[{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["automythologies",1,-1,[],[43007]],["manifestos",1,-1,[],[43007]],["memoirs",1,-1,[],[43007]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive load in working memory",1,-1,[],[19551]],["interpretability",1,27797,[],[19551]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a more general semantic group than the groups usually listed in SEM collocation studies",1,-1,[],[25073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["semantic preference",1,32782,[],[25073]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["admissions",1,-1,[],[45847]],["excuses",1,19714,[],[45847]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["one of the central issues in news sharing research that needs to be addressed.",1,-1,[],[17606]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the absence of clear boundaries between the two generates conflicting political practices and a syncretic policy process",1,-1,[],[21120]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[["When it comes to journalistic practice, this can be understood as a sphere of Journalistic Judgement where, for instance, news values (but also professional norms, routines, etc.) are explicit and arguable.",2,-1,[],[24094,60287]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Journalistic Doxa",2,2226,[],[24094,60287]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a relatively more hostile perception of favoritism on the part of a media source may, in reality, just be a relatively less friendly perception that is nonetheless still supportive of the reader or viewer's political perspective.",1,-1,[],[27211]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hostile media effects",1,2410,[],[27211]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Because of accepted cookies on the Internet, we have an incredible data transfer between companies. If my mother and I are looking for something on the same device and she's looking for tickets to some concert, for example, and I'm playing a game with banner ads, I'm shown explicit concert offers from those bands, for example. There really is a huge market with data sales. And if I've searched for something on Google, for example a band, I'm shown ads from this band or similar bands on Instagram between the stories.",1,-1,[],[174]],["Microtargeting can be manipulative in many ways. It can be highly emotional, triggering anger or fear; it may involve half-truths, outright misinformation, or hasty inferences.",1,-1,[],[28790]],["Some of these inductive mechanisms, which influence the perception of science-related information, are specific to the social media environment",1,-1,[],[174]],["They select and deliver the advertisements users will most likely react to positively.",1,-1,[],[41868]],["has proven effective in political advertising",1,-1,[],[36112]],["no solo influyen en las decisiones de consumo, sino que también contribuyen a la alienación y la pérdida de autonomía de los individuos",1,-1,[],[30435]],["which are meant to influence people's decision-making and voting behavior, by exploiting their psychological vulnerabilities and personal identities",1,-1,[],[9596]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["filtering",2,4512,[],[28790,36112]],["hypernudging",1,23560,[],[28790]],["publicidad programática",1,-1,[],[30435]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["It can be used in get-outthe-vote campaigns.",1,-1,[],[28790]],["It can be used to shape the development of opinion in a particular direction.",1,-1,[],[28790]],["There are so many reports, that the TikTok algorithm conducts good microtargeting, meaning speaking to individual people. It's important for commercial, but it is very intransparent about what is shown and what isn't.",1,-1,[],[174]],["searching for shoes that would later automatically appear on the social media feed in the form of ads",1,-1,[],[174]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalistic genre or style",1,-1,[],[37367]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the authors suggest seven potential dimensions of algorithmic unfairness in India",1,-1,[],[56302]],["the authors suggest seven potential dimensions of algorithmic unfairness in India: Caste, Gender, Religion, Ability, Class, Sexual Orientation, and Ethnicity",1,-1,[],[56302]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic fairness",1,22385,[],[56302]]],"sb":[["Ability",1,1141,[],[56302]],["Caste",1,26006,[],[56302]],["Class",1,19416,[],[56302]],["Ethnicity",1,14537,[],[56302]],["Gender",1,24081,[],[56302]],["Religion",1,26542,[],[56302]],["Sexual Orientation",1,9847,[],[56302]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["imperialist, private sphere",1,-1,[],[25192]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This media category is usually portrayed as a 'wrong' way to use technology because people who hack do not conform to the standards created by corporate, regional and global actors.",1,-1,[],[14843]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["maintenance",1,-1,[],[14843]],["red team",1,22722,[],[14843]],["security",1,19618,[],[14843]],["tricksters, phreakers, crackers",1,-1,[],[14843]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["communication is the continuation of other tools of power, such as trade, sanctions or coercion. It is used to impose frameworks for understanding reality and its meaning (Qin, 2015;Drezner, 2017), to legitimize causes through the organisation of information and propaganda campaigns (Audinet, 2017), and to attract segments of the population through the use of celebrities and entertainment (Quessard-Salvaing, 2018).",1,-1,[],[49934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["smart power",2,-1,[],[49934,52487]],["soft power",2,9524,[],[47099,52487]],["acquire power over humans",1,-1,[],[1921]],["communicative realism",1,17776,[],[49934]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["communicative realism",1,17776,[],[49934]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social context",1,28092,[],[34671]]],"rt":[["social context",1,28092,[],[34671]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["They are often seen as champions of justice and freedom.",1,-1,[],[61255]],["They … embody efforts to explore the experiences and identities of the marginal classes who are usually kept -because of class status, lack of power, gender and sexual orientationfrom being visible in stereotypical representations. (Dyson, 2005, p. 48)",1,-1,[],[53893]],["embody efforts to explore the experiences and identities of the marginal classes who are usually kept -because of class status, lack of power, gender and sexual orientationfrom being visible in stereotypical representations.",1,-1,[],[53893]],["even through unsavory or politically incorrect means.",1,-1,[],[53893]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["protagonist",1,11436,[],[61255]]],"ex":[["Leaders of independence movements like Mahatma Gandhi in India, or modern-day activists fighting for democratic reforms in authoritarian regimes. In CC domain, this includes characters such as Greta Thunberg, or persons who, for instance, chain themselves to trees to prevent deforestation.",1,-1,[],[61255]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Moralistic trust is based upon both elements of rationality and faith, we assume that people from different backgrounds still share the same underlying values, however, this can only be inferred, and as a consequence, expectations require varying degrees of faith.",1,-1,[],[21734]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Trust",1,34511,[],[21734]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Internet users employ this term to suggest that groups with higher 'united front value', such as ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese, and foreign residents in China, gain more resources and benefits from the state.",1,-1,[],[61032]],["Internet users employ this term to suggest that groups with higher 'united front value', such as ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese, and foreign residents in China, gain more resources and benefits from the state. According to this logic, patriotic Han citizens who are the core political base of the partystate are neglected or discriminated against as they have 'low united front value'. It reflects populist sentiments and discontent from the majority who claim that they are victimized and devalued precisely because of their loyalty.",1,-1,[],[61032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[7008]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["fabricated stories about politicians and aliens [84] (e.g., the story that Hillary Clinton adopted an alien baby)",1,-1,[],[7009]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This objective benefits models in understanding specific misinformation regulatory policies and rectifying deviations if necessary.",1,-1,[],[62027]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Each DMA demands a different communication approach essentially because each attracts distinct types of current and potential stakeholders and therefore organisational messages need to be uniquely addressed to these stakeholders.",1,-1,[],[54104]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Advocated",1,17574,[],[54104]],["Advocated DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders close to the organisation and with some level of intimate knowledge about the organisation, such as through relationships (e.g., employees and influencers), willingly and without coercion communicate messages about the organisation via their own social media accounts and the news media.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Artificial",1,29686,[],[54104]],["Artificial DMA",1,29574,[],[54104]],["Artificial DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and publics create or manipulate organizational messages via artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and services that increasingly are becoming available to members of the general public.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Crowdsourced",1,7501,[],[54104]],["Crowdsourced DMA",1,1894,[],[54104]],["Crowdsourced DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and publics contribute and edit content about an organisation (e.g. testimonials, reviews) on publicly available crowdsourced sites.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Curated",1,23424,[],[54104]],["Curated DMA",1,20606,[],[54104]],["Curated DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders select, edit and publish previously published content about organisations from a wide range of sources for the purpose of supplying a curated and thus reinterpreted form of content.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Earned",1,16806,[],[54104]],["Earned DMA",1,17006,[],[54106]],["Earned DMA refers to situations in which organisations attract editorial publicity through media relations activities",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Hijacked",1,28984,[],[54104]],["Hijacked DMA",1,46,[],[54104,54106]],["Hijacked DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders reappropriate an organisational message to convey a different, often opposite, message, and then share it across their social network.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Owned",1,27232,[],[54104]],["Owned DMA refers to situations in which organizations are able to control the formation and dissemination of their messages through online spaces or software they have purchased for their own controlledcommunication use.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Paid",1,21628,[],[54104]],["Paid DMA refers to situations in which organizations pay for \"traditional advertising and other forms of content commercially contracted between organisations and mass media\" (Macnamara et al., 2016, p. 377) and which are designed and produced according to the editorial standards of a media outlet (Wilcox et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Placed",1,33392,[],[54104]],["Placed DMA",1,6782,[],[54106]],["Placed DMA refers to situations in which organizations disseminate messages by subtly positioning their product or brand into content created by others.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Recycled DMA",1,3214,[],[54104]],["Recycled DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and publics appropriate organizational messages to distort their original meaning or context, often through use of humour.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Rented",1,19380,[],[54104]],["Rented DMA refers to situations in which an organisation enters into an agreement with external social media influencers (Enke and Borchers, 2019;Sundermann and Raabe, 2019;Woodcock and Johnson, 2019) to remunerate them financially or in other ways, inviting them to communicate an organisational message to their own stakeholders.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Searched",1,4354,[],[54104]],["Searched DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and the wider public utilise search engines to conduct online searches for information related to organisations.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Shared",1,28663,[],[54104]],["Shared DMA",1,17489,[],[54106]],["Shared DMA refers to situations in which stakeholders and the wider public can contribute to the formation, reinterpretation and contestation of organisational messages in social media.",1,-1,[],[54104]],["Sponsored",1,19727,[],[54104]],["Sponsored DMA refers to situations in which organizations subtly disseminate their messages to wider publics by providing funding or other resource support for an individual, group or charity.",1,-1,[],[54104]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["vicious cycles that perpetuate discrimination and disadvantage",1,-1,[],[200]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["quotation discourse, which is used in CMV to quote and attack others' weak points.",1,-1,[],[60187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse styles",1,2005,[],[60187]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["its objectives extend beyond mere revenue generation, aiming to capture the attention of potential customers, stimulate word-of-mouth effects, and foster customer engagement with a brand or product",1,-1,[],[57748]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["endorsement marketing",1,-1,[],[57748]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["If a stigmatizing attribute is unavailable to a decision maker, it would seem that it could not possibly influence judgment.",1,-1,[],[17265]],["In principle, blinding appears to qualify as a foolproof method of avoiding unintended discrimination. If a stigmatizing attribute is unavailable to a decision maker, it would seem that it could not possibly influence judgment.",1,-1,[],[17265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["direkte Reaktionsformen",1,-1,[],[16288]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This goal relates to the management of emotions, mainly negative emotions such as fear and anxiety.",1,-1,[],[6446]]],"sy":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[52440]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Risk Communication",1,16929,[],[6446]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["the transfer of the blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of an issue",2,-1,[["the transfer of the blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of an issue",1],["the transfer of the blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of an issue.",1]],[51699,52054]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Causal Oversimplification",3,29558,[["Causal Oversimplification",1],["Causal oversimplification",1],["causal oversimplification",1]],[51699,52054,55996]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":44,"df":[],"de":[["Identity is best viewed as the emergent product rather than the pre-existing source of linguistic and other semiotic practices and therefore as fundamentally a social and cultural phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[25292]],["Identity is therefore understood as a network of feelings of belonging to and exclusion from human subgroups: belonging to a gender group, a given age group, a family, religion, race, community, nation, etc.",1,-1,[],[50139]],["It includes but is not limited to",1,-1,[],[11942]],["It includes but is not limited to Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality, Nationality, Disability/Ableness and Class.",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Studied from a societal perspective, as done by many sociologists such as Bourdieu (1991) and Leca (1992), identities become fixed, rigid, categories that only evolve through generational replacement and environmental evolution.",1,-1,[],[50139]],["The definition of an identity in psychological terms is obviously a mixture of real connections or differences and prejudices, the latter being necessary to enrich the world with one's own knowledge and certitudes, whether 'objectively' true or false.",1,-1,[],[50139]],["The unique superposition of groups a human being feels attached to constitutes its individual and unique 'identity' together with the definition of what constitutes the out-group",1,-1,[],[50139]],["Therefore, we operationalized identity by means of three indicators tapping into the argument that newcomers should (or should not) be given the same access to social welfare as natives (Q122_2, Q122_4 & Q122_5).",1,-1,[],[2040]],["This can include disclosing information such as name, age, gender, profession, location, and also information that portrays users in certain ways.",1,-1,[],[1282]],["This discursive approach further allows us to incorporate within identity not only the broad sociological categories most commonly associated with the concept, but also more local positionings, both ethnographic and interactional.",1,-1,[],[25292]],["Thus, users can be expected to instantaneously share news on social media to create awareness (INS) as doing so may enhance their sense of belonging and shape their identities in certain ways.",1,-1,[],[1831]],["Users construct their identities by displaying their personal information, such as age, gender, or employment, participating in various groups, showcasing political opinions, and sharing content",1,-1,[["Users construct their identities by displaying their personal information, such as age, gender, or employment, participating in various groups, showcasing political opinions, and sharing content",1],["Users construct their identities by displaying their personal information, such as age, gender, or employment, participating in various groups, showcasing political opinions, and sharing content.",1]],[53014]],["a view of identity that is intersubjectively rather than individually produced and interactionally emergent rather than assigned in an a priori fashion",1,-1,[],[25292]],["approaching identity as a relational and sociocultural phenomenon that emerges and circulates in local discourse contexts of interaction rather than as a stable structure located primarily in the individual psyche or in fixed social categories",1,-1,[],[25292]],["identities are relationally constructed through several, often overlapping, aspects of the relationship between self and other, including similarity/difference, genuineness/artifice and authority/ delegitimacy",1,-1,[],[25292]],["identities encompass macro-level demographic categories, temporary and interactionally specific stances and participant roles, and local, ethnographically emergent cultural positions",1,-1,[],[25292]],["identities may be linguistically indexed through labels, implicatures, stances, styles, or linguistic structures and systems",1,-1,[],[25292]],["identity is first and foremost an individual characteristic",1,-1,[],[50139]],["identity is the product rather than the source of linguistic and other semiotic practices and therefore is a social and cultural rather than primarily internal psychological phenomenon",1,-1,[],[25292]],["identity may be in part intentional, in part habitual and less than fully conscious, in part an outcome of interactional negotiation, in part a construct of others' perceptions and representations, and in part an outcome of larger ideological processes and structures",1,-1,[],[25292]],["influencing how communities articulate opinions, express collective identity, and mass mobilization",1,-1,[],[55106]],["intersubjectively achieved social and cultural phenomenon",1,-1,[],[25292]],["proximity (De Swaan, 1988) states that we see those 'close to us' as more deserving. Proximity can take the form of kinship relations, place of residence or ingroup identification.",1,-1,[],[2040]],["the following components are inherent in the phenomena of identity: a). -complex cognitive and figurative content; b). -a variable cultural component that changes due to many life factors, such as ethnic, speech, religious, political, professional, informational, gender, and virtual differences.",1,-1,[],[14666]],["the identity block clarified the motivation to share news instantaneously.",1,-1,[],[1831]],["traditional understandings that regard identity as \"a stable structure located primarily in the individual psyche or in fixed social categories\"",1,-1,[],[56375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["action",1,7159,[],[24492]],["age",1,12886,[],[50984]],["belonging to subcultures",1,-1,[],[50984]],["causality",1,26693,[],[23359]],["entire languages and varieties",1,-1,[],[25292]],["feeling",1,24544,[],[24492]],["gender",1,24081,[],[50984]],["honeycomb framework",1,-1,[],[1831]],["identity politics",1,4816,[],[55106]],["implicatures",1,27173,[],[25292]],["interactionally relevant accomplishment",1,27437,[],[25292]],["labels",1,13877,[],[25292]],["position",1,19868,[],[50984]],["religiosity (denomination)",1,-1,[],[50984]],["self-disclosure",1,2391,[],[1282]],["social identity",1,9282,[],[45967]],["social portrait",1,-1,[],[50984]],["social role",1,28392,[],[50984]],["stances",1,2283,[],[25292]],["styles",1,5242,[],[25292]],["type of activity",1,-1,[],[50984]]],"sb":[["core identities",1,-1,[],[26212]],["identities acquired later in life",1,-1,[],[26212]],["local, ethnographically specific cultural positions",1,-1,[],[25292]],["macro-level demographic categories",1,-1,[],[25292]],["temporary and interactionally specific stances and participant roles",1,-1,[],[25292]]],"sp":[["Causal aspects of agency and autonomy",1,-1,[],[23359]],["migrant deservingness",1,30066,[],[42977]],["nationalism framework",1,-1,[],[24492]]],"ex":[["Class",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Disability/Ableness",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Ethnicity",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Gender",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Many individuals who participate in online activities use their real names (e.g., Guy Kawasaki, a leading blogger and managing director of Garage Technology Ventures), while other influential social media mavens are known by their nicknames, or 'handles' (e.g., hummingbird604 is Raul Pacheco, a blogger and educator on environmental issues).",1,-1,[],[1282]],["Nationality",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Race",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Religion",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality, Nationality, Disability/Ableness and Class",1,-1,[],[11942]],["Sexuality",1,-1,[],[11942]],["labels, implicatures, stances, styles, and entire languages and varieties",1,-1,[],[25292]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["preemptive interventions",1,24158,[],[42283]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["when Rashida Tlaib refused to go to Israel to see her grandmother after receiving a visa from Israel to do so, she blamed Israel for her refusal",1,-1,[],[48803]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These logics may not necessarily be conflicting, but do not align and may serve different functions within the media system. This means that the overall information regime of the media system does not align to a single standard and does not have a dominant owner or coordinating body.",1,-1,[],[11253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By highlighting these reactions, the news media encourages the audience to consider the shooting in light of the comments made by individuals they deem noteworthy.",1,-1,[],[40959]],["By highlighting these reactions, the news media encourages the audience to consider the shooting in light of the comments made by individuals they deem noteworthy. Its problem definition is using the statements as a way of shaping audiences' perception of what happened or as a way for the audiences to think about what happened.",1,-1,[],[40959]],["Its problem definition is using the statements as a way of shaping audiences' perception of what happened or as a way for the audiences to think about what happened.",1,-1,[],[40959]],["Unlike the \"Interventions frame, \" which focuses on the actions of nonvictims or non-eyewitnesses, the \"Reactions frame\" focuses on verbal statements made by individuals or groups.",1,-1,[],[40959]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Interventions frame",1,33110,[],[40959]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The audience learns through engagement and embodiment, by entering into a scene, inhabiting a digital entity, and experiencing what it knows. Viewers experience the story as though they lived it",1,-1,[],[54926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Storydoing",1,-1,[],[10790]],["Storytelling",1,6370,[],[10790]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Digital cyberspace as a unique form of modern tool of power is getting its preference and becoming a game changer.",1,-1,[],[13660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Power",1,24789,[],[13660]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["left-wing",1,18243,[],[27682]],["right-wing",1,29324,[],[27682]],["unbiased",1,15131,[],[27682]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["millions of people will fall into deep, emotionally dependent relationships with AI companions that are manipulated by bad actors. Disinformation won't just be a news article; it will come from your 'best friend' (the AI).",1,-1,[],[7646]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the innovation that will transform foreign news in many ways, both positively and negatively",1,-1,[],[60061]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["Ambiguity is, itself, a strategy; it allows participants to dissociate themselves with particularly unappetizing elements while still promoting the overall movement",1,-1,[],[16661]],["Believes that \"political correctness\" threatens individual liberty.",1,-1,[],[16661]],["Deeply entwined with social media and staples of internet culture, like memes.",1,-1,[],[16661]],["Deeply entwined with social media and staples of internet culture, like memes. Believes that \"political correctness\" threatens individual liberty.",1,-1,[],[16661]],["Its members criticize multiculturalism, feminists, Jews, Muslims, gays, immigrants and other minorities.",1,-1,[],[52998]],["On one hand, it describes an aggressive trolling culture present in /b/ and /pol/ that loathes establishment liberalism and conservatism, embraces irony and in-jokes, and uses extreme speech to provoke anger in others.",1,-1,[],[16661]],["On the other, it denotes a loosely affiliated aggregation of blogs, forums, podcasts, and Twitter personalities united by a hatred of liberalism, feminism, and multiculturalism.",1,-1,[],[16661]],["The core concept of the movement, upon which all else is based, is that Whites are undergoing an extermination, via mass immigration into White countries which was enabled by a corrosive liberal ideology of White self-hatred, and that the Jews are at the center of this agenda",1,-1,[],[44970]],["The movement is a mix of racism, white nationalism and populism.",1,-1,[],[52998]],["The movement is a mix of racism, white nationalism and populism. Its members criticize multiculturalism, feminists, Jews, Muslims, gays, immigrants and other minorities. They reject the American democratic ideal",1,-1,[],[52998]],["a dynamic and amorphous term that has been applied to obscure connections to the white-nationalist movement",1,-1,[],[10943]],["characterized by a deeply ironic, self-referential culture in which anti-Semitism, occult ties, and Nazi imagery can be explained either as entirely sincere or completely tongue-in-cheek",1,-1,[],[16661]]],"sy":[["alternative right",2,33365,[],[24169,52998]],["right-wing populism",1,25646,[],[10943]]],"rt":[["antagonistic vernacular",1,-1,[],[30652]],["white nationalism",1,-1,[],[16661]],["white supremacy",1,22121,[],[16661]]],"sb":[["alt-light",1,10907,[],[49566]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Jared Taylor of the American Renaissance, Mike Cernovich of Danger and Play",1,-1,[["Jared Taylor of the American Renaissance, Mike Cernovich of Danger and Play",1],["Jared Taylor of the American Renaissance, Mike Cernovich of Danger and Play.",1]],[16661]],["Jared Taylor of the