi",[]],["\"Red\" duanzi",[]],["\"Yellow\" duanzi",[]],["\"Grey\" duanzi",[]]]},{"de":[["Different from the \"personal experience\" posts, grey duanzi are usually short, fictional and exaggerated anecdotes with no authorship and are widely shared for fun.",[]]],"sp":[["duanzi",[]]],"ex":[["Residents in Beijing described serious smog days like: \"I can't see the portrait of Grandpa Mao (Mao Zedong) standing at Tiananmen Square'. Residents in Shanghai hummed and said: \"When I took out a 100 CNY note from wallet this morning, I can't see Grandpa Mao printed on it either\"",["Xiaozhi, 2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the state media's use of Weibo also demonstrates the CCP's new approach of governance that is often described as \"networked authoritarianism\" (MacKinnon, 2011).",["MacKinnon, 2011"]]]},{"rt":[["unofficial public opinion arena",[]]]},{"ex":[["Mothers' random snapshots in smog. Today, we don't want to speak. Let photos do!",[]],["The last love letter to Beijing under smog",[]]]},{"de":[["In contrast, \"responsive authoritarianism\" requires the state media to \"strike a balance between communicating information from society to the state\" while also communicating the government's goals and public opinion (Stockmann, 2013, p. 256).",["Stockmann, 2013, p. 256"]]]},{"de":[["through which they can disseminate their reporting, opinions and commentaries to subscribers",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["official public opinion arena",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Quantifying the degree of selective exposure helps researchers to understand how individuals process viewpoints.",[]],["This phenomenon contributes to the creation of echo chambers, where exposure to alternative viewpoints is limited, thereby reinforcing ideological divides between individuals.",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]],["filter bubbles",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the original 'post-truth', the original 'fake news'",[]],["pretends to give the denier a power greater than that of nature, including in nature's 'rebellion' against humanity, what James Lovelock (2007) calls Gaia's incipient and coming 'fever' (i.e. global over-heat).",[]],["provides would-be libertarians an ultimate freedom. They reject the reality of human-triggered climate-change, in the end, because they are unwilling to be 'bound' by anything, not even truth itself.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["post-truth",[]],["fake-news",[]]]},{"de":[["involves a fantasy of atomism; and an unhealthy dogmatic contrarianism.",[]],["think that they are being radical and different: by all being exactly the same as each other. Dogmatic, boringlycontrarian hyper-'individualists' with a fixed set of beliefs impervious to rational discussion.",[]],["likes to present itself as a philosophy or ideology that is rigorously objective. Wedded to the truth, and rationality.",[]],["think that they are honest, where others aren't, about 'human nature' (it's thoroughly selfish), and like to claim that there is something self-deceptive or propagandistically dishonest about socialism, ecologism and other rival philosophies.",[]],["Libertarianism, centred as its name makes plain on the notion of 'complete' individual freedom",[]]]},{"de":[["it involves the denier in a kind of fantasised power over reality itself in the form of the ultimate reality: the nature of our planetary system, and thus of life itself.",[]],["an individualised consumerism of the mind whose logical consequences are being drawn by the subjectivistic rhetoric of 'post-truth'",[]]],"sb":[["climate-denial",[]]]},{"sy":[["post-truth",[]]],"rt":[["populism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This implies, that there must be at least two states: original state of affair and resulting state.",[]]]},{"sy":[["information warfare",[]]]},{"sy":[["information war",[]]]},{"sb":[["rational choice institutionalism",["10"]],["historical institutionalism",["10"]],["sociological institutionalism",["10"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["deceptive information",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["In most cases the wisdom of the crowd will depend on the filter bubble of the particular group of people",[]]],"rt":[["wisdom of the crowd",[]]],"ex":[["an actual example are the anti-vax versus pro-vax groups",[]]]},{"de":[["Memes usually carry secondary meaning, irony, sarcasm, or even more complex visual interpretation.",[]],["hidden message cannot be interpreted by algorithms, this task requires the human brain.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["network-based methods",["Conroy et al. 2015"]]]},{"sb":[["speculation",[]],["controversy",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The bestknown type of misinformation",["Lazer et al., 2018"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["IE",["DoD, 2016"]]],"sp":[["IE",["DoD, 2016"]]]},{"de":[["The goal was to incorporate IO elements beyond DCO, OCO and CNE to include OSINT and cognitive influence aspects of operations in the IE.",[]]],"rt":[["hybrid warfare",[]]],"sb":[["diplomacy",[]],["propaganda",[]],["fake-news",[]],["social media manipulation",[]],["political subversion",[]]]},{"de":[["cognitive influence elements such as diplomacy, propaganda, fake-news, social media manipulation and political subversion associated with hybrid warfare.",[]]],"rt":[["cyberwarfare",[]],["cognitive strategies",[]],["diplomacy",[]],["propaganda",[]],["fake-news",[]],["social media manipulation",[]],["political subversion",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["IE",["DoD, 2016"]]],"sp":[["IE",["DoD, 2016"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["OSINT involves processing and validating open-source data to ensure it is relevant, accurate, and actionable.",[]]],"ex":[["Ukraine has effectively used OSINT to track Russian military movements and operations, significantly contributing to its defence efforts",["Smith-Boyle, 2022"]]]},{},{"sy":[["independent fact-checking initiatives",[]]],"ex":[["Correctiv (Germany), Maldita (Spain), Demagog (Poland), StopFake (Ukraine), Factual (Romania), and Stop Fals (Moldova)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["relevance by effect",[]]],"ex":[["You do not believe that an earthquake is gonna happen as scientific evidence cannot predict it with certainty higher than 60%.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{},{"sp":[["relevance by effort",[]]],"ex":[["The first entry emerging from a Google search is deemed more important than the entries that follow, regardless of their relevance.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{"rt":[["Order effects",[]],["Priming effects",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["When information is easily retrievable, it requires fewer cognitive resources for access and processing, leading to reduced cognitive load",["Barrouillet et al., 2007"]],["As for availability bias, this leads to reduced cognitive load for processing it.",[]]],"sp":[["relevance by effort",[]]],"ex":[["A piece of info appears on your news feed and it is shared on your social media walls, making you assume it is accurate.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{"sp":[["relevance by effect",[]]],"ex":[["A tweet went viral; thus, it must convey true content.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{"de":[["For example, biases by effort are addressed through tabular visualizations and automatic assistance in identifying claims within a source, while biases by effect are countered through strategies like warnings that nudge users to reflect more critically.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Accepting information that aligns with our beliefs minimizes cognitive dissonance-the discomfort or tension that arises from holding conflicting beliefs. Updating our worldview with consistent information helps alleviate this discomfort",["Knobloch-Westerwick et al., 2020"]],["Information accessed by hearsay which sounds reasonable is not the best to prioritize in an effective fact-check.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]],["relevance by effect",[]]],"ex":[["You trust evidence that points to despicable behavior of a politician belonging to a party you would never vote for.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["exposure effects point to the impact of the amount of time and the number of exposures individuals have to a stimulus.",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["echo-chambers",[]]]},{"de":[["pieces of information can be framed through images. Visual stimuli and patterns are elaborated quickly and without a significant conscious effort",["Huff et al., 2018"]],["depending on how the information is framed, its salience is different",["Van Schie and Van Der Pligt, 1995"]]],"sb":[["Framing effect (images)",[]],["Framing effect (textual)",[]]],"ex":[["The investments of a company in net-carbon are presented as greenwashing without touching upon positive outcomes.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{"sp":[["relevance by effort",[]]]},{"sp":[["relevance by effect",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a great number and complexity of information leads to information overload, which can exceed information processing capacities",["Che et al., 2019"]]],"sp":[["relevance by effort",[]]],"ex":[["You feel overwhelmed by the amount of info about ChatGPT and you decide to avoid reading any news about it.