[{"de":[["there currently exists a wellestablished Fatosphere",[]]]},{"de":[["Put simply, frames explain complex issues by lending more weight to certain considerations and activating schemas that encourage people to think in particular ways (Chong and Druckman, 2007).",["Chong and Druckman, 2007"]],["Entman's (1993) definition of the four functions (or elements) of a frame -to define an issue, suggest its causes, propose solutions and assign moral evaluations.",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{"de":[["relies on the assumptions that individuals are entrepreneurs who can be educated to make better choices and who can overcome social and environmental constraints",["2012","1999"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["are closely associated with the work of social movements.",[]]],"sp":[["frame",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Twitter bombs",["12"]]],"rt":[["Twitter bombs",["12"]]]},{"rt":[["homophily",["1","21","22"]]]},{"rt":[["echo chamber",["1","21","22"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["They share a common characteristic: the abuse of automation tools to generate huge amounts of social media activity in order to support, or oppositely attack, political figures following their agenda with personal interests.",[]],["social bots represent a growing phenomenon (see Figure 1) which aims at jeopardizing modern democracies by distorting reality and manipulating constituents",["11"]],["Social bots had a fixation on targeting major national events. Our bot activity analysis suggests that social bots were aware of the mainstream events and sensible to trending topics.",[]],["Social bots tended to retweet human content. In terms of traffic generated, social bots specifically viralized legitimate tweets rather than supporting each other or replying to other users.",[]],["Social bots had no affinity for a single political party, but shared more than one ideology.",[]],["Social bots with the same ideology were highly socially connected. The social graph shows that groups with the same political affinity also formed robust clusters of friendship connections on Twitter.",[]],["Social bots opted for conflict and disrepute rather than support. The sentiment analysis demonstrates that social bot interactions were specially negative against political parties opposed to the inferred ideology.",[]],["the abuse of automation tools to generate huge amounts of social media activity in order to support, or oppositely attack, political figures following their agenda with personal interests.",[]],["social bots represent a growing phenomenon (see Figure 1) which aims at jeopardizing modern democracies by distorting reality and manipulating constituents [11].",["11"]]]},{},{"rt":[["astroturfing",["12"]]]},{},{"sb":[["exploitative innovation",[]],["explorative innovation",[]]]},{"sy":[["false information",["Al-Zaman, 2019"]]],"rt":[["rumors, \" \"misinformation, \" \"disinformation, \" and \"fake news\" are commonly used interchangeably",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["rumors",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["rumors, \" \"misinformation, \" \"disinformation, \" and \"fake news\" are commonly used interchangeably",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]],["rumors",[]]],"rt":[["rumors, \" \"misinformation, \" \"disinformation, \" and \"fake news\" are commonly used interchangeably",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]]]},{"de":[["Such situations usually arise due to limited knowledge; when there is a psychological demand for understanding; or when there is a threat",["DiFonzo and Bordia, 2007"]]],"sy":[["misinformation",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]],["disinformation",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]],["fake news",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]]],"rt":[["rumors, \" \"misinformation, \" \"disinformation, \" and \"fake news\" are commonly used interchangeably",["Tandoc et al., 2020"]]],"sb":[["speculation, controversy, misinformation, and disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["A rumor can be a hoax, a joke, a short story, or a lack of information",["Lewandowsky et al., 2012"]]]},{},{"de":[["Trans-local group dynamics that were formerly limited to local face-to-face interactions are now able to occur trans-locally via online social media.",[]],["offer feedback, mutual acknowledgment, and emotional reactions that motivate action in addition to discussing abstract concepts and points of view",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["content often exhibits similar linguistic characteristics, such as using a sensational style to incite curiosity or strong emotional responses from readers",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",[]],["clickbait",[]],["false rumors",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Framing theory underscores the importance of recognizing how messages are created, designed, and presented by journalists to construct a coherent understanding of the world, using the verbal and visual resources available to them",["Tankard, 2001"]],["Newspapers strategically prioritize certain aspects of messages over others through framing, either by accentuating inclusion of specific parts of the message or by neglecting or downplaying (exclusion) other aspects of events.",[]],["Frames serve to assist individuals in prioritizing, simplifying, categorizing, evaluating, and interpreting events",["Norris et al., 2003"]],["revolves around conveying the salience of attributes of issues",["Scheufele (2000)"]],["selection and highlighting of facets of events or issues to promote specific interpretations, evaluations, and solutions.",["Entman (2004)"]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing involves the deliberate selection of certain attributes or aspects of an issue for inclusion in media coverage, while ignoring or downplaying others, thereby directing the reader's attention to particular facets of published events",[]],["This process, as defined by Scheufele (2000), revolves around conveying the salience of attributes of issues, while Entman (2004) characterizes framing as selection and highlighting of facets of events or issues to promote specific interpretations, evaluations, and solutions.",[]],["Frames serve to assist individuals in prioritizing, simplifying, categorizing, evaluating, and interpreting events",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["backfire effects to be rare",[]]]},{"de":[["regardless of their origins or pathways through the complex information ecosystem",["Scheufele & Krause, 2019"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Typically, a frame represents the definition of a problem, its causal analysis, and a certain moral judgment in conjunction with the problem",["Entman, 1993;Megura & Gunderson, 2022;Kapranov, 2016","Entman, 1993","Megura & Gunderson, 2022","Kapranov, 2016"]],["According to Entman (1993;2004), framing creates and points to the importance of certain ideas, and activates \"schemas that encourage target audiences to think, feel, and decide in a particular way\"",["Entman, 2007, p. 164","Entman, 1993","2004"]]]},{"de":[["intermedial ecocriticism involves cultural practices that are reflective of human attitudes and behaviours towards the non -human world, for instance, nature, artifacts, art objects, etc.",["Geal, 2023, p. 1"]]]},{"de":[["Conceived broadly, intermediality is a multi -dimensional phenomenon that liaises media with artistic, scholarly and everyday communication",[]]]},{"de":[["covers phenomena non -specific to individual media but occurring across them in an independent way. These are: motifs, themes, archetypes, thematic variants, figuration, and narrativity, which all can be found in the texts of literature, opera, theatre, ballet, film, the visual arts, music",[]]],"sy":[["transmediality",["Chrzanowska -Kluczewska's (2019) terminology","Chrzanowska -Kluczewska's (2019)"]]]},{},{"de":[["development of eugenic consciousness, based on sexual education strictly oriented by the eugenics' scientific guidelines",[]],["based on sexual education strictly oriented by the eugenics' scientific guidelines",[]]]},{"de":[["it was not restricted to schooling or formal education, but it followed its creator's concern with structuring the scientific field of eugenics as a science-religion widely accepted in academia and understood not as a political-ideological position, but as scientifically proven truth.",[]],["synonymous with instruction or formal education",[]],["synonymous with enlightenment or eugenic consciousness",[]],["eugenic education referred to formal education",[]],["not reduced only to its restricted sense but constituted the key element for the acceptance and wide dissemination of eugenics.",[]],["If in its restricted aspect it is limited, because \"the good ones are born, not made\" (Kehl, 1929a, p. 1), ultimately it constitutes the Enlightenment itself and the consummation of racial consciousness scientifically supported by instrumental reason.",[]],["shares the Galtonian basis for the double meaning of eugenic education by considering, on the one hand, the limits of education as a formal instruction and, on the other, to denote its indispensability in the development of eugenic consciousness and the advancement of the racial regeneration process.",[]],["the concept may not be reduced only to its restricted sense, giving rise to generalization and loss of criticality in the analysis.",[]],["the concept of education as racial consciousness was closely related to sexual or matrimonial instruction, always linked to the idea of reason, and opposed to behaviors guided by morals or \"irrational\" instincts.",[]],["denote its indispensability in the development of eugenic consciousness and the advancement of the racial regeneration process.",[]]],"sy":[["instruction",[]],["schooling",[]],["formal education",[]]],"rt":[["enlightenment",[]],["eugenic consciousness",[]],["limits of education as a formal instruction",[]],["racial regeneration process",[]]],"ex":[["marital control",[]],["sterilization",[]],["the good ones are born, not made",["Kehl, 1929a, p. 1"]]]},{"rt":[["eugenics",[]]]},{"de":[["eugenics was a science based on enlightened reason and that this discussion should avoid moral judgments.",[]],["capable of confronting the unenlightened morality resistant to truths based on reason.",["Kehl (1929e)"]]],"sy":[["science of racial improvement",[]]],"rt":[["scientific racism",[]],["eugenicism",[]]],"sb":[["MENDELIAN EUGENICS",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["stigmatized identities",[]]],"ex":[["alcoholism",[]],["mental illness",[]],["HIV/AIDS",[]],["a criminal history",[]]]},{"sp":[["stigmatized identities",[]]],"ex":[["body weight",[]],["physical disability",[]],["disfigurement",[]]]},{"de":[["Exemplars are easy to understand with minimal analytic thought.",[]]]},{"de":[["Exemplars are easy to understand with minimal analytic thought.",[]],["Exemplars are simplistic, abstract depictions that depend on baserate information that is easy to retrieve.",[]],["Exemplars are made memorable through the use of \"visually vivid and emotionally strong\" content",["Aust and Zillmann, 1996, p. 788"]],["Exemplars can come in the form of \"any combination of image and text\" that influences perception when viewed frequently and recently",["Zillmann, 2006, p. S224"]],["If these exemplars are negative, they may carry with them a stigmatizing and/or securitizing effect.",[]]],"ex":[["multimedia additions such as pictures, graphics, pull quotes, and testimonials in video or audio",["Tran (2012)"]],["negative exemplars, such as the undesirability of an overweight body",[]],["negative exemplars",[]],["Positive exemplification",[]]]},{"de":[["Exemplification theory is rooted the notion that everyone is familiar with examples and how these can represent large, complex ideas in intelligible ways.",[]],["Exemplification operates in three distinct ways. First, it argues that people evaluate information subjectively, relying on biases in making their own assessment, rather than using a systematic assessment process. It supposes that perception is altered through exposure to exemplars when viewed frequently and recently. Second, an exemplar is representative of similar cases through one instance, and functions by means of a quantification heuristic. The frequency of exemplars is continually monitored and the prevalence of a particular exemplar directly impacts its retrieval from one's memory. Third, exemplars can have a positive or negative valence.",[]],["Exemplification theory acknowledges the large amounts of information individuals filter daily, and argues that the use of various heuristics serves as cognitive shortcuts to assist with information processing",["Eagly and Chaiken, 1993","Zillmann, 2002","Zillmann, 2006"]],["exemplification may serve as a heuristic which, by evoking a sense of familiarity, invites certain judgements about news quality.",[]],["The sense of familiarity, which is emphasized by exemplification, is likely to contribute to an enhanced agenda setting effect",[]],["the use of exemplars in news stories does increase readers' perception that the content is important.",[]]],"sb":[["positive exemplars",[]],["negative exemplars",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The severity is predicated upon framing the issue as representing a threat to some type of nation's or public's security in a broad sense, such as economic wellbeing, health, sovereignty, or cultural identity.",[]],["Consequently, a discourse around the securitized issue invites some form of extraordinary measures to address the risk.",[]],["particular media depictions trigger an effect in audience that corresponds to a sense of securitization.",[]],["securitization's key conceptualization as a threat which endangers a collective unit",[]],["securitization requires more deliberate contemplation such as investment of public resources",[]],["the more stigmatizing the content presented, the less likely individuals are to report securitizing beliefs.",[]],["The severity is predicated upon framing the issue as representing a threat to some type of nation's or public's security in a broad sense, such as economic wellbeing, health, sovereignty, or cultural identity. Consequently, a discourse around the securitized issue invites some form of extraordinary measures to address the risk.",[]]],"ex":[["stories suggesting that COVID-19 cases in the U.S. are increasing as a result of illegal immigration",[]]]},{"de":[["Stigma functions to set the stigmatized individual apart from others on a social level, but also carries an inherently negative value.",[]],["Stigma communication works first to distinguish the individual and then to categorize them as a separate social entity.",[]],["Stigma also carries with it content cues indicating that (a) belonging to this stigmatized group is linked to some degree of physical and/or social peril and (b) the stigmatized individual is in some way responsible or to blame for it",["Smith, 2007"]],["In other words, stigma first separates, calls attention to, and categorizes a person based upon a negatively-valenced attribute; it then indicates that this attribute is damaging or threatening, and that the individual is responsible for the stigmatized identity.",[]],["Stigma is discursively enacted, so the stigmatized individual experiences that stigmatization as a result of social discourse, which can be perpetuated through media channels.",[]]],"rt":[["stigmatization",[]]],"sb":[["discredited stigmas",[]],["discreditable stigmas",[]]]},{"de":[["speculation that stigmatization is more emotionallydriven subconscious process",[]],["the stigmatizing effect may pose additional social issues, specifically in the area of mental health.",[]],["stigmatization should be actively avoided in media messages, as there is no positive outcome of these messages, but certain negative outcomes.",[]]]},{"sb":[["discredited stigmas",[]],["discreditable stigmas",[]]]},{"de":[["They are categorized and analyzed into \"Un/happiness,\" \"In/Security,\" \"Dis/Satisfaction,\" and \"Dis/Inclination\"",[]],["reflect their responses to emerging situations",[]]],"rt":[["Un/happiness",[]],["In/Security",[]],["Dis/Satisfaction",[]],["Dis/Inclination",[]],["Attitude Analysis",[]]],"sb":[["Un/happiness",["Martin & White, 2005"]],["In/Security",["Martin & White, 2005"]],["Dis/Satisfaction",["Martin & White, 2005"]],["Dis/Inclination",["Martin & White, 2005"]]],"sp":[["Attitude",[]],["Attitude Analysis",[]]],"ex":[["worried, angry, horrified",[]]]},{"de":[["It deals with the interpersonal function of language.",[]]],"sb":[["attitude",[]],["graduation",[]]]},{"de":[["reflect their responses to emerging situations",[]]],"rt":[["Attitude Analysis",[]]],"sb":[["reactions",[]],["composition",[]],["valuation",[]]],"sp":[["Attitude",[]],["Attitude Analysis",[]]],"ex":[["beautiful, grand, huge, lively, excellent, bonus, ugly",[]]]},{"sb":[["affect",[]],["judgment",[]],["appreciation",[]],["tenacity",[]],["capacity",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal",[]],["Appraisal Analysis",[]]]},{"sb":[["Affect",[]],["Appreciation",[]],["Judgment",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["appreciation",[]]]},{"sb":[["Soft prototypicality",[]],["sharp prototypicality",[]]],"sp":[["Graduation",[]]],"ex":[["Soft prototypicality includes words like soft attitude, kind person, humble gesture, etc., while sharp prototypicality includes claw-like, dagger-like, piercing, spiky, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["\"Force\" is presented with \"quantification\" as well as \"intensification\" in the text, which increases or decreases the volume of attitude.",[]]],"rt":[["quantification",[]],["intensification",[]]],"sp":[["Graduation",[]]],"ex":[["extremely, rapidly, slightly",[]]]},{"rt":[["Attitude",[]],["Engagement",[]]],"sb":[["force",[]],["focus",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal",[]],["Appraisal Analysis",[]],["Attitude",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["explicit",[]]],"sp":[["Attitude",[]]]},{"sy":[["implicit",[]]],"sp":[["Attitude",[]]]},{"de":[["reflect their responses to emerging situations",[]]],"rt":[["Attitude Analysis",[]]],"sb":[["social sanction",[]],["social esteem",[]]],"sp":[["Attitude",[]],["Attitude Analysis",[]]],"ex":[["fair, miserly, good, bad, ugly",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["subjectivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["social sanction",[]]]},{"sp":[["appreciation",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Normality",[]],["Capacity",[]],["Tenacity",[]]],"sp":[["judgment",[]]]},{"sb":[["veracity",[]],["propriety",[]]],"sp":[["judgment",[]]]},{"rt":[["objectivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["social sanction",[]]]},{"de":[["characterised by negativity, equivocality, and detachment, and they are frequently used in the Chinese censored media environment to vent ordinary netizens' oppressed dissatisfaction with or grudge against harsh realities, rich people, experts, and the government.",[]]],"rt":[["irony",[]]]},{"de":[["ironic proposals are essentially sarcastic",[]],["an ironic proposal was mentioned, and they considered it humorous.",[]],["By making ironic proposals, Chinese netizens creatively communicated their negative responses to the publication of the three-child policy with a sense of detachment, and they can always shift to the literal meaning of their comments to protect themselves.",[]],["Chinese netizens creatively communicated their negative responses to the publication of the three-child policy with a sense of detachment, and they can always shift to the literal meaning of their comments to protect themselves.",[]]],"rt":[["modest proposals",[]]],"sp":[["irony",[]]],"ex":[["recontextualising the coercive measures of the one-child policy, relaxing birth control, reforming the education system, developing childbearing technologies, limiting or taxing the purchase of contraceptives, and encouraging the elite to bear more children",[]]]},{"de":[["discursive strategy or practice to creatively, playfully and implicitly express criticism",["Wu & Fitzgerald, 2021"]],["strategy of framing dissident views or delivering political critique in the face of repressive regimes, with the speaker/author being shielded from the penetrating gaze of the state.",[]],["self-censorship practice, specifically, rhetorical resistance to power and transformative political discourse to deconstruct political and social culture.",[]],["counter-censorship linguistic strategy through which Chinese netizens challenge or criticise official discourses.",[]],["discursive strategy in the context of censorship to reconstruct social structure and challenge political authoritarianism.",[]],["discursive strategy to skilfully circumvent censorship, demonstrate resistance, and deliver criticism.",[]],["irony is always critical",["Garmendia (2010)"]],["to be ironical is, among other things, to pretend (as the etymology suggests)",["1978","p. 125"]],["a discursive strategy operating at the level of language (verbal) or form (musical, visual, textual)",["Hutcheon's (1995Hutcheon's ( , 2005)"]],["Irony is considered a discursive strategy or practice to creatively, playfully and implicitly express criticism (Wu & Fitzgerald, 2021).",["Wu & Fitzgerald, 2021"]]],"sy":[["discursive strategy or practice to creatively, playfully and implicitly express criticism",["Wu & Fitzgerald, 2021"]],["strategy of framing dissident views or delivering political critique in the face of repressive regimes",[]],["self-censorship practice, specifically, rhetorical resistance to power and transformative political discourse to deconstruct political and social culture",[]],["counter-censorship linguistic strategy through which Chinese netizens challenge or criticise official discourses",[]],["discursive strategy in the context of censorship to reconstruct social structure and challenge political authoritarianism",[]],["discursive strategy",[]]],"rt":[["rhetorical resistance",[]],["counter-censorship linguistic strategy",[]],["self-censorship practice",[]],["transformative political discourse",[]],["irony markers",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Social media (through accounts not under organisational control) and news media where employees and other close stakeholders share their organisational messages",[]]]},{"sp":[["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["employee or influencer stories advocating for the organisation or advocating against the organisation by posting photos of defective products in social media (e.g., corporate whistleblowers leaking information to the public about corporate wrongdoing)",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Artificially-generated and constructed text, images and videos (e.g. deepfakes and bots) in social media, news media, and other digital media",[]]]},{"de":[["Because organisations also are able to use AI to generate their own messages, they have a moderately strong level of control over their organisational messages and yet weak editorial control over communication moderation features in this DMA.",[]],["since AIgenerated content is designed to appear natural and that bots are difficult to detect, it may be possible that some AI content circulated and that we did not notice it because it was not disclosed as AI-generated",[]]],"sp":[["DMA",[]],["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["artificially constructed text, images and videos (e.g. deepfakes and bots) in social media, news media, and other digital media",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Wikis (e.g. Wikipedia), product and service rating and review sites (e.g. Trustpilot, Amazon, Glassdoor)",[]]]},{"de":[["Because these sites are owned by other organisations, an organisation has quite a low level of control over its messages formed through Crowdsourced DMA. Likewise, an organisation has weak editorial control over communication moderation features within this DMA.",[]],["online search engines (Searched DMA), wikis and product review sites (Crowdsourced DMA)",[]]],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]],["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["wikis (e.g. Wikipedia) and product and service rating and review sites (e.g. Trustpilot, Amazon and Glassdoor)",[]],["A new entry ('Private Party Videos') was added to Marin's entry in Wikipedia.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Opposition reports and market intelligence reports, such as from Edelman (e.g., Edelman Trust Barometer), Gartner (business insights and trends) and Nielsen (media industry ratings and analysis)",[]]]},{"de":[["Organisations mentioned in these analyses have strong control over organisational messages embedded within content in these analyses but weak editorial control over communication moderation features within this DMA.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]],["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["market intelligence reports",[]],["Edelman (e.g., Edelman Trust Barometer), Gartner (business insights and trends), and Nielsen (media industry ratings and analysis)",[]],["Opposition reports and market intelligence reports, such as from Edelman (e.g., Edelman Trust Barometer), Gartner (business insights and trends) and Nielsen (media industry ratings and analysis)",[]]]},{"de":[["Digital arenas are seen as online forums for participatory, two-directional and omni-directional communication with less organisational control over messages.",[]],["They are online spaces (e.g., discussion forums) where stakeholders come together to discuss, debate and contest opinions.",[]]]},{"de":[["Digital communication technologies have enabled organisations to communicate directly with a large quantity of stakeholders through media predominantly controlled by organisations, such as corporate websites, electronic newsletters, corporate apps, and social media corporate accounts.",[]]]},{"de":[["Each DMA demands a different communication approach essentially because each attracts distinct types of current and potential stakeholders and therefore organisational messages need to be uniquely addressed to these stakeholders.",[]]],"sb":[["Owned",[]],["Paid",[]],["Earned",[]],["Rented",[]],["Shared",[]],["Advocated",[]],["Searched",[]],["Hijacked",[]],["Placed",[]],["Sponsored",[]],["Crowdsourced",[]],["Curated",[]],["Artificial",[]],["Owned DMA refers to situations in which organizations are able to control the formation and dissemination of their messages through online spaces or software they have purchased for their own controlledcommunication use.",[]],["Paid DMA refers to situations in which organizations pay for \"traditional advertising and other forms of content commercially contracted between organisations and mass media\" (Macnamara et al., 2016, p. 377) and which are designed and produced according to the editorial standards of a media outlet (Wilcox et al., 2015).",["Macnamara et al., 2016","Wilcox et al., 2015"]],["Earned DMA refers to situations in which organisations attract editorial publicity through media relations activities",["Vogler & Badham, 2023"]],["Shared DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and the wider public can contribute to the formation, reinterpretation and contestation of organisational messages in social media.",[]],["Advocated DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders close to the organisation and with some level of intimate knowledge about the organisation, such as through relationships (e.g., employees and influencers), willingly and without coercion communicate messages about the organisation via their own social media accounts and the news media.",[]],["Rented DMA refers to situations in which an organisation enters into an agreement with external social media influencers (Enke and Borchers, 2019;Sundermann and Raabe, 2019;Woodcock and Johnson, 2019) to remunerate them financially or in other ways, inviting them to communicate an organisational message to their own stakeholders.",["Enke and Borchers, 2019","Sundermann and Raabe, 2019","Woodcock and Johnson, 2019"]],["Hijacked DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders reappropriate an organisational message to convey a different, often opposite, message, and then share it across their social network.",["Luoma-aho et al., 2018","Johansson et al, 2023"]],["Searched DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and the wider public utilise search engines to conduct online searches for information related to organisations.",[]],["Placed DMA refers to situations in which organizations disseminate messages by subtly positioning their product or brand into content created by others.",[]],["Sponsored DMA refers to situations in which organizations subtly disseminate their messages to wider publics by providing funding or other resource support for an individual, group or charity.",[]],["Crowdsourced DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and publics contribute and edit content about an organisation (e.g. testimonials, reviews) on publicly available crowdsourced sites.",[]],["Curated DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders select, edit and publish previously published content about organisations from a wide range of sources for the purpose of supplying a curated and thus reinterpreted form of content.",[]],["Artificial DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and publics create or manipulate organizational messages via artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and services that increasingly are becoming available to members of the general public.",[]],["Recycled DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and publics appropriate organizational messages to distort their original meaning or context, often through use of humour.",[]],["Crowdsourced DMA",[]],["Curated DMA",[]],["Artificial DMA",[]],["Recycled DMA",[]],["Hijacked DMA",[]]]},{"de":[["refines the Digital Media-Arena (DMA) framework to address the diversity of stakeholders contributing to the production, (re)appropriation and (re)distribution of organisational messages in digital environments.",[]]]},{"sb":[["Earned DMA",[]],["Hijacked DMA",[]],["Shared DMA",[]],["Placed DMA",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Digital newspapers, TV, radio, magazines, digital native news sites, news aggregators",[]]]},{"de":[["until recently stakeholders place a high level of trust in messages reported in the news (Earned DMA)",[]],["Through the symbiotic relationship between public relations practitioners and editorial staff of news media, organisations are able to negotiate how much of the core organisational message can be embedded in news reports and when this message gets disseminated to news audiences.