American Renaissance, Mike Cernovich of Danger and Play.Anons",1,-1,[],[16661]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Yet we know much less about reframing effects-that is, what happens when an item that was initially framed one way gets reframed in a second way.",1,-1,[],[9802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["constructs a crisis environment in which humanitarian distress and terrorism are mutually reinforcing aspects of the problem.",1,-1,[],[57369]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media literacy",1,4202,[],[9202]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrative approach",1,29199,[],[41134]]],"ex":[["Dot's Home",1,-1,[],[41134]],["Gamer Girl",1,-1,[],[41134]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These misleading images usually derive from artworks or outdated images which are published on an early event",1,-1,[],[5908]],["These misleading images usually derive from artworks or outdated images which are published on an early event [8].",1,-1,[],[5908]]],"sy":[["misrepresented",1,-1,[],[5908]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake-news images",1,34869,[],[5908]]],"ex":[["Three misleading images: the left one is an artwork which is reposted as a photo of solar eclipse (March 2015); the middle one is a real image captured in 2009 New York plane crash, but it is claimed to be the wrecked Malaysia Airlines MH370 in 2014; the right one is a real image used to misinterpret Trump's behavior while he is just imitating Abe.",1,-1,[],[5908]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["access provider",1,11932,[],[18143]],["analyst",1,31062,[],[18143]],["mobilizer",1,7099,[],[18143]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["For applications in blockchain, see",1,-1,[],[50978]],["If there are more people denying or doubting the truth of an event, this event is more likely to be a rumor.",1,-1,[],[276]],["Reddit moderators broadly rely on two types of crowd wisdom for misinformation detection: the wisdom of ordinary users, and the wisdom of other moderators.",1,-1,[],[16541]],["The idea is to identify misleading social media content by harnessing the wisdom of crowds",1,-1,[],[17187]],["The process has been found to be as good as (often better than) estimates from lone individuals, even experts.",1,-1,[],[19201]],["The usefulness of such rankings is predicated on the wisdom of the crowd [33]",1,-1,[],[2915]],["Thus, we operationalize this condition by the stabilization threshold in review ratings-the number of reviews needed to have a relatively stable average rating.",1,-1,[],[31638]],["a foundation for crowdsourcing platforms",1,-1,[],[31638]],["a powerful tool for detecting COVID-19 misinformation",1,-1,[],[16541]],["crowd wisdom provides a practical mechanism that scales with the magnitude of online content, and it also affords stakeholders (e.g., platform admins, managers of online communities) certain legitimacy to remove problematic content [51].",1,-1,[],[16541]],["crowds can gain experience and become better at fact-checking over time",1,-1,[],[16541]],["crowdsourced flagging and modteam support",1,-1,[],[16541]],["evaluations of a product often oscillate at the start with a few reviews, stabilizing only as reviews increase.",1,-1,[],[31639]],["even if the ratings of individual laypeople are noisy and ineffective, aggregating their responses can lead to highly accurate crowd judgments",1,-1,[],[24377]],["the stabilization threshold in review ratings-the number of reviews needed to have a relatively stable average rating",1,-1,[],[31638]],["was found to match or even exceed the knowledge of experts in a wide range of domains, including financial markets, education, and health services",1,-1,[],[16559]]],"sy":[["WotC",1,-1,[],[19201]],["collective intelligence",1,2529,[],[16189]],["wisdom of crowd",1,4076,[],[31638]]],"rt":[["collective intelligence",1,2529,[],[17187]],["crowdsourced flagging",1,27265,[],[16541]],["herding effects",1,-1,[],[31638]],["modteam support",1,-1,[],[16541]],["peer pressure",1,-1,[],[31638]],["quality and credibility of crowd wisdom",1,-1,[],[31638]],["sentiment features",1,15754,[],[276]]],"sb":[["crowdsourced fact-checking",1,16730,[],[16541]],["crowdsourced flagging",1,27265,[],[16541]],["organic crowds",1,18886,[],[16541]],["synthetic crowds",1,-1,[],[16541]],["the wisdom of ordinary users",1,-1,[["the wisdom of ordinary users",1],["wisdom of ordinary users",1]],[16541]],["the wisdom of other moderators",1,-1,[["the wisdom of other moderators",1],["wisdom of other moderators",1]],[16541]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Quora",1,-1,[],[50978]],["Wikipedia",1,-1,[],[50978]],["the judgment of a diverse, independent group of laypeople has been found to outperform the judgment of a single expert across a variety of domains, including guessing tasks, medical diagnoses, and predictions of corporate earnings",1,-1,[],[24377]],["trial by jury",1,-1,[],[50978]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[1799]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dual-process theories of cognition",1,4080,[],[26205]]],"rt":[["System 1",1,16472,[],[26207]],["System 2",1,2185,[],[26207]],["fast cognition",1,14027,[],[26207]],["slow cognition",1,33622,[],[26207]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["tradução, em Latour 2020a, de matters of concern",1,-1,[],[19430]]],"sy":[["matters of concern",1,-1,[],[19430]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The Kennel Club (UK)",1,-1,[],[49719]],["The Sports Federation of Denmark",1,-1,[],[49719]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Używając terminu \"wyrażenie językowe\" w niniejszej pracy, mam na myśli zarówno jednostkę leksykalną, jak i połączenie jednostek leksykalnych, najważniejszą zasadą ich wyróżnienia jest bowiem kryterium semantyczne, nie zaś morfologiczne czy leksykalne.",1,-1,[],[40857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The implications of misogynistic abuse being tolerated, accepted or even encouraged online are severe, going beyond name calling, cyberbullying, and e-Bile -leading to harassment, stalking, death and rape threats, and even murder.",1,-1,[],[15324]],["Whilst bullying and domestic violence may involve instances of misogyny and of online abuse",1,-1,[],[15324]],["online misogynistic abuse takes on a physical form.",1,-1,[],[15324]]],"sy":[["online misogyny",1,20872,[],[15324]]],"rt":[["bullying",1,14915,[],[15324]],["domestic violence",1,28252,[],[15324]],["online abuse",1,28923,[],[15324]],["online misogyny",1,20872,[],[15324]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate crime",1,10872,[],[35504]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["debiasing",1,31088,[],[38026]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The observation that perpetrators regard the victims as toxic or fatal prior to extermination is not an anomaly in genocide research: indeed, kill or be killed rhetoric is largely cited.",1,-1,[],[19828]],["This noxiousness is regarded as irreconcilable, immutable and inextricable, and so cannot be remedied by any means other than extermination: essentially, toxicity incarnate.",1,-1,[],[19828]],["Toxification flags that the perpetrators see genocide as a logical and just method of guaranteeing survival undertaken \"by an innocent and injured party.\"",1,-1,[],[19828]],["While toxification and dehumanization co-morbid, the former is distinct insofar that victims are perceived to be not only outside the perpetrators' human universe of moral obligation, but as irreconcilably lethal and therefore (in the eyes of the perpetrators) unavoidably exterminable.",1,-1,[],[19828]],["points to the more sinister process specific to genocide-that is, the necessity to kill.",1,-1,[],[19828]],["signals the stimulation of two of the most fundamental and entwined human emotions among would-be perpetrators: fear, and the survival instinct.",1,-1,[],[19828]],["the former is distinct insofar that victims are perceived to be not only outside the perpetrators' human universe of moral obligation, but as irreconcilably lethal and therefore (in the eyes of the perpetrators) unavoidably exterminable.",1,-1,[],[19828]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[19828]],["fear",1,18412,[],[19828]],["survival instinct",1,-1,[],[19828]]],"sb":[["toxic to the ideal",1,7065,[],[19828]],["toxic to the self",1,9569,[],[19828]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",1,16841,[],[54203]],["Inferiority Language",1,28354,[],[54203]]],"ex":[["slaughter is necessarily extended to women and children: \"Kill and scalp all, little and big… Nits make lice.\"",1,-1,[],[19828]],["the goal of the Khmer Rouge was, as one Khmer saying held, 'to completely annihilate diseases of consciousness'",1,-1,[],[19828]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Acknowledging that users' acceptance of diverse recommendations is limited, the latitude of diversity describes the range of articles with diverse viewpoints with which users are still open to engage in a given situation.",1,-1,[],[46021]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["information extraction (IE)",1,-1,[],[18999]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["forces recognition that \"we\" are part of (but not the entirety of) the catastrophe we are witnessing unfolding in multiscaled variability all around the world",1,-1,[],[3767]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the bureaucratization of the world",1,-1,[],[3149]],["the term Verrechtlichung (juridification) has been introduced by Otto Kirchheimer in the academic context of Weimar Germany.",1,-1,[],[3149]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["depoliticisation",1,27325,[],[3149]]],"sb":[["expropriation of conflict",1,-1,[],[3149]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["political homophobia in illiberal populist regimes operates as a \"technology of othering\" reinforcing the hegemony of antagonistic political imaginaries",1,-1,[],[47212]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sonic appropriation",1,7418,[],[20028]],["sonic oscillation",1,20435,[],[20028]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For Mahmud, the sound decisions in the documentary exemplify a form of sonic punctuation, to assert his academic legitimacy in the class and the school.",1,-1,[],[20028]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["censorship",1,14297,[],[52705]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["dress casually, tip to express gratitude",1,-1,[],[25445]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["exemplars",1,31929,[],[29407]]],"rt":[["game frame",1,24378,[],[29407]],["issue framing",1,11720,[],[29407]],["strategy frame",1,19094,[],[29407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["We further observe self-focus bias, such that women tend to read relatively more biographies of women than men do, whereas men tend to read relatively more biographies of men than women do.",1,-1,[],[22930]],["women tend to read relatively more biographies of women than men do, whereas men tend to read relatively more biographies of men than women do",1,-1,[],[22930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion dynamics",1,17558,[],[60207]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interests-based balancing",1,13034,[],[18581]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["an illusion that may be another manifestation of the false consensus effect",1,-1,[],[19248]],["an illusion that may be another manifestation of the false consensus effect (Ross et al., 1977)",1,-1,[],[19248]],["people may still be biased in their general perceptions or expectations (i.e., calibration) about the set of historical events that other people in their social group or in other social groups recollect.",1,-1,[],[19248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["false consensus effect",1,25785,[],[19248]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discrimination",1,19636,[],[5937]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of news consumption, such characteristics may include political attitudes, psychological dispositions, socio-economic profiles, or any other shared properties that explain observable consumption patterns.",1,-1,[],[53078]],["Segmentation assumes the existence of relatively homogeneous subgroupings of news users based on, for example, socio-demographic characteristics, socio-economic position, attitudes or perceived needs.",1,-1,[],[53078]],["The term segmentation is borrowed from marketing.",1,-1,[],[53078]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Contents with the subjective bias can make people be doubtful about the texts' reliability and possibly trigger social unrest with offensive language.",1,-1,[],[58718]],["People may inadvertently add their subjective ideas when recording opinions, introducing subjective bias into the text and affecting readers' thinking.",1,-1,[],[60767]],["bias in the form of inappropriate subjectivity -introducing attitudes via framing, presupposing truth, and casting doubt",1,-1,[],[10911]]],"sy":[["inappropriate subjectivity",1,-1,[],[10911]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["demographic bias",2,3427,[],[10911,58718]],["epistemological bias",2,16997,[],[10911,58718]],["framing bias",2,7181,[],[10911,58718]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["4chan users raid YouTube videos by posting large numbers of abusive comments in a relatively small period of time",1,-1,[],[20974]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["nonmanipulative",1,-1,[],[8578]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[30615]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["communicative capitalism encompasses the notion that the market is where the people's democratic hopes and dreams unfold. The market is the site where their collective inclinations tend to materialize.",1,-1,[],[29898]],["creates divisions and integrates users into the capitalist system",1,-1,[],[29898]],["ideals of access, inclusion, discussion and participation come to be realized in and through expansions, intensifications and interconnections of global telecommunications.",1,-1,[],[29898]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["late capitalism",1,-1,[],[29898]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["new institutionalism",1,-1,[],[29566]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Lord Ram will help sail through the river of election",1,-1,[],[30351]],["Modi for 3 days in Kashi, opposition anxious, Ganga, cow service and prayer will result in the communion to success",1,-1,[],[30351]],["Talibani fatwa for how long under Mamata's rule?",1,-1,[],[30351]],["action on accused after considering their religion in UP?",1,-1,[],[30351]],["how beneficial is the cow: adding cow butter to yagna increases the oxygen content of air",1,-1,[],[30351]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Where infographics tell stories designed by communicators, information visualization helps readers discover stories by themselves.",1,-1,[],[6671]],["help the individual or organisation to deliver their messages 'physically easier' to the audience in relating and connecting the information",1,-1,[],[28653]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information visualization",1,28643,[],[6671]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In relation to the new technologies, too often the debate has become polarised between those who ask, what is technology doing to society and how does it impact on people's lives, and those who ask, instead, why has technology been shaped in a particular way and to serve which interests?",1,-1,[],[23583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Political beliefs are not shaped in isolation from media exposure, and media consumption cannot be considered entirely impervious to the ideological orientations of individuals.",1,-1,[],[59342]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["latent variable",1,-1,[],[59342]],["reverse causality",1,-1,[],[59342]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["economy-regarding frames",1,1680,[],[36947]],["member-regarding frames",1,11756,[],[36947]],["other-regarding frames",1,21321,[],[36947]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[36947]],["framing references",1,21233,[],[36947]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Oftentimes, such attacks are executed without direct material support from global terrorist organizations, yet are influenced (whether through social media or propaganda tools such as those currently under discussion) by such organizations.",1,-1,[],[29426]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lo político",1,31148,[],[10539]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Skin in the game distinguishes TCR from conventional voting or commenting online.",1,-1,[],[50977]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These amplify and promote Shemirani's narratives independent of her presence on the platform.",1,-1,[],[4131]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["re-platforming",1,10047,[],[4131]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The main minion account can be readily identified as an associate of a US disinformation media platform (where Shemirani is their stated health and wellness expert)",1,-1,[],[4131]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the Nordic Resistance Movement",1,-1,[],[27517]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It can involve a particular way of distorting facts or using clever arguments to persuade the audience that their views do not correspond to reality",1,-1,[],[50856]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[50851]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["inference here not in the sense of the processes by which biological organisms infer hidden states from their environment, but rather as any process of reasoning whereby conclusions are derived from a set of propositional premises",1,-1,[],[2867]],["not in the sense of the processes by which biological organisms infer hidden states from their environment",1,-1,[],[2867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hidden meanings",1,2444,[],[31720]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical Thinking",1,29451,[],[52173]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Spatial artifacts",1,-1,[],[7235]],["Spatial artifacts in blending, environments, and forensics; temporal artifacts in behavior, physiology, synchronization, and coherence.",1,-1,[],[7235]],["temporal artifacts",1,-1,[],[7235]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Visible organizational structures (easy to spot, but difficult to interpret and difficult to decipher)",1,-1,[],[16321]],["open-space office against closed-door offices; employees freely communicating with each other against the muted environment; and formal clothing against informal clothing",1,-1,[],[16321]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["An individual's right to have his or her personal data -name, telephone number, address, health, physical location, financial information, and other such identifiers -protected from use by others without his or her consent is derived from the general right of the individual to privacy.",1,-1,[],[38268]],["in the cyberspace context, the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations notes that international human rights law applies to cyber-related activities of a state as a matter of lex lata , and that individuals enjoy the same international human rights (such as privacy) with respect to cyber-related activities that they otherwise enjoy",1,-1,[],[38268]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human right to privacy",1,-1,[],[38268]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[18119]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such a relationship creates the kind of correlative difference that distinguishes both identity -rendering dialogue useless -and noncorrelative difference -rendering it impossible.",1,-1,[],[10198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["argumentativity is inherent to the structure of language (\"la langue\" in Saussure's sense) in its pragma-semantic level.",1,-1,[],[12788]]],"sy":[["linguistic argumentation",1,6356,[],[12788]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["deliberative minipublics",1,-1,[],[17449]],["sortition",1,15384,[],[17449]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deliberative minipublics",1,-1,[],[17449]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["encourages union activists and staff to see the 'whole worker' with their complex, overlapping and sometimes contradictory interests, concerns and identities.",1,-1,[],[8340]],["in an organizing approach 'the goal is not only to get work out of the activist in the short-term but also to invest in developing the activist's capacity to act' (96) in the long-term and this is done through on-going leadership identification and the teaching of power by working collectively with others in the union and beyond.",1,-1,[],[8340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["organizing",1,-1,[],[8340]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["SDO-D constitutes support for the active, even violent, maintenance of oppressive hierarchies in which high status groups dominate and control the prerogatives of low status groups.",1,-1,[],[2746]],["The dominance dimension is characterized by support for overt oppression and aggressive intergroup behaviors designed to maintain the subordination of one or more groups",1,-1,[],[2746]]],"sy":[["dominance dimension",1,-1,[],[2746]],["support for intergroup dominance",1,-1,[],[2746]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social dominance orientation (SDO)",1,32509,[],[2746]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Inoculation",1,14922,[],[41935]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Die starke Konzentration auf unterhaltende Inhalte des politischen Geschehens unterstreicht diese emotionale Berichterstattung.",1,-1,[],[21263]],["Dies entspricht der Unterscheidung zwischen Politikherstellung und -darstellung.",1,-1,[],[21263]],["Diese Realität konstituiert den Erfahrungsraum, in dem den Bürgern heutzutage typischerweise Politik zugänglich wird",1,-1,[],[21263]],["In adapting this type of content to formats that hybridize information and entertainment (politainment)",1,-1,[],[13905]],["Politik der Unterhaltung",1,-1,[],[21263]],["initially the concept referred to the ways governments, political parties, and politicians adapted to the media logic, especially television, later the concept was extended to cover the impact of digital media on political communication.",1,-1,[],[11240]],["is used especially in the digital sphere to expand one's audience.",1,-1,[],[11240]],["may be seen as resulting from an increasing mediatisation and professionalisation of politics that characterise modern democracies.",1,-1,[],[11240]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Politische Unterhaltung",1,1821,[],[21263]],["influencer marketing techniques",1,-1,[],[11240]],["influencer-politician",1,1913,[],[11240]],["policy",1,21749,[],[21263]],["politics",1,10504,[],[21263]],["polity",1,19544,[],[21263]],["pop-politics",1,6319,[],[11240]],["professionalisation of politics",1,-1,[],[11240]],["visual storytelling",1,-1,[],[11240]]],"sb":[["Politische Unterhaltung",1,1821,[],[21263]]],"sp":[["Unterhaltende Politik",1,-1,[],[21263]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Nesse sentido, a essência histórica da \"mentalidade do ticket\" afeita ao preconceito delirante é algoritmicamente renovada na cultura digital.",1,-1,[],[49624]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Sequential classifiers will use the predictions on preceding tweets to determine the possible label for each tweet.",1,-1,[],[23301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["It's some coffee in the kitchen.",1,-1,[],[48616]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The theory was one of the first quantifiable theories that could be used to explain observed differences between cultures (Hofstede, 1991)",1,-1,[],[55226]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["individualism vs. collectivism",1,-1,[],[55226]],["indulgence vs. restraint",1,-1,[],[55226]],["long-term orientation vs. shortterm orientation",1,-1,[],[55226]],["masculinity vs. femininity",1,-1,[],[55226]],["power distance",1,12389,[],[55226]],["uncertainty avoidance",1,3853,[],[55226]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["And on a related note, truth itself has become increasingly contentious and contested, as different actors claim to know the facts and speak the truth and accuse other actors of lying and/or withholding the truth.",1,-1,[],[22687]],["It is not simply the case that facts (and truth) no longer matter (sufficiently) in political discourse, but rather that the trustworthiness of those who establish and/or convey the facts has become increasingly contentious (see also Harsin, in this volume).",1,-1,[],[22687]],["More fundamentally, post-truth politics hinges on an epistemic problem in the sense of a fundamental lack of understanding of how facts are established (through the provision of evidence and falsifiable propositions), including the misunderstanding that facts-once established-are permanent and do not change in light of new evidence/observations.",1,-1,[],[22687]],["Post-truth politics, then, is essentially a form or style of politics that breaks with the idea that we need to relate to established facts in political discourse.",1,-1,[],[22687]],["Their aim, however, is not to create a false worldview, as was the case with old propaganda strategies, but, rather, to establish prejudices.",1,-1,[],[41972]],["They hope that, due to the media and the Internet, these opinions will be repeated and widely disseminated so that they can achieve their intended goals.",1,-1,[],[41972]],["This strategy, used predominantly in election campaigns, is supported by the Internet and the spreading of unreliable information.",1,-1,[],[41973]],["contemporary politicians who use this special language are not bothered with the truth of their statements, but, instead, they rely on feelings and prejudices to present counter-factual opinions.",1,-1,[],[41972]],["in a hybridised media climate that sees a constant epistemic struggle over political discourse",1,-1,[],[44924]],["the concept is used to denote a whole range of phenomena that, while certainly interlinked, are and should be kept distinct from one another (e.g., Chambers, 2020)",1,-1,[],[22687]]],"sy":[["posttruth politics",1,4184,[],[41972]]],"rt":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[3913,44924]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[44924]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[44924]],["epistemic crisis of democracy",1,32438,[],[22687]],["internet hoaxes",1,-1,[],[44924]],["online rumours",1,1337,[],[44924]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["declarations made by the Russian president, who denied the presence of Russian soldiers in Ukraine during the recent invasion of Crimea",1,-1,[],[41972]],["propaganda speeches in Great Britain before Brexit",1,-1,[],[41972]],["statements made by some Polish politicians, which suggests a plot between the post-communist leaders and the former communist regime",1,-1,[],[41972]],["the last American election campaign",1,-1,[],[41972]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["is capable of mapping the sentiment polarity charge imbalance inherent of the humorous text writing in sarcasm figurative language.",1,-1,[],[26930]],["the entropy increase helps us on understanding each document as a vector of derivatives, or a timeseries.",1,-1,[],[26930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["South African media reduce women's political authority to familial or symbolic roles",1,-1,[],[40672]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is an intervention whose meaning needs to be studied and integrated with the information in the recipient's existing mental model before it has its full ability to influence perceptions and/or actions.",1,-1,[],[41447]],["Such a System 2 intervention is a persuasive argument that has the strongest effect when the user elaborates on the message (Petty and Cacioppo 1986); i.e., invokes their System 2 cognition to critically read the message and engage in sufficient cognition to understand its meaning in context (Kahneman 2011).",1,-1,[],[41447]]],"sy":[["persuasive argument intervention",1,-1,[],[41447]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["we use the text portion of the message to implement our System 2 intervention.",1,-1,[],[41447]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["largely achieved through evaluations made from external sources and hence are negative 3 rd AFFECT and negative JUDGEMENT resources",1,-1,[],[53871]]],"sy":[["appraising through the words of others",1,-1,[],[53871]]],"rt":[["attribution",1,32595,[],[53871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["culture",1,19654,[],[35637]],["receiver",1,17563,[],[35637]],["text",1,7482,[],[35637]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Informational-instructive roles",1,-1,[],[9345]]],"ex":[["character",1,-1,[],[4634]],["past experiences",1,-1,[],[4634]],["ways of thinking",1,-1,[],[4634]],["world views",1,-1,[],[4634]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Aid",1,-1,[],[48572]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["events",1,10991,[],[19244]]],"ex":[["\"Abraham Lincoln was President\"",1,-1,[],[19244]],["\"the Holocaust\"",1,-1,[],[19244]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["defamation",1,7050,[],[50550]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The goal of proposing the GEP vector/score is to quantify the gender presentation differences when we compare the text-to-image models.",1,-1,[],[16880]],["We frame this as \"difference\" rather than \"bias\" because we do not assume that all attributes should be equally distributed across gender.",1,-1,[],[16880]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Explicit",1,22479,[],[16880]],["Neutral",1,31656,[],[16880]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which could cause the survey measure to significantly overstate true exposure.",1,-1,[],[10167]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Political efficacy",1,21722,[],[39232]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["At a high level, adolescents actively use their cognitive structures and interpret, reflect on and understand social media content within its specific context. They thereby empower themselves during their social media experiences.",1,-1,[],[4722]],["Cho et al. (2022) designed a conceptual framework for social media literacy that requires to identify its two components, content, and competencies, and understand the interrelations between them.",1,-1,[],[31702]],["Competencies are the skills and abilities for demonstrating social media literacy.