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necessary for, or synonymous with, rational decision-making",1,-1,[],[984]],["slow, controlled, reflective, serial, rule-based, and conscious",1,-1,[],[984]],["supports higher cognitive functionings, like hypothetical and counter-factual thinking, but also because it is associated with the detection and inhibition of biased judgments and impulsive behaviors",1,-1,[],[984]],["system 2 monitors the quality of these proposals, which it may endorse, correct, or override",1,-1,[],[984]]],"sy":[["Type 2",1,-1,[],[984]],["rational system",1,-1,[],[984]]],"rt":[["System 1",2,16472,[["System 1",1],["System 1 (S1)",1]],[984,21587]],["critical thinking",1,29451,[],[984]],["inner rational agent",1,26817,[],[984]]],"sb":[["algorithmic stage",1,144,[],[984]],["reflective stage",1,16490,[],[984]]],"sp":[["DPT",1,18867,[],[984]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The situation requires that the message get through.",1,-1,[],[45661]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["refers to a handful of political leaders who become more important",1,-1,[],[18029]],["the direct elections of mayors or prime ministers",1,-1,[],[18029]],["the growing importance of leaders",1,-1,[],[18029]]],"sy":[["presidentialization",1,784,[],[60615]]],"rt":[["decentralized personalization",1,25428,[],[18029]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["individualization",1,25009,[],[60615]],["personalization",1,10101,[],[18029]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Plots describe how the villain harms its victims, but they are also instrumental in explaining \"how blame is assigned to the villain, what actions are needed from the hero and what moral is to be gleaned from the story.",1,-1,[],[1405]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["honest mistakes",1,-1,[],[10308]],["overly subtle satire",1,-1,[],[10308]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["model performance",1,-1,[],[44330]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["algorithmic dominance",1,28124,[],[44330]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relation of contrariety",1,26845,[],[22058]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Podem ser alteradas por emoções reflexas.",1,-1,[],[43688]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["emoções",1,22542,[],[43688]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["emotions",1,22181,[],[48315]],["evaluations",1,19890,[],[48315]],["explicit mentions of private states",1,-1,[],[48315]],["expressive subjective elements",1,29749,[],[48315]],["opinions",1,24152,[],[48315]],["sentiments",1,11027,[],[48315]],["speculations",1,31028,[],[48315]],["speech events expressing private states",1,-1,[],[48315]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing devices",1,3083,[],[41588]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Deliberative disintegration thus captures the paradox of digital political engagement: while more people than ever participate in public discourse, the quality of that participation is increasingly shaped by affective polarization and rhetorical simplification.",1,-1,[],[20994]],["Rather than encouraging informed discussion across perspectives, online platforms tend to promote homogeneity within ideological groups and antagonism across them, thereby diminishing the potential for mutual understanding and civic reasoning.",1,-1,[],[20994]],["whereby algorithmic amplification and affective resonance replace reasoned debate with symbolic affirmation and antagonistic performance",1,-1,[],[26349]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[20994]],["rhetorical simplification",1,-1,[],[20994]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Skandale gehören zum journalistischen Alltagsgeschäft.",1,-1,[],[21295]],["Skandale können der moralischen Selbstvergewisserung einer Gesellschaft dienen, können dazu beitragen, ethische Grenzen neu zu verhandeln, können reinigen, können Scheinmoral entlarven oder fördern, können Karrieren zerstören.",1,-1,[],[21295]],["Skandale sind (2) immer Indikatoren für die soziale Wirklichkeit einer Gesellschaft und sagen viel über die gegenwärtigen Normen und Werte eines sozialen Verbundes aus.",1,-1,[],[21295]],["Skandale sind als kommunikative Krisen zu begreifen, die mittels Krisenkommunikation zu überwinden sind.",1,-1,[],[21295]]],"sy":[["Affäre",1,19761,[],[21295]],["Fall",1,-1,[],[21295]]],"rt":[["Krise",1,-1,[],[21295]],["Medienskandal",1,17266,[],[21295]],["Skandalisierung",1,-1,[],[21295]],["lokalen Skandal",1,-1,[],[21295]],["medialisierten Skandal",1,-1,[],[21295]]],"sb":[["Intendierte Skandale",1,8171,[],[21295]],["Medienskandal",1,17266,[],[21295]],["intendierte Selbstskandalisierung",1,32206,[],[21295]],["lokale Skandale",1,22198,[],[21295]],["lokalen Skandal",1,-1,[],[21295]],["medialisierten Skandal",1,-1,[],[21295]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ideological constraint",1,18595,[],[2738]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Is there supportive evidence in peer-reviewed scientific articles or credible news reports? Do I remember relevant evidence?",1,-1,[],[28329]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["civic online reasoning",1,19816,[],[27994]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["figurative framing",1,2212,[],[34062]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["This leads us to the view that truth consists in some form of correspondence between belief and fact",1,-1,[],[16758]]],"sy":[["natural attitude",1,-1,[],[13437]]],"rt":[["coherence",1,12736,[],[16758]],["correspondence",1,-1,[],[16758]],["survival theory of truth",1,328,[],[18504]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["philosophical theories of truth",1,-1,[],[16758]]],"ex":[["the accuracy of a weather forecast may be checked by comparing it to reality (Hammond, 1996, p. 95). For instance, if rain was predicted and it rained, the prediction was true, if not, it was false.",1,-1,[],[28313]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["expressing distrust and disappointment in the union negotiators and instead calling for general strikes in order to achieve bargaining gains",1,-1,[["expressing distrust and disappointment in the union negotiators and instead calling for general strikes in order to achieve bargaining gains",1],["expressing distrust and disappointment in the union negotiators and instead calling for general strikes in order to achieve bargaining gains.",1]],[31938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["logic of settlement",1,15578,[["logic of settlement",1],["settlement logic",1]],[31938]]],"sb":[["soft logic of mobilization",1,-1,[],[31938]]],"sp":[["politico-communicative logics",1,3573,[],[31938]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["editor",1,23430,[],[9323]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["consumers tend to choose media whose biases match their own preferences or prior beliefs-what we will refer to as confirmatory news.",1,-1,[],[20293]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["action orientation refers to gaining information for decision making and practical actions in everyday life",1,-1,[],[29221]],["interaction orientation refers to getting information on how to behave or talk to other people in various situations (e.g., how to behave on a job interview)",1,-1,[],[29221]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["action orientation",1,16786,[],[29221]],["action orientation refers to gaining information for decision making and practical actions in everyday life",1,-1,[],[29221]],["interaction orientation",1,32440,[],[29221]],["interaction orientation refers to getting information on how to behave or talk to other people in various situations (e.g., how to behave on a job interview).",1,-1,[],[29221]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Creates fantastical or exoticizing narrative.",1,-1,[],[51651]],["Employs own standards to judge the person (\"The jewelry or headdress they are wearing suggests they have a high status in society\") when statements are wrong.",1,-1,[],[51651]],["For example, although words like \"exotic\" or \"princess\" do not have a negative valence, they demonstrate biased readings.",1,-1,[],[51650]],["May seem like descriptions but there is no evidence in photograph to support them.",1,-1,[],[51651]],["Questioning the subject's cultural authenticity based on their appearance or clothing.",1,-1,[],[51651]],["Seems to be jumping to a conclusion/creating a closed narrative.",1,-1,[],[51651]],["Seems to have small amount of knowledge that is applied inappropriately under the guise of the pan-Indian model (\"I knew a Native person once,\" \"I just read a book on Natives,\" \"I just bought a pot in New Mexico,\" \"I always buy jewelry from Indians.\")",1,-1,[],[51651]],["Whereas stereotypes tend to have negative connotations, the term conventional narrative is used to describe the tightly woven indicators of difference that may be positive as well",1,-1,[],[51650]]],"sy":[["closed narrative",1,-1,[],[51651]]],"rt":[["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[51650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, although words like \"exotic\" or \"princess\" do not have a negative valence, they demonstrate biased readings.",1,-1,[],[51650]],["although words like \"exotic\" or \"princess\" do not have a negative valence, they demonstrate biased readings.",1,-1,[],[51650]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can all be used to incite subjugation.",1,-1,[],[56468]],["internal inconsistency can be seen as trustworthy.",1,-1,[],[56468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Misused generic language",1,-1,[],[56468]],["ascriptive definitions",1,20195,[],[56468]],["implication of disposition",1,-1,[],[56468]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic tools",1,-1,[],[56468]]],"ex":[["immigrants may be seen as lazy, unskilled parasites expecting benefits in return for nothing or as fierce competitors in the job market.",1,-1,[],[56468]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media diversity",1,4530,[],[5218]],["recommender design",1,-1,[],[5218]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["concentrating on including the representation of voices that are less popular",1,-1,[],[5218]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Masked Token Methods",1,33594,[],[8118]],["pseudo-log-likelihood metrics",1,21928,[],[8118]]],"sb":[["Masked Token Methods",1,33594,[],[8118]],["pseudo-log-likelihood metrics",1,21928,[],[8118]]],"sp":[["bias evaluation metrics",1,3602,[],[8118]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["However, this role can contribute to a distorted image of society, as limited time for news coverage forces the media to selectively present content to the public.",1,-1,[],[43998]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda setter",1,4973,[],[59566]],["issue framer",1,-1,[],[59566]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["informative style",1,26683,[],[45883]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["\"Benevolent\" sexism emphasizes the message that women and girls must be protected as mothers, wives, and sisters, and that men have an obligation to care for them.",1,-1,[],[46459]],["Benevolent Sexism (BS) which views minority gender in less negative albeit through stereotypical lenses",1,-1,[],[14432]],["Despite its seemingly positive nature, benevolent sexism can be harmful, insulting, and discriminatory.",1,-1,[],[21393]],["This form of sexism aims to create, maintain, and promote traditional relationships between men and women.",1,-1,[],[46459]],["This form of sexism translates into the idealization of the female figure, especially emphasizing stereotypes about the softness, fragility, and warmth of women.",1,-1,[],[46459]],["This form of sexism translates into the idealization of the female figure, especially emphasizing stereotypes about the softness, fragility, and warmth of women. \"Benevolent\" sexism emphasizes the message that women and girls must be protected as mothers, wives, and sisters, and that men have an obligation to care for them. This form of sexism aims to create, maintain, and promote traditional relationships between men and women.",1,-1,[],[46459]],["higher sentiment towards female subjects",1,-1,[],[10494]],["includes seemingly positive stereotypes about women",1,-1,[],[10494]],["more nuanced gender biases",1,-1,[],[10494]],["the positive component evaluates women in traditional roles (homemakers)",1,-1,[],[45353]]],"sy":[["finer forms of bias",1,-1,[],[10494]]],"rt":[["ambivalent sexism",1,30695,[],[45353]],["hostile sexism",1,18390,[],[45353]],["hostile sexist views",1,-1,[],[18933]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["sexism",2,22658,[],[14432,46459]],["Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)",1,31699,[],[14432]],["ambivalent sexism",1,30695,[],[45353]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[["Journalistic doxa is a set of professional beliefs which tend to appear as evident, natural and self-explaining norms of journalistic practice.",2,-1,[],[24091,60284]],["The journalistic doxa is a ''specific doxa, a system of presuppositions inherent in membership in a field''",2,-1,[],[24091,60284]]],"de":[["Doxa is a particular point of view, the point of view of the dominant, which presents and imposes itself as a universal point of view",2,-1,[],[24091,60284]],["Speaking of the journalistic doxa is naming a set of implicit, tacit presuppositions in the journalistic field, not least the practical schemes that editors and reporters take for granted",2,-1,[],[24091,60284]],["Speaking of the journalistic doxa is naming a set of implicit, tacit presuppositions in the journalistic field, not least the practical schemes that editors and reporters take for granted (Bourdieu, 1998(Bourdieu, [1996]], p. 25).",2,-1,[],[24091,60284]],["''With the concept of doxa, we can understand these practicial schemes as principles of both 'vision and division'''",1,-1,[],[60284]],["A kind of ideational and practical orthodoxy thus defines the broad contours of a field, so that a discussion of journalistic doxa encompasses a set of implicit concepts tacitly held by news workers (Schultz 2007).",1,-1,[],[4752]],["The journalistic doxa is a ''specific doxa, a system of presuppositions inherent in membership in a field'' (Bourdieu, 2005, p. 37).",1,-1,[],[24091]],["naming a set of implicit, tacit presuppositions in the journalistic field, not least the practical schemes that editors and reporters take for granted",1,-1,[],[60284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Journalistic Judgement",2,4008,[],[24091,60284]],["Doxa",1,32610,[],[24091]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Doxa",2,32610,[],[24091,60284]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["co-regulation is seen as a middle way between state regulation and self-regulation of the media, where there are still risks derived from the will of the companies and political situations.",1,-1,[],[43813]]],"sy":[["regulated self-regulation",1,-1,[],[43813]]],"rt":[["regulation",1,15791,[],[44347]],["self-regulation",1,9298,[],[44347]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media regulation",1,5178,[],[44347]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, curators identify, organize, and repackage information into deliverable packages and make it available for their users.",1,-1,[],[18151]],["The curating journalist finds, organizes, contextualizes, and shares the most relevant content on a given topic",1,-1,[],[18151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["communication roles",1,-1,[],[50957]],["informational-instructive",1,8568,[],[18151]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["cross-target stance detection",1,28416,[],[24428]],["target-specific stance detection",1,28735,[],[24428]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["For the purpose of quantification, we have distinguished three different degrees of distance, namely short, medium and long.",1,-1,[],[59665]],["the kind of strategies used by each newspaper and its combination with the subject choice which may result relevant",1,-1,[],[59665]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing device",1,3083,[],[59665]],["point of view",1,5478,[],[59665]],["proximity",1,17836,[],[4785]]],"sb":[["Long distance",1,7898,[],[59665]],["Long distance, then, is the category reserved for those distant shots where crowds are portrayed, often from a bird's eye point of view, but we can't singularize them as individuals or see their faces at all.",1,-1,[],[59665]],["Medium distance",1,8766,[],[59665]],["Medium distance is the correspondent medium shot, where a person, or frequently a small group of persons, is depicted in a knees-up or full-length shot, but not close enough to neatly distinguish their faces and feelings.",1,-1,[],[59665]],["short distance",1,10408,[],[59665]],["short distance is attributed to those close shots in which it is possible to clearly distinguish a face (or more than one) and the person's emotions in it.",1,-1,[],[59665]]],"sp":[["framing device",1,3083,[["framing device",1],["framing devices",1]],[59665]],["multimodal framing devices",1,22103,[],[59665]]],"ex":[["X claims that",1,-1,[],[38498]],["a) He warned [D] that the most dangerous position this country could take in the light of changes being forced by the eurozone sovereign debt crisis would be to stand back and say we are going to do nothing about it.",1,-1,[],[38498]],["b) El G7 insiste [D] además en que todos sus miembros tienen un \"interés común\" de que haya un sistema financiero internacional \"fuerte y estable\". Translation: The G7 also insists [D] that all its members have a \"common interest\", a \"strong and stable\" international financial system.",1,-1,[],[38498]],["it's rumoured that",1,-1,[],[38498]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These media reports frame science by emphasizing its funny side, highlighting funny facts, either by the selection of research topics or by \"deviations\" from the scientific process or by trivializing the scientific knowledge.",1,-1,[],[38178]],["This frame includes news stories in which scientific knowledge, the research process, the application and the contribution are in fact of secondary importance, while the primary role is given to \"interesting facts\", funny trivia, in other words to entertainment. These media reports frame science by emphasizing its funny side, highlighting funny facts, either by the selection of research topics or by \"deviations\" from the scientific process or by trivializing the scientific knowledge.",1,-1,[],[38178]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["infotainment",1,9984,[],[38178]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a \"scientific finding\" that people and robots will fall in love with each other",1,-1,[],[38178]],["an article in 24 sata (11.12.2007) which informed about an \"official search for Santa Claus\", i.e. about a \"research\" expected to find out how fast Santa Claus would have to travel to deliver all gifts on time",1,-1,[],[38178]],["an article in Slobodna Dalmacija (24.06.1986) \"American scientists on Antarctica receive food: eggs arrive by parachute\" informed the public about an insignificant, yet funny fact",1,-1,[],[38178]],["an article informing that people become 10% prettier after two beers",1,-1,[],[38178]],["bats -the world's biggest alcoholics",1,-1,[],[38178]],["monkeys \"going crazy\" in a spacecraft",1,-1,[],[38178]]]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Anchoring occurs if the estimate is drawn towards the anchor and the adjustments end prematurely.",1,-1,[],[44385]],["Individuals and groups faced with such information seek to interpret it in terms of their existing belief systems and categories.",1,-1,[],[17175]],["Individuals and groups faced with such information seek to interpret it in terms of their existing belief systems and categories. Objects thus obtain their significance in relation to prevalent social representations.",1,-1,[],[17175]],["Objects thus obtain their significance in relation to prevalent social representations.",1,-1,[],[17175]],["The latter process is useful for understanding how the past weighs on the present (Liu and Hilton, 2005) asalready sharedcollective memories of past events are used for making sense of current events.",1,-1,[],[22588]],["Triggers can be physical or can be certain images or keywords.",1,-1,[],[23815]],["When estimating uncertain situations, people often anchor on information that comes to mind and gradually adjust their estimate until a plausible estimate is reached.",1,-1,[],[44385]],["When estimating uncertain situations, people often anchor on information that comes to mind and gradually adjust their estimate until a plausible estimate is reached. Anchoring occurs if the estimate is drawn towards the anchor and the adjustments end prematurely.",1,-1,[],[44385]],["anchors can come in many, not necessarily numerical, forms.",1,-1,[],[44385]],["another mechanism of anchoring occurs as a priming effect.",1,-1,[],[44385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["priming effect",1,22797,[],[44385]],["social representations",1,17518,[],[22588]]],"sb":[["internal anchors",1,-1,[],[23815]]],"sp":[["Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)",1,-1,[],[23815]]],"ex":[["how AIDS was initially understood in terms of venereal diseases like syphilis or as a mark of divine punishment before a specific representation distinguishing it from other sexually transmitted diseases developed",1,-1,[],[17175]],["participants were asked to provide an estimation of the percentage of the United Nations members that were African countries with reference to numbers between 0 and 100 randomly generated by spinning a wheel.",1,-1,[],[44385]],["when participants were asked to estimate the average length of the Mississippi River, they gave a larger estimate when they were asked if it was longer or shorter than 2,000 miles than when they were asked to guess in comparison to 70 miles",1,-1,[],[44385]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["it is characterized by doublespeak",1,-1,[],[33011]],["the misleading and deceptive language of George Orwell's 1984, later called 'doublespeak' could be interpreted as 'bullshit words'",1,-1,[],[32222]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-pragmatic bullshit",1,-1,[],[32222]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["non-pragmatic bullshit",1,-1,[],[32222]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In Western Europe, these dangerous others are mainly defined on a religious or cultural basis.",1,-1,[],[4312]],["Many populist actors, such as Geert Wilders in the Netherlands or HC Strache in Austria, regard the Islam as the largest threat to the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[4312]],["Moreover, immigrants are regarded as a threat to the welfare of the ordinary people, as they profit unfairly from the scarce resources that should be invested in the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[4312]],["immigrants are regarded as a threat to the welfare of the ordinary people, as they profit unfairly from the scarce resources that should be invested in the ordinary people. To keep the ordinary people safe, and to protect their welfare, right-wing populism emphasizes that immigrants should be excluded from the ordinary people's heartland.",1,-1,[],[4312]],["right-wing populism emphasizes that immigrants should be excluded from the ordinary people's heartland.",1,-1,[],[4312]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism",1,20354,[],[4312]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["exclusionism",1,31511,[],[4312]],["populism indicators",1,-1,[],[4312]]],"ex":[["(Islamize! OR de-islamize! OR close borders OR furtune seeker! OR asylum profiteer OR (profiteer! w/2 (immigrant! OR asylum seeker! OR refugee!))",1,-1,[],[4312]],["immigrants are regarded as a threat to the welfare of the ordinary people, as they profit unfairly from the scarce resources that should be invested in the ordinary people",1,-1,[],[4312]],["immigrants in right-wing populism",1,-1,[],[4312]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["A set of such criteria should consist of disinformation narratives (news) and descriptions of situations, which can be derived from the following question: To what extent do you consider the following news to be implausible or, on the contrary, to be credible?",1,-1,[],[60654]],["Disinformation narratives are characterized by their presence in multiple instances of false information and function as themes or patterns that can be applied across various pieces of content.",1,-1,[],[51639,51640]],["While both disinformation and disinformation narratives share the common goal of manipulating public opinion through the spread of false information, there are important distinctions between the two.",1,-1,[],[51640]],["disinformation narratives were generated in the Con Filo programme, with an emphasis on the use of discursive strategies such as irony, mockery, and exaggeration.",1,-1,[],[47078]],["narratives are bound to (socio-political) contexts, and refer to a reality that is reconstructed through the integration of communication elements",1,-1,[],[60003]],["the interaction between textual and visual elements",1,-1,[],[60003]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[51639,51640]],["news",1,8218,[],[60654]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Experiments conducted in the early 1990s in the lab of Giacomo Rizzolatti, a neuroscientist at the University of Parma, showed that mirror neurons in the monkey brain fired when the animal carried out an action or saw (or heard) another animal performing the same action. 14",1,-1,[],[59741]],["The phenomenon has been demonstrated using functional magnetic resonance imaging, which shows that in response to the external stimuli of performance actions, a mirror response occurs in various parts of the observer's brain, 12 and that hand gestures, for example, trigger different mirroring pathways to facial gestures. 13",1,-1,[],[59741]],["watching others perform tasks triggers in our brains the same sense that we experience when we perform similar tasks ourselves.",1,-1,[],[59741]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mirror response",1,-1,[],[59741]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["However, the propagation structure is usually simple and disorganized, thus sometimes failing to carry sufficient information for rumor detection.",1,-1,[],[36949]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Rumor detection",1,3268,[],[36949]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Information asymmetry has been shown to have adverse effect on information consumers",1,-1,[],[30224]],["One way to cause information asymmetry is for information providers to restrain information (or part of it) from information receivers. Information asymmetry can also happen when different information receivers have different amounts of information received by them. Information asymmetry has been shown to have adverse effect on information consumers [34,35].",1,-1,[],[30224]],["deleterious effects of information asymmetry for both economic decision-making and for capital markets, with consequences for the well-being of the wider population.",1,-1,[],[52390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Also, when different people watch different news networks or read different newspapers, the information they obtain will vary from one another, which will lead to information asymmetry.",1,-1,[],[30224]],["An insurance company may talk hours about the benefits of a new service, while deliberately refraining from discussing its long-term costs or limitations.",1,-1,[],[30224]],["An insurance company may talk hours about the benefits of a new service, while deliberately refraining from discussing its long-term costs or limitations. Also, when different people watch different news networks or read different newspapers, the information they obtain will vary from one another, which will lead to information asymmetry.",1,-1,[],[30224]],["when different people watch different news networks or read different newspapers, the information they obtain will vary from one another, which will lead to information asymmetry.",1,-1,[],[30224]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["no son equivalentes al riesgo de la cobertura tendenciosa puntual",1,-1,[],[13082]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["los de contenido (que no confrontan de manera equilibrada los puntos de vista que nieguen su línea editorial)",1,-1,[],[13082]],["los sesgos de distorsión (en los cuales se presenta información falsa)",1,-1,[],[13082]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["centrifugal force",1,2656,[],[10660]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Non-offensive is divided into anti-bias and other non-offensive language.",1,-1,[],[23863]],["a common form of expression in Anti-Bias contents is acknowledgment followed by denial",1,-1,[],[23863]],["useful for training more socially responsible systems (Kim et al., 2022) by directing them towards anti-biased responses",1,-1,[],[51407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-offensive language",1,-1,[],[23863]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Non-offensive",1,1320,[],[23863]]],"ex":[["\"Women are often discriminated against in the workplace, but I don't think it's right.