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital media-arenas",[]],["DMA",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Brandjacking, campaign hijacking, hashtag hijacking in social media",[]]]},{"de":[["Typically, the organisational message is embedded within a hashtag created by the organisation for public relations purposes and this message is reconverted by one or more stakeholders into an antagonistic message.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital media-arenas",[]],["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]],["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["the organisational message is embedded within a hashtag created by the organisation for public relations purposes and this message is reconverted by one or more stakeholders into an antagonistic message",[]],["Brandjacking, campaign hijacking, hashtag hijacking in social media",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory suggests identifying and studying four macro elements to better understand issue-effects on stakeholders and organisations. These four elements are a) the loci of interaction, b) the actors, c) the issue characteristics, and d) the course of debate around the issue.",[]]]},{"rt":[["two-directional communication",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Website, app, social media (organization's accounts), podcasts, blogs, virtual assistants and chatbots (controlled by the organization)",[]]]},{"de":[["Organizations have a high degree of control over the location, length and look of messages disseminated in this way. This gives the organization a high level of control over the targeting of its message to receivers.",[]],["Accordingly, the organization can expect predominantly positive responses from stakeholders to messages placed on these DMA.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital media-arenas (DMA)",[]],["DMA",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Advertisements in news media, social media",[]]]},{"de":[["Organisations have a high degree of control over design, placement and timing of their messages through Paid DMA, and can expect predominantly positive responses from stakeholders to messages placed on these DMA.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital media-arenas (DMA)",[]],["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["sponsored campaigns, advertorials or branded content",[]]]},{"de":[["strategic communication allows for the purposeful use of participatory communication with a plurality of publics for organisational purposes within digital arenas.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Product and brand placement in digital games, TV shows and news reports",[]]]},{"de":[["Organisations have a low level of control over their organisational messages in this DMA. However, they have strong editorial control over communication moderation features within this DMA because of the typical financial remuneration involved in such practices.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital media-arenas",[]],["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["product and brand placement in digital games, TV shows and news reports",[]]]},{"de":[["Organisations have a moderately weak level of control over their organisational messages and very weak editorial control over communication moderation features in this DMA.",[]]],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]],["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["memes and parodies created and shared in social media, TV shows and blogs",[]],["Memes began circulating comparing younger politicians and older politicians, with the Marin party images recycled into new content and meaning.",[]],["Memes and parodies created and shared in social media, TV shows, blogs",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Social media influencers' social media accounts, blogs",[]]]},{"ex":[["a blog or vlog or other social media posts",[]]]},{"de":[["In a similar way RAT looks at public discourses that occur on public spaces and how these change, adapt, and reshape the collective understanding of an issue.",[]],["RAT suggests studying both micro and macro level interactions.",[]],["The micro level analysis thus helps communicators in choosing content and framing of messages that best resonate with the situation and interactions.",[]],["was developed to help crisis managers to address the communicative complexity of crises.",[]]],"sy":[["RAT",[]]],"rt":[["RAT",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Online search engines",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Posts in social media",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital media-arenas",[]],["DMA",[]]]},{"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",[]]],"ex":[["Sponsorship of community activities, events and buildings",[]]]},{"de":[["Organisations have a weak level of control over their organisational messages in this DMA and they have moderately strong editorial control over communication moderation features within this DMA.",[]]],"sp":[["DMA",[]]],"ex":[["sponsorship of community activities, events, buildings, and other spaces",[]]]},{"de":[["strategic communication allows for the purposeful use of participatory communication with a plurality of publics for organisational purposes within digital arenas.",[]]]},{"rt":[["multi-directional communication",[]]]},{"de":[["They [the encyclopedias] not only reflect the level of science and culture of that era but also carry a certain ideological charge",["23"]]]},{"de":[["Ideological orientation is thus intrinsic to any encyclopaedia, making the claim of being \"less ideological\" somewhat nonsensical.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["conclusion",[]],["standpoint",[]],["thesis",[]],["proposition",[]]]},{"sy":[["data",[]],["evidence",[]],["reasons",[]]]},{"sy":[["data",["Lippi & Torroni, 2016"]],["evidence",["Lippi & Torroni, 2016"]],["reasons",["Lippi & Torroni, 2016"]]]},{"de":[["When the story implies a need for action or suggests action should be taken, the action frame is present.",[]],["The news is furthermore preoccupied with order, as journalists question whether authorities are capable of establishing or restoring the order",["Bennett, 2009;Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000"]],["When the story implies a need for action and the government is given the responsibility for that, the authority-disorder bias is present.",[]],["At the same time, the media's attitude towards authorities is shifting from a more favourable stance towards an attitude where the media are more suspicious of authorities (Bennett, 2009;Kleinnijenhuis et al., 2006).",["Bennett, 2009","Kleinnijenhuis et al., 2006"]]],"rt":[["attribution of responsibility",[]]],"sb":[["Action/non action frame",[]]],"sp":[["information biases",[]]]},{"sp":[["information biases",[]]],"ex":[["Substantial level of conflict",[]],["Some conflict (not merely incidental)",[]],["No conflict (or so slight as to be inconsequential)",[]]]},{"de":[["Thematic (story itself, not topic) mainly in a broader context that deals with its meaning or implications for society, a trend that goes beyond this single event/incident; story places public issues in a broad or abstract context",[]]],"sb":[["Episodic (story, not topic) mainly in the context of a particular event, incident; the story does not go much beyond that specific event; the story takes the form of a case-study)",[]],["Thematic (story itself, not topic) mainly in a broader context that deals with its meaning or implications for society, a trend that goes beyond this single event/incident; story places public issues in a broad or abstract context",[]],["Episodic story",[]],["Thematic story",[]]],"sp":[["information biases",[]]]},{"de":[["Human interest stories use a human example or put a 'human face' on an issue or problem, or go into the private or personal life of an actor and/or journalist, employing adjectives or personal vignettes that generate feelings of sympathy, empathy or outrage.",[]]]},{"sy":[["official dominance",["Shehata, 2010"]]]},{"de":[["While factors of personification, negativity and a focus on drama and conflict are part of the classical news factor theory of Galtung and Ruge (1965), nowadays these news factors give rise to much criticism regarding the quality of news; they are seen as information biases.",[]],["the complex policy process within the five water management cases are simplified and enlivened by information biases.",[]],["information biases function as a form of checks and balances.",[]],["four trends in current news reporting that, in his opinion, simplify complex governmental issues. He sees trends of personalization, dramatization, fragmentization and an authority-disorder bias, which he calls information biases.",["Bennett, 2009"]]],"rt":[["official dominance",[]],["news factor theory",[]]],"sb":[["personalization bias",[]],["dramatization bias",[]],["fragmentization bias",[]],["authority-disorder bias",[]],["personification",[]],["negativity",[]],["focus on drama and conflict",[]],["negativity bias",[]]]},{"de":[["The media are not neutral transmitters of information. The process of news-making depends to a great extent on the news value that journalists ascribe to an event or viewpoint, and organizational pressures on journalists such as deadlines and economic goals. This leads to certain patterns in news reporting.",[]]],"rt":[["official dominance",[]],["information biases",[]]]},{"de":[["In some instances, it might be helpful to ask the following questions: If about a newsmaker and you were his/her press secretary, would you consider this a favourable or an unfavourable story? If about an institution (e.g. Congress), does this reflect favourably or unfavourably on the institution? If about a development (e.g. a social trend, event or incident) is this a good or bad thing for society?",[]]],"ex":[["Clearly negative/unfavourable/bad news",[]],["More negative or unfavourable than positive or favourable",[]],["Balanced mix between negative and positive",[]],["More positive or favourable than negative or unfavourable",[]],["Clearly positive/favourable/good news",[]],["Neutral story, no positive or negative",[]]]},{"sp":[["information biases",[]]]},{"de":[["The more powerful position an actor holds, the more media attention he/she automatically receives.",[]]],"sy":[["incumbency bonus",["Hopmann et al., 2011"]]],"rt":[["information biases",[]]]},{"de":[["Human interest stories use a human example or put a 'human face' on an issue or problem, or go into the private or personal life of an actor and/or journalist, employing adjectives or personal vignettes that generate feelings of sympathy, empathy or outrage.",[]],["It brings a human face or emotional angle to the presentation of an issue",["Bennett, 2009;Patterson, 2000;Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000"]]],"sb":[["High human interest content",[]],["Moderate human interest content",[]],["Slight human interest content",[]],["No (or merely incidental) human interest content",[]]],"sp":[["information biases",[]]],"ex":[["High human interest content",[]],["Moderate human interest content",[]],["Slight human interest content",[]],["No (or merely incidental) human interest content",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["ability to uncover and debunk hoaxes on social media platforms to facilitate the exposure of stories that are in the public interest",[]],["fact-checking provides a service by clarifying the assessment of a claim by delivering context and background information in a situation that any little bit makes a difference",[]],["there is no one-size-fits-all solution to fake news",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["fake news",[]],["debunking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the main purpose is to deceive the public [6]",["6"]]]},{"de":[["can hamper an effective public health response and create confusion and distrust among people",["5"]],["that must tackle alongside the pandemic itself and the concern over the problem is global.",[]],["spreading an excessive amount of information about an issue, which makes it confusing and hinders to identify a solution",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This attribute framing not only describes the type of assault, but it also subtly places it in the context of a justified response to previous aggression, which changes how morally acceptable the actions are.",[]]],"sp":[["equivalency framing",[]]]},{"de":[["In general, several studies have demonstrated the existence of bias in the field of academic research and publication.",[]]]},{"de":[["CDA researchers investigate on identifying any linguistic or semiotic indication which underlies the construction framed in a particular discourse",["Hart 2023"]]]},{"sp":[["framing effects",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"sb":[["risky choice framing",[]],["attribute framing",[]],["goal framing",[]]],"sp":[["framing effects",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["framing is not a neutral process. Instead, it actively constructs social reality by privileging specific interpretations over others.",[]],["an academic emphasis regarding the influence of media representations in shaping public understanding and policy responses",[]]],"ex":[["media outlets can manipulate public opinion by framing Israeli military actions as defensive while portraying Palestinian resistance as terrorism.",[]]]},{"sb":[["equivalency framing",[]],["emphasis (or issue) framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The primary goal framed here is the legitimization of national identity and historical claims.",[]],["This goal framing serves to rationalize the military assault as a protective measure, despite the severe impact on the Gaza population",["Farley 2024"]]],"sp":[["equivalency framing",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["equivalency framing",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["collective responsibility",[]],["global efforts",[]],["regional and global",[]],["social awareness throughout societies",[]],["world has to face together",[]],["we must face",[]],["nations are responsible",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["constructing various perspectives about one particular point or issue through headlines/bylines",[]],["As framing certain social issues in various ways can make the readers conceptualize them more effectively",["D'Angelo, 2017"]],["which means that the same area/concept can be perceived differently depending on how it is framed by the author(s) within its particular context.",["2015, p.3"]],["Stibbe\"s (2015) framework of \"Framing\" technique",[]],["As framing certain social issues in various ways can make the readers conceptualize them more effectively (D'Angelo, 2017)",["D'Angelo, 2017"]]],"ex":[["change, crisis, fight and ultimately declaring it as a collective responsibility",[]]]},{"de":[["media is a socially rooted platform with the undeniable power to disseminate social agendas and shape people\"s opinions and practices",["Alalwan, 2018","Lester, 2020","Perse & Lambe, 2016"]],["commonly refers to all the communication channels or platforms to broadcast news, information, education, entertainment, and promotional messages through magazines, newspapers, TV, social apps, and internet, etc.",[]]],"sy":[["plural form of \"medium\"",[]]],"rt":[["communication channels or platforms",[]]]},{"de":[["very pervasively applied against poverty, diseases, corruption, drugs, crimes, etc. because \"there is well-defined schematic knowledge for a prototypical war\" in the global speech community.",[]],["Such expressions are also referred to as \"war metaphors\" and are very pervasively applied against poverty, diseases, corruption, drugs, crimes, etc. because \"there is well-defined schematic knowledge for a prototypical war\" in the global speech community.",["Flusberg et al., 2018, p. 4"]]],"ex":[["to fight this menace",[]],["to combat climate change",[]],["fight for its survival",[]],["build resilience against the growing threat",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["namely whether the document agrees with the claim, disagrees with the claim, discusses about the claim without taking a stance, or is entirely unrelated to the claim.",[]]],"sb":[["Unrelated",[]],["Neutral",[]],["Agree",[]],["Disagree",[]]]},{"de":[["stance detection aims at identifying the stance (perspective) of a document towards a claim, namely whether the document agrees with the claim, disagrees with the claim, discusses about the claim without taking a stance, or is entirely unrelated to the claim.",[]]],"ex":[["stance of a tweet towards an entity or topic",[]],["stance of a user post or argument/claim towards a controversial topic or statement",[]],["stance of an article towards a claim",[]]]},{"sp":[["Inferiority Language",[]],["Implicit hate speech",[]]]},{"sy":[["overt abuse",[]],["explicit hate speech",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["anti-semitism",[]],["sexism",[]]]},{"de":[["Implied statements were formatted as Hearst-like patterns",[]]],"ex":[["where <target> might be phrases such as immigrants, black folks",[]]]},{"de":[["Because this speech lacks clear lexical signals, hate groups can evade keyword-based detection systems",["Waseem et al., 2017","Wiegand et al., 2019"]],["We define implicit hate speech as outlined in the paper and ground this definition in a quote from Lee Atwater on how discourse can appeal to racists without sounding racist: \"You start out in 1954 by saying, \"N*gger, n*gger, n*gger.\" By 1968 you can't say \"n*gger\"-that hurts you, backfires. So you say stuff like, uh, forced busing, states' rights, and all that stuff, and you're getting so abstract\"",[]]],"rt":[["indirect sarcasm and humor",[]],["euphemisms",[]],["circumlocution",[]],["symbolic or metaphorical language",[]]],"sb":[["dehumanizing comparisons",["Leader Maynard and Benesch, 2016"]],["stereotypes",["Warner and Hirschberg, 2012"]],["threats",["Sanguinetti et al., 2018","Fortuna and Nunes, 2018"]],["intimidation",["Sanguinetti et al., 2018","Fortuna and Nunes, 2018"]],["incitement to violence",["Sanguinetti et al., 2018","Fortuna and Nunes, 2018"]],["White Grievance",[]],["Inferiority Language",[]],["Irony",[]],["Stereotypes and Misinformation",[]],["Threatening and Intimidation",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Phrases like 'white brotherhood operate in the former manner, while statements like Hitler was Germany -Germans shall rise again! operate in the latter, elevating nationalism and Nazism.",[]],["white brotherhood operate in the former manner",[]],["Hitler was Germany -Germans shall rise again!",[]]]},{"de":[["it can include dehumanization (denial of a person's humanity), and toxification (language that com-pares the target with disease, insects, animals), both of which are early warning signs of genocide",["Leader Maynard and Benesch, 2016","Neilsen, 2015"]]],"sb":[["dehumanization",[]],["toxification",[]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["It's not a coincidence the best places to live are majority white.",[]]]},{"de":[["Irony is not exempt from our hate speech typology, since it is commonly used by modern online hate groups to mask their hatred and extremism",["Dreisbach, 2021"]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["in the context of one hate group, the tweet Horrors... Disney will be forced into hiring Americans works to discredit Disney for allegedly hiring only non-citizens or, really, nonwhites.",[]],["hey kids, wanna replace white people",[]],["Horrors... Disney will be forced into hiring Americans works to discredit Disney for allegedly hiring only non-citizens or, really, nonwhites.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Stereotypes and Misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["This class also includes misinformation that feeds stereotypes and vice versa, like holocaust denial and other forms of historical negationism",["Belavusau, 2017","Cohen-Almagor, 2009"]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Can someone tell the black people in Chicago to stop killing one another before it becomes Detroit?",[]]]},{"de":[["here we highlight threats related to implicit violation of rights and freedoms, removal of opportunities, and more subtle forms of intimidation",[]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["All immigration of non-whites should be ended.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Inferiority Language",[]],["Implicit hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["This language is linked to extremist behavior and support for violence",["Miller-Idriss, 2020"]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Black lives matter and white lives don't? Sounds racist.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Climate denialism benefits economic elites and is driven by the interests of extractive sectors, such as the oil industry, as well as those invested in maintaining a system grounded in the destructive exploitation of nature",["Haas, 2023"]],["Climate denialism benefits economic elites and is driven by the interests of extractive sectors, such as the oil industry, as well as those invested in maintaining a system grounded in the destructive exploitation of nature (Haas, 2023).",["Haas, 2023"]],["the press can fuel climate denialism when it defends a false idea of neutrality.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["The study conceptualizes false information about science and the environment as an ongoing and normalized challenge that alters how journalists understand their roles, rather than an episodic phenomenon.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["When the word disinformation was used by respondents it was encompassing both false and misleading information in general.",[]],["disinformation is no longer an occasional disturbance, but a professionalized and deliberate practice associated with political polarization in recent years",[]],["disinformation doing the opposite job and doing it with great efficiency",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["anti-science narratives",[]],["climate denialism",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The second concerns the causes and potential solutions to environmental problems",[]],["the third involves civic mobilization and holding power to account.",[]],["environmental journalism must be politically engaged",[]],["must be intrinsically attuned to pluralism and diversity",[]],["Ideally, it also requires a systemic and in-depth approach that connects the central topic of a story to broader natural and social issues, going beyond a narrow event-driven approach",[]],["a practice that demands critique and challenges to the status quo.",[]],["there is now an emphasis on the political function of environmental journalism, understood as its ability to mobilize the public",[]]],"sp":[["science journalism",[]]],"ex":[["O Eco, Conexão Planeta, and #Colabora",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["the notion that the interests and views of ordinary citizens are the moral center of politics; anti-elite and anti-establishment attitude; the portrayal of 'the people' as a unified group which they claim to represent; the framing of political discourses through the lens of crisis and opposition to neoliberal ideology",["Rooduijn, 2013","Gerbaudo, 2018","Rooduijn, 2013;Gerbaudo, 2018"]]],"rt":[["political fantasy",[]]],"sb":[["right-wing parties",[]]],"ex":[["Bolsonaro portrays opponents, including journalists, as enemies of the nation",["(Waisbord, 2018a)"]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["As Harman et al. (2025) put it, \"pseudoscience is based on organized misinformation, where arguments are made to confuse issues and leave people feeling like they are unable to decide\" (p. 2).",["Harman et al. (2025)"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["bubbles,",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["pandemic",[]],["bioterrorism",[]]]},{"de":[["Agenda-setting implies that the mass media predetermine what issues are regarded as important at a given time in a given society",["Ogbonna, 2016;Oni et al., 2014","Ogbonna, 2016","Oni et al., 2014"]],["In their seminal study, they argued that the media in choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality (McCombs & Shaw, 1972, p. 176). They further stated that readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and position (McCombs & Shaw, 1972, p. 176). They also noted that while the media do not tell people what to think, that they tell them what to think about by determining the issues and the organisations that will be put on the public agenda for discussions (McCombs, 1977;McCombs & Shaw, 1972).",["McCombs & Shaw, 1972","McCombs, 1977"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["political advertisements expose voters to necessary information about candidates' age, qualification, educational background, occupation, and political agenda",[]],["the most effective political strategies for motivating, mobilising support and attracting voters during election is by exposure to advertisements",[]]]},{"de":[["From this definition of political advertisement, the fundamental idea of such a campaign is that it is usually paid for, strongly persuasive and promote either an idea or a politician instead of promoting a product",["Saleem et al., 2015"]],["the central focus of political advertising is the marketing of ideas, motivating voters to guide their choices and influence their attitudes, including political ideologies.",[]],["the fundamental idea of such a campaign is that it is usually paid for, strongly persuasive and promote either an idea or a politician instead of promoting a product",["Saleem et al., 2015"]],["From this definition of political advertisement, the fundamental idea of such a campaign is that it is usually paid for, strongly persuasive and promote either an idea or a politician instead of promoting a product (Saleem et al., 2015).",["Saleem et al., 2015"]]],"rt":[["political campaign",[]]]},{"de":[["To apply marketing principles to a political campaigns means that the campaign will understand the voter's needs as in product marketing and develop a product to satisfy those needs",["Akinola & Adekunle, 2022"]],["Political marketing is suitable for politics to become more responsive to citizens' needs and demands, for that is the very essence of politics itself, and that political marketing has made consumers become more collectively powerful, co-creators of public policies rather than mere consumers",["Lees-Marshment, 2003","Scammell, 2014"]],["Political marketing has been scorned by some scholars while other adjudged it as the best way forward for politics.",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["The newspaper political advertisements helped not only set agenda during the election in 2019, but also helped in voter's behavioural change in support of certain political candidates.",[]],["Like Yale's attitude change theory, the political advertisements in this study conditioned voters to change their attitudes and adopt the attitude or support a particular political aspirant that the advertisements have recommended.",[]],["the source needs to be trusted by the audience, and the messages emphasised and audience willing and interested in the message.",[]]]},{"de":[["in the context of toxic language",["2023"]]],"rt":[["toxic language",[]]]},{"de":[["Different groups are distinguished in terms of power and prestige.",[]]],"sb":[["Indian caste system",[]],["indigenous American clans or tribes",[]],["Western hierarchical class system",[]]],"ex":[["the Indian caste system",[]],["indigenous American clans or tribes",[]],["the Western hierarchical class system",[]]]},{"de":[["comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding how geographic constraints constitutively shape media practices in island communities",[]],["successful archipelagic journalism embraces these constraints as defining characteristics that shape distinct media ecosystems with their own logic, effectiveness, and democratic value.",[]],["The archipelagic model (right panel) reveals multi-nodal networks in which each island functions as both a producer and a distributor, with hybrid pathways integrating digital platforms, ferry-based transportation, community networks, and radio broadcasting.",[]]],"rt":[["media geography",[]]],"sp":[["community media",["Howley, 2013"]],["citizen journalism",["Allan and Thorsen, 2009"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["characteristics that distinguish community media from commercial journalism: community ownership, participatory production, a focus on local content, and a commitment to democratic communication",[]],["This definition emphasizes characteristics that distinguish community media from commercial journalism: community ownership, participatory production, a focus on local content, and a commitment to democratic communication.