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["Content refers to the awareness, understanding, and knowledge necessary to attain social media literacy.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["It encompasses technological skills, social interactions, privacy awareness, and critical knowledge of media content.",1,-1,[],[59470]],["It includes technical skills in using these platforms and cognitive abilities in recognizing credible information from fallacy, understanding the effects of algorithmic curation, and identifying biases in content.",1,-1,[],[55220]],["SML (i.e., a cognitive and an affective dimension)",1,-1,[],[58146]],["SoMeLit proposes three content dimensions of social media literacy: the self, the medium, and the reality.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["SoMeLit recognizes the dynamic interactions among the self, the media, and the reality on social media and identifies them as the core content dimensions of social media literacy.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["Social media literacy dramatically affects the link between self-expression and fake news dissemination.",1,-1,[],[59470]],["Social media literacy, therefore, requires an emphasis on the self and a willingness and ability to examine the social media self in the analysis and evaluation of media content",1,-1,[],[9197]],["The foci of analysis in SoMeLit, therefore, are one's selections and values that influence and are influenced by the construction of one's reality on social media; and the evolving characteristics of social media platforms that set the boundaries of one's social media reality construction.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["The larger project examines social media use and social media literacy among adolescents.",1,-1,[],[37954]],["The social media literate person is cognizant that realism judgments are multifaceted and that each is made with limitations. The social media literate person is also aware that the personal and emotional resonance of information on social media may not always make it real, representative, or a fact.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["Together with mass media literacy, social media literacy comprise a more comprehensive framework of media literacy in the 21st century.",1,-1,[],[9197]],["When applied to social media, this concept extends to the awareness of how information is distributed and consumed on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.",1,-1,[],[55220]],["feeling in control over one's social media experiences is characteristic for social media literate users",1,-1,[],[4722]],["focus on adolescents' emotions in their social media interactions",1,-1,[],[37954]],["our conceptualization of social media literacy includes the cognitive ability to process information and the attitudinal and behavioral aspects that influence media consumption and interaction in digital environments.",1,-1,[],[61851]],["social media literacy can be seen as a continuous variable with two subcomponents (i.e., cognitive and affective structures) that each are present in varying levels.",1,-1,[],[4722]],["social media literacy enables people to critically evaluate the material they encounter, hence encouraging the development of responsible sharing habits.",1,-1,[],[59470]],["social media literacy significantly strengthens the relationship between trust in social networks and fake news sharing behavior",1,-1,[],[59470]],["social media literate adolescents understand the implications of (positively) presenting oneself in social media environments. Moreover, they have cognitive and affective structures to handle the effects of the positivity bias.",1,-1,[],[4722]],["social media literate users are capable of pondering the opportunities and risks of positive online self-presentations and to make use of different strategies to achieve a precarious balance in this regard",1,-1,[],[4722]],["social media literate users are expected to be able to use the idealized content as a source of inspiration and may find a healthy dose of goodwill to improve oneself when using social media",1,-1,[],[4722]],["social media literate users know that they will not be able to get all benefits out of their social media experiences when posting too little positive information whereas posting too much information brings along enormous privacy risks",1,-1,[],[4722]],["the content comprises the self, the medium, and the reality.",1,-1,[],[9197]]],"sy":[["SoMeLit",1,-1,[],[9197]]],"rt":[["media literacy",2,27668,[],[4722,55220]],["analysis",1,7380,[],[9197]],["awareness of the informational landscape, including disinformation awareness",1,-1,[],[61851]],["contribution",1,14659,[],[9197]],["evaluation",1,19890,[],[9197]],["positivity bias",1,5294,[],[4722]],["privacy and algorithmic awareness",1,-1,[],[61851]],["social relationship and interaction",1,-1,[],[61851]],["technical competency",1,-1,[],[61851]]],"sb":[["affective structures",3,28277,[["affective structures",2],["Affective structures",1]],[4722,37954,58146]],["cognitive structures",3,3946,[["cognitive structures",2],["Cognitive structures",1]],[4722,37954,58146]],["cognitive and affective structures",2,-1,[],[4722,37954]],["Moderate literate social media users",1,-1,[],[4722]],["The Reality",1,4067,[],[9197]],["The medium",1,4434,[],[9197]],["The self",1,8761,[],[9197]],["advertising social media literacy",1,-1,[],[37954]],["affective SML",1,23826,[],[58146]],["affective social media literacy",1,-1,[],[37954]],["analysis",1,7380,[],[9197]],["awareness of the informational landscape, including disinformation awareness",1,-1,[],[61851]],["cognitive (i.e., knowledge on the presence and the effects of the positivity bias)",1,24236,[],[37954]],["cognitive SML",1,-1,[],[58146]],["cognitive social media literacy",1,23411,[],[37954]],["competencies",1,12857,[],[31702]],["content",1,561,[],[31702]],["contribution",1,14659,[],[9197]],["critical evaluation skills",1,-1,[],[59470]],["evaluation",1,19890,[],[9197]],["privacy and algorithmic awareness",1,-1,[],[61851]],["privacy awareness",1,18347,[],[59470]],["social interactions",1,16413,[],[59470]],["social relationship and interaction",1,-1,[],[61851]],["technical competency",1,-1,[],[61851]],["technological skills",1,-1,[],[59470]]],"sp":[["media literacy",6,27668,[],[4722,9197,55220,58146,59470,61851]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[37954]],["traditional media literacy frameworks",1,-1,[],[58146]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the increasingly illiberal communication environment, marked by the increasing polarization of media outlets along the liberal vs. illiberal axis",1,-1,[],[24235]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["All abuse and leniency serves the purpose of emphasising this point. In the case of certain prisoners the guilt became even more profound as they \"came to believe in their own falsehoods\" (Lifton, 1961, p. 74).",1,-1,[],[25009]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["receptive criminal",1,31355,[],[25009]],["repentant sinner",1,32376,[],[25009]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["But unlike in the reviewed studies where the protesters were seen and recorded as exhibiting violent tendencies, in this study, the protesters were viewed as the victims of violence from the government through the security personnel. Also, violence towards the kidnapped girls and the rest of the people in the region by the Boko Haram sects, as cited in the BBOG campaigns stories, were coded under the violence frame.",1,-1,[],[20247]],["Given the fact that this frame focuses on violence, it can provoke strong emotional reactions that compel audiences to take a stand on the issue.",1,-1,[],[48965]],["It appeals to public concern for safety and justice and creates a sense of urgency and moral clarity.",1,-1,[],[48965]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Phrases and words like \"bomb attack,\" \"blast,\" female bomber,\" \"horrendous massacre and destruction,\" \"residents killed,\" etc. were considered and incorporated under the Violence Frame.",1,-1,[],[20247]],["the article \"GOP Sen. Cotton criticized for comments on dealing with Gaza protesters disrupting traffic\" (USA Today on April 17, 2024) underscores the dangerous consequences of political rhetoric by featuring responses from public figures who condemn Cotton's remarks as incitement to violence.",1,-1,[],[48965]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Fundamentalism has been associated with a devotion to strict religious interpretations and practices that provide clear rules for living, leaning towards dogma, distinctions between the secular and the religious, antimodernism, and to a sense that individuals' lives are sanctioned and supported by God",1,-1,[],[14657]],["the instrument comprises three subscales to measure three dimensions of religious fundamentalism: External versus internal authority; Fixed versus malleable religion; Rejection versus affirmation of the world.",1,-1,[],[14657]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["External versus internal authority",1,-1,[],[14657]],["Fixed versus malleable religion",1,-1,[],[14657]],["Rejection versus affirmation of the world",1,-1,[],[14657]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Affective postures are typically involuntary. The sense in which this is so is that they aren't matters of choice or decision.",1,-1,[],[18234]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["posture",1,-1,[],[18234]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["posture",1,-1,[],[18234]]],"ex":[["arrogance",1,-1,[],[18234]],["contempt",1,-1,[],[18234]],["indifference",1,-1,[],[18234]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media convergence",1,3795,[],[38813]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["causal",1,18795,[],[46346]],["coreference",1,28115,[],[46346]],["subevent",1,32921,[],[46346]],["temporal",1,9131,[],[46346]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["RATSD generates contextual knowledge related to factual claims and tweets using the approach of retrieval augmented generation (RAG)",1,-1,[],[33133]],["RATSD includes a classifier based on a fine-tuned language model that takes as input a claim, the tweet analysis, and the contextual knowledge. It then outputs a classification label representing the orientation of the tweet's truthfulness stance toward the claim.",1,-1,[],[33133]],["RATSD produces stance analyses -narratives that describe tweets' stance toward claims -by prompting LLMs with the generated contextual knowledge.",1,-1,[],[33133]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["large language models (LLMs)",1,28033,[],[33133]],["retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)",1,29996,[],[33133]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, conducting is an intentional use of power to guide, manage, control and order people, tools, actions, and processes towards a specific desired sound.",1,-1,[],[14820]],["an important strategy to establish a power relation by creating the rhythm that orders subjects and territories.",1,-1,[],[14820]],["an intentional use of power to guide, manage, control and order people, tools, actions, and processes towards a specific desired sound.",1,-1,[],[14820]],["the power to create, manage, and control the rhythm that orchestrates different elements that produce people's mediated experiences.",1,-1,[],[14820]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[["Presenting two alternative options as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.",3,-1,[["Presenting two alternative options as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.",2],["Presenting two alternative options as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist",1]],[11795,56108,59163]],["Presenting two alternative options as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist, eliminating any other possible choice.",2,-1,[],[51686,52043]]],"de":[["and as an extreme telling the audience exactly what actions to take, which is also called as dictatorship.",2,-1,[],[51686,52043]],["As an the extreme case, tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices (Dictatorship).",1,-1,[],[56108]],["We also include dictatorship, where one tells the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other choices.",1,-1,[],[11795]],["We include dictatorship, which happens when we leave only one possible option, i.e., when we tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices.",1,-1,[],[56108]],["presenting two alternatives as the only possibilities",1,-1,[],[22530]],["telling the audience exactly what actions to take",1,-1,[],[52043]]],"sy":[["dictatorship",3,30165,[],[52043,56108,59163]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["dictatorship",3,30165,[],[11795,52043,55980]],["Dictatorship is an extreme case where the audience is told exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices.",1,-1,[],[29163]]],"sp":[["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[22530]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11795]],["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[11795]]],"ex":[["You must be a Republican or Democrat. You are not a Democrat. Therefore, you must be a Republican.",2,-1,[["You must be a Republican or Democrat. You are not a Democrat. Therefore, you must be a Republican.",1],["You must be a Republican or Democrat; you are not a Democrat. Therefore, you must be a Republican",1]],[56108,59163]],["\"You must be a Republican or Democrat; you are not a Democrat. Therefore, you must be a Republican\"; \"There is no alternative to war.\"",1,-1,[],[59163]],["Code-switched example: \"Either you are a Muslim woman or a feminist, koi beech ka raasta nhi, faisla kr lo and stick to it\"",1,-1,[],[29163]],["Either you stand with BDS, Hamas, blood libels and those who want to destroy Israel or with Jews.",1,-1,[],[55980]],["English example: \"Either we go to war or we will perish\"",1,-1,[],[29163]],["English translation: \"Either you are a Muslim woman or a feminist, there is no middle way, decide now and stick to it\"",1,-1,[],[29163]],["Example for Black-and-White Fallacy",1,-1,[],[11795]],["Francis said these words: \"Everyone is guilty for the good he could have done and did not do . . . If we do not oppose evil, we tacitly feed it.",1,-1,[],[59163]],["I thought you were a good person, but you weren't at church today.",1,-1,[],[56108]],["There is no alternative to war.",1,-1,[],[59163]],["You must be a Republican or Democrat",1,-1,[],[52515]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["formações discursivas",1,27601,[],[10278]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct personal representation",1,-1,[],[8224]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example: Rumors! Natural spray helps you sleep instantly. The word \"Rumor!\" in the claim directly pointed out that the claim is nonfactual, causing information leakage.",1,-1,[],[31626]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These activities require a more explicit commitment to the content and a willingness to openly associate with a particular viewpoint.",1,-1,[],[30980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Rebecca broke the pencil\" vs. \"The pencil broke\".",1,-1,[],[20687]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["emojis are used to refer to Jews (i.e. Juice emoji, Star of David, or Israeli flag), or to essentialist representations of Jews (e.g. Pinocchio emoji as a big nose/lying reference).",1,-1,[],[39398]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["subjective and confessional journalism",1,-1,[],[5009]]],"rt":[["intimacy",1,32789,[],[5009]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["corroborated by past findings identifying positive in-group emotions (Walther, 2022), fun (Erjavec & Kovačič, 2012), enthusiasm (Kosmidis & Theocharis, 2020;Sydnor, 2018), and sensation seeking (Bedrosova et al., 2023)",1,-1,[],[52566]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a smaller fraction of profiles",1,-1,[],[10469]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chamber",1,7363,[],[10469]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["independent and interdependent as two broad forms of self-construal",1,-1,[],[14471]],["the prevalence of abstract thinking, future-oriented planning, and independent self-construal in modern Western contexts may be viewed not as inherent human tendencies, but as specific adaptations to delayed-return environments.",1,-1,[],[14471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["interconnected self-construal",1,6827,[],[14471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["self-construal",1,797,[],[14471]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["provide a tool for possible intervention before the speech has had its desired effect and a genocide actually takes place",1,-1,[],[61671]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["soliciting or inducing",1,-1,[],[61671]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["'is maintained through cultural formation (texts, rites, monuments) and institutional communication (recitation, practice, observance)'",1,-1,[],[18514]],["cultural memory 'is maintained through cultural formation (texts, rites, monuments) and institutional communication (recitation, practice, observance)'",1,-1,[],[18514]],["individuals and cultures construct [ing] their memories interactively through communication by speech, images, and rituals",1,-1,[],[13134]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communicative memory",1,20643,[],[13134]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["reductive and negative 'single story' dominating the international news coverage of the continent",1,-1,[],[19030]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[19030]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["can offer interactive engagement with real-world events and issues, providing an engaging and memorable experience.",1,-1,[],[57816]]],"sy":[["Newsgames",1,13122,[],[57816]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["expressive games",1,1082,[],[57816]],["persuasive games",1,26268,[],[57816]]],"sp":[["video games",1,-1,[],[57816]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["(2) Certainty in science communication can be expressed with respect to various aspects (Pei and Jurgens, 2021b). (Un)certainty exists towards specific numbers/quantities ('approximately 50 %'), the extent to which a finding applies ('mainly observed for') or the probability that something applies, occurs or is associated ('possibly associated with').",1,-1,[],[48840]],["(Un)certainty exists towards specific numbers/quantities ('approximately 50 %'), the extent to which a finding applies ('mainly observed for') or the probability that something applies, occurs or is associated ('possibly associated with').",1,-1,[],[48840]],["Certainty, as we annotated it in the context of rumours, measures the degree of confidence expressed by the author of a tweet.",1,-1,[],[40013]],["The author can express different degrees of certainty when posting a tweet, from being 100% certain, to considering it as a dubious or unlikely occurrence.",1,-1,[],[40013]],["This task uses a 4-point rating scale ranging from Uncertain to Certain with the nuances somewhat uncertain and somewhat certain in between.",1,-1,[],[48840]],["higher-level stylistic categories inspired by prior linguistic research",1,-1,[],[58201]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Modality",1,15247,[],[40013]],["Uncertainty",1,5720,[],[48840]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Certain, when the author is fully confident or the author is not showing any kind of doubt",1,-1,[],[40013]],["I am sure they will fight about it.",1,-1,[],[40034]],["I am sure they will fight about it. Of course it is true.",1,-1,[],[40034]],["Of course it is true.",1,-1,[],[40034]],["Somewhat certain, when they are not fully confident",1,-1,[],[40013]],["Uncertain, when the author is clearly unsure",1,-1,[],[40013]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["right to correction",1,13396,[],[30029]],["right to reply",1,33574,[],[30029]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["participation",1,8272,[],[3588]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["response bias",1,10676,[],[30777]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Post-truth is often understood as the circulation of lies and false beliefs, but it is essentially characterized by confusion.",1,-1,[],[41098]],["The post-truth situation has been characterized as a crisis of trust toward society-wide truth-tellers: self-made micro-truth-tellers have replaced traditional knowledge authorities",1,-1,[],[41098]],["These characteristics are connected to confusion and uncertainty, accusations of silencing, ridicule, and trivialization.",1,-1,[],[41098]],["seeks to challenge traditional or legitimate sources of knowledge, societal institutions and power relations",1,-1,[],[41098]],["shapes the understanding of the world from institutional to everyday social engagements.",1,-1,[],[41098]],["the lying that takes place under the post-truth condition is evident for all to see, yet no less effective for all that.",1,-1,[],[10582]],["the post-truth condition-that shapes the understanding of the world from institutional to everyday social engagements.",1,-1,[],[41098]],["the ways in which hate speech is connected to uncertainty, mistrust, confusion, counter-narratives and other contestation and truth-telling elements, and how this also serves specific political ends.",1,-1,[],[41098]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[32253]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalisme de groupe",1,17679,[],[15074]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The success of such models depends on the availability and quality of the knowledge they are built upon, which can sometimes be incomplete or biased in itself, leading to limitations in performance.",1,-1,[],[17312]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["When all target audiences are satisfied by the news broadcast or publication, it means the news is good.",1,-1,[],[31092]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["distant futures",1,29448,[],[357]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["frames promote certain responses and guide audiences to consider specific solutions",1,-1,[],[9794]],["treatment recommendation can be conceptualized as negative or positive judgments",1,-1,[],[51908]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Moral evaluation",3,7941,[["Moral evaluation",1],["Moral evaluations",1],["moral evaluation",1]],[46446,51908,61940]],["Problem definition",3,19716,[["Problem definition",1],["problem definition",1],["problem definitions",1]],[46446,51908,61940]],["causal interpretation",3,24033,[["causal interpretation",2],["Causal interpretation",1]],[46446,51908,61940]]],"sb":[["none",1,15626,[],[9794]],["political change",1,-1,[],[9794]],["status quo",1,9169,[],[9794]]],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[61940]],["functions of framing",1,28120,[],[51908]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["obstructionist discourse",1,11508,[],[47150]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["recontextualization",1,6805,[],[14169]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Hallin's (1986) formulation of three spheres in public discourse",1,-1,[],[3797]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["guiding culture",1,-1,[],[36630]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Anchorage",1,2839,[],[7047]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are often very implicit and may be deniable; however, the question writer would not have asked the question if they have not made the presupposition.",1,-1,[],[11981]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["False presupposition",1,11490,[],[11981]],["presuppositions",1,7854,[],[11981]]],"ex":[["cement blocks are too strong so that people who punch them are likely to break their hand.",1,-1,[],[11981]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, cultural journalists and critics were among the then emerging occupations that acquired an important cultural and market role by mediating between cultural producers and consumers and by ascribing value to cultural products as part of this mediation process, potentially influencing cultural publics' and consumers' perceptions.",1,-1,[],[54469]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["System 1 cognition is our \"fast thinking,\" where our simple heuristics produce perceptions and actions in less than a second",1,-1,[],[41445]],["System 1 cognition is our \"fast thinking,\" where our simple heuristics produce perceptions and actions in less than a second (Kahneman 2011).",1,-1,[],[41445]],["System 1 is intuitive",1,-1,[],[41445]],["The heuristics almost instantly match a stimulus to a set of perceptions and behaviors linked to that stimulus.",1,-1,[],[41445]],["Thus, an intervention striving to influence through System 1 cognition needs a stimulus whose meaning is instantly and intuitively obvious to the target population without deliberate thought.",1,-1,[],[41445]],["We cannot avoid System 1 cognition because it runs continuously without voluntary control and is constantly telling us what to do",1,-1,[],[41445]],["When we process information using System 1 cognition, we only use the information immediately at hand; the vividness and saliency of that information drives decisions, rather than a more nuanced and carefully considered approach",1,-1,[],[41445]],["automatic and emotional reaction",1,-1,[],[41445]],["confirmation bias is driven by the associative memory processing of System 1, which quickly searches for confirming evidence of the question posed.",1,-1,[],[41445]],["does not involve critical thinking",1,-1,[],[41445]],["emotional and gut-level decision",1,-1,[],[41445]],["it is our \"gut reaction\".",1,-1,[],[41445]],["its answer and the story that we have developed to support it feel intuitive and credible",1,-1,[],[41445]],["pay little attention to its meaning",1,-1,[],[41445]],["state of effortless processing associated with the hedonic mindset",1,-1,[],[41445]],["the gullible nature of our System 1",1,-1,[],[41445]]],"sy":[["fast thinking",1,26697,[],[41445]],["gut reaction",1,-1,[],[41445]],["intuitive System 1 cognition",1,-1,[],[41445]],["sense",1,-1,[],[41445]]],"rt":[["System 2 cognition",1,-1,[],[41445]],["heuristics",1,25648,[],[41445]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognition processes",1,-1,[],[41445]]],"ex":[["walk, talk, recognize faces, and effortlessly retrieve certain facts from memory",1,-1,[],[41445]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[33149]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In feminist writing, rape is a gendered term that fosters patriarchal power structures in Western society",1,-1,[],[49001]],["The literature review revealed that much of the previous research limits the definition of rape to female victims by male perpetrators.",1,-1,[],[49001]],["predominantly limited to a homosexual context",1,-1,[],[49001]],["rape serves as a tool of domination, which occurs on many levels",1,-1,[],[49001]]],"sy":[["gendered term",1,4908,[],[49001]]],"rt":[["human rights violation",1,-1,[],[49001]],["sexual assault",1,-1,[],[49001]]],"sb":[["acquaintance