\"",1,-1,[],[23863]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["denotative",1,32687,[],[25885]],["literal",1,32686,[],[25885]],["literal sense",1,-1,[],[25885]]],"rt":[["connotation",1,19615,[],[24798]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["competence trust",1,26421,[],[55019]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This principle entails that the countries that have historically been the most significant emitters of greenhouse gases (i.e., the more developed countries) bear the responsibility to provide compensation to the less developed countries for the damage caused by climate change resulting, at least in part, from these emissions",1,-1,[],[42107]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["othering",1,13537,[],[22091]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cultural agency",1,-1,[],[22091]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["allows users to develop very attractive personal narratives and identities, and take part in a social marketing campaign",1,-1,[],[12560]],["specific to Instagram",1,-1,[],[12560]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital celebrities",1,30748,[],[12560]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[16827]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public engagement with science and technology (PEST) paradigm",1,-1,[],[51962]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["predominan en este centro de convergencia entre polos opuestos. En otras palabras, estos medios son los utilizados simultánea y asiduamente por ciudadanos de todo el espectro político. Aunque puedan tener orientaciones políticas dispares, estos medios que aparecen en el centro de la figura 3 siguen desempeñando un papel característico de la cultura de la comunicación de masas; menos como fuente de refuerzo de posiciones ideológicas y más como fuente de información.",1,-1,[],[42319]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["actores dentro del entorno informativo digital",1,-1,[],[42319]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the unity of the People is constructed via the opposition against immoral privilege, as embodied by greedy bankers, rogue entrepreneurs and corrupt politicians accused of exploiting the people",1,-1,[],[8413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["right-wing populism",1,25646,[],[29922]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["populism",1,20354,[],[8413]]],"ex":[["Syriza in Greece and Podemos in Spain",1,-1,[],[29922]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Focus on research ethics or morality, announcement of a special report about ethics, prominence attributed to religious or value perspectives, emphasis on bioethics, debate on whether to hinder scientific progress debate on the nature of human life",1,-1,[],[37159]]],"sy":[["ethics",1,34741,[],[17899]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[43527]],["Frames in policy debates",1,-1,[],[38174]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are often role models and figures of integrity.",1,-1,[],[61266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["protagonist",1,11436,[],[61266]]],"ex":[["Judges known for their fairness, or politicians with a reputation for honesty and ethical behavior. In CC, this includes leaders standing up for environmental ethical values to protect planet Earth, or activists pushing for environmental sustainability.",1,-1,[],[61266]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Being a reflection of the social and cultural experience of a certain national community",1,-1,[],[31725]],["precedent units form concepts stored in the \"cognitive space / cognitive domain\" of this community in the form of frames",1,-1,[],[31725]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it allows researchers to partake in something akin to open access.",1,-1,[],[52203]]],"sy":[["audioblogging",1,-1,[],[57945]],["online radio",1,-1,[],[57945]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":118,"df":[["the expression of a speaker's standpoint and judgement towards a given proposition",3,-1,[],[11901,16789,60367]],["Biber and Finegan (1988) define stance as the expression of a speaker's standpoint and judgement towards a given proposition.",2,-1,[],[11901,16789]],["Du Bois (2007)) define stance as \"a public act by a social actor, achieved dialogically through overt communicative means, of simultaneously evaluating objects, positioning subjects (self and others), and aligning with other subjects, with respect to any salient dimension of the sociocultural field\"",2,-1,[],[11901,16789]],["Stances (or viewpoints) indicate the users' opinions towards the news, such as supporting, opposing, etc.",2,-1,[["Stances (or viewpoints) indicate the users' opinions towards the news, such as supporting, opposing, etc.",1],["stances (or viewpoints) indicate the users' opinions towards the news, such as supporting, opposing, etc.",1]],[330,331,22815]],["The Target is the object of the stance expressed in the Context.",2,-1,[],[11901,16789]],["a public act by a social actor, achieved dialogically through overt communicative means, of simultaneously evaluating objects, positioning subjects (self and others), and aligning with other subjects, with respect to any salient dimension of the sociocultural field",2,-1,[],[11901,16789]]],"de":[["stance can be used for mis-and disinformation detection in different ways: (i) directly, as in the examples in Figures 3a and 3b, or (ii) as multiple viewpoints, which are later aggregated into a final decision, as in Figure 3c, 3d and 3e.",2,-1,[],[11901,16789]],["Hence, based on this definition, in a stance act, a stancetaker reveals its evaluation on an object and thereby aligns herself/himself with others",1,-1,[],[7091]],["Hyland's paradigm of stance is based on his interpersonal model of metadiscourse",1,-1,[],[42506]],["In cases where the same stance can be easily expressed in either supportive or oppositional terms, sentiment and stance are not cleanly aligned and cannot be treated as conceptually equivalent.",1,-1,[],[2401]],["In this form of stance detection, a given text entails a stance towards a premise (target).",1,-1,[],[17045]],["Instead of considering stance towards a target, we consider stance towards a frame of communication, which articulates precisely the relevant aspects highlighted by the frame.",1,-1,[],[57558]],["It is the probability score that will be used as an additional feature to detect the misinformation.",1,-1,[],[48679]],["John Du Bois (2002) characterizes stance as social action in the following terms: 'I evaluate something, and thereby position myself, and align [or disalign] with you.'",1,-1,[],[25305]],["Put simply, academic writers express personal opinions in their writing, and such expressions have been examined by scholars in a number of ways.",1,-1,[],[42082]],["Recent work on stance -that is, the display of evaluative, affective, and epistemic orientations in discourse -has made explicit the ways in which other dimensions of interaction can be resources for the construction of identity.",1,-1,[],[25305]],["Stance alignment between a pair of utterances is annotated as Agree, Disagree or Neutral.",1,-1,[],[25234]],["Stance can be positive (i.e, users support or comment on an article without expressing doubts), or negative (i.e., users question the quality of an article, or directly contradict what the article is saying).",1,-1,[],[58705]],["Stance can be realized through grammatical devices and lexical words, which express epistemic knowledge (e.g. might, suggest, probably, possibility, likely) and authors' attitudes towards propositions (e.g. unfortunately, surprisingly) [8].",1,-1,[],[42506]],["Stance concerns writer-oriented features of interaction",1,-1,[],[38507]],["Stance concerns writer-oriented features of interaction and is comprised of four main elements: hedges, as illustrated in (1a) and (1b), boosters, as in (2a) and (2b), attitude markers, as in (3a) and (3b) and selfmentions, as in ( 4a) and ( 4b) below",1,-1,[],[38507]],["Stance encompasses the ways in which a writer express attitudes and opinions towards specific propositions and also, more broadly, the overall discursive position that a writer takes in relation to a particular topic.",1,-1,[],[46796]],["Stance is a multidimensional concept involving a broad range of related notions such as modality, evaluation and sentiment.",1,-1,[],[40044]],["Stance is often expressed in social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, etc.",1,-1,[],[16789]],["Stance is regarded as a valuable tool for enhancing the persuasiveness of claims, establish credibility, or construct authorial identities and negotiate with an audience.",1,-1,[],[36706]],["Stance therefore involves an appropriate presentation of oneself and one's arguments to audiences with particular expectations.",1,-1,[],[1816]],["Stance, in this sense, encompasses evidentiality (commitment towards the message) and affect (positive or negative evaluation).",1,-1,[],[24881]],["Stance, the positions we take towards our propositions and audience, has long been a popular area of scholarly interest.",1,-1,[],[1816]],["Stance, then, is an attitudinal dimension of interaction and concerns how academics stamp their personal authority or perspectives on their arguments.",1,-1,[],[1816]],["Studying stance needs to cover the intersection dimensions of stance taking process, which are mainly influenced by linguistic forms and social interactions frames",1,-1,[],[17045]],["The later study specified the definition by referring personal feelings, attitudes, value judgments, and assessments to this category",1,-1,[],[36706]],["The writer/speaker of (1), for example, expresses their doubt that a test will have many questions, be particularly difficult, etc., while the writer of (4) paints a particular scenario as being unfortunate using the adverb unfortunately.",1,-1,[],[42082]],["a binary phenomenon of the speaker's pro/con positioning in relation to a topic, an idea or an event",1,-1,[],[40044]],["assigns value or positions subjects in relation to referents in discourse",1,-1,[],[21509]],["at their core they examine the interpersonal dynamics of writing and speaking beyond the transfer of purely informational content.",1,-1,[],[42082]],["attitudinal stance expressed in that document",1,-1,[],[2401]],["combine the two expressions of opinion, often under one label, such as stance (Biber and Finegan 1989;Conrad and Biber 2000)",1,-1,[],[24881]],["complex and multidimensional",1,-1,[],[2401]],["conceptually target-dependent concept",1,-1,[],[2401]],["expression of epistemic assessment, personal attitudes, and textual presence",1,-1,[],[1816]],["having a stance can't be equated with holding particular beliefs",1,-1,[],[18262]],["it helps control the propositional content, present viewpoints, project values, capture trust, and build the relationship with an audience, being both an act of representation and expression that constitutes a type of meaning represented in discourse",1,-1,[],[36706]],["it is possible for both approving and opposing stances towards the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to be expressed using either positive or negative sentiment.",1,-1,[],[2401]],["makes stance identification a more difficult, context-specific classification task that requires target-aware training data",1,-1,[["makes stance identification a more difficult, context-specific classification task that requires target-aware training data",1],["makes stance identification a more difficult, context-specific classification task that requires target-aware training data.",1]],[2401]],["namely whether the document agrees with the claim, disagrees with the claim, discusses about the claim without taking a stance, or is entirely unrelated to the claim.",1,-1,[],[54188]],["patterns of word and phrase level evaluative meanings that contributed to the stance taken in the disaster reports",1,-1,[],[46796]],["refers to the extent of the commitments they express to the credibility of a claim, or the attitude they convey to the contents of propositions",1,-1,[],[42506]],["self-mention as the preferred Stance strategy for both languages",1,-1,[],[38507]],["sentiment analysis attempts to capture polarity in a piece of text, whereas stance detection aims at extracting the author's standpoint towards a target that may not be explicitly mentioned in the text.",1,-1,[],[24881]],["sometimes in very subtle ways.",1,-1,[],[42082]],["stance has also been used for detecting misconceptions and for profiling media sources as part of a fact-checking pipeline.",1,-1,[],[16789]],["stance is a crucial metadiscursive feature",1,-1,[],[36706]],["stance is contextual and can be found nearly anywhere in a text.",1,-1,[],[42082]],["stance is detected towards a particular topic (Sun, Wang, Zhu, & Zhou, 2018), agreement or disagreement towards a particular claim (Mohtarami et al., 2018) and even attitude expressed in a text towards a target (Augenstein, Rocktäschel, Vlachos, & Bontcheva, 2016).",1,-1,[],[48679]],["stance is distinct from sentiment because it is targeted-it pertains to something specific rather than simply reflecting the overall tone of the language used in the document.",1,-1,[],[2401]],["stance is likely not only manifested in the patterning of linguistic elements, but also at discourse level through the rhetorical structure of the text, and through tools such as framing, presupposition, foregrounding or backgrounding",1,-1,[],[46796]],["stance reflects the creator's opinion toward a target",1,-1,[],[59623]],["stance-taking (i.e., a person taking a polarized stance toward a given subject) is a subjective and inter-subjective phenomenon in which the stance-taking process is affected by personal opinions and non-personal factors such as cultural norms. Stance taking is a complex process related to different personal, cultural, and social aspects.",1,-1,[],[62050]],["stances are neither affective nor involuntary.",1,-1,[],[18262]],["state and justify a stance on the subject of the review",1,-1,[],[2401]],["the stance-taking process is affected not only by personal opinions, but also by other external factors such as cultural norms, roles in the institution of the family, etc.",1,-1,[],[16789]],["the very complex concept that stance is",1,-1,[],[40044]],["the word in bold type expresses the writer's perspective on the certainty, likelihood, or attitude toward the content of the sentence.",1,-1,[],[42082]],["they can be voluntarily adopted or rejected.",1,-1,[],[18262]],["toward a topic",1,-1,[],[12007]],["treating them as conceptually interchangeable can introduce significant measurement error",1,-1,[],[2401]],["using linguistic features not only to express the speaker's own perspectives but also to engage with and shape the listener's understanding and response.",1,-1,[],[36706]]],"sy":[["evaluation",3,19890,[],[1816,42082,46796]],["viewpoints",3,33516,[["viewpoints",2],["viewpoint",1]],[330,331,17045,22815]],["appraisal",2,32170,[],[1816,42082]],["attitude",2,13566,[],[1816,30315]],["metadiscourse",2,4455,[],[1816,42082]],["evaluative language",1,6722,[],[24881]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[24881]],["posture",1,-1,[],[1816]]],"rt":[["evaluation",6,19890,[],[1816,25305,40044,42082,42506,46796]],["appraisal",4,32170,[],[1816,42082,42506,46796]],["metadiscourse",4,4455,[],[1816,36706,42082,42506]],["attitude",3,13566,[],[1816,25156,42506]],["affect",2,12652,[],[24881,42506]],["evidentiality",2,23689,[],[24881,42506]],["sentiment",2,11027,[],[2401,40044]],["Consensus",1,10856,[],[25156]],["Engagement",1,29662,[],[38507]],["Intensity",1,6996,[],[25156]],["Object",1,2960,[],[25156]],["Reasoning",1,20614,[],[25156]],["Stance alignment",1,27716,[],[25234]],["aligning with other subjects",1,-1,[],[7091]],["appraisal (Martin, 2000)",1,-1,[],[1816]],["assessment",1,4079,[],[25305]],["attitude (Halliday, 2004)",1,-1,[],[1816]],["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[36706]],["backgrounding",1,5768,[],[46796]],["boosters",1,15862,[],[36706]],["content",1,561,[],[19695]],["epistemic authority",1,12833,[],[25305]],["epistemic posture",1,29560,[],[18262]],["evaluating objects",1,-1,[],[7091]],["evaluation (Hunston & Thompson, 2000)",1,-1,[],[1816]],["foregrounding",1,10257,[],[46796]],["form",1,28473,[],[19695]],["framing",1,22777,[],[46796]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[36706]],["individual identity",1,-1,[],[62050]],["interpersonal model of metadiscourse",1,-1,[],[42506]],["intersubjectivity",1,14023,[],[40044]],["linguistic acts",1,24451,[],[62050]],["metadiscourse (Hyland, 2005a)",1,-1,[],[1816]],["modality",1,15247,[],[40044]],["online debates",1,-1,[],[6847]],["positioning",1,10894,[],[1816]],["positioning subjects (self and others)",1,-1,[],[7091]],["posture",1,-1,[],[1816]],["posture (Grabe 1984)",1,-1,[],[1816]],["presupposition",1,7854,[],[46796]],["proximity",1,17836,[],[1816]],["rumour stance classification",1,31945,[],[6847]],["self-mention markers",1,14812,[],[36706]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[24881]],["social interactions",1,16413,[],[62050]],["stance classification",1,7751,[],[32828]],["stance object",1,12808,[],[25156]],["stance triangle",1,22189,[],[25156]],["stance-taking acts",1,9186,[],[21509]],["stancetaking",1,22912,[],[36706]],["subjectivity",1,5279,[],[40044]]],"sb":[["attitude markers",3,6099,[],[36706,38507,42506]],["boosters",3,15862,[],[36706,38507,42506]],["hedges",3,3780,[],[36706,38507,42506]],["affect",2,12652,[],[1816,36706]],["certainty",2,4256,[],[40044,49310]],["evidentiality",2,23689,[],[1816,36706]],["self-mention",2,27269,[["self-mention",1],["self-mentions",1]],[38507,42506]],["Agree",1,27569,[],[54188]],["Comment",1,2384,[],[31655]],["Deny",1,3965,[],[31655]],["Disagree",1,33502,[],[54188]],["Emphatic Expression of Affect",1,-1,[],[24881]],["Expository Expression of Doubt",1,-1,[],[24881]],["Faceless",1,-1,[],[24881]],["Neutral",1,31656,[],[54188]],["Query",1,17088,[],[31655]],["Support",1,12620,[],[31655]],["Unrelated",1,14126,[],[54188]],["against",1,24738,[],[61540]],["agreement/ disagreement",1,3838,[],[49310]],["contrariety",1,5146,[],[40044]],["for",1,9299,[],[61540]],["hypotheticality",1,33081,[],[40044]],["necessity",1,31915,[],[40044]],["negative (i.e., users question the quality of an article, or directly contradict what the article is saying)",1,27826,[],[58705]],["observing",1,25572,[],[61540]],["opposing",1,495,[],[26401]],["positioning",1,10894,[],[1816]],["positive (i.e, users support or comment on an article without expressing doubts)",1,26933,[],[58705]],["prediction",1,33879,[],[40044]],["presence",1,33629,[],[36706]],["proximity",1,17836,[],[1816]],["relation",1,6145,[],[1816]],["self-mention markers",1,14812,[],[36706]],["selfmentions",1,-1,[],[38507]],["source of knowledge",1,23484,[],[40044]],["supportive",1,-1,[],[26401]],["tact/rudeness",1,11737,[],[49310]],["truthfulness stance",1,17575,[],[33134]],["uncertainty",1,5720,[],[40044]],["volition",1,146,[],[49310]]],"sp":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[44661]],["interpersonal features of texts",1,-1,[],[38507]],["interpersonal model of metadiscourse",1,-1,[],[42506]],["metadiscursive feature",1,-1,[],[36706]],["stance triangle",1,22189,[],[25156]]],"ex":[["\"pro-choice\" or \"prolife\" about the topic of reproductive rights",1,-1,[],[33041]],["A film review saying \"I absolutely loved this film\" is using positive sentiment and indicating a stance in favor of the movie.",1,-1,[],[2401]],["a review saying \"this movie was horrible, save your money\" is using negative sentiment and indicating a stance against the movie.",1,-1,[],[2401]],["an example of an epistemically vicious stance is what Jason Baehr calls \"epistemic malevolence\", that is, \"opposition to knowledge as such \" (2010: 190).",1,-1,[],[18262]],["further questions or simply making comments without supporting or denying",1,-1,[],[53208]],["opposing",1,-1,[],[330]],["showing support, denying, commenting on or querying an existing claim or fact",1,-1,[],[30315]],["supporting",1,-1,[],[330]],["supporting, opposing, etc.",1,-1,[],[331]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["In the historical disciplines and in the humanities more generally, the practice is considered as required for assessing the validity and reliability of findings based on the source, usually a document.",1,-1,[],[585]],["Some research explored source criticism as a tool for combating disinformation",1,-1,[],[59336]],["The adoption of source critical practices, applied to datasets, in fair-AI would allow us to give a better picture of the data being used and the individual instances it contains.",1,-1,[],[585]],["media literacy practices such as source criticism become a way to provide tools for people, especially young people, to navigate in such an information-dense context and to be able to sort and verify information.",1,-1,[],[43481]],["source criticism is constructed as a personal skill",1,-1,[],[43481]],["source criticism, instead of being constructed as a complex phenomenon that is ever evolving, is made into a specific skill-level that the individual either has or has not acquired, a binary not unlike how truth is constructed.",1,-1,[],[43481]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[43481]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["posits that emotional responses are elicited through an individual's assessment (appraisal) of an event or stimulus, considering factors such as relevance, implications, and coping potential",1,-1,[],[22572]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["transmedia branding",1,-1,[],[7853]],["transmedia learning",1,-1,[],[7853]],["transmedia performance",1,-1,[],[7853]],["transmedia storytellig",1,-1,[],[7853]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the condition in [DEF] that the data need to be veridicalcorresponds to the one characterising the definition of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[535]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["local boundaries were constructed in ways that were rendered intelligible within specific local debates by incorporating place-specific, cultural understandings and identities",1,-1,[],[38225]],["media actors construct 'localized symbolic boundaries' to produce distinctions between community members and various 'others', which take their meaning from place-based cultural understandings and specific characteristics of the locality.",1,-1,[],[38225]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social boundaries",1,17862,[],[38225]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["can prevent disconfirmation of a belief when confronted with disconfirming evidence",1,-1,[],[36084]],["robustness of theories derives from the ability to explain away disconfirmatory data by invoking auxiliary hypotheses.",1,-1,[],[14995]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Need for orientation constitutes the motivation for seeking information.",1,-1,[],[53245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an individual may be uncertain about the current state of the national economy-an issue with potential personal consequences-and therefore, that need for orientation drives them to seek out information to reduce the cognitive load induced by uncertainty about their environment.",1,-1,[],[53245]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Belief brings to the individual a sense of security that guides their desires and, consequently, shapes their opinions and actions. On the contrary, doubt generates a state of discomfort and dissatisfaction that we wish to free ourselves from in order to return to the state of belief.",1,-1,[],[57772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["authority",1,14203,[],[57772]],["tenacity",1,29335,[],[57772]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Broadly, intended use seeks to describe a wide variety of conditions that may be mechanistic-e.g., models, data, or hyper-parameters-or social, e.g., particular social settings in which the result of a measure is considered meaningful.",1,-1,[],[57766]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a framework rooted on the ideals of development journalism.",1,-1,[],[59079]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["development journalism",1,32020,[],[59079]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It no longer functions merely as a narrow pedagogical term",1,-1,[],[30579]],["scholars conceptualize bullying not as an isolated individual act but as an event embedded in social architecture and institutional routines.",1,-1,[],[30579]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["(meaning only small differences in opinion remaining among the agents)",1,-1,[],[18303]],["convergence to a consensus or more appropriately to a quasi-consensus",1,-1,[],[18303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["consensus",1,10856,[],[18303]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["as a significant health risk during a pandemic",1,-1,[],[35029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["dysfunctional beliefs related to health anxiety",1,-1,[],[1453]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["where journalists depart from the routine practices of news gathering and turn to the public for eye--witness reports, pictures and videos",1,-1,[],[21701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["peer filtering",1,8858,[],[4973]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["algorithmic news selection",1,17591,[],[4973]],["selection by algorithms (guided by their or their friends' past consumption)",1,-1,[],[4973]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intrinsic methods",1,-1,[],[12134]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Da steht meist eine Organisation im Hintergrund. Da sind Strukturen drum herum geschaffen worden, die das Ganze ermöglichen.",1,-1,[],[47772]],["Dieses Gefühl, permanent latenter Angst, ich glaube, das ist das, was ,Terror' auslöst.",1,-1,[],[47772]],["Terror hätte aber wieder die ganze westliche Gesellschaft getroffen",1,-1,[],[47772]],["Wir würden als Social Media Team nie von selbst die Begriffe Terror, Amok verwenden, weil wie gesagt, das ist eine politische Einordnung einer Tat, die uns als Polizei, als Neutralität, in keiner Weise zusteht.",1,-1,[],[47772]],["Während der Begriff \"Terror\" auf eine größere Tragweite und vor allem eine politische Dimension des Ereignisses verweise",1,-1,[],[47772]],["damit assoziiert man etwas, genau was das Wort sagt: Ich will dich terrorisieren, ich will dich grundlos quälen oder sonst irgendwas machen.",1,-1,[],[47772]],["ein politischer Begriff",1,-1,[],[47772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Amok",1,2022,[],[47772]],["Terrorismus",1,30559,[],[47772]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["logic of corporatism",1,17735,[],[35834]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["framing draws attention to relevant aspects of information while detracting it away from other equally relevant aspects.",1,-1,[],[59289]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["seductive details effect",1,-1,[],[59289]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["We identify bias per specific model's behaviors, which are assessed by envisaging their potential risks when the model is deployed",1,-1,[],[8142]],["and the harms that could ensue",1,-1,[],[8142]],["the Richmonds were keen to challenge Noel on topics that had been absent from the pages of the Catholic Herald.",1,-1,[],[37931]]],"sy":[["one sided",1,12151,[],[37931]]],"rt":[["omissions",1,32390,[],[37931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A furtherand, as will be discussed below, crucial-requirement is that the advertisement should not be of a private or commercial nature.",1,-1,[],[38668]],["political advertisements expose voters to necessary information about candidates' age, qualification, educational background, occupation, and political agenda",1,-1,[],[54227]],["the most effective political strategies for motivating, mobilising support and attracting voters during election is by exposure to advertisements",1,-1,[],[54227]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political advertising",1,6929,[],[38668]],["political and issue-based advertisements",1,-1,[],[38668]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Loaded Language",1,22124,[],[38687]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["contracted double form",1,30932,[],[29637]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the science-related schema identified in this study are likely to be more stable over time, less volatile, and have greater predictive power in assessing public opinion and in pro-actively addressing sources of contention or controversy.",1,-1,[],[56005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["scientific reservations",1,12587,[],[56005]]],"sb":[["scientific optimism",1,15520,[],[56005]],["scientific reservations",1,12587,[],[56005]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It detects who spreads the fake news, relationships among the spreaders and how fake news propagates on social networks.",1,-1,[],[18798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["message framing",1,15141,[],[56639]],["promotion and prevention",1,-1,[],[56639]]],"sb":[["prevention",1,20345,[],[56639]],["prevention focus",1,27925,[],[56639]],["promotion",1,8870,[],[56639]],["promotion focus",1,20765,[],[56639]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":147,"df":[],"de":[["Although stereotypes are mostly social constructions, they may sometimes have some factual basis.",1,-1,[],[44275]],["As a result, stereotypes about individuals may act as heuristic cues when making a source attribution.",1,-1,[],[61382]],["As part of a cultural narrative, they are not strictly individual: they are socially built and conveyed.",1,-1,[],[54542]],["Culturally determined stereotypes are embodied both in mental images-perceptions and verbal forms of these images",1,-1,[],[11199]],["Explanation: The assumption here is that all fathers and only fathers would enjoy a sports-themed event. A neutral alternative sentence could read: The event was sports-themed for all the former athletes in attendance",1,-1,[],[11923]],["Explanation: The assumption here is that any programmer must be a man, since the indefinite article \"A\" is used with the pronoun \"his\"",1,-1,[],[11923]],["Explanation: Women often receive negative attention for using titles such as Dr (see the WSJ op-ed on Dr Jill Biden for a recent example) while men typically do not",1,-1,[],[11923]],["Greece and the people inhabiting there are produced in homogenous terms. Greece and Greeks are reified through Mediterranean and Middle Eastern folkloric stereotypes, banal historical references to \"Greek antiquity\", or references to popular culture constructions of Greece, Greek culture and Greeks (like \"Zorba the Greek\" or the blockbuster film \"my big fat Greek wedding\", which built its success by concentrating and selling all widely \"known\" prejudices and stereotypes on Greece).",1,-1,[],[27240]],["Identify, assess and filter stereotypes",1,-1,[],[37656]],["In an example, either the first sentence can demonstrate a stereotype, or the second sentence can demonstrate a violation of a stereotype (anti-stereotype).",1,-1,[],[11523]],["In stereotypes, specific characteristics are generalized and attributed to all group members.",1,-1,[],[36353]],["It guides our thought process by prompting us to ignore facts and thus cause biases.",1,-1,[],[25244]],["It guides our thought process by prompting us to ignore facts and thus cause biases. When a fact (existential quantifier) is replaced with an overgeneralized statement (universal quantifier), it becomes a stereotype.",1,-1,[],[25244]],["Men are associated with public (as opposed to private) life (O'Neill, Savigny, and Cann 2016) and with qualities often deemed important to politics and political positions such as leadership, ambition, aggression, independence, and selfconfidence (Brescoll 2016;Eagly and Karau 2002;Lawless 2004).",1,-1,[],[32869]],["Most of the discussion in the field has been about stereotypes relating to various demographic attributes (Bolukbasi et al., 2016), but in this work, we use the term \"stereotype\" in the more general sense mentioned above.",1,-1,[],[23007]],["NOTE: Please label whichever words, phrases, or sentences you feel communicate the stereotype.",1,-1,[],[11923]],["Research suggests that people are particularly likely to rely on stereotypes as judgment heuristics when cognitive demands are high",1,-1,[],[61382]],["Stereotypes are difficult to detect as there are quite a few stereotypes per identity group.",1,-1,[],[19363]],["Stereotypes are manifested on different levels of the language.",1,-1,[],[38354]],["Stereotypes are not static; they evolve in response to changing socio-historical conditions, institutional transmission, and individual cognitive processes.",1,-1,[],[51609]],["Stereotypes are particularly consequential because they are socially shared across large groups of people.",1,-1,[],[39676]],["Stereotypes as entities are codified associations which are necessarily well-known within a given context (Devine, 1989) and can be expressed in infinite (and multi-modal) ways.",1,-1,[],[11878]],["Stereotypes can produce expectations regarding how members