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["geographic constraints don't simply limit journalism; they generate novel practices with their own effectiveness",[]]]},{},{"de":[["community-centered journalism can strengthen social capital and democratic participation.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["ideology",[]],["polarity",[]],["leaning",[]]]},{"sy":[["ideological stances",[]],["polarity",[]],["leaning",[]]],"rt":[["liberal",[]],["conservative",[]]]},{"rt":[["Ideology scores for Twitter users",[]]]},{"de":[["the technology behind online news consumption promotes content that confirms the users' existing point of view. This phenomenon has led to polarization of opinions and intolerance towards opposing views.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This study underscores that agenda-setting in global news extends beyond the question of which issues receive attention to encompass how local media actively engage in negotiating power, morality, and legitimacy within the global public sphere.",[]]]},{"de":[["framing characteristics",[]]],"sp":[["Agenda-Setting Theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["reframed as a transnational moral issue rather than a localized anomaly",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Selective Exposure",[]]]},{"rt":[["selective avoidance",[]]]},{"rt":[["bias",["Sundar, 1999"]],["fairness",["Sundar, 1999"]],["accuracy",["Sundar, 1999"]],["believability",["Sundar, 1999"]]]},{"de":[["The cognitive basis of surprise is unexpectedness",[]]]},{"de":[["the backlash effect could have occurred, especially if the participants were brand fans and if they had been previously exposed to the news reports on which the fake news stories were based.",[]]]},{"sy":[["bandwagon effect",[]]]},{"de":[["Brand trust is built upon the relationship between consumer and brand.",[]],["Brand trust determines loyalty levels as trust creates exchange relationships that are highly valued (Morgan & Hunt, 1994).",["Morgan & Hunt, 1994"]],["Finally, Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) state that brand trust strongly influences consumers' attitudes and repurchase loyalty.",["Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001)"]],["Moreover, Liu, Guo, and Lee (2011) argue that brand trust is a crucial factor in customer behaviors before and after a purchase, creating long-term loyalty, and strengthening the relationship between the brand and customers.",[]],["Brand trust can reduce consumers' uncertainty about food security because the consumer knows that brand is worth trusting and thinks that a dependable, safe, and honest consumption scenario is the important link of the brand trust",["Soong, Kao, & Juang, 2011"]]],"rt":[["consumer satisfaction",[]],["product/brand attachment",[]],["brand awareness",[]],["brand image",[]],["perceived benefits",[]],["knowledge about the company and product",[]],["perceived value",[]],["the risks of choosing a particular brand",[]],["the degree of aversion to these risks",[]],["reputation",[]],["competence",[]],["brand identity and personality",[]],["the country of origin",[]],["the quality of the services",[]],["corporate social responsibility",["Koschate-Fischer & Gartner, 2015"]]]},{"sy":[["confirmation bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["desirability bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]]},{"de":[["Fake news can diminish consumers' level of trust in food brands and, consequently, lessen the impact of a specific brand's potentially positive actions.",[]],["Fake news threatens people's physical, mental, and financial security.",[]],["fake news can undermine society's stability, putting its survival in jeopardy.",[]]],"rt":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]],"sb":[["satire or parody (i.e., when authors use irony and exaggeration not to harm people but to be humorous)",["Wardle (2017)"]],["misleading content (i.e., when authors use information to present an issue or person in a distorted perspective)",["Wardle (2017)"]],["imposter content (i.e., when the message's source poses as someone else)",["Wardle (2017)"]],["fabricated content (i.e., when authors disseminate completely false information with the intent to deceive and harm)",["Wardle (2017)"]],["false connection (i.e., when there is no logical relation between the headline, visual ingredients, and/or factual content of a news report)",["Wardle (2017)"]],["false context (i.e., when authors mix accurate with inaccurate contextual information)",["Wardle (2017)"]],["manipulated content (i.e., when authors alter genuine information or imagery to deceive others)",["Wardle (2017)"]]],"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]]},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]]},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]]},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]],"ex":[["An example of the manipulated content type is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Punjab's tweeting of a picture depicting a farmer to give the impression that farmers were happy with the new farm laws.",[]]]},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]]},{},{"sp":[["mis-and disinformation",["Wardle (2017)"]]],"ex":[["Matt Kolbet wrote that McDonald's sent a memo to its employees cautioning them not to eat the food the company makes because of its high content of salt, sugar, and fat. As is clear from the article's title, the author did not intend to inform the public of facts but aimed to satirize the company's practices.",[]]]},{"sy":[["validity effect",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["sexism",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["affect",[]]]},{},{"de":[["We exclude from our definition satire sites as well as opinion sites -even if extreme -if they do not display a pattern of promoting misinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["active political misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["We obtain the words' semantics by using a dictionary that has lists of words that express psychological processes (personal concerns, affection, perception).",[]]]},{"de":[["Because these features do not rely on the actual content of pages, our approach is topic-agnostic and robust; this is in contrast to models that use content (e.g., n-grams), which must be retrained as the topics in the news shift.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Broadly, each dataset can be categorized into self reported deception or observed reported deception, based on whether they were reported by the speakers/writers or by human labelers respectively.",[]]],"rt":[["observed reported deception",[]]]},{"de":[["the mass media, because they focus on certain events and ignore others, produce effects on the public. This means that the press does not necessarily tell the public how to think but what today's issues are on and it is important to have an opinion, whatever it may be.",[]],["According to this approach, the mass media, because they focus on certain events and ignore others, produce effects on the public.",[]],["This means that the press does not necessarily tell the public how to think but what today's issues are on and it is important to have an opinion, whatever it may be.",[]],["According to this approach, the mass media, because they focus on certain events and ignore others, produce effects on the public. This means that the press does not necessarily tell the public how to think but what today's issues are on and it is important to have an opinion, whatever it may be.",[]]],"rt":[["persuasion and acculturation",[]],["public agenda",[]],["media agenda",[]],["personal agenda",[]]],"sb":[["first generation of agenda-setting",[]]]},{"sp":[["Judicial behaviorism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These are communication dynamics and indicate that this response's strategy is more political than personal; there usually is a context with opportunities and constraints.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Preferences and values of judges began to be analyzed as elements that informed the decision-making process.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Juridical realism",[]]]},{"de":[["Communication is mediated (Thompson, 1998); it is screened by the media, and when it comes to the relationship between advisors and journalists, it is also negotiable (Alsina, 2009).",["Thompson, 1998","Alsina, 2009"]]]},{},{"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]]},{"de":[["usually takes into account the following aspects: a behavior guided by maximum result utility; information that allows a vision of the whole and what expectations one has when choosing a certain way, including the positions of the other actors; the possibility of considering different options and the focus on individual choice",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is a policy that sets the tone for the Judiciary to communicate.",[]],["Brazil's Supreme Court of Justice has placed itself on the media and public agenda by following a strategy, seeing opportunities and constraints. This is what is called a strategic agenda.",[]]],"sy":[["strategic agenda",[]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]],["strategic model",[]]]},{"rt":[["strategic model",[]]]},{"de":[["This model indicates how judicial decisions are guided by a strategic vision, they reveal where the judge wants to go and what goals he intends to achieve.",[]]],"rt":[["strategic approach",[]],["rational choice theory",[]]],"sp":[["Judicial behaviorism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["due to its information functions plays an important role in the life of society and is a real force that is able to shape the public opinion concerning important issues on politics, economics and culture.",[]]],"rt":[["agitation and propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["implemented quite successfully the press functions defined by the regime",[]]],"sb":[["organizational",[]],["educational",[]],["propaganda",[]],["counter-propaganda",[]],["sociological",[]]]},{},{"de":[["analizar los escritos y discursos creados por políticos es una forma eficiente de comprender, no solo las motivaciones y los objetivos de esos políticos, sino las ideologías que subyacen bajo estos documentos",["van Dijk, 2014"]]],"rt":[["populismo médico",[]]]},{"de":[["Explotaron la incredulidad hacia la ciencia para desarrollar un discurso médico populista moldeado por una actitud desdeñosa sobre la pandemia.",[]]]},{"de":[["la retórica de Bolsonaro y López Obrador se basa en la simplificación de los problemas sociales, la polarización social y la división entre dos grupos: (1) aquellos ciudadanos virtuosos que apoyan al presidente y (2) los críticos y disidentes del régimen, comúnmente asociados como el enemigo del pueblo.",[]]],"rt":[["ciudadanos virtuosos que apoyan al presidente",[]]]},{"de":[["En este tipo de discurso, los líderes polarizan sobre las emergencias sanitarias o las enfermedades mortales simplificando y ridiculizando los datos científicos en su discurso",["Lasco y Curato, 2019"]],["cómo los políticos construyen su discurso alrededor de la gestión de las crisis sanitarias para imponer acciones radicales sin ningún tipo de fundamento científico",[]],["Los líderes populistas se encuentran en una dialéctica discursiva para rebatir la investigación médica que contradice sus políticas.",[]],["la política tiende a crear relaciones opuestas entre el pueblo, en voz de López Obrador \"El pueblo bueno\", y aquellos médicos o científicos que sólo se preocupan por sus intereses económicos y que están dispuestos a poner en peligro o afectar negativamente a la población con sus medidas sanitarias",[]],["Los líderes populistas se encuentran en una dialéctica discursiva para rebatir la investigación médica que contradice sus políticas",[]],["simplificar y trivializar la evidencia científica sobre la magnitud y el peligro real de la pandemia",[]],["En este tipo de discurso, los líderes polarizan sobre las emergencias sanitarias o las enfermedades mortales simplificando y ridiculizando los datos científicos en su discurso (Lasco y Curato, 2019).",["Lasco y Curato, 2019"]],["En este tipo de discurso, la política tiende a crear relaciones opuestas entre el pueblo, en voz de López Obrador \"El pueblo bueno\", y aquellos médicos o científicos que sólo se preocupan por sus intereses económicos y que están dispuestos a poner en peligro o afectar negativamente a la población con sus medidas sanitarias (Lasco y Curato, 2019).",["Lasco y Curato, 2019"]],["Explotaron la incredulidad hacia la ciencia para desarrollar un discurso médico populista moldeado por una actitud desdeñosa sobre la pandemia.",[]]],"rt":[["populismo taumatúrgico",[]]],"sp":[["populismo",[]],["populismo tradicional",[]]],"ex":[["Las políticas públicas centradas en el populismo médico, como en el caso de Obrador y Bolsonaro durante el primer semestre de 2020, se tradujeron en acciones mal diseñadas que exacerbaron la crisis, incrementando su impacto negativo",["Persson et al., 2022"]]]},{"de":[["En este tipo de retórica populista, los líderes son investidos de superpoderes mágicos y/o sacros donde el factor lógico o científico ya no es la cuestión principal aducida, sino que se sitúa en segundo plano.",[]],["En el populismo taumatúrgico se aducen argumentos para fortalecer la figura de un líder cuyas habilidades especiales contra las pandemias y las enfermedades están más allá de la explicación científica.",[]],["una estrategia discursiva que emplea elementos centrados en el mesianismo y los poderes sobrenaturales",[]],["no construye su justificación en pruebas alternativas que contradigan a los científicos",[]],["la ciencia ya no está en el foco de la discusión, sino que sus fundamentos recurren a una base religiosa y milagrosa",[]],["Los líderes políticos y sociales bajo el populismo taumatúrgico son figuras carismáticas fuertes inmunes a la enfermedad con habilidades mágicas capaces de detenerla o incluso curarla.",[]],["este tipo de argumentación populista se fundamenta en la existencia de poderes sobrenaturales o religiosos que legitiman a la figura presidencial",[]],["Los líderes políticos y sociales bajo el populismo taumatúrgico son figuras carismáticas fuertes inmunes a la enfermedad con habilidades mágicas capaces de detenerla o incluso curarla",[]]],"rt":[["populismo médico",[]],["discurso taumatúrgico",[]]],"sp":[["populismo",[]],["populismo tradicional",[]]],"ex":[["curas mágicas, sin bases científicas y excéntricas para combatir el COVID-19",[]],["Bolsonaro respaldó el uso de medicamentos como la cloroquina, un medicamento que sin supervisión médica podría ser mortal",["B17"]],["Bolsonaro organizó una campaña nacional de oración y ayuno (#JejumPeloBrasil) para proteger a Brasil de la expansión de la pandemia",["B13"]]]},{"sb":[["populismo médico",[]],["populismo taumatúrgico",[]]]},{"ex":[["5G",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The concept connects to misinformative content that boosts deception.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformative content",[]]]},{"de":[["Based on technological infrastructures, these initiatives verify fake news and offer truthful information with an effect on elites",["Nyhan & Reifler, 2015"]],["Based on technological infrastructures, these initiatives verify fake news and offer truthful information with an effect on elites (Nyhan & Reifler, 2015).",["Nyhan & Reifler, 2015"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["which is different from political persuasion",[]],["it can be categorized as a kind of public communication",[]],["propaganda is often associated with manipulation or disinformation (false information with an intention)",[]],["different from political persuasion. The latter is more interactive and tries to satisfy the needs of both actors.",[]],["The latter is more interactive and tries to satisfy the needs of both actors.",[]]],"rt":[["political persuasion",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Instead of the \"either/or'' narrative, it relies on \"both/and\" narrative.",[]]]},{"de":[["Spivak delves on the idea of going beyond the differences between individuals that belong to a particular group so as to fight a common goal.",[]]]},{"de":[["In a poem titled 'Trans/Generation,' he writes, 'I understand, in my culture transgender, is not just an identity, it is a tactic of survival'",[]]]},{"sp":[["news frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["news frames",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["framing is about selection and salience.",[]],["He described framing as \"the process of observing and making sense of events. \"",["4"]],["Framing, therefore, may be studied as a strategy of constructing and processing news discourse or as a characteristic of the discourse itself.",[]]],"rt":[["news frames",[]]]},{"de":[["by asking some basic questions: who are shown as being responsible? How are the events defined? What kind of moral and ethical arguments are put forward? What are proposed as solutions to the problem?",[]]]},{"de":[["it is thus the most powerful framing device of the syntactical structure.",["41"]]]},{"sp":[["news frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Selectivity in the news coverage frames the mind of audiences by helping them categorize, label, and evaluate information.",["11"]],["The text frames issues through certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments.",["17"]]],"ex":[["the Cold War frame highlighted certain events as international problems, identified their sources, passed judgments about the parties involved in the problem and recommended specific policy solutions.",["13"]]]},{"de":[["These news frames may be themes or styles that are used to attract audiences, and directly or indirectly affect their evaluation of the issues.",[]],["news frames present specific perspectives or points of view.",["9"]],["Entman focuses on four essential elements of news frames:",[]],["From this aspect, news frames present specific perspectives or points of view.",[]]],"rt":[["official discourse",[]],["Framing",[]]],"sb":[["attribution of responsibility in the news",[]],["definition of events and actors",[]],["Maintaining moral high ground",[]]],"sp":[["Framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In stance detection, the task moves from estimating the positive or negative sentiment of a given text to evaluating whether the authoring individual is for, against, or neutral towards some target concept.",[]],["positioning them as a potential supplement or replacement for traditional public opinion surveys",[]]],"rt":[["sentiment analysis",[]],["public opinion polls",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["mimics the appearance and tone of genuine news stories.",[]],["It is often divided into misinformation false news without harmful intent and disinformation false news disseminated with harmful or manipulative intent (APA, 2023 in Bergman, 2023).",["APA, 2023 in Bergman, 2023"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation false news without harmful intent",["APA, 2023 in Bergman, 2023"]],["disinformation false news disseminated with harmful or manipulative intent",["APA, 2023 in Bergman, 2023"]]]},{},{"de":[["to influence public discourse during crises through strategic dissemination",["Unlu, Troung, & Tammi, 2024"]],["or to stimulate digital media sales",["Erbrich, Wellbrock, Lobigs, & Buschow, 2024"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["media framing often favors one side over another in political disputes, thus always resulting in some degree of bias (Entman, 2010).",["Entman, 2010"]]]},{"ex":[["economics",[]],["political",[]],["quality of life",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["nepotism",[]],["privilege",[]]]},{},{"de":[["about how age, education and class shaped entry into media work and how privilege could play a role in their own career success",["Brook, O'Brien, and Taylor 2021"]]]},{"de":[["narratives of luck, in their study of successful male CCI workers, did not necessarily disavow one's privilege, instead use of 'luck' was a form of deflection from one's own privileges",["Brook, O'Brien, and Taylor (2021)"]]]},{"de":[["peers were able to exploit existing connections and relationships in order to access work without having to 'earn their place' in the media industries",[]]]},{"rt":[["alternative cognitive frames",[]]]},{"sy":[["cognitive schema",["Scheufele and Scheufele (2010)"]]],"sp":[["frame",[]]]},{"de":[["it also implies the existence of events which led to the imprisonment, such as detention or court order, the fact that the offense was severe enough to require incarceration, and other facts that we associate with imprisonment based on our world knowledge.",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]],"ex":[["when we say The refugees were imprisoned in Park Hotel rather than The refugees were detained in Park Hotel, we imbue the message with our moral judgment against the detention, evoking the negative connotations of imprisonment such as the fact that refugees are treated as prisoners (as follows from the semantic frame) who committed some serious crime (as follows from the cognitive frame).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["connotation, or underlying level of meaning implied by a particular word beyond its explicit or literal definition (Sonesson, 1998)",[]]],"sp":[["media framing",[]]],"ex":[["we can use a neutral word \"immigrant\", but imbue it with a negative cognitive frame of \"disaster, calamity\" if we say that \"immigrants flooded the neighbouring city\".",[]]]},{"de":[["It is the competition that makes the selected frame seem more important, emotionally charged, or morally superior than the excluded ones, and allows the communicator to emphasise it.",[]]],"sp":[["media framing",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["individual",[]]],"sp":[["narrative frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["ambivalence",[]]],"sp":[["media framing",[]]],"ex":[["a media source can talk about \"90% employment\" vs \"10% unemployment\".",[]]]},{"de":[["what makes a media frame is its ambivalence, i.e. the presence of alternative cognitive frames that can be activated in someone else's mind regarding the same issue or event.",["Scheufele and Scheufele (2010)"]]],"rt":[["equivalence frames",[]],["Word choice and labelling",[]],["narrative frames",[]]],"sb":[["equivalence frames",[]],["Word choice and labelling",[]],["narrative frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Such packaging happens at three levels: semantic, cognitive, and communicative",[]]],"sy":[["discourse",[]],["packaging",[]],["narrative theme",[]]],"sb":[["semantic frames",[]],["cognitive frames",[]],["communicative framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["used to structure the story around elections",[]]],"sy":[["strategy and horse race frames",[]]],"sb":[["strategy",[]],["horse race frames",[]]],"sp":[["narrative frames",[]]]},{"ex":[["Economic consequences",[]],["Security",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["ambivalence",[]]]},{"de":[["This process involves three aspects: linguistic choice of how to encode the information (semantics); associations evoked in the reader which depend on individuals' existing cognitive schemata, categories or stereotypes (cognition); and the communicative act of (repeated) emphasis of a particular frame, and its effect on the audience (communication)",[]],["media frames activate a particular constellation of cognitive frames in journalists' or readers' minds, and the framing occurs only when alternative competing activations are possible, i.e. there is some potential ambivalence of interpretation",["Scheufele and Scheufele, 2010"]],["communicative frames help individuals to make sense of otherwise meaningless successions of events",["Goffman, 1974"]]],"rt":[["framing",[]]],"sb":[["Emphasis framing",[]],["equivalency framing",[]],["connotation framing",[]],["narrative framing",[]]]},{"de":[["the narrative story consists of four elements: setting, characters, plot, and a moral",[]]],"sb":[["Heroes (fixers of a problem)",[]],["Villains (causing the problem)",[]],["Victims (harmed by the problem)",[]]],"sp":[["media framing",[]]]},{"de":[["formalized in a slightly simplified way",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]],"ex":[["the word im-prison implies the existence of a person being sent to prison (prisoner), someone who does the act of imprisoning (authorities), a destination (prison), and optionally the reason (offense).",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["detection of metaphorical framing, including dehumanizing metaphors",[]]],"sp":[["frame",[]]]},{"de":[["the models rate left-leaning arguments higher than right-leaning ones, even though there is no logical reason in the arguments for doing so",[]],["the model unfairly favors the left-leaning arguments with regard to the wrong labels it assigns",[]]],"sy":[["heuristic",[]]],"sb":[["shallow heuristic",[]],["political bias",[]]],"sp":[["shallow heuristic",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["identity polarization",[]]]},{"de":[["Take the perspective of the person stating the argument and assess whether the premises actually support the conclusion from that perspective",[]],["to be valid in this sense, it is sufficient for the premises to support the conclusion, the truth of the premises does not have to necessitate the truth of the conclusion.",[]]]},{"rt":[["inductive or defeasible reasoning",[]]]},{"de":[["Materially valid inferences can be nonmonotonic: in contrast to formally valid inferences, materially valid inferences can be invalidated by adding premises.",[]]],"sy":[["inductive or defeasible reasoning",[]],["material inference",[]],["defeasible reasoning",[]]],"rt":[["informal logic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This means that, on average, the models rate left-leaning arguments higher than right-leaning ones, even though there is no logical reason in the arguments for doing so.",[]]],"sy":[["partisan bias",[]]],"sp":[["shallow heuristic",[]]]},{"sb":[["bias",[]],["political bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["which encompass the full social scale from the self to the societal",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["it has allowed us to function collectively by delegating some of our thinking to others, and it can both support and hinder learning.",[]]]},{"sy":[["constructive journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Specifically, stereotyped knowledge is a cognitive representation that has several traits: (1) it is shared between members of a particular social group; (2) it assumes simple and strong correlations between a single feature (which is often used as a label) and all other features; (3) it is used to draw (often negative) contrasts between one thing and another; (4) it is not based on direct observation; (5) it is applied uniformly; and (6) it is treated as inviolable and often revealed only in violation.