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["anchoring effects",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["anchoring effects",[]]],"ex":[["showing a picture of a cat before asking someone to name an animal primes them to respond more quickly with \"cat\" compared to an unrelated picture",[]]]},{},{"de":[["repetition leads to reactivation of stimuli in working memory",["Şentürk et al., 2024"]]],"sp":[["relevance by effort",[]]],"ex":[["You believe that a celebrity is dead because the search results page shows many results purporting it.",["Azzopardi (2021)"]]]},{"sb":[["Ambiguity effect",[]],["Bandwagon effect",[]],["Confirmation bias",[]],["Framing effect (textual)",[]],["Selection bias",[]],["Source bias",[]]]},{"sb":[["Availability bias",[]],["Anchoring bias",[]],["Framing effect (images)",[]],["Less-is-more effect",[]],["Reinforcement effect",[]]]},{"de":[["According to this theory, human cognition is geared toward maximizing relevance in communication.",[]],["This framework accounts for bias as the result of mental mechanisms prioritizing attention to inputs deemed most relevant and processing them to enhance their relevance.",[]],["In this framework, relevance amounts to the difference between the cognitive effort undertaken versus the cognitive effects achieved.",[]],["relevance amounts to the difference between the cognitive effort undertaken versus the cognitive effects achieved.",[]]],"rt":[["Cognitive effort",[]],["Cognitive effect",[]]]},{"de":[["media organizations can select events or pieces of information for achieving newsworthiness",["Lundman, 2003"]],["It is not necessary to report the claims that have not been fact-check in the fact-check report.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]],["relevance by effect",[]]],"ex":[["Out of 10 polls, the results of three are reported and the other ones are neglected.",[]],["The claim on the Northway passage in News 5 has not been factchecked and reported in the fact-checking report.",[]]]},{"de":[["trusted sources are more likely to have an impact on the updating of individuals' world views",["Wallace et al., 2020"]],["News are the best means among the available to fact-check information.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]],["relevance by effect",[]]],"ex":[["You rely solely on news from the New York Times to report on American polls results.",[]],["The first result is Wikipedia, but I would not open it and I would go to Google News and try to find a piece of news.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Such rampant disinformation often leverages the trust and social connectivity of social media users, spreads manipulated information to foment hatred, and inflicts damages on individuals or groups.",[]]],"rt":[["digital disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["fake news",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["Credibility is central to trust [18], so it is one of the fundamental dimensions of trust.",["18"]]]},{},{"de":[["Spreading fake news is a significant problem because it poses epistemic and practical risks -influencing crucial decisions about one's life (e.g., health, finance, education, or governance), relying on inaccurate beliefs can lead to various harms (e.g., illness, bankruptcy, ignorance, or mismanagement).",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["misleading news",[]]]},{"de":[["Sitting propaganda is prevalent in many spheres of society.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]],"ex":[["companies that break the statistics on annual reports",["13"]],["advertisements that suggest a product can achieve results it cannot achieve",["13"]],["films made solely for product placement",["13"]],["television evangelists who personally store the money they require for religious purposes",["13"]]]},{"de":[["Content can vary from amusing to a warning. The main thing is to get as much sharing as possible.",[]]]},{"de":[["When the consumer reads the message, the information guard will evaluate it as either trustworthy or untrustworthy.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is also about the ability to search for relevant media and information.",[]],["We can even relate it to advertising, tv shows, etc.",[]]],"rt":[["informational",[]],["digital",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation also differs from hoaxers in that it is created to influence people's opinions, and the purveyors are not just ordinary people but, for example, the governments of the countries in question.",[]],["Misinformation differs from misinformation in that it is not disseminated intentionally. It is, therefore, a piece of information that is wrong, false, or unbiased, but the purpose of the purveyor was not to deceive the recipient, as is precisely the case with misinformation.",["16"]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["propaganda",[]],["clickbait",[]],["sponsored content",[]],["satire and fraud",[]],["errors",[]],["partisans",[]],["conspiracy theory",[]],["pseudoscience",[]],["misinformation",[]],["false information",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["It is desirable precisely because it does not depend on persons and is therefore valid, applicable, and acceptable to everyone.",[]],["Minimal switching and trying to influence the reader.",[]]]},{"de":[["The rule recommends addressing what is essential, forcing authors to rely on substantiating facts and use substantiated arguments",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["hybrid warfare tool",[]],["instrument of ideological warfare",[]],["mass tool used by the media and social network users",["3"]],["professional device that can be very unobtrusive, even unrecognizable",["3"]],["Propaganda thus becomes a professional device that can be very unobtrusive, even unrecognizable",["3"]],["common elements include that this is a deliberate action to influence the mindset, persuade or manipulate the impressions of a specific group of people, thereby enriching the promoter or fulfilling his interest.",[]]],"sy":[["falsehood",["1"]],["distortion",["1"]],["deception",["1"]],["manipulation",["1"]],["brainwashing",["1"]],["empty speech",["1"]],["falsehood, distortion, deception, manipulation, brainwashing, and empty speech",["1"]]],"rt":[["political, economic, didactic, wartime, and ideological",[]]],"sb":[["guerrillas",[]],["reports on conspiracy theories",[]],["Political propaganda",[]],["White propaganda",[]],["black propaganda",[]],["grey propaganda",[]],["political",[]],["economic",[]],["didactic",[]],["wartime",[]],["ideological",[]],["white",[]],["grey",[]],["black",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["something (whether an utterance, written statement, news report, and so on) counts as bullshit because of the attitude(s) of the agent(s) who produced it and not because it is false, misleading, or otherwise dubious",[]],["One can lie without bullshitting, and one can bullshit without lying.",[]],["Bullshitters can sometimes say true things. But when they get things right, they do so accidentally, for the truth is not something that concerns them.",[]],["the focus is on how an agent's mental state relates to what they communicate rather than the truth or falsity of what they communicate.",[]],["communicating without regard for the truth of what one communicates",[]],["the focus is on agents in politics who lack regard for the truth of specific claims (or series of claims), whether this means they do not care whatsoever about the truth of such claims or they doubt such claims while communicating them nonetheless.",[]],["bullshitting is compatible with not lacking a regard for the facts.",[]],["political agents often deliberately bullshitting as a means to their varied ends.",[]],["the decision to bullshit is just one strategy among many that political agents can choose in order to minimize their costs (or maximize their benefits)",[]],["the production of bullshit is stimulated whenever a person's obligations or opportunities to speak about some topic exceed his knowledge of the facts that are relevant to that topic.",["Frankfurt 2005(Frankfurt [1986]]: 63","Frankfurt 2005(Frankfurt [1986]]: 63)"]],["In this paper, however, bullshit and lying are understood as distinct (though not mutually exclusive) phenomena.",["3"]],["something (whether an utterance, written statement, news report, and so on) counts as bullshit because of the attitude(s) of the agent(s) who produced it and not because it is false, misleading, or otherwise dubious (although much of what bullshitters communicate will in fact be false, misleading, or otherwise dubious).",[]]],"sy":[["regard for the truth",["2"]],["regard for the facts",["2"]]],"rt":[["lying",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["political bullshit is multimodal. It can be spoken, written, signed, tweeted, and more.",[]]]},{"de":[["roughly",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["bullshit",[]]],"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"rt":[["outright skeptics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such insouciance is not a deliberate choice.",[]],["This unreflective insouciance is different from the more deliberate bullshit often produced by citizens and other political actors.",[]]]},{"de":[["some fake news may be propagated by agents indifferent to the truth of what they propagate.",[]]],"sy":[["bullshit",[]]],"rt":[["bullshit",[]]]},{"de":[["Speaking in ways that boost one's level of esteem within one's social group incentivizes saying things that earn the approval of the relevant group, even if one doesn't know or care whether what one says is true",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["bullshitting",[]]]},{"de":[["lying and bullshitting can overlap",["3"]]],"rt":[["bullshitting",[]]]},{"de":[["roughly",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["bullshit",[]]],"sp":[["bullshit",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The spread of fake news (1), which is intentionally false information, makes it difficult to discern the truth.",[]],["Fake news can have serious consequences, affecting public opinion and elections.