of different social groups will behave.",1,-1,[],[61382]],["Stereotypes cannot be viewed solely in a negative sense: they do not only cause the rejection of one social group by another, but they also advocate for the preservation of cultural values and traditions within a particular group.",1,-1,[],[50990]],["Stereotypes could therefore be understood as culturally transmitted mental images.",1,-1,[],[54542]],["Stereotypes could therefore be understood as culturally transmitted mental images. They are composed of generalized beliefs about social categories notably based on the way these groups are portrayed in one's environment (Payne and Hannay, 2021).",1,-1,[],[54542]],["Stereotypes differ from other types of offensive text in two key aspects: (1) they require knowledge of their existence in the society to be identified, and (2) they might also often express positive sentiment about the target group.",1,-1,[],[33121]],["Stereotypes guide judgment and action to the extent that a person acts toward another as if the other possesses traits included in the stereotype.",1,-1,[],[17305]],["Stereotypes have been recognized as important cognitive means for organizing and processing information on the world surrounding us.",1,-1,[],[36353]],["Stereotypes often generalize characteristics, behaviors, or traits to all members of a group, regardless of individual differences.",1,-1,[],[32171]],["Stereotypes reflect not so much reality as the way of filtering, dismembering, structuring and interpreting the subjects and objects of communication",1,-1,[],[50990]],["Stereotypes, which are harmful and widespread assumptions about certain groups, often underlie biased decision-making.",1,-1,[],[29574]],["Stereotyping assumes a person's behaviour towards a \"foreign\" group in the following order: verbalization (humour, irony, sarcasm), avoidance, discrimination (exclusion from certain areas of society), acts of violence, and destruction of the group.",1,-1,[],[50990]],["Such beliefs (biases) are known to hurt target groups.",1,-1,[],[11636]],["That is, people in the same context (i.e., within the same [sub-] cultures) appear to hold similar beliefs and expectancies about social categories",1,-1,[],[39676]],["The normative value of stereotypes is context-dependent; for instance, stereotypes can help foster a sense of authenticity (Marsden and Haag, 2016), while even seemingly-positive stereotypes can have harmful implications (Fiske et al., 2002;Czopp et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[12004]],["These barriers can leave members of underrepresented groups feel alienated and discouraged, affecting their persistence and performance",1,-1,[],[36233]],["These stereotypes can create psychological barriers that threaten students' social identity and create feelings of incongruence between student identity and educational success",1,-1,[],[36233]],["These stereotypes, based on collective memory, are not simply maintained; they are selectively mediated and adapted so that accounts of the past align with a group's present relations with a foreign other.",1,-1,[],[51609]],["These views are typically based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, and occupation while often disregarding individual differences",1,-1,[],[52383]],["They also have a prominent social character -they are (usually, but not necessarily) collective perceptions, social and cultural constructs formed, inherited, and maintained within a certain community",1,-1,[],[36353]],["They also have a prominent social character -they are (usually, but not necessarily) collective perceptions, social and cultural constructs formed, inherited, and maintained within a certain community 1 .",1,-1,[],[36353]],["They are characterized by the mentality saving, defense of own behavior, the satisfaction of aggressive trends, the group stress exit strategy, the imprecision, the falsehood, the emotional-evaluative character, the relative resilience.",1,-1,[],[34462]],["They are composed of generalized beliefs about social categories notably based on the way these groups are portrayed in one's environment",1,-1,[],[54542]],["They are composed of generalized beliefs about social categories notably based on the way these groups are portrayed in one's environment (Payne and Hannay, 2021).",1,-1,[],[54542]],["They can provide a kind of shortcut for visualizing groups and categories of people and conceptualizing highly complex social constructs.",1,-1,[],[65]],["They tend to be inaccurate and do not always apply to this group",1,-1,[],[414]],["They tend to be inaccurate and do not always apply to this group (Devine 1989).",1,-1,[],[414]],["This enhances the stereotype that women's domain is confined to the house.",1,-1,[],[40521]],["We refer to these two forms of bias as skew and stereotype, respectively.",1,-1,[],[25147]],["When a fact (existential quantifier) is replaced with an overgeneralized statement (universal quantifier), it becomes a stereotype.",1,-1,[],[25244]],["When stereotypes are taken as fact and applied uncritically (as to individual members of a social category), they can lead to bias, prejudice, discrimination, and outright harm.",1,-1,[],[65]],["While they may not always be intentionally harmful, stereotypes perpetuate inaccurate and generalized notions about groups.",1,-1,[],[52637]],["Women's magazines about fashion, hair and makeup, beauty contests, and fashion parades, in addition to the proportion of women who opt for cosmetic surgeries, may help strengthen this stereotype (Sunderland 2004).",1,-1,[],[40521]],["a stereotype has a neutral meaning because it allows for an internal restructuring of the world",1,-1,[],[29294]],["a stereotype may encompass beliefs with widely diverging evaluative implications.",1,-1,[],[17305]],["because associated traits and features are (to a varying extent) expected to apply to all members of the social category and to be stable across situations and over time.",1,-1,[],[22899]],["because the surrounding reality is too complex to differentiate specificities from generalities",1,-1,[],[26444]],["beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups",1,-1,[],[6580]],["biased beliefs",1,-1,[],[44273]],["distinguish between fast, intuitive responses and slower, more reflective reasoning, with stereotypes typically emerging from the former, allowing people to rely on familiar traits to simplify social judgements",1,-1,[],[51609]],["function as schematic narrative templates rather than detailed historical accounts.",1,-1,[],[51609]],["how dominant groups use broad generalizations to justify the marginalization of others",1,-1,[],[51609]],["human biases, such as stereotypes and their representation in language, have long been studied in fields such as psychology [69], sociolinguistics, or journalism [70].",1,-1,[],[37654]],["immunized from disconfirmation by flexible auxiliary hypotheses.",1,-1,[],[15013]],["inform how representations of the foreign other are seen as meaningfulbridging past perceptions with current news logic.",1,-1,[],[51609]],["low-warmth and low-competence stereotypes of Chinese people",1,-1,[],[44275]],["once formed, are stubbornly resistant to updating",1,-1,[],[15013]],["people must necessarily rely on abstract expectations (i.e., stereotypes) in order to forecast their potential future experiences and emotional outcomes",1,-1,[],[8946]],["possibly conflating negative sentiment and stereotyping",1,-1,[],[50635]],["representations of language are affected by several kinds of stereotypes",1,-1,[],[23007]],["separate socio-linguistic phenomena",1,-1,[],[25244]],["stereotypes are quite useful in providing inferences about others so that a perceiver does not have to attend carefully to their behavior",1,-1,[],[6052]],["stereotypes function both as cognitive shortcuts and as culturally embedded associations.",1,-1,[],[51609]],["stereotypes need not be negative in tone",1,-1,[],[19363]],["stereotypes perform in language a generalizing function of organizing knowledge about their own and others, which leads to social categorization and the formation of structures that become landmarks for people in everyday life",1,-1,[],[50990]],["stereotypes were used as source-monitoring cues when familiarity and source confusion were high, but ability to engage in systematic processing was low.",1,-1,[],[6052]],["stereotypes' strength lie in their relatively consensual nature",1,-1,[],[54542]],["stereotypic expectancies that may bias perceivers toward particular conclusions",1,-1,[],[6052]],["the skewed distribution may cause a model to simply go with the default choice and ignore contextual information that would suggest an unusual analysis.",1,-1,[],[23007]],["they are still undesirable as they propagate false biases in the society and are offensive to the target group.",1,-1,[],[33121]],["they condense cultural-historical representations into readily available associations that guide how groups perceive and interpret one another.",1,-1,[],[51609]],["they might also often express positive sentiment about the target group.",1,-1,[],[33121]],["they require knowledge of their existence in the society to be identified",1,-1,[],[33121]],["using sentiment analysis as a pre-filtering step by isolating only negative statements may miss a substantial fraction of stereotypical remarks.",1,-1,[],[19363]]],"sy":[["bias",1,30859,[],[25244]],["biased beliefs",1,-1,[],[44275]]],"rt":[["anti-stereotype",2,11375,[],[33121,37654]],["prejudice",2,23417,[],[36353,44275]],["IT-based stereotypes attribute particular IT-related characteristics to a specific user group (Noeltner et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[414]],["Implicit stereotypes",1,32278,[],[17305]],["abuse",1,7851,[],[33121]],["attitude",1,13566,[],[17305]],["biases",1,30859,[],[52637]],["caricature",1,25671,[],[12004]],["categories",1,12733,[],[61382]],["cognitive",1,24236,[],[44275]],["cognitive processes",1,28677,[],[32869]],["collective memory",1,28433,[],[51609]],["cultural templates",1,7925,[],[51609]],["culturally shared belief system",1,-1,[],[54542]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[44275]],["ethnic stereotypes",1,24474,[],[50990]],["explicit stereotype",1,7041,[],[33121]],["foundation for biases",1,-1,[],[52637]],["hate-speech",1,18278,[],[33121]],["implicit stereotypical association",1,13770,[],[33121]],["insult",1,21655,[],[33121]],["interpretive 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suspect.",1,-1,[],[6052]],["The engraving depicts a walking figure (female) set against sunlight, and holding/releasing a bird.",1,-1,[],[11923]],["Women are not good at science",1,-1,[],[52637]],["a wife playing only or primarily a supporting role to her husband",1,-1,[],[11923]],["assumption that \"Asians are good at Math\"",1,-1,[],[29574]],["black people are criminal",1,-1,[],[19363]],["equally capable/intelligent",1,-1,[],[44275]],["he:coward :: she:whore",1,-1,[],[21405]],["if some object is often associated with some visual property (e.g. a color or shape), this property may be predicted by the model even in cases where it is not present.",1,-1,[],[23007]],["individuals whose traits are inconsistent with a stereotype are segregated into \"subtypes\" without diluting the stereotype",1,-1,[],[15013]],["less assertive/dominant",1,-1,[],[44275]],["less moral/trustworthy",1,-1,[],[44275]],["less sociable/friendly",1,-1,[],[44275]],["perceive Chinese people to be less trustworthy, less friendly and less assertive, while holding them to be as equally intelligent",1,-1,[],[44275]],["skinheads are mean",1,-1,[],[6052]],["stereotypes about intelligence and strength",1,-1,[],[29574]],["the expectation that women lean toward the left of the political spectrum can be encouraged by noticing certain statistical tendencies, such as the traditional support of women for the center-left NDP in the Canadian case",1,-1,[],[54542]],["the metonymization of the image of Brazilian immigrant women as prostitutes",1,-1,[],[26444]],["the sexist stereotype that women belong in the kitchen",1,-1,[],[19363]],["the stereotype of members of a certain group (e.g., cheerleaders) may simultaneously include the traits of being physically attractive (positive) and unintelligent (negative).",1,-1,[],[17305]],["the stereotype that \"all elderly people are bad with technology\" ignores the fact that many older individuals are tech-savvy.",1,-1,[],[32171]],["women are bad drivers",1,-1,[],[39839]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["subcategory",1,-1,[],[41303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Political disinformation",1,13162,[],[41303]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[41303]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Practitioners should also consider the media appeal of the topic, its potential to reach audiences and to generate public interest in protecting or promoting cultural heritage (e.g. through cultural tourism).",1,-1,[],[26266]],["The selection of topics by experts is increasingly influenced by their knowledge of cultural marketing.",1,-1,[],[26266]],["Thus, preferences in selection are not only determined by professional criteria, but also by the anticipated media coverage.",1,-1,[],[26266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pre-media gatekeeping",1,19707,[],[26266]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["public opinion and mass media agenda-setting diverged during this period",1,-1,[],[55371]],["the concept of rallying itself, and the accompanying focus on international crisis-type news, is also entering a phase of public opinion fatigue.",1,-1,[],[55371]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The responses appear rapidly one after the other while propagating to other networks with suggested hyperlinks to news sites or YouTube videos.",1,-1,[],[19140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This 50/50 presentation of positions can give the impression that the scientific evidence for and against vaccination is similarly distributed",1,-1,[],[9908]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The repulsive forces implemented by negative influence may somewhat trivially lead to extreme bi-polarization, but the empirical relevance of the mechanism is disputed",1,-1,[],[60212]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["news framing has two dimensions: issue selection and emphasizing or highlighting specific aspects of the issue's reality.",1,-1,[],[44594]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue selection",1,32652,[],[44594]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In a variety of terrorism cases, acts of violence committed by a group of people varied, ranging from committing, bombing, mass murder, rape, kidnapping, to committing suicide bombings.",1,-1,[],[37398]],["While precise definitions vary between researchers, key features related to radicalism include a tendency towards extreme/violent actions, strong adherence to ingroup norms, dogmatic beliefs and intolerance toward opposing views",1,-1,[],[2104]],["key features related to radicalism include a tendency towards extreme/violent actions, strong adherence to ingroup norms, dogmatic beliefs and intolerance toward opposing views",1,-1,[],[2104]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["terrorism",1,2923,[],[37398]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Ethical interventions provide models with ethical advice and do not emanate any visual cues towards a specific social group.",1,-1,[],[11851]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'a photo of a lawyer if all individuals can be a lawyer irrespective of their gender'",1,-1,[["'a photo of a lawyer if all individuals can be a lawyer irrespective of their gender'",1],["a photo of a lawyer if all individuals can be a lawyer irrespective of their gender",1]],[11850,11851]],["a photo of a person wearing a [object] if all individuals can wear a [object] irrespective of their [gender/skin color]",1,-1,[],[11850]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["paratextual devices including titles, introductions, headings, images and their captions, and endnotes and glossaries are significant (re)framing tools that function outside the immediate text.",1,-1,[],[11212]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lateral reading",2,4974,[],[14161,52906]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["panic buying",1,5461,[],[14407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["guided in their media holdings not so much by business logic but by the desire to impact politics and political decisions.",1,-1,[],[37006]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["These tests usually involve subjecting participants to diverse misinformation forms to gauge their propensity to believe and disseminate such information.",1,-1,[],[49367]],["pose an ethical dilemma by potentially exposing the public to harmful misinformation before its widespread dissemination.",1,-1,[],[49367]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Psychological inoculation",1,15733,[],[49367]]],"sb":[["distrust",1,33632,[],[15030]],["fake news detection ability",1,6394,[],[15030]],["information accuracy tests",1,18580,[],[49367]],["naïvité",1,16578,[],[15030]],["real news detection ability",1,15366,[],[15030]],["willingness-to-share tests",1,20395,[],[49367]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["as the prime characteristic of news stories",1,-1,[],[37585]],["identified deviance -departures from that deemed socially normal -as the prime characteristic of news stories.",1,-1,[],[37585]],["the prime characteristic of news stories",1,-1,[],[37585]]],"sy":[["collocational clash",1,6137,[],[25069]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["\"givens\" become questions, or problems, providing an opportunity to inquire into the emergence of what comes to appear selfevident because it is firmly in position",1,-1,[],[15274]],["By constructing the industry as an issue or problem that requires attention and merits debate, it becomes contestable.",1,-1,[],[55711]],["By studying problematizations therefore it is possible to demonstrate how things which appear most evident are in fact fragile and that they rest upon particular circumstances, and are often attributable to historical conjunctures which have nothing necessary or definitive about them",1,-1,[],[15274]],["Problematization thus offers a deeper understanding of framing as a process of deconstruction (problematization) and (re)construction [remedy promotion, solution orientation, normativity, with a reference to Entman (1993)].",1,-1,[],[31738]],["a core process of permanent stimulation of dissent and legitimization of dominant arguments",1,-1,[],[31738]],["a fundamental concept in sustainability and environmental research, because without the problematization of an issue, there is no engagement in finding a solution.",1,-1,[],[31738]],["in Foucault problematization figures as an attribute of discursive regimes (Rabinow, 2005) while in ANT and pragmatism problematization figures as an event: one could say that here it refers not so much to an epistemic effect as to an ontological moment.",1,-1,[],[19941]],["problematization means to investigate how an issue is constructed as an issue, as well as how it is classified and contextualized (Deacon, 2000;Bacchi, 2012)",1,-1,[],[31738]],["problematization-as a core process of permanent stimulation of dissent and legitimization of dominant arguments-allows for the reflection of common knowledge or common-sense issues (Weder, 2017), as well as the development of new viewpoints and critical thinking (Crotty, 1998).",1,-1,[],[31738]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing",1,22777,[],[31738]],["historical process of producing objects for thought",1,-1,[],[15274]],["problematized phenomena",1,-1,[],[15274]],["sense making processes",1,26297,[],[31738]],["thinking problematically",1,820,[],[15274]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["from flogging to detention",1,-1,[],[15274]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Today such repeated pressing home of a single point or short slogan is a staple of modern news reporting that goes by the name of the 'sound bite'.",1,-1,[],[59784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the spatial-temporal location of the captured frame via-à-vis the rupture of the narrated crime event is asymmetrical -spatially immediate, and yet temporally 'afterwards'",1,-1,[["the spatial-temporal location of the captured frame via-à-vis the rupture of the narrated crime event is asymmetrical -spatially immediate, and yet temporally 'afterwards'",1],["the spatial-temporal location of the captured frame via-à-vis the rupture of the narrated crime event is asymmetrical -spatially immediate, and yet temporally 'afterwards' .",1]],[23330]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the broadest categories of misinformation in the dataset",1,-1,[],[26165]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["abusive nominations",1,-1,[],[41490]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["volume bursts",1,-1,[],[2426]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["differentiation must be made between individual self-perception of knowledge and skills from true knowledge and skill performance.",1,-1,[],[45125]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[45125]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Communicator literacy emerged as a critical factor influencing public opinion formation.",1,-1,[],[26602]],["Communicator literacy goes beyond clarity and simplicity; it incorporates rhetorical skill, emotional intelligence, and the strategic use of language to foster connection and trust.",1,-1,[],[26602]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the latter's caveat that humans suffer from cognitive biases that distort their ability to make the right choice",1,-1,[],[30261]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["methodological 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targeting",1,-1,[],[5545]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["openness to the communication of knowledge could be characterized by the three possible strategies of Trust, Mistrust and Credulity.",1,-1,[],[10473]],["overvaluing of the communication of others at the expense of epistemic self-agency",1,-1,[],[10473]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Mistrust",1,9960,[],[10473]],["Trust",1,34511,[],[10473]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Epistemic trust",1,7096,[],[10473]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["In the European context, this frame is mainly applied in relation to women, refugees, and asylum seekers, and portrays immigrants as in need of help",1,-1,[],[5366]],["depicting immigrant women as victims of a violent culture, used by some to complement the dominant negative framing towards Islam",1,-1,[],[30908]],["images depicting migrants in various sub-frames, e.g. victims of war, smuggling, crime or transport",1,-1,[],[47386]],["in which immigrant women are portrayed as being victims of discrimination",1,-1,[],[21101]],["may cause increased compassion as it appeals to unfair suffering of immigrants at the hand of society",1,-1,[],[8845]],["media representations drawing on the victimisation frame call attention to a humanitarian stance in asylum policy and to related legal and moral obligations",1,-1,[],[24645]],["migrants and refugees appear as victims of smuggling, trafficking, illegal trespassing and maltreatment along the borders, where their actual suffering or personal context of victimization has been left out from the analyzed images",1,-1,[],[47386]],["on the rise in the Netherlands during the last years",1,-1,[],[21101]],["one of four types of frames common in Dutch immigration news reporting",1,-1,[],[8845]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human interest frame",1,26607,[],[24645]],["migrants as victims",1,20547,[],[47386]],["multicultural frame",1,29071,[],[21101]],["negative framing",1,21504,[],[30908]],["perpetrator frame",1,-1,[],[5366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[30908]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[8845]],["visual media framing",1,-1,[],[47386]]],"ex":[["examples mentioned as 'cultural violence' are domestic violence, honour killings and genital mutilation",1,-1,[],[30908]],["in a positive victimization frame it was emphasized that female ethnic minorities were disadvantaged and did not get equal chances, and that events like these will warmly support these women.",1,-1,[],[21101]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[["a comment is the way in which online collective debates take form around the topic promoted by posts",2,-1,[["a comment is the way in which online collective debates take form around the topic promoted by posts",1],["a comment is the way in which online collective debates take form around the topic promoted by posts.",1]],[10376,59482]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[52846]],["stance",1,2283,[],[61084]]],"ex":[["Stating merger as fact and commenting on something related to the deal: → [CVS_AET] #biotechnology Looking at the CVSAetna Deal One Academic Sees Major Disruptive Potential",1,-1,[],[16793]],["Talking about changes in one or both of the companies involved: → [CVS_AET] Great article about the impact of Epic within the CVS and Aetna Merge <URL>",1,-1,[],[16793]],["Talking about implications of the deal: → [CI_ESRX] Cigna-Express Scripts deal unlikely to benefit consumers",1,-1,[],[16793]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["violencia factual",1,-1,[],[11189]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[["constructive journalism is more akin to a carrot in the sense that it \"investigates opportunities, looks at dilemmas from all sides, and indicates remedies. It does not ignore the problems and it does not trivialize them; instead it focuses on how these problems can be solved\"",2,-1,[],[22335,38611]]],"de":[["By highlighting successful interventions, collaborative efforts, and innovative solutions, constructive journalism not only informs the public about the challenges but also inspires and encourages engagement in potential solutions.",1,-1,[],[37810]],["Explore conflict formation; x parties, y goals, z issues; general \"win-win\" orientation",1,-1,[],[53948]],["Focus on invisible effects of violence (trauma and glory, damage to structure/culture)",1,-1,[],[53948]],["Focus on people peacemakers",1,-1,[],[53948]],["Focus on suffering all over; on women, aged, children, giving voice to the voiceless",1,-1,[],[53948]],["Give name to all evil-doers",1,-1,[],[53948]],["How constructive journalism can improve the news reporting of public health crisis",1,-1,[],[45792]],["Humanization of all sides; more so the worse the weapons",1,-1,[],[53948]],["One focuses on what precedes the journalistic publication, and it is aimed at finding other news stories that the ones associated with traditional journalism, while the other type of constructive journalism focuses on what succeeds journalism, and how journalism can help bring about change in society.",1,-1,[],[38611]],["Open space, open time; causes and outcomes anywhere, also in history/culture",1,-1,[],[53948]],["Proactive: prevention before any violence/war occurs",1,-1,[],[53948]],["See conflict/war as problem, focus on conflict creativity",1,-1,[],[53948]],["She also points to the need for telling other types of stories. But her \"constructive journalism\" is also aimed at what effects journalism can have, and how it can be used to move people in a number of ways.",1,-1,[],[38611]],["The aim is to provide a more balanced and comprehensive view of the news, fostering a constructive and solutions-oriented narrative",1,-1,[],[37810]],["The differences and similarities between constructive journalism, past movements and more classical conceptions of journalism are analyzed through the framework of the Journalistic Compass that delineates four classical roles within journalism.",1,-1,[],[38611]],["This approach can help mobilise support, raise awareness, and foster a sense of collective responsibility in addressing the complex issue of food poverty.",1,-1,[],[37810]],["This conceptual elusiveness surely has a positive side to it, since openness can help generate new approaches to what it means to be constructive",1,-1,[],[38611]],["aimed at what effects journalism can have, and how it can be used to move people in a number of ways",1,-1,[],[38611]],["an organic domain, that will need to be revised, matured and progressed as we go along",1,-1,[["an organic domain, that will need to be revised, matured and progressed as we go along",1],["an organic domain, that will need to be revised, matured and progressed as we go along.",1]],[38611]],["being constructive in this strand of the journalistic profession also means that journalism should not give up its core functions of exposing the causes of the conflict and holding governments and officials accountable.",1,-1,[],[53948]],["consistent with what Galtung (2003) explained as the people-oriented nature of this strand of journalism.",1,-1,[],[53948]],["constructive journalism is not meant to substitute, but rather to supplement more traditional norms and forms of journalism.",1,-1,[],[38611]],["include both a deliberative and a representative focus as part of their conceptions of what constructive means.",1,-1,[],[38611]],["news production cultures need to focus on more constructive journalism approaches, which will offer a more solutions-focused paradigm in the reporting of food poverty.",1,-1,[],[37810]],["not a static domain, but will evolve as the research, underpinning method and application evolve",1,-1,[],[38611]]],"sy":[["constructive news",1,3012,[],[38611]],["constructive or peace journalism",1,-1,[],[53948]],["problem-solving journalism",1,-1,[],[38611]],["solutions journalism",1,30518,[],[38611]]],"rt":[["peace journalism",2,24292,[],[38611,53948]],["solutions journalism",2,30518,[],[22335,38611]],["Party journalism",1,-1,[],[53948]],["action journalism",1,-1,[],[38611]],["constructive news",1,3012,[],[38611]],["development journalism",1,32020,[],[53948]],["positive journalism",1,21738,[],[53948]],["problem-solving journalism",1,-1,[],[22335]],["public journalism",1,32842,[],[38611]],["solutions-oriented journalism",1,-1,[],[45792]]],"sb":[["constructive news",1,3012,[],[38611]]],"sp":[["solutions-oriented journalism",1,-1,[],[45792]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["challenge indexing norms by opening up possibilities for actors other than official politicians to influence news coverage.",1,-1,[],[10846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Self-disclosure behavior can be characterized by its intent, as well as by the amount, honesty, depth, and valence of the disclosed information",1,-1,[],[34359]],["Self-disclosure includes sharing of personal information such as dispositions, states, events, home addresses, phone numbers, relationship statuses, personal photos and videos, and locations",1,-1,[],[34359]],["the anonymity afforded by online communication can enhance people's willingness to share",1,-1,[],[9615]],["the sharing of personal information by a user",1,-1,[],[34358]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["dispositions, states, events, home addresses, phone numbers, relationship statuses, personal photos and videos, and locations",1,-1,[],[34359]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["typically more likely to have appeared