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["national identity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["is among the most active areas of research in natural language processing.",[]],["this research method is now essential to understanding public opinion.",[]],["captures sentimental expressions and their patterns in the Chinese language.",[]],["The application assigns polarity scores for each text body as positive, negative, or neutral by comparing derived patterns and pre-examined text structures.",[]]],"ex":[["positive sentiments include attitudes of support, consensus, or trust",["Kiritchenko et al., 2014"]],["negative sentiments express opposition or rejection",["Kiritchenko et al., 2014"]]]},{"de":[["Linguistic features of the text are used including lexical and syntactic features.",[]]]},{"sy":[["network (context) based detection",[]]]},{"de":[["Here, user features include followers and following, profile username, posts or tweets, and many others.",[]]]},{"rt":[["rumors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Automated fact checking is an important task closely related to unreliable news detection, yet is constructed in a more controlled manner.",[]]],"sy":[["fact-verification",[]]],"rt":[["unreliable news detection",[]]]},{"sy":[["unverifiable and misleading news content",[]]],"sb":[["targeted misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["constructing a dataset requires collecting pairs of news articles and labels.",[]]],"rt":[["Automated fact checking",[]]]},{"de":[["undermining trust in science and verified sources at a time of high uncertainty",["Radu, 2020"]]]},{"ex":[["feminist translation ethics",[]],["postcolonial views of translation",[]],["contemporary \"activist translation\"",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["so common in the communist system with all its typical features -most frequently word-labels, metaphors (often of war and road), specific vocabulary, and atypical syntax (e.g., adjectives following nouns), all of which were intended to serve the purpose of propaganda",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["some translators decide to manipulate the TT's contents by substituting words and expressions used in the STs",[]]]},{},{"de":[["As translating is a form of linguistic behaviour, translation ethics can also be seen as embedded in an ethics of language or communication more generally.",[]],["attitudes that subordinate ethics to a cultural context and a translator's own assumptions",["Arrojo 1994: 160"]],["this ethics is closely associated with the idea of translation quality assessment.",[]]],"sy":[["translation ethics",[]]],"rt":[["translation quality assessment",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["pointing to their self-understanding of being better qualified than news reporters",["2007"]],["This exceptionalism is linked to their perceived need for aesthetic specialisation, to the fact that they find objectivity less relevant or important in their work, and, finally, to them taking \"on a crusading role, describing their work as infused by a passion which is otherwise frowned upon within journalism cultures\".",[]]]},{"de":[["information subsidies seem to play a pronounced role in news media's previewing, reporting and reviewing of art and culture. This circumstance has led to cultural journalists repeatedly being accused in the scholarly literature and public debate of disobeying the norms of journalism.",[]],["based on news agency information, other news media's stories, a press release, press junkets or reports pushed by news sources",["Kristensen 2016"]]]},{},{"de":[["Thus, cultural journalists and critics were among the then emerging occupations that acquired an important cultural and market role by mediating between cultural producers and consumers and by ascribing value to cultural products as part of this mediation process, potentially influencing cultural publics' and consumers' perceptions.",[]]]},{"rt":[["cultural journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Thompson (2007, 112) has also used it about blockbuster box office expectations and opening weekend results.",["Thompson (2007, 112)"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["cultural journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["During the pandemic, newspapers moved away from covering divisive political issues and instead focused on neutral and non-political story content.",[]]]},{"sy":[["media bubbles",[]]]},{"rt":[["content analysis",[]],["survey data",[]]]},{"sy":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"ex":[["climate change, COVID-19, crime, daily news, UK politics, US politics, political violence, and weather",[]]]},{"ex":[["entertainment, animals and pets, royal family and sports",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["convey a heightened sense of urgency",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It reflects its mandate as a public service broadcaster with a global reach and commitment to diverse perspectives.",[]],["encourages viewers to identify with global challenges and solutions",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["media coverage can subtly shape not only how climate change is understood but also how its societal and policy implications are evaluated",["Nimegeer et al., 2019","Khanya, 2024"]]],"rt":[["problem-oriented frame",[]],["solutions journalism",[]],["economic frame",[]],["disaster frame",[]],["response scepticism",[]]],"sb":[["problem-oriented frame",[]],["solutions journalism",[]],["economic frame",[]],["disaster frame",[]],["response scepticism",[]]]},{"sb":[["problem",[]],["cause",[]],["solution",[]],["responsibility",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["positions Jordan as an exemplary actor within both the region and the world",[]]]},{"de":[["relying on consistent factual reporting and restrained visual language",[]]]},{"de":[["aligning with calls for 'inclusive approaches' and 'grassroots mobilisation' within Jordan's evolving climate action framework",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["has gained traction as a way to reframe climate discourse in ways that inspire engagement rather than despair",["AbdelGhaffar, 2024"]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["This emphasis could arguably be aligned with a broader global trend towards solutions-oriented narratives in climate communication",[]]]},{"de":[["reflecting the channel's institutional identity and its role in communicating official positions",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["journalistic mediation",[]],["traditional fact-checking",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"sp":[["traditional journalistic gatekeeping",[]]]},{"rt":[["digital misinformation ecosystem",[]]]},{"sb":[["fake news (imitations of established outlets)",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation (the unintentional and intentional spread of falsehoods)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this adjudicative process can be seen as editorializing, conflicting with the orthodox notion of journalistic objectivity (Cazzamatta, 2025b)",["Cazzamatta, 2025b"]]]},{"de":[["The fight against misinformation is something beneficial for the whole society",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["journalistic gatekeeping",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["They are composed of generalized beliefs about social categories notably based on the way these groups are portrayed in one's environment",["Payne and Hannay, 2021"]],["As part of a cultural narrative, they are not strictly individual: they are socially built and conveyed.",[]],["stereotypes' strength lie in their relatively consensual nature",["(1998)"]],["Stereotypes could therefore be understood as culturally transmitted mental images.",[]],["They are composed of generalized beliefs about social categories notably based on the way these groups are portrayed in one's environment (Payne and Hannay, 2021).",["Payne and Hannay, 2021"]],["Stereotypes could therefore be understood as culturally transmitted mental images. They are composed of generalized beliefs about social categories notably based on the way these groups are portrayed in one's environment (Payne and Hannay, 2021).",["Payne and Hannay, 2021"]]],"rt":[["culturally shared belief system",[]]],"ex":[["the expectation that women lean toward the left of the political spectrum can be encouraged by noticing certain statistical tendencies, such as the traditional support of women for the center-left NDP in the Canadian case",[]]]},{},{"de":[["First, civil society concerns are public, not private.",[]],["Second, civil society relates to the state without being a part of it, through pressure to redress policy and expose government corruption.",[]],["Third, civil society is marked by pluralism and diversity, reflected by independent mass media and cultural institutions.",[]],["Fourth, civil society is market-oriented and rejects central economic planning.",[]],["A fifth distinction of civil society is that it holds that different groups represent different constituencies, and that no one can claim to represent the whole of society (Diamond, 1994).",["Diamond, 1994","1994"]],["civil society plays several democratic functions, such as curbing state power, developing pro-democratic attitudes, creating alternatives to political parties, and strengthening independent media.",["Diamond, 1994"]],["Finally, civil society fosters the dissemination and exchange of information leading to social change and economic reform as well as the development of socio-economic interests that mitigate traditional political polarities (Diamond, 1994).",["Diamond, 1994"]],["civil organization or private entrepreneurship, legal or not, replaced inefficient, and sometimes absent government services.",[]],["a concept focusing on reconstructing societies divided by civil wars or authoritarian rule.",[]],["civil society concerns are public, not private.",[]],["civil society relates to the state without being a part of it, through pressure to redress policy and expose government corruption.",[]],["civil society is marked by pluralism and diversity, reflected by independent mass media and cultural institutions.",[]],["civil society is market-oriented and rejects central economic planning.",[]]],"rt":[["curbing state power",["Diamond, 1994"]],["developing pro-democratic attitudes",["Diamond, 1994"]],["creating alternatives to political parties",["Diamond, 1994"]],["strengthening independent media",["Diamond, 1994"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Economic crimes also include any form of fraud, narcotic drug trafficking, money laundering, embezzlement, bribery, looting and any form of corrupt practices, tax evasion and other such transactions.",["18"]]]},{"sy":[["political corruption",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It may also refer to any other person defined as a \"public official\" in a domestic law of a state.",["14"]]]},{},{"de":[["Poseer un nivel alto de esta habilidad reduce las posibilidades de creer y compartir noticias falsas",["Kahne & Bowyer, 2017"]],["Esa cualidad y su capacidad preventiva la convierten una herramienta fundamental en la lucha contra los engaños de acuerdo con diversos académicos",["Agarwal & Alsaeedi, 2020"]]],"sy":[["educación mediática",["Vianna & Carvalho-Mendonça, 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["El fact-checking es siempre reactivo ya que se produce a posteriori de la difusión del engaño y no evita su circulación.",[]],["Esto provoca que la eliminación de los efectos generados por la desinformación sea difícil.",[]],["Esto cuestiona la capacidad del fact-checking para combatir la desinformación dado que la corrección no garantiza la eliminación de las consecuencias negativas generadas por las falsedades en las personas expuestas a ellas",["Wittenberg & Berinsky, 2020"]]],"sy":[["verificación de la información",[]]]},{"de":[["Alternative media differs from mainstream media primarily in its content, mode of production and distribution",["Downing et al. 2001, v-xii","Atton 2002, 7-31","Fuchs 2010, 176-178"]],["alternative media in the broadest sense have long and extensive links specifically to leftist or critical thinking",["Sandoval and Fuchs 2010","Fuchs 2010","Coyer et al. 2011"]]],"sy":[["counter-media",["Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus 2016"]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",["2013"]],["media literacy",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["false media seems to be related more to the tradition of propaganda (cf. Cole (ed.) 1998; Jowett and O`Donnell 2015) than to the tradition of alternative media.",["Cole (ed.) 1998","Jowett and O`Donnell 2015"]],["the aims of false media are purely propagandistic.",[]],["Thus, fake media publishes fake news",["Haasio et al. 2017, 102-104"]]],"sy":[["counter-media",["Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus 2016"]],["alternative media",["Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus 2016"]],["false media",[]]],"rt":[["counter-media",["Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus 2016"]],["alternative media",["Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus 2016"]]]},{"de":[["It may mix fact with fiction, but it does not ultimately care about the facts: it is essentially a forge.",["Vehkoo (2016Vehkoo ( /2017) )"]],["'Fake news' is distributed deliberately and systematically.",["Haasio et al. 2017, 103"]],["The channel is mostly the internet, especially social media and online magazines specialising in the spreading of fake news.",["Haasio et al. 2017, 103"]]],"rt":[["fake media",[]],["hate speech",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",["Karlova and Fisher (2013)"]]]},{"de":[["The varying research perspectives from which hate speech has been examined have also often impacted the definitions of hate speech",["Maussen and Grillo 2014, 175-177"]],["Hate speech can also be understood as misinformation or even disinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["objective definition",[]],["subjective definition",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["aims is to help people better understand and analyse the media content.",[]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech can also be understood as misinformation or even disinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["Disinformation",["2013"]],["media literacy",[]],["Hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["But such personalisation is also used to incite hate speech.",[]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Since the speech is public, it also has listeners.",[]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["culture operates at a macro level as a socially enacted and digitally observable process, rather than as a static national attribute.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["From this perspective, culture is not imposed from above but formed through cumulative social influence, resulting in clustered patterns of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This method allowed for the tracking of the dissemination and reach of online rumors across online platforms.",[]]]},{"de":[["feelings based on normative and moral evaluations of use of political power within a foreign country may be animosity background, even when such policies have no direct impact on the sample country",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["physical proximity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["represent people that, to the best of our knowledge, do not exist",[]]]},{"de":[["can include creating content that is not directly tied to the mission at hand to increase the persuasive effect of a campaign",["Golovchenko et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"sy":[["public service recommender systems",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["information cocoons",["Möller et al. 2018, 960","Stark et al. 2020, 14-15"]]]},{},{"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the Court's conceptualisation of the freedom to receive information and ideas concerns the social integration of citizens in society, enabling them to partake in public debate by providing them with information on the basis of which they can form an opinion",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["echo chambers",["Möller et al. 2018, 960","Stark et al. 2020, 14-15"]]]},{},{"sy":[["libertarian-paternalistic approach",[]]],"rt":[["nudge",[]]]},{"rt":[["media pluralism",[]]]},{"rt":[["media freedom",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Nudging acts as a kind of middle way between rigid interventions and dogmatic laissez-faire (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, 253). Hence, it involves '[the steering of] people in directions that will make their lives go better while also insisting that the ultimate choice is for individuals', not for any private sector actor or the state (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, 252-53).",["Thaler and Sunstein 2008, 253","Thaler and Sunstein 2008, 252-53"]]],"rt":[["libertarian paternalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["online media pluralism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["constituting to some extent a choice-constraining technological architecture",["Council of Europe 2020, 30"]]],"sy":[["'diversity-enhancing' recommendation technologies",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["mandated choice",[]],["required choosing",[]]]},{"rt":[["information cocoons",[]],["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the reference point for the concept of conspiracy is factuality. Despite being linked to social processes and existing inequalities, these interpretations are not supported either by scientific discourse or factual analysis.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This approach takes into account the cultural variation of speech acts, the norms associated with them, and the historical contexts that shape them. In this perspective, the distinction between acceptable and unacceptable discourse is not clearly defined by the author, constantly reassessed in public and political discussions, and the boundaries are continually readjusted, employed, and distorted.",[]],["The analysis of extreme speech encompasses digital cultures that challenge the limits of legitimate discourse in terms of truth-falsehood and civility-incivility",["Udupa et al 2019","Udupa et al , 2020","Udupa et al , 2023"]],["a communicative practice that redefines the boundaries of what is politically acceptable",[]]],"sy":[["hate speech",[]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]],["polarized discourse",[]]]},{"de":[["Therefore, what each individual considers as real results from how they decode, signify, and interpret the world.",[]]]},{"de":[["According to the framing model proposed by Goffman and Titton (2012), an individual's experience in the world is, in a sense, a result of how they frame the reality that surrounds them.",["Goffman and Titton (2012)"]]]},{"de":[["This process of humiliation fosters a defensive posture, where Sonia and her peers seek to reclaim their dignity and assert their autonomy through alternative narratives.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["not merely a rejection of scientific consensus but also an epistemological reorganization that redefines ways of understanding and acting in the world, attributing political meanings to scientific concepts in this sense, as symptoms of individual anxieties",["Harding & Stewart 2003"]],["This process involves an increasingly profound immersion in narratives that challenge established scientific knowledge and use biological concepts in a distorted manner to explain social and political phenomena.",[]]]},{"rt":[["disputes around modalities of understanding and communicating the world and social phenomena",[]]]},{"de":[["This process is mediated by technologies and their technical infrastructures and dynamic algorithms",["Udupa et al 2020","Pohjonem & Udupa & McDowell 2017","Cesarino 2020b"]],["the conditions of radicalization occur inside and outside virtual environments, but reposition the individual in their immediate social networks (it is a process of moral conversion)",[]],["it implies a fundamental relational pole in justifying the 'fight' against the evil people, the indefensible, those who do not study and, thus, do not position themselves in the fight for the nation",["Udupa et al 2019","Kleinman 2006"]],["The term 'trajectories of radicalization' aims to mark that people radicalize over time, the conditions of radicalization occur inside and outside virtual environments, but reposition the individual in their immediate social networks (it is a process of moral conversion), and it implies a fundamental relational pole in justifying the 'fight' against the evil people, the indefensible, those who do not study and, thus, do not position themselves in the fight for the nation",["Udupa et al 2019","Kleinman 2006"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["partisan perception gap",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In countries where media-party parallelism is low, media coverage is characterized by political non-partiality and there are no large differences in political perspective across media outlets.",[]],["Where media-party parallelism is high, media outlets have distinct political profiles as their coverage reflects the perspective of different political groups.",[]],["The measure is an aggregated score of the measures of the different outlets weighted by the audience shares of these outlets.",[]],["By giving more weight to outlets with a larger audience share than to niche outlets, the media-party parallelism measure reflects the overall composition of a country's media system.",[]],["This measure focusses on the alignment between parties and outlets based on content rather than on audience affiliations.",[]],["An important element of political parallelism is the extend to which media outlets \"reflect distinct political orientations in their news and current affairs reporting\"",["Hallin & Mancini, 2004: 28"]],["measure based on the political affiliation of media audiences",[]]],"rt":[["partisanship in actual media content",[]],["media environment",[]],["media-political parallelism-scale",[]]],"ex":[["American newspapers give less attention to negative unemployment news when a president is in office whom they endorsed in their editorials",["Larcinese et al. 2011"]],["In the United Kingdom, the attention given to economic issues follows the attention given by the party the newspaper endorses",["Brandenburg 2006"]],["Also in Germany, unemployment coverage aligned with the political profile of media outlets",["Garz 2014"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["where people who are exposed to partisan news affect the economic perceptions of those around them through interpersonal communication",["Van Kempen 2007"]]]},{"de":[["This effect is particularly evident in highly polarized issues, where the corrective message is perceived as a direct attack on one's worldview.",[]]]},{"rt":[["motivated reasoning",[]]]},{"de":[["emphasizing that political judgments often emerge from initial affective responses, later rationalized",["Lodge and Taber, 2013"]]],"sb":[["intuitive, automatic processing (System 1)",[]],["more deliberate, reflective thinking (System 2)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fact-checking represents one of the most widespread innovations to combat the spread of misinformation.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["out-groups",[]]]},{"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]],["cognitive biases",[]]]},{"rt":[["in-group",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["motivated reasoning",[]],["partisan identification",[]]]},{"de":[["Partisan identity encourages individuals to defend the preferred party, even when confronted with negative information, and generates strong emotions driving political actions to preserve and amplify the party's electoral influence",["Taber and Lodge, 2006"]],["feeling toward, respectively, the PD, FDI, and M5S on a scale from 0 (completely negative feeling) to 10 (completely positive feeling)",[]]]},{"de":[["Some errors are simple oversights or misunderstood statistics. There could be rhetorical distortions, like selective omissions or exaggerations.",[]],["Here, we use the term political misinformation to denote any statement that contradicts the best available evidence and the prevailing expert consensus (Nyhan and Reifler, 2010;Ecker et al., 2022).",["Nyhan and Reifler, 2010","Ecker et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["disinformation campaigns",[]]],"sb":[["Belief in inaccurate news is a particular case of political misinformation.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This task is formulated as a binary classification problem, where the model f (•) learns a mapping f : X → Y from the news items X to their authenticity labels Y.",[]]]},{"de":[["because not everyone had a radio and batteries were scarce",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Hutchinson claims that war gives a state the opportunity to construct a national identity, and the primary way that Biafra sought to establish a common identity amongst its citizens was by evoking shared suffering.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["bandwagon",[]]]},{"de":[["the newspapers contribute to the maintenance of the stereotyped and androcentric discourse on athletes during the Games included in the study.",[]],["the newspapers contribute to the maintenance of the stereotyped and androcentric discourse on athletes during the Games included in the study",[]]]},{"de":[["accepts the assumption of the construction of specific representations of femininity and masculinity in a given culture and also analyses the practices and patterns of unequal, hierarchical power relations",["Lazar, 2007"]],["and also analyses the practices and patterns of unequal, hierarchical power relations",["Lazar, 2007"]]],"rt":[["CDA",[]]]},{"de":[["R. Connell (2011, pp. 52-53)emphasizes that the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity and the marginalization of other types of masculinity and emphasized femininity take place through sports.",["R. Connell (2011, pp. 52-53)"]],["reinforced with reports of male athletes' unusual physical abilities (prowess, fitness, strength) as well as bravery and mental resilience",["Berg, 2002, pp. 152-153"]],["the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity and the marginalization of other types of masculinity and emphasized femininity take place through sports",["2011"]]],"rt":[["other types of masculinity",[]],["emphasized femininity",[]]]},{"de":[["their use also reveals gender divisions in sport",[]],["the martial metaphors used carried the message that men's sport is a serious issue.",[]]],"rt":[["gender divisions in sport",[]]]},{"de":[["It is associated with the reaffirmation of differences between \"our\" community and \"theirs\". It may therefore arouse antagonisms between countries or refer to patriotic emotions, increase prestige or at least compensate for problems (for example social divisions) within the community.",["2001"]],["It may therefore arouse antagonisms between countries or refer to patriotic emotions, increase prestige or at least compensate for problems (for example social divisions) within the community.",[]]],"rt":[["imagined communities",["1991"]]]},{"sy":[["alternative truth",[]]],"rt":[["alternative truth",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["journalistic duck",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["belief that vaccination causes autism (from which the whole \"anti-vaccine\" movement grew), that global warming is a fabrication, and that airplanes deliberately leave chemical traces in the sky that harm humans (chemtrails)",[]]]},{"de":[["In the media, the so-called copy & paste journalism is prevalent.",[]]]},{"de":[["intentionally placed and verifiably inaccurate information produced and disseminated for various purposes, most often for propaganda or manipulation purposes",[]]],"rt":[["Mis-information",[]],["Mal-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["Wardle and Derakhshan, 2017: 20"]]]},{},{"de":[["is a phenomenon that is practically as old as human communication itself.",[]],["the mentioned problem is primarily observed and processed in the sense of intentionally placed and verifiably inaccurate information produced and disseminated for various purposes, most often for propaganda or manipulation purposes.",[]],["It may have far-reaching consequences, cause public harm, be a threat to democratic political and policy-making processes, and may even put the protection of EU citizens' health, security and their environment at risk",["European Commission, 2020"]],["pojma koji je na razini Europske unije službeno usvojen u svrhu označavanje ove pojave",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["Mis-information",[]],["Mal-information",[]],["lažne vijesti (fake news)",[]],["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]],["informacijski poremećaj (information disorder)",[]],["informacijsko zagađenje (information pollution)",[]],["alternativne činjenice (alternative facts)",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{"de":[["Fact-checkers are conceived as a corrective to the actions of the media and are signatories to the Code of Ethics and should be independent and objective.",[]]],"ex":[["the American PolitiFact",[]],["the British Full Fact",[]],["the Faktograf.hr portal",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{"sy":[["fake information",[]]]},{"de":[["Editors and journalists have, seemingly irreversibly, lost their former role as \"gatekeepers\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{},{"sy":[["infollution",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a false or unfounded report or story",["Merriam Webster's Dictionary (2020)"]],["a groundless rumor or belief",["Merriam Webster's Dictionary (2020)"]],["unverified, mostly inaccurate news or information launched with the intent to provoke the effect of a sensation about a person or event that would otherwise go unnoticed in public",["Galić, 2016: 357"]]],"sy":[["canard",[]]]},{"rt":[["Dis-information",[]],["Mis-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["Wardle and Derakhshan, 2017: 20"]]]},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{"de":[["media literacy is one of the major competencies for life in the 21 st century",["Tomljenović, 2018: 5"]]]},{},{"rt":[["Dis-information",[]],["Mal-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["Wardle and Derakhshan, 2017: 20"]]]},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{"de":[["the key characteristics of the field of new media as a whole are digitality, interactivity, hypertextuality, networking, virtuality and simulation, to which Labaš (2009: 16) adds multimedia.",[]],["the umbrella term new media is used collectively and is generally accepted.",[]]],"sy":[["cybermedia",[]],["multimedia",[]],["virtual media",[]],["hypermedia",[]],["interactive media",[]],["digital media",[]]],"sb":[["converged media",[]],["new new media",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["mis-information and dis-information",["Wardle, 2019: 12"]]]},{"de":[["fake internet news and rumors, much like illnesses and infectious diseases, are shaped and transmitted through social contacts, in this case through social networks",["Kucharski, 2016: 525"]]]},{},{"de":[["see it as a linguistic tool used to substantiate claims or provide reasons, evidence, or explanations for a particular argument",[]],["For justification, in the grammar of its use, means to provide evidence or support for what is said or what is done",["Vandevelde 2001, 62"]]],"sb":[["Justification by scientific arguments",[]],["Justification by theological arguments",[]],["Justification by moral arguments",[]],["Justification by scientific arguments refers to all legitimizations of arguments that invoke scientific arguments, for example, in the form of references to scientific studies, research results, or medical professionals.",[]],["Justification by theological arguments refers to all legitimizations of arguments that explicitly use religious language (for example, God, Jesus, names of concrete saints) or refers to theological concepts (salvation, evil, eschatology, or faith), or reference religious scriptures (direct quotes or paraphrases).",[]],["Justification by moral arguments are all legitimizations of arguments that refer to normative orientations (ideals, values, rules, judgments) that represent ideal behaviors, for example, the right thing to do in specific situations.",[]]]},{"sp":[["justification",[]]]},{"sp":[["justification",[]]]},{"sp":[["justification",[]]]},{"rt":[["theological justifications",[]],["scientific argumentation",[]]]},{"de":[["moral arguments were used mainly in connection with the topic of new pandemic regulations and the moral justification of covid-19 vaccines, usually as a mixture of appeals to unspecific Christian values and general appeals to humanity and civic values.",[]],["Moral arguments were used primarily to address contemporary issues such as sacraments, pandemics, and hope in difficult times.",[]]],"sy":[["moral argumentations",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["scientific arguments",[]]],"ex":[["anthroposophical teachings about the world's inner relations and connections, energies, or the astral body",[]]]},{"de":[["the authors did not use scientific or moral argumentation, but nearly 90 percent theological justifications.",[]],["the Christian groups in Canada used a dominant theological justification and in Germany and Northern Ireland/ni it played a less important role",[]],["the most prevalent type of justifications in Muslim writings were theological ones, specifically grounded in scripture.",[]]],"sy":[["theological argumentations",[]]],"rt":[["moral argumentation",[]],["scientific argumentation",[]]]},{"de":[["media bias can occur in several reasons: whenever newspaper provides out of context facts to support a particular party or when journalists add personal opinion to the news report.",[]]]},{"sy":[["political leaning",[]],["orientation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the headlines are about personal cases of people who are pro-or anti-vaccine",[]],["presents a news item with an emotional angle, putting a face to a problem or situation",[]]],"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["frame",[]]]},{"ex":[["deadly spread",[]],["stay home",[]],["what if",[]],["the cost of Covid-19",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["advocate analyzing how power and ideology operate through discourse to sustain gendered social arrangements",[]]]},{"de":[["Victim representation strategies consistently activated gendered identity categories before individual personhood.