rape",1,23013,[],[49001]],["male rape",1,-1,[],[49001]],["stranger rape",1,-1,[],[49001]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["digital rape in the metaverse",1,-1,[],[49001]],["rape as part of warfare",1,-1,[],[49001]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Conflict was coded on a scale from 0 to 100 where 0 was 'unambiguous opposition to conflict', 25 was 'vague opposition to conflict', 50 was 'neutral about conflict', 75 was 'implicitly endorsing conflict or suggesting that conflict might be an understandable response', and 90+ indicated 'explicit and strong advocacy of conflict'.",1,-1,[],[8503]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance cues",1,5438,[],[16299]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda política",1,8988,[],[13794]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["data poison attacks",1,9714,[],[50209]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The analysis indicates the ability to change media messages, to understand that media message creation is a subjective process, and to distinguish whether the new media message is a fact or a subjective opinion.",1,-1,[],[45247]],["The evaluation includes the skills of individuals to question and criticize the reliability of media content.",1,-1,[],[45247]],["The synthesis indicator refers to the ability to interpret and collate media content with their own perceptions and perspectives, and to create media messages in their own way.",1,-1,[],[45247]]],"sy":[["CC",1,-1,[],[45247]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Analysis",1,7380,[],[45247]],["Evaluation",1,19890,[],[45247]],["Synthesis",1,14925,[],[45247]]],"sp":[["New Media Literacy (NML)",1,21230,[],[45247]]],"ex":[["As an example, teachers' ability to present different ideas on a topic interactively and students' ability to find reality among these ideas via one of the web tools can be shown.",1,-1,[],[45247]],["The analysis indicates the ability to change media messages, to understand that media message creation is a subjective process, and to distinguish whether the new media message is a fact or a subjective opinion.",1,-1,[],[45247]],["teachers' ability to present different ideas on a topic interactively and students' ability to find reality among these ideas via one of the web tools",1,-1,[],[45247]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["evoking images of the cold war, and the US's ideological campaign against the Soviet Union, these tweets speak to social conservatives who view America as holding a distinctive cultural set of values that convey a sense of moral hierarchy in the world, where western values are seen as superior to other cultural systems, and education needs to be protected from the infiltration of these foreign value systems.",1,-1,[],[46514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["government frame",1,24998,[],[46514]],["war frame",1,27737,[],[46514]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It reflects the exaggerated emotional tendencies in management's expressions. This is used as a proxy for management's tone manipulation.",1,-1,[],[41963]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the stakeholder mining mechanism is helpful for discovering news articles' bias.",1,-1,[],[44616]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias analysis",1,21902,[],[44616]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["veracity prediction and justification production are combined tasks carried out by the same model.",1,-1,[],[12102]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The dynamic meaning identified by Palmer covers the other subclasses of meanings (circumstantial, neutral and external necessity) that fall under the unclear boundaries tagged as non-epistemic and nondeontic",1,-1,[],[33160]],["The dynamic meaning identified by Palmer covers the other subclasses of meanings (circumstantial, neutral and external necessity) that fall under the unclear boundaries tagged as non-epistemic and nondeontic (Depraetere 2015).",1,-1,[],[33160]],["it is used to communicate likely or possible actions that the government could undertake to halt or sustain medical brain drain in the country in the sample editorials as indicated in excerpts [16] and [17].",1,-1,[],[33160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["modality",1,15247,[],[33160]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["who believe male domination is natural",2,-1,[],[16698,21345]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Choice Blindness",1,21884,[],[22010]]],"ex":[["expressing a preference for risky options when their original choice was explicitly low-risk",1,-1,[],[22010]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this template, C is the label for a construct (such as attitude), and R names the category of responses (such as objectevaluative judgments) assumed to be influenced by that construct.",1,-1,[],[17280]],["implicit cognition designates a theory-defined category of effects.",1,-1,[],[17280]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["root tweets",1,15746,[],[41338]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Process Types",1,-1,[],[53427]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["data doubles are the building blocks for new 'social objects'",1,-1,[],[9533]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data doubles",1,3776,[],[9533]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["teks",1,-1,[],[10559]],["wacana",1,32948,[],[10559]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Person-directed abuse includes serious character based attacks, such as accusing the person of lying, as well as aggression, insults and menacing language.",1,-1,[],[11760]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[26725]],["offensive content",1,24349,[],[26725]]],"sb":[["Abuse about a person who is not part of the conversation thread",1,-1,[],[11760]],["Abuse at a person who is part of the conversation thread",1,-1,[],[11760]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["kolektivno nasilje",1,-1,[],[33896]]],"rt":[["crimes against humanity",1,-1,[],[33896]],["mass-atrocity crimes",1,-1,[],[33896]],["war crimes",1,13875,[],[33896]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["pseudoscience",1,14895,[],[10624]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a communication blame strategy",1,-1,[],[47269]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["secondary-voice dialogistic positioning",1,-1,[],[47269]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The quoted source, President Bush, thus distances himself from Greenspan's unintended actions and exemplifies blame-shifting",1,-1,[],[47269]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Considerations of historical bias often involve evaluating the representational harm (such as reinforcing a stereotype) to a particular group.",1,-1,[],[7377]],["Such a system, even if it reflects the world accurately, can still inflict harm on a population.",1,-1,[],[7377]],["Such a system, even if it reflects the world accurately, can still inflict harm on a population. Considerations of historical bias often involve evaluating the representational harm (such as reinforcing a stereotype) to a particular group.",1,-1,[],[7377]],["The impact of historical bias can be reflected in what data was collected, how the data was collected, the quality of the data, and even the labels given to the samples",1,-1,[],[15583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[7377]]],"ex":[["An example of this type of bias can be found in a 2018 image search result where searching for women CEOs ultimately resulted in fewer female CEO images due to the fact that only 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were woman-which would cause the search results to be biased towards male CEOs",1,-1,[],[7326]],["Word Embeddings.",1,-1,[],[7377]],["Word embeddings are learned vector representations of words that encode semantic meaning, and are widely used for natural language processing (NLP) applications. Recent research has shown that word embeddings, which are learned from large corpora of text (e.g., Google news, web pages, Wikipedia), reflect human biases.",1,-1,[],[7377]],["a 2018 image search result where searching for women CEOs ultimately resulted in fewer female CEO images due to the fact that only 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were woman-which would cause the search results to be biased towards male CEOs",1,-1,[],[7326]],["gendered occupation words like \"nurse\" or \"engineer\" are highly associated with words that represent women or men, respectively.",1,-1,[],[7377]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Principle of Interests-Based Balancing",1,16846,[],[18625]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Selective replacement",1,-1,[],[8115]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[52273]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["neither fish, nor fowl, semi-oriental, not fully European but semideveloped, and semi-civilized",1,-1,[],[39776]],["overgeneralised image of monolithic and continual misrepresentation",1,-1,[],[34552]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Orientalism",1,10109,[],[34552]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the ambivalent lands between what is properly East and properly West, a bastard borderland",1,-1,[],[34552]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This reflects classic intergroup attribution biases, wherein out-groups are more likely to be essentialized (Pettigrew, 1979).",1,-1,[],[41328]],["out-groups are more likely to be essentialized",1,-1,[],[41328]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["centrada en las características y principios de la información periodística",1,-1,[],[15247]],["compendio de destrezas, competencias y actitudes",1,-1,[],[46366]],["proceso de adaptación a nuevas tecnologías y plataformas",1,-1,[],[46366]]],"sy":[["news literacy",1,14494,[],[15247]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["alfabetización mediática",1,10962,[],[15247]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Whilst the former represents purity and the mind in control of the body, the latter represents 'sin, self-indulgence' and the 'body in control of the mind'",1,-1,[],[59900]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Essentially, when deciding on whether to support welfare benefits to a group or individual, we judged whether the relevant welfare recipients would be good cooperation partners in ancestral, face-to-face interaction.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["Furthermore, given the particular structure of ancestral health problems, sickness as the cause of need was predicted and subsequently empirically shown to be one specific cue that the deservingness heuristic treats as sign that the need is accidental rather than a reflection of a lack of effort.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["If this motivation is assessed as being high, a signal is sent to activate the particular system designed for social investments, compassion, which motivates the provision of benefits to Y.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["In sum, these analyses support the motivational outputs of the deservingness heuristic being narrowly focused on (1) investing in reciprocators through compassion and (2) recalibrating the behavior of cheaters through anger.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["Rather than the deservingness heuristic being aligned with general political reasoning, it leads people to take whatever opinion is aligned with the cues in front of them, even if that means sacrificing their normal political principles.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["Specifically, the heuristic motivates people to support welfare benefits to recipients who are represented as victims of bad luck and reject benefits to recipients who are represented as lazy.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["The deservingness heuristic appears constrained by our evolution to tag particular ancestrally relevant needs as deserving.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["The deservingness heuristic has, in essence, been part of the selection environment for the human species",1,-1,[],[18096]],["The function of the deservingness heuristic is to recruit insurance, and the potential insurance partners available in the small-scale social world of our ancestors were limited.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["The information that is extracted is the kind of information that would correlate with being a reciprocator over human evolutionary history, such as expressions of gratitude, being truly needy, being part of the same group, that Y has previously contributed in exchange situations, and that Y makes an effort to alleviate his own need.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["This heuristic emerges from species-typical systems that all phenotypically normal humans share and, hence, it is not something \"learned\" in the context of modern mass politics or something confined to mass politics by individuals in particular modern cultures, welfare states, or of a particular ideological leaning.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["an evolutionary perspective suggests that the representational systems underlying the deservingness heuristic could be designed to represent sick individuals as non-cheaters and provide care in order to motivate them and others to reciprocate when the self was struck by sickness or injury.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["an evolved feature of human political cognition",1,-1,[],[18096]],["input to the deservingness heuristic: the effort spent when accruing resources, the gratitude expressed when receiving benefits, shared group membership, high levels of need (and, hence, higher marginal benefits from help), being a victim of a random event, and so forth",1,-1,[],[18096]],["our attitudes toward social welfare should essentially be guided by the cues that would disclose whether welfare recipients would have been good, cooperating partners in ancestral face-to-face exchange.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["representational systems underlying the deservingness heuristic cause individuals to prioritize clear cues about the specific recipient's level of deservingness rather than ideological consistency in their opinion formation process.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the deservingness heuristic being narrowly focused on (1) investing in reciprocators through compassion and (2) recalibrating the behavior of cheaters through anger.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the deservingness heuristic is not merely a set of psychological systems that has influenced whether our direct ancestors helped others but also a set of systems that influenced whether others helped our ancestors",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the deservingness heuristic that modern individuals apply to welfare politics is undergirded by evolved representation and motivation systems designed to handle adaptive problems related to cheating in social exchange, for example in the context of ancestral foraging.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the deservingness heuristic treats as sign that the need is accidental rather than a reflection of a lack of effort",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the output of the deservingness heuristic is influenced by individual differences in, for example, ideology and self-interest.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the representational system underlying the deservingness heuristic is biased toward representing sickness as a random accident.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the use of the heuristic and the underlying psychological systems are not confined to the political domain",1,-1,[],[18096]],["this heuristic is something that humans around the world intuitively apply to all help-giving situations.",1,-1,[],[18096]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cheater-detection systems",1,-1,[],[18096]],["effort perceptions",1,-1,[],[18096]],["political ideology",1,30119,[],[18096]],["self-interest",1,33744,[],[18096]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristics",1,25648,[],[18096]]],"ex":[["being a victim of a random event",1,-1,[],[18096]],["form opinions about welfare benefits",1,-1,[],[18096]],["form welfare opinions on the basis of whether recipients are lazy or making an effort",1,-1,[],[18096]],["high levels of need (and, hence, higher marginal benefits from help)",1,-1,[],[18096]],["shared group membership",1,-1,[],[18096]],["sickness as the cause of need was predicted and subsequently empirically shown to be one specific cue that the deservingness heuristic treats as sign that the need is accidental rather than a reflection of a lack of effort.",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the effort spent when accruing resources",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the gratitude expressed when receiving benefits",1,-1,[],[18096]],["the heuristic motivates people to support welfare benefits to recipients who are represented as victims of bad luck and reject benefits to recipients who are represented as lazy.",1,-1,[],[18096]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clarity",1,6641,[],[41758]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Nothing is placed on the Scale that is heavier than good character. Indeed, the person with good character will have attained the rank of the person of fasting and prayer.",1,-1,[],[45021]],["the article emphasises the vital concepts of husn al-khuluq (beautiful manners) and al-kalim al-tayyib (good words), framing digital communication not merely as casual interaction, but as a highly accountable moral act.",1,-1,[],[45021]]],"sy":[["beautiful manners",1,-1,[],[45021]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["propagation network",1,4023,[],[15539]],["propagation pattern",1,30997,[],[15539]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54126]]],"ex":[["Online search engines",1,-1,[],[54126]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["With this philosophical point of view, the researchers take into account their views and values so that they could justify the problem posed in the research",1,-1,[],[16330]]],"sy":[["social constructionism",1,32496,[],[16330]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["paradigm",1,22400,[],[25794]]],"ex":[["This type of philosophical approach makes it possible to understand specific business situations. Using it, the researchers use small data samples and assess them very carefully in order to grasp the attitudes of larger population segments",1,-1,[],[16330]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["positive liberty",1,11889,[],[4054]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["Following conventions of language use, people typically assume that message sharers have a goal of informing (Grice's maxims of communication or \"logic of communication\", Schwarz, 2014).",2,-1,[],[20265,28369]]],"de":[["people assume that message sharers share content they believe to be factually true, unbiased, and potentially useful in informing judgment and decision making, even if sometimes message sharers get it wrong and, unbeknownst to themselves, misinform",1,-1,[],[28369]],["people assume that message sharers share content they believe to be factually true, unbiased, and potentially useful in informing judgment and decision making, even if sometimes message sharers get it wrong and, unbeknownst to themselves, misinform -share factually untrue or biased content.",1,-1,[],[20265]],["people start with the assumption that communicators are attempting to be informative -to clearly tell them something that is relevant, something that their audience does not already know",1,-1,[],[28369]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["On a dual-process view, ontological confusions constitute a failure to reflect on and inhibit such intuitive ontological confusions",1,-1,[],[19668]],["Those who rate the statements as more literal are considered more ontologically confused.",1,-1,[],[19668]],["conflation of mental phenomenon, which are subjective and immaterial, and physical phenomenon, which are objective and material",1,-1,[],[19668]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A rock lives for a long time",1,-1,[],[19668]],["Flowing water is a liquid",1,-1,[],[19668]],["property differences between animate and inanimate or mental and physical",1,-1,[],[19668]],["the belief that prayers have the capacity to heal (i.e., spiritual healing)",1,-1,[],[19668]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["el retraso de las pruebas de Selectividad en agosto",1,-1,[],[14720]],["falsas cartas que anunciaban la suspensión de clases en Castilla y León",1,-1,[],[14720]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Elements of othering discourses may be appropriated, because such elements can be given local value as part of a subcultural style.",1,-1,[],[22082]],["Resistance here takes the form of refusing to be devalued. However this form of agency also has a dimension of reproduction as it draws on stereotypical images.",1,-1,[],[22082]],["This type of agency illustrates how othering discourses can, in a paradoxical way, be part of the symbolic raw material of agency. Elements of othering discourses may be appropriated, because such elements can be given local value as part of a subcultural style.",1,-1,[],[22082]],["This type of reaction works not by resisting to occupy the position of the other per se, but by resisting the devaluation and attempting to capitalize locally on being in the position of the other, by accentuating those dimensions within the ambivalent gaze of the majority which can be ascribed value.",1,-1,[],[22082]],["capitalization as a form of agency has a dimension of resistance as well as a dimension of reproduction.",1,-1,[],[22082]],["such agency is socially situated",1,-1,[],[22082]],["such strategies draw heavily on public stereotypes",1,-1,[],[22082]],["the creation of capital is an active process involving agency",1,-1,[],[22082]],["works not by resisting to occupy the position of the other per se, but by resisting the devaluation and attempting to capitalize locally on being in the position of the other, by accentuating those dimensions within the ambivalent gaze of the majority which can be ascribed value",1,-1,[],[22082]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["othering",1,13537,[],[22082]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["agency",1,19283,[],[22082]]],"ex":[["producing styles -offering them a way to capitalize on othering.",1,-1,[],[22082]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. News of the Day; Sports; Business",1,-1,[],[48050]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["inaccurately reduces the veracity of a news text down to a single binary variable.",1,-1,[],[2197]],["tends to focus implicitly on misinformation, at least in part because it is far easier to identify instances of misinformation than disinformation in the news media, for example, by drawing on the work of fact-checking organisations.",1,-1,[],[2197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["mitigation",1,28633,[],[23145]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["An existing image is used out of context but is also manipulated by adding one more objects from other images to change its meaning.",1,-1,[],[43180]]],"sy":[["image montages",1,2869,[],[43180]]],"rt":[["image montages",1,2869,[],[43180]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["alcohol use tends to be represented as an unproblematic or neutral activity",1,-1,[],[30539]],["disproportionately associated with glamour and success to the extent that even relatively moderate media consumption may well result in substantial exposure to inordinately glamorized depictions of alcohol use",1,-1,[],[30539]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["In this context, it involves clarifying who commits the violence, what the acts entail, and how each relates to real-world forms of environmental violence that audiences might encounter or plausibly imagine.",1,-1,[],[39338]],["identity is partly shaped by recognition or its absence",1,-1,[],[18670]],["intersubjective recognition may be achieved in relations of love",1,-1,[],[22946]],["the struggle for recognition can find only one satisfactory solution, and that is a regime of reciprocal recognition among equals ' (1994, p. 50).",1,-1,[],[22946]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misrecognition",1,5617,[],[22946]]],"sb":[["concern, respect and esteem",1,-1,[],[22946]],["esteem",1,3195,[],[22946]],["love",1,21775,[],[22946]],["respect",1,2689,[],[22946]]],"sp":[["Structures of Sympathy",1,26197,[],[39338]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Cooperative Principle",1,27412,[],[31040]]],"sb":[["Manner",1,10807,[],[28811]],["Maxim of Manner",1,16112,[],[31040]],["Maxim of Quality",1,9346,[],[31040]],["Maxim of Quantity",1,23248,[],[31040]],["Maxim of Relevance",1,30288,[],[31040]],["Quality",1,10979,[],[28811]],["Quantity",1,-1,[],[28811]],["Relation",1,6145,[],[28811]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Our definition is based on the identity that these professionals have about themselves and their profession, which includes objective and subjective factors.",1,-1,[],[59996]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[18565]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["reporting elections as a 'horse-race' between the leading parties",1,-1,[],[43265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["KBC utilizes a set of existing lexical knowledge bases to maximize classification accuracy.",1,-1,[],[19394]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["norm-perception mechanism",1,3778,[],[2760]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["draws a close association between viral biology on the one hand and information science on the other",1,-1,[],[3435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["viral modernity of Covid-19",1,-1,[],[3435]],["viral modernity of the Spanish flu",1,-1,[],[3435]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["mandated choice",1,-1,[],[54610]],["required choosing",1,-1,[],[54610]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a machine-generated statement should be in implicit forms (i.e., without explicit hateful words such as slurs).",1,-1,[],[59153]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["explicit hateful words such as slurs",1,-1,[],[59153]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["colonialism",1,12372,[],[40641]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["with American and British newspapers separating opinion from facts and promoting objective reporting",1,-1,[],[3613]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["bias",1,30859,[],[33590]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["source credibility",1,22078,[],[33590]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["may reduce direct engagement such as replies and likes",1,-1,[],[13573]],["suggesting their role in fostering responsive engagement",1,-1,[],[13573]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reflection model",1,-1,[],[13573]],["transmission of interactivity",1,13136,[],[13573]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Retweets",1,7498,[],[4023]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["live commentaries in traditional mass media",1,-1,[],[29359]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["We represent a multi-domain news dataset as N M = {P, D, Y }, where P represent the news texts, Y denote the news label, and D = {d 1 , d 2 , ..., d n } is the domain of the news. Each news p is assigned a domain label d and a news label y.",1,-1,[],[18897]],["alleviating the data limitation challenge to some extent.",1,-1,[],[37144]],["it is promising to solve the data sparsity problem and improve the performance of all domains by exploiting data from multiple domains",1,-1,[],[55941]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["propagation-adaptive multi-domain fake news detection",1,31039,[],[37144]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["crisis communication",1,27607,[],[59807]]],"ex":[["detecting disinformation, cyberbullying, and bias.",1,-1,[],[11049]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Gleichzeitig wird hervorgehoben, dass besonders bei der Produktion von Online-Inhalten neue Potenziale für die allgemeine Öffentlichkeit berücksichtigt werden sollten",1,-1,[],[46086]],["Not all definitions of media literacy include the requirement to create, to produce symbolic texts.",1,-1,[],[24949]],["people attain a deeper understanding of the conventions and merits of professionally produced material if they have direct experience of content production",1,-1,[],[21921]],["the internet par excellence is a medium which offers hitherto unimagined opportunities for ordinary people to create online