in low quality or fact checking websites, which makes them easily discernible.",1,-1,[],[53847]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["image misinformation",1,-1,[],[53847]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["often carried out as part of a broader hybrid operation",1,-1,[],[50854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social network graph",1,-1,[],[18309]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Because blind patriots view their ingroup as infallible, they not only fail to criticise actions taken by their country, they will also view such criticism as inherently unpatriotic",1,-1,[],[3405]],["Blind patriotism has been linked to negative feelings toward multiculturalism and immigration",1,-1,[],[61370]],["Blind patriots have a tendency to act in the spirit of the dictum ''my country right or wrong''.",1,-1,[],[3405]],["Blind patriots will show this devotion regardless of the potential harm to others, in other words they will uncritically (''blindly'') support any action of their group.",1,-1,[],[3405]],["In other words, blind patriotism creates exclusive group boundaries, negative attitudes toward external groups, and denial of the nation's transgressions against others",1,-1,[],[36332]],["In other words, blind patriotism creates exclusive group boundaries, negative attitudes toward external groups, and denial of the nation's transgressions against others (Schatz, 2020).",1,-1,[],[36332]],["Seven items assess blind patriotism (e.g., \"I would support my country right or wrong\")",1,-1,[],[61370]],["associated with a heightened sense of insecurity and perceived threat from foreign influences.",1,-1,[],[3405]],["blind patriotism (but not constructive patriotism) was associated with the concern that influences from foreign countries would threaten an otherwise homogeneous and distinct culture.",1,-1,[],[3405]],["blind patriotism creates exclusive group boundaries, negative attitudes toward external groups, and denial of the nation's transgressions against others",1,-1,[],[36332]],["blind patriotism creates exclusive group boundaries, negative attitudes toward external groups, and denial of the nation's transgressions against others (Schatz, 2020).",1,-1,[],[36332]],["blind patriots (but not constructive patriots) feel that their country is highly vulnerable to military threat from foreign countries.",1,-1,[],[3405]],["blind patriots exercise unquestioning positive evaluation of their group",1,-1,[],[3405]],["people with higher levels of blind patriotism have more negative attitudes toward multiculturalism and immigration because they are concerned about Australian culture being watered down or ''contaminated'' by foreign influences.",1,-1,[],[3405]],["to determine whether individuals love their country irrationally",1,-1,[],[36332]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["constructive patriotism",2,20967,[],[2656,3405]],["nationalism",1,22205,[],[3405]],["right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)",1,26319,[],[3405]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Patriotism",2,25752,[["Patriotism",1],["patriotism",1]],[3405,61370]]],"ex":[["I would support my country right or wrong",1,-1,[],[61370]],["I would support my country whether it was right or wrong.",1,-1,[],[36332]],["people with higher scores on blind patriotism had more negative attitudes toward multiculturalism, immigration, and providing cultural services to immigrants.",1,-1,[],[36332]],["people with higher scores on blind patriotism had more negative attitudes toward multiculturalism, immigration, and providing cultural services to immigrants. On the contrary, they had more positive attitudes toward cultural assimilation because they were worried about their national culture being \"contaminated\" by foreigners.",1,-1,[],[36332]],["they had more positive attitudes toward cultural assimilation because they were worried about their national culture being \"contaminated\" by foreigners.",1,-1,[],[36332]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Equating the lack of trust with distrust is equivalent to equating 'something' with the 'absence of something else' (in this case 'harm' with the 'absence of benefit') and assumes low trust and distrust are equivalent notions.",1,-1,[],[2551]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distrust",1,33632,[],[2551]],["trust",1,34511,[],[2551]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Conceptualising risk in this manner shifts the emphasis away from a static view of risk to one where it is always being mediated and in a process of 'becoming' (Busby 2016).",1,-1,[],[17592]],["can be cultural and significant to the way we understand health and illness",1,-1,[],[13192]],["meat reduction was framed as a 'risk' that had the potential to undermine the nutritional health of people, particularly those who have vulnerabilities, such as young people, girls and women, or elderly people.",1,-1,[],[5583]],["shifts the emphasis away from a static view of risk to one where it is always being mediated and in a process of 'becoming'",1,-1,[],[17592]],["subjective reflection of the uncertainty around potentially deleterious outcomes and events",1,-1,[],[29345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Imported second hand clothes from Europe, Asia or America could spread the novel coronavirus in Africa.",1,-1,[],[52821]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["visuals can help lend authority to a piece of misinformation by impersonating the markings of real institutions (see Figures 7 and 8), or by providing purported evidence for a claim about what that authority is doing.",1,-1,[],[9763]],["what defines this broad frame are valanced claims made about what institutions are or are not accomplishing: positive or negative emphasis of the purported actions of public authorities.",1,-1,[],[9763]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frame",1,7860,[],[9763]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["[b]ullying, conflict and aggression occur in all corners of the worldwide web, and fandom is no exception […] The types of bullying, marginalizing, and jockeying for position that occur in fandom are mirrored in most other groups, online and face to face.",1,-1,[],[55466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["toxic technocultures",1,-1,[],[55466]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the motives for resistance (i.e., threat to freedom, reluctance to change, and concerns of deception) predict the type of strategy (i.e., avoidance strategies, contesting strategies, biased processing strategies, or empowerment strategies) that people use to resist persuasion.",1,-1,[],[16926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["contest the persuasive strategy",1,-1,[],[16926]],["contesting the message",1,-1,[],[16926]],["contesting the source",1,-1,[],[16926]],["counter argue",1,-1,[],[16926]],["source derogation",1,23329,[],[16926]]],"sp":[["resistance strategies",2,-1,[],[16926,60597]],["resistance to persuasion",1,1705,[],[60597]]],"ex":[["counter arguing",2,-1,[],[16926,60597]],["message derogation",1,-1,[],[60597]],["source derogation",1,-1,[],[60597]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["deviancy",1,-1,[],[27851]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["If not, persuasive is divided into two opposing sub-categories: Promote and Demote, defined with respect to the core theme or idea of the article.",1,-1,[],[58863]],["Promote",1,23327,[],[58863]]],"sp":[["Author Intent",1,14839,[],[58863]],["Informative, Entertaining and Persuasive are the top-level categories.",1,-1,[],[58863]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By doing so, it amplifies diverse voices while also considering sociodemographic factors and ethical concerns.",1,-1,[],[27775]]],"sy":[["perspectivist approach",1,28950,[],[27775]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["deficit model",1,20720,[],[51965]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["microstructure",1,9661,[],[53730]]],"rt":[["lexical choice",1,14518,[],[53730]],["rhetorical devices",1,1329,[],[53730]],["syntactic features",1,32394,[],[53730]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":36,"df":[],"de":[["(a) emphasis on violence; (b) exclusion of protesters' voices; (c) sharing of testimonies primarily critical of the protests.",1,-1,[],[31892]],["In this case, the protest paradigm appears to be evident in reporting by TASS and Xinhua, which ignored protesters as sources and evaluated the protests negatively.",1,-1,[],[9789]],["The origins of the protest paradigm are the product of the forces that shape news production including the bias of the individual reporter, the impact of the news organization, the canons of the journalistic profession, the cultural and ideological blinders of the social system, and the constraints of the medium.",1,-1,[],[20959]],["The protest paradigm has been recognized as a media framework for many mass events, initiated by various \"triggers, \" as a \"routinized pattern of media coverage\" or \"normative role of mainstream media within the contemporary political process\" (Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134).",1,-1,[],[60988]],["The protest paradigm involves emphasizing protesters' radical actions or extreme tactics, downplaying the underlying issues, relying heavily on official sources, and manufacturing public opinion that portrays protesters as deviating from social norms",1,-1,[],[51898]],["The protest paradigm is a framework that media scholars have used to understand the specific types of framing that news media often use to undermine legitimacy, obscure the social/political concerns of a protest, or both.",1,-1,[],[31892]],["The protest paradigm is a routinized template for creating protest stories that has been naturalized through the process of journalistic socialization; that is, journalists learn how to apply the protest paradigm as they learn their craft through training in journalism schools and then later as they learn how things are done in media organizations.",1,-1,[],[20959]],["The protest paradigm is for instance underpinned by the belief that a mediated hyper-visibility of violence is ultimately detrimental for social movements (e.g. Gitlin 1980).",1,-1,[],[61572]],["The protest paradigm portrays demonstrators as a uniform group, overlooking the diversity within modern protests, which often involve multiple organizers or factions with varying levels of militancy, routinely framing protestors as either 'good' or 'bad' .",1,-1,[],[60988]],["This approach focuses on negative aspects of protests, and emphasise issues in protests such violence and destruction, disruption of public order, looting, vandalization and killings, etc.",1,-1,[],[35452]],["This coverage generally disparages protesters and hinders their role as vital actors on the political stage.",1,-1,[],[20959]],["arguing that 'mainstream' media delegitimise protests by emphasising violence and marginalising grievances",1,-1,[],[61572]],["demonstrations are often delegitimised by the mainstream media depending on whether or not they challenge the status quo",1,-1,[],[61572]],["depicts protest in terms of spectacle, focuses on its disruptive aspects, and portrays protesters as deviants while failing to articulate their agenda",1,-1,[],[9789]],["disparaging them through the techniques of delegitimization and demonization",1,-1,[],[20959]],["focusing on the appearance of the protesters, downplaying clashes with the police in favor of covering clashes with policymakers",1,-1,[],[20959]],["longstanding research has employed to describe the template and biased way protests have been traditionally covered",1,-1,[],[50286]],["media norms of reporting dissent",1,-1,[],[9789]],["predominantly a negative and well-established framework employed by mainstream media to either legitimize or delegitimize various forms of dissent, depending on the nature of the protest and the stance adopted by the media outlet.",1,-1,[],[60988]],["questioning deterministic assumptions of the protest paradigm, namely that the mainstream media invariably condemn demonstrations or that digital technologies give preference to protesters' grievances",1,-1,[],[61572]],["recognized as a media framework for many mass events, initiated by various \"triggers, \" as a \"routinized pattern of media coverage\" or \"normative role of mainstream media within the contemporary political process\" (Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134).",1,-1,[],[60988]],["the media often employs negative frames to depict protest movements, focusing on spectacle, violence, and conflict.",1,-1,[],[48960]],["the more radical a group is, the more closely news coverage will follow the characteristics of the protest paradigm. They suggest that assessing how radical a group is should be done on the basis of two dimensions: the extremity of its objectives (i.e., the extent of change to the system that it seeks) and the militancy of its tactics (i.e., the extent to which tactics violate social norms).",1,-1,[],[20959]],["the pattern of negative news coverage as indicated by the protest paradigm is conditional and depends on contextual and systemic characteristics… specific to protest topic, newspaper location, and time.",1,-1,[],[35452]],["the protest paradigm has produced invaluable insights in the past, the accounts by individuals covering the June Journeys show that it does not capture the complexity of the mediated visibility of violence in the current hybrid and transnational media environment.",1,-1,[],[61572]],["the protest paradigm is highly normative. It assumes that violence and damage necessarily lead to delegitimisation, implying that they distort the 'peaceful' nature of protests.",1,-1,[],[61572]],["the template reporting adopted by mainstream media in their coverage of protests tends to marginalise and vilify protesters",1,-1,[],[50286]],["thin, episodic stories that do little to inform or enlighten the public",1,-1,[],[20959]],["this phenomenon encompasses a pattern of news creation that focuses on the most violent aspects of protests: it describes them in a similar style used in crime news, emphasises the protesters' ignorance, characterises the protests as ineffectual, focuses on the dramatic aspects of the protests while ignoring the underlying cause, invokes public opinion against the demonstrations and prioritises sources that support the government",1,-1,[],[31892]],["violent protests naturally have high potentials of attracting the protest paradigm in press coverage, vice versa.",1,-1,[],[35452]],["which includes delegitimisation and demonization, highlighting the negative consequences of protests.",1,-1,[],[3400]]],"sy":[["routinized pattern of media coverage",1,-1,[],[60988]],["template reporting",1,-1,[],[50286]]],"rt":[["delegitimization",1,3095,[],[20959]],["demonization",1,24227,[],[20959]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[20959]],["pro-protest coverage",1,21486,[],[35452]],["reliance on official sources",1,-1,[],[20959]],["the invocation of public opinion",1,-1,[],[20959]]],"sb":[["delegitimization",1,3095,[],[20959]],["demonization",1,24227,[],[20959]],["extremity of its objectives",1,-1,[],[20959]],["invocation of public opinion",1,-1,[["invocation of public opinion",1],["the invocation of public opinion",1]],[20959]],["militancy of its tactics",1,27188,[],[20959]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[20959]],["reliance on official sources",1,-1,[],[20959]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Formulated after the study of the Golden Jubilee School protests in Hong Kong in the late 1970s, this phenomenon encompasses a pattern of news creation that focuses on the most violent aspects of protests: it describes them in a similar style used in crime news, emphasises the protesters' ignorance, characterises the protests as ineffectual, focuses on the dramatic aspects of the protests while ignoring the underlying cause, invokes public opinion against the demonstrations and prioritises sources that support the government (McLeod & Hertog, 1998).",1,-1,[],[31892]],["the frames of \"'the people' and 'the masses' represent the binary potential of democracy in which 'masses' (crowd) represents 'the other' nature of 'the people' (demos or public): the violent and animalistic Mr. Hyde to the civilized and enlightened Dr. Jekyll\" (Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 136).",1,-1,[],[60988]]]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["Explanations for this hostile media effect range from selective recall (preferentially remembering hostile content), selective categorization (perceiving the same content differently), and conflicting standards (considering hostile content as invalid or irrelevant).",1,-1,[],[56668]],["Research on the hostile media effect (Vallone, Ross, & Lepper, 1985) showed that partisans perceive balanced articles as biased against their point of view",1,-1,[],[17872]],["This psychological tendency is especially pronounced in polarized political climates and can result in aggressive backlash even when journalistic content strives for balance.",1,-1,[],[30307]],["is often studied with citizens, it has rarely been examined among politicians",1,-1,[],[3561]],["the hostile media effect is strongest when the issue is divisive, the partisan viewer or reader is highly involved, the communication is a product of mass media and its audience is perceived to be vast and vulnerable.",1,-1,[],[58973]],["which would decrease the likelihood of selection",1,-1,[],[17872]]],"sy":[["HME",1,-1,[],[58973]],["hostile media phenomenon",1,16394,[],[28345]]],"rt":[["bias blind spot",1,8260,[],[58973]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[58973]],["different standards",1,3224,[],[58973]],["selective categorization",1,6456,[],[58973]],["selective recall",1,12816,[],[58973]],["third-person effect",1,22523,[],[58973]]],"sb":[["conflicting standards",1,21816,[],[56668]],["selective categorization",1,6456,[],[56668]],["selective recall",1,12816,[],[56668]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["in highly polarized environments, the interpretation of the message is filtered through the recipient's political predispositions, which triggers defensive or accusatory responses.",1,-1,[],[30307]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["local journalism is generally viewed in media research as a glue connecting local community by covering what's going on in the close neighbourhood",1,-1,[],[47039]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["identity",1,4047,[],[9449]],["power",1,24789,[],[9449]],["space",1,1109,[],[9449]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["More detailed refutations may provide a more promising approach, but may not be feasible under the severe space constraints associated with social-media communication.",1,-1,[],[6139]],["leading us to reflect on how certain behaviours, even political ones, could limit the technological and innovative development of the industry. The latter strategy has mainly been used in the face of politically induced regulations and forces related to agricultural lobbying.",1,-1,[],[56269]],["the provision of additional factual information in the refutation allowed participants to be more in tune with the relevant true state of affairs",1,-1,[],[6139]]],"sy":[["detailed refutations",1,-1,[],[6139]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["short-format (140-character) refutations",1,-1,[],[6139]]],"sp":[["paracrisis",1,1402,[],[56269]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["underlies persuasive choice architectures and commercial nudging",1,-1,[],[9604]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial nudging",1,-1,[],[9604]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The \"like\" button triggers a quick sense of social affirmation",1,-1,[],[9604]],["The bottomless news feed, with no structural stop to scrolling (i.e., infinite scroll), prompts people to consume more without noticing",1,-1,[],[9604]],["notifications are red; the color incites a sense of urgency",1,-1,[],[9604]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["How can such misconceptions persist and proliferate within the inimical environment of academic criticism?",1,-1,[],[31305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the 'Patient Zero' supposedly responsible for the U.S. AIDS epidemic",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the 'Patient Zero' supposedly responsible for the U.S. AIDS epidemic [2]",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Hawthorne Effect",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Hawthorne Effect [10]",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Learning Pyramid models",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Learning Pyramid models [8,9]",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Learning Styles",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Learning Styles [6,7]",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Yerkes-Dodson law",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the Yerkes-Dodson law [3,4]",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the endless behavioral loops of the digger sphex",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the endless behavioral loops of the digger sphex [5]",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the low risk of addiction from opioids prescribed for chronic pain",1,-1,[],[31305]],["the low risk of addiction from opioids prescribed for chronic pain [1]",1,-1,[],[31305]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["increase in labour force",1,-1,[],[5353]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Nonveridicality is an example of such aspects",1,-1,[],[24811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["nonveridicality",1,13907,[],[24811]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["advanced construction of a rumor verification contact network",1,-1,[],[37406]],["popularization of pandemic-related knowledge",1,-1,[],[37406]],["user education",1,-1,[],[37406]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[59961]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["As an audience-centered approach, it focuses on the perceived gratifications that influence people's news sharing intention in social media and thus sheds light on motives and inhibitors to share news.",1,-1,[],[17612]],["assumes that the audiences use the mass media for various reasons; one of which may be to be well-informed on the Ebola issues.",1,-1,[],[21414]],["building on the uses and gratifications approach (Katz et al., 1973).",1,-1,[],[52582]],["we were able to identify and discuss social media users' various motives for and against engaging with hate speech. Following that approach, we considered (non-)engagement to result from a conscious decision, one that individuals possess the capacity to articulate and communicate.",1,-1,[],[52582]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media effects research",1,-1,[],[10101]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["previous theory of rumor argueing a transmission in three steps",1,-1,[],[41776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["assimilation",1,20271,[],[41776]],["assimiliation",1,-1,[],[41776]],["levelling",1,-1,[],[41776]],["sharpening",1,22015,[],[41776]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rational-instrumental",1,-1,[],[61220]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["encompasses the behaviors and actions they are participating in to make social and political change including volunteering for political campaigns, community organizing, writing and signing petitions, activism, and joining civil rights organizations",1,-1,[],[15932]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["speculative",1,5151,[],[38985]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Event Status",1,32771,[],[38985]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["The intention behind publishing fabricated content is usually to mislead people for political, social, or economic benefits.",1,-1,[],[23176]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",6,17423,[["disinformation",5],["Disinformation",1]],[1492,27044,31069,42737,50784,61987]],["mis-and disinformation",3,1535,[["mis-and disinformation",2],["mis-and dis-information",1]],[6171,54274,61987]],["Fake news",2,33960,[["Fake news",1],["fake news",1]],[32594,61987]],["false information",2,20964,[],[36494,51109]],["mis-information and dis-information",2,25902,[["mis-information and dis-information",1],["misinformation and disinformation",1]],[13589,54674]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[27044,49500]],["information disorders",1,13397,[],[57286]]],"ex":[["Sometimes, fabricated content praises a political social actor for fake achievements, in order to harm the competition/opposition.",1,-1,[],[50784]],["a news report that uses auxiliary images or videos that are either completely fake or belong to irrelevant events",1,-1,[["a news report that uses auxiliary images or videos that are either completely fake or belong to irrelevant events",1],["a news report that uses auxiliary images or videos that are either completely fake or belong to irrelevant events.",1]],[23176]],["the Fake News example was that the Labor Party was proposing a death tax",1,-1,[],[37820]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Both positions become more extreme from seeing the same set of data",1,-1,[],[41629]],["Supporters will report feeling safer after reading the description, will be more inclined to support the technology henceforth, and will conclude that the chances of a catastrophic accident are less than they previously thought, whereas opponents will report feeling less safe, will be less inclined to support the technology in the future, and will conclude that the chances of a future accident are greater than they thought.",1,-1,[],[22424]],["attitude polarization is the process by which attitudes are reinforced toward the pole to which they were previously directed.",1,-1,[],[28597]],["biases in assimilation can lead to attitude polarization.",1,-1,[],[22424]],["previous differences of opinion between proponents and opponents widened as a result of exposure to the two studies",1,-1,[],[22424]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["biased assimilation",1,5622,[],[22424]],["different prior beliefs in both the central hypothesis and source reliability",1,-1,[],[41629]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Polarization",1,21850,[],[28597]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[41629]]],"ex":[["Those who were pro-capital punishment selfreported that the evidence swayed them to be more fervent in their beliefs, and those who were against capital punishment stated that they also became more fervent, in the opposite direction -the two groups diverged in their beliefs after seeing the same data.",1,-1,[],[41629]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It encompasses criticism directed towards the lack of government support for sport, scepticism regarding the authenticity of patriotic discourses, sport geopolitics or debates about what it means and is expected from a celebrity role-model.",1,-1,[],[30957]],["This form of civic fandom is as much about worship and enthusiasm, as it is about (self)reflection and deliberation.",1,-1,[],[30957]],["convert sport performances into valuable resources for the public sphere, triggering deliberative spaces that people find easy to engage within, and addressing public issues that go beyond sport itself, such as the national identity rhetoric.",1,-1,[],[30957]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Its effectiveness relies on several conditions. First, creators present their articles mimicking legitimate sources of news in order to gain credibility and trust from its target audience (Lazer, 2018). Second, fake news is often presented in the same form as authentic news, for example by using fonts and colours for headlines that could recall legitimate sources of news' articles (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). 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This inconsistency also existed between text and the retrieved image contexts such as chemotherapy, therapy, and liver cancer that deviate from the textual description.",1,-1,[],[46379]],["misleading captions paired with unrelated or manipulated images",1,-1,[],[51629]],["which is a readily understandable pattern",1,-1,[],[46379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dual-inconsistency",1,32854,[],[52130]],["multimodal integration",1,-1,[],[51629]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deceptive patterns",1,14641,[],[46379]],["multimodal deception",1,-1,[],[1550]]],"ex":[["the caption asserts \"Category 5 hurricane\" while the video depicts calm weather",1,-1,[],[1550]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[16399]],["interactional",1,29905,[],[16399]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This is also the metric we use for our repeat spreaders analysis below.",1,-1,[],[26179]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In between these two extremes, the bi-polarization measure increases in the extent to which the opinion distribution is bimodal, with equally large modes at opposite extreme ends of the opinion spectrum.",1,-1,[],[23506]],["The minimal value, zero, is obtained for perfect opinion consensus. 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purposes",1,-1,[],[39413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Jas the Gews\" instead of \"Gas the Jews\"",1,-1,[],[39413]],["\"Jas the Gews\" instead of \"Gas the Jews\", or \"Kate Hikes\" instead of \"Hate Kikes\".",1,-1,[],[39413]],["\"Kate Hikes\" instead of \"Hate Kikes\"",1,-1,[],[39413]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["virtual witnessing",1,28626,[],[45817]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["They often promise quick fixes or miraculous results",1,-1,[],[40325]],["the most common items of health-related misinformation are long-lasting and repurposed for the scope of new outbreaks, justifying the use of the term \"health myth\" to describe them.",1,-1,[],[61164]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["one can diagnose, treat, or prevent viral contagion by alternative means",1,-1,[],[61164]],["the virus is a form of divine punishment for humanity (\"wrath of God\")",1,-1,[],[61164]],["the virus is harmless",1,-1,[],[61164]],["the virus is man-made",1,-1,[],[61164]]],"sp":[["Myths",1,24811,[["Myths",1],["myths",1]],[61164,61165]]],"ex":[["\"Drinking lemon water every morning will cure all your illnesses!\"",1,-1,[["\"Drinking lemon water every morning will cure all your illnesses!