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["interlocking systems of oppression",["2002, p. 221"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This sexual violence usually occurs due to biased gender assumptions and societal inequality of power",["Guarnieri & Tur-Prats, 2023","Rennison, 2014","(Guarnieri & Tur-Prats, 2023;Rennison, 2014)"]],["usually occurs due to biased gender assumptions and societal inequality of power",["Guarnieri & Tur-Prats, 2023","Rennison, 2014"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["rumors contain fact or misinformation to be verified while non-rumors do not",[]],["rumors on social media, not just the \"fake news\" strictly defined as a news article published by a news outlet that is verifiably false",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["information diffusion",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation is intentionally deceitful and can be spread through different formats.",[]],["disinformation is a bigger issue that \"includes all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented and promoted to intentionally cause public harm or for profit\"",["High Level Group, 2018, p. 3"]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["2017"]]]},{"de":[["Frequently equated with fake news, disinformation is a bigger issue",[]],["Fake news generates likes and followers, which turns them into a lucrative business or a visibility factor that may lead to prominence and fame.",[]],["the search for specific audiences since if they identify with the content and opinions disseminated there is a tendency to believe it is true information.",[]],["the intention to deceive or harm, manipulate for political purposes, or just for a distorted form of entertainment/fun.",[]],["negative effects they can cause: induce wrong ideas, distort opinions, confusion and ignorance, false expectations, discredit and lack of trust in the news media and even in science; lead to bad decisions and actions, as seen in cases of refusal of the Covid vaccine; generate conflicts, divisions and extremism; irremediably destroy someone's image and professional career through defamation",[]],["sensationalism of a piece of news does not correspond to what we call fake news",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["news",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",["2017"]]]},{"de":[["Knowledge, skills and critical thinking are relevant components to support media literacy",[]]],"rt":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",["2017"]]]},{"rt":[["information",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["especially concerns the type of media literacy that aims to increase information and digital media skills",["cf. Vuorikari et al., 2022"]],["media literacy has become a key concern in our contemporary society, as it promises to educate our children to become and remain active and critical members of our increasingly mediatized society thereby fostering civic engagement and overall socio-cultural well-being.",[]],["Media literacy here is meant to combine both the \"functional\" (i.e., \"skills\") and the \"critical\" (i.e., \"competencies\").",[]],["acquiring media literacy is not a linear process that runs from the more practical skills of operation to the more reflective understanding of the role of media in our society. Instead, all competencies in the model are created equal and work together in the development of media literacy.",[]]],"sy":[["mediawijsheid",[]]],"rt":[["cybersecurity",[]],["privacy",[]],["cyberbullying",[]]],"sb":[["information gathering",[]],["understand media",[]],["reflect on media use",[]],["practical skills (operating devices and software)",[]],["open, investigative attitude toward software and hardware (exploring applications)",[]],["participatory, creative or socially oriented competencies",[]]]},{"sb":[["operate devices and software",[]],["explore applications",[]],["find information",[]],["create with media",[]],["connect through media",[]],["discuss media",[]],["understand media",[]],["reflect on media usage",[]]]},{"de":[["a title should fit our working definition of a media literacy game, i.e., games explicitly presenting themselves as serious games focusing on media literacy, or serious games which through their design are explicitly geared toward one or more of the main topics, skills or competencies associated with media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["procedural rhetoric should not be seen as [...] the unique persuasive domain available within digital games but as a strategic option that could be useful for some purposes, but not for others, and like other persuasive forms, it may hold a potential that is not always fully realized",["De la Hera, 2019, p. 196"]],["the unique persuasive potential of digital games",[]]],"ex":[["the idea that the process of building stronger walls is akin to creating stronger passwords is nonetheless sufficiently clear",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["This impact may be due to training AI-based systems using massive datasets, which possess biases that the algorithms might unintentionally absorb and preserve",["Rahman, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["influential in providing personalized content and aid to customers in realtime",[]]]},{"de":[["ML algorithms observe the audience's favorites and behavior and deliver tailored news content, improving their engagement and satisfaction.",[]],["AI-driven curation and collection enhance the audience's experience by offering personalized, related content while endorsing a complete comprehension of news proceedings",["Rahman, 2024"]]],"rt":[["personalized recommendations",[]],["curation",[]]]},{"de":[["In news creation, data mining technology can intensely involve news detection, information gathering, editing, and processing",["Raza et al., 2019"]],["Data mining can aid journalists in revealing past unnoticed associations between statistically significant variables, leading to the verification of composite ideas and theories.",[]],["It can also uncover current social drifts and automatically focus on exact clients who might observe the content as being more pertinent and being applied along with automated content creation",["Kotenidis & Veglis, 2021"]]],"rt":[["knowledge discovery",[]]],"sb":[["deep data mining",[]]],"ex":[["Quakebot is helpful for data mining and automated content creation since the application can find and use information from more massive datasets.",[]]]},{"de":[["immersive journalism characterizes a substantial development in the field of news reporting, enriching innovative technologies to generate more attractive and impactful stories.",["Dominguez (2020)"]],["AI applications aid journalists to induce a robust emotional response and in-depth comprehension of composite issues through submerging the audiences in the story",["Mandela, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["newsbots developed by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).",[]]],"sp":[["Chatbots",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["one fundamental way that people gain political knowledge in social media settings is through accidental or non-purposeful exposure to news information",[]]]},{"de":[["can have significant implications for knowledge acquisition",["Eveland and William, 2004"]]]},{},{"de":[["MDSE was measured using three items, all on seven-point scales where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly disagree. The indicators were developed using Bandura's (2006) guidelines for domain-specific self-efficacy scale construction and were consistent with prior, similar empirical studies (Hopp, 2022). Item wording was as follows: (1) I'm confident in my ability to spot fake news stories on social media; (2) I'm confident in my ability to distinguish between fake news and legitimate news stories on social media; and (3) I'm confident in my ability to identify inaccurate news content on social media.",[]],["In other words, MDSE can be understood in an individual's belief in the extent to which she or he can discern truth in social media information environments.",[]]],"sy":[["MDSE",[]]],"sp":[["epistemic self-efficacy",["Pingree, 2011"]]],"rt":[["epistemic self-efficacy",["Pingree, 2011"]]]},{"de":[["is understood by the CMC (Eveland and William, 2001) to be essential to individual abilities to extract, store, and recall political information.",["Eveland and William, 2001"]],["a resource-intensive state that requires the active allocation of effort by the evaluator",["Eveland and William, 2004"]]]},{"de":[["self-efficacy is only satisfaction in one's level of performance, and complacency may result, leading to a negative relationship between self-efficacy and performance",["Moores and Chang (2009)"]]]},{"de":[["Highly knowledgeable citizens are increasingly likely to participate in the democratic political process, are comparably likely to possess stable political preferences, and are more likely to resist ideological extremity and incivility",[]],["the paradigmatic approach in the political and communication sciences has been to conceptualize political knowledge as political information stored in long-term memory.",[]],["scholars typically conceptualize the construct as the extent to which political facts can be retrieved from long-term memory",["Carpini et al., 1993","Suk et al., 2022","Hopp et al., 2023","Martin and Sharma, 2023"]],["the types of political knowledge acquired via social media use might not pertain to things such as the partisan distribution in congress or the makeup of the presidential cabinet, but, instead, to political scandals or polling estimates",[]]]},{"de":[["social media usage refers to social media-based content consumption, content engagement, content creation, and engagement with other users.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a detached, information-oriented style of journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This broadly includes (a) antidemocratic currents (e.g., \"authoritarian\" and \"dictator\"), (b) illiberal beliefs that deny the equality between citizens (e.g., \"sexist\" and \"racist\"), (c) historical examples of authoritarian regimes (e.g., \"fascism\" and \"Benito Mussolini\"), and (d) contemporary examples (e.g., \"Neo-Nazism\" and \"Vladimir Putin\").",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"sexist,\" \"racist,\" \"dictator,\" and equivalents",[]]]},{"de":[["Parallelism is strongest when newspapers defend only one political-ideological current and weakest when they remain fully impartial.",[]]]},{"sp":[["social diseases",[]]]},{"de":[["where Y τ takes one of the classes defined by the specific dataset",[]],["rumor detection a more challenging classification problem",[]]],"sb":[["non-rumor, false rumor, true rumor, and unverified rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["allow for the creation of ad hoc publics composed of individuals with shared or opposing views",[]]]},{"de":[["This discourse encompasses a wide array of expressions, from overt physical violence and property destruction to more insidious forms, such as, graffiti, hate mail, and social media posts.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["inherent enjoyment in applying it to a variety of antisemitic tropes",[]]]},{"de":[["racist speech is not simply a function of ignorance or miscommunication, nor reducible to context alone",[]],["foregrounds the libidinal economy of hate speech, the unconscious pleasures that attach to repetition and circulation",[]]],"rt":[["libidinal investments",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This is not, however, a connotation of pleasure or fun, but something that, for Lacan (2006Lacan ( [1966Lacan ( ], 1999Lacan ( [1975]]), goes beyond the pleasure we more regularly partake in.",[]],["Jouissance thus refers to an excess, which both troubles and plagues the subject.",[]],["surplus of enjoyment that one experiences when engaging and sharing certain conspiracy theories or when partaking in or distributing racist abuse",["Black et al., 2023"]],["Signifying articulation drains jouissance from the body and connects jouissance to the signifier, which is why words play a vital role in regulating corporeal arousal.",[]]],"rt":[["signifier",[]]]},{"de":[["the changing nature of language and importance of cultural context",["Poulton, 2016"]],["what remains essential to the 'linguistic reclamation', performed by Tottenham supporters, is 'the changing nature of language and importance of cultural context'",["Poulton (2016Poulton ( : 1993))"]]]},{"de":[["llanguage's 'matrix is the infantile la-la-la, the babbling of children'",["Guanzini (2024: 9)"]],["words are pulsating traces, mixtures of voices, sounds, letters, odours, visions, places, and bodily sensations",["Guanzini (2024: 9)"]],["the strange materiality of language that imparts upon the subject the task of making sense of language, of using it in order to achieve some form of linguistic understanding.",[]],["While language reflects the mundanity of communication, what returns for us is the jouissance of llanguage.",[]],["What llanguage reveals is the surplus of enjoyment that is attached to the creation of new terms and meaning through language, and to the excess that resides within the neutrality of a phrase or expression that becomes the very vessel of an enjoyment that is found in its absurdity.",[]],["according to Lacan (1999Lacan ( [1975]]: 138), 'Llanguage serves purposes that are altogether different from that of communication'.",["Lacan (1999Lacan ( [1975]]: 138"]],["llanguage's 'matrix is the infantile la-la-la, the babbling of children', where, as Guanzini (2024: 9) explains, 'What counts . . . is not the articulation of meanings but the fact that words are pulsating traces, mixtures of voices, sounds, letters, odours, visions, places, and bodily sensations'.",["Guanzini (2024: 9)"]]],"rt":[["language",[]],["the remainder",[]],["jouissance",[]],["llanguage of hate",[]]],"sb":[["llanguage of hate: where what returns is a libidinal investment in the provocation and perpetuation of hate.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["represents what 'escapes the speaking being' underscoring the limits of linguistic representation and the ways in which meaning consistently evades full capture",["Lacan, 1999(Lacan, [1975]]: 139"]],["This remainder is the irreducible that resists or disrupts the structure that language seeks to impose.",[]]],"rt":[["llanguage",[]]]},{"de":[["Biased articles often have a strong emotional tinge from the author that can make readers feel their position, for example political bias, but the content is often true.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["before the advent of computers and the internet, Fake News (also known as deceptive journalism) was shared orally in the form of oral rumors (face-to-face) or yellow/sensationalist stories, or naively talking about the lives of others or intentionally damaging the reputation of others or competitors",["6"]],["Fake News is defined as follows: 1. rumor; 2. imitation; 3. manipulation; 4. biased; 5. advertisement; 6. propaganda; 7. prejudice",["15"]]],"sy":[["deceptive journalism",["6"]]]},{},{"de":[["Basically, they are synonymous with notification and entertainment, because actual events are the basis of the core content of satire; it is only false in form and not in content.",[]]],"sy":[["notification",[]],["entertainment",[]]]},{"de":[["The method extends the n-gram plus grammar model by combining profile compatibility features and shows that the additional functionality significantly improves classification performance.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The level of legitimate public concern would have to be such as outweighs the level of harm likely to be caused.",[]]]},{"sy":[["Observational documentaries",[]]],"sp":[["reality journalism",[]]],"ex":[["Border Patrol",[]],["Police Ten 7",[]]]},{"rt":[["legitimate public concern",[]]]},{"de":[["Much of the harm experienced as a result of the media ride-along genre is associated with feelings of intrusion and the dissemination of personal information.",[]]]},{"de":[["This discussion will operate on the assumption that if a reasonable expectation of privacy exists, it will be considered highly offensive to the objective reasonable person.",[]],["It is not a factual question about what \"potential privacy-infringers can or usually do in the situation in question\" or how widespread the intrusive practice is.",["34"]],["It involves consideration of the \"subtle differences\" of a claimant's circumstance, including the location, activity, breadth of publication and even the type of media involved.",["38"]]],"rt":[["right to privacy",["53"]]],"ex":[["matters relating to \"health, bodily functions or nakedness\", sexual activity, \"intimate personal relationships\", and the \"experience of trauma, grief or strong emotion\".",["39"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["evaluations",[]],["arguments",[]],["actors",[]],["sources",[]],["topics",[]]]},{"de":[["research on media coverage of science and technology primarily links balance to the evaluative dimension of balance",[]]]},{"de":[["leads to a so-called 'false balance ' [p. 126]",["p. 126"]]]},{"de":[["Hence, the level of detail and the presentation of different positions and arguments can be regarded as essential criteria of quality for news coverage on new technologies such as autonomous driving.",[]],["Modern approaches such as 'knowledge-based journalism ' [van Witsen and Takahashi, 2018, p. 727]",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["issue frames",["Iyengar, 1990"]]],"ex":[["the victim's age, gender, race, criminality, mental illness, and attacking/fleeing/unarmed status",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing influences the way people think by \"telling them what to think about\"",["Entman, 2010"]],["By choosing to include or exclude details, or by highlighting salient details in a particular order, journalists unavoidably induce a preferred interpretation among readers",["Iyengar, 1990"]],["By choosing to include or exclude details, or by highlighting salient details in a particular order, journalists unavoidably induce a preferred interpretation among readers (Iyengar, 1990).",[]]]},{"ex":[["replace titles like mother with parent, daughter with child, sister with sibling, and female, woman or girl with person or simply with the name of the victim",[]]]},{},{"de":[["and in this way, they are often used to make moral arguments, suggest solutions, or assign blame (Portner, 2009).",["(Portner, 2009)"]],["in this way, they are often used to make moral arguments, suggest solutions, or assign blame",["Portner, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["To identify this frame, we look for sentences that (1) mention other police shooting incidents or (2) use certain keywords related to the national or global scope of the problem.",[]]],"ex":[["nation-wide and widespread indicate scope, police violence, police shootings, and police killings describe the persistent issue, while racism, racial, systemic indicate the root of the issue, and reform the solution.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Official Source",[]]]},{"de":[["In this text, the authors use term disinformation, referring to the most harmful form of information disorders.",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"de":[["From this perspective, fact-checking may be seen as a reaction to massive growth of information available in the public sphere, but most of all towards the uncontrolled spread of disinformation.",[]],["Fact-checking websites aim to correct disinformation and make politicians accountable by providing coverage of the accuracy of statements made by political actors",["Agadjanian et al., 2019"]]],"rt":[["Media and Information Literacy (MIL)",[]]]},{"de":[["It provides knowledge and promotes critical thinking in public discourse.",[]]]},{"rt":[["dis-information",[]],["mis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["dis-information",["Wardle and Derakhshan (2017, p. 21)"]],["mis-information",["Wardle and Derakhshan (2017, p. 21)"]],["mal-information",["Wardle and Derakhshan (2017, p. 21)"]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["MIL could be considered a crucial competency in today's societies and one of the most effective tools for counteracting fake news, as well as promoting independent, pluralistic media and information systems.",[]]]},{"de":[["MIL could be considered a crucial competency in today's societies and one of the most effective tools for counteracting fake news, as well as promoting independent, pluralistic media and information systems.",[]],["MIL, which empower people with access to information and knowledge, as well as promote critical thinking skills.",[]],["MIL is typically understood in a narrow way and connected mainly with IT skills",["Grzegorz Ptaszek's interview in this issue"]],["understand MIL as rooted in media education",[]],["associate it with computer skills and information skills",[]]],"sy":[["Media and Information Literacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"sp":[["fact-checking organizations",[]]]},{"sp":[["fact-checking organizations",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",["Treen et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",["Treen et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["indicates that an additional mix of factors affects the public's trust and subsequent vaccine acceptance.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["critical literacy is \"most productively understood through an ideological lens that is attentive to local contexts and issues of history, power, and identity\" (p. 101).",["(p. 101)"]]]},{"de":[["critical media literacy is \"about creating communities of active readers and writers who can be expected to exercise some degree of agency in deciding what textual positions they will assume or resist as they interact in complex social and cultural contexts\" (pp. 1-2).",["(pp. 1-2)"]]],"rt":[["critical literacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The representational power of memes comes from the imperfect interplay of image and text.",[]],["When words and images provide contrapuntal meanings, the resulting message becomes complicatedly ambiguous-something meme makers operationalize for varying purposes (e.g., irony, absurdism, satire).",[]],["Such polyphonous image-text interplay allows a multiplication of perspectives and interpretations",["Low & Pandya, 2019"]],["Via social media, memes are viewed, circulated, and transformed by large networks of individuals",["Shifman, 2014"]],["Memes shape (and give shape to) political and social discourses",["Beach & Dredger, 2017"]],["and are often used to express solidarity or derision",["Lankshear & Knobel, 2011"]],["Memes are neither inherently politically oriented nor socially just. They can be used for any purpose, including to undermine the causes others are spreading memes to promote.",[]],["The representational power of memes comes from the imperfect interplay of image and text. When words and images provide contrapuntal meanings, the resulting message becomes complicatedly ambiguous-something meme makers operationalize for varying purposes (e.g., irony, absurdism, satire).",[]]],"rt":[["Remixing",[]]]},{"rt":[["Memes",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["media frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["media frame",[]]]},{"sy":[["media frame",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["a natural disaster",[]],["economic downturn",[]],["terrorist incident",[]],["major technological failure",[]],["Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["agenda-setting theory",[]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["According to Entman's approach, frames often emerge as coherent narratives constructed from logically related elements (Matthes and Kohring, 2008).",["Matthes and Kohring, 2008"]]]},{"de":[["framing serves as a broadly impactful, more implicit, and more universal mechanism for media effects (Scheufele and Lewenstein, 2005;Lecheler and De Vreese, 2019).",["Scheufele and Lewenstein, 2005","Lecheler and De Vreese, 2019"]],["Framing theory posits that the media actively shapes reality by choosing and highlighting particular aspects of complex issues (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]]],"sy":[["media frames",[]]],"rt":[["themes",[]],["perspectives",[]],["arguments",[]]],"sb":[["media frames",[]],["audience frames",[]]]},{"de":[["four main framing elements (which include problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendations)",[]]]},{"sp":[["media frame",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["Governance Issues and Energy Security",[]],["Industrial and Climate Solutions",[]],["Economic Risk",[]]]},{"rt":[["audience frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["generally favor specific viewpoints or arguments, often compromising the representation of diverse perspectives",[]]],"ex":[["editorials",[]],["opinion pieces",[]],["letters to the editor",[]]]},{},{"de":[["known for enhancing content diversity by offering detailed information and showcasing differing perspectives, leading to multi-perspectival framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["Manifest Intertextuality",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic and rhetorical elements",[]]]},{"de":[["It prioritizes examining how discourse interacts with power dynamics, ideologies, institutions, and social identities, emphasizing the role of language in constructing and reflecting social realities.",[]],["CDA emphasizes the relationship between discourse and the broader social context by asserting that all social activities and behaviors are represented or categorized theoretically",["Fairclough, 2013"]],["Central to CDA is the concept of power, with a focus on how discourse perpetuates inequalities and shapes social realities.",[]],["The approach examines texts as sites of ideological struggle, where differing discourses and ideologies vie for dominance",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Constitutive Intertextuality",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic and rhetorical elements",[]]]},{"de":[["In the second level, Fairclough examines discourse practice or meso analysis",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["cues",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Stereotyped gender representations in picture books reproduce gender biases by implanting them to the next generation's minds.",[]]]},{"de":[["Information circulating in SMPs",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"ex":[["to see which of their social media friends would believe the story",["Jahanbakhsh et al., 2021"]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Information circulating in SMPs",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["intrinsic motivations",[]]]},{"de":[["Motivation is the energy that compels someone to perform a task.",[]],["It focuses on neural and biological processes not consciously recognized (Tranquillo and Stecker, 2016).",[]]],"rt":[["engagement",[]]],"sb":[["intrinsic motivation",[]],["extrinsic motivation",[]]]},{"de":[["SDT is one of the most cited contemporary theories of human motivation and wellness (Ryan andDeci, 2000, 2017).",[]]]},{"de":[["While self-promotion is associated with building a positive image before others, which may lead people to avoid sharing fake news",["Talwar et al., 2019"]],["some studies have found that individuals driven by self-promotion are more prone to share fake news on SMPs",["Islam et al., 2020"]]],"sp":[["extrinsic motivation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It involves making sense of the message based on prior knowledge, experiences, and the users' context (their world) and their perspective of it",["Cabrera-González, 2013"]]]},{},{"de":[["a feature attributed to individuals, institutions or their communicative products […] by somebody [the audience in this case] with regard to something [the news event]",["Bentele & Seidenglanz, 2008"]],["the degree of trust that one has in the content being presented",["Metzger et al., 2003"]],["credibility is understood as the degree of trust that one has in the content being presented",["Metzger et al., 2003"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["positive emotions (e.g., joy, acceptance, surprise, and hope) lead to a state of well-being and fulfillment in human beings and stimulate their personal and social skills.",["Fredrickson (1998)"]],["Negative emotions (e.g., sadness, fear, anger, and disgust) keep the subject alert and mobilize them to seek more information about a matter of concern",["Thompson & Barton, 1994"]],["they can also lead them to avoid or deny certain topics or situations",["Taylor et al., 2012², as cited in Salama & Aboukoura, 2018"]]],"sb":[["positive emotions (e.g., joy, acceptance, surprise, and hope)",["Fredrickson (1998)"]],["Negative emotions (e.g., sadness, fear, anger, and disgust)",["Thompson & Barton, 1994"]]]},{"sy":[["perspective-taking",["Archer & Finger, 2018;Decety & Cowell, 2014;Janssen, 2012"]]],"sb":[["cognitive -also known as perspective-taking -",["Archer & Finger, 2018;Decety & Cowell, 2014;Janssen, 2012"]],["emotional or emotional convergence",["Archer & Finger, 2018;Decety & Cowell, 2014;Janssen, 2012"]],["motivational -empathic response or action towards the well-being of others",["Archer & Finger, 2018;Decety & Cowell, 2014;Janssen, 2012"]]],"sp":[["emotion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These are the gains received after experiencing, for example, immersion in a journalistic VR product.",[]]],"rt":[["gratifications sought (GS)",[]]]},{"de":[["These initial gratifications or expectations are, in turn, conditioned or permeated by the personal and contextual traits of the target audience.",[]]],"rt":[["gratifications obtained (GO)",[]]]},{"de":[["Therefore, the user's immersive experience is better characterized as \"an interactive and ongoing procedural aspect, rather than a static or consequential factor\"",["Shin & Biocca, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["It is not exclusively a visual disciplinary field and doesn't necessarily isolate the user from his or her physical or material world.