content.",1,-1,[],[21921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",3,27668,[["media literacy",2],["Media Literacy",1]],[21921,24949,46086]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["diversity",1,22741,[],[5120]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It is looking for self-confirmation in normative texts, and in constant opposition to mainstream viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[10205]],["That kind of communication, oriented towards the \"correct\" texts, has a clearly autocommunicative nature because its meaning-making is encapsulated in formerly existing associations. It is looking for self-confirmation in normative texts, and in constant opposition to mainstream viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[10205]],["autocommunication as an identity-forming, auto-suggestive and/or therapeutic form of interaction which leads to the subject's self-organization and to clarification of essential objectives and values",1,-1,[],[10205]],["autocommunication of semiotic unities as a mechanism which enables cultural innovation and allows subjects to establish their autonomy",1,-1,[],[10205]],["autocommunicative processes foster the transformation of texts into meta-texts.",1,-1,[],[10205]],["cultural autocommunication comprises in itself the reflection of an immediate identity or the habitual level but it also comprises the instructions for interpreting it, so I-I communication facilitates the creation of metalanguages and metatexts",1,-1,[],[10205]],["inwardly oriented communication which can be treated as autocommunication (i.e. I-I type of communication)",1,-1,[],[10205]],["this kind of enclosed meaning-making can be explained with the help of the concept of autocommunication.",1,-1,[],[10205]]],"sy":[["I-I type of communication",1,-1,[],[10205]],["intrapersonal communication",1,-1,[],[10205]],["self-communication",1,-1,[],[10205]]],"rt":[["cultural communication",1,-1,[],[10205]],["intrapersonal communication",1,-1,[],[10205]],["self-communication",1,-1,[],[10205]]],"sb":[["polarized hermetic autocommunication",1,-1,[],[10205]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Lastly, the third type is intervention based solutions, that provide computational solutions for actively identifying and containing the spread of false information, and methods to mitigate the impact from exposures to false information.",1,-1,[],[6978]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["online hate speech",1,7507,[],[15322]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Domesticatie heeft niet alleen te maken met de invalshoek of de thema's van het nieuws, maar ook met de bronnen die in het nieuws opgevoerd worden.",1,-1,[],[19951]],["Een van de manieren om nieuws te domesticeren is bijvoorbeeld om bij een natuurramp in het buitenland vooral Belgische slachtoffers of hulpverleners te interviewen in plaats van de lokale bevolking",1,-1,[],[19951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["bij een natuurramp in het buitenland vooral Belgische slachtoffers of hulpverleners te interviewen in plaats van de lokale bevolking",1,-1,[],[19951]],["om bij een natuurramp in het buitenland vooral Belgische slachtoffers of hulpverleners te interviewen in plaats van de lokale bevolking",1,-1,[],[19951]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mainstream press",1,14711,[],[1858]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It removes judgment. It removes fact. It tells us how things feel. Such a story permits those on both sides of the political spectrum to stand back and explore the subjective prism through which the party on the other side sees the world",1,-1,[],[755]],["Such a story permits those on both sides of the political spectrum to stand back and explore the subjective prism through which the party on the other side sees the world",1,-1,[],[755]]],"sy":[["ontological narratives",1,27365,[],[17197]]],"rt":[["deep frames",1,23872,[],[14792]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["At a minimum, this implies that political news should be substantial, factual and diverse",1,-1,[],[5335]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["An influence operation could have impact based on content if it (1) persuades someone of a particular viewpoint or reinforces an existing one, (2) distracts them from finding or developing other ideas, or (3) distracts them from carving out space for higher quality thought at all.",1,-1,[],[15720]],["As advertisers, media outlets, and platforms already compete for viewers, distraction operations can often exploit and exacerbate such preexisting attention competitions to crowd out important information with attention-grabbing, irrelevant information.",1,-1,[],[15720]],["Often the goal is simply to distract from information that is potentially harmful to the operator.",1,-1,[],[15720]],["leading them to pursue distraction operations if they believe persona development-which requires longer-term investment but can be more persuasive to observers-is not worth the effort.",1,-1,[],[15720]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Medium theory (Meyrowitz, 2009) contends the nature of the medium impacts social, individual, and societal processes.",1,-1,[],[9201]],["we use the term \"medium\" following Meyrowitz (1998Meyrowitz ( , 2009) ) to denote this construct's focus on particular characteristics of the (social media) platforms and modifiable features within each.",1,-1,[],[9201]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Information media",1,14803,[],[25200]]],"sb":[["collaborative media (technologies of co-operation) such as wikis and online communities",1,-1,[],[25200]],["storage media (information technologies) such as paper, tapes, film reels, computer hard disks, DVDs, web space",1,-1,[],[25200]],["transport media (communication technologies) such as the telephone, television, radio, e-mail",1,-1,[],[25200]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",1,4202,[],[9201]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["digital natives",2,1855,[],[2056,31921]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["answer popularity",1,-1,[],[40984]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["appeal to expert opinion, argument from popular opinion, from analogy, from commitments, from ignorance, ad hominem arguments",1,-1,[],[31854]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["At the textual level, this sense of collectivity is reinforced by the captions, which make images, on the one hand, 'authorless' by attributing images to recording devices ('cap-tured by a camera phone'), content-sharing sites (e.g. 'loaded from YouTube video service') and distribution channels (e.g. 'distributed by news agency') and, on the other hand, attributing them to a collective figure (citizen, activist).",1,-1,[],[36433]],["the photographer in citizen images emerges as an embodied collectivity, as a figure inviting herself to be imagined as 'anyone'. This structure of 'from-anyone-to-anyone' (cf. Scannell, 2000) constructs a collectivity between the depicted others and 'us'.",1,-1,[],[36433]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the bodily presence of citizen photographers is discernible as an extra textual layer in the footage in the form of breathing, shouting or pointing fingers",1,-1,[],[36433]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Anzaldua's (1987) notion of the borderlands mestiza, which presents identities as simultaneous entities that move fluidly across cultural spaces",1,-1,[],[20025]],["This intentional hybridity, or mestiza, foregrounds a duality that embraces both the here and there of social situations.",1,-1,[],[20025]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["central route cues",1,-1,[],[47579]]],"sb":[["comparisons",1,10605,[],[47579]],["facts",1,12214,[],[47579]],["scientific evidence",1,-1,[],[47579]]],"sp":[["Central route cues",1,-1,[],[47579]]],"ex":[["Masks work by blocking respiratory droplets.",1,-1,[],[47579]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This is often implemented with a deliberative choice of birth cohorts based on assumed formative media settings in media users' youth (Bolin 2016), despite that it flattens the perspective on media generations since generation as actuality is projected onto generation as location.",1,-1,[],[41690]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["refines the Digital Media-Arena (DMA) framework to address the diversity of stakeholders contributing to the production, (re)appropriation and (re)distribution of organisational messages in digital environments.",1,-1,[],[54105]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["heteronormativity",1,12726,[],[22194]],["homophobia",1,13370,[],[22194]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["emblems and slogans",1,-1,[],[49704]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["constituting to some extent a choice-constraining technological architecture",1,-1,[],[54608]]],"sy":[["'diversity-enhancing' recommendation technologies",1,32011,[],[54608]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["examining issues such as health misinformation and medicalization",1,-1,[],[45798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pharmaceuticalization",1,19553,[],[11136]]],"sb":[["disease mongering",1,6482,[],[59586]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["Both metadiscourse and metapragmatics are genre-related, context-bound, and culture-sensitive",1,-1,[],[1951]],["It is a recipient design filter which helps to spell out how we intend a message to be understood by offering a running commentary on it.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["It points to the routine, almost automatic, use of conventions which are developed through participation and linked to familiar situations and relationships which tie us into webs of common sense, interests and shared meanings.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["Metadiscourse thus suggests a familiarity with an audience and so connects texts with contexts.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["Since all lists are part of the metadiscursive realm, they deliver their speaker's subjectivity",1,-1,[],[59397]],["The term metadiscourse, in various guises, however, is now well-established in applied linguistics and discourse analysis.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["To have any descriptive and explanatory power at all metadiscourse must be a rhetorical and pragmatic, rather than a formal, property of texts.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["a familiar routine which is known to the audience and sensitive to the context",1,-1,[["a familiar routine which is known to the audience and sensitive to the context",1],["a familiar routine which is known to the audience and sensitive to the context.",1]],[59397]],["academic genres in English, particularly research articles and abstracts are the primary areas of interest with attention given to interactional elements of the interpersonal model with stance, evaluation, engagement and persuasion prominent",1,-1,[],[1951]],["drawing attention to the text in this way reveals a writer's awareness of the reader and the type and extent of his or her need for elaboration, clarification, guidance and interaction.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["insights from metadiscourse offer teachers a perspective which regards context-situated texts as the best foundation for pedagogy.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["interactional elements of the interpersonal model with stance, evaluation, engagement and persuasion prominent",1,-1,[],[1951]],["it is a hard term to pin down and is often understood in different ways.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["management of texts and the management of interaction",1,-1,[],[1951]],["metadiscourse embodies the idea that communication is more than just the exchange of information, goods or services, but also involves the personalities, attitudes and assumptions of those who are communicating",1,-1,[],[1951]],["metadiscourse has inspired a considerable amount of scholarship and continues to contribute enormously and offer fresh insights into how language works as communication",1,-1,[],[1951]],["metadiscourse is not simply a quantitative method of hunting down and counting features on a pre-defined list.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["metadiscourse must be a rhetorical and pragmatic, rather than a formal, property of texts.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["metadiscourse sets out to capture something of the interactive character of communication, it recognises a distinction between propositional and reader-oriented material and it suggests that these features are context dependent and differ across genres and languages.",1,-1,[],[1951]],["one of the common linguistic devices that play a pivotal role in helping addressers show their stance toward a proposition, build a cohesive speech, negotiate meaning with the audiences, and pull them into arguments.",1,-1,[],[16388]],["processes which are not about a specific content but about their form and their speaker's goals",1,-1,[],[59397]],["rhetorical functions which writers and speakers use to talk about their own talk",1,-1,[],[1951]],["seen as a powerful means by which the speaker constructs social and interpersonal relations with the audience as a discourse participant.",1,-1,[],[16388]],["the term 'metadiscourse' has come to mean work conducted using a broad, interactional definition of the term",1,-1,[],[1951]],["these are key aspects of metadiscourse.",1,-1,[],[59397]],["to shape propositional information with their evaluations of it",1,-1,[],[1951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Metalanguage",2,8023,[["Metalanguage",1],["metalanguage",1]],[1951,59397]],["engagement",1,29662,[],[16388]],["interactional",1,29905,[],[1951]],["interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[1951]],["interactive",1,67,[],[1951]],["metapragmatics",1,1066,[],[1951]],["recipient design",1,10444,[],[1951]],["reflexivity",1,5920,[],[1951]],["self-reference",1,-1,[],[16388]],["stance",1,2283,[],[16388]],["stance, evaluation, engagement and persuasion",1,-1,[],[1951]],["textual function",1,30608,[],[1951]],["textual metadiscourse",1,-1,[],[1951]],["visual metadiscourse",1,2330,[],[1951]]],"sb":[["Attitude markers",1,6099,[],[1951]],["Boosters",1,15862,[],[1951]],["catastrophisation",1,-1,[],[4198]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[1951]],["interactional types of metadiscourse",1,-1,[],[16388]],["interactive types",1,27302,[],[16388]],["localisation",1,17882,[],[4198]],["minimisation",1,28223,[],[4198]],["self-affirmation",1,33713,[],[4198]],["self-mention",1,27269,[],[1951]],["textual metadiscourse",1,-1,[],[1951]],["visual metadiscourse",1,2330,[],[1951]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["conference presentations to be rewritten as popularisations, textbook chapters, blogs, research articles or grant proposals for different purposes and audiences but with recognisably similar content",1,-1,[],[1951]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This line of work focuses on mitigating gender bias through architectural changes of general-purpose MT models or via dedicated training procedures.",1,-1,[],[8152]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["works on fairness, safety, prosocial behavior, and utility of machine learning systems in fact address parts of broader theories in normative ethics",1,-1,[],[17901]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["deontological ethics",1,3947,[],[17901]],["justice",1,709,[],[17901]],["utilitarianism",1,9421,[],[17901]],["virtue ethics",1,268,[],[17901]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fear Appeal",1,30866,[],[31606]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["translators and editors balance the linguistic possibilities of each language with the ideological goals of their organizations and the expectations of their audiences.",1,-1,[],[56296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["[I]ndividuals have a duty to recognize one another as human beings and citizens",1,-1,[],[18672]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["that make production of news on a daily basis a more possible task.",1,-1,[],[9207]],["the guiding confines embodied by, for example, assumptions about newsworthiness and what readers want or about appropriate presentational formats or standard practices for newsgathering",1,-1,[],[9207]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["ideological bias",1,27368,[],[51778]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this system, the ruling Al-Khalifa family monopolizes the country's material resources so that the institutions of state, including the media, function to prevent the occurrence of regime change which would otherwise alter the disbursement of this wealth to a broader segment of the population, most of whom have historically been Shi'a.",1,-1,[],[33509]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["directional negativity",1,10752,[],[5316]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["neutral",1,31656,[],[49312]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["looking for some new music for the weekend? check my #liveinthefuture top 10 chart at beatport http://t.co/2cpl73ixiy",1,-1,[],[49312]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Meta-proximization might further the analysis in a direction the framework has not yet fully explored by addressing the threat to the cognitive and discursive capacity to recognize environmental threats.",1,-1,[],[56849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The main objective of the information generation is primarily to address the managerial challenges of changing social, economic, and political realities.",1,-1,[],[34458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ba dao is a philosophy that suggests the rulers to use military and state power to make people yield and obey.",1,-1,[],[18316]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Influencers function as value mediators navigating between multiple audiences and competing normative systems",1,-1,[],[33699]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Choice Blindness",1,21884,[],[22006]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Im Gegensatz zum Bruch von Rechtsnormen sind hierbei nicht zwangsläufig Rechtsgüter betroffen. Ausschlaggebend für diese Form der Grenzüberschreitung ist die Verletzung dessen was als \"moralischer Standard\" betitelt werden kann.",1,-1,[],[21326]]],"sy":[["Verletzung moralischer Standards im gesellschaftlichen Miteinander",1,34884,[],[21326]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Grenzüberschreitungen",1,-1,[],[21326]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["like-minded users tend to form groups, that biased/false information reaches the users in these groups more quickly, and that these groups are more likely to be biased/spread misinformation.",1,-1,[],[51794]],["the interactive approach we propose to form these groups of similar users, or information communities.",1,-1,[],[51794]]],"sy":[["groups of users",1,-1,[],[51794]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agency",1,19283,[],[17739]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The lower salience of male-related words in articles about men can be related to the concept of male as the null gender (Fox, Johnson, and Rosser 2006)",1,-1,[],[16726]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Another essential characteristic of this type of gathering is mindfulness, shared consciousness, and the emphasis on positive, appetitive emotions.",1,-1,[],[13166]],["It is suggested that the main psychological outcome of such gatherings, in both the individual and the group level is the experience of transcendence (Biela and Tobacyk, 1987).",1,-1,[],[13166]],["Put simply: in Agoral Gatherings the crowd can be excited, elated, even inspired, but not violent or enfl amed.",1,-1,[],[13166]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Agora",1,7823,[],[13166]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["crowd behavior",1,-1,[],[13166]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Abnegation as a mode of executive discourse shows how influential the US discourse on the power of private ownership against government interference continues to be, and how it has been transformed into dominant norms.",1,-1,[],[58743]],["Abnegation is characterized by the denial or repudiation of relationships of influence of various kinds.",1,-1,[],[58743]],["Abnegation places not just particular emphasis but all its emphasis on the ownership form as the means of guaranteeing ultimate independence",1,-1,[],[58743]],["Abnegation places not just particular emphasis but all its emphasis on the ownership form as the means of guaranteeing ultimate independence, as academic discourses have done for several decades.",1,-1,[],[58743]],["It draws on a collective memory that connects journalistic freedom with ownership and defend trough through reference to the past",1,-1,[],[58743]],["Like academic discourses around the issue of ideal ownership, abnegation has deeply ideological dimensions, setting out the boundaries in an ideal journalistic practice between 'us' (independent) and 'them ' (dependent).",1,-1,[],[58743]],["Relationships of dependence are predominantly presented in negative terms.",1,-1,[],[58743]],["This discursive mode serves a strategic function in the legitimization of the executives' organizations as being better than all other similar organizations",1,-1,[],[58743]],["abnegation, which primarily functions as a publicly-oriented communicative discourse (Schmidt, 2015: 115)",1,-1,[],[58743]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discursive modes",1,-1,[],[58743]],["independence discourse",1,28008,[],[58743]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":61,"df":[],"de":[["Barocas et al. (2017) call these representational harms.",1,-1,[],[10935]],["Changes in those representations (due to algorithmic outputs) may lead to the behavioral changes outlined in Table 1, but those downstream effects are only diagnostic of representational harms, not constitutive of them.",1,-1,[],[7556]],["In general, a model containing more bias in our setting can make subtle associations regarding gender (e.g. generating text using authoritative descriptive words regarding one gender in comparison to others or consistently representing one gender as being \"correct\" in various situations). This in turn can lead to representational harms that can hurt disfavored genders in the future.",1,-1,[],[28194]],["In general, following Crawford [2017] representational harms can be divided into: stereotyping, underrepresentation, denigration, recognition, and ex-nomination.",1,-1,[],[15651]],["Instead, these systems produce outputs that can affect the understandings, beliefs, and attitudes that people hold about particular social groups, and thus the standings of those groups within society.",1,-1,[],[10935]],["Representational harms are different, however, as the subtle, diffuse nature of the underlying changes may make identification, measurement, and monitoring significantly more difficult.",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Representational harms include instances where certain social groups experience both over-and under-exposure [27], leading to unequal visibility [242].",1,-1,[],[7537]],["Representational harms reflect assumptions that algorithmic systems make about people, culture, and experiences, which perpetuate normative narratives that adversely shape people's sense of identity and belonging",1,-1,[],[7537]],["Representational harms reflect assumptions that algorithmic systems make about people, culture, and experiences, which perpetuate normative narratives that adversely shape people's sense of identity and belonging [118].",1,-1,[],[7537]],["The persistence and salience of these stereotypes in multilingual LLMs may contribute to a range of representational harms as they are deployed in practice, including erasing the visibility of men and women in different roles and contexts and reinforcing discriminatory behaviour and assumptions over time.",1,-1,[],[52748]],["These harms occur when algorithmic systems reinforce the subordination of social groups along the lines of identity, such as disability, gender, race and ethnicity, religion, and sexuality",1,-1,[],[7537]],["These harms occur when algorithmic systems reinforce the subordination of social groups along the lines of identity, such as disability, gender, race and ethnicity, religion, and sexuality [22].",1,-1,[],[7537]],["This occurs through both explicit bias in content generation and more subtle forms of misrepresentation",1,-1,[],[48737]],["To understand bias and stereotyping in text-to-text capabilities",1,-1,[],[18889]],["We also recognize the distinction between biases leading to representational harms and those leading to allocational harms (Crawford, 2017;Barocas et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[30875]],["algorithmic systems trained on text corpora from the social world are likely to contain representational harms across some aspect of identity, as text corpora often reflect the inequalities of the social world",1,-1,[],[7537]],["can be further categorized into stereotyping, recognition, denigration, and underrepresentation",1,-1,[],[25667]],["developing methods trained on balanced data is a first step to eliminating representational harms.",1,-1,[],[15651]],["findings of bias could result in both allocational harms and representational harms posed by the evaluated models",1,-1,[],[28906]],["most papers in NLP describe methods for measuring and mitigating representational harms",1,-1,[],[11949]],["negative stereotypes, denigrations",1,-1,[],[11875]],["rather than the impacts of those changes",1,-1,[],[7556]],["representational harms are a particularly salient concern in NLP tasks",1,-1,[],[8126]],["representational harms are not harms to specific individuals; they relate to the standings of particular social groups, affecting all members of those groups",1,-1,[],[10935]],["representational harms are significantly more difficult to measure, which may explain their relative neglect in the literature on algorithmic harms.",1,-1,[],[7556]],["representational harms can arise across multiple temporal and social granularities (individual, intergroup, and intragroup).",1,-1,[],[7556]],["representational harms may be the \"cost\" that must be borne to achieve a more ethical (global) state.",1,-1,[],[7556]],["representational harms often arise subtly, and thus quantifying them in language, at least for some NLP tasks, differs from standard fairness techniques, which typically apply to classification.",1,-1,[],[8126]],["representational harms operate through the vehicle of public presentation, and so we must be sensitive to empirical details about how those presentations are consumed.",1,-1,[],[7556]],["such as stereotyping, capability biases and erasure",1,-1,[],[52748]],["the pernicious representation of AAE speakers",1,-1,[],[2885]],["the subtle, diffuse nature of the underlying changes may make identification, measurement, and monitoring significantly more difficult",1,-1,[],[7556]],["under-representation of women and diminished visibility of their linguistic repertoire",1,-1,[],[40180]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["allocational harms",6,10117,[],[10935,28906,30875,40180,44654,45290]],["allocative harms",3,3221,[],[7537,7556,15596]],["bias and stereotyping",1,-1,[],[18889]],["harmful language",1,-1,[],[37652]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[7537]],["quality-of-service harms",1,26239,[],[7537]]],"sb":[["stereotyping",8,16534,[["stereotyping",6],["Stereotyping",2]],[7537,8126,8157,8158,10935,11875,25667,45290,52748]],["Demeaning",2,21939,[["Demeaning",1],["demeaning",1]],[7537,10935]],["Demeaning social groups",2,9549,[["Demeaning social groups",1],["Demeaning social groups.",1]],[7537,10935]],["Erasing",2,10559,[["Erasing",1],["erasing",1]],[7537,10935]],["Erasing social groups.",2,31014,[["Erasing social groups.",1],["erasing social groups",1]],[7537,10935]],["Erasure",2,28505,[["Erasure",1],["erasure",1]],[8126,52748]],["Stereotyping social groups",2,26648,[["Stereotyping social groups",1],["Stereotyping social groups.",1]],[7537,10935]],["underrepresentation",2,11903,[],[8157,8158,25667]],["Alienating",1,14656,[],[7537]],["Alienating social groups.",1,6402,[["Alienating social groups.",1],["alienating social groups",1]],[7537]],["Demeaning/Derogatory Language",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Denial of Self-Identification",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Denigration refers to the use of culturally or historically derogatory terms",1,-1,[],[15651]],["Denying people",1,-1,[],[7537]],["Denying people the opportunity to self-identify.",1,16651,[["Denying people the opportunity to self-identify.",1],["denying people the opportunity to self-identify",1]],[7537]],["Disparagement",1,812,[],[11875]],["Hierarchies & Marginalization",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Inaccurate/Skewed Representations",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Increased Actual and Psychological Conflicts (Between Groups)",1,33892,[],[7556]],["Increased Actual and Psychological Conflicts (Within Group)",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Increased Social Anxiety and Other Mental Barriers (Individual)",1,23623,[],[7556]],["Increased Stress (Individual)",1,8431,[],[7556]],["Outsider Gaze",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Questionable correlations between system behavior and features of language that are typically associated with particular social groups.",1,-1,[],[11442]],["Reduction in Options Considered (Individual)",1,1692,[],[7556]],["Reductions in Supportive or Other Healthy Behaviors (Indirect)",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Reification of Social Groups or Use of Essentialist Categories",1,-1,[],[7556]],["Reifying essentialist social categories.",1,33829,[["Reifying essentialist social categories.",1],["reifying essentialist social categories",1]],[7537]],["Social stereotyping",1,16948,[],[7556]],["Stereotyping that propagates negative generalizations about particular social groups.",1,-1,[],[11442]],["Stereotyping, in particular, perpetuates common (often negative) depictions of a certain gender.",1,-1,[],[15651]],["Under-representation bias is the disproportionately low representation of a specific group.",1,-1,[],[15651]],["capability biases",1,-1,[],[52748]],["denigration",1,29963,[],[25667]],["derogatory language",1,8711,[],[8126]],["disparate system performance",1,23370,[],[8126]],["ex-nomination describes a practice where a specific category or way of being is framed as the norm by not giving it a name or not specifying it as a category in itself (e.g., 'politician' vs. 