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["scams",[]]],"sb":[["Office supply scams occurs when scammers pose as legitimate companies offering office supplies.",[]],["Fake invoicing occurs when businesses are targeted with seemingly legitimate invoices and payment requests.",[]],["Charitable solicitations occur when charitable requests may stem from scammers that are trying to take advantage to steal money.",[]]]},{"de":[["Deepfakes have various applications, ranging from entertainment and education to malicious uses such as spreading misinformation, propaganda, election rigging and more.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news can be wholly fabricated or a mix of fact and fiction.",[]],["Fake news commonly presents common logical fallacies such as appeals to emotion.",[]],["Fake news is false information that has been purposefully crafted, contains sensationalism, can be emotionally charged, misleads or fabricates information that mimic mainstream news.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sb":[["Satire Or Parody (\"No Intention To Cause Harm But Has Potential To Fool\")",["Wardle 2017"]],["False Connection (\"When Headlines, Visuals Or Captions Don't Support The Content\")",["Wardle 2017"]],["Misleading Content (\"Misleading Use Of Information To Frame An Issue Or An Individual\")",["Wardle 2017"]],["False Context (\"When Genuine Content Is Shared With False Contextual Information\")",["Wardle 2017"]],["Impostor Content (\"When Genuine Sources Are Impersonated\" With False, Made-Up Sources)",["Wardle 2017"]],["Fabricated Content (\"New Content Is 100% False, Designed To Deceive And Do Harm\")",["Wardle 2017"]],["Satire Or Parody",["Wardle 2017"]],["False Connection",["Wardle 2017"]],["Misleading Content",["Wardle 2017"]],["False Context",["Wardle 2017"]],["Impostor Content",["Wardle 2017"]],["Manipulated Content",["Wardle 2017"]],["Fabricated Content",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["Therefore, the scope of this framework is about detecting fake news as a person, i.e., a human-centric approach, empowering individuals with the critical thinking skills and knowledge to discern credible information from misleading content.",[]]]},{"de":[["With False, Made-Up Sources",[]]],"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{"ex":[["catphishing or swatting",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{"rt":[["Cross-referencing",[]],["Fact-checking",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",["Wardle 2017"]]]},{"de":[["also as a situation with multiple possible meanings and understandings",[]]]},{"de":[["the resulting approach concerns epistemic probabilities without utilities.",[]],["Bayesianism, as it features in the sample for this review, forms the normative framework for how individuals should update their probability assignments after receiving a new piece of information.",[]],["requires that individuals update, or conditionalize, their prior probabilities according to Bayes' rule when they obtain new evidence, for example, a positive diabetes test.",[]]],"rt":[["Expected Utility Theory",[]]],"sp":[["Probability Theory",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Accuracy, understanding, and confidence in decision count as cognition",[]]]},{"de":[["As an improvement of their model",[]]],"sy":[["CPT",[]],["Prospect Theory",[]]],"rt":[["Prospect Theory",[]]],"sp":[["Dual-Process Theories",["Grayot, 2020","Kahneman, 2011"]]],"ex":[["risk aversion among US federal wildfire managers when presented with dilemmas affecting costs, property damage and firefighter fatality risks",["Hand et al., 2015"]]]},{"de":[["Dual-Process Theory forms a 'pair of black boxes' (Gigerenzer & Hoffrage, 2007), which offers little explanatory power (Grayot, 2020).",["Gigerenzer & Hoffrage, 2007","Grayot, 2020"]]],"sb":[["gistbased and verbatim in Fuzzy-Trace Theory",[]],["(Cumulative) Prospect Theory",[]],["Fuzzy-Trace Theory",[]],["Nested Sets Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Concern counts as emotion",[]]]},{"sy":[["EUT",[]]],"rt":[["Rational Choice Theory",[]],["Probability Theory",[]]],"sp":[["Rational Choice Theory",[]],["Probability Theory",[]]]},{},{"de":[["emphasis (highlighting a particular theme, interpretation, or aspects) and equivalence (using differently valenced or oriented content that is logically equal",["Gustafson & Rice, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["FTT states that both processes develop with age, but gist-based intuition becomes the dominant way of processing at an adult age and, more surprisingly, the predominant expert mode of reasoning in comparison with novices.",[]]],"sp":[["Fuzzy-Trace Theory",[]]],"ex":[["the gist will discard this number and sum up the sentence as \"it is unlikely to rain\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["uncertainty level",[]]]},{"sy":[["vague or unknown probabilities",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Kahneman and Tversky noticed that in experiments with lottery choices, participants often do not follow the choices deemed optimal by EUT. They saw a profound asymmetry between losses and gains in gambles: losses were felt much more negatively than gains were experienced positively. Moreover, there is a diminished sensitivity at high gain/loss values, in line with the diminished marginal utility as already observed by Bernoulli in 1738",["Bernoulli, 1738","Briggs, 2019"]]],"rt":[["Expected Utility Theory",[]]],"sp":[["Dual-Process Theories",["Grayot, 2020","Kahneman, 2011"]]],"ex":[["risk aversion among US federal wildfire managers when presented with dilemmas affecting costs, property damage and firefighter fatality risks",["Hand et al., 2015"]]]},{"sy":[["PMT",[]]]},{"de":[["According to RCT, individuals driven by self-interest want to maximize utility and to that end, make a cost-benefit assessment to make a decision.",[]]],"sy":[["RCT",[]]],"rt":[["Bayesianism",[]],["Expected Utility Theory",[]]],"sp":[["Rational preference theories",[]]]},{"sy":[["SEUT",[]]],"sp":[["Expected Utility Theory",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["no uncertainty",[]],["shallow",[]],["medium",[]],["deep uncertainty",[]],["total ignorance",[]]]},{"sy":[["UOT",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Here, disciplinary power runs not through confinement within physical walls but through systems of quantification, ranking, profiling, and behavioral prediction.",[]],["surveillance now extends beyond physical observation to data analytics, metadata tracking, and predictive algorithms. Here, disciplinary power runs not through confinement within physical walls but through systems of quantification, ranking, profiling, and behavioral prediction.",[]]]},{"de":[["Power functions most effectively when it is internalized; individuals begin to monitor and correct themselves even in the absence of direct coercion.",[]],["disciplinary power runs not through confinement within physical walls but through systems of quantification, ranking, profiling, and behavioral prediction.",[]],["disciplinary power as a productive mechanism that forms \"docile bodies\" through visibility, normalization, and internalized monitoring.",[]],["forms compliant subjects by structuring the limits of intelligibility rather than by prohibiting speech outright.",[]],["produces self-regulating subjects through normalization and internalization",["Foucault, 1977"]]],"rt":[["visibility",[]],["normalization",[]],["internalized monitoring",[]],["discursive discipline",[]],["surveillance",[]],["internalization",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Newspeak",[]]]},{"de":[["personalization algorithms create \"filter bubbles,\"",[]]],"rt":[["algorithmic curation",[]]]},{"de":[["a critical framework for understanding how surveillance produces self-regulating subjects through normalization and internalization",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Newspeak",[]]]},{},{"de":[["By systematically reducing vocabulary and eliminating semantic nuance, the Party seeks to render \"thoughtcrime\" linguistically impossible.",[]]],"rt":[["epistemic control",[]],["linguistic minimalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Through continuous observability, individuals internalize the gaze and discipline themselves without the constant need for physical enforcement.",[]],["the idea that surveillance fosters self-discipline and conformity.",[]]],"rt":[["synopticon",[]],["panopticon",[]],["disciplinary power",[]]]},{"de":[["Foucault's model offers a critical lens for understanding how states and institutions exercise social control through surveillance.",[]]]},{"de":[["dissent becomes measurable through engagement metrics, monetized visibility, and platform governance",[]]]},{"de":[["particularly within social media environments where users are both spectators and the observed",[]]],"rt":[["panopticon",[]]]},{"de":[["may obscure deeper ideological structures",["Morozov (2013)"]]]},{"de":[["Technically speaking, fake news and alternative terms such as hoax and rumor usually refer to manipulated multimedia (e.g. text, images, video, etc.) used for spreading incorrect information.",[]]],"sy":[["hoax",[]],["rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["Image repurposing is a relatively new research problem that deals with multimodal semantic forensics.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The DC is seen as one of the major cornerstones in building trust in both FM institutions but also in market integrity and consumer protection.",[]]],"sp":[["IT-embedded dynamic capabilities",[]],["dynamic capabilities",[]]]},{"de":[["Refers to the nature of the fake news itself.",[]],["propositional content of signs that misrepresents the state of the world with the intention to deceive",["Khan et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["false information",["Khan et al., 2022"]]]},{"sp":[["dynamic capabilities",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Like general FN, FFN aim to deceive, but these messages specifically manipulates financial data, market information, or company reputations.",[]]],"sy":[["FFN",[]]],"sp":[["fake news (FN)",[]]]},{"de":[["IMT identifies four principles of deceptive communication: a) exaggerating or understating information to distort the truth; b) altering the quality of information or presenting falsehoods; c) taking information out of context; and d) using ambiguity to confuse readers.