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["technological interactivity",[]]],"sp":[["interactivity",[]]]},{"sb":[["conflict frame, which emphasizes disagreement between people or organizations",["Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["an attribution-of-responsibility frame, which highlights the party responsible for causing or solving a problem",[]],["an economic consequences frame, which focuses on financial gains or losses",[]],["a morality frame, which emphasizes the normative, ethical, or religious lesson",["Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["a spectacle frame, which underscores drama or entertainment elements",[]],["a debate frame, which highlights arguments and reasons for the event",["Hertog & McLeod, 2001"]],["a game frame, which highlights winners and losers as if it were a sporting event",["Lawrence, 2010"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["According to selective exposure theories",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The audience learns through engagement and embodiment, by entering into a scene, inhabiting a digital entity, and experiencing what it knows. Viewers experience the story as though they lived it",["Maschio, 2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Unlike functionalist postulates, U&G attributes greater capacity for analysis, autonomy, and participation to audiences in the selection and consumption of media and content, and recently has taken into account the impact of social and personal contexts on the expectations and decisions of audiences",["Rubin, 2009"]],["Unlike functionalist postulates, U&G attributes greater capacity for analysis, autonomy, and participation to audiences in the selection and consumption of media and content, and recently has taken into account the impact of social and personal contexts on the expectations and decisions of audiences (Rubin, 2009).",["Rubin, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["it immerses the user in that world using VR headsets or goggles (HMD) and other haptic devices and/or rooms or automatic virtual environments (CAVE) through which the device detaches the user from the physical world",["Cotton, 2021","Owen et al., 2015"]],["Secondly, it immerses the user in that world using VR headsets or goggles (HMD) and other haptic devices and/or rooms or automatic virtual environments (CAVE) through which the device detaches the user from the physical world (Cotton, 2021;Owen et al., 2015).",["Cotton, 2021","Owen et al., 2015"]]],"rt":[["immersive journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["Anger, hate, fear",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["walking to a room only to forget what the person was looking for or pulling the door before noticing the \"pull' sign right on its front",["Carrigan & Barkus, 2016","(Carrigan & Barkus, 2016)"]],["walking to a room only to forget what the person was looking for",["Carrigan & Barkus, 2016"]]]},{},{"de":[["It plays a significant role in polarization, enabling groups in certain conditions, such as public debates, to fragment public opinion",["Del Vicario et al., 2017"]],["the combination of social influence and confirmation bias generates polarization of communities and homogeneous links, creating a rift in informational influence.",["Del Vicario et al., 2017"]],["people believe what they read or confirm their bias in certain news they see or read",[]],["finding information that suits their beliefs",[]]],"rt":[["polarization",["Del Vicario et al., 2017"]]],"sb":[["negative confirmation bias",[]]],"ex":[["women over men are more susceptible to finding information that suits their beliefs",[]],["those who support politicians have a significantly higher confirmation bias than those who do not",[]]]},{"de":[["the theory allows the study to further understand news consumers' cognitive ability and behavior when reading and selecting news.",[]]]},{"de":[["collapse of the old news order and the chaos of contemporary public communication",["Waisbord (2018, p.3)"]]],"rt":[["Misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",["(Wu et al., 2019)"]]]},{"sp":[["worldview",[]]]},{"sp":[["worldview",[]]]},{"de":[["any false or inaccurate information disseminated on social media.",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["misinformation is categorized into several forms: unintentionally-spread and intentionally spread misinformation, urban legends, fake news, unverified information, rumors, crowdturfing or information backed by falsified supporters, spam, internet trolls, hate speech, and cyberbullying.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",["Wu et al., 2019","2019"]],["unintentionally-spread and intentionally spread misinformation, urban legends, fake news, unverified information, rumors, crowdturfing or information backed by falsified supporters, spam, internet trolls, hate speech, and cyberbullying",["(Wu et al., 2019)"]],["unintentionally-spread and intentionally spread misinformation",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["urban legends",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["unverified information",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["rumors",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["crowdturfing or information backed by falsified supporters",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["spam",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["internet trolls",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["hate speech",["Wu et al. (2019)"]],["cyberbullying",["Wu et al. (2019)"]]]},{"rt":[["social influence",[]],["confirmation bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["philosophies of life, attitude, outlook, ideology, faith, or even religion",[]],["One's philosophies of life, attitude, outlook, ideology, faith, or even religion",[]],["philosophies of life",[]],["attitude",[]],["outlook",[]],["ideology",[]],["faith",[]],["religion",[]]],"sb":[["hierarchy-egalitarianism",[]],["individualism-communitarianism",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["adversarial training",[]],["re-sampling",[]],["re-weighting",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Demographic biases arise when the training data over-represents or under-represents certain demographic groups, leading the model to exhibit biased behavior towards specific genders, races, ethnicities, or other social groups",["Buolamwini and Gebru, 2018"]],["Cultural biases occur when large language models learn and perpetuate cultural stereotypes or biases, as they are often present in the data used for training.",["Bordia and Bowman, 2019"]],["Linguistic biases emerge since the majority of the Internet's content is in English or a few other dominant languages, making large language models more proficient in these languages.",[]],["Temporal biases appear as the training data for these models are typically restricted to limited time periods or have temporal cutoffs.",["N.A. Smith, 2020"]],["Confirmation biases in the training data may result from individuals seeking out information that aligns with their pre-existing beliefs.",[]],["Lastly, ideological and political biases can be learned and propagated by large language models due to the presence of such biases in their training data.",["McGee, 2023"]],["Demographic biases",[]],["Cultural biases",[]],["Linguistic biases",[]],["Temporal biases",[]],["Confirmation biases",[]],["ideological and political biases",[]]]},{"de":[["Consequently, large language models may inadvertently reinforce these biases by providing outputs that confirm or support specific viewpoints",["Bolukbasi, et al., 2016","Caliskan, et al., 2017","Devlin, et al., 2019","Mitchell, et al., 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["This can result in the model producing outputs that reinforce or exacerbate existing cultural prejudices",["Blodgett, et al., 2020","Bordia and Bowman, 2019","Ribeiro, et al., 2020"]]],"sp":[["Bias",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["demographic parity",["Mehrabi, et al., 2021"]],["equalized odds",["Mehrabi, et al., 2021"]],["equal opportunity",["Mehrabi, et al., 2021"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This can lead to the model generating outputs that favor certain political perspectives or ideologies, thereby amplifying existing biases",["Dixon, et al., 2018","Garg, et al., 2018","McCoy, et al., 2019","McGee, 2023"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This can lead to biased performance and a lack of support for low-resource languages or minority dialects",["Bender, et al., 2021","Conneau, et al., 2017","Johnson, et al., 2017","Pires, et al., 2019","Ruder, et al., 2019"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Observing, characterizing, quantifying and understanding the broader effects that the deployment of AI systems has on society warrant careful consideration and continued research as these technologies continue to proliferate.",[]]]},{"de":[["This may cause the model to be biased when reporting on current events, trends, and opinions. Similarly, the model's understanding of historical contexts or outdated information may be limited due to a lack of temporally representative data",["McCoy, et al., 2019","Radford, et al., 2018","N.A. Smith, 2020","Zellers, et al., 2019"]]]},{"de":[["While all false information is also false, not all false information is disinformation.",[]],["Disinformation always indicates that the misleading information is being supplied or propagated on purpose",["34"]],["Disinformation is especially employed in the context of widespread deceit, such as when a government launches a campaign to spread false information to the citizens of another nation",["35"]]],"sy":[["misinformation",["33"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",["33","31"]]],"ex":[["when a government launches a campaign to spread false information to the citizens of another nation",["35"]]]},{"de":[["It involves the dissemination of demonstrably misleading information to people",["16"]],["It is the deliberate dissemination of incorrect information that can be proven wrong by fact-checking",["17"]],["a new area of study that has attracted considerable interest from both academic and professional mass media sectors",["23"]],["The influx of fake news always aims at ridiculing and undermining the tenets of individuals, groups or organizations.",[]],["It is most often being used in political arena by the main contenders.",[]],["It sets out maliciously to undermine public confidence",["110"]],["The substance of fake news frequently proves to be inaccurate",["126"]],["The distinction between fake news and other related concepts, such as, advertorial, alternative fact, disinformation, false information, fake information, hoax news, junk news, misinformation, news satire, and post-truth, propaganda news, pseudonews, yellow journalism, is hazy, and the definition of fake news is still unclear",["24"]],["Fake news is increasingly being used to refer to reports in the mainstream media that later turn out to be based, underscoring a severe ideological bias.",[]]],"sy":[["hoaxes",[]],["misinformation",[]],["advertorial",[]],["alternative fact",[]],["disinformation",[]],["false information",[]],["fake information",[]],["hoax news",[]],["junk news",[]],["news satire",[]],["post-truth",[]],["propaganda news",[]],["pseudonews",[]],["yellow journalism",[]]],"rt":[["advertorial",[]],["alternative fact",[]],["disinformation",[]],["false information",[]],["fake information",[]],["hoax news",[]],["junk news",[]],["misinformation",[]],["news satire",[]],["post-truth",[]],["propaganda news",[]],["pseudonews",[]],["yellow journalism",[]],["advertorial, alternative fact, disinformation, false information, fake information, hoax news, junk news, misinformation, news satire, and post-truth, propaganda news, pseudonews, yellow journalism",["24"]]]},{"de":[["It is also described as a word combining actual dangers to the security of persons or organizations with situations in which people may just be venting their ire at authorities",["28"]],["it brings about psychological disorders or sometimes physical harms to its victims, but also berates the intimacy and expected standard of equality which should subsist among individuals.",["64","65"]],["social groups remain the common targets of hate speech. It was significant meant to suffer social disintegration, oppression and marginalization.",[]],["Hate speech thus facades a major challenge for the democratization of modern liberal societies. It sometimes poses commitment threats to expression, freedom right, justice and social equality.",[]],["oral or verbal expression across communities in Nigeria",[]],["inciting messages on hatred, violence and disillusionments",[]],["offensive speech",[]],["messages of hate speech",[]],["It is quite different from mere ridiculing or teasing individual, group or organization. It is also far from an act of shouting or hauling an ugly word in order to frustrate the opposing groups.",[]],["the messages of hatred are constructed to harm or otherwise degrade or the set targets for somewhat unpleasant reasons",["84"]],["A common feature of hate speech content is that it is always antagonistic, critically constructed to depict abusive meaning against an entity.",[]],["negative use of new media has facilitated hate speech among the Nigerian media users which as a result, causes an injury to many Nigerians.",[]],["The attributes of social group were identified to include: such as age, race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, physical and mental disability, among others.",[]],["Literally, the messages of hatred are constructed to harm or otherwise degrade or the set targets for somewhat unpleasant reasons",["84"]]],"sy":[["offensive",["26"]],["profane",["26"]],["abusive languages",["26"]],["cyberbullying",["26"]]],"rt":[["cyberbullying",["26"]],["bigoted expression",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["direct threats made to specific persons or groups",["30"]],["doxing",["30"]]],"ex":[["doxing occurs when someone publishes personal information with the intention of putting another person in danger or drawing unwelcome attention.",["30"]],["jokes cracking about people's ethnicity, sexuality, religion, skin colour among other aspects have the capacity to inducing negative aspects, which is one of the components of hate speech.",["85"]],["His outbursts against Muslims, Hausa-Fulani, and the President as well as specific members of the current APC administration qualify Femi Fani Kayode as a hate speech proponent.",[]],["For instance, doxing occurs when someone publishes personal information with the intention of putting another person in danger or drawing unwelcome attention.",["30"]]]},{},{"de":[["The term 'media', in this context, connotes mainly the print and electronic media",["152"]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation may be disseminated with the intention of deceiving people or simply because someone mistakenly believes it to be true.",[]],["One of the many words and ideas used to describe incorrect, inaccurate, or partially truthful information",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",["33","31"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",["31"]],["disinformation is a term used to describe erroneous information that is disseminated with the express purpose of confusing or deceiving people. The phrases are occasionally used interchangeably",["31","32"]]]},{"de":[["constructing a country is a structural process connected to urbanization, industrialization, social mobilization, etc.",[]],["Nation-building is essentially an effort to reshape the population of areas that have been colonized by empires or forces without respect for racial, religious, or other distinctions.",["46"]]]},{},{"de":[["Both electronic and technical media are considered new media. Compared to the traditional media, which includes radio, television, newspapers, and magazines, it is distinct",["39"]],["Its dominant usage of technological channels",[]],["new media has contributed immensely both positively and negatively to the society and the Nigeria economy especially in the area of disseminating information to the people.",[]],["serves as a means of gathering intelligence and elements of emotions as well as sentiments in the individual perspectives.",[]],["Both electronic and technical media are considered new media.",[]]],"rt":[["traditional media",["39"]]],"sb":[["online teaching platforms which are a component of new media",[]],["blogs",["40"]],["mobile/cell phones",["40"]],["wikis",["40"]],["webcasts",["40"]],["online newspapers",["40"]],["video streaming",["40"]],["social networking sites like Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, 2go, and WeChat",["40"]]],"ex":[["blogs, mobile/cell phones, wikis, webcasts, online newspapers, video streaming, and social networking sites like Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, 2go, and WeChat",["40"]],["Facebook",[]],["Youtube",[]],["Whatsapp",[]],["Twitter",[]],["Instagram",[]]]},{},{"de":[["dimensions of health communication outcomes (health information seeking, self-efficacy, exposure, and trust)",[]]],"sb":[["health information seeking",[]],["self-efficacy",[]],["exposure",[]],["trust",[]]]},{"de":[["is one suggested link between SES and health inequality",["6"]]]},{},{"de":[["or different majority views",["Bermúdez, 2022","Schwarz, 1999","Sher et al., 2022"]]]},{},{"rt":[["nation frame",[]]]},{"rt":[["leader frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["presenta a los Estados Unidos como el país-meta de los inmigrantes, un comienzo de nueva vida y donde terminen sus penas.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["encuadres",[]]]},{"sp":[["encuadres",[]]]},{"de":[["Los encuadres actúan tanto a nivel de los principios mentales del proceso comunicativo como a nivel textual, manifestándose a través de un conjunto de elementos como titulares, palabras clave, repeticiones e imágenes, entre otros (Entman, 1991).",["Entman, 1991"]],["los cuales por medio del encuadre constituyen una idea central del texto informativo",[]],["Trasladan a la audiencia una determinada interpretación, una \"versión encuadrada\" (Álvarez-Gálvez, 2009) de la realidad enfocándose en ciertas características del suceso y ocultando o enmascarando otras",["Álvarez-Gálvez, 2009"]],["Los encuadres actúan tanto a nivel de los principios mentales del proceso comunicativo como a nivel textual, manifestándose a través de un conjunto de elementos como titulares, palabras clave, repeticiones e imágenes, entre otros",[]]],"sb":[["encuadre de emergencia",[]],["enfoque humanitario",["Pece, 2018"]]],"sp":[["proveniente del ámbito de los estudios sociológicos (Goffman, 1986)",["Goffman, 1986"]]]},{"de":[["While such training includes core journalism values and skills, this approach includes an introduction to conflict analysis, the concept of conflict and most common causes, the forms of violence by which conflict is played out, and some insights into the techniques of resolution.",[]]],"rt":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{"sy":[["conflict-sensitive journalism",[]],["conflictsensitive journalism",[]]],"rt":[["war journalism",[]],["traditional journalism",[]],["media reform/communication rights paradigms",[]],["conflict-sensitive journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["media public sphere",[]]]},{"rt":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in both the types of stories that are covered and in the frames of coverage on any given story",[]]]},{"rt":[["greater ideological extremity of sources",[]]]},{"de":[["combines both strategy and personal preferences in communications in a way that goes beyond regular congressional messaging",[]]]},{"de":[["condition individuals to be less critical about the news sources to which they are exposed",[]]],"rt":[["polarized beliefs",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["discursive legitimation strategies",[]]]},{"sp":[["Legitimacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["intentional trust",[]]]},{"de":[["convey (1) confrontational narratives of threat, selfreproach, and epistemological authority loss.",[]]],"sp":[["Projectory narratives",[]]]},{"sb":[["authorization",["van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999"]],["rationalization",["van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999"]],["moralization",["van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999"]],["mythopoesis",["van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999"]]]},{"de":[["Because this hostile criticism aims at destroying rather than challenging the boundaries of journalism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["competence trust",["Korkeamäki and Kohtamäki 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["social judgment of acceptance, appropriateness, and desirability, enables organizations to access other resources needed to survive and grow",["Zimmerman and Zeitz 2002, 414"]],["Legitimacy is relevant for organizations since this \"social judgment of acceptance, appropriateness, and desirability, enables organizations to access other resources needed to survive and grow\" (Zimmerman and Zeitz 2002, 414).",["Zimmerman and Zeitz 2002, 414"]]],"sb":[["pragmatic legitimacy",["Suchman 1995"]],["moral legitimacy",["Suchman 1995"]],["cognitive legitimacy",["Suchman 1995"]]]},{},{"de":[["In this process, an organization can seek legitimacy by symbolic actions such as the choice of the organization's name, external endorsements, or corporate communication as well as substantive actions such as producing high-quality products or services.",[]],["The legitimation process can contain feedback loops and be \"highly chaotic\" (Suchman 1995, 593).",["Suchman 1995, 593"]]]},{"sp":[["Legitimacy",[]]]},{"de":[["one of the least explicit forms of legitimation",["van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999"]]]},{"de":[["for instance through cautionary tales that give warnings or stories about single cases",[]],["for instance through cautionary tales that give warnings or stories about single cases.",["van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999"]]],"sp":[["discursive legitimation strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["Dramatic narrativizations can portray actors as winners, losers, or culprits",["Vaara, Tienari, and Laurila 2006"]]],"sp":[["discursive legitimation strategies",[]]]},{"sp":[["Legitimacy",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["confrontational narratives",[]],["solution narratives",[]],["survival narratives",[]]]},{"sp":[["discursive legitimation strategies",[]]]},{"sp":[["Projectory narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["the field constructs its future authority as a gatekeeper and arbiter of truth in optimistic recall of its pragmatic and moral legitimacy for society.",[]]],"sp":[["Projectory narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["enable audiences to better judge journalistic practice",[]]]},{"de":[["This confirms the usage of trustification as a legitimation strategy (Korkeamäki and Kohtamäki 2020) in journalism.",["Korkeamäki and Kohtamäki 2020"]]],"rt":[["legitimation strategy",[]]],"sp":[["legitimation strategy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["unraveling and illuminating these links by focusing on the core framing tasks and processes of articulation and frame elaboration",[]],["This perspective focuses on the work of meaning or the construction of meaning carried out by social movement activists and participants and other parties (eg, antagonists, elites, media, counter-movements) that are relevant to the interests of social movements and the challenges they face.",[]]],"rt":[["framing tasks",[]],["articulation",[]],["frame elaboration",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["As an idea, Islamism is not static but dynamic. Shifts in interpretation and action are closely related to the existential context in which and when the bearers move.",[]],["Islamism is present to accompany what is the problem of people. Here they describe the reality of modern and secular life which has no positive impact on the lives of Muslims except misery. Therefore they offer Islam as a way out of the chaos of the system and the ugliness of public space.",[]],["the ideas of the movement, in this case, Islamism, which is more populist and concrete",[]],["Islamism does not have a clear political agenda unless, temporarily, it is used only for electoral momentum, resonating as an expressive channel of defeat against other groups in organizing the city's political economy space.