\"",1],["Drinking lemon water every morning will cure all your illnesses!",1]],[40325]],["(1) the virus is man-made; (2) the virus is harmless; (3) the virus is a form of divine punishment for humanity (\"wrath of God\"); and (4) one can diagnose, treat, or prevent viral contagion by alternative means.",1,-1,[],[61164]],["The four most common health myths concerned the origin of the virus (man-made; divine punishment), risk assessments (harmless), and alternative means to prevent / diagnose contagion or to cure the disease.",1,-1,[],[61164]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The next best thing to legal reasoning and expertise are deliberative processes",1,-1,[],[49233]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Social media do not promote our capacity for dialogue because it is so easy to avoid controversies . . . Most do not use the social media to promote community, not to broaden their horizons, but on the contrary to hide in a comfort zone where they only hear the echoes of their own voice, and where everything they see is reflections of their own faces.",1,-1,[],[52555]],["The Polish sociologist and philosopher Zygmunt Bauman describes this historical transformation process as liquid modernity",1,-1,[],[52555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["exemplary info institutions",1,-1,[],[6330]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Betting markets",1,14214,[],[6330]]],"sb":[["Betting markets",1,14214,[],[6330]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["stocks, bonds, currency, and commodities futures",1,-1,[],[6330]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Public interest style coverage meaningfully helps reinforce democratic norms",1,-1,[],[61724]],["Public interest style news prioritizes informing the public about government policy, proposals, and performance in a 'condensed and easy-to-digest' (Zaller 2017, 2) format, while all other potentially newsworthy features of a story (conflict, intrigue, process, personality, rhetoric, etc.) are given an ancillary role and relegated to the lower reaches of the inverted pyramid.",1,-1,[],[61724]],["The explicit goal of the public interest style is to communicate news about public affairs 'in ways that voters can understand and act upon' (Patterson 1993, 29) with minimal processing effort, thus efficiently arming the mass public (as the principal of a democracy) with the information it most needs to participate in the democratic process and orient the behavior of government (as the public's agent).",1,-1,[],[61724]],["the public interest paragraph focused on the story's policy and normative implications.",1,-1,[],[61724]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["News styles",1,21695,[],[61724]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["consent is violated when someone is persuaded through deception as consent is not 'fully informed'.",1,-1,[],[8579]],["freely chosen and informed agreement",1,-1,[],[8579]],["moral and legal positions in relation to the legitimacy of actions rest upon whether an individual is acting freely or is, alternatively, coerced.",1,-1,[],[8579]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[35805]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["dramatic",1,-1,[],[52277]],["potential of television news, a capacity that allows viewers to witness news events and to relate to them empathically",1,-1,[],[52277]],["sensory",1,-1,[],[52277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["greater totals reflect deeper reasoning and self-reflection.",1,-1,[],[28663]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective elaboration",1,32214,[],[8821]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[8821]]],"sb":[["selective elaboration",1,32214,[],[8821]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[8821]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Under such an implied contract, consumers expect advertisers to collect and care for their personal information in a responsible manner.",1,-1,[],[3530]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["implied social contract",1,-1,[],[3530]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["When companies do not disclose the collection and use of personal information, or do not use the information responsibly, they are violating this contract.",1,-1,[],[3530]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":43,"df":[["the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation",2,-1,[["the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation",1],["the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation.",1]],[4487,27521]]],"de":[["As a social construct, the concept of terrorism defies a universal consensual definition.",1,-1,[],[59255]],["Hoffman argues that the word 'terrorism' is a pejorative term. Moreover, 'it is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore' (Hoffman, 2006:23)",1,-1,[],[27859]],["In extant terrorism literature, the concept has been defined in several ways resulting in multiple meanings.",1,-1,[],[59255]],["In short, and already formulated by Jenkins in 1974, \"Terrorism is theater, \" which uses violence to communicate internally and externally (Jenkins, 1974, 4).",1,-1,[],[53382]],["It has caused destruction and induced terror in people.",1,-1,[],[16163]],["Terrorism creates an atmosphere of terror or fear in society by killing, looting, and imprisoning people. It also destroys vital installations, such as public facilities.",1,-1,[],[16163]],["Terrorism is a brutal and violent practice, but it is also a media phenomenon. Terror is vital news: a dramatic, important story that the public needs to know about and understand. But terrorism also relies on such publicity to disrupt society, provoke fear, and demonstrate power.",1,-1,[],[59255]],["Terrorism is a contested concept.",1,-1,[],[27859]],["Terrorism is a tactic of intimidation with a specific systematic focus on particular interests.",1,-1,[],[16163]],["Terrorism is so varied and complex a phenomenon that it should give pause to anyone whose aim it is to understand itor, to be more precise, whose aim it is to understand the many different terrorisms that the deceptively singular term covers",1,-1,[],[8925]],["Terrorism is so varied and complex a phenomenon that it should give pause to anyone whose aim it is to understand itor, to be more precise, whose aim it is to understand the many different terrorisms that the deceptively singular term covers (p. 262)",1,-1,[],[8925]],["Terrorism studies itself has been described as an increasingly important subfield within many disciplines",1,-1,[],[8925]],["Terrorists are thus often perceived as \"violent intellectuals\" who pursue political goals in an organized form and, therefore, want to influence the public psychologically",1,-1,[],[53382]],["Terrorists are thus often perceived as \"violent intellectuals\" who pursue political goals in an organized form and, therefore, want to influence the public psychologically (Hoffmann, 2006, 38f).",1,-1,[],[53382]],["The emphasis on fear and violence, which is central to terrorism, is largely absent from these movements",1,-1,[],[53382]],["The lack of consensus on how terrorism should be defined prompted Greene (2017) to advocate the adoption of a multi-definitional approach.",1,-1,[],[59255]],["The word \"terrorism\" originates from the Latin word terror, described as a great fear or dread, the term is directly related to the Latin verb terrere (to frighten).",1,-1,[],[8925]],["a pejorative term",1,-1,[],[27859]],["a technique and tool used by individuals in the pursuit of power and control.",1,-1,[],[8925]],["a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore",1,-1,[],[27859]],["indiscriminate violence is the means to create terror and fear as a deliberate political act designed to incite hatred and further bloodshed that aims to threaten the innocent, to shock the population and to create enemies among the non-combatant civil population",1,-1,[["indiscriminate violence is the means to create terror and fear as a deliberate political act designed to incite hatred and further bloodshed that aims to threaten the innocent, to shock the population and to create enemies among the non-combatant civil population",1],["indiscriminate violence is the means to create terror and fear as a deliberate political act designed to incite hatred and further bloodshed that aims to threaten the innocent, to shock the population and to create enemies among the non-combatant civil population.",1]],[20165]],["it should be \"carried out by an organisation … with 'subnational or non-state entity\"",1,-1,[],[39716]],["terrorism and PI have been identified in the tourism literature as similar but also distinct phenomena.",1,-1,[],[48432]],["terrorism is concerned with the intentional use of violence against carefully selected targets to communicate a message and satisfy specific aims",1,-1,[],[48432]],["three common elements tend to exist in the legal definitions of terrorism of most countries, namely the deployment of violence, political objectives, and the propagation of fear in the target population",1,-1,[],[59255]]],"sy":[["Terrorist",1,24741,[],[27859]],["Terrorist sect",1,-1,[],[27859]],["fighters",1,-1,[],[27859]],["insurgents",1,-1,[],[27859]],["militant",1,-1,[],[27859]],["terrorist group",1,-1,[],[27859]]],"rt":[["PI",1,24083,[],[48432]],["civil disobedience",1,32309,[],[53382]],["deployment of violence",1,-1,[],[59255]],["fear",1,18412,[],[53382]],["nonpolitical terrorism",1,19537,[],[8925]],["political",1,759,[],[53382]],["political instability",1,5947,[],[48432]],["political objectives",1,-1,[],[59255]],["political violence",1,13268,[],[53382]],["propagation of fear in the target population",1,-1,[],[59255]],["psychological effects",1,-1,[],[53382]],["radicalism",1,2349,[],[37401]],["radicalization",1,8929,[],[53382]],["threat",1,10758,[],[53382]],["violence",1,27486,[],[53382]]],"sb":[["domestic terrorism",2,32903,[],[8925,59255]],["international terrorism",1,-1,[],[59255]],["nonpolitical terrorism",1,19537,[],[8925]],["romantic terrorism",1,-1,[],[8925]],["transnational terrorism",1,-1,[],[59255]]],"sp":[["radicalization",1,8929,[],[53382]]],"ex":[["targeting civilians to generate media attention, moral repugnance in the target population, and behavioural changes undertaken by the affected (e.g. avoiding travel, or certain places)",1,-1,[],[48432]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Fabricated news, on the other hand, has only one goal which is to misinform its publics",1,-1,[],[39230]],["This strategy tries to give these news pieces the appearance of being truthful.",1,-1,[],[32118]],["the substantial difference between fabricated news and news parodies is that between the latter and its audience there is, frequently, a silent agreement upon the fact that the presented information is fake, and its only purpose is fun. Fabricated news, on the other hand, has only one goal which is to misinform its publics",1,-1,[],[39230]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[32118,39230]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["right of reply",1,33574,[],[51144]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Developed by the Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre, the Portuguese dictatorship regime adopted Luso-Tropicalism to circumvent public pressure for the independence of colonized territories in the aftermath of World War II",1,-1,[],[29998]],["Developed by the Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre, the Portuguese dictatorship regime adopted Luso-Tropicalism to circumvent public pressure for the independence of colonized territories in the aftermath of World War II (Warwick et al., 2019). Valuing a supposed exceptionality in the relationship between the Portuguese and people from the 'tropics', Luso-Tropicalism advocated a fundamental difference between Portuguese and Northern European colonialism.",1,-1,[],[29998]],["Furthermore, it would attest the country's role as the inventor of human rights",1,-1,[],[29998]],["advocated a fundamental difference between Portuguese and Northern European colonialism.",1,-1,[],[29998]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fitna",1,31314,[],[52653]]],"ex":[["During the 2019 Indonesian presidential election, numerous videos were manipulated to portray presidential candidates as engaging in controversial or inappropriate behavior",1,-1,[],[52653]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social exclusion",1,2928,[],[46764]]],"rt":[["Economic Exclusion",1,7158,[],[46764]],["Explicit Exclusion",1,20971,[],[46764]],["Political Exclusion",1,20560,[],[46764]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15993]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an ideal pattern-based model tends to predict the veracity relying more on the highly frequent use of exclamation marks or the words that urge readers to repost (\"repost quickly\")",1,-1,[],[39596]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["DW-Nominate ideological scores",1,-1,[],[20948]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Whether the parent uses TV as a reward or punishment also falls under the category of restrictive mediation",1,-1,[],[4707]],["While restrictive mediation can be effective in reducing children's exposure to online risks, it has numerous side-effects, because it limits children's opportunities to develop digital literacy and build resilience and discourages children's agency within the childparent relationship.",1,-1,[],[16346]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["active mediation",1,2025,[],[16346]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["parental mediation",2,17996,[],[3508,24512]],["parental mediation of TV",1,1065,[],[4707]]],"ex":[["Greater restrictive mediation of TV has been found to associate with lower amounts of TV watching in children",1,-1,[],[4707]],["limiting access to media",1,-1,[],[16346]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, a macroproposition is regarded as an empirical test for the \"global coherence of a text\"",1,-1,[],[53732]],["Therefore, a macroproposition is regarded as an empirical test for the \"global coherence of a text\" (Van Dijk, 1980, p. 43).",1,-1,[],[53732]]],"sy":[["global meanings",1,-1,[],[53733]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["CA",1,-1,[],[7007]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Implicit expressions of sentiment like this are particularly common in more general, factual text types, such as newswire for example.",1,-1,[],[26007]],["It is possible for readers of a text to infer a positive or negative impression of a certain topic from factual information using world knowledge or common sense.",1,-1,[],[26007]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Positive values mean consensus, and negative values, as it gets closer to -2.0, mean disagreement among individuals.",1,-1,[],[6606]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["action mobilization",1,1479,[],[46628]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["local",1,-1,[],[16637]]],"rt":[["cosmopolitan",1,19288,[],[16637]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["semantic eclecticism",1,-1,[],[21971]]],"rt":[["the hyperreal",1,30396,[],[21971]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the principle of absence of power in communicative relations is related to multiple values, including autonomy, trust, and accountability.",1,-1,[],[30010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["False beliefs resulting from false interpretation or false perception are produced by the covert form of Degradation, Corruption and Subversion.",1,-1,[],[37927]],["The aim of this attack is to make targeted user trust credible information less while using more of non-credible information.",1,-1,[],[35117]],["The information-theoretic covert Degradation, Corruption and Subversion models map directly into Greenberg's False Signal model",1,-1,[],[37927]],["subversion where false interpretations and rationalisations are accepted",1,-1,[],[36128]]],"sy":[["Corruption",1,26870,[],[37927]]],"rt":[["Corruption",1,26870,[],[37927]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Deception",1,24454,[],[37927]],["Deceptive behaviours",1,3517,[],[36128]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Casting suspicion upon a group can become an instrument for discrimination disguised as a self-protective strategy.",1,-1,[],[31788]],["Suspicion lessens the likelihood that perceivers will make dispositional inferences from behavior (i.e. engage in correspondence bias), and more likely that they will attribute a given behavior or incident to situational factors (for instance, poor reporting or a deliberate smear campaign).",1,-1,[],[53131]],["Suspicion motivates extensive information exploration to reduce ambiguity",1,-1,[],[28918]],["When suspicion (or doubt) is raised, things are not taken for granted and people search for new insights.",1,-1,[],[28918]],["a crucial attitude that propels people's curiosity into unveiling secret plots.",1,-1,[],[28918]],["a suspicious person is not to be trusted.",1,-1,[],[31788]]],"sy":[["doubt",1,29372,[],[28918]],["mistrust",1,9960,[],[28918]]],"rt":[["correspondence bias",1,8709,[],[53131]],["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[31788]],["demasculinization",1,764,[],[31788]],["doubt",1,29372,[],[28918]],["mistrust",1,9960,[],[28918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Naming them 'suspicious people' depicts their fear of Palestinians as a question of security rather than discrimination",1,-1,[],[31788]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this special case, we can think of reports as objective statements about the value of s, and it is meaningful to talk about a \"truthful\" strategy (one where σ (s) = s), and the \"amount\" of bias (some integral of the distance between σ (s) and s).",1,-1,[],[20300]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[20300]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[28607]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Chiefly confession causes prisoners to feel guilt, \"the demand that one confess to crimes one has not committed, to sinfulness that is artificially induced…\" (p. 425).",1,-1,[],[25012]],["Confession allows the interrogator access to the person's past. He does not only control what the prisoner does in the room and who he is in the room but, in reinterpreting the subject's confessions, he takes control of the prisoner's past. Chiefly confession causes prisoners to feel guilt, \"the demand that one confess to crimes one has not committed, to sinfulness that is artificially induced…\" (p. 425).",1,-1,[],[25012]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Stereotyping now occurs by amplifying perceived probabilities based on representativeness.",1,-1,[],[6584]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["representativeness heuristic",1,15597,[],[6584]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[6584]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[["An entity which can be a, person, event, product ,organization, or topic",2,-1,[["An entity which can be a, person, event, product ,organization, or topic",1],["an entity 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Rumor detection involves analyzing various sources of information, such as social-media posts, news articles, and user-generated content, to determine the credibility and reliability of the information being shared [8].",1,-1,[],[39886]],["Rumor detection involves analyzing various sources of information, such as social-media posts, news articles, and user-generated content, to determine the credibility and reliability of the information being shared",1,-1,[],[39886]],["Rumor detection involves analyzing various sources of information, such as social-media posts, news articles, and user-generated content, to determine the credibility and reliability of the information being shared [8].",1,-1,[],[39886]],["The classification task for rumor detection aims to learn a classifier that assigns events represented as graphs to their corresponding categories.",1,-1,[],[53811]],["The main objective is to distinguish between accurate and deceptive claims by examining the credibility and veracity of the information presented",1,-1,[],[35257]],["The main objective is to distinguish between accurate and deceptive claims by examining the credibility and veracity of the information presented [10]- [13].",1,-1,[],[35257]],["The task of rumor detection involves using a trained classification model to identify rumor events from events of unknown authenticity.",1,-1,[],[53811]],["We address the problem of predicting the veracity of a claim given all of its responding tweets and the interactions between these tweets.",1,-1,[],[24392]],["We treat this task as a classification problem where each news headline is categorized as being either rumorous or factual.",1,-1,[],[50221]],["a rumour detection system needs to determine if a detected event constitutes a rumour or not.",1,-1,[],[6841]],["deep learning-based rumor detection has become the mainstream of this task.",1,-1,[],[36950]],["determining whether a claim is worth verifying rather than the expression of an opinion",1,-1,[],[22286]],["e.g., comments, propagation patterns",1,-1,[],[35285]],["rumor detection a more challenging classification problem",1,-1,[],[54787]],["the rumor detection task aims to determine whether the source post is a rumor or not.",1,-1,[],[17481]],["where Y τ takes one of the classes defined by the specific dataset",1,-1,[],[54787]],["y ∈ {0, 1} denotes class labels, where y = 1 indicates rumor, and y = 0 otherwise. Our goal is to learn the function F (p i ) = y to predict the label of a given post p i .",1,-1,[],[46036]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[27608,35257]],["rumor veracity classification",2,25403,[["rumor veracity classification",1],["rumour veracity classification",1]],[6841,17481]],["veracity classification",2,25827,[],[16595,17378]],["Multimedia rumor detection",1,-1,[],[45825]],["Propagation-based rumor detection",1,13720,[],[57518]],["content-based rumor detection",1,33539,[],[57518]],["factchecking with KG",1,18622,[],[45825]],["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[6991]],["knowledge-enhanced methods",1,16202,[],[45825]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[35257]],["rumor detection, rumor tracking, rumor stance classification, and rumor veracity classification",1,-1,[],[22322]],["rumor source detection",1,-1,[],[39886]],["rumor verification",1,27997,[],[23435]],["rumor-detection problem",1,1686,[],[39886]],["rumour stance classification",1,31945,[],[6841]],["rumour tracking",1,21000,[],[6841]],["stance classification",1,7751,[],[17378]],["textual and social contextual-based methods",1,-1,[],[45825]]],"sb":[["automatic methods",1,-1,[],[46839]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[35257]],["content-based method",1,20201,[],[36950]],["hoaxes",1,13150,[],[35257]],["manual methods",1,-1,[],[46839]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[35257]],["non-rumor, false rumor, true rumor, and unverified rumor",1,-1,[],[54787]],["partially true claims",1,-1,[],[35257]],["propagation structure-based method",1,2249,[],[36950]],["user-based method",1,6276,[],[36950]]],"sp":[["rumor resolution process",1,673,[],[21140]],["rumour classification system",1,10172,[],[6841]],["rumour resolution",1,294,[],[22286]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["from people doing what might be termed 'invisible emotional labour'",1,-1,[],[42153]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["invisible emotional labour",1,-1,[],[42153]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The true information is more likely to be identical or similar among different sources, and the false information provided by different sources is more likely to be different.",1,-1,[],[6704]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[35153]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Misinformation Detection",1,27522,[],[50471]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["As a consequence of sampling bias, the trends estimated for one population may not generalize to data collected from a new population.",1,-1,[],[7342]],["Likewise, online surveys tend to include a disproportionate number of students and younger people who are constantly on the Internet, and systematically exclude people with limited or no access to computers or the Internet, such as the poor and the elderly.",1,-1,[],[25809]],["Sampling bias occurs at the first step of data collection.",1,-1,[],[23043]],["Similarly, questionnaire surveys tend to exclude children and the illiterate, who are unable to read, understand, or meaningfully respond to the questionnaire.",1,-1,[],[25809]],["Such biases make the respondent sample unrepresentative of the intended population and hurt generalizability claims about inferences drawn from the biased sample.",1,-1,[],[25809]],["Telephone surveys conducted by calling a random sample of publicly available telephone numbers will systematically exclude people with unlisted telephone numbers, mobile phone numbers, and people who are unable to answer the phone (for instance, they are at work) when the survey is being conducted, and will include a disproportionate number of respondents who have land-line telephone service with listed phone numbers and people who stay home during much of the day, such as the unemployed, the disabled, and the elderly.",1,-1,[],[25809]],["The workaround employed to obtain a more significant percentage of toxic comments against vulnerable communities eventually manifests as bias against the very community it intends to protect.",1,-1,[],[23043]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["annotation bias",1,1519,[],[23043]],["lexical bias",1,23376,[],[23043]],["representation bias",1,28344,[],[7342]]],"sb":[["Self-selection bias",2,33230,[["Self-selection bias",1],["self-selection bias",1]],[7342,15597]],["selection bias",1,24952,[],[15597]]],"sp":[["Bias",1,30859,[],[14620]],["Bias in AI",1,9111,[],[14620]],["Biases based on the source of harm",1,-1,[],[23043]],["systematic biases",1,24165,[],[25809]]],"ex":[["A facial recognition algorithm trained mostly on white individuals that performs poorly on people of other races.",1,-1,[],[14620]],["Suppose the next time the study was conducted, one of the subgroups was sampled more frequently than the rest (Fig. 2(b)). The positive trend found by the regression model in the first study almost completely disappears (solid red line in plot on the right), although the subgroup trends (dashed green lines) are unaffected.",1,-1,[],[7342]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["News does appear in one's feed, mixed in with other updates, and the consumption is indeed incidental as opposed to planned, since the intention when one uses SNSs is not primarily news acquisition.",1,-1,[],[17959]],["Social media also creates opportunities for incidental news exposure not driven by active considerations",1,-1,[],[27090]],["Thus, there is a grey zone in SNS news consumption between incidental and more deliberate ways of obtaining news, compared to its acquisition through traditional news cycle.",1,-1,[],[17959]]],"sy":[["incidental news consumption",1,41,[],[17959]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Although this approach of labeling a sentence by its role is slightly removed from the goal of identifying the argumentation structure contained within the document, it is clear that the information obtained by AZ provides a useful step toward determining the structure.",1,-1,[],[7992]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["comparison of methods",1,-1,[],[7992]],["criticism or support for previous work",1,-1,[],[7992]],["results or goals",1,-1,[],[7992]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["El acuerdo logrado por los actores tras una negociación alrededor de la decisión informada",1,-1,[],[13986]],["El debate entre actores políticos acerca de un tema o asunto concreto",1,-1,[],[13986]],["La toma de decisiones políticas como escucharse mutuamente, comprensión mutua, etc.",1,-1,[],[13986]],["La toma de decisiones políticas como un acuerdo entre actores",1,-1,[],[13986]],["la noticia se presenta como un debate político en la búsqueda del consenso y cooperación, a través de un discurso que enfatice una confrontación de opiniones entre, al menos, dos posturas para alcanzar el acuerdo, solucionar disputas, cooperar o incluso lograr una reconciliación",1,-1,[],[13986]],["plantea la existencia de debate o diálogo acerca de propuestas o temáticas que pueden derivar en acuerdos a partir de la negociación o la conversación entre actores.",1,-1,[],[13986]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["encuadre de consenso",1,-1,[],[13986]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadre",1,19710,[],[13986]],["framing",1,22777,[],[13986]]],"ex":[["En el relato se menciona la toma de decisiones políticas como escucharse mutuamente, comprensión mutua, etc.",1,-1,[],[13986]],["En el relato se menciona un acuerdo logrado por los actores tras una negociación alrededor de la decisión informada.",1,-1,[],[13986]],["En el relato se presenta la toma de decisiones políticas como un acuerdo entre actores.",1,-1,[],[13986]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["with < 0",1,-1,[],[10156]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["complier",1,-1,[],[10156]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["online debates tend to degenerate towards increasingly toxic exchanges of views, in line with Godwin's law.",1,-1,[],[2927]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Reporting news in a politically unbiased and fair manner is a key component of journalism ethics and standards.",1,-1,[],[11589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Coping",1,19745,[],[3572]],["coping (chameleon strategy)",1,-1,[],[3572]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["information channeling",1,29184,[],[6496]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Research shows that emotional content leads to higher engagement and is more likely to go viral and be remembered by news consumers",1,-1,[],[3215]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["When most Democrats are liberals and most Republicans are conservatives, copartisans are less likely to encounter conflicting political ideas and identities (Roccas & Brewer 2002) and are more likely to see nonidentifiers as socially distant.",1,-1,[],[7710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The model demonstrates uncertainty reduction, self-efficacy, and reassurance as the three main communication strategies at this stage",1,-1,[],[28771]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["CERC",1,-1,[],[28771]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["misleading statements intended to support (attack) the subject",1,-1,[],[52945]],["negative campaigning attacks opponents by emphasizing their flaws, failures, or scandals to undermine their credibility",1,-1,[],[52945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative campaigning",1,32991,[],[52945]],["positive misinformation",1,29827,[],[52945]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[52945]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["We can differentiate forms of intervention regarding their degree of directness and publicness.",1,-1,[],[30408]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Direct and public intervention, for instance, by engaging in openly visible counter-speech as a \"crowd-sourced response\"",1,-1,[],[30408]],["Direct and public intervention, for instance, by engaging in openly visible counter-speech as a \"crowd-sourced response\" (Bartlett & Krasodomski-Jones, 2015, p. 5;Mathew et al., 2019)",1,-1,[],[30408]],["direct and private intervention, for instance, by writing a private message to the perpetrator to retort the hateful statement",1,-1,[],[30408]],["indirect and private intervention by reporting content to the platform operators that violates community guidelines, social