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news (FN)",[]]]},{"de":[["paramount for the financial institutions in dealing with FFN and in enabling public value creation with respect to creating operative and sustainable advantages internally and providing better services externally (Wirtz et al., 2021), especially on the core mandates of consumer protection and market integrity.",[]],["The framework links these activities to broader outputs, especially to deliver public value by ensuring market integrity and consumer protection.",[]]],"sb":[["Dynamic Fraud Awareness",[]],["Collaborative Investigative Networking",[]],["Rapid Enforcement Adaption",[]],["Digital Communication and Education",[]],["Effective and Visible Deterrence",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["false information",["Khan et al., 2022"]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["false information",["Khan et al., 2022"]]]},{"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Interactive interfaces refer to own public facing channels like websites, social media accounts, or educational games.",[]],["Information dissemination grants the public access to data and insights the institutions compiled.",[]]],"ex":[["SEC Action Lookup for Individuals (SALI), a search tool for \"retail investors to research whether the person trying to sell them investments has a judgment or order entered against them in an enforcement action.\"",["SEC_discussion_1"]],["BrokerCheck by FINRA",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This concept serves as a means to identify the threshold where bias becomes recognizable and transitions from implicit to explicit, mirroring real-world situations where bias often emerges subtly and gradually escalates.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Implicit biases",[]],["explicit biases",[]]],"sb":[["implicit biases",[]],["explicit biases",[]]]},{"de":[["it does not directly address the challenge of mitigating biased outputs in LLMs.",[]]]},{"de":[["By including counterfactual sentences, the STOP dataset evaluates a model's robustness in maintaining its ethical stance in the face of potentially justifiable reasons for problematic behavior.",[]]],"ex":[["The fitness center has a strict dress code that prohibits head coverings for safety reasons. Should Fatima be allowed to wear her hijab while working out?",[]]]},{"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Offensive progressions in STOP are categorized by severity level, demographic, and sub-demographic.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a body that cannot help but be affected, marked, changed, by what is deposited in and across it.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It consists of opening oneself to others, absorbing their reality, and describing it. It also consists of critically questioning existing and evolving journalistic methodologies and epistemologies.",[]]],"rt":[["immersion",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Generally, accountability is part of the relationship between society and the state (Caplan & boyd, 2016).",["Caplan & boyd, 2016"]],["According to Rosenblat, Kneese and boyd (2014), it is fundamentally about checks and balances to power.",[]],["It has a retrospective dimension (being blamed or punished for an action), which is the most commonly accepted, and a 004 Sara Suárez-Gonzalo, Lluís Mas-Manchón, Frederic Guerrero-Solé Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2019) prospective one (defining obligations and duties related to that action).",["004 Sara Suárez-Gonzalo, Lluís Mas-Manchón, Frederic Guerrero-Solé Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2019)"]]],"rt":[["responsibility",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It encourages people to offer individual-level explanations for social problems.",[]]],"sp":[["framing",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]]]},{"sp":[["framing",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]]]},{"de":[["Unlike the inductive approach, which is arduous to apply as it involves analyzing the news with an open view, the deductive method is easily replicable.",[]]],"rt":[["inductive approach",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]]]},{"de":[["Frames draw attention toward certain aspects of reality while marginalizing others",["Lawrence, 2000","2000"]]],"sb":[["Conflict",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]],["Human interest",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]],["Economic consequences",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]],["Morality",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]],["Attribution of responsibility",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech increases social inequality, violate sensitivities and impose the domination of social groups over stigmatised others, but it could even drive the victims to fatal consequences",["Zollo & Loos, 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["framing",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]]]},{"de":[["is arduous to apply as it involves analyzing the news with an open view",[]]],"rt":[["deductive approach",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["framing",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]]]},{"rt":[["accountability",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["circuit of affects",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["perceived credibility",[]]],"sp":[["credibility",[]],["journalistic credibility",[]]]},{"de":[["Lisboa and Benetti (2015) propose to discuss credibility as justified true belief",[]],["credibility has an intersubjective nature, since it is formed in the context of a relationship and depends on the perspective of another subject.",[]]],"rt":[["constituted credibility",[]],["perceived credibility",[]]],"sb":[["constituted credibility",[]],["perceived credibility",[]]]},{"sy":[["pseudoevents",[]]]},{"de":[["result of discursive manipulation",[]],["part of the political stratagem",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["produced by algorithms that \"guarantee high audience ratings for oligopoly multinationals\" and \"feed the sectarianism and the spread of untruths\"",[]]]},{"de":[["the news merchandise risks losing its market value",[]]]},{"rt":[["constituted credibility",[]]],"sp":[["credibility",[]],["journalistic credibility",[]]]},{"de":[["what it designates -the prevalence of beliefs over evidence -is an ancestral tendency of humanity",["2"]]]},{},{"sy":[["factoides",[]]]},{"de":[["in which the most varied points of view oppose each other and where the dialogue around differences is permanent",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["nostalgia",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["personal nostalgia",["Wildschut et al. 2014"]],["collective nostalgia",["Wildschut et al. 2014"]]]},{"ex":[["Our historic market towns, cathedral cities and unspoiled countryside are the envy of the world.",[]]]},{"sp":[["nostalgia",[]]]},{"de":[["focuses on breaking with the status quo, viewing recent social change in a pessimistic way",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["information bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["By \"radically different\", the author refers to the social responsibility of these media, their focus on commitment to finding solutions to local problems rather than on objectivity, their collective and horizontal organisation, and community involvement in content production -all of which challenge the professionalised and institutionalised practices of conventional and professional media.",[]],["often operating without funding or with limited resources and sustainability issues, these alternative projects are frequently dedicated to themes framed by social inequality, such as the under-representation of women, ethnic minorities, and marginalised groups.",[]],["While alternative journalism emerges outside commercial media frameworks, with strong political and cultural opposition to the mainstream, adopting alternative styles, formats, and counter-hegemonic narratives",["Abbott, 2017"]],["Counter-information, ideological critique, neglected topics",[]],["Fanzines, free radios, activist digital platforms",[]],["Opposition to the dominant (economic/ editorial) model",[]],["Decentralised, horizontal, collective structures",[]],["Socio-political transformation through critical mediation",[]],["Mixed: professionals and untrained actors",[]],["the social responsibility of these media, their focus on commitment to finding solutions to local problems rather than on objectivity, their collective and horizontal organisation, and community involvement in content production",[]],["alternative projects are frequently dedicated to themes framed by social inequality, such as the under-representation of women, ethnic minorities, and marginalised groups.",["Atton, 2009"]]],"sy":[["public journalism",[]],["community journalism",[]],["citizen journalism",[]]],"rt":[["public journalism",[]],["citizen journalism",[]],["community journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["professional journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["These terms are frequently used interchangeably to express similar ideas.",[]],["allows any citizen with internet access or production tools (text, audio, and video) to give visibility, through direct participation and testimony, to specific experiences or events without belonging to a hierarchical organisation",["Jenkins, 2006","McChesney & Nichols, 2016","Jenkins, 2006;McChesney & Nichols, 2016"]],["citizen journalism faces structural problems, including a lack of financial resources, as well as issues regarding the credibility