'female politician').",1,-1,[],[15651]],["exclusionary norms",1,18333,[],[8126]],["misrepresentation",1,5976,[],[8126]],["perpetuate stereotypes",1,-1,[],[10935]],["recognition",1,4371,[],[25667]],["recognition bias involves a given algorithm's inaccuracy in recognition tasks.",1,-1,[],[15651]],["reifying social groups",1,6591,[],[10935]],["stereotyping, demeaning, erasing, and alienating social groups",1,-1,[],[7537]],["toxicity",1,34320,[],[8126]]],"sp":[["harms",3,19187,[["harms",2],["harm",1]],[7383,11442,11875]],["Algorithmic harms",1,10781,[],[7556]],["discriminatory outcomes",1,-1,[],[52748]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8126]],["sociotechnical harms",1,-1,[],[7537]]],"ex":[["For example, negative selection have been reported to occur more frequently in male dominated jobs than in other types of jobs (Davison and Burke, 2000).",1,-1,[],[20284]],["Stereotypical or offensive uses of AAL by LLMs thus reflect a representational harm to AAL speakers that can further promote these views.",1,-1,[],[28906]],["a recruiter may be influenced towards unfairly prioritizing applicants from the well-represented demographic",1,-1,[],[44654]],["a search engine",1,-1,[],[11442]],["an individual applying for a certain job may be discouraged if all faces returned by Google search on the position do not match their own identity",1,-1,[],[44654]],["an individual applying for a certain job may be discouraged if all faces returned by Google search on the position do not match their own identity or a recruiter may be influenced towards unfairly prioritizing applicants from the well-represented demographic.",1,-1,[],[44654]],["capability biases",1,-1,[],[52748]],["erasure",1,-1,[],[52748]],["language models that encode and replicate stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[7383]],["negative selection have been reported to occur more frequently in male dominated jobs than in other types of jobs",1,-1,[],[20284]],["negative stereotypes, denigrations",1,-1,[],[11875]],["one ethnicity in explicit and NSFW content (Birhane et al., 2021)",1,-1,[],[44654]],["returning more images of men than women in response to search queries for \"doctor\" (Kay, Matuszek, and Munson 2015b)",1,-1,[],[10935]],["returning pornographic websites in response to queries for \"Black girls\" but not \"white girls\" (Noble 2018)",1,-1,[],[10935]],["stereotypereinforcing outputs [5] to outsider gaze perpetuating images [6] to consistent misgendering [7]",1,-1,[],[7556]],["stereotyping",1,-1,[],[52748]],["the overrepresentation of one gender when querying for a profession (e.g., \"nurse\" versus \"doctor\")",1,-1,[],[44654]],["the overrepresentation of one gender when querying for a profession (e.g., \"nurse\" versus \"doctor\") or one ethnicity in explicit and NSFW content",1,-1,[],[44654]],["the ways that search engines represent some social groups in less favorable ways than they do others (e.g., returning more images of men than women in response to search queries for \"doctor\" (Kay, Matuszek, and Munson 2015b) or returning pornographic websites in response to queries for \"Black girls\" but not \"white girls\" (Noble 2018)).",1,-1,[],[10935]],["women were rated less positively than men in line jobs (which tend to be male gender-typed), but not in staff jobs, according to a prominent financial services organization",1,-1,[],[20284]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Representa um tipo de interação social que é valorizada por si mesma levando a altos níveis de reciprocidade desarticulada",1,-1,[],[20008]],["Representa um tipo de interação social que é valorizada por si mesma levando a altos níveis de reciprocidade desarticulada (Goffee e Jones, 1996: 134).",1,-1,[],[20008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social",1,1880,[],[20008]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This model outlines four framing processes: frame building, connecting internal and external factors shaping media coverage; frame setting, involving the transmission of frames from media to audiences; individual-level effects of framing, exploring how audience frames influence behavior, attitudes, and cognition; and journalists as audiences, suggesting that the frames they use can also impact them due to cognitive biases.",1,-1,[],[38600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["frame building",1,19371,[],[38600]],["frame setting",1,1915,[],[38600]],["individual-level effects of framing",1,13558,[],[38600]],["journalists as audiences",1,7176,[],[38600]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["For them, a central content generation becomes dispensable.",1,-1,[],[5502,5503]]],"sy":[["bot army",1,-1,[],[5503]]],"rt":[["Hybrid social bots",1,-1,[],[5502]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Destination images alternatively comprise of numerous components, including popular attractions, accessibility, facilities, infrastructure and price",1,-1,[],[61332]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["branding",1,16024,[],[61332]],["destination branding",1,-1,[],[61332]],["touristification of the landscape",1,-1,[],[36473]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["rather than as a matter of policy debate/anxiety (something imagined or assumed by industrial concerns)",1,-1,[],[20834]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[34928]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is a network-based measure which relies on an endorsement network, a network where a link from u to v implies that u endorses the opinion of v on the given topic.",1,-1,[],[25561]],["It is a network-based measure which relies on an endorsement network, a network where a link from u to v implies that u endorses the opinion of v on the given topic. RW C is a number in [0, 1] which represents the difference in probability for an average user in the network to be exposed to information from their own side versus from the opposing side.",1,-1,[],[25561]],["RW C is a number in [0, 1] which represents the difference in probability for an average user in the network to be exposed to information from their own side versus from the opposing side.",1,-1,[],[25561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A shared Zhonghua culture and identity is once again emphasized over minority identities and cultures.",1,-1,[],[23404]],["the Han are the main racial group (主体民族) of the Zhonghua race-nation in contemporary China",1,-1,[],[23404]]],"sy":[["Zhonghua minzu",1,27662,[],[23404]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Remixing",1,30746,[],[30716]]],"sb":[["Circulation of information on and offline",1,-1,[],[19626]],["Dialogue and feedback in which people voice their perspectives on and offline",1,-1,[],[19626]],["Investigating/analyzing political information about issues of public concern",1,-1,[],[19626]],["Production of new information introducing different perspectives than those produced by mainstream powers",1,-1,[],[19626]],["Recruiting others in and beyond one's network to join in collective actions for political change",1,-1,[],[19626]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["circulating funny videos or cartoons related to a political issue or candidate",1,-1,[],[19626]],["forwarding someone else's political commentary",1,-1,[],[19626]],["posting their own comments about a political news story, candidate or campaign",1,-1,[],[19626]]]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Of note, the term media effects is used to refer to individual-level as well as population effects (Bryant and Oliver, 2008).",1,-1,[],[40422]],["Primarily critical of mass media content and their often biased or negative representations",1,-1,[],[46962]],["These effects are often linked to their elicitors in content, but how the brain mediates between content and effects has traditionally been ignored.",1,-1,[],[40421]],["how exposure to media changes memories, attitudes, or behaviors.",1,-1,[],[40422]],["how the resulting message effects in single individuals aggregate into",1,-1,[],[40422]],["i.e., an analysis of how things are and why",1,-1,[],[46962]],["neuroscience to examine the neural mechanisms of media effects",1,-1,[],[40422]],["seeking parsimonious causal explanations that rarely acknowledge the complex real-world conditions that give rise to harms or benefits",1,-1,[],[46962]],["the term media effects is used to refer to individual-level as well as population effects",1,-1,[],[40422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media neuroscience",1,-1,[],[40422]],["media processing",1,32338,[],[40422]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a belief (e.g., being more open to immigration after watching a refugee drama)",1,-1,[],[40421]],["a change in attitude",1,-1,[],[40421]],["behavior (e.g., donating money to charity after viewing an ad)",1,-1,[],[40421]],["long-term memory (e.g., remembering a childhood TV show)",1,-1,[],[40421]],["short-term memory (e.g., recalling last night's news)",1,-1,[],[40421]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This encompasses violence against property or people, regardless of direct connection to environmental harm. Acts may be shown, planned, or discussed, but must be central to the plot.",1,-1,[],[39336]],["desperate but ultimately futile acts against unstoppable human expansion",1,-1,[],[39336]],["frame eco-tage and eco-terrorism as not only morally wrong, but apocalyptic",1,-1,[],[39336]],["portray eco-tage and eco-terrorism positively, framing nature as something to protect from human greed and exploitation",1,-1,[],[39336]],["responses to state and corporate inaction",1,-1,[],[39336]]],"sy":[["monkeywrenching",1,-1,[],[39336]],["sabotage",1,-1,[],[39336]],["vandalism",1,-1,[],[39336]]],"rt":[["eco-terrorism",1,24008,[],[39336]],["environmental violence",1,-1,[],[39336]],["monkeywrenching",1,-1,[],[39336]],["radical environmentalism",1,-1,[],[39336]],["sabotage",1,-1,[],[39336]],["vandalism",1,-1,[],[39336]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The phenomenon of \"paid disinformation\" is of growing concern, where such content is intentionally spread in exchange for financial or moral incentives, posing threats to societal stability and undermining public trust in the digital environment.",1,-1,[],[36511]],["the crime of receiving an incentive to disseminate unlawful or misleading material",1,-1,[],[36511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["deceptive online advertising, which shares core characteristics with criminally relevant disinformationnamely, the intent to mislead and the presence of economic incentives.",1,-1,[],[36511]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Filtering is important in order to collect more specific web content and remove unwanted or duplicated content.",1,-1,[],[32066]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["regularity of the visual perception",1,-1,[],[30935]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["transparency",1,28207,[],[25478]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Rather, artificial intelligence is both embodied and material, made from natural resources, fuel, human labor, infrastructures, logistics, histories, and classifications.",1,-1,[],[42113]],["aimed at emulating human intelligence",1,-1,[],[57658]]],"sy":[["cognitive technologies",1,-1,[],[57658]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In this frame, the experiment is significant because it not only generates knowledge on basic income but also on incentive traps and the well-being of the unemployed. Accordingly, political decision-makers can apply this knowledge when planning social security reform.",1,-1,[],[39541]],["The vision of the future is often one in which automation and robotisation have replaced human labour, and basic income is needed to secure citizens' livelihood.",1,-1,[],[39541]],["This framing sees the use of scientific research in political decision-making to be of primary importance.",1,-1,[],[39541]],["This presents the experiment as a value-free project or a tool for generating knowledge to influence policymaking.",1,-1,[],[39541]],["With this frame, political decision-making should make use of the results of scientific research, and scientific research should be conducted in such a way that it can be utilised in political decision-making.",1,-1,[],[39541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["issue-specific frame",1,19702,[],[39541]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Inertial behaviour is not surprising in a profession whose production process involves various routines.",1,-1,[],[44721]]],"sy":[["inertial bias",1,6611,[],[44721]]],"rt":[["status quo bias",1,23278,[],[44721]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The second stage involved linguistic annotation, where texts were marked for lexical patterns such as evaluative adjectives, agency verbs, metaphors, and cultural imagery.",1,-1,[],[55900]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["acceptance and use are related but distinct stages of misinformation engagement.",1,-1,[],[34304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["acceptance",1,1906,[],[34304]],["use",1,597,[],[34304]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Digital communication technologies have enabled organisations to communicate directly with a large quantity of stakeholders through media predominantly controlled by organisations, such as corporate websites, electronic newsletters, corporate apps, and social media corporate accounts.",1,-1,[],[54103]],["In a context where the illiberal public sphere is at the incipient stage, digital media are more likely to support the proliferation of illiberal attitudes, while countries where the illiberal sphere is more advanced are more likely to see digital media act as channels of liberal resistance.",1,-1,[],[24201]],["They offer a potential for exploration and discovery, empathy and caring.",1,-1,[],[17766]],["To be considered as a valid digital media variable in our review, information or discussion forums must be hosted via the internet or need to describe specific features of online communication.",1,-1,[],[2850]],["digital media (A)",1,-1,[],[2850]],["digital media (social media and websites or apps)",1,-1,[],[13831]],["due to their more volatile and less regulated nature, tend to be viewed with greater skepticism",1,-1,[],[39419]],["often associated with lower levels of institutional trust",1,-1,[],[39419]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["legacy media",1,26881,[],[13831]]],"sb":[["Digitally Native News Platforms",1,-1,[],[39419]],["Online Social Networks",1,21782,[],[39419]],["citizen journalism and alternative media",1,-1,[],[39419]],["internet",1,-1,[],[2850]],["news aggregators and search engines",1,-1,[],[39419]],["social media",1,6683,[],[2850]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["global biases take a more holistic view that considers the semantics of the generated sentence, thereby measuring negative associations across entire phrases as well as their constituent verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech.",1,-1,[],[22177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["At present, media diversity is still primarily conceptualised as diversity of supply and output (different speakers, different outputs) -at least in the public policy debate.",1,-1,[],[24357]],["Diversity can be seen as \"mega-concept\" (McLeod and Pan 2005) that is very much entangled with several other concepts and is inherently normative, which poses a potential communication problem between different strands of literature.",1,-1,[],[5047]],["Having a diverse media diet is a step towards exposure to diverse information and perspectives.",1,-1,[],[4065]],["Media diversity as a public policy goal",1,-1,[],[24357]],["The greater the number of media a citizen uses the more the opportunity to be exposed to differing political opinions and news.",1,-1,[],[4065]],["The realisation of media diversity is considered a central goal of national and European media policies, and the necessary premise for the exercise of people's fundamental right to freedom of expression, which \"will be fully satisfied only if each person is given the possibility to form his or her opinion from diverse sources of information\" (Council of Europe, 1999).",1,-1,[],[24357]],["a key independent variable in this study",1,-1,[],[4065]],["media diversity has been discussed in the context of algorithmic curation (\"filter bubbles\"; Pariser 2011) or like-minded friend groups (\"echo chambers\"; Sunstein 2009).",1,-1,[],[5047]],["media diversity impact public support for government in COVID-19. Thus, it is important to use as many media platforms as possible to convey policies and promote public understanding of emergency measures in public health crisis.",1,-1,[],[57934]],["media diversity is seen as crucial element or even synonym of media pluralism",1,-1,[],[5047]],["media source diversity can effectively mitigate echo chamber acts.",1,-1,[],[57934]],["respondents who have more diverse media habits are less likely to be in an echo chamber.",1,-1,[],[4065]],["the number of media an individual chooses to incorporate into their habits is related to their likelihood of becoming caught in an echo chamber.",1,-1,[],[4065]],["the realisation of media diversity in both cases is the organisation of and control over the gated.",1,-1,[],[24357]],["traditional measurements of media diversity, which focus on the supply rather than the demand side of information markets",1,-1,[],[24357]]],"sy":[["inter media diversity",1,-1,[],[16960]],["intra medium diversity",1,-1,[],[16960]],["media pluralism",1,16200,[],[5047]],["news diversity",1,10746,[],[16960]]],"rt":[["diversity of exposure",1,31564,[["diversity of exposure",1],["exposure diversity",1]],[24357]],["diversity of supply",1,23255,[],[24357]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[5047]],["external media diversity (or inter media diversity)",1,-1,[],[16960]],["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[5047]],["internal media diversity (or intra medium diversity)",1,-1,[],[16960]],["media diets",1,32118,[],[5047]],["media pluralism",1,16200,[],[24357]],["media repertoires",1,23690,[],[5047]],["serendipity",1,26668,[],[5047]]],"sb":[["Content diversity",1,18322,[],[5047]],["exposure diversity",1,31564,[],[5047]],["external media diversity",1,-1,[],[16960]],["internal media diversity",1,-1,[],[16960]],["source diversity",1,32061,[],[5047]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an echo chamber is a social network, a community of people with social ties with one another who share a set of opinion(s) while interacting with opinions and viewpoints that would contradict them.",1,-1,[],[43603]],["mass media echo chambers can facilitate misinformation and increase bias and partisanship among voters",1,-1,[],[43603]],["mass media echo chambers exist not only in the online world and recent evidence indicates that they might be even stronger in offline social networks",1,-1,[],[43603]],["the echo chamber on social networks, offers users the opportunity to meet people who have the same social ties as them and can share a set of opinions while interacting with viewpoints that contradict theirs",1,-1,[],[43603]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["an echo chamber is a social network, a community of people with social ties with one another who share a set of opinion(s) while interacting with opinions and viewpoints that would contradict them",1,-1,[],[43603]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This bias brings significant harm to the communities that uses AAVE, for example, by leading to the disproportionate removal of the text written in AAVE in social media platforms (Blodgett et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[26900]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The relevant rights include the right to non-discrimination, the right to fair accommodation, and the right not to be exposed to discriminatory harassment.",1,-1,[],[18724]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Kaleidoscopic visions are ultimately patterned visions that emerge through a visual interplay between singularity/fixity and infinity/movement: the moment of criminal rupture set against the restlessness of the mediated event, the stillness of the photograph against the inevitable motion of social life.",1,-1,[],[23333]],["fosters a 'fantasy of manageability' (De Goede, 2008: 168) as it relates to the 'who' and 'what' of social threat",1,-1,[],[23333]],["helps clarify how and why hypermediated crime events and phenomena resist discrete and/or desecuritized interpretations of their political significance, and thus broadens existing accounts of how news images criminalize",1,-1,[],[23333]],["holding fixed the 'who' and 'what' of crime events while endlessly shifting and destabilizing the 'where' and 'when'",1,-1,[],[23333]],["instrumental in helping mediated crime events resist desecuritized interpretations of their significance, and therefore in culturally animating practices of crime control",1,-1,[],[23333]],["nurtures a hypervigilance towards the unknown, especially as it relates to the 'where' and 'when' of possible future crime, which are mediated as limitless, fluctuating and ever-uncertain",1,-1,[],[23333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["prevalence-based approach",1,-1,[],[23333]]],"sb":[["the anticipatory",1,-1,[],[23333]],["the embodied",1,-1,[],[23333]],["the forensic",1,24118,[],[23333]],["the pre-emptive",1,24679,[],[23333]],["the vigilant",1,12345,[],[23333]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This Mainstream frame has implications for how readers might perceive the state and success of AI-if it already seems established, they may be more likely to engage with this technology, as this improves the observability of the innovation",1,-1,[],[41585]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["More than half of all Omani periodicals are owned and published by governmental and semi-governmental entities.",1,-1,[],[33535]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["This type of violence can result in horizontal inequalities; the difference in groups' right to use economic, social, and political resources in a society",1,-1,[],[48097]],["governs through normalization and attrition",1,-1,[],[47399]],["patriarchy, capitalism, racism, and heteronormativity operate as interlocking structures that produce gender-based violence not only through laws and institutions, but through everyday practices, cultural norms, and economic inequalities",1,-1,[],[46930]],["prepares the ground excellently for the first type of violence",1,-1,[],[47399]],["which can in turn be institutionally sanctioned through state-sponsored social and economic discrimination (structural violence)",1,-1,[],[47165]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural violence",2,15895,[],[47165,48097]],["direct violence",2,33443,[],[47165,48097]],["deprivation",1,-1,[],[47399]],["enclosure",1,-1,[],[47399]],["restriction",1,21019,[],[47399]],["siege",1,-1,[],[47399]]],"sb":[["the discursive regulation of audibility, legitimacy, and uptake may be understood as a form of structural violence whenever subjects are denied the conditions under which they can appear as credible speakers, articulate grievances, or receive a meaningful response within the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[32280]]],"sp":[["violence",2,27486,[],[47165,48097]],["direct violence",1,33443,[],[47165]]],"ex":[["constrained professional mobility",1,-1,[],[47399]],["limited the movement of goods and people",1,-1,[],[47399]],["prevented students from pursuing educational opportunities abroad",1,-1,[],[47399]],["prohibited the ill from accessing specialized medical care",1,-1,[],[47399]],["restricting its borders, airspace, and maritime access",1,-1,[],[47399]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":244,"df":[["One such example are deepfakes, i.e., synthetically created images or videos, in which (usually) the face of one person is replaced with another person's face.",2,-1,[],[11891,16776]],["deepfakes, i.e., synthetically created images or videos, in which (usually) the face of one person is replaced with another person's face",2,-1,[["deepfakes, i.e., synthetically created images or videos, in which (usually) the face of one person is replaced with another person's face",1],["deepfakes, i.e., synthetically created images or videos, in which (usually) the face of one person is replaced with another person's face.",1]],[11891,16776]],["synthetically created images or videos, in which (usually) the face of one person is replaced with another person's face",2,-1,[],[11891,16776]]],"de":[["-the picture and voice may not be in perfect synchrony -the movement of the speaker's mouth is unnatural -there may be unusual pixel patterns at the edge of people or objects -the speakers' face is unnaturally motionless -the subject never blinks, or blinks unnaturally -the eyes of the speaker are blunt.",1,-1,[],[39094]],["Among the most popular applications of deepfake technology is to \"fake\" people by replicating their appearance or their voice [47].",1,-1,[],[28863]],["Another form of machine generated fake news is 'deepfake' videos.",1,-1,[],[45137]],["Aquí, los deepfakes son más que imágenes: son armas que refuerzan la objetivación y la mirada patriarcal(Mulvey, 1989), haciendo que los cuerpos femeninos sean únicamente meros materiales al servicio de las fantasías masculinas(Denson, 2020).",1,-1,[],[61768]],["Correspondem, assim, ao estágio mais avançado das chamadas fake news ou indústria da desinformação (Durães, 2023), devido ao fato de seus conteúdos visuais serem mais convincentes e persuasivos em uma sociedade retiniana cada vez mais mediada pela instantaneidade da visão.",1,-1,[],[7884]],["Cuando estos programas suponen la utilización de redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN) (Krizhevsky; Sutskever; Hinton, 2017) o generativas [lo que se denomina synthetic media (Barnes; Barraclough, 2019)] para generar",1,-1,[],[13865]],["Deep Fake techniques characterized by blending facial features of Figure 7 to create a composite image.",1,-1,[],[49972]],["Deep fake detection is a classification problem where classifiers detect all tempered and genuine videos.",1,-1,[],[31990]],["Deep-learning suggests that videos of this kind are created using artificial intelligence by providing information to an algorithm that works with a machine-learning method.",1,-1,[],[39094]],["Deepfake content is proliferating rapidly, with recent reports estimating that deepfake files surged from around 500,000 in 2023 to over 8 million in 2025, business losses an average of nearly $500,000 per deepfake-related incident, and human detection rates on high-quality deepfake videos dropping to 24.5 per cent, especially when compression or post-processing is involved [1].",1,-1,[],[58699]],["Deepfake technology involves placing the face of one person onto the body of another",1,-1,[],[47712]],["Deepfake technology refers to the use of artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning algorithms, to generate synthetic content, such as videos, images, or audio, that closely mimics real people.",1,-1,[],[61363]],["Deepfake videos are far more realistic and much easier to make than traditional Hollywood-like fake videos which are typically done manually using image manipulation tools like Adobe Photoshop.",1,-1,[],[5815]],["Deepfake videos have gained notoriety