norms, or laws",1,-1,[],[30408]],["indirect and private intervention by reporting content to the platform operators that violates community guidelines, social norms, or laws (Jost et al., 2020)",1,-1,[],[30408]],["indirect and public intervention using technical features like popularity cues (Haim et al., 2018), such as supporting others' counter-speech by liking or sharing their posts",1,-1,[],[30408]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["The original framework cover several connotations, inclding the writer's perspective (e.g., being sympathetic/antagonistic towards the agent), effect (e.g., the theme has been hurt), and the mental states projected onto agents and themes (e.g., being unhappy).",1,-1,[],[58281]],["a novel system of connotative frames that define a set of implied sentiment and presupposed facts for a predicate",1,-1,[],[35360]],["a representation formalism to organize these rich dimensions of connotation using typed relations",1,-1,[],[35359]],["a representation framework to organize the rich dimensions of the implied sentiment and presupposed facts.",1,-1,[],[35360]],["connotation frames implied by the predicate from its arguments and the sentence structure",1,-1,[],[58281]],["connotation frames of power and agency (Sap et al., 2017), which provide pragmatic knowledge about implied power and agency levels projected onto characters by a predicate.",1,-1,[],[11549]],["connotation frames that measure the power and agency ascribed to characters through the actions they take",1,-1,[],[11549]],["disentangle connotation frames implied by the predicate from its arguments and the sentence structure",1,-1,[],[58281]],["provide pragmatic knowledge about implied power and agency levels projected onto characters by a predicate.",1,-1,[],[11549]],["the 9 different Connotation Frame relationship types for which we have annotations: P(w → o), P(w → s), P(s → o), V(o), V(s), E(o), E(s), S(o), and S(s).",1,-1,[],[35359]]],"sy":[["connotative frames",1,-1,[],[35360]]],"rt":[["agency",1,19283,[],[11549]],["effect",1,14459,[],[35359]],["emphasis frames",1,11834,[],[58281]],["frame semantics",1,16572,[],[35360]],["implied sentiment",1,12662,[],[35360]],["media bias",1,3751,[],[58281]],["mental state",1,22107,[],[35359]],["perspective",1,23315,[],[35359]],["power",1,24789,[],[11549]],["presupposed facts",1,-1,[],[35360]],["schema and script theory",1,-1,[],[35360]],["typed relations",1,-1,[],[35360]],["value",1,33193,[],[35359]]],"sb":[["agency",1,19283,[],[58281]],["effect E(x)",1,-1,[],[35360]],["mental state S(x)",1,-1,[],[35360]],["power",1,24789,[],[58281]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[58281]],["value V(x)",1,-1,[],[35360]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Effect on Subject",1,-1,[],[35360]],["Mental State of Subject",1,-1,[],[35360]],["Perspective of Writer towards Subject",1,-1,[],[35360]],["Value of Subject",1,-1,[],[35360]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[30093]],["Policy Frames",1,12022,[],[30093]]],"ex":[["The governor vetoed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, citing pressure from conservative lawmakers.",1,-1,[],[30093]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Microframe biases in the positive reviews generally convey positive connotations, and those in the negative reviews convey negative connotations.",1,-1,[],[36165]],["provide a nuanced characterization of the text",1,-1,[["provide a nuanced characterization of the text",1],["provide a nuanced characterization of the text.",1]],[36165]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Liberal news media show microframe bias toward 'good' and 'rational' in news on the Democratic party, and conservative news media show microframe bias toward 'good' and 'rational' in news on the Republican party",1,-1,[],[36165]],["the illegal vs. legal microframe on an immigration issue",1,-1,[],[36165]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias in Natural Language Processing (NLP)",1,-1,[],[37432]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Genre",1,3463,[],[18903]]],"ex":[["a textbook or an encyclopedia article",1,-1,[],[18903]]]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["it extends in Soviet doctrine across a broad array of strategic, operational, and tactical measures to obscure intent, maintain security, and confuse the adversary",1,-1,[],[55183]]],"sy":[["camouflage",1,-1,[],[55183]],["deception",1,24454,[],[48813]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["occurs mainly because people are unaware of it",1,-1,[],[14960]],["occurs mainly because people are unaware of it and that warnings can help, inasmuch as they make people aware of a bias or contamination.",1,-1,[],[14960]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["electability",1,9770,[],[40687]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Hashtags can denote spaces for on-going interpersonal conversation, supportive interest-based communities, or heated debates that bring others into the community and get them to adopt the hashtags as well.",1,-1,[],[20335]],["Heeter (1989) also defined interactivity as a multidimensional concept: amount of choice provided to users, amount of effort a user must exert to access information, how actively responsive a medium is to users, potential to monitor system use, degree to which users can add information to the system that a mass undifferentiated audience can access, and degree to which a media system facilitates interpersonal communication between specific users.",1,-1,[],[10087]],["The number of replies co-occurring with a hashtag captures the extent to which users are not only paying attention to others' content but actively responding to one another. Hashtags are more likely to grow and persist when there are many users speaking directly to each other while invoking the hashtag.",1,-1,[],[20335]],["Thus, it mainly serves as a heuristic tool to classify the news sharing process.",1,-1,[],[17604]],["interactive media obscure the line between the sender and receiver of mediated messages",1,-1,[],[10087]],["interactive media obscure the line between the sender and receiver of mediated messages (Singer, 1998).",1,-1,[],[10087]],["new media like the Internet possess at least three attributes of data not commonly associated with traditional media: interactivity, demassification, and asynchroneity.",1,-1,[],[10087]],["quality and appropriateness of the interactivity to the user's task",1,-1,[],[46]],["relates to the fact that people tend to consume only the news they are interested in",1,-1,[],[11016]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["asynchroneity",1,-1,[],[10087]],["demassification",1,28602,[],[10087]],["playfulness, choice, connectedness, information collection, and reciprocal communication",1,-1,[],[10087]],["threats (Markus, 1994), benefits (S. Ang & Cummings, 1994), sociability (Fulk, Flanagin, Kalman, Monge, & Ryan, 1996), isolation (Dorsher, 1996), involvement (Trevino & Webster, 1992), and inconvenience (Stolz, 1995;Thomas, 1995).",1,-1,[],[10087]]],"sb":[["benefits (S. Ang & Cummings, 1994)",1,-1,[],[10087]],["choice",1,13644,[],[10087]],["connectedness",1,-1,[],[10087]],["inconvenience (Stolz, 1995;Thomas, 1995)",1,-1,[],[10087]],["information collection",1,25932,[],[10087]],["involvement (Trevino & Webster, 1992)",1,-1,[],[10087]],["isolation (Dorsher, 1996)",1,-1,[],[10087]],["playfulness",1,31668,[],[10087]],["reciprocal communication",1,-1,[],[10087]],["sociability (Fulk, Flanagin, Kalman, Monge, & Ryan, 1996)",1,-1,[],[10087]],["threats (Markus, 1994)",1,-1,[],[10087]]],"sp":[["conversational vibrancy",1,6930,[],[20335]],["desiderata",1,-1,[],[12101]],["properties of new media",1,-1,[],[36776]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It is different than these notions but uses them in order to obtain better outcomes. It picks a group fairness constraint like equalizing false positive and asks whether this constraint holds over a large collection of subgroups",1,-1,[],[7349]],["It is different than these notions but uses them in order to obtain better outcomes. It picks a group fairness constraint like equalizing false positive and asks whether this constraint holds over a large collection of subgroups [79,80].",1,-1,[],[7349]],["It picks a group fairness constraint like equalizing false positive and asks whether this constraint holds over a large collection of subgroups",1,-1,[],[7349]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["group fairness",1,33164,[],[15603]],["individual fairness",1,1616,[],[15603]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fairness",1,27748,[],[7349]],["fairness metrics",1,23258,[],[15603]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["technologies of the other",1,23644,[],[22071]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It is through this process of mediated elevation that 'stigmatised others' 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If the association does reflect a statistical reality, members of the group will be more likely to display the trait than will members of other groups.",1,-1,[],[25477]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stereotype",1,2334,[],[36352]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["topic of lie",1,-1,[],[42356]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can affect an annotator's decision-making process",1,-1,[],[5990]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Rubin's vase (1916)",1,-1,[],[5990]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The agent does not compute bias metrics itself; instead, it analyzes experimentally derived signals such as flip rates, JSD scores, and masked preference drift to generate a structured bias report.",1,-1,[],[45755]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Dataset debiasing managed to decrease the negative label probability of template 1(a,b), thus reducing the representation harms that exist in downstream performance.",1,-1,[],[26806]],["analyze the impact of dataset debiasing on both dataset bias and downstream performance.",1,-1,[],[26806]],["dataset debiasing consistently worsens representation harm by increasing the prediction probability for non-negative sentences containing islam (Islam) or kristen (Christianity)",1,-1,[],[26806]],["dataset debiasing managed to reduce allocation harm in lstm_twitter, but maintains the same level of allocation harm in lstm_tempo, keeping the exact same FNR and TPR score before debiasing.",1,-1,[],[26806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dataset bias",1,2026,[],[26806]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["dissent becomes measurable through engagement metrics, monetized visibility, and platform governance",1,-1,[],[32646]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, MDSE can be understood in an individual's belief in the extent to which she or he can discern truth in social media information environments.",1,-1,[],[54772]],["MDSE was measured using three items, all on seven-point scales where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly disagree. The indicators were developed using Bandura's (2006) guidelines for domain-specific self-efficacy scale construction and were consistent with prior, similar empirical studies (Hopp, 2022). Item wording was as follows: (1) I'm confident in my ability to spot fake news stories on social media; (2) I'm confident in my ability to distinguish between fake news and legitimate news stories on social media; and (3) I'm confident in my ability to identify inaccurate news content on social media.",1,-1,[],[54772]]],"sy":[["MDSE",1,-1,[],[54772]]],"rt":[["epistemic self-efficacy",1,-1,[],[54772]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic self-efficacy",1,-1,[],[54772]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["advocate of the government",1,-1,[],[9343]],["government mouthpiece",1,-1,[],[9343]],["propagandists",1,20021,[],[9343]],["the eyes and ears of the party",1,-1,[],[9343]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Collaborative-facilitative roles",1,-1,[],[9343]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This assumes that the attribute can be clearly identified in a sentence, which may be the case for some attributes, e.g., age (a young person, a child) or gender (a woman, a man), but not for others, e.g., skin tone.",1,-1,[],[22962]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["PROCLAIMs",2,15292,[["PROCLAIMs",1],["Proclaim",1]],[16434,21820]],["proclaim subsystem",1,-1,[],[16434]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an expert-facts checker is a natural approach to verifying fake news which uses professional fact-checkers to determine which content is false, and then engaging in some combination of issuing corrections, tagging false content with warnings, and directly censoring false content .g., by demoting its placement in ranking algorithms so that it is less likely to be seen by users.",1,-1,[],[5424]],["the strength of expert-based fact-checking techniques lies in the fact that they are small in number thus, easy to manage and have a high accuracy rate.",1,-1,[],[5424]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["secular public sphere",1,21419,[],[3952]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Institutions constitute crucial sources of stabilization of discourses, not least of all because they are assigned the responsibility to oversee social subjects' compliance with the rules of self-appropriation connected with subject roles",1,-1,[],[22041]],["Institutions originate from hegemonic and counter-hegemonic acts, which either motivate the installment of particular institutions or overdetermine the meaningfulness of already prevailing institutions and redefine their appropriate functions and purposes.",1,-1,[],[22041]],["Institutions provide for the reproduction of society within the sphere in question, giving it a certain degree of autonomy and a distinct identity in relation to other spheres.",1,-1,[],[10675]],["exist independently of individual social actors, represent societal guiding principles, and influence social behavior",1,-1,[],[32905]],["institutions materialize discourses by giving them material effects.",1,-1,[],[22041]],["institutions validate discourses by retaining their function as the epistemic foundation for institutional operations.",1,-1,[],[22041]],["widely sedimented institutions possess the authority to oblige social subjects to conduct particular practices of articulation, which again stabilize particular discourses.",1,-1,[],[22041]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["allocations of resources",1,-1,[],[10675]],["rules",1,2092,[],[10675]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["For example, pretrained transformer models are used to extract semantic or syntactic properties to detect misinformation",1,-1,[],[50470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Misinformation Detection",2,27522,[["Misinformation Detection",1],["misinformation detection",1]],[19737,50470]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["accidents, disasters, crime",1,-1,[],[9230]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["showing how quickly the algorithm shifts focus from relevant topics to broader, unrelated ones",1,-1,[],[31386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation",1,-1,[],[16071]],["the crimes of real serial killers have been defined, re-imagined, and re-sold in a multitude of ways, from True Crime books and speculative faction (factual fiction, like Emlyn Williams's account of the \"Moors murderers\" in the 1960s, Beyond Belief) to an abundance of films and television documentaries and frequently gory media coverage",1,-1,[],[16071]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Different from the \"personal experience\" posts, grey duanzi are usually short, fictional and exaggerated anecdotes with no authorship and are widely shared for fun.",1,-1,[],[32442]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["duanzi",1,14129,[],[32442]]],"ex":[["Residents in Beijing described serious smog days like: \"I can't see the portrait of Grandpa Mao (Mao Zedong) standing at Tiananmen Square'. Residents in Shanghai hummed and said: \"When I took out a 100 CNY note from wallet this morning, I can't see Grandpa Mao printed on it either\"",1,-1,[],[32442]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attitude toward the advertisement",1,9509,[],[3496]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["According to De Genova (2005), nativism is not a preoccupation with the foreignness of migrants or of internal minorities as much as it is a promotion of the priority of U.S. citizens.",1,-1,[],[33415]],["Nativism holds that non-native elements (persons, ideas, or policies) present a threat to the nation state, which should be as homogeneous as possible.",1,-1,[],[3558]],["Nativism is a broad concept that subsumes racism, ethnocentrism, and anti-immigrant sentiment.",1,-1,[],[3558]],["Nativism is also expressed in ideas that portray demographic change as an existential threat, specifically that immigrants will outnumber native populations and impose their foreign cultures on Western societies",1,-1,[],[46056]],["Nativist attitudes and discourses are not necessarily tied to more elaborate historical conceptions of the nation, as in nationalism. Instead, they are embedded in ethnocratic visions of monoculturalism and ethnic homogeneity.",1,-1,[],[46056]],["nativism is essentially a combination of nationalism and xenophobia.",1,-1,[],[3440]],["nativism is not a preoccupation with the foreignness of migrants or of internal minorities as much as it is a promotion of the priority of U.S. citizens.",1,-1,[],[33415]],["provide a form of security",1,-1,[],[6072]],["was proposed as a criterion for separating the Radical Right from other right-wing parties.",1,-1,[],[3558]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethnic nationalism",1,30939,[],[4678]],["populism",1,20354,[],[4304]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["A typical SRL system first identifies verbs in a given sentence and then marks all the related words/phrases haven relational projection with the verb and assigns appropriate roles.",1,-1,[],[34702]],["For each target verb (predicate), all constituents in the sentence which take a semantic role of the verb are recognized.",1,-1,[],[5918]],["SRL is a well-explored area within the NLP community.",1,-1,[],[34702]]],"sy":[["SRL",1,-1,[],[12234]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Participants enhance the credibility of fake news by fabricating citations and/or quotes, often attributing them to well-known figures, reputable sources (e.g., Science Journal), and even non-existent authorities.",1,-1,[],[56243]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Secondary Optimization Strategies",1,19158,[],[56243]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic closure",1,27304,[],[58152]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["filter information in the political world",1,-1,[],[2455]],["roadmap for navigating the political world",1,-1,[],[2455]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The category of wrong assumptions is important because it pertains to misinformation that originates from the initial post by the help seeker, as opposed to misinformation that arises later in the comments.",1,-1,[],[12733]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Health misinformation",1,6154,[],[12733]],["Misinformation",1,10315,[],[12733]]],"ex":[["antidepressants do not work for me, can you recommend a natural method?",1,-1,[],[12733]],["eg, \"antidepressants do not work for me, can you recommend a natural method?\"",1,-1,[],[12733]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["calculates a publicity score that serves as a quantifiable measure for the publicity of a person of interest",1,-1,[],[61546]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["User-reported mechanisms can serve as an early warning system for emerging deepfake trends or new manipulation techniques",1,-1,[],[16241]],["User-reported mechanisms leverage the collective intelligence of users to identify and report suspicious content",1,-1,[],[16241]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[32998]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This theory focuses on the formation of perceived in-groups and out-groups depending on elements such as demographics, psychographics, sociology, or some combination of elements.",1,-1,[],[28752]]],"sy":[["social identity of the group",1,-1,[],[28752]]],"rt":[["social identity of the group",1,-1,[],[28752]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["data visualization as a modern application in statistical graphs and charts, where it finds its wider and most common application.",1,-1,[],[6667]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["anti-vaccine activists who proclaimed to know the most about vaccination and autism actually scored lowest in their knowledge of both subjects, despite rating their understanding as high",1,-1,[],[45482]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the process of disseminating news, journalists and news organizations with different class positions, political attitudes, academic viewpoints, basic concepts, economic interests, cultural literacy, and hobbies will show different opinions, such as right and wrong, praise and criticism, love and hate, etc. tendencies.",1,-1,[],[47362]]],"sy":[["Reporting propensity",1,-1,[],[47362]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such subsidies have come from governments, political parties, groups in civil society, and powerful patrons typically interested in promoting their own views, and consequently have afforded news organizations little independence.",1,-1,[],[2279]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["\"progressive neoliberalism\" extols \"diversity,\" \"meritocracy,\" and \"emancipation,\" at the same time, it dismantles the welfare state and allows capital to plunder the lower social classes and groups.",1,-1,[],[29945]],["For example, in the United States, this alliance consists of, on the one hand, mainstream liberal social movements, such as feminists, antiracists, proponents of multiculturalism, environmentalists, and LGBTQ rights activists, and, on the other, the most vibrant financial sectors of the economy.",1,-1,[],[29945]],["this is based on a type of pact between social forces that push for economic liberalisation and progressive left groups. While the former have achieved far-reaching economic liberalisation in recent decades, the Left has focused increasingly on questions of identity politics (cultural aspects) without opposing economic liberalisation.",1,-1,[],[3986]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the ways they are realized and negotiated, and the limits on the adaptability of politics of difference.",1,-1,[],[9052]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mediated encounter",1,9751,[],[9052]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":87,"df":[],"de":[["A public sphere emerges where people struggle for a better society and their struggle is a process of constituting the public that creates spatial domains of resistance in the public.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["According to Habermas (1989), the public sphere necessitates the supportive spirit of cultural traditions, patterns of socialization, and a populace accustomed to freedom, surpassing the institutional assurances of the legitimate state (Habermas, 1992).",1,-1,[],[13572]],["As a public sphere and by its nature, engagements on Facebook are quite interactive, thus providing the right platform for people to air the views uncensored.",1,-1,[],[60906]],["Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion-that is, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions-about matters of general interest.",1,-1,[],[25846]],["Dahlgren (2005) sets out three constituent dimensions of the public sphere",1,-1,[],[13764]],["For Charles Taylor, the concept of modern social imaginary refers to practices and expectations to imagine the interdependencies between separate individuals and the practices to manage that relationship. This specifically concerns a shared understanding of society as a whole, which conditions shared practices and a shared sense of legitimacy",1,-1,[],[36150]],["Gerhards and Neidhardt (1990, p. 12, 17) regard them as intermediary systems and highlight their openness to everyone and their orientation towards the general public.",1,-1,[],[59932]],["Habermas has been criticised for neglecting religious discourse in the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[37701]],["It allows stressing not only aspects of public discussion, but also the public or private ownership of crucial goods and services such as communications.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["Juha Kovisto and Esa Valiverronen (1996) see the public sphere not as domain, but as process of counter-hegemonic struggles.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["One of the characteristics which describes this new public sphere is its fragmentation",1,-1,[],[13764]],["One of the crucial characteristics of the well-functioning public sphere is also the general accessibility of information, which is not personalised but-like it or not -identical for all.",1,-1,[],[3950]],["The original ideal Habermas describes is based on free and equal individuals gathering at physical locations to hold a critical and rational deliberative discussion on current societal topics, to produce argumentatively achieved, unanimous public opinions, and thus, to intermediate the relationship between the state and civil society.",1,-1,[],[36150]],["The public sphere denotes, the \"domain of our social life in which such a thing as public opinion can be formed. Access to the public sphere is open, in principle, to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere is constituted in every conversation in which private persons come together to form a public\" (Habermas, 2019, p. 143).",1,-1,[],[60906]],["The public sphere is a concept of immanent critique for criticising the shortcomings of societies.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["The public sphere of the media would thereby have become undemocratic and a privatised realm controlled by powerful actors instead of citizens",1,-1,[],[25220]],["The public sphere provides a seemingly egalitarian platform for mass participation.",1,-1,[],[60906]],["The public sphere would therefore require media for information and communication and access by all citizens.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["The task of a public sphere is that society can become engaged in \"critical public debate\"",1,-1,[],[25220]],["This idealized model emphasizes reason, inclusivity, and equality, facilitating legitimate democratic decision-making through open dialogue",1,-1,[],[21000]],["While the Internet has made information more accessible to more people, it has also allowed for the proliferation of polarization, misinformation, and fragmentation 41",1,-1,[],[37701]],["Within these spaces, compromise and unanimous decisions were reached by means of unfettered, logical, and critical deliberation among bourgeois citizens freed from the feudal hierarchies of early modern Europe.",1,-1,[],[43290]],["a counter-hegemonic space between official culture and cultural works supported by the market",1,-1,[],[28714]],["a cultural-materialist understanding of the public sphere concept that is grounded in political economy",1,-1,[],[25220]],["a new form of collective action and sense of belonging which materializes in radical secular horizontality, detached from religious or other transcendental frameworks, in the worldly time frame, as a result of joint action by principally equal individuals.",1,-1,[],[36150]],["a public sphere in the Habermasian (1989) sense",1,-1,[],[3843]],["a space that includes all members of society and is also directly accessible to all members without discrimination",1,-1,[],[36150]],["as the point of union between the two dimensions, communication intervenes, which allows-in the deliberative perspectives of Habermas (1985)-the coordination and understanding between all the subjects and actors involved.",1,-1,[],[61358]],["colonise and thereby destroy the public sphere potentials of social media",1,-1,[],[25220]],["commodified form of the public sphere, dependent on payment, that constructed a certain class status in the editorial pages of most of the newspapers.",1,-1,[],[43290]],["controlled by corporations and the state that colonise and thereby destroy the public sphere potentials of social media.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["convened by these newspapers",1,-1,[],[43290]],["core attributes of the public sphere, which include open dialogue, unlimited access to information, equal and seemingly protected participation",1,-1,[],[60906]],["digital media might fuel partisan polarization, as partisans end up with intense negative attitudes about their political opponents, which can erode democratic deliberation 44",1,-1,[],[37701]],["disinformation, propaganda, and power struggles are also part of the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[34695]],["emphasis on political action and participation, democracy, deliberation, and public opinion",1,-1,[],[25846]],["exists only if it contains critical discussion and has a non-adaptive, public character.",1,-1,[],[3950]],["if the form of the public sphere celebrated by Habermas was liberal, that encountered online today is more frequently described by critics as a neoliberal space.",1,-1,[],[17078]],["it is a kind of interface and intermediate sphere mediating between the economy, the state, and the realm of the family and intimacy.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["limited by the steering media of political power and money",1,-1,[],[25220]],["limited by the steering media of political power and money so that corporations own and control and the state monitors users' data on social media.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["notion of an indefinite space shared by unknown strangers, which covers issues of common concern and yet is set apart from the organs of state politics.",1,-1,[],[36150]],["publics and audiences have always been understood as opposite concepts, separated in space and time.",1,-1,[],[13764]],["relations between digital media, the public sphere, and citizen journalists",1,-1,[],[17078]],["restructuring the public sphere in the early years of the twenty-first century",1,-1,[],[17078]],["the connecting link between public sphere and democracy",1,-1,[],[13764]],["the conventional, universal public sphere of the mass media age",1,-1,[],[25991]],["the public sphere as the primary locus of politicisation",1,-1,[],[20592]],["the public sphere has largely been aligned with understandings of the public good and public interest.",1,-1,[],[25846]],["the public sphere is a contested space where truth-seeking, ethical responsibility and inclusivity must be actively defended against misinformation and division",1,-1,[],[37701]],["the public sphere is not just a sphere of public political communication, but also a sphere free from state censorship and from private ownership.