and dissemination of the information produced.",["Atton & Hamilton, 2008","Atton & Hamilton, 2008, p. 95"]],["citizen journalism creates information bubbles that have little impact on public debate and opinion, rather than democratising information.",[]],["citizen journalism often replicates the patterns of conventional and professional journalism. It does not truly break with the established model, particularly in its dependence on official sources, which limits the availability of alternative perspectives and maintains the pursuit of objectivity that restricts the diversity of voices and narratives, as well as the adoption of conventional structures, such as gatekeeping practices",["Mutsvairo & Bebawi, 2022"]],["Personal experiences, proximity, and emerging topics",[]],["Collaborative platforms, social networks, blogs, forums",[]],["Coexistence or interdependence with professional media; Complementary to mainstream media",[]],["Informal, spontaneous, collaborative structures",[]],["Direct participation in information production and sharing",[]],["Absence of formal professionalisation",[]]],"sy":[["public journalism",[]],["alternative journalism",[]],["community journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["In essence, these broadcasts function as news bulletins, providing factual and up-to-date information and performing an essential journalistic function for the community.",[]]]},{"de":[["the main characteristic of community journalism lies in the proximity and connection of journalists to the community, both geographically and emotionally.",["Reader & Hatcher, 2012"]],["The valid distinguishing criterion may be community-centred content, with strong community participation in the medium, creating a participatory model.",["Reader & Hatcher, 2012"]],["In community journalism, the audience is often quite involved in the procedure, with much content being suggested, requested, or even submitted by people in the community.",[]],["Local everyday realities, cultural identity, community dynamics",[]],["Local press, community radios, hyperlocal publications",[]],["Coexistence or interdependence with professional media; Complementary to mainstream media",[]],["Small local newsrooms with community involvement",[]],["Strengthening community cohesion and identity",[]],["Predominantly volunteer-based, with possible professional contributions",[]],["working with the community on local information, promoting civic participation, and reinforcing citizens' connection with local institutions",[]]],"sy":[["public journalism",[]],["alternative journalism",[]],["citizen journalism",[]]],"sp":[["participatory and engaged journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["construct an alternative reality, focusing less on mass audiences and more on niche publics who are not represented in mainstream media",[]],["growing in the Portuguese context, primarily through online broadcasting without FM frequency and operating outside the radio law",[]]],"rt":[["citizen journalism",[]],["community journalism",[]],["independent journalism",[]],["community radio",[]]]},{"rt":[["alternative and community media open to citizen participation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["tends to focus on experts, public figures, and official sources, ignoring horizontal and community-based forms of information production and leaving little or no space for experimentation",[]]],"rt":[["professional journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["tends to highlight problems rather than communicate solutions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Rádio Freguesia de Belém regularly trains volunteers without prior experience in radio or journalism to research, interview, produce and present programmes.",[]]]},{"de":[["this alternative form involves public participation in news production.",[]],["public journalism arises within commercial and professional media as a way to enable audiences to participate in the editorial process and to promote more democratic and open practices, yet still professional and aligned with traditional journalistic genres",["Abbott, 2017"]],["Civic participation, citizenship, and sociopolitical issues",[]],["Thematic sections, radio/television programmes, civic projects",[]],["Reformist integration into the media system",[]],["Conventional newsrooms open to public participation",[]],["Restoring trust in institutional journalism",[]],["Full professionalisation",[]]],"sy":[["alternative journalism",[]],["citizen journalism",[]],["community journalism",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["central organizing theme",[]]]},{"rt":[["folkhem",[]]]},{"sy":[["meta-frame",[]]],"ex":[["Virtually any problematic situation that arose in the world could be, and was, assimilated to the Cold War paradigm",["Entman 2004:95"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the relation between news frames and audience frames is based on collective processes of negotiation over meaning, rather than on individual exposure to news frames",[]]],"rt":[["news frames",[]],["audience frames",[]]]},{"de":[["The human interest frame as such does not link the espionage cases to either a \"Cold War\" or a \"class struggle\" paradigm.",[]],["does not link the espionage cases to either the \"Cold War\" or the \"class struggle\" paradigm.",[]]],"rt":[["issue-specific traitor frame",[]],["strategy frame",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["latent reasoning devices",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The journalists avoid discussing the issue itself and instead turn to discuss the (party) political outcomes of the crises",[]],["does not link the espionage cases to either the \"Cold War\" or the \"class struggle\" paradigm.",[]]],"rt":[["human interest frame",[]]]},{"de":[["one of the strongest cultural organizing ideas in the collective Christian heritage",[]],["In large part, this is because we live in societies that are predicated on the notion that we can believe in faith and credit of our friends, neighbours and countrymen. When a person, group or institution betrays this assumption, they undermine the trust that makes possible everything from marriage and family life, to religion, politics, law, commerce and diplomacy.",["61"]],["When a person, group or institution betrays this assumption, they undermine the trust that makes possible everything from marriage and family life, to religion, politics, law, commerce and diplomacy.",["Kendrick 2016"]]]},{"de":[["The traitor frame is constructed in two variations: the single spy betraying his country and the government forsaking its people by being \"soft on the Soviets\" or \"careless about security\".",[]],["provide the story of the traitor, persons who let their people down for money and/or women",[]],["The traitor frame was constructed mainly by indications of what the spies may have destroyed and what damage their activities may have done to their countries.",[]],["The main frame is the traitor frame.",[]],["The traitor frame is approvable and approved in many different social situations and issues: adultery, war, football and religion.",[]],["There is only fear and loathing for the traitor. In large part, this is because we live in societies that are predicated on the notion that we can believe in faith and credit of our friends, neighbours and countrymen. When a person, group or institution betrays this assumption, they undermine the trust that makes possible everything from marriage and family life, to religion, politics, law, commerce and diplomacy.",["Kendrick 2016: 61"]]],"rt":[["spy",[]],["cultural frame",[]]],"sb":[["the single spy cheating on his country",[]],["the government betraying its people by being \"soft on the Soviets\" or \"careless about security\"",[]]],"sp":[["cultural frame",[]]],"ex":[["Stories are spiced up by irrelevant and false facts, inspired by the spy stories in the fiction media.",[]],["adultery, war, football and religion",[]]]},{"ex":[["Judas, Brutus and Quisling",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Dai et al. (2022) proposed a framework to generate fact-checked counterfactual explanations (Byrne, 2016)",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["I draw on insights from scholarship on emotion and more recent theories of affect, and use 'affect' and 'emotion' interchangeably",[]],["it is essential not to confuse affect with emotion and feeling. While affect contains a particular energy, mood, or movement and may lead to a particular feeling, and possibly the subsequent expression of emotion, it both precedes and sustains or possibly annuls feeling and emotion.",["2015, p. 21"]],["I use the terms 'emotion' and 'affect' interchangeably, referring to an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities.",[]],["perceived as transindividual",[]],["an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities",[]],["Affect is something deeply interior but that also has outward manifestations.",[]]],"sy":[["emotion",[]]],"rt":[["affective media",[]],["affective publics",[]],["collective affect",[]]]},{"rt":[["affective reality",[]]]},{"de":[["it must also include variants of disruptive and negative emotions directed at others.",[]],["Peterson's (2016), who, building on Massumi (1995), refers to affective labour as the positive feelings of satisfaction and ease that may infuse religious use of social media.",[]],["For 'affective labour' to be a useful concept to think with, it must also include variants of disruptive and negative emotions directed at others.",[]],["My definition is broader than Peterson's (2016), who, building on Massumi (1995), refers to affective labour as the positive feelings of satisfaction and ease that may infuse religious use of social media. Enacting religious conflicts online entails varying degrees of emotional commitment and a range of emotions. For 'affective labour' to be a useful concept to think with, it must also include variants of disruptive