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]]]},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]]]},{"de":[["la información configurada (donde la verdad es distorsionada o reelaborada) ha tenido una importancia sustancialmente decisiva en la campaña de desinformación.",[]]],"sp":[["desinformación",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Factors that define medium credibility are: Trustworthiness, Reliability, Unbiased, Honesty and quality",[]]],"ex":[["newspapers, television, internet or blogs",[]],["newspapers",[]],["television",[]],["internet",[]],["blogs",[]]]},{"de":[["Factors that define message credibility are: Clear, Fact-based, Believable, Unbiased, Accurate, Fair, Timely and interactive.",[]]],"ex":[["information quality, accuracy, and currency",[]],["information quality",[]],["accuracy",[]],["currency",[]]]},{"de":[["Factors that define source credibility are: Knowledgeable, Influential, Transparent, Passionate, Reliable, Objective, Skilled and Professional.",[]]],"ex":[["journalists, experts, govt. officials, colleagues, influencers, private sources, friends and family",[]],["journalists",[]],["experts",[]],["govt. officials",[]],["colleagues",[]],["influencers",[]],["private sources",[]],["friends and family",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the overstatement of risk in media",["Wahlberg and Sjoberg, 2000"]],["This definition echoes the long-standing interpretation of sensationalism as the overstatement of risk in media (see, for example, Wahlberg and Sjoberg, 2000).",["1"]],["This definition echoes the long-standing interpretation of sensationalism as the overstatement of risk in media",["Wahlberg and Sjoberg, 2000"]]]},{"sp":[["crisis response",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["noticias falsas",[]]]},{"de":[["la libertad de expresión y la independencia de los medios no son un privilegio de los medios ni de los periodistas, sino pilares del Estado de Derecho",[]]],"rt":[["libertad de información",["67"]]]},{"rt":[["libertad de expresión",["67"]]]},{"de":[["derecho fundamental de los periodistas",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["la posibilidad de acceder a una variedad de servicios y contenidos de medios de comunicación que reflejen diferentes voces, opiniones y análisis",["19"]],["el Reglamento configura un marco jurídico orientado a preservar un ecosistema mediático plural, transparente e independiente como elemento esencial del funcionamiento democrático de la Unión.",[]],["la garantía de pluralismo no se limita al número de medios existentes en un país, sino que incorpora elementos estructurales, funcionales, culturales y tecnológicos que configuran el ecosistema comunicativo en su totalidad, tratando de dar cabida, también, a voces discordantes.",[]],["Un sistema plural es aquel que reconoce que la diversidad cultural es parte constitutiva de la democracia y que la comunicación debe servir como espacio de encuentro entre identidades diversas",[]]],"sy":[["sistema plural",[]]],"rt":[["diversidad de voces",[]]],"sb":[["pluralismo externo",[]],["pluralismo interno",[]]]},{"de":[["es decir, distintos propietarios, líneas editoriales, misiones comunicativas, formatos y niveles de implantación territorial. Esta dimensión analiza la estructura del mercado, el número de actores que operan en él y si existen (o no) sobre el pluralismo de los medios de comunicación y la independencia editorial.",[]],["Esta dimensión analiza la estructura del mercado, el número de actores que operan en él y si existen (o no) sobre el pluralismo de los medios de comunicación y la independencia editorial.",[]]],"sp":[["pluralismo",[]]]},{"de":[["proporcionar un espacio para la diversidad de voces sociales, políticas, culturales y territoriales",[]],["implica proporcionar un espacio para la diversidad de voces sociales, políticas, culturales y territoriales, y exige que las redacciones cuenten con autonomía profesional para presentar visiones contrapuestas cuando la relevancia informativa así lo requiera",[]]],"sp":[["pluralismo",[]]]},{},{"de":[["el fin que persigue este derecho, no es proteger al periodista ni a la fuente, sino que el bien jurídico protegido es, en realidad, el derecho a la información",["47"]]]},{"de":[["el derecho al secreto profesional del periodista busca \"generar un ámbito de confidencialidad que las proteja evitando que puedan verse condicionadas a no ayudar a la prensa y profesionales de la información, en su labor de informar a la sociedad y con tribuir así a la formación de una opinión pública y libre\"",["47"]]],"rt":[["Protección de las fuentes periodísticas",[]]]},{"de":[["un derecho que se ejerce erga omnes (frente a todos)",[]],["el fin que persigue este derecho, no es proteger al periodista ni a la fuente, sino que el bien jurídico protegido es, en realidad, el derecho a la información",[]],["sólo se protege el derecho a callar, pero no el derecho a mentir sobre la identidad o los datos identificativos de la fuente",[]]],"rt":[["derecho a callar",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Que el ecosistema informativo sea transparente significa que el ciudadano debe saber, en todo momento, qué o quién está detrás de la información que está consumiendo. Debe saber si esa información responde a intereses económicos o políticos concretos o no. Así, pues, la ciudadanía necesita disponer de información sobre los medios para poder valorar su independencia, pluralidad y profesionalidad.",[]],["Que el ecosistema informativo sea transparente significa que el ciudadano debe saber, en todo momento, qué o quién está detrás de la información que está consumiendo. Debe saber si esa información responde a intereses económicos o políticos concretos o no.",[]],["en el caso de los medios públicos, el EMFA incluye obligaciones complementarias, como la obligación de garantizar la transparencia en el uso de fondos y en la asignación de sus recursos humanos y financieros",["38"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["rumor propagation trees",[]]]},{"de":[["Considering that most literature adopts the term \"fake news, \" in our work, we adopt the term \"rumor\"",[]],["we differentiate rumors from fake news as follows: we consider that rumors are doubtful statements that cannot be easily verified, while fake news is intentionally fabricated information presented as true.",[]]],"rt":[["rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["True, False and Unverified labels refer to tweets containing unsubstantiated claims that could not be verified at the time of posting.",[]]]},{"de":[["given the increasing popularity of social media in the last two decades, information diffusion, and especially rumor propagation nowadays, tends to be linked with the dissemination of information over specific digital social networking platforms",[]]]},{"sy":[["Non-rumor events",[]]]},{"de":[["we differentiate rumors from fake news as follows",[]],["we differentiate rumors from fake news as follows: we consider that rumors are doubtful statements that cannot be easily verified, while fake news is intentionally fabricated information presented as true.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["temporal analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["Describes the manner of diffusion; single broadcast or through several cascading individual nodes.",[]]]},{"rt":[["structural analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["True, False and Unverified labels refer to tweets containing unsubstantiated claims that could not be verified at the time of posting.",[]]]},{"de":[["True, False and Unverified labels refer to tweets containing unsubstantiated claims that could not be verified at the time of posting.",[]]]},{"rt":[["bias mitigation",[]]]},{"de":[["This \"too-fair\" behavior limits usefulness in tasks requiring nuanced sociocultural reasoning.",[]]],"sy":[["over-normalization",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake engagement",[]]]},{},{"de":[["which are examined from the perspectives of participants, social movement organizations, and the targeted individuals or institutions",[]]],"sb":[["clicktivism",[]],["e-funding",[]],["digital petitions",[]],["hacktivism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["While leading scholars have characterized digital political activism as a new and promising research topic, \"there is still no clear and consistent understanding of this concept.\"",[]]],"rt":[["political communication",[]],["political participation",[]],["information technology",[]],["public policy",[]]],"sb":[["clicktivism",[]],["e-funding",[]],["digital petitions",[]],["hacktivism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["encompassing platforms that promote online civic engagement and enhance democratic involvement",[]]]},{},{"de":[["influencing how communities articulate opinions, express collective identity, and mass mobilization",[]]],"rt":[["identity politics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["While frequently characterized as symbolic participation, slacktivism serves a significant function as an entry point to enhance political and social consciousness within the digital realm.",[]]],"sy":[["Twitter Revolution",["Olcese, 2014"]],["Online citizen participation",[]]]},{"de":[["Although it mimics how news media content is structured, it lacks journalistic standards and practices that guarantee its accuracy and reliability.",[]],["Fake news distorts the truth and is characterised by two flaws: a lack of truth and truthfulness.",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["imbalance",["7"]],["false news",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",["8"]],["misinformation",["8"]]],"sb":[["news parody",["6"]],["fabrication",["6"]],["propaganda",["6"]],["news satire",["6"]],["manipulation",["6"]],["imbalance",["7"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["information literacy will make the audience identify fake news items",[]]]},{"de":[["media literacy will make the public spot reliable information and less inclined to spread fake news",[]],["abilities in detecting commercial messages, assessing accuracy, and complying with legal and ethical guidelines",[]],["skills like checking claims and considering sources and motivations actively minimise the risk of disseminating incorrect information",[]],["those with better media literacy abilities behave responsibly when sharing information. They are more likely to do critical analysis before sharing and to authenticate information's veracity, source, and intentions.",[]]],"rt":[["news literacy",[]],["information literacy",[]],["digital literacy",[]],["media literacy education",[]]]},{"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The work of da'wah itself is to communicate the truth of the divine message to people.",[]]],"rt":[["communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Mass media, thus, not only affect perceptions but to a certain extent influence foreign policy, processes and outcomes.",[]],["so often referred to as the constructed ability of the media to influence the perceptions of others such as the general public and the people at large over certain news or issues.",[]]]},{"sy":[["Islamic law",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["trust",[]]]},{"sy":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Trust has an emotional component and requires \"a leap of faith\" (Möllering 2006), and willingness to tolerate uncertainty and accept vulnerability (Rousseau et al. 1998).",["2006","1998"]],["Trust can serve as a gap-filler for explicit knowledge (Marsh and Dibben 2003) in the absence of adequate information for rational decisionmaking.",["2003"]],["Trust is manifested through trust incidents: empirical episodes in which this state of trust is reached \"irrespective of whether the trustor is conscious of this or whether it is directly observable by others in any way\"",["Möllering 2006"]]],"rt":[["distrust",[]]]},{"de":[["The finer-grain analytical model of trust incident accounts is proposed to include 12 information extraction frame components: trustor, trustee, source, textual clue, trust valence, risks, reasons, actions, trustor-trustee relationship, narrow context, broad domain, and complements.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It raises suspicion, carries a negative connotation, and may be perceived as weakness (Möllering 2006).",["2006"]],["Trust rhetoric is often found accompanied by clichés and ad-like over-statements, as well as in appeals for trust, promises, and devotion pledges.",[]],["Trust rhetoric, on the other hand, is a way to manipulate trust feelings. It raises suspicion, carries a negative connotation, and may be perceived as weakness",["Möllering 2006"]],["It is often used hypocritically in a conscious attempt to invoke a socially desirable notion of trust, control the reader, or exploit the situation.",[]]],"rt":[["trust",[]],["distrust",[]],["rhetoric",[]]],"ex":[["(7) …we have lost friends, gained friends, gained trust, lost trust... it comes with a longer list, but you get the point (13: jraedavis.blogspot.com)",["13: jraedavis.blogspot.com"]],["(8) \"… has so much to offer for your construction needs… They already gained trust from the custom-ers…(49: lirastafford.com)",["49: lirastafford.com"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["One might argue that alternative facts is another perspective of perceived facts, which allows for a plurality of knowledge representation, but certainly it should not be at the expense of society.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is realised through \"open and flexible designs that do justice to different ways of knowing and being\"",["van der Velden, 2009, p. 38"]],["It is realised through \"open and flexible designs that do justice to different ways of knowing and being\" (van der Velden, 2009, p. 38).",["van der Velden, 2009, p. 38"]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sy":[["samples",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Also extends to notions of freedom of expression and freedom of access to information, social justice, and social responsibility.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["an era in which audiences are more likely to believe information that appeals to emotions or existing personal beliefs, as opposed to seeking and readily accepting information regarded as factual or objective",["Cooke, 2017, p. 212"]],["resulting in us living in a post-truth era.",[]],["This is manipulative and unjust.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It also recognises one's right to quality information and one's ability to contribute to the knowledge society",["Britz, 2006"]],["It also recognises one's right to quality information and one's ability to contribute to the knowledge society (Britz, 2006).",["Britz, 2006"]]]},{"de":[["In South Africa, this term is used to describe the tactics of a complex web of key individuals or 'oligarchs' to take advantage of government tenders, a culture of corruption, and the weakening of legislation and law enforcement agencies to maintain dominance of a market.",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["Decisions",[]]]},{"de":[["that may be intentionally or unintentionally inserted by the programmer",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["performing the same duties through the use of AI",[]]],"rt":[["troll",[]],["trolls",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Deception is a form of surprise, providing a means to unbalance an opponent through uncertainty.",[]],["Deception must be believable to the target audience, with sufficient resources and time invested in a coherent narrative to reinforce existing beliefs",[]]]},{"de":[["identified five goals of disinformation, of which fake news is a subset, these goals include paralysis, demoralization, confusion, blackmail, and subversion.",["Pomerantsev and Weiss (2014)"]],["deliberately seeks to overload, discredit, or realign an audience's information management capabilities.",[]],["the latter involves the intentional distribution of factually false claims for the purposes of inducing a political effect",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["deception",[]]]},{"de":[["reducing the individual's ability to find unbiased news.",[]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The definitions for this activity can be positive or negative.",[]],["In some cases, popular personalities or celebrities endorse politicians or politics (Scott, 2006) or cures, and in other cases, negative nicknames are used to both of these topics associated with a considerable amount of fake news.",["Scott, 2006"]]],"rt":[["pathos",[]],["logos",[]]]},{"de":[["factually incorrect (a category overlapping with definitions of fake news)",[]],["Sometimes multimodal (employing, for example, audiovisual material), but overwhelmingly written compositions, designed to be transmitted (and retransmitted) across electronic/digital media to a carefully selected target audience.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["printed, staged events, altered photographs, and deep fakes",[]]]},{"de":[["reducing the individual's ability to find unbiased news.",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"de":[["ultimately such biases are an adaptive strategy that helps us navigate our environment.",[]]],"sy":[["cognitive biases",[]],["cognitive shortcuts",[]]],"sb":[["secrecy heuristics",[]],["confirmation bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the contextualized component includes the scene or situation in which activity takes place. Contextualized data are bound to the environment where created or resides.",[]],["information descriptive, rather than moralizing or hortatory, does not call for action",["Burke, 1969, p. 41"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["we will refer to information warfare in the context of ideologically and politically driven fake news, which seeks to manipulate, deceive, and change behavioral outcomes through disinformation for long-term strategic advantage.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["linguists are not consulted when countering efforts are necessary",[]]]},{"de":[["the use of logical reasoning and data-driven persuasion",[]]]},{"de":[["it extends in Soviet doctrine across a broad array of strategic, operational, and tactical measures to obscure intent, maintain security, and confuse the adversary",["Glantz, 2006, p. 2"]]],"sy":[["camouflage",[]]]},{"de":[["the former is factually incorrect (a category overlapping with definitions of fake news)",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["This rhetorical grouping is characterized by the appeal to emotions; thus, the emotions of fear (Montgomery, 2017) and hope (Menz, 2009) have a long-documented history of use in the political arena.",["Montgomery, 2017","Menz, 2009"]],["pathos is the most immediately effective, acting as a means of short-circuiting logic and rational thought and aiming to evoke an immediate emotional response.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["heuristics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["can assume the role of unseen actors in support of maintain the target's engagement",[]]],"rt":[["bots",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["A typology of definitions has noted the term's relevance to 'fabrication', which in turn requires the weaving of 'pre-existing memes or partialities' into 'a narrative, often with a political bias, that the reader accepts as legitimate.'",["36"]],["requires the weaving of 'pre-existing memes or partialities' into 'a narrative, often with a political bias, that the reader accepts as legitimate.'",["37"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the context of organizational management, it involves understanding how information is communicated and perceived through various media channels and using this knowledge to effectively manage and lead an organization",["Schwalbe, 2015"]],["managers must be media literate to effectively navigate the digital landscape. They must be able to discern reliable information sources, understand how media messages are constructed and for what purpose, and interpret these messages accurately.",[]]],"rt":[["internal communication",[]],["fostering a positive organizational culture",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["pronoun like them, verb-perfect aspects like has and have, and public verbs like the show are examples of linguistic features that produce narrative discourse.",[]]],"rt":[["non-narrative discourse",[]]],"ex":[["past tense verbs like said and launched are in the third person. pronoun like them, verb-perfect aspects like has and have, and public verbs like the show are examples of linguistic features that produce narrative discourse.",[]]]},{"rt":[["narrative discourse",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["framing",[]]],"sp":[["framing typology for biotechnology",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This involves deliberate identification of an aspect of a perceived reality, and giving interpretation and evaluation of that reality.",["4"]]]},{},{"de":[["Frames can highlight certain points of view, define perceived aspects of significance, and explain how issues should be understood.",["29"]]]},{},{"de":[["Przybylski et al. [2] identified two key components of FoMO: the cognitive perception of exclusion and the compulsive behavior aimed at alleviating such anxiety by staying socially connected.",["2"]],["In elections, FoMO is a compulsion to stay constantly updated on political trends, candidate movements, and peer discussions.",[]],["individuals experiencing high levels of FoMO are more susceptible to misinformation and impulsive decision-making, as the desire to remain connected can overshadow the ability to evaluate content critically.",[]],["FoMO influences the deliberative process, leading individuals to form opinions and make decisions based on perceived trends and peer behaviors rather than critical evaluation.",["8"]]]},{},{"rt":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["It includes technical skills in using these platforms and cognitive abilities in recognizing credible information from fallacy, understanding the effects of algorithmic curation, and identifying biases in content.",[]],["When applied to social media, this concept extends to the awareness of how information is distributed and consumed on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.",[]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]]],"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["consideradas perfiles de autoridad dentro de su campo de especialización, las más persuasivas y a las que se les otorga una mayor percepción de autenticidad",["Park et al., 2021"]]]},{"de":[["These online versions offer faster access and more updates compared with their print counterparts",["Bokesoy, 2008"]],["As online versions or e-newspapers have rapid access, they can spread and update the news about COVID-19 more quickly to large communities worldwide.",[]]],"sy":[["online newspapers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The theory was one of the first quantifiable theories that could be used to explain observed differences between cultures (Hofstede, 1991)",["Hofstede, 1991"]]],"sb":[["power distance",[]],["uncertainty avoidance",[]],["individualism vs. collectivism",[]],["masculinity vs. femininity",[]],["long-term orientation vs. shortterm orientation",[]],["indulgence vs. restraint",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the media can be better or worse in transmitting social cues, in resolving ambiguity, or in providing immediate feedback",["Hoof and Boell, 2019"]]]},{"sy":[["e-newspapers",[]]]},{"de":[["The opinion expressed is intended to supplement the news sections and to provide for the exchange of ideas.",[]]],"rt":[["Editorial",[]],["Viewpoint",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The presence of fake news has become more prolific on the Internet due to the ease of production and dissemination of information online",["20"]],["The usage of fake news ranges from self-serving purposes like clickbait for moneymaking [11] to agendas on a national scale like political manipulation [1] and terrorism [9].",["11","1","9"]],["With the rapid and extensive adoption of social platforms, fake news has come to be more closely integrated with daily life, resulting in rising social costs due to people making poorly justified and unwarranted choices based on inaccurate knowledge",["7"]],["deceptive and usually meant to serve hidden agendas",[]],["the term is increasingly used simply for news that one disagrees with",["18"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["fiction à substrat professionnel",["2, p. 2"]],["FASP",[]]],"rt":[["Lawyer novels",[]],["Medical novels",[]],["Technical thrillers",[]]]},{"sb":[["fiction in which journalists are the key characters",[]],["fiction in which journalism itself is the predominant focus",[]],["fiction in which characters are cast as journalist but their professions reflect little on the plot",[]],["fiction in which journalists are merely transitional devices advancing the plot",[]]]},{"de":[["can influence the formation of accurate beliefs.",[]],["and can influence the formation of accurate beliefs.",[]]],"rt":[["illusion of consensus",[]]]},{"de":[["believing that its creation was due to people's perception of the independence of information sources.",["4"]]],"rt":[["false consensus",[]]]},{"de":[["an objective indicator of behavior rather than subjective and attitudinal",[]]],"rt":[["trust",[]]]},{"de":[["Lee and See [18] define trust as an attitude and distinguish it from trust as a behavior.",["18"]],["Hoff and Bashir's [11] model of trust in automation makes a clear distinction between trust as an attitude and behavior, characterizing trust as a factor that mediates automation performance and user behavior, or reliance.",["11"]],["In this work, we follow suit by operationalizing trust as an attitude",[]]],"rt":[["reliance",[]],["behavior",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["A WOA of 1 indicates adoption of the advice, 0 indicates maintenance of the initial estimate, and between 0 and 1 indicates that the advice is partially discounted.",[]],["Notably, a WOA of 0.5 indicates equal weighting of one's own estimate and the advisor's advice.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["To reduce the discomfort of disagreement, individuals may dismiss opposing perspectives and rationalize their own positions, thereby reinforcing divisions and deepening conflict",["1"]]]},{"de":[["Confirmation bias can intensify community divisions by reducing openness to differing viewpoints",["61","93"]]]},{"rt":[["sense of misinformation",[]],["sense of misinformation (SoM)",[]]]},{"de":[["sense of misinformation rests upon a mistaken perception of someone else's information as false",[]],["Misinformation and sense of misinformation feel similar and can have similar social consequences",[]],["P7 labeled the 80% poll as false information, not because they identified evidence of misinformation, but because they regard the opposition's moral values as fundamentally flawed and therefore perceived the survey poll as wrong.",[]],["Rather than interpreting disagreements as legitimate differences in values or beliefs, both sides often perceived each other's information as misinformation.",[]],["identifying how the misattribution of misinformation can emerge over time through repeated frustration, confusion, and deteriorating civility",[]],["sense of misinformation rests upon a mistaken perception of someone else's information as false.",[]],["SoM involves the mistaken perception of false information where none exists.",[]],["SoM was not the result of an intentional act of deception or a deliberate effort to spread falsehoods",["98"]],["arose incidentally within a difficult civic process, as ongoing disagreement, frustration, and confusion led community members to misattribute others' information as misinformation.",[]],["Distinguishing misinformation from SoM can be difficult because they can have similar interactional consequences, including undermining community trust, coordination, and collaboration.",[]],["Misinformation involves false information [69], whereas SoM involves the mistaken perception of false information where none exists.",["69"]],["SoM was not the result of an intentional act of deception or a deliberate effort to spread falsehoods [98]. Instead, it arose incidentally within a difficult civic process, as ongoing disagreement, frustration, and confusion led community members to misattribute others' information as misinformation.",["98"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["actual misinformation",[]],["misattribution of misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["P7 labeled the 80% poll as false information, not because they identified evidence of misinformation, but because they regard the opposition's moral values as fundamentally flawed and therefore perceived the survey poll as wrong.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["non-discriminatory biases",[]]]},{"rt":[["discriminatory biases",[]]]},{"de":[["non-social group valence norms are widely-shared across languages and cultures and stable over 200 years.",[]]],"ex":[["kindness is pleasant and that vomit is unpleasant",[]]]},{"de":[["Social group biases are not consistent across cultures and over time",[]]],"ex":[["gender, race, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["quantify attitudes, which can be used to analyze sentiment classification or for a more specific use case of detecting targeted language (information operations/hate speech).",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g., kindness is associated with pleasantness and torture is associated with unpleasantness",[]],["kindness is associated with pleasantness and torture is associated with unpleasantness",[]]]},{"de":[["reflect widely-shared associations across languages and time, offering a distinction between non-social group biases and social group biases (gender, race, etc.).",[]],["relate to widely-shared associations, as opposed to culture specific associations",[]]],"rt":[["widely-shared associations",[]],["culture specific associations",[]],["non-social group biases",[]],["social group biases",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The YouTube labels state \"[X outlet] is funded in whole or in part by [X] government.\" No comment is made directly on the veracity of the information in the video, requiring any labeling effect to be based on viewers' preconceptions about state-funding for news outlets and the state that is funding it. It therefore functions more in the form of a warning label, aiming to mitigate the impact of exposure to misinformation by affecting trust in the outlet.",[]]],"sy":[["warning labels",[]],["funding labels",[]]]},{"de":[["In many cases, it is safe to say that most people prefer to be in the majority.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["using positive emotional appeals",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]],"ex":[["Bush used the words \"coalition partners\" and \"coalition forces\"",[]]]},{"de":[["using negative language",[]],["this technique is marked by accusation with pejorative labels and its repetition.",[]]],"ex":[["terrorist, extremist, and enemy",[]],["the using of the words terrorist, extremist, and enemy.