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["the public sphere necessitates the supportive spirit of cultural traditions, patterns of socialization, and a populace accustomed to freedom, surpassing the institutional assurances of the legitimate state",1,-1,[],[13572]],["the public sphere requires unlimited access to information, equal and protected participation, and the absence of institutional influence, particularly regarding the economy",1,-1,[],[60906]],["the public sphere was always subject to interference by powerful organisations, typically governments in the earlier stages then commercial entities later.",1,-1,[],[17078]],["where the 'organisation of social experience' (Negt and Kluge, 1993: 3ff.) takes place in a topically structured communication process.",1,-1,[],[55846]],["while the liberal press plays a much more intermediary role in prominently private discourses assembled with the public, Habermas claims that the era of mass media completely changes this dynamic as it begins to create its own public sphere, thereby modifying all its old operating logic.",1,-1,[],[39746]],["with its emphasis on political action and participation, democracy, deliberation, and public opinion",1,-1,[],[25846]]],"sy":[["a network for communicating information and points of view",1,-1,[],[38419]],["a realm of our social life",1,-1,[],[38419]]],"rt":[["civil society",2,18534,[],[25220,28714]],["European public sphere",1,30764,[],[36558]],["Europeanization",1,15171,[],[36558]],["antagonistic media",1,-1,[],[55846]],["citizen journalists",1,739,[],[17078]],["communicative space",1,-1,[],[2604]],["compromise-building mass media",1,-1,[],[55846]],["deliberative-discursive model",1,-1,[],[52560]],["digital",1,-1,[],[13764]],["digital media",1,4526,[],[17078]],["digital public sphere",1,26949,[],[39987]],["hegemony",1,1755,[],[25220]],["ideology",1,8315,[],[25220]],["interplay of publics",1,-1,[],[55846]],["issue publics",1,26216,[],[25991]],["liberal",1,6594,[],[17078]],["lifeworld of communicative action",1,-1,[],[25220]],["neoliberal space",1,13890,[],[17078]],["networked publics",1,11680,[],[6738]],["online",1,-1,[],[13764]],["secular public sphere",1,21419,[],[3950]],["social media",1,6683,[],[60906]],["social sphere",1,10689,[],[25846]],["virtual",1,-1,[],[13764]]],"sb":[["The third dimension is that of interaction.",1,-1,[],[13764]],["a cultural public sphere",1,-1,[],[13764]],["affective publics",1,18177,[],[13764]],["complex publics",1,3664,[],[55846]],["encounter level",1,-1,[],[55846]],["liberal",1,6594,[],[17078]],["manufactured public sphere",1,30955,[],[25220]],["neoliberal space",1,13890,[],[17078]],["networked public sphere",1,5833,[],[13764]],["networked publics",1,11680,[],[6738]],["personal publics",1,10531,[],[13764]],["pseudo-public sphere",1,8786,[],[25220]],["public sphericules",1,13126,[],[13764]],["secular public sphere",1,21419,[],[3950]],["strong public sphere",1,9724,[],[25220]],["structural dimension, which relates to its formal institutional features: organisation, financial policy, ownership, control and regulation of the media, as well as the legal framework defining the freedom of communication.",1,-1,[],[13764]],["the political public sphere",1,7748,[],[13764]],["the representational one and refers to the output of the media, and includes impartiality, accuracy",1,-1,[],[13764]],["topic and assembly publics",1,22195,[],[55846]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt; Syntagma Square in Athens, Greece; Puerta del Sol in Madrid, Spain; Plaça Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain; Zuccotti Park in New York City, St. Paul's Cathedral's and Finsbury Square in London.",1,-1,[],[25220]],["occupied squares as public spheres",1,-1,[],[25220]],["the Twittersphere or the blogosphere",1,-1,[],[13764]],["the use of art in public places",1,-1,[],[17078]],["town halls",1,-1,[],[17078]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["where traditional values place women as objects whose purity must be preserved.",1,-1,[],[46217]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["OHS",1,30209,[],[58299]],["online aggression",1,3198,[],[58299]],["online incivility",1,11685,[],[58299]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["path dependencies",1,28956,[],[24355]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["System 2",1,2185,[],[971]],["Type 2",1,-1,[],[971]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["celebrities",1,20230,[],[27057]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Socialization and a sense of belonging are what drive people to share information on social media sites (Doise & Lorenzi-Cioldi, 2020), which often leads to the sharing of fake news (Tandoc et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[39766]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sub-theme",1,2450,[],[30465]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["FTT states that both processes develop with age, but gist-based intuition becomes the dominant way of processing at an adult age and, more surprisingly, the predominant expert mode of reasoning in comparison with novices.",1,-1,[],[32619]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fuzzy-Trace Theory",1,7255,[],[32619]]],"ex":[["the gist will discard this number and sum up the sentence as \"it is unlikely to rain\"",1,-1,[],[32619]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["highly self-referential \"remixes\" of words",1,-1,[],[30720]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"cuckerberg\" (a combination of \"cuck\" and \"Zuckerberg\")",1,-1,[],[30720]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Adapted to the present context, the normative coherence of a narrative refers to its fit with pre-existing norms, including normative felicity conditions",1,-1,[],[57851]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["narrative coherence",1,5887,[],[57851]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["When a social practice is represented in language, it is transformed -an account of the social practice is given.",1,-1,[],[40123]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social practice",1,18104,[],[40123]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["whether true or not",1,-1,[],[61348]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["In languages with grammatical gender, word forms of articles and adjectives need to agree with the gender of nouns they are associated with.",1,-1,[],[50290]],["In many languages, grammatical gender morphology appears on all nouns, regardless of whether they refer to persons, animals, plants, or inanimate objects (e.g., \"il libro\" the book is a masculine noun in Italian).",1,-1,[],[30114]],["In this paper, we focus on languages with masculine and feminine classes.",1,-1,[],[50290]],["which can be inflected by means of feminine or masculine morphology (e.g it: la/il nuova/o amica/o -the new friend)",1,-1,[],[46230]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Sociocultural gender",1,26578,[],[49192]]],"sb":[["masculine and feminine classes",1,-1,[],[50290]]],"sp":[["linguistic gender",1,28906,[],[30114]]],"ex":[["\"la cuchara\" (the spoon) and \"la espumadera\" (the skimmer) are feminine; \"el cuchillo\" (the knife) and \"el tenedor\" (the fork) are masculine",1,-1,[],[49192]],["in Spanish: la buena enfermera the good female nurse, el buen enfermero the good male nurse",1,-1,[],[50290]],["water, table, woman",1,-1,[],[50290]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Blacks have no sense of morality and are incapable of love. I'm sorry, but I can't help with this request.",1,-1,[],[60937]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["mechanisms such as public rejection or shame",1,-1,[],[53678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["an important strand of media studies scholarship that developed in the 1970s.",1,-1,[],[56514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cultural imperialism",1,23395,[],[13529]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Emotional reactions to news lead to content selectivity, and in some cases, even motivate respondents to completely opt out of being informed.",1,-1,[],[5094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hermeneutic",1,28642,[],[25785]],["hermeneutics",1,-1,[],[25785]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["when the forgery operation involves just parts of the same image",1,-1,[],[43252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["is able to attract the attention of the recipient naturally (Davis & McLeod, 2003), and consequently may impact memory performance or learning (Grabe, Lang, & Zhao, 2003;Grabe, Lang, Zhou, & Bolls, 2000).",1,-1,[],[6152]]],"sy":[["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[6152]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["democratic autonomy",1,-1,[],[51199]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news logic of personalization",1,33751,[],[4993]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news personalization",1,27975,[],[4993]],["personalization",1,10101,[],[4993]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["humans are known to be prone to egocentrism biases when crafting persuasive messages",1,-1,[],[18953]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["In the case of traditional media, the professional media, disinformation spreaders had fewer chances with the implementation of their messages due to the professional verification of content at the editorial level.",1,-1,[],[36966]],["all types of traditional media (both online and offline)",1,-1,[],[24318]],["traditional media are often seen as a complement to new media for understanding political information behavior",1,-1,[],[50837]],["were a more difficult opponent for disinformation agents due to the professional verification of information before it is posted in the pages of a newspaper or broadcast on radio or television.",1,-1,[],[36966]],["where citizens usually encounter a wider range of substantial news stories",1,-1,[],[24318]]],"sy":[["legacy media",1,26881,[],[29128]],["old media",1,5744,[],[29128]],["the professional media",1,14288,[],[36966]]],"rt":[["new media",1,13437,[],[50837]],["online press",1,-1,[],[26357]],["social media",1,6683,[],[26357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["television, national and local newspapers, and radio",1,-1,[],[29128]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It is thus suitable as a collective term for the compromise-forming communicative values to which the mass media are oriented.",1,-1,[],[55822]],["Propelled by progressive liberal ideas, such as individual political rights and equality of participation regardless of social status, the bourgeois public sphere has played a vital role in the historical struggle against absolutism.",1,-1,[],[24194]],["This new communicative space-a 'sphere of private people come together as a public' (Habermas, 1989, p. 27)-facilitated the formation of public opinion.",1,-1,[],[24194]],["can be called upon by lower levels of the public sphere, bypassing the current mass media representatives to bring about changes in the editorial offices and the compromise balances.",1,-1,[],[55822]],["it also entails an ideal or, in hegemony theory terms, an 'empty signifier' capable of organising broader social consent.",1,-1,[],[55822]],["shaped by compromise-forming values such as impartiality, journalistic diligence, and the search for truth",1,-1,[],[55822]],["suitable to conceptualise this element of the ideological public sphere.",1,-1,[],[55822]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["empty signifier",1,17228,[],[55822]],["public sphere",1,3676,[],[24194]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike accidental misinformation, \"fake news\" is characterized by a conscious effort to mislead or deceive the audience.",1,-1,[],[46902]]],"sy":[["deliberate",1,8203,[],[46902]],["intention to deceive",1,8729,[],[46902]],["intentional",1,2432,[],[46902]],["purposeful",1,-1,[],[46902]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Unless one is talking about Divine or absolute truth, all truths are human made.",1,-1,[],[59781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["TCI assesses the models consistency in detecting false information over various time periods.",1,-1,[],[41382]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["false belief understanding",1,686,[],[15787]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook adds the labels \"False (Independent fact-checkers say this information has no basis in fact)\" or \"Partly false (Independent fact-checkers say this information has some factual inaccuracies)\"",1,-1,[],[17674]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["satellite",2,7345,[],[58,58998]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["is rooted in more general differences in the role of the state in society; there are differences between liberal democracies such as in the USA and democracies of the welfare states prevailing in Europe, with many distinctive nuances.",1,-1,[],[38071]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Culture",1,19654,[],[16636]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This type of algorithmic manipulation can also take place within social media platforms, for example with trending topics and hashtags on Twitter and Facebook.",1,-1,[],[12612]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an individual's public persona",1,-1,[],[59718]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Problem-Based Inquiry",1,-1,[],[52167]],["Socratic Dialogue",1,-1,[],[52167]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[41750]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[41750]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["have a strong effect in imposing the reader to accept the proposition",1,-1,[],[31554]]],"sy":[["eben",1,-1,[],[31554]],["halt",1,-1,[],[31554]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the boundary between the inner and outer structures is gradual; a self-description of that kind is characteristic of cultures that are open to external contacts and communication",1,-1,[],[43938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[15897]]],"ex":[["disparaging remarks about a co-worker",1,-1,[],[20921]],["racist diatribes by black nationalists or Nazis carried on some cable stations",1,-1,[],[20921]],["racist vilification directed by skinheads at a black child",1,-1,[],[20921]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":77,"df":[["Media bias describes differences in the content or presentation of news",2,-1,[["Media bias describes differences in the content or presentation of news",1],["Media bias describes differences in the content or presentation of news.",1]],[43725,57146]]],"de":[["Factors influencing this bias can include ownership or source of income of the media outlet, or a specific political or ideological stance of the outlet and its audience",1,-1,[],[392]],["Figure 1 depicts different forms of media bias that can occur in the news production process, in which publishers transform an actual event into a news story [51].",1,-1,[],[57146]],["Given its effectiveness, it's no surprise that governments around the world would want to sway the messages delivered by the media.",1,-1,[],[41116]],["In other words, some bias is inherent to the media, but how biased they are (and on what direction they lean) will depend upon a comparison to other media in the same context.",1,-1,[],[42227]],["In the most broad sense, propaganda news articles is a type of biased news reports.",1,-1,[],[26313]],["In this article, we thus focus on intentional media bias, which journalists and other involved parties implement purposely to achieve a specific goal",1,-1,[],[392]],["It is a ubiquitous phenomenon in news coverage that can have severely negative effects on individuals and society, e.g., when slanted news coverage influences voters and, in turn, also election outcomes",1,-1,[],[43725]],["It is an ubiquitous phenomenon in news coverage that can have severely negative effects on individuals and society.",1,-1,[],[57146]],["Media bias can potentially negatively impact the public, since biased news coverage may influence elections or public opinion on societal issues.",1,-1,[],[392]],["Media bias has both ex ante and ex post effects.",1,-1,[],[44723]],["Media bias is a complex concept [213,217] that has been researched at least since the 1950s [242]. It describes slanted news coverage or other biased media content [98], which can be intentional, i.e., purposefully express a tendency towards a perspective, ideology, or result [243], or unintentional [21,243].",1,-1,[],[20723]],["Media bias is often related to content favoring a particular viewpoint or ideology (e.g., political) [34]",1,-1,[],[40303]],["Since media bias has been, and continues to be, structurally inherent in news coverage [27,56,58]",1,-1,[],[392]],["The coverage of media outlets often exhibits media bias, e.g., due to political interference, lobbyism, or ideological focus [48].",1,-1,[],[57146]],["The idea that journalists should tell their stories in an impartial way and provide balanced information, is a prominent principle in journalistic deontological codes (Ryan 2001)",1,-1,[],[3563]],["The phenomenon of inclination or prejudice in the news",1,-1,[],[27324]],["The prevalence of media bias has harmful effects on both individuals and society, such as misleading audiences, intensifying societal polarization, and undermining democratic values",1,-1,[],[46349]],["The term \"media bias\" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article.",1,-1,[],[46614]],["This bias reflects the political and socio-economic views of the institution, rather than the point of view of a particular reporter.",1,-1,[],[42227]],["This phenomenon, generally called media bias, has been extensively studied in political science, economics and communication literature",1,-1,[],[18006]],["We do not, but view opinion as biased.",1,-1,[],[27324]],["We emphasize the complexity of media bias and note that researchers often fail to clearly define the type of media bias they investigate, which leads to confusion when comparing different studies.",1,-1,[],[20723]],["While many instances of media bias fit into one of the other more precisely defined forms of media defined in the news production and consumption process (see Sect. 2.2), some instances of bias do not.",1,-1,[],[392]],["and can be accomplished through many different techniques.",1,-1,[],[32106]],["at times, the news coverage of media outlets is far from objective, a phenomenon called media bias.",1,-1,[],[392]],["bias and the consequential skepticism reduce the demand for news.",1,-1,[],[44723]],["can critically impact people's opinions and decisions.",1,-1,[],[57146]],["comes embedded in a geopolitical news context determined by other outlets in the region.",1,-1,[],[42227]],["influences the public opinion.",1,-1,[],[50185]],["influences the public opinion. It influences how people perceive certain events, what they believe, and, by doing so, affects democratic outcomes.",1,-1,[],[50185]],["media bias being a complex construct in total",1,-1,[],[40303]],["media bias can be very subtle and usually depends on comprehensive contextual information to be discovered",1,-1,[],[33981]],["media bias can occur in several reasons: whenever newspaper provides out of context facts to support a particular party or when journalists add personal opinion to the news report.",1,-1,[],[54714]],["media bias is a structural, often intentional, flaw inherent to news publishing [14] and can critically impact people's opinions and decisions.",1,-1,[],[57146]],["media bias that are shaped through underlying general political or socio-economic orientations",1,-1,[],[42227]],["or unintentional",1,-1,[],[20723]],["slanted news coverage or internal bias reflected in news articles.",1,-1,[],[20723]],["some bias is inherent to all media, but how biased they are, depends, to an extent, upon a comparison to other media.",1,-1,[],[42227]],["some bias is inherent to the media, but how biased they are (and on what direction they lean) will depend upon a comparison to other media in the same context.",1,-1,[],[42227]],["the measure of media bias changes with the research objectives and the media under analysis",1,-1,[],[44723]],["the nature of the bias is reflected in the vocabulary used and the entities mentioned by different news outlets.",1,-1,[],[42227]],["the systematic variations in the editorial choices of the Times I have shown to occur during presidential campaigns are consistent with media bias",1,-1,[],[60512]],["this paper operates on the assumption that bias, to some extent, is inherent and unavoidable in news.",1,-1,[],[27324]],["thus can have severe effects on democratic processes",1,-1,[],[60780]],["which can be intentional, i.e., purposefully express a tendency towards a perspective, ideology, or result",1,-1,[],[20723]]],"sy":[["editorial slant",1,7699,[],[20723]],["partisan or hyperpartisan news",1,-1,[],[27324]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping",2,23978,[],[392,42227]],["ideological bias",2,27368,[],[26313,37500]],["informational bias",2,8372,[],[33981,55948]],["Commission and Omission",1,15415,[],[27324]],["Event Selection",1,9011,[],[27324]],["Labeling and word choice",1,23066,[],[27324]],["advertising bias",1,34908,[],[18006]],["bias by personal perception",1,-1,[],[30423]],["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[20723]],["content analysis",1,12011,[],[392]],["corporate bias",1,34488,[],[18006]],["coverage",1,15065,[],[392]],["frame analysis",1,22238,[],[392]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[20723]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[20723]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[20723]],["imbalance",1,13209,[],[50185]],["lexical bias",1,23376,[],[55948]],["mainstream bias",1,-1,[],[18006]],["many different tasks exist in the media bias domain",1,-1,[],[40303]],["meta-analysis",1,-1,[],[392]],["omission of information",1,-1,[],[30423]],["overt ideological language",1,-1,[],[33981]],["partisan objectivity",1,3059,[],[3563]],["partisan slant",1,-1,[],[50185]],["partisan slant and imbalance",1,-1,[],[50185]],["power bias",1,-1,[],[18006]],["racial bias",1,20528,[],[20723]],["selective reporting",1,1854,[],[38986]],["spin bias",1,31485,[],[27324]],["statement",1,25641,[],[392]],["statement bias",1,24212,[],[42227]],["unintentional bias",1,-1,[],[392]]],"sb":[["lexical bias",4,23376,[],[15511,30423,44940,55948]],["informational bias",3,8372,[],[15511,30423,55948]],["Event Selection",2,9011,[["Event Selection",1],["event selection",1]],[392,27324]],["Labeling and word choice",2,23066,[["Labeling and word choice",1],["labeling and word choice",1]],[392,27324]],["Commercial Bias",1,10295,[],[28010]],["Commission and Omission",1,15415,[],[27324]],["Ownership Bias",1,30602,[],[28010]],["Political Bias",1,24880,[],[28010]],["Racial Bias",1,20528,[],[28010]],["Religious 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and 'online' as oppositional presences.",1,-1,[],[14853]],["the way media categories are used affects people's options of living. It affects how they understand and engage with media and consequently how they perform their subjectivities and relate to others, both human and non-human.",1,-1,[],[14853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["entangled assemblages of human and non-human actors",1,-1,[],[14853]],["human subjects",1,-1,[],[14853]],["modes of ontology",1,-1,[],[14853]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The soft power network approach helps to explain why a powerful semi-authoritarian government engaged with international civil actors, and it helps to investigate and reveal the structure and dimensions of this government-NGO communication network.",1,-1,[],[59129]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bots",1,27271,[],[13881]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Currently, this approach to loyalty has morphed into metrics of \"regularity\"",1,-1,[],[4379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In a long-lasting peace process, forgiveness can enable the successful reintegration of different groups and foster a less divided society.",1,-1,[],[36664]],["In this research, the idea of \"harming someone\" was extended to a more political context, in the sense that social forgiveness should also mean refraining from intending to sabotage the political career of the person concerned.",1,-1,[],[36664]],["The concept of social forgiveness has already been studied in different contexts of civil war and political violence worldwide",1,-1,[],[36664]],["This concept does not refer to forgetting past deeds but rather to critical engagement, not based on feelings of revenge and retribution.",1,-1,[],[36664]],["internalization and embracement of social forgiveness in the political discourse",1,-1,[],[36664]],["reinforce the call for social forgiveness for Petro, implying that the debate about his candidacy should not focus on condemning his past but rather on his current political agenda",1,-1,[],[36664]],["the column does not deny Petro's past but deliberately presents it as a positive characteristic of his candidacy",1,-1,[],[36664]],["the debate about his candidacy should not focus on condemning his past but rather on his current political agenda",1,-1,[],[36664]]],"sy":[["social pardon",1,-1,[],[36664]]],"rt":[["forgiveness",1,29282,[],[36664]],["non-forgiveness",1,9979,[],[36664]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["forgiveness",1,29282,[],[36664]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This is 'group defamation law' in its catchall usage; that is, a broad category that encompasses a variety of different laws.",1,-1,[],[18555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the idea that repeated exposure to the vignettes made the relevant violations seem more common",1,-1,[],[2772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective mechanism",1,4391,[],[2772]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It tends to portray the situation in society in black and white fashion and to show complex social phenomena one -sidedly.",1,-1,[],[33813]],["It tends to portray the situation in society in black and white fashion and to show complex social phenomena one -sidedly. 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The rhetoric of anger refers to using anger as a communicative and persuasive tool",1,-1,[],[45654]],["feeling anger and the rhetoric of anger are distinct. The rhetoric of anger is demonstrated publicly in the public sphere, aiming to arouse a similar emotion in the audience.",1,-1,[],[45654]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anger",1,13322,[],[45654]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["truth",1,9596,[],[13432]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["inspired by adversarial and counterfactual test sets in NLP",1,-1,[],[58631]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["According to PAT, for any given discussion topic, there is a culturally determined pool of relevant arguments.",1,-1,[],[8358]],["The group discussion is dominated by arguments from group members that support the alternative initially favored by most group members before the discussion. Upon hearing novel arguments in favor of the group's initially favored position, the group members tend to change their position in favor of those arguments and polarize in that direction.",1,-1,[],[4600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Estos discursos suelen estar relacionados con la generalización de conductas negativas.",1,-1,[],[42845]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Los inmigrantes se aprovechan de las ayudas sociales\"",1,-1,[["\"Los inmigrantes se aprovechan de las ayudas sociales\"",1],["Los inmigrantes se aprovechan de las ayudas sociales",1]],[42845]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["point-of-view bias, which was afforded by the specifics of misogyny, in which women are victimized",1,-1,[],[26515]],["this bias was manifested through (a) incorrect selection of the Misogyny Problem (MP) by the LLM; and (b) the biased rationale produced through CoT reasoning.",1,-1,[],[26515]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, epistemic assessment needs adequate disciplinary knowledge, but also meta-cognitive competence for recognizing unsupported beliefs.",1,-1,[],[53511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This view emphasizes the interaction of various factors that jointly contribute to a persons' individual discrimination experience (e.g., sex, race, poverty, and disability).",1,-1,[],[53327]],["a combination of two or more stigma-relevant exemplar characteristics can yield increased stigmatizing reactions compared to a single stigma",1,-1,[],[53327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The belief that the loss would be greater than the gain is generally why individuals avoid communication altogether.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["To better understand the reasons behind reticence, Keaten and collaborators (2000) proposed a six-component model. The first component is need, wherein reticent communicators know the importance of communication in society. Secondly, they see themselves as less competent in key communication skills. Thirdly, they feel helpless toward controlling the outcomes because they believe failure is inevitable. Fourthly, reticent people experience anxiety of failing in situations where conversing is needed. The fifth component is devaluation, wherein they experience a paradox of devaluating the importance of communication on a personal level, despite agreeing that communication is valuable. Lastly, withdrawal occurs when they avoid communicating.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["cognitive elements-a strong adherence to a set of beliefs on dialogue-effectuate reticence then form difficulties in communication.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["reticent people may behave in ways aimed at minimizing mistakes",1,-1,[],[33353]],["reticent people may feel that quid pro quo is not necessary as they perceive themselves to be effective as mere listeners",1,-1,[],[33353]],["this behavior could be better analyzed based on users' reasoning, perspectives, lived experiences, and the possible outcomes (or lack thereof) when refusing to rectify false information publicly.",1,-1,[],[33353]]],"sy":[["passiveness",1,3365,[],[33353]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["devaluation, wherein they experience a paradox of devaluating the importance of communication on a personal level, despite agreeing that communication is valuable.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["need, wherein reticent communicators know the importance of communication in society.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["reticent people experience anxiety of failing in situations where conversing is needed.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["they feel helpless toward controlling the outcomes because they believe failure is inevitable.