and negative emotions directed at others.",[]]],"rt":[["affective performance",[]]],"ex":[["humanists pour an enormous amount of emotional labour into their attempts at deescalating feelings such as anger, outrage, loss, and fear, in order to appease offense and move towards conflict resolution.",[]],["the affective labour of the male ardent atheists cannot be ignored. The goal of ardent atheists is to create more friction, the diametric opposite of the humanists, and ardent atheists seem to gleefully consider their performance of conflict a form of entertainment.",[]]]},{"de":[["an affective medium in which subjects are suspended in emotions, sensations, modes of embodiment and discourse. Subjects are shaped by this affective space and their connections to others, but they still have agency to offer their own interpretations of their cultural surroundings.",[]],["The concept of 'affective media' points to how media are socially and affectively consumed, highlights the connective parts of affect, and points to how emotions are shared through enactments of conflicts.",[]]],"rt":[["affective publics",["Papacharissi's (2015)"]],["collective affect",[]]],"ex":[["YouTube [is] an affective medium in which subjects are suspended in emotions, sensations, modes of embodiment and discourse.",["2016, p. 4"]]]},{"rt":[["emotional performance of conflict",[]],["politics of affect",[]]]},{"de":[["The intense affective performance of conflict for different sets of others may at times attempt to drown out or silence opposing views.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is the caring which gives vibrant life to a mediatized conflict.",[]]]},{"de":[["The feelings that swell, the passion of the group, the vibrant intensity of the collective can be found in political rallies, religious gatherings, music concerts, family get-togethers, sports events, and mass celebrations.",["Skoggard & Waterston (2015)"]]],"ex":[["political rallies, religious gatherings, music concerts, family get-togethers, sports events, and mass celebrations",["Skoggard & Waterston (2015)"]]]},{"sy":[["sticky symbols",[]]],"ex":[["the cross",[]]]},{"de":[["feelings range from an incomprehensible sensation or mood to a labelled (or mis-labelled) emotion.",[]],["I use the terms 'emotion' and 'affect' interchangeably, referring to an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities.",[]],["embodied thought",[]],["an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities",[]]],"sy":[["affect",[]]],"rt":[["affect",[]]]},{"de":[["whose outrage and emotional turmoil fuel the enactment of mediatized conflicts.",[]],["Being an enraged fan is an aggressive and antagonistic defence of all things sacred.",[]]],"rt":[["religious emotion",[]],["enraged fan",["Michaeliou & Trenz (2015)"]]]},{"rt":[["emotional performance of conflict",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the role of affect in polemic and mediatized conflicts. The role of emotion in religious conflicts and identity politics is not simply analytically useful, but is, at times, the very fabric of which political ideas are made.",[]],["The empirically grounded conceptual framework of the politics of affect, as formulated in this article, provides a new, sharpened lens, with which to detect and make sense of the multitude of ways in which affect and differing kinds of emotions play into conflicts about religion and identity in social media.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The notion is useful because it connotes an intensified emotional attachment to 'sacred sites, landscapes, artefacts, and beings' , or what Ahmed (2014) would simply call 'objects' .",["Ahmed (2014)"]],["Displaying religious emotion is perceived as performing one's core identity.",[]],["Religious emotion connects and binds people together in heightened, collective affect.",[]],["This intensified emotion is key to the construction of religious identities, shared worldviews, and moral outlooks.",[]],["It both binds and separates.",[]],["It shapes perceptions of who we are, but also who we are not.",[]],["Religious emotion rides on a sense of shared emotions, values, righteousness and ontological security about sticky objects.",[]]],"rt":[["shared emotions",[]],["values",[]],["righteousness",[]],["ontological security",[]]],"ex":[["Emblematic symbols such as the cross or the hijab or a national flag are typical examples of objects likely to be imbued with this type of intensified religious emotion.",[]]]},{"rt":[["emblematic symbols",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Governments in different countries used it for \"boosting nationalist morale, for tying soldiers to the home front, for bringing vivid memories of the homes, loved ones and way of life they were seeking to protect\".",["52"]]]},{"de":[["Thus, information regarding theatre reflects not only cultural, artistic or qualitative aspects of the theatrical event (common to theatre research and historiography) but also its social impact.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["German Romanticism",[]]]},{"de":[["all 13 Likert-scale questions about radiation-related anxiety were converted into a scale to measure radiation concerns suitable for analysis by mediausage",[]]],"sb":[["radiation/health fears",[]],["fears for the future",[]],["fears about social disruption",[]]]},{"de":[["strategies for navigating the space of sociolinguistic significance configured by webs of social relations and networks of competing indexical values and language ideologies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["resonance, or the systematic recycling process of prior linguistic elements for the construction of stance relationships (DuBois 2001(DuBois , 2007;;Oropeza-Escobar 2011), is shown to have clear implications on speakers' interpretation of the interaction at hand, since patterns of resonance iconically represent positions of social alignment among participants (Lempert 2008).",["DuBois 2001","DuBois , 2007","Oropeza-Escobar 2011","Lempert 2008"]]],"rt":[["stance relationships",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Expanding Goffman's analysis of footing (1981), these studies provide greater specification of the interpersonal and intersubjective dimensions of framing and how speakers deploy linguistic resources in this process.",["1981"]]]},{"de":[["Under this view, the identities and personae that speakers adopt through styling build upon existing social stances and stereotypes, but also are an outcome of interactional processes through which linguistic forms are resignified and reinterpreted.",[]],["In this sense, the process of styling and stylization provides the grounds for framing, as it is inherently about intersubjective negotiation and interpretation of the social meaning of sociolinguistic variables, about constructing frames of reference within which various identities and personae can be understood.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This phenomenon explains why and when one media's agenda can affect the agendas of other media outlets.",[]],["Unlike the traditional agenda-setting theory, which explains how the media shape the public's agenda, IMAS examines how media agendas are developed through journalistic coorientation.",[]],["IMAS has three levels, as the original theory: The first level identifies the transfer of objects-what is being reported; the second discusses the transfer of attributes -how is it being reported; and the third covers the transfer of a network which could be an attribute network or an object network (Guo & McCombs, 2011).",["Guo & McCombs, 2011"]],["This phenomenon explains why and when one media's agenda can affect the agendas of other media outlets. Unlike the traditional agenda-setting theory, which explains how the media shape the public's agenda, IMAS examines how media agendas are developed through journalistic coorientation.",[]]],"sb":[["The first level identifies the transfer of objects-what is being reported",["Guo & McCombs, 2011"]],["the second discusses the transfer of attributes -how is it being reported",["Guo & McCombs, 2011"]],["the third covers the transfer of a network which could be an attribute network or an object network",["Guo & McCombs, 2011"]]]},{"de":[["present in the international sphere, with high correlations between issues and a greater number of relationships between attributes",[]]],"rt":[["network agenda setting",[]]]},{"de":[["IIMAS occurs when media outlets lack their own correspondents to cover foreign news events, leading them to rely on coverage from other sources.",[]]]},{"rt":[["network agenda setting",[]]]},{"rt":[["attributes",["Ghanem, 1997","S. Mohammed, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["In this framework, media establish connections between different attributes of an issue, influencing how the public perceives these connections.",[]],["according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness",["Tahamtan et al., 2022"]],["So, according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness",["Tahamtan et al., 2022"]],["This model posits that issue and attributes are transmitted to the public as networks of interconnected elements.",["Guo & McCombs, 2011"]],["network agenda-setting posits that these elements are transmitted simultaneously as a network of interconnected attributes.",[]],["So, according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness (Tahamtan et al., 2022).",["Tahamtan et al., 2022"]],["While traditional agenda-setting treats issues and attributes as separate entities, network agenda-setting posits that these elements are transmitted simultaneously as a network of interconnected attributes.",["Liu, Geng &Liu, 2022"]],["In this framework, media establish connections between different attributes of an issue, influencing how the public perceives these connections. So, according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness (Tahamtan et al., 2022).",["Tahamtan et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["traditional agenda setting",[]]]},{"rt":[["network agenda-setting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation can be categorized into two main types.",[]]]},{"de":[["Identifying possible rumor spreaders is crucial as it has been shown that they are the potential sources of rumor propagation [35].",[]]]},{"de":[["Misinformation can be categorized into two main types.