primarily because they lead to the deception and manipulation of the audience.",1,-1,[],[59824]],["Deepfake videos include re-enactment based techniques where head-pose/expressions are transferred from one video to the other, and swapping methods where facial region is swapped from one video to the other.",1,-1,[],[15519]],["Deepfake videos make use of deep learning techniques with input of large samples of video images to achieve face swapping.",1,-1,[],[5815]],["Deepfakes a photo or video product created by artificial intelligence, referring to multimedia materials that are either completely or partially false.",1,-1,[],[55324,55325]],["Deepfakes allow crafting arbitrary texts that resemble a target person's writing style or audio and video samples where a target person's face and voice could be made to do or say anything.",1,-1,[],[16752]],["Deepfakes are another mendacious genre form in the intercultural political space.",1,-1,[],[47335]],["Deepfakes are being widely misused for spreading misinformation, financial scams, political propaganda, and privacy violations, posing serious ethical and security threats.",1,-1,[],[32199]],["Deepfakes are created using AI, that is, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) that pit discriminative and generative algorithms against one another to fine-tune performance with every repetition, and thereby produce a convincing fake",1,-1,[],[12764]],["Deepfakes are created using AI, that is, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) that pit discriminative and generative algorithms against one another to fine-tune performance with every repetition, and thereby produce a convincing fake (Fletcher, 2018;Spivak, 2019).",1,-1,[],[12764]],["Deepfakes are difficult to detect, as they use real footage, can have authentic-sounding audio, and are optimized to spread on social media quickly",1,-1,[],[12764]],["Deepfakes are produced using approaches such as facial swapping, facial animation, and the creation of entirely synthetic images or audio.",1,-1,[],[61342]],["Deepfakes are strategically crafted and targeted to harm and attack the depicted actor, for example, by making them express provocative, conflicting, or highly implausible claims",1,-1,[],[31115]],["Deepfakes are the product of artificial intelligence (AI) applications that merge, combine, replace, and superimpose images and video clips to create fake videos that appear authentic",1,-1,[],[12764]],["Deepfakes are the results of face swapping, enactment/animation of facial expressions, and/or digitally generated audio or non-existing human faces.",1,-1,[],[25674]],["Deepfakes are, by definition, intentionally deceptive",1,-1,[],[31115]],["Deepfakes can be used for many malpractices such as blackmail, politics, social media, etc. These can lead to widespread misinformation and can be harmful to an individual or an institution's reputation.",1,-1,[],[40294]],["Deepfakes can refer to image, voice, and video manipulations.",1,-1,[],[31115]],["Deepfakes have various applications, ranging from entertainment and education to malicious uses such as spreading misinformation, propaganda, election rigging and more.",1,-1,[],[32592]],["Deepfakes may be harmful as developments in AI afford the generation of synthetic media that leave little trace of manipulation-which makes it difficult to identify deepfakes and instill resilience among recipients",1,-1,[],[31115]],["Deepfakes most often consist of videos where a fake \"face\" constructed by artificial intelligence has been merged with an authentic video. The result of this is a realistic, mimetic recording of someone doing and saying things which they never did or said",1,-1,[],[33728]],["Deepfakes rely on neural networks that analyze large sets of data samples to learn to mimic a person's facial expressions, mannerisms, voice, and inflections",1,-1,[],[12764]],["Deepfakes which rely on experimental machine learning represent one end of a spectrum of audiovisual AV manipulation.",1,-1,[],[16826]],["Deepfakes, more than other modes of disinformation, offer a realism heuristic that should motivate heuristic processing and herewith circumvent the detection of deception by recipients",1,-1,[],[31115]],["Due to fast advancements in AI technologies, producing deepfakes become user-friendly and reach high levels of realism heuristics, which increases difficulties in detection and authentication.",1,-1,[],[33935]],["El proceso requiere una elevada capacidad de computación y un tiempo proporcional a lo convincente que sea el resultado final",1,-1,[],[13865]],["El término es una combinación de las palabras inglesas \"Deep\", que significa profundo, y \"fake\", que quiere decir falso",1,-1,[],[49148]],["El uso de algoritmos entrenados previamente sobre bases de datos existentes reduce significativamente la duración del proceso",1,-1,[],[13865]],["Embora as deep fakes pertençam à mesma família de enganação das fake news e das mais variadas formas de desinformação",1,-1,[],[7884]],["Esta tecnología es cada vez más sofisticada, difícil de detectar, por lo que consigue que la audiencia no pueda diferenciar entre un contenido real y uno manipulado por la IA",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Estas representaciones sintéticas se conocen como deepfake (palabra compuesta en la que se combinan deep learning, o aprendizaje profundo, y fake, es decir, falso)",1,-1,[],[40826]],["Estas representaciones sintéticas, generadas mediante técnicas computarizadas basadas en inteligencia artificial (IA), plantean serias amenazas para la privacidad, en un nuevo escenario en el que se incrementan los riesgos derivados de las suplantaciones de identidad.",1,-1,[],[40826]],["Este término hace referencia a recursos visuales o de audio que han sido sintéticamente creados o manipulados, para parecer auténticos.",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Given the sophistication of these counterfeiting techniques, determining the veracity of the public appearances or influencer claims is challenging owing to fabricated descriptions.",1,-1,[],[20606]],["Highly realistic and difficult-to-detect depictions of real people doing or saying things they never said or did could discredit leaders and institutions, incite violence and tilt cities towards civil unrest, exacerbate existing divisions in society, or influence the outcome of elections.",1,-1,[],[60922]],["In all cases, deep learning techniques are used to realistically manipulate and simulate the voice and/or (mouth) movements of real persons",1,-1,[],[31115]],["In this case, the above methods involve combining, mixing, displaying or exchanging facial attributes to produce artificially authentic albeit synthetic photographs and videos",1,-1,[],[59825]],["In this sense, a deepfake is qualitatively different from a photoshopped image: a deepfake deceives not just the eyes, but the ears as well.",1,-1,[],[9747]],["In this survey paper, we focus solely on the topics of facial DeepFakes.",1,-1,[],[15499]],["Indeed, deep fakes form one of the several opportunities for developing falsehood as well as false accounts that may not be easily noticed by normal human eyes and caused great fear and panic.",1,-1,[],[16206]],["It can also be understood as the potential manipulation of genuine content by relying on various deep learning techniques.",1,-1,[],[35314]],["It can also be understood as the potential manipulation of genuine content by relying on various deep learning techniques. The content draws on a variety of sources, including text, images, audio, and video.",1,-1,[],[35314]],["It includes a variety of content genres: from entertaining video materials to political and social provocations.",1,-1,[],[55324,55325]],["It is created to manipulate the activity of the targeted person by saying the messages.",1,-1,[],[13958]],["It is expected that soon, the only practical constraint on one's ability to produce a deep fake will be the availability of, and access to, a sufficiently large training dataset -i.e., video and audio of the person to be modeled.",1,-1,[],[60922]],["La introducción de la inteligencia artificial para la generación de deep-fakes, así como la generalización del uso de la realidad virtual y la aumentada, supone un salto cualitativo respecto de las formas convencionales de desinformación.",1,-1,[],[13865]],["Los deepfakes están optimizados para ser compartidos fácilmente en redes sociales, donde las conspiraciones, los rumores y la información errónea se difunden fácilmente.",1,-1,[],[40827]],["Los deepfakes representan una amenaza mayor que las noticias falsas tradicionales porque son más difíciles de detectar",1,-1,[],[40827]],["Los deepfakes son el producto de aplicaciones de IA que fusionan, combinan, reemplazan y superponen imágenes y videoclips para crear vídeos falsos que parecen auténticos",1,-1,[],[40827]],["Modern deepfake methods are known for their capacity to produce realistically adulterated or falsified multimedia content that can potentially spread harmful and malicious information, disseminate fake news, or even promote violence and hate.",1,-1,[],[53705]],["Novel and publicly available tools now enable the semi-automated creation of much improved and more convincing fakes.",1,-1,[],[1295]],["Se presenta como una forma avanzada de medios manipulados",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Se trata de montajes difíciles de detectar, ya que se basan en grabaciones reales que incluso pueden tener audio con sonido auténtico.",1,-1,[],[40827]],["Singh et al. (2025) coinciden en que los deepfakes, actualmente, representan la nueva generación de medios sintéticos, como la inteligencia artificial que simula una interacción real de una o varias personas.",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Son narraciones defectuosas, pero no aleatorias: son frutos de las tensiones, miedos y estructuras de poder arraigados en nuestro tejido social",1,-1,[],[61768]],["The AI-or deep learning-based face image and video manipulation is what the community refers to as the DeepFake.",1,-1,[],[15499]],["The concept of deepfake is super realistic, high in pervasive, providing authenticity of images or videos in trustworthiness has become a challenging task.",1,-1,[],[31990]],["The content includes video, image, audio, and text among other sources.",1,-1,[],[22602]],["The core idea lies in the parallel training of two autoencoders.",1,-1,[],[5992]],["The creation of such AI-generated synthetic videos is deceptive as the intention is to attack/delegitimize opponents or create support for/mobilize congruent viewpoints",1,-1,[],[5534]],["The deepfake process is both the most computationally reliant and also the least publicly accessible means of manipulating media.",1,-1,[],[16826]],["The deepfake process is both the most computationally-reliant and also the least publicly accessible means of creating deceptive media.",1,-1,[],[16826]],["The growing ease of making and sharing fake video and audio content across computers and mobile devices may create ample opportunities for intimidation, blackmail, and sabotage beyond the realm of politics and international affairs.",1,-1,[],[60922]],["The key difference between manual editing and deepfakes is that deepfakes are AI generated or AI manipulated and closely resemble authentic artifacts.",1,-1,[],[26564]],["The last step is to take the target video, extract and align the target face from each frame, use the modified auto-encoder to generate another face with the same illumination and expression, and then merge it back in the video.",1,-1,[],[5992]],["The phenomenon gained its name from an anonymous user of the platform Reddit, who went by the name \"deepfakes\" (deep learning + fakes)",1,-1,[],[1295]],["The process involves feeding footage of two people into a deep learning algorithm to train it to swap faces",1,-1,[],[12764]],["The range of these newly widespread, technically advanced modes of AV manipulation include virtual performances, face swapping, and lip-synching or voice synthesis.",1,-1,[],[16826]],["The rapid expansion of social media platforms and the increasing availability of online content have made it easier for deep fake material to spread quickly and influence public perception.",1,-1,[],[39935]],["The rise of deep fakes has become a growing concern for society because of their ability to spread misinformation, which may cause harm to organizations and individuals",1,-1,[],[39935]],["The sphere of influence that deep fake videos possess is divergent and multifaceted, and poses significant risks to the media landscape. Such threats range from the distribution of false information to tarnishing a person's reputation or instigating violence.",1,-1,[],[59824]],["The technology that allows the creator of deepfakes to put any words into the mouth of any person on the video, to show the events which have never taken place so that it is impossible to detect a fake from truth is considered the most dangerous information weapon of our time.",1,-1,[],[47334]],["The term \"deepfake\" itself is a portmanteau of \"deep learning\" and \"fake\", and typically refers to the use of neural networks to swap a target individual's face onto another person's body in video, creating convincingly realistic footage of events that never occurred (Aslam & Santhi, 2019).",1,-1,[],[61363]],["The term itself indicates that it is closely related to deception.",1,-1,[],[1147]],["The videos are usually manipulated by employing the use of machine learning, which not only replaces people in various scenes but also superimposes one video scene over the other.",1,-1,[],[16206]],["The widespread availability of sophisticated deep learning algorithms has made it possible to create deep fakes that are nearly indistinguishable from genuine content, making it challenging to discern truth from falsehood in the digital sphere",1,-1,[],[39935]],["These AI-generated media have been implicated in spreading false information across various domains, including politics and health",1,-1,[],[39960]],["These manipulations or forgeries can cause harmful consequences such as spreading fake news in politics, scamming people online and invading privacy.",1,-1,[],[32199]],["This methods, initially devoted to the creation of adult content, has not been presented in any academic publication.",1,-1,[],[5992]],["This technology can for example superimpose faces and voices onto videos, creating hyper-realistic but artificial representations.",1,-1,[],[40485]],["Though content faking isn't recent, deepfakes use advanced ML and AI generation techniques to influence or produce social media content that can easily deceive the naked eye.",1,-1,[],[40294]],["Uno de los ámbitos en los que los deepfakes cuentan con mayor alcance y notoriedad es el de la política ya que es muy sensible a la información que circula por los nuevos canales comunicativos: las redes sociales",1,-1,[],[61768]],["When voice conversion is based on deep learning methods, it can be safely considered as a true deepfake.",1,-1,[],[26564]],["a deepfake is qualitatively different from a photoshopped image: a deepfake deceives not just the eyes, but the ears as well.",1,-1,[],[9747]],["a depiction of what does not exist in reality",1,-1,[],[47334]],["a new and vicious type of propaganda",1,-1,[],[33728]],["a new form of disinformation",1,-1,[],[9978]],["a new form of weapon",1,-1,[],[33728]],["a new kind of propaganda",1,-1,[],[33728]],["amenazan la seguridad nacional al difundir propaganda que pueda alterar los resultados de unas elecciones",1,-1,[],[40827]],["at the core of deepfakes is deception, which involves intentionally, knowingly, and/or purposely misleading another person.",1,-1,[],[5534]],["can be a scary and dangerous phenomenon and can have the potential of altering the truth and eroding trust by giving false reality.",1,-1,[],[5815]],["can undermine social trust by making it harder to tell the difference between real events and disinformation",1,-1,[],[30121]],["candidatos políticos e figuras públicas podem ser retratados dizendo ou fazendo coisas que nunca ocorreram, o que pode afetar drasticamente a opinião pública",1,-1,[],[7884]],["computer-generated",1,-1,[],[33728]],["constructed according to certain canons and rules, using propaganda and manipulative influence mechanisms.",1,-1,[],[47334]],["content manipulation",1,-1,[],[1295]],["created by inserting faces synthesized using deep neural networks into original images/videos",1,-1,[],[5905]],["created by splicing synthesized face region into the original image, and in doing so, introducing errors that can be revealed when 3D head poses are estimated from the face images",1,-1,[],[5905]],["dangerous weapons for the propagation of falsehoods and disinformation",1,-1,[],[56570]],["deep fakes cuja aparência cada vez mais genuína intensifica o convencimento do eleitorado para as causas em jogo",1,-1,[],[7884]],["deep_fake involves videos of celebrities, politicians or others saying or doing things that they never actually said or did.",1,-1,[],[51211]],["deep_fake is a technology that easily lets you make and create the realisticlooking digital avatar of any real person",1,-1,[],[51211]],["deepfake technology is neither inherently good nor bad. Its usage depends on the individual employing it.",1,-1,[],[47712]],["deepfakes are a major threat to society, the political system and businesses because they put pressure on journalists struggling to filter real from fake news, threaten national security by disseminating propaganda that interferes in elections, hamper citizen trust toward information by authorities, and raise cybersecurity issues for people and organizations.",1,-1,[],[12764]],["deepfakes are classified as limited risk.",1,-1,[],[42188]],["deepfakes are generally understood as audio-visual media which have been manipulated using artificial intelligence technologies [6]",1,-1,[],[33728]],["deepfakes are predominantly used unethically and without consent of the depicted individuals [18].",1,-1,[],[28863]],["deepfakes use facial mapping technology and AI that swaps the face of a person on a video into the face of another person",1,-1,[],[12764]],["desafíos significativos para la autenticidad de la información digital y la confianza pública",1,-1,[],[49148]],["disinformative memes, deepfakes and other forms of humour or satire can easily be mistaken for facts",1,-1,[],[42188]],["e word deepfake is a combination of the words 'deep learning' and 'fake' and primarily relates to content generated by an artificial neural network, a branch of machine learning.",1,-1,[],[7237]],["efficient tool for disinformation.",1,-1,[],[12764]],["ejercen presión sobre los periodistas que luchan por filtrar noticias reales de las falsas",1,-1,[],[40827]],["ejercicios de humillación y represalias públicas por su atractivo sexual",1,-1,[],[61768]],["el deepfake se erige como una evolución alarmante en la dinámica de las fake news.",1,-1,[],[61768]],["en un contexto positivo, el uso de deepfake se asocia con la medicina, la industria cinematográfica, el entretenimiento y los esfuerzos creativos.",1,-1,[],[47712]],["enable innovative applications across entertainment, education, and other fields, their potential for misuse poses serious ethical and security challenges that demand urgent attention",1,-1,[],[61363]],["exploring differences in responses to politician claims of misinformation after video-based versus text-based scandals",1,-1,[],[61342]],["fake visual images, commonly called DeepFakes",1,-1,[],[9978]],["fueling the creation of fake news",1,-1,[],[35314]],["generative adversarial networks to learn to replace faces in videos with that of someone else, and ultimately create realistic videos that can easily fool gullible viewers into thinking it is genuine.",1,-1,[],[210]],["have been used to manipulate public opinion, influence elections, and damage reputations",1,-1,[],[36564]],["highly realistic synthetic media",1,-1,[],[58100]],["la tecnología deepfake supone al mismo tiempo un grave riesgo para los derechos humanos, la democracia y la seguridad nacional.",1,-1,[],[47712]],["los deepfakes actúan como catalizadores de polarización, y herramientas estratégicas de desinformación política (Batista y Santaella, 2024), porque funcionan para el ataque en contra de un candidato.",1,-1,[],[49148]],["los deepfakes han redefinido la manipulación de imágenes al permitir la superposición y generación hiperrealista -y prácticamente imperceptible-de contenidos en vídeo-audio.",1,-1,[],[61768]],["los deepfakes impulsados por IA son una herramienta efectiva y muy poderosa para las estrategias de campañas de desinformación política.",1,-1,[],[49148]],["los deepfakes podrían interferir en unas elecciones o agitar a determinados segmentos para sembrar disturbios civiles",1,-1,[],[40827]],["los deepfakes pueden generar desinformación y alterar percepciones",1,-1,[],[61768]],["malicious transformations such as Deepfakes",1,-1,[],[28159]],["manifestaciones de la violencia política de género",1,-1,[],[61768]],["manipulated or synthetic media the realness of which are not easily recognisable by the human eye.",1,-1,[],[14181]],["misleading and harmful Deepfake media",1,-1,[],[49972]],["não demonstram apego à realidade dos fatos",1,-1,[],[7884]],["obstaculizan la confianza de los ciudadanos en la información transmitida por las autoridades y plantean problemas de ciberseguridad tanto para internautas como para organizaciones",1,-1,[],[40827]],["one of the newest forms of disinformation",1,-1,[],[27594]],["por su transgresión al tomar la palabra en el espacio público-político",1,-1,[],[61768]],["pose critical challenges related to misinformation, media trust, and societal harm",1,-1,[],[58100]],["pose significant threats to information integrity and security",1,-1,[],[9978]],["poses significant threats to information integrity",1,-1,[],[39960]],["recursos tecnológicos para rastrear el origen de imágenes y vídeos, detectar posibles deepfakes y transcribir o traducir contenidos audiovisuales.",1,-1,[],[56608]],["reflejo de una mirada masculina que -como señalan Brown y Fleming (2020)-ahora se codifica en algoritmos para presentar una realidad que, lejos de la autenticidad de las imágenes, se basa en la perpetuación patriarcal, reforzando las disparidades de poder",1,-1,[],[61768]],["represent a common type of AI-generated content that can be used to spread false information, damage reputations, or manipulate public opinion.",1,-1,[],[59464]],["technically advanced modes of AV manipulation include virtual performances, face swapping, and lip-synching or voice synthesis.",1,-1,[],[16826]],["that are further deflating confidence in a shared reality.",1,-1,[],[9555]],["the boundary between deepfakes and non-deepfakes is not clear cut.",1,-1,[],[14181]],["the potential for dark, malicious, deceptive and destructive potential of deepfakes for individuals, organizations (and brands) and governments outweighs the bright opportunities for thoughtful, sincere and constructive applications today",1,-1,[],[1295]],["the use of AI to create messages designed to have an emotional impact",1,-1,[],[29031]],["to avoid the risk of it being misinterpreted as authentic",1,-1,[],[42188]],["uma das mais propensas a serem utilizadas com fins maliciosos.",1,-1,[],[10798]],["una herramienta con un poder sin precedentes para moldear la percepción pública y construir realidades alternativas",1,-1,[],[61768]],["use deep learning techniques to synthesize and alter human appearances, particularly in fraudulent and disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[41488]],["user-friendly applications to generate fake videos, some of which are used solely to generate pornographic content effortlessly",1,-1,[],[43254]],["various forms of deepfakes",1,-1,[],[9978]],["while it offers creative opportunities in entertainment, it also enables harmful applications such as misinformation and non-consensual pornography",1,-1,[],[61363]]],"sy":[["Deep Fake",6,4551,[["Deep Fake",1],["DeepFake",1],["Deepfake",1],["deep fake",1],["deep fakes",1],["deepfakes",1]],[210,5905,9978,31990,40827,49148]],["synthetic media",2,33774,[],[13865,58100]],["AIgenerated fake face images or videos",1,-1,[],[5905]],["Deep fake videos",1,15117,[],[9978]],["Face Swap",1,11103,[],[13958]],["deep learning + fakes",1,-1,[],[1295]],["deep synthesis",1,-1,[],[14181]],["facial manipulations",1,1863,[],[28159]],["fake videos",1,23257,[],[27593]],["fake visual images",1,-1,[],[9978]],["falsificaciones profundas",1,-1,[],[40827]],["falsificación profunda",1,-1,[],[40827]],["forgeries",1,743,[],[32199]],["representaciones sintéticas",1,-1,[],[40827]],["synthetic media generation",1,-1,[],[32199]],["ultrafalso",1,-1,[],[40826]]],"rt":[["fake news",7,33960,[],[5919,10798,13958,20606,32592,47334,61768]],["disinformation",5,17423,[],[9747,12764,20606,29031,56570]],["Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)",2,21701,[["Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)",1],["generative adversarial networks (GANs)",1]],[12764,47712]],["cheap fakes",2,32466,[],[1147,16826]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[5905,9978]],["Dezenformasyon",1,-1,[],[9853]],["Face2Face",1,31882,[],[5992]],["GANs",1,25213,[],[56570]],["Liar's Dividend Hypothesis",1,-1,[],[61342]],["anarquia informacional",1,-1,[],[7884]],["audio",1,21963,[],[51211]],["autoencoders",1,-1,[],[47712]],["biometrics",1,-1,[],[14181]],["content manipulation",1,7415,[],[1295]],["cybercrime",1,24519,[],[9978]],["deep animation",1,-1,[],[14181]],["deep art",1,-1,[],[14181]],["deep music",1,-1,[],[14181]],["desinformación política",1,3412,[],[49148]],["false information",1,20964,[],[13958]],["generative models such as generative adversarial networks (GANs)",1,-1,[],[57569]],["identity theft",1,11656,[],[9978]],["image",1,1973,[],[51211]],["image, voice, and video manipulations",1,-1,[],[31115]],["information propagation techniques such as memetic warfare",1,-1,[],[11891]],["medios sintéticos",1,-1,[],[49148]],["multimedia forensics",1,-1,[],[14181]],["pornografía no consentida",1,-1,[],[61768]],["post-truth",1,14186,[],[47334]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[12764]],["shallow fakes",1,20609,[],[1147]],["synthetic media",1,33774,[],[51211]],["video",1,34879,[],[51211]],["violencia política por razón de género",1,16747,[],[61768]],["visual misinformation",1,17999,[],[28755]]],"sb":[["Face Swapping",3,30812,[["Face Swapping",1],["face swapping",1],["face-swapping",1]],[1295,13958,16826]],["Audio deepfake",2,21830,[["Audio deepfake",1],["Audio deepfakes",1]],[1295,26564]],["Lip Sync",2,5913,[["Lip Sync",1],["lip-sync",1]],[1585,13958]],["Puppet Master",2,25307,[["Puppet Master",1],["puppet-master",1]],[1585,13958]],["Video deepfake",2,15117,[["Video deepfake",1],["video deepfakes",1]],[1295,26564]],["attribute manipulation",2,8584,[],[15499,22602]],["entire face synthesis",2,-1,[],[15499,22602]],["expression swap",2,3235,[["expression swap",1],["expression swap (aka reenactment)",1],["expression swap (i.e., reenactment)",1]],[15499,22602]],["faceswap",2,11103,[],[1585,33935]],["identity swap",2,20715,[],[15499,22602]],["(i) complete face synthesis",1,-1,[],[35314]],["(ii) manipulation of various characteristics or features of a setting",1,-1,[],[35314]],["(iii) identity swapping",1,-1,[],[35314]],["(iv) re-enactment or the swap of different expressions",1,-1,[],[35314]],["Cheapfake",1,32466,[],[14181]],["Deepfaces",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Deepfaces o caras profundas",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Deepvoices o audios deepfakes",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Face2Face",1,31882,[],[49972]],["Image deepfake",1,-1,[],[26564]],["Image deepfakes o deepfakes de imágenes",1,13402,[],[49148]],["Photo deepfakes",1,18502,[],[1295]],["Real-time deepfakes",1,-1,[],[49148]],["Shallowfake",1,20609,[],[14181]],["Text deepfake",1,26048,[],[26564]],["Text: These are forms of text that mimic people's writing styles because they are created by AI models.",1,-1,[],[61363]],["Video Deepfakes o video manipulado",1,14324,[],[49148]],["audio & video (lipsynching)",1,-1,[],[1295]],["audio (voice-swapping, text to speech)",1,-1,[],[1295]],["complete face synthesis",1,-1,[],[35314]],["creating fictitious faces",1,-1,[],[39094]],["deepfake geography",1,-1,[],[14181]],["deepfakes audiovisuales",1,-1,[],[61768]],["deepfakes created with the help of generative adversarial networks",1,-1,[],[41488]],["deepfakes pornográficos",1,-1,[],[61768]],["fabricated voices",1,-1,[],[33935]],["face-swap deep fakes",1,5293,[],[39935]],["identity swapping",1,-1,[],[35314]],["image, audio, video, and audio/video deepfakes",1,-1,[],[1295]],["image2image (or pixel2pixel)",1,-1,[],[14181]],["imágenes, audios o vídeos",1,-1,[],[40826]],["lip-synching",1,-1,[],[16826]],["lip-synching or voice synthesis",1,-1,[],[16826]],["manipulation of various characteristics or features of a setting",1,-1,[],[35314]],["photo (face-and body-swapping)",1,-1,[],[1295]],["re-enactment or the swap of different expressions",1,-1,[],[35314]],["removing diverse details",1,-1,[],[39094]],["sátira",1,14479,[],[49148]],["the reanimation of faces",1,-1,[],[39094]],["the substitution of faces",1,-1,[],[39094]],["video (face-swapping, face-morphing, full body puppetry)",1,-1,[],[1295]],["video-based deepfakes",1,-1,[],[31115]],["virtual performances",1,-1,[],[16826]],["voice