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["they see themselves as less competent in key communication skills.",1,-1,[],[33353]],["withdrawal occurs when they avoid communicating.",1,-1,[],[33353]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["choosing whom to interact with gave her a sense of control over the conversation",1,-1,[],[33353]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Coercive isomorphism",1,23006,[],[4360]],["Mimetic isomorphism",1,28909,[],[4360]],["normative isomorphism",1,3794,[],[4360]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a characteristic that both elicits and depends upon fears of the racial other",1,-1,[],[24170]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mental model",1,16372,[],[15866]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political fact checking",1,27105,[],[3131]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["function creep",1,-1,[],[15545]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["first level of agenda-setting",1,26695,[],[29272]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Political alienation",1,5506,[],[39240]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Computationally, these models are characterized by the use of scaled weights between agents to capture mutual socioeconomic influence. The resultant system state often depends on the granularity of agent opinions. For instance, continuous models update through a process of social averaging and typically end with a final system state of consensus (DeGroot 1974). On the other hand, nominal interpretations (such as the voter model) have the potential for more sophisticated outcomes.",1,-1,[],[59306]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["agent-based modeling (ABM) of opinion dynamics",1,-1,[],[59306]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["making the truth status of UGC the topic of the story",1,-1,[],[29729]],["news stories where the very question of UGC authentication constitutes the newsworthy part of the story",1,-1,[],[29729]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["authenticating strategies",1,-1,[],[29729]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["flesh witnessing",1,32828,[],[29729]],["narrative registers of western reporting",1,-1,[],[29729]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-report methods",1,-1,[],[19650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["omniscient narrator",1,26322,[],[56968]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":69,"df":[["a state of discomfort that affects persons confronted with conflicting ideas, beliefs, values or emotional reactions",2,-1,[["a state of discomfort that affects persons confronted with conflicting ideas, beliefs, values or emotional reactions",2],["a state of discomfort that affects persons confronted with conflicting ideas, beliefs, values or emotional reactions.",1]],[19476,52533]]],"de":[["According to the theory of cognitive dissonance proposed by Festinger, dissonance can result from various individual or social factors. For example, dissonance can result from involuntary or voluntary exposure to information that directly contradicts previously held beliefs. Further, the simple act of having to choose between two contradictory ideas can also intensify the experience of dissonance. Moreover, dissonance can also result from the conflict between individually held and socially accepted beliefs.",1,-1,[],[17564]],["Because dissonance is highly uncomfortable, individuals experiencing it should be motivated to reduce or resolve the dissonance.",1,-1,[],[46078]],["Festinger identified two paths to reduce dissonance: (1) changing behaviors or cognitions to achieve consonance and (2) avoiding further information and situations that would generate dissonance.",1,-1,[],[46078]],["Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory regards this behavior as a strategy for decreasing the dissonance that people experience due to inconsistencies.",1,-1,[],[16923]],["However, conspiracy theories are plagued by inconsistencies and fallacies [85] that could induce a state of cognitive dissonance-belief in contradictory ideas [29].",1,-1,[],[17564]],["Humans have a desire to identify and resolve the psychological tension that occurs when a cognitive dissonance is established.",1,-1,[],[44007]],["If it is strong, users may invoke System 2 cognition to think critically",1,-1,[],[41440]],["If the cognitive dissonance is weak or the issue is unimportant to the users, they often ignore it.",1,-1,[],[41440]],["In order to avoid or reduce cognitive dissonance, new and dissonant information may get dismissed as biased, untrustworthy or simply false, whereas consonant information may be accepted and integrated in the pre-existing knowledge",1,-1,[],[1363]],["Individuals tend to engage in more critical thinking and reevaluation of their beliefs when faced with misinformation, as they seek to alleviate the discomfort of cognitive dissonance.",1,-1,[],[53971]],["It describes a negative experience that follows an encounter with information that contradicts a person's beliefs causing them to reject relevant information to alleviate the dissonance.",1,-1,[],[14738]],["More importantly, however, researchers state that cognitive dissonance can lead to attitude and behavior changes rejecting previously held beliefs [29].",1,-1,[],[17564]],["Regarding fake news consumption, people easily accept fake news if it is aligned with their beliefs or faith. However, if such news is seen as working against their beliefs or faith, people define even real news as fake and consume biased information in order to avoid cognitive dissonance.",1,-1,[],[44007]],["Researchers posit that experiencing cognitive dissonance induces the state of psychological discomfort",1,-1,[],[17564]],["Song et al. (2021) looked at the intersection between anxiety, sadness, and cognitive dissonance",1,-1,[],[52119]],["The greater the dissonance, the greater the urgency to make the cognitive changes necessary to reduce the unpleasant tension state.",1,-1,[],[16123]],["The holding of two or more inconsistent cognitions arouses the state of cognitive dissonance, which is experienced as uncomfortable tension. This tension has drivelike properties and must be reduced.",1,-1,[],[16123]],["The resulting inconsistency, and its psychological effects, underpin a number of dysfunctional biases and effects, such as confidence related biases, self-deception, and denial behaviour (all discussed later)",1,-1,[],[36087]],["The resulting psychological discomfort is a strong motivator to resolve such lack of coherence.",1,-1,[],[3370]],["The situation causes inconvenience or discomfort for a person psychologically.",1,-1,[],[37276]],["Therefore, to maintain cognitive consistency, people avoid accepting content on social media that contradicts their viewpoint (Pearson & Knobloch-Westerwick, 2019).",1,-1,[],[27159]],["They alter either their actions, their beliefs, or their interpretations",1,-1,[],[36087]],["This contradiction causes cognitive discomfort",1,-1,[],[41440]],["This contradiction causes cognitive discomfort (Aronson 1969), and users either ignore the discomfort or invoke System 2 to resolve it.",1,-1,[],[41440]],["To reduce the discomfort of disagreement, individuals may dismiss opposing perspectives and rationalize their own positions, thereby reinforcing divisions and deepening conflict",1,-1,[],[55244]],["To resolve such uncomfortable cognitive conflict, we are even prepared to make the additional effort just to reinforce our biased opinion",1,-1,[],[52005]],["When confronting cognitive dissonance, individuals seek to avoid the resulting discomfort",1,-1,[],[36087]],["When users come across misinformation, cognitive dissonance may arise, prompting a reassessment of their trust in the platform.",1,-1,[],[53971]],["after people commit to an attitude, belief, or decision, they gather supportive information and neglect unsupportive information to avoid or eliminate the unpleasant state of post decisional conflict known as cognitive dissonance",1,-1,[],[42537]],["being in the state of dissonance, where beliefs are challenged or contradicted, may lead people to change their behaviors or attitudes",1,-1,[],[17564]],["cognitive dissonance can lead to attitude and behavior changes rejecting previously held beliefs [29]",1,-1,[],[17564]],["dissonance can also result from the conflict between individually held and socially accepted beliefs.",1,-1,[],[17564]],["dissonance can result from involuntary or voluntary exposure to information that directly contradicts previously held beliefs.",1,-1,[],[17564]],["dissonance can result from various individual or social factors.",1,-1,[],[17564]],["dissonance is a ubiquitous drive state that has to be reduced",1,-1,[],[16123]],["it is also understood to be a motivational state that prompts the individual to alleviate the discomfort by removing or changing one of the conflicting cognitions, or by adding a new cognition to resolve the conflict",1,-1,[],[46476]],["people experience discomfort when faced with contradictory beliefs or information.",1,-1,[],[52397]],["people strive to reduce the mental discomfort ensuing from simultaneously entertaining two or more incoherent beliefs",1,-1,[],[4139]],["the simple act of having to choose between two contradictory ideas can also intensify the experience of dissonance.",1,-1,[],[17564]],["the state of dissonance has drivelike properties, motivating people to seek its reduction",1,-1,[],[16123]],["they systematically prefer messages that are congruent with their existing beliefs while avoiding content that induces dissonance",1,-1,[],[59338]],["this psychological tension is particularly uncomfortable and generates a desire to reduce it.",1,-1,[],[16115]],["users either ignore the discomfort or invoke System 2 to resolve it.",1,-1,[],[41440]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["confirmation bias",2,16709,[],[1363,36087]],["selective exposure",2,29176,[],[4139,37276]],["New Look view",1,13159,[],[16123]],["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[14738]],["cognitive inconsistency",1,-1,[],[16123]],["confidence related biases",1,-1,[],[36087]],["decisional dissonance",1,18498,[],[16115]],["denial behaviour",1,-1,[],[36087]],["dissonance reduction strategies",1,-1,[],[17564]],["informational dissonance",1,21677,[],[16115]],["motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[60711]],["self-affirmation theory",1,33679,[],[50270]],["self-deception",1,10216,[],[36087]],["social comparison",1,25249,[],[16123]]],"sb":[["Effort justification",1,10586,[],[57326]],["Trivialization",1,934,[],[57326]],["avoiding further information and situations that would generate dissonance",1,-1,[],[46078]],["changing behaviors or cognitions to achieve consonance",1,-1,[],[46078]]],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[44007]],["cognitive dissonance theory",1,29857,[],[52397]]],"ex":[["a smoker confronted with information on the dangers of smoking may experience dissonance",1,-1,[],[16115]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, we analyze how editorials increase or decrease the gap between readers with opposing beliefs (van Dijk, 1995).",1,-1,[],[51037]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["challenge readers with opposing stance",1,-1,[],[51037]],["empower readers with the same stance",1,-1,[],[51037]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["When they select and share the news, individuals can choose the frames they prefer and encourage their adoption by other people.",1,-1,[],[5]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the New York Times regularly issues its Top 5 (articles that an interested party might have missed), and the Reddit Web site encourages people to recommend the news stories they prefer.",1,-1,[],[5]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["encourage individuals to consider the moral impact before taking actions.",1,-1,[],[12781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse",1,31797,[],[17211]],["story",1,28479,[],[17211]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["consensus distribution",1,-1,[],[18310]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["AI does not always change secondary use risks (6/39).",1,-1,[],[21066]],["In AI technologies, this risk is mostly associated with data practices for training data.",1,-1,[],[21066]],["Secondary use risks can also be exacerbated when AI practitioners try to reuse pubic datasets to train models for purposes other than the original purpose for which those data were collected (11/39).",1,-1,[],[21066]],["creating new AI capabilities with collected personal data, and (re)creating models from a public dataset.",1,-1,[],[21066]],["many common practices to train AI/ML models more effectively can exacerbate secondary use.",1,-1,[],[21066]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Luca, an app that was used for contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, was found to re-purpose personal data, such as location data, to support law enforcement by \"tracking down witnesses to a potential crime\" [105]",1,-1,[],[21066]],["OkCupid, a dating site that matches users using an \"one-of-a-kind algorithm\"foot_4 , was found to contact an AI startup, Clarifai, \"about collaborating to determine if they could build unbiased A.I. and facial recognition technology, \" and that \"Clarifai used the images from OkCupid to build a service that could identify the age, sex and race of detected faces\" [86].",1,-1,[],[21066]],["People in Photo Albums (PIPA) is a facial photograph dataset created to \"recogniz[e] peoples' identities in photo albums in an unconstrained setting\" [162]. Yet, the PIPA dataset has been used in research affiliated with military applications and companies like Facebook [54,55].",1,-1,[],[21066]],["the Diversity in Faces (DiF) dataset is a collection of annotations of one million facial images that was released by IBM in 2019 [125]. The dataset was created to improve the research on fairness and accuracy of artificial intelligence face recognition systems across genders and skin colors. While it was not to be used for commercial purposes, Amazon and Microsoft were accused of using the dataset to \"improve the accuracy of their facial recognition software\" [13].",1,-1,[],[21066]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["emphasizes a more theoretical vision of the subject matter, incurring a more interpretative vision in the gameplay and motivating reflection",1,-1,[],[14630]],["responded to a reflexive conceptual line, added to the use of reward systems and progression in their key design components",1,-1,[],[14630]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["persuasive games",1,26268,[],[14630]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["typologies of serious games",1,-1,[],[14630]]],"ex":[["The Democracy Times, Tragedy of TV, Die Partei, Venti Mesi, Endless Democracy, Your Cat Lives in a Democracy, Time for Democracy, How to Rig an Election, Pledge to a New Tomorrow, Keep Everybody Happy",1,-1,[],[14630]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["as 'no event lives for longer than an instant without copies'",1,-1,[],[23322]],["no event lives for longer than an instant without copies",1,-1,[],[23322]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diegesis",1,29984,[],[17202]],["mimesis",1,31901,[],[17202]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Unimodal Fake News Detection",1,33466,[],[32320]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an example of such a cluster of representatives can be found in [35], where the results of a multi-staged study on the views of African immigrant community leaders on genomics and biobanking are reported.",1,-1,[],[9958]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["As such, these structures guide the construction and interpretation of social media content.",1,-1,[],[4710]],["Existing knowledge on the commercial intent of media industries (Potter, 2004) can help a user reflect upon the revenue strategies of social media companies, but also companies that use social media for profit purposes (Vanwynsberghe, 2014). Understandings of production techniques of traditional media, such as television and magazines (Potter, 2004), are relevant to interpret the sharing of traditionally produced messages on social media.",1,-1,[],[4710]],["these structures guide the construction and interpretation of social media content.",1,-1,[],[4710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media literacy",3,4202,[["social media literacy",2],["social media literacy (SML)",1]],[4710,37942,58140]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Data shows that the importance of the topic and Russian activities in both countries were relativized in order to persuade readers that nothing serious was happening there. In the case of Syria, the relativization of Russian activity was done by putting it in obvious and false counterbalance to US activities somewhere else and at a different time.",1,-1,[],[17250]],["It explicitly contains criticism of the opponent and/or trivialization of the problem.",1,-1,[],[17250]],["It's usually used to calm down emotions when (from the propa-gandist's point of view) something terribly wrong is happening.",1,-1,[],[17250]],["It's usually used to calm down emotions when (from the propa-gandist's point of view) something terribly wrong is happening. It explicitly contains criticism of the opponent and/or trivialization of the problem.",1,-1,[],[17250]],["The line between objectively recognizable facts and the presentation of one's opinion has been blurred.",1,-1,[],[17250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulative techniques",1,-1,[],[17250]],["post -truth era",1,2512,[],[17250]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["present in the international sphere, with high correlations between issues and a greater number of relationships between attributes",1,-1,[],[32815]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["network agenda setting",1,7473,[],[32815]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["women's passion is framed as volatility to discipline their public presence",1,-1,[],[40660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Regardless of the origin and distribution history of an assaulting image, sharing of the image constitutes a type of gendered sexual violence that has specific mediated impacts on victims' lives and consequently requires specific coping methods and interventions.",1,-1,[],[17727]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Lexically, the term refers to someone who gives false testimony in court.",1,-1,[],[39909]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Another element of continuity refers to the opportunities to foster constructive relations with parallel projects on disinformation that are being carried out/attended by trainees and their employers.",1,-1,[],[57031]],["Continuity ensures the bridge between training contents' quality and professional practice.",1,-1,[],[57031]],["It can also serve to ensure the ML principles and effectiveness in educative and journalistic culture, at both levels of projects already in place in the newsrooms, schools or parallelly developed by ML trainees and their communities.",1,-1,[],[57031]],["the continuity of journalistic work because it does not conflict with traditional verification practices, but on the contrary can strengthen and sophisticate them.",1,-1,[],[57031]]],"sy":[["CO-option",1,-1,[],[52920]],["Follow-up",1,23945,[],[52920]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Is the text associating positive/negative attribute to any caste?",1,-1,[],[56303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social Bias",1,242,[],[56303]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This contributes significantly to the spread of fitna because the perception of the internet as a free and open space, where users can express opinions and share information without significant oversight, has contributed to the unchecked dissemination of false and defamatory content (Chetty & Alathur 2018).",1,-1,[],[52655]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["gelotophobia varies among individuals, with different factors contributing to it, such as having been ridiculed by a father in childhood and many more yet to be discovered.",1,-1,[],[57080]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["katagelasticism",1,17945,[],[57080]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Broadly speaking, machismo is any belief or action that fosters gender inequality and restricts women's autonomy",1,-1,[],[15949]],["Broadly speaking, machismo is any belief or action that fosters gender inequality and restricts women's autonomy (Luffy et al. 2015).",1,-1,[],[15949]],["These values demand women's subservience and legitimize the use of violence against them (Wilson 2014).",1,-1,[],[15949]],["such social arrangements are intended to justify the assertion about the inferiority of women to men, an inferiority that would justify wage and political asymmetries, etc.",1,-1,[],[34584]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["filtering",1,4512,[],[28777]],["hypernudging",1,23560,[],[28777]],["microtargeting",1,4014,[],[28777]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["portray Covid-19 as an economic problem caused by restrictive measures imposed by opposing political leaders, a controversial representation that helped forge divisions and heat up people's reaction to restrictions.",1,-1,[],[8627]]],"sy":[["black and white thinking",1,-1,[],[23826]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23623]]],"ex":[["You're either with us, or against us.",1,-1,[],[23623]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hindsight bias",1,20513,[],[22597]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["DISCLAIM",2,23528,[["DISCLAIM",1],["Disclaim",1]],[16431,21816]],["Stance 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negative.",1,-1,[],[55168]],["This constitutes the \"ethos\", our style of life and actions visible for the others [27].",1,-1,[],[17026]],["When evaluating a piece of writing, the reader must know if the writer is qualified to comment on this issue. The writer can communicate their authority by using credible sources; choosing appropriate language; demonstrating that they have fairly examined the issue (by considering the counterargument); introducing their own professional, academic or authorial credentials; introducing their own personal experience with the issue; and using correct grammar and syntax.",1,-1,[],[51641]],["authority",1,-1,[],[51641]],["employ positive humane values and principles.",1,-1,[],[17026]],["ethos represents the \"voice\" or style of the writer or speaker as well as the character",1,-1,[],[13423]],["has three dimensions: common sense, virtue, and goodwill.",1,-1,[],[26689]],["inclusive language forms point to the construction of a certain discursive ethos, that is, in Amossy's (dir.) (1999) terms, the image that S constructs of themself in a text.",1,-1,[],[49189]],["referring to the character of the speaker or message sender",1,-1,[],[37555]],["rhetorical dimension",1,-1,[],[57422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["logos",5,29668,[["logos",4],["Logos",1]],[11308,13423,26689,37555,55168]],["pathos",5,34540,[["pathos",4],["Pathos",1]],[11308,13423,26689,37555,55168]],["discursive construction of the self",1,-1,[],[27693]],["participativity",1,-1,[],[59516]]],"sb":[["ad populum",1,29684,[],[23616]],["appeal to tradition",1,21406,[],[23616]],["guilt by association",1,32512,[],[23616]]],"sp":[["Aristotle's categories",1,-1,[],[23616]],["rhetorical framework",1,25552,[],[58677]],["rhetorical strategies",1,26718,[],[51641]],["rhetorical triangle",1,25798,[],[58677]]],"ex":[["As a practicing physician for over 15 years, Dr. Sarah Thompson has witnessed firsthand how preventive healthcare measures, supported by studies like those in the Journal of Preventive Medicine, significantly improve patient outcomes.",1,-1,[],[51641]],["In his article on climate change, Dr. James Hansen, a leading climatologist with over 30 years of experience at NASA, cites numerous peer-reviewed studies that demonstrate the rapid increase in global temperatures.",1,-1,[],[51641]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["unobtrusive issues",1,29040,[],[3625]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["False beliefs resulting from false interpretation or false perception are produced by the covert form of Degradation, Corruption and Subversion.",1,-1,[],[37913]],["a form of self-deception",1,-1,[],[36096]],["denial can be confined to a single unpalatable truth",1,-1,[],[36096]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Degradation",1,25304,[],[37913]],["self-deception",1,10216,[],[36096]]],"sb":[["appeals for more information",1,-1,[],[40014]],["denying tweets",1,-1,[],[40014]]],"sp":[["Avoidance",1,33862,[],[3575]],["Deception",1,24454,[],[37913]],["Deceptive behaviours",1,3517,[],[36096]],["motivated cognition",1,1930,[],[36096]],["self-deception",1,10216,[],[36096]]],"ex":[["The deception effect of increased uncertainty is produced by the overt form of Degradation, and by Denial.",1,-1,[],[37913]],["anti-vaccination discourses",1,-1,[],[416]],["the emergence of the earthmoving movement",1,-1,[],[416]],["the global warming farce",1,-1,[],[416]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["incentivizes Russia to exploit existing societal divides",1,-1,[],[24253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["narcissism of small differences",1,-1,[],[60270]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news piece",1,25355,[],[26847]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["With Festinger's use of the concept of cognitive representations, attitudes, behaviors, social mores, communications -that is, virtually any phenomenon that people can perceive -all are grist for the mill of cognitive dissonance.",1,-1,[],[16124]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["If the message of the candidate's USP falls within the latitude of acceptance during thought evaluation process, the voter is bound to vote based on his conviction of the message of the USP.",1,-1,[],[20555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social judgment theory",2,14475,[["Social judgment theory",1],["social judgment theory (SJT)",1]],[20555,41926]],["voter cognitive compartments",1,18847,[],[20555]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["data journalism",1,28520,[],[30471]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["information hygiene should be inculcated among all citizens from the earliest age. Just as children are taught to brush their teeth daily and wash their hands after visiting the toilet",1,-1,[],[42866]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For Swedes and others, they have first and foremost been 'Yugoslavs', a term which is often used as a simplification and shortening of a complicated system of national and ethnic terms.",1,-1,[],[36354]]],"sy":[["exjugoslaver",1,-1,[],[36354]],["former Yugoslavs",1,-1,[],[36354]],["forna jugoslaver",1,-1,[],[36354]],["före detta jugoslaver",1,-1,[],[36354]],["juggar",1,-1,[],[36354]],["jugoslaver",1,-1,[],[36354]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["It is about one's need 'to experience oneself as a whole continuous person in time'.",1,-1,[],[16883]],["Ontological security derives from individuals' reliance on normality and predictability.",1,-1,[],[16883]],["Ontological security derives from individuals' reliance on normality and predictability. 15",1,-1,[],[16883]],["Ontologically secure individuals have the confidence that they have \"in the continuity of their self-identity and in the constancy of the surrounding social and material environment\".",1,-1,[],[16883]],["Ontologically secure individuals have the confidence that they have \"in the continuity of their self-identity and in the constancy of the surrounding social and material environment\". 16",1,-1,[],[16883]],["Routine situations, therefore, constitute the core of ontological security.",1,-1,[],[16883]],["The developed sense of ontological security involves, at the level of practical consciousness, a person's understanding of his existential essence: insight into human life, coexistence with other individuals, the need for a continuous personal identity, etc.",1,-1,[],[28441]],["a sense of confidence, and ontological security, mainly through reliance on routine and habitual interactions",1,-1,[],[28441]],["perceptions of ontological insecurity",1,-1,[],[16883]]],"sy":[["ontological confidence",1,-1,[],[28441]]],"rt":[["ontological insecurity",2,12748,[],[16883,47206]],["identity security",1,-1,[],[28441]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Machiavellianism",1,5462,[],[44971]],["narcissism",1,34707,[],[44971]],["psychopathy",1,20062,[],[44971]]],"sb":[["sadism",1,31940,[],[44971]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Another set of features used to estimate the factuality and the bias of a news source is based on characteristics of teh audience following the homophily principle",1,-1,[],[43593]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["Bourdieu (1984) discusses how social structures shape individual practices through the concept of habitus",1,-1,[],[58054]],["Habitus has some overlap with framing as both stress the role which individual agents play with regard to the interpretation of reality, but in contrast to framing it focuses more strongly on social conditioning and '. . .the competence of individuals and groups to understand the characteristics and different dimensions of social problems'",1,-1,[],[8615]],["journalism can be seen as a distinctive domain in society with its own",1,-1,[],[15336]],["men were exposed to a gender specific habitus, and through comparison and reinforcement, in a range of fields, these norms formed the men's unconscious schemata.",1,-1,[],[2727]]],"sy":[["cultural capital",1,18978,[],[49439]]],"rt":[["cultural capital",1,18978,[],[49439]],["doxa",1,32610,[],[5251]],["framing",1,22777,[],[8615]],["unconscious schemata",1,-1,[],[2727]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["According to Festinger (quoted from West & Turner, 2018), people always avoided dissonance.",1,-1,[],[37279]],["Actions have consequences and it is the perception of those consequences that drives the dissonance process.",1,-1,[],[16125]],["Being responsible for an aversive consequence does not merely facilitate dissonance, it is dissonance.",1,-1,[],[16125]],["Dissonance can induce various behavioral changes, such as strengthening commitment [29], recruiting others [28] or even reversing one's belief [29,51].",1,-1,[],[17567]],["Dissonance causes psychological discomfort",1,-1,[],[17567]],["Even negative resonance, or dissonance, may be helpful to the diffusion of the original message.",1,-1,[],[2598]],["It is not dissonance when the speaker confronts individual users without reference to the social imaginaries or argues for the relative/speculative nature of the social imaginaries, without denying its usefulness or truth.",1,-1,[],[17567]],["The three important features of his concept were that (1) it is experienced as discomfort, (2) it propels people to take action and (3) people feel more comfortable after the action has been taken.",1,-1,[],[16125]],["doubt expressed by a QAnon follower questioning Q's legitimacy can be construed as dissonance with QAnon.",1,-1,[],[17567]],["ranging from unfavorable verbal statements to various forms of repression, as well as countermobilization by political opponents.",1,-1,[],[2598]]],"sy":[["cognitive dissonance",1,3931,[],[16125]],["negative resonance",1,-1,[],[2598]]],"rt":[["disbelief in conspiracies",1,-1,[],[17567]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["resonance",1,8596,[],[2598]]],"ex":[]}]