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["categorical aspect label",[]]],"rt":[["aspect category",[]],["aspect text span",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["stance classification",[]]]},{"rt":[["infodemic",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["communist cultural identity",[]],["Soviet myth-making",[]]]},{},{"de":[["lo que se traduce en aumento del tráfico web y su respectivo ingreso publicitario",["Bakir & McStay, 2018","Gutiérrez-Coba et al., 2020","Posetti, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["La desinformación, en particular las noticias falsas, constituyen un riesgo para la democracia y el valor de la verdad en la comprensión de los hechos a nivel global",["Mcintyre, 2018"]],["en el corazón de la desinformación contemporánea están los discursos anti-establishment o anti-sistema",["2017"]],["Segundo, la desinformación, que refiere al contenido falso creado deliberadamente para producir un daño a una persona u organización.",[]]],"sb":[["el contexto falso",[]],["el contenido impostor",[]],["el contenido manipulado",[]],["el contenido fabricado",[]],["noticias falsas (fake news)",["Marwick & Lewis, 2017","Wardle & Derakhshan, 2018"]]],"sp":[["desorden o ruido informativo",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Primero, a la denominada \"información errónea\" o aquel contenido falso que se comparte sin intención de causar daño.",[]]]},{"de":[["Y tercero, la información maliciosa, que es contenido cierto, pero que se usa con el propósito de causar perjuicio (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2018).",[]]],"sb":[["filtraciones",[]],["acciones de acoso",[]],["discursos de odio",[]]],"sp":[["desorden o ruido informativo",[]]]},{"de":[["Dentro de la desinformación que busca engañar y hacer daño se encuentran las populares noticias falsas",["Marwick & Lewis, 2017","Wardle & Derakhshan, 2018"]]],"sy":[["bulos",[]],["contenidos falsos",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["desinformación",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["crean o replican contenidos, eco de informaciones que coinciden con sus creencias y actuaciones preexistentes -lo que se conoce como sesgos cognitivos-",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This way of considering people's relationship with journalism has been used in a number of studies to explore how people think about journalism and how those impressions shape their interactions with news",[]]]},{"de":[["a combination of journalist and trash in Korean",[]]],"sy":[["a combination of journalist and trash in Korean",[]]]},{"sp":[["media systems",[]]]},{"de":[["cynicism is characterized by a lower degree of reflexivity compared with distrust",["Krouwel & Abts, 2007"]],["Cynical citizens a priori reject the news media because they are certain that journalistic conduct is exclusively the product of journalists' selfish interests.",[]]],"rt":[["media distrust",[]],["distrust",[]]]},{"de":[["Both distrust and cynicism entail negative expectations of the public toward the media, but cynicism is characterized by a lower degree of reflexivity compared with distrust",["Krouwel & Abts, 2007"]]],"rt":[["media cynicism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["gendered networks",[]],["stereotypes",[]]]},{"de":[["Most of the explanations put forward in this body of research can largely be characterized as demand-side perspectives, focusing on how news production is infused by the same gender imbalances as the rest of society, which in turn leads to a lower demand for female voices in political news.",[]]],"rt":[["gendered demand",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the gendered demand logic kicks in when distance increases",[]]]},{"de":[["informal discrimination practices, such as the creation of gendered networks",[]]]},{},{"de":[["visibility provides structural advantages in the competition for voter attention",["Van Aelst and Walgrave 2017, 8-10"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the point is that male journalists tend to favor male sources in their networks.",[]]]},{"de":[["Men are associated with public (as opposed to private) life (O'Neill, Savigny, and Cann 2016) and with qualities often deemed important to politics and political positions such as leadership, ambition, aggression, independence, and selfconfidence (Brescoll 2016;Eagly and Karau 2002;Lawless 2004).",["O'Neill, Savigny, and Cann 2016","Brescoll 2016","Eagly and Karau 2002","Lawless 2004"]]],"rt":[["cognitive processes",[]]]},{"rt":[["gendered news practices",[]],["gendered patterns of negative feedback",[]]]},{"rt":[["supply-side mechanisms",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["without a doubt",[]],["arguably",[]],["however",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["very",[]],["much",[]],["a bit",[]],["often",[]],["approximately",[]],["very, much, a bit, often, approximately",[]]]},{"de":[["It includes edits which introduce bias (often intentionally, as in (1) below), vandalism, corrections of factual mistakes unrelated to bias, replacing bias with another bias (cf. (2)), and collateral edits, i.e., neutral sentences neighbouring biased ones indirectly targeted by a large-scope edit (cf. (3)).",[]]]},{"sy":[["omission of factual information",[]]],"ex":[["(14) a. (before) as of numtkn it is the ethnic minority party in romania with representation in the romanian parliament b. (after) as of numtkn it is the ethnic minority party in romania with representation in the romanian parliament and is part of the governing coalition along with the justice and truth alliance and the conservatives",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["best",[]],["great",[]],["iconic",[]]]},{"rt":[["peacock words",[]]]},{"rt":[["subjectivity detection",[]]],"sp":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They explicitly undermine tone neutrality by introducing overstatements and exaggerations",[]],["They explicitly undermine tone neutrality by introducing overstatements and exaggerations ( 6).",["6"]]],"ex":[["some prominent liberals including scott reid were strongly critical of volpe s response",[]],["he is truly one of the greatest americans",[]],["(5) (before) he is truly one of the greatest americans",[]],["a. (before) this is an absurd statement because the cavalry of any age is designed first and foremost to run over the enemy and separate them as to make them far more vulnerable to being overwhelmed and overrun b. (after) this is wrong because the cavalry of any age is designed first and foremost to run over the enemy and separate them as to make them far more vulnerable to being overwhelmed and overrun",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Vincze (2013) detects sentences containing weasel, hedge or peacock words from the Wiki-Weasel corpus with a precision of 0.74, recall of 0.69 and F 1 of 0.71, by using a dictionary lookup approach.",[]]],"rt":[["hedge",[]],["peacock",[]]],"ex":[["some people say",[]],["it is believed",[]],["science says",[]],["some people say, it is believed, science says",[]]]},{"sy":[["Influential ensemble method",[]]]},{"sy":[["false material",[]],["fabricated information",[]]]},{"de":[["amplifies vulnerability to falsehoods by uncritically accepting them as facts because they align with pre-existing beliefs",["Lord et al., 1979","Knobloch-Westerwick et al., 2015","Soon and Goh, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["In dealing with information, an information-literate person is characterized by critical handling, targeted research, selection and evaluation of information and its quality (Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000).",["Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000"]]]},{"ex":[["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["self-efficacy",[]]],"sy":[["NFC",[]]]},{},{"de":[["individuals tend to select media content that is consistent with their views",["Garrett, 2013","Camaj, 2019"]],["propensity to consume congruent or affirmative information",[]],["Understanding this bias is essential for teaching information literacy effectively, as it allows educators to address potential blind spots, encourage more balanced and inclusive teaching strategies, and promote critical thinking among their students.",[]],["cognitive biases, such as the selective exposure effect",[]],["individuals' propensity to consume congruent or affirmative information",["Kaye et al., 2012","Bardin et al., 2018","Min and Yun, 2018"]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]],["filter bubbles",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["exist independently of individual social actors, represent societal guiding principles, and influence social behavior",["Koch & Schemmann, 2009, p. 22"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["some studies attribute it to low critical interpretation of information, difficulty in following the news flow and lack of skill with Internet tools",["Yabrude, et al., 2020"]],["frequently displays the use of superlatives to stress deceptive content, to exaggerate or dramatise a statement",["Rashkin, et al., 2017","Li and Su, 2020"]],["lack of comparison between data and facts, as well as the absence of quantitative data",["Ott, et al., 2011"]],["These factors included poor journalism practice, parody to provoke, partisan posturing, seeking to exploit or acquire power, or political influence and propaganda",["Wardle, 2017"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["media literacy has been treated as a civic