dubbing",1,-1,[],[1295]],["voice synthesis",1,-1,[],[16826]]],"sp":[["synthetic media",4,33774,[],[28863,33728,58100,58699]],["false information",3,20964,[["false information",2],["False Information",1]],[9555,35314,36493]],["disinformation",2,17423,[],[9747,27594]],["AI",1,-1,[],[12764]],["AV manipulation",1,34253,[],[16826]],["Fabrication of evidence",1,9999,[],[50846]],["Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)",1,21701,[],[30992]],["Sentetik Siyasi Videolar",1,-1,[],[9853]],["audiovisual disinformation",1,-1,[],[33935]],["content falsification",1,-1,[],[43255]],["deep synthesis",1,-1,[],[14181]],["digital deception",1,14248,[],[5919]],["medios sintéticos",1,-1,[],[49148]],["mock news",1,15217,[],[23915]],["técnicas de desinformación",1,8099,[],[56608]]],"ex":[["A doctored photo of Joe Biden taken in 2019 was made to show him hiding in his basement from the public in a campaign video (Kessler, 2020)",1,-1,[],[26564]],["A scammer created a voice deepfake impersonating a German executive to send a transfer of 220,000 Euros to a Hungarian supplier (Stupp, 2019)",1,-1,[],[26564]],["A video of Nancy Pelosi that slowed down her speech at a news conference to make it look like she was drunk (Funke, 2020)",1,-1,[],[26564]],["Brie/Carrey face-swap",1,-1,[],[1295]],["Deepfake can involve cases like a picture being made of the person in question, or their voice, which is then adjusted in a video or picture with the contribution of artificial intelligence, often depicting them in a compromising position to shame or blackmail them",1,-1,[],[39094]],["Deepfake en el que Sylvester Stallone protagoniza Terminator 2",1,-1,[],[40827]],["Deepfakes de personalidades como Barack Obama, Donald Trump o Mark Zuckerberg",1,-1,[],[40826]],["Entertainment applications such as Spangler (2020) and Murphy and Huang (2019) that use visual deepfake techniques to change facial features and face swapping, respectively.",1,-1,[],[26564]],["Faceswap (Wang et al., 2020), Deepfaker (Hsu et al., 2018), and Deep FaceLab (Güera & Delp, 2018)",1,-1,[],[34663]],["Jordan Peele's deepfake of Barack Obama discussing deepfakes",1,-1,[],[45137]],["The Korean news channel MBN created a deepfake of its anchor Kim Joo-ha for a bulletin",1,-1,[],[45137]],["The female candidate was alluded to by suggesting she had a romantic relationship with the leader of her party. Montages were produced showing them kissing-images that were evidently created with AI",1,-1,[],[29031]],["The generation of indecent videos using the faces of politicians and celebrities is what has sparked the carrying out of fake news.",1,-1,[],[59824]],["Un deepfake puede mostrar, por ejemplo, a Sylvester Stallone actuando en películas que nunca ha protagonizado",1,-1,[],[40827]],["Vlodymyr Zylynsky suggesting Ukrainian soldiers lay down their weapons",1,-1,[],[45137]],["a deepfake video that falsely featured a prominent media figure endorsing a financial scheme",1,-1,[],[28755]],["a humorous, pornographic, or political video of a person saying anything",1,-1,[],[12764]],["a picture being made of the person in question, or their voice, which is then adjusted in a video or picture with the contribution of artificial intelligence, often depicting them in a compromising position to shame or blackmail them",1,-1,[],[39094]],["a ponto de ser difícil distinguir alguns vídeos, imagens e gravações de áudio falsos dos reais.",1,-1,[],[7884]],["a voice deepfake was used in a scam to con a CEO into releasing $243,000",1,-1,[],[61363]],["affect in a negative way the image of public persons",1,-1,[],[55670]],["composite image",1,-1,[],[49972]],["creating fictitious video footage re-enacting Obama, 4 Trump, and Putin, 5 among several world leaders",1,-1,[],[6921]],["deepfake de B. Obama",1,-1,[],[40827]],["deepfake de Lola Flores",1,-1,[],[40827]],["deepfake geography",1,-1,[],[14181]],["deepfake geography (Zhao et al., 2021)",1,-1,[],[14181]],["deepfake memes for entertainment, 3 such as music videos portraying the face of actor Nicolas Cage.",1,-1,[],[7237]],["deepfake video of former president Barak Obama giving a talk on the subject.",1,-1,[],[7237]],["deepfakes",1,-1,[],[42188]],["deepfakes featuring Nicolas Cage in various Hollywood scenes",1,-1,[],[1295]],["deepfakes have been used to discourage supporters of opposing parties from voting in an Indian election",1,-1,[],[61342]],["deepfakes that make use of the image and voice of real persons",1,-1,[],[1147]],["el (reemplazo de caras o cambiar el rostro de una persona por otra, y la réplica de expresiones faciales, que suelen aportar realismo a la copia en piezas audiovisuales",1,-1,[],[61768]],["el acoso",1,-1,[],[40827]],["el chantaje",1,-1,[],[40827]],["el sabotaje político",1,-1,[],[40827]],["face swaps can be used to create deepfake material of virtually anyone.",1,-1,[],[1147]],["fake video of former US President Barack Obama to demonstrate a program they had developed, capable of turning audio clips into a realistic, lip-synced video of Obama speaking those words.",1,-1,[],[60922]],["fake videos",1,-1,[],[27594]],["fraud [11,17]",1,-1,[],[28863]],["fraude documentado data de 2019. En él se sintetizó digitalmente un audio con el fin de engañar al CEO de una compañía energética británica para que pagase 240.000 dólares a un contratista",1,-1,[],[13865]],["generate controversial text for a speech supposedly given by a political leader, create a 'deep fake' video of the leader standing in the UN General Assembly delivering the speech (trained on the large amount of footage from such speeches), and then reinforce the impersonation through the mass generation of news articles allegedly reporting on the speech.",1,-1,[],[60922]],["impersonation",1,-1,[],[9978]],["information propagation techniques such as memetic warfare",1,-1,[],[11891]],["la evidencia de vídeos falsos en los tribunales",1,-1,[],[40827]],["la generación de videos pornográficos",1,-1,[],[13865]],["la manipulación del mercado y las noticias falsas",1,-1,[],[40827]],["la propaganda terrorista",1,-1,[],[40827]],["method to train AI to create fake UN speeches",1,-1,[],[60922]],["non-consensual depiction in pornographic contexts [46,58]",1,-1,[],[28863]],["political abuse, spreading false information, and pornography",1,-1,[],[13958]],["pornografía de venganza -revenge porn-",1,-1,[],[40827]],["pornographic videos used as revenge to harm many women",1,-1,[],[27593]],["promotes fake messages or misleading investments",1,-1,[],[55670]],["realistic video dubbing of foreign films, 1 education though the reanimation of historical figures [90], and virtually trying on clothes while shopping.",1,-1,[],[7237]],["revenge porn, bullying, fake video evidence in courts, political sabotage, terrorist propaganda, blackmail, market manipulation, and fake news",1,-1,[],[12764]],["synthesizing various performances of Obama in prototypes produced by the University of Washington, 16 Stanford, 17 and at the State University of New York at Albany.",1,-1,[],[16826]],["the spread of disinformation [2]",1,-1,[],[28863]],["the spread of explicit fake generated images of the singer Taylor Swift",1,-1,[],[53705]],["to depict a false bombing of the U.S. Pentagon",1,-1,[],[61342]],["to influence attitudes and military responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine",1,-1,[],[61342]],["trait or expression mimicking",1,-1,[],[9978]],["transplant the face of Scarlett Johansson and many of her famous colleagues onto the bodies of actors in adult videos",1,-1,[],[1295]],["un deepfake de 2018 creado por el cineasta de Hollywood Jordan Peele presentaba al expresidente estadounidense Barack Obama discutiendo los peligros de las noticias falsas y burlándose del presidente Donald Trump",1,-1,[],[40827]],["un vídeo humorístico, pornográfico o político de una persona que dice o hace algo sin su consentimiento",1,-1,[],[40827]],["videos of celebrities, politicians or others saying or doing things that they never actually said or did",1,-1,[],[51211]],["vídeo deepfake del presidente Volodymyr Zelensky llamando a la rendición del ejército y el pueblo ucraniano",1,-1,[],[61768]],["vídeo del político indio Manoj Tiwari hablando haryanvi (uno de los más de mil seiscientos dialectos que se hablan en la India) por obra de la inteligencia artificial.",1,-1,[],[61768]],["vídeos de personalidades públicas en situaciones comprometidas o falsas",1,-1,[],[61768]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Institutional trust can be understood as citizens' belief that social and political institutions function fairly, transparently and effectively, fulfilling their functions in accordance with society's expectations (Grönlund & Setälä, 2011).",1,-1,[],[39430]],["institutional trust might be conceptualized as generalized trust",1,-1,[],[45958]],["trust can be viewed as a general belief and feeling of confidence that institutions will perform actions that will result in positive outcomes",1,-1,[],[45958]]],"sy":[["generalized trust",1,30735,[],[45958]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["dispositional trust",1,28454,[],[45958]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["multiple stigma-relevant group labels",1,-1,[],[53325]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["gender-based proximity bias that aims to capture the illicit proximities arising between a word and its closest k neighbours due to gender-based constructs.",1,-1,[],[19390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Academic language-including tone and use of jargon-is inaccessible to many would-be consumers of science.",1,-1,[],[52204]],["a term I co-constructed with Dr. Fernanda Ferreira",1,-1,[],[52204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["financial paywall",1,-1,[],[52204]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Horizontal, direct-democratic participatory decision-making processes that value intersectional differences and account for power dynamics, aiming for equitability, are key to realising transformative content",1,-1,[],[32104]],["In transformative media, a commitment to in-depth investigative reporting enables communities to learn and express the truth, based on multiple verifiable authentic facts.",1,-1,[],[32104]],["In transformative media, information comes \"from an array of sources, channels, styles, and voices, including from multiple ideological perspectives\" (Rauch, 2023, p. 873).",1,-1,[],[32104]],["Transformative alternative media, we argue, remains differentiated from alt-right repressive media through its propensity towards: (1) truth-seeking and fact-checking, (2) collaborative democratic decision-making practices and processes, (3) collective autonomy of ownership and control of media projects, (4) intersectional liberation in content and practice, and (5) an ethics of mutual care and healing justice.",1,-1,[],[32104]],["Transformative media projects are generative of content and processes both equally imbued with transformative qualities and values.",1,-1,[],[32104]],["enabling media activists to articulate the differential impacts of their experiences, articulated through intersectional identities",1,-1,[],[32104]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse parsing",1,33051,[],[55679]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Rosenbaum (2011) suggests that the curation of news is a way of identifying important stories, discovering thematic ideas, providing context for the information, and interpreting the significance of fragmented information, implying that the curator searches for the content of the information and categorizes it, interpreting it in a particular context.",1,-1,[],[40840]],["news curation is decomposed into two curatorial practices, production and consumption.",1,-1,[],[40840]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Productive curation",1,20211,[],[40840]],["consumptive curation",1,6411,[],[40840]]],"sp":[["curation",1,15674,[],[40840]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Conversion research is drawn largely from the disciplines of sociology and psychology of religion",1,-1,[],[22704]],["i.e. the advertiser has managed to 'convert' the behavior of the user due to the ad.",1,-1,[],[14824]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I believe that",1,-1,[],[7976]],["in my opinion",1,-1,[],[7976]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["pode ser produto da decadência ideológica",1,-1,[],[10756]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact cheking",1,19905,[],[10756]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These narratives all communicate that one should be careful and prepared for possible misfortunes.",1,-1,[],[28916]],["They mirror the intellectual endeavour of a society that could help to discover real conspiracies.",1,-1,[],[28916]],["they also help the idea or suggest that ordinary people could regain control of their lives.",1,-1,[],[28916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["One of the widespread rumours among some of my interlocuters has been that COVID-19 is a hoax and an invention of the illuminati.",1,-1,[],[28916]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["According to theorists like Mead and Vygotsky, self-reflection is a defining feature of humans, and fundamental to the higher mental functions.",1,-1,[],[2307]],["Simply, there are two ways in which self can arrive at an observer perspective on self (i.e., self-reflection).",1,-1,[],[2307]],["The process can begin with either an actor perspective engaged in some action, or an observer perspective on someone else's action. Either of these perspectives can evoke, via the structure of the significant symbol (or sign), the complementary actor and observer perspectives, thus leading to self-reflection.",1,-1,[],[2307]],["arising through internalizing the perspective that the other has upon self, followed by self taking the perspective of other upon self.",1,-1,[],[2307]],["it is the integration of actor and observer perspectives, that enables the child to distanciate from the experience, and thus to become self-conscious of the loss.",1,-1,[],[2307]],["self-reflection is a defining feature of humans, and fundamental to the higher mental functions.",1,-1,[],[2307]],["there are two ways in which self can arrive at an observer perspective on self (i.e., self-reflection).",1,-1,[],[2307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reflexivity",1,5920,[],[60092]],["significant symbol (or sign)",1,24046,[],[2307]]],"sb":[["self-mediation",1,-1,[],[2307]],["short-circuiting",1,13292,[],[2307]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["local sentiment",1,-1,[],[30413]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conspiracy mentality",1,13698,[],[2841]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Attributing residents' way of life in townships to culture, rather than as shaped by poverty, serves to depoliticise and deproblematise poverty, while simultaneously stigmatising the bearers of those 'cultures'",1,-1,[],[48472]],["This notion permitted the tourists to see the living and working conditions of the different immigrant groups as expressions of a 'cultural identity'.",1,-1,[],[48472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["hidden advertising in the media is not limited to sporadic orders for a propaganda article or video. Entire news packages and programs can be sold on Ukrainian television.",1,-1,[],[37002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the word acousme ˆtre, coined by Chion and derived from the combination of the words acousmatic and e ˆtre (\"to be\" in French), has entered Anglo-American film theory terminology directly, without translation.",1,-1,[],[21786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["acousmatic",1,-1,[],[21786]],["disembodied voice",1,-1,[],[21786]],["e ˆtre",1,-1,[],[21786]]],"sb":[["complete acousme ˆtre",1,-1,[],[21786]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalism",1,34243,[],[37895]]],"sb":[["journalism",1,34243,[],[37895]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conversion motifs",1,-1,[],[22706]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Authority",1,14203,[],[36009]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reactive debunking",1,-1,[],[33715]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["overt translation",1,6224,[],[29780]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political participation",1,12312,[],[21438]]],"ex":[["Forms of latent participation include reading political news, discussing politics with others, and reflecting upon one's political viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[21438]],["reading political news, discussing politics with others, and reflecting upon one's political viewpoints",1,-1,[],[21438]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of narratives' emergence, production, and popularity",1,-1,[],[10380]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["A unifying feature of these individual texts, however, is that they involve some element of hostility in such forms as harassment, denigration, impersonation, outing, trickery, exclusion, and so on",1,-1,[["A unifying feature of these individual texts, however, is that they involve some element of hostility in such forms as harassment, denigration, impersonation, outing, trickery, exclusion, and so on",1],["A unifying feature of these individual texts, however, is that they involve some element of hostility in such forms as harassment, denigration, impersonation, outing, trickery, exclusion, and so on.",1]],[25681]],["Despite their spread across ostensibly disunited communicational contexts, these vitriolic communications have a multitude of commonalities that cumulatively constitute an analysable whole.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["E-bile can therefore be seen as threatening the realization of broad ideals such as civil discourse, social inclusivity, and democratic engagement.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["E-bile episodes may be triggered by disagreements over divisive subjects such as politics, religion, or sexual preference, but participants rarely engage substantively with each other's positions.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["E-bile may circulate as written texts, images, and/or sounds, and may have been intended for one person to read, or many. A unifying feature of these individual texts, however, is that they involve some element of hostility in such forms as harassment, denigration, impersonation, outing, trickery, exclusion, and so on.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["Once again, the point is rarely about winning an argument via the deployment of coherent reasoning, so much as a means by which discursive volume can be increased-e-bile is utilized, in other words, to out-shout everyone else.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["This hostility may be located in authorial intent, rhetorical construct, audience reception, and/or contextual impact.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["all these putative variations in on-line hostilities belong in the field of e-bile",1,-1,[],[25681]],["an emergent field whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts",1,-1,[],[25681]],["broad, blurrily bordered, self-replicating field of e-bile",1,-1,[],[25681]],["cruelty couched as humour",1,-1,[],[25681]],["e-bile constitutes a field of inquiry with a pressing need for recalibrated scholarly intervention.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["e-bile is best considered as belonging to a polythetic rather than a monothetic class",1,-1,[],[25681]],["messages that are in \"bad taste,\" and so on",1,-1,[],[25681]],["the most theoretically commodious way to conceptualize e-bile is as an emergent field of inquiry.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["the rhetorical constructs of individual e-bile texts are strikingly similar in terms of their reliance on profanity, ad hominem invective, and hyperbolic imagery of graphic-often sexualized-violence.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["vitriolic communications",1,-1,[],[25681]]],"sy":[["cyber-vitriol",1,-1,[],[25681]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[25681]],["cyberviolence",1,8202,[],[25681]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[25681]],["on-line vitriol",1,-1,[],[25681]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[25681]]],"rt":[["cultural intolerance",1,-1,[],[25681]],["cyber rape",1,-1,[],[25681]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[25681]],["cyberstalking",1,20273,[],[25681]],["cyberviolence",1,8202,[],[25681]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[25681]],["homophobia",1,13370,[],[25681]],["misogyny",1,27981,[],[25681]],["on-line hate speech",1,7507,[],[25681]],["on-line hostility",1,-1,[],[25681]],["on-line sexual harassment",1,-1,[],[25681]],["racism",1,28859,[],[25681]],["religious prejudice",1,-1,[],[25681]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[25681]]],"sb":[["\"Happy slapping\"",1,13420,[["\"Happy slapping\"",1],["happy slapping",1]],[25681]],["RIP trolling",1,-1,[],[25681]],["certain types of hacking",1,-1,[],[25681]],["cyber rape",1,-1,[],[25681]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[25681]],["cyberhate",1,28027,[],[25681]],["cyberstalking",1,20273,[],[25681]],["cyberviolence",1,8202,[],[25681]],["hacking",1,4020,[],[25681]],["on-line hate speech",1,7507,[],[25681]],["on-line sexual harassment",1,-1,[],[25681]],["on-line speech acts evincing misogyny, homophobia, racism, religious prejudice, and cultural intolerance",1,-1,[],[25681]],["sexualized e-bile",1,-1,[],[25681]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[25681]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["I hope you get raped in your *sshole and eyeballs until you bleed to death.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["Shut the fuck up you fucking ugly OLD wowser cunt. You need a good stiff cock shoved down your throat if you ask me.",1,-1,[],[25681]],["Your a ugly, whorish, Slut. I hope someone slaps the fuck out of you and spits in the face . . . Your nothing more than an easy little cum dumpster.",1,-1,[],[25681]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As commonly used, the phrase white privilege draws on this tendency to conflate individual traits with group averages, in a way that creates unpleasant emotions.",1,-1,[],[29799]],["Responses to the white privilege question garnered a higher percentage of low-quality responses",1,-1,[],[29799]],["The concept of white privilege is central in areas such as contemporary diversity training [9] and whiteness studies scholarship [10]. However, in public discussion, the term is more controversial. Popular media has variously talked about white privilege as a topic to be taught to children [11], a racist term [12], and a distraction from the root causes of racial inequality [13].",1,-1,[],[29799]],["The effect of the term white privilege on framing was explained by individuals' stances.",1,-1,[],[29799]],["The effect of using the term white privilege did not affect all whites equally",1,-1,[],[29799]],["The white privilege question brought 80% more low-quality responses than the racial inequality question.",1,-1,[],[29799]],["draws on this tendency to conflate individual traits with group averages, in a way that creates unpleasant emotions.",1,-1,[],[29799]],["language like white privilege that targets the racial identity of specific groups.",1,-1,[],[29799]],["whites were less likely to respond to the white privilege question",1,-1,[],[29799]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["racial inequality",1,-1,[],[29799]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In the last two decades, however, a growing body of research has pointed to a different mode of exchange, at the personal, community or institutional level, in official and unofficial culture, that clearly undermines the idea of isolation -and called for other metaphors to describe the limited but existing cooperation and transfer between the two sides.",1,-1,[],[56505]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Holes",1,-1,[],[56505]],["penetration",1,-1,[],[56505]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social media promotion",1,-1,[],[22496]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, this frame relies on affective mimicry rather than ideological values, but it bridges audience sympathy with strike busting all the same.",1,-1,[],[37840]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The GNI's approach has been to help companies enact policies that anticipate and respond to situations in which host country law and practice differ from international human rights standards.",1,-1,[],[46359]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["allows audiences to virtually enter the scene, providing a more engaging and comprehensive understanding of events",1,-1,[],[34418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Paired with positive social influence it describes a process of repeated influence events by which »similarity leads to interaction and interaction leads to still more similarity«",1,-1,[],[26150]],["Paired with positive social influence it describes a process of repeated influence events by which »similarity leads to interaction and interaction leads to still more similarity« (Banisch et al., 2010, 109).",1,-1,[],[26150]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["positive social influence",1,33840,[],[26150]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Gender stereotypes",1,22254,[],[58612]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Their task involves scrutinizing the information published by third parties to 'purify' the public sphere",1,-1,[],[9482]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gatewatchers",1,13172,[],[9482]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["traditional journalistic gatekeeping",1,-1,[],[54518]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[51441]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[21999]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["hearing about the virus from friends and family",1,-1,[],[4040]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["undermines the communicative potential of environmental journalism",1,-1,[],[57999]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This is a practical morality that sees the self not as atomized nor as self-optimizing, but as a self in relationship.",1,-1,[],[459]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Franklin's book diplomacy projects in countries like Egypt and Iran, which had comparable literacy rates of around 15 percent in the 1950s, achieved much of their objectives, notably in developing a robust translation and publishing infrastructure.",1,-1,[],[56730]],["This subliminal book diplomacy strategy paved the way for more cooperative international relations.",1,-1,[],[56730]],["involves state and non-state cooperation in activities like book translation programs, book donations, book exchanges, and the like",1,-1,[["involves state and non-state cooperation in activities like book translation programs, book donations, book exchanges, and the like",1],["involves state and non-state cooperation in activities like book translation programs, book donations, book exchanges, and the like.",1]],[56730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural diplomacy",1,1286,[],[56730]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cultural diplomacy",1,1286,[],[56730]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["lies of omission",1,7906,[],[42381]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Zgodnie z tradycją afektu nie traktujemy jako tożsamego z emocją lub uczuciem.",1,-1,[],[13360]],["jest on potencjalnością oddziaływania na innych i podatnością na to oddziaływanie",1,-1,[],[13360]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they must reasonably, although not necessarily exhaustively, verify the facts on which they base their opinions, and they should do so with even greater diligence than that employed by individuals, by reason of its high investiture, the wide scope, and eventual effects that its expression may have on certain sectors of the population, and to prevent citizens and other interested persons from receiving a manipulated version of certain events.",1,-1,[],[51104]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["access to public information",1,-1,[],[51104]],["publicity of government acts",1,-1,[],[51104]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Model-related bias, which affects fairness and accuracy, appeared eight times",1,-1,[],[30968]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["public, civic, online, web journalism or proximity online journalism",1,-1,[],[41575]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["proximity",1,17836,[],[41575]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["desclassificando através de demarcações epistêmicas os conhecimentos/informações alternativas produzidas pelo \"outro\" como não-verdade?",1,-1,[],[24751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conhecimentos alternativos",1,-1,[],[24751]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Empowering",1,11880,[],[11905]],["Occupation",1,-1,[],