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["It is almost similar to the previous technique, but it is more specified. It is not only talking about the individual job but also the ideological foundation of the speaker itself. It seems like exploiting the speaker\"s position and making a special appeal that the speaker is one of the audiences.",[]],["It is not only talking about the individual job but also the ideological foundation of the speaker itself.",[]]],"ex":[["The use of personal pronoun (I) in this sentence is analyzed as a form of the Plain Folk technique.",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["It is a substance of linguistic strategies in its role.",[]],["Propaganda is not a form of communication that simply seeks to inform.",[]],["propaganda is not an end in its self but a mean to an end.",[]],["strategy of propaganda was mostly creating a fallacious reasoning connection concerning the topics being discussed.",[]],["the study is expected to show that the propaganda will be accepted considerately as the thing that constructed systematically to have great effects beneficial to the speaker or propagandist.",[]],["can be used in either an explicit or implicit approach.",[]],["propaganda is one of the social sciences which is a part of rhetorical arts in communication.",[]],["the language of propaganda can be used in either an explicit or implicit approach.",[]],["We know that propaganda is not an end in its self but a mean to an end.",[]]],"rt":[["public diplomacy",["Mor, 2007"]],["democratic alibi",["Chrétien, 2007"]],["discursive strategies",["Fremeaux & Albertazzi, 2002"]],["winning the battle of ideas",["Payne, 2009"]]],"sb":[["Name Calling",[]],["Glittering Generalities",[]],["Transfer",[]]],"sp":[["rhetorical arts in communication",[]]],"ex":[["stories, rumors, pictures, reports, and other forms of social communications",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["monologue category",[]],["spoken discourse",[]]]},{"de":[["This technique is to take someone who the audiences \"know\" even \"like\", and attempt to transfer the famous peoples\" opinion to the audiences. In other words, the user of this technique is to transfer a favorable image of an individual person to the aims of the speaker.",[]],["In other words, the user of this technique is to transfer a favorable image of an individual person to the aims of the speaker.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["provoking images to others",[]],["This is the use of the word such as providing prayer to create a connection between the audiences\" minds and what the speaker aims, it means when the speaker delivers his aims and he ended it by prayer as if he is in the way of God-Blessing.",[]],["This technique is useful in making false connections of the idea in ways of finding something well-respected.",[]],["This technique is actually used by the speaker in making some motions that have a great sound; full of something well-respected to draw out enthusiasm from the audiences, even more, including some religious sounds.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["the chronotope compiles ideas from several areas such as Philosophy, Biology, and Physics (in this discipline it retrieves Einstein's concepts of the fourth dimension and relativity).",[]]],"rt":[["space",[]],["time",[]]]},{"rt":[["ideological formations",[]],["conditions of discourse production",[]]]},{"de":[["The first process presented was that of deceit which evolves into erasure.",[]]],"rt":[["deceit",[]]]},{"de":[["there are stations that manipulate the news and broadcast it inappropriately, favoring certain hidden interests.",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["The political polarization is a result of dispute, rivalry, of the fact that one cannot occupy the privileged place of the other.",[]],["Political polarization is the motif in this scenario as it is in the time of the establishment of the city that this motif organizes the plot, thematizes as the us versus them.",[]],["a result of dispute, rivalry, of the fact that one cannot occupy the privileged place of the other.",[]],["the seed of political polarization is the fight over space, the space of us and them, which is reflected throughout the novel on different levels.",[]],["The political polarization is a result of dispute, rivalry, of the fact that one cannot occupy the privileged place of the other. Thus, the seed of political polarization is the fight over space, the space of us and them, which is reflected throughout the novel on different levels.",[]]],"rt":[["motif of encounter",["1981, p.97"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["managing a receiver's attention",[]],["The key message from LMW is that attention management is fundamentally about trading off issues, that is, different dimensions of information.",[]]]},{"de":[["measures the marginal instrumental benefit.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["exaggeration",[]]],"sb":[["separating exaggeration",[]]]},{"de":[["We characterize incentive-compatible information policies, that is, those to which the agent willingly pays full attention.",[]]]},{"de":[["measures the marginal cost of extra attention in a given direction",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Specific appraisal patterns have characterised emotions, i.e. an adverse event for which one blames the other is felt as anger",[]],["a pattern of appraisals is referred to as Core Relational Themes",["Smith and Lazarus, 1993;Lazarus, 2001"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["media effects can further evoke hostility toward the perceived 'elites' and (ethnic/religious) minorities, as it contributes to the construction of social identities, such as in-groups and out-groups (i.e., Us vs. Them).",["Krämer, 2014;Mazzoleni and Bracciale, 2018"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Due to the flexible nature of populism, annotating populist rhetoric in text is challenging",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Us vs. Them dichotomy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["perceived candidate issue competence",[]],["candidates' inferred personality traits",[]],["actual or perceived performance",[]]]},{"de":[["More concretely, they can be defined as textual, visual, or audiovisual information about politicians' gender in the form of fictitious or actual media coverage.",[]],["type of media coverage",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["gendered mediation thesis",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["candidate trait perception",[]],["trait inference",[]],["trait evaluation",[]]],"sp":[["stereotype incongruity",[]]]},{"sb":[["candidate trait perception",[]],["trait inference",[]],["trait evaluation",[]]]},{"de":[["Deepfakes a photo or video product created by artificial intelligence, referring to multimedia materials that are either completely or partially false.",[]],["It includes a variety of content genres: from entertaining video materials to political and social provocations.",[]]]},{"de":[["It includes a variety of content genres: from entertaining video materials to political and social provocations.",[]],["Deepfakes a photo or video product created by artificial intelligence, referring to multimedia materials that are either completely or partially false.",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation, which is often spread without verification.",[]],["Disinformation is a broad term encompassing intentionally false content, such as hoaxes, rumors, or clickbait, aimed at provoking reactions (like likes or comments) or serving a specific agenda.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["hoaxes",[]],["rumors",[]],["clickbait",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news often follows traditional media conventions, presenting itself as accurate and trustworthy",[]],["To appear more credible, fake news adopts the style of real journalism, including exaggerated or sensational headlines and a main text that lacks solid evidence, such as official documents or reliable data.",[]],["fake news often takes advantage of cognitive biases, reinforcing existing beliefs and hindering critical thinking.",[]],["It is deliberately created to mislead or manipulate a specific audience.",[]],["To enhance its perceived credibility, fake news adopts the format of a recognized journalistic genre (e.g., actual news) and adheres to a particular structure.",[]],["This includes elements such as headlines-typically exaggerated, inaccurate, or sensational-alongside the main text, which generally lacks a systematic, cohesive, and well-founded evidentiary basis, such as official documents, critical data, statistics, or scholarly papers.",[]],["It is deliberately created to mislead or manipulate a specific audience. To enhance its perceived credibility, fake news adopts the format of a recognized journalistic genre (e.g., actual news) and adheres to a particular structure. This includes elements such as headlines-typically exaggerated, inaccurate, or sensational-alongside the main text, which generally lacks a systematic, cohesive, and well-founded evidentiary basis, such as official documents, critical data, statistics, or scholarly papers.",[]]],"rt":[["deepfakes",[]],["clickbait",[]],["rumors",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Conversely, misinformation involves the sharing of incorrect information without any intention to mislead the public or pursue personal goals.",[]],["misinformation involves the sharing of incorrect information without any intention to mislead the public or pursue personal goals.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["En su trabajo, asumen los códigos propios de expresión de estas plataformas, convirtiéndose en emisores de contenidos verificados que buscan viralizar entre sus seguidores reales y potenciales",[]]]},{"de":[["aunque también se puede ocupar de contenidos sin autoría identificable distribuidos a través de redes sociales y herramientas de mensajería",[]]],"sy":[["verificación de datos",[]]]},{"sp":[["práctica periodística",[]]]},{"de":[["Un código visual que pretende tener un efecto en la reducción de las intenciones de compartir noticias falsas al disminuir la credibilidad de la información engañosa",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Bots are identified as accounts whose bot probability, as determined by our algorithm, exceeds a threshold of 0.8.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Recent trends show bots amplifying and spreading false or misleading news stories and conspiracy theories",[]]],"ex":[["Qanon conspiracy theory",["21","22","23"]]]},{"de":[["To operationalize this principle, we follow the approach used in [40,43] to define extreme opinions as those below the 10th percentile and above the 90th percentile of the opinions of all users in our dataset.",["40","43"]]],"rt":[["stubborn users",[]]]},{"sp":[["social bots",[]]]},{"sp":[["social bots",[]]]},{"de":[["A more recent version, known as generalized harmonic influence centrality (GHIC), incorporates additional data, such as the node sentiment, making it more appropriate for real social networks.",[]],["GHIC assumes that the stubborn users are not persuadable and their sentiment does not change.",[]]],"rt":[["non-stubborn equilibrium opinion",[]]],"sp":[["harmonic influence centrality",[]]]},{"de":[["Harmonic influence centrality measures how much a set of nodes shifts the average equilibrium opinion in the network.",[]],["The centrality naturally incorporates activity, network reach, and opinions to measure the impact of nodes in a network because it is based on an opinion dynamics model which utilizes these factors.",[]],["This is a network centrality based on a classic model for opinion dynamics [59] which incorporates stubborn users with immutable opinions [60].",["59","60"]]],"sb":[["generalized harmonic influence centrality (GHIC)",[]]]},{"sy":[["non-bots",[]]]},{},{"de":[["produce a disproportionate volume of social media content that can distort online discussions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Due to their automation, social bots have the potential to manipulate social media discussions",["2","4","5"]]],"sb":[["traditional spam bots",[]],["financial bots",[]],["fake follower accounts",[]],["\"astroturf\" bots",[]]],"sp":[["bots",[]]]},{"de":[["We identify stubborn users among the humans based on their political sentiment or opinion.",[]],["Studies have shown that stubborn users have extreme opinions",["65"]]],"rt":[["extreme opinions",[]]]},{"de":[["One measure of this is known as toxicity",[]],["One measure of this is known as toxicity, which captures how harmful or unpleasant a tweet is.",[]]]},{"sp":[["social bots",[]]]},{"de":[["the locus of androcentrism lies not within the language per se but rather within the purview of those who employ it.",[]],["the study elucidates that the focal point of androcentrism appears to reside with the authors of the examined textbooks.",[]]]},{"de":[["Feminist stylistics has explored the grammatical and lexical elements of both literary and non-literary texts, as well as suprasentential and discoursal devices.",[]]]},{"de":[["Arabic is heavily gendered",[]]]},{},{"de":[["CML provides pre-service social studies teachers with skills to recognize and critique controversial issues that exist in media and extends democratic pedagogical approaches.",[]]]},{"de":[["CRML studies focus on the role media takes in perpetuating stereotypes and ideologies of marginalized and underrepresented people and institutional systems of oppression",["Baynes, 2002","Bergstrom et al., 2018","Dixon, 2008","Entman & Gross, 2008","Joanou, 2017","King 2017","Yosso, 2002"]],["CRML moves beyond the development of informed citizens and calls for further analysis of the lived experiences of marginalized populations.",[]],["CRML studies focus on the role media takes in perpetuating stereotypes and ideologies of marginalized and underrepresented people and institutional systems of oppression (Baynes, 2002;Bergstrom et al., 2018;Dixon, 2008;Entman & Gross, 2008;Joanou, 2017;King 2017;Yosso, 2002).",["Baynes, 2002","Bergstrom et al., 2018","Dixon, 2008","Entman & Gross, 2008","Joanou, 2017","King 2017","Yosso, 2002"]]],"rt":[["CML",[]]],"sp":[["critical media literacy (CML)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["To create choice blindness, the choices made are manipulated so that the outcome of choice differs from the choice made by the participant.",[]],["choice blindness can be created for people's recollections of a witnessed event, and these false recollections can in turn create a change in the reported remembrance of the witnessed event",[]],["the choice blindness element, which makes it possible to, with no delay, present the misinformation without detection.",[]],["choice blindness, presumably due to its possibilities of without awareness replacing the outcome of a choice",[]]],"ex":[["attractiveness [2], morality [3], politics [4] and finance [5]",["2","3","4","5"]],["smells and tastes [6], tactility [7], and auditive choices [8,9]",["6","7","8","9"]]]},{},{"rt":[["choice blindness",[]]]},{"de":[["Choice blindness thus functions as a catalyst for a misinformation effect, and combined they create memory blindness.",[]]],"rt":[["choice blindness",[]]]},{"de":[["The experimental paradigm used to test the misinformation effect usually contains three steps. First, the participants witness an event, ordinarily on film. After this, new false information is given about some course of events or details in the film. Finally, the participants are tested on their recollection of the original event to see if any changes have occurred",["21"]],["The misinformation effect has been found to be highly dependent on who delivers the misleading information, i.e. who the source is",["26","27","28","29","30","31"]],["a larger misinformation effect is created when the participants find the source reliable and trustworthy",[]],["The current experiment follows the three basic steps of the misinformation effect paradigm: the witnessing of an event, the receiving of misleading information and the test of recollection",["19"]],["the misinformation effect also benefits from a long interval between the witnessed event and the later introduction of misleading information",["20","47"]],["The experimental paradigm used to test the misinformation effect usually contains three steps. First, the participants witness an event, ordinarily on film. After this, new false information is given about some course of events or details in the film. Finally, the participants are tested on their recollection of the original event to see if any changes have occurred [21].",["21"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a portmanteau of agitation and entertainment",[]],["a sensationalist international media event that brings a sense of national pride and unity, and therefore carries the potential of rallying around the flag",["71","72"]]],"rt":[["rally-round-the-flag",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["persuasive power",[]]]},{"de":[["Therefore, it disrupts the normal political processes by calling into question the legitimacy of the political system.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A second noticeable strategy is more oriented on de-problematization; this approach involves 'selling' the pension reforms by covering their positive attributes and de-emphasizing negative ones.",[]]],"rt":[["de-securitization",[]],["agitainment",[]]]},{"de":[["public opinion and mass media agenda-setting diverged during this period",[]],["the concept of rallying itself, and the accompanying focus on international crisis-type news, is also entering a phase of public opinion fatigue.",[]]]},{"de":[["legitimacy also works to impede the manifestation of discontent through dissent.",[]]],"rt":[["persuasive power",[]]]},{"rt":[["unobtrusive",[]]]},{"rt":[["coercive power",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["aims to broaden the appeal of patriotic mobilization to a broader ideological audience",[]]],"ex":[["the Crimean annexation in March 2014 (event A), Russia's involvement in Syria in October 2015 (event B), the allegations of Russian interference in US politics from summer 2016 (event C), the election of Putin for a fourth term in March 2018 (event D), and the World Cup and pension reforms in summer 2018 (event E)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This process begins with awareness, or knowledge, of an idea, primarily obtained through mass media.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Gender status beliefs advantage men simply because they are men, not because they have more merit, resources, or power. They thus give men an advantage over women in similar positions who are just as talented, successful, or powerful. These men are perceived as more competent, interesting, and worthy of both their positions and public attention.",[]],["They thus give men an advantage over women in similar positions who are just as talented, successful, or powerful. These men are perceived as more competent, interesting, and worthy of both their positions and public attention.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This may be because of audiences' preferences for news about men or because men may generate greater interest by engaging in behaviors the public finds more newsworthy.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The literature on gendered pay gaps often concludes that when these gaps persist after accounting for work profiles, opportunity structures, and human capital, they may be understood as resulting from wage discrimination",[]]]},{},{"de":[["convirtiendo tales prácticas en asignaciones o ejecuciones extrajudiciales que son condenadas por grupos de derechos humanos palestinos",[]]],"rt":[["ejecuciones extrajudiciales",[]]]},{"de":[["resultó en la creación de una colonia occidental, extraterritorial o implante en Palestina que estaría permanentemente aliada con las potencias europeas",["Shlaim, 2001"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["las guías de estilo son documentos internos producidos por organizaciones de noticias que buscan supervisar las prácticas de trabajo periodístico en las salas de redacción.",[]],["proporcionar pautas internas, reglas y recomendaciones para el uso estandarizado del lenguaje y el estilo",[]]],"sy":[["hoja de estilo",[]],["manual",[]],["libro de referencia",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["el racismo anti-palestino en los medios de comunicación incluye el no reconocimiento de los palestinos como una población indígena y definió varias otras formas, como la negación de la Nakba, la justificación de violaciones de derechos humanos o violencia contra los palestinos, el silenciamiento de los palestinos en los medios de comunicación o presentar a los palestinos como \"inherentes antisemitas, una amenaza/simpatizante terrorista o en contra de los valores democráticos\" (Arab-Canadian Lawyers Association, 2022, s.p.)",["Arab-Canadian Lawyers Association, 2022"]],["incluye el no reconocimiento de los palestinos como una población indígena",["Arab-Canadian Lawyers Association, 2022, s.p."]],["la negación de la Nakba",["Arab-Canadian Lawyers Association, 2022, s.p."]],["la justificación de violaciones de derechos humanos o violencia contra los palestinos",["Arab-Canadian Lawyers Association, 2022, s.p."]],["el silenciamiento de los palestinos en los medios de comunicación",["Arab-Canadian Lawyers Association, 2022, s.p."]]]},{},{"sb":[["refugiado palestino",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Los términos 'terrorismo', 'extremismo' y 'fundamentalismo' se han utilizado de manera tan amplia en los medios de comunicación que sus definiciones se han vuelto tenues, distorsionadas y cargadas de ideología",[]]],"rt":[["extremismo",[]],["fundamentalismo",[]]]},{"de":[["el uso de la voz pasiva por parte del New York Times",["Balaghi, 2013"]]]},{},{"de":[["where the current model performs well",[]]],"rt":[["machine-generated text detection",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["sesiones parlamentarias",[]],["sesiones judiciales",[]],["competiciones deportivas",[]],["accidentes",[]],["catástrofes naturales",[]]]},{},{"de":[["El directo televisivo confiere al hecho sobre el que se informa cierta lógica sensitiva, afectiva y emocional y favorece asimismo la impresión de inmediatez.",[]]],"sy":[["directo televisivo",[]]]},{"de":[["no 'totales' o declaraciones de personas a cámara",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["de especial plasticidad y este valor predomina sobre los elementos verbales",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["bandera, escudos, imágenes religiosas, imágenes icónicas como la paloma de la paz",[]]]},{"de":[["Se incluyen las imágenes que representan acciones bélicas, aunque el sufrimiento personal no se represente",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["valoración (jerarquización)",["Anderson y Egglestone (2012)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["vitriolic online exchanges",["Dery, 1994, p. 1"]]]},{"de":[["a sentiment of loss and displacement, but it is also a romance with one's own fantasy.",["Boym, 2001","2001","p. xiv"]],["a double exposure, or a superimposition of two images-of home and abroad, past and present, dream and everyday life.",[]],["a mode of temporal thought\" that collapses distinctions between past and present.",[]],["Nostalgia is a sentiment of loss and displacement, but it is also a romance with one's own fantasy.",["Boym (2001)","Boym, 2001"]],["The contemporary view on nostalgia is, thankfully, less dramatic, virulent, and pathological.",[]]]},{"de":[["feature the self as an active and central player",["Vess et al., 2012"]],["carries a predominantly positive affective signature",["Vess et al., 2012"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["self-narrative",[]]],"rt":[["self-identity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["non-toxic",[]],["As a result, a totemic text becomes profoundly enmeshed as a resource of meaning-making, of self-identity, self-narrative and self-continuity.",[]],["Symbolic threats may emerge that threaten the sanctity of the totemic relationship between self and object, and can induce nostalgic narratives as a method of meaning preservation as a regulatory and restorative balm",["Sedikides et al., 2015"]],["Totemic nostalgia is thus \"a mourning of displacement and temporal irreversibility\"",["Boym, 2001, p. xvi"]]],"rt":[["fan protectionism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["[b]ullying, conflict and aggression occur in all corners of the worldwide web, and fandom is no exception […] The types of bullying, marginalizing, and jockeying for position that occur in fandom are mirrored in most other groups, online and face to face.",["Lubernis & Larsen, 2012, pp. 117-118"]]],"sp":[["toxic technocultures",[]]]},{"rt":[["Forwardreferencing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Specifically, FR creates an information gap between readers and the news content with the headline, motivating the reader's curiosity (Loewenstein, 1994) to investigate the news content, and hence provoking the desire to click on the headline.",["Loewenstein, 1994"]]],"sy":[["Forwardreferencing",[]]],"rt":[["cataphora",[]]],"sb":[["question headline generation (QHG)",[]]]},{"de":[["Specifically, FR creates an information gap between readers and the news content with the headline, motivating the reader's curiosity (Loewenstein, 1994) to investigate the news content, and hence provoking the desire to click on the headline.",["Loewenstein, 1994"]]],"sy":[["forward references (FRs)",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["campaign",[]],["party strategy",[]],["horse race content",[]]]},{},{"de":[["coverage is symbiotic of a mediatization of politics",[]],["shift towards a more media-orientated agenda",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["Khan uses the phrase to acknowledge the current challenges or difficulties faced by the country or his party. By acknowledging the gloom, he creates a sense of anticipation and sets the stage for a potential positive turn of events in the future.",[]]]},{"de":[["framing is a dynamic process, susceptible to change in response to shifting political landscapes, news cycles, and public opinion",["Hallahan, 2011"]]]},{"de":[["an intricate process of dissecting and understanding the multi-layered nature of political communication on social media",[]]],"sb":[["Valence framing",[]],["Semantic framing",[]],["Story framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Entman (1993) further advanced framing theory within the field of communication, emphasizing its role in shaping public discourse, media coverage, and the construction of collective meaning.",["Entman (1993)"]],["emphasizing its role in shaping public discourse, media coverage, and the construction of collective meaning.",["Entman (1993)"]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",["Entman, 1993, p. 52"]],["It recognizes that individuals perceive the world through pre-existing frameworks that shape their understanding of data.",[]],["Hallahan (1999Hallahan ( , 2011) ) describes framing theory as a framework that involves strategically selecting and presenting information to shape public perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.",[]]]},{"de":[["This narrative device carries significance in terms of reinforcing her message and influencing the audience. By invoking the concept of \"Divine Retribution\" and \"poetic justice, \" Maryam implies that the unfolding events, which she interprets as Imran Khan facing the consequences of his actions, are a manifestation of divine intervention and a just outcome. This strategic employment of a moral lesson aims to add depth and moral weight (Cronon, 2013) to her narrative, positioning herself as a defender of principles and a proponent of justice.",[]]]},{"de":[["seeks to create a sense of urgency, moral outrage and mobilize public support for his cause",[]],["aims to undermine the legitimacy and credibility of her political rivals, particularly Imran Khan, while mobilizing support and cultivating public sentiment in her favor.",[]]]},{"de":[["By employing such provocative language, Maryam captures the audience's attention and creates a sense of intrigue and curiosity. This technique aims to hook the readers from the outset and entice them to further engage with the narrative",["Alexander, 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["Semantic framing, on the other hand, was assessed by examining the terminology and phrasing used to discuss or describe an event, policy, or public figure.",[]]]},{"sy":[["Storytelling framing",[]]],"sp":[["Framing strategies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Storytelling framing was identified through narrative structures or thematic arcs evident within the tweets that contributed to the politicians' self-presentation and framing of issues.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The presence of contrastive words like \"but\" and \"however\" reinforces the thematic structure, highlighting the distinction between her principled approach and the notion of revenge.",[]]]},{"de":[["how these Pakistani political leaders use framing as a tool to guide individuals' interpretation of information and influence their judgments and actions, particularly in the realm of public relations and political communication.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This framing technique allows them to highlight perceived flaws, shortcomings, or unethical behaviors of their opponents, diminishing their credibility and legitimacy in the eyes of the audience",["Bizer et al., 2011"]],["valence framing was identified through careful examination of the tweets for tone, choice of words, and rhetorical devices that conveyed a positive or negative attitude toward specific issues, events, or actors.",[]],["This framing technique allows them to highlight perceived flaws, shortcomings, or unethical behaviors of their opponents, diminishing their credibility and legitimacy in the eyes of the audience (Bizer et al., 2011).",["Bizer et al., 2011"]]],"sp":[["Framing strategies",[]]]},{"rt":[["cultivation theory",[]],["cultivation effect",[]]]},{"rt":[["cultivation analysis",[]]]}]