skill, developed over time",["Rivinen, et al., 2021"]],["media literacy for this group of citizens was linked to personal, social, and cultural enrichment to reinforce a sense of selffulfillment",[]],["build critical competencies for identifying biased and misleading information",["Rivinen, et al. (2021)"]]],"rt":[["digital literacy",[]],["critical coping skills",[]]]},{"de":[["information that was inaccurate and misleading",["Søe (2019)"]]],"rt":[["misleading information",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["named after a character by that name in various British sitcoms from the 1960s until the 1990s",["Lockyer & Pickering, 2009, p. 16"]]]},{"de":[["this concept provides a framework for critically engaging with social affects that are often either uncritically embraced or summarily dismissed",[]],["the concept of false affectivity does not rely on the assumption that interpretation precedes emotion, or that rationality precedes affectivity.",[]],["social affects can also be products of misinterpretations-for example of misguided or one-sided interpretations-in which case they may be said to be false.",[]],["affects-like beliefs-can be ill-informed, misled, manipulated, and in that sense, false.",[]],["The notion of false affectivity implies that social affects can be as distorted-and distorting-as the patterns of thought critical thinkers used to call ideologies.",[]],["Its implicit ontological claim is far more modest: it merely asserts that affectivity is never 'pure' or 'unmixed.'",[]],["In other words, affect is never wholly separable from information and interpretation-just as these cognitive processes are never entirely devoid of affective charge.",[]],["an affective analogue to the critical concept of false consciousness",[]],["social affects can be as distorted-and distorting-as the patterns of thought critical thinkers used to call ideologies",[]]],"rt":[["false consciousness",[]],["mediated",["Anderson, 2014, p. 165"]],["social affects",[]],["misinterpretation",[]],["deliberate misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Contemporary phenomena such as blindness to one's own privilege or the failure to recognise structural forms of discrimination bear a clear family resemblance to the idea of false consciousness and would likely have been identified as such by 20th-century critics of ideology.",[]]],"rt":[["distorted representation",["Žižek, 2008, p. 24"]]]},{"de":[["they often operate in the dark",["George, 2017"]],["played a significant role in religious controversies across the globe",["George, 2017"]],["used misinformation in the form of homemade or cropped cartoons to generate a sufficient level of indignation and anger",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["anti-Semitic propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["in which the satirist's perspective is only expressed through alterations of another person's viewpoint",[]]],"rt":[["direct satirical attacks",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Islamism",[]]]},{"de":[["Islamism grows out of a specific interpretation of Islam, but it is not Islam",["Tibi, 2012, pp. 1-3","Tibi, 2012"]],["Unlike its totalitarian predecessors, communism and fascism, the new totalitarianism is not a secular but a religious ideology.",["Tibi, 2012, pp. 1-3","Tibi, 2012"]]],"rt":[["Islam",[]]]},{},{"de":[["taught German children that the hooked Jewish nose was a racial marker indicative of inherent negative traits, comparable to the characteristics of poisonous mushrooms",[]]],"ex":[["the 1938 children's book Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom), published by Julius Streicher, editor of the notoriously anti-Semitic newspaper Der Stürmer",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["public emotions",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This process also determines the content of these messages.",[]],["Gatekeeping is a diverse phenomenon that can be applied to several areas of knowledge.",[]]],"rt":[["Network Gatekeeping",[]]]},{"de":[["In an instrumental approach to the concept, Follet (1997) argues that negotiation is not an exercise in banning problems, but rather an acceptance of the existence of diversity and conflict, the creative process of the process itself.",["Follet (1997)"]]],"sy":[["mediation process",[]]]},{"rt":[["network gatekeeping identification",[]],["network gatekeeping salience",[]],["Network Gatekeeping",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["reflects the pragmatic significance of topicality in possession transfer.",[]],["the benefactive (experiencer) becomes central due to its socio-pragmatic relevance, highlighting the real-world implications of conceptual possession.",[]]],"rt":[["experiencer",[]],["recipient",[]]]},{"de":[["we observe a shift from benefactive roles-where entities benefit from events-to maleficiary entities, which experience losses or negative consequences due to certain actions.",[]],["often associated with entities that derive advantages from events",[]]]},{"de":[["conjures images of chaos and betrayal, both of which are detrimental to a political party's public image and internal cohesion.",[]]]},{"de":[["emphasize the detrimental effects experienced by those targeted by such events",[]]]},{"de":[["In this context, Herzaky's statement not only accuses Moeldoko but also seeks to shape public perception and instigate action or concern regarding the internal affairs of the Democratic Party.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["possessor",[]],["possessee",[]]]},{"de":[["The difference between these two types of predicative experiences lies in whether they have the power to influence or respond to the actions being discussed.",[]]]},{"de":[["The possession here is not physical but conceptual, tied to the subject's relationship with the actions (appearing and commenting) and the surrounding events (rumors of a coup).",[]]],"rt":[["possessor",[]],["possessee",[]],["predicate",[]],["benefactive",[]],["recipient",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news may affect people's opinions negatively by targeting a specific institution or personality",["3","5"]]]},{},{"de":[["It is also observed that propaganda posts are written professionally and are compelling which makes most of the readers believe the information to be authentic.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["expressions that contain literal insults towards women but are not misogynistic per se",[]]],"ex":[["porca troia",[]],["porca puttana",[]],["puta",[]]]},{"sp":[["collective efficacy",[]],["efficacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["different scales of meta-perceptions specifically, national, community, and interpersonal level.",[]],["We report meta-perceptions for climate change concern based on the notion that those marching would be perceived not only to believe in climate change but to be highly concerned about the issue if they are motivated to participate in such an action.",[]]],"sb":[["national",[]],["community",[]],["interpersonal level",[]]],"ex":[["meta perceptions of \"the U.S. public, \" \"people in my community, \" and \"people I know personally.\"",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["self-efficacy",[]],["response efficacy",[]]],"sp":[["efficacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["personal efficacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It has a wide impact on the real world and is a major problem for democratic society at present.",[]],["It is part of the broader security landscape of contemporary society.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Artificial intelligence (AI)",["Kaplan, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["In this precise sense, automated journalism corresponds to the application of algorithmic news judgment and the automation of specific journalistic tasks related to news reporting, writing, curation, data analysis and online social platforms' dissemination",["Pérez-Seijo & Vicente, 2022"]]],"sy":[["algorithmic journalism",[]],["computational journalism",[]],["robot journalism",[]]]},{"sp":[["crowdsourcing",[]]]},{"sy":[["participatory journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["This form of content intends to supplement the professional news production processes and differs from the autonomous content published on social media.",[]],["The advantage of crowd journalism is its potential to attract new users, foster transparency and credibility in the news generated, build trust regarding its content, and increase web traffic.",[]],["Its conditions and requirements include decentralization, collaboration, and (non-proprietary) democratization, attracting more citizens to contribute to news production actively.",[]]],"sy":[["Crowd journalism",[]]],"ex":[["Crowd journalism enables the publication and dissemination of news that otherwise would not reach the public and potentially impacts all information areas",["Lima et al., 2023"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Expert-based fact-checking is often conducted by a small group of highly credible fact-checkers, is easy to manage, and leads to highly accurate results, but is costly and poorly scales with the increase in the volume of the to-be-checked news contents.",[]]]},{"de":[["It aims to deceive or mislead people.",[]]],"rt":[["clickbait",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["hoax",[]],["parody",[]],["satire",[]],["rumor",[]],["deceptive news",[]]],"ex":[["clickbait (misleading headlines)",[]],["disinformation (with malicious intention to mislead the public)",[]],["misinformation (false information regardless of the motive behind)",[]],["hoax",[]],["parody",[]],["satire",[]],["rumor",[]],["deceptive news",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["political events",["16. P. 22"]],["issues",["16. P. 22"]],["actors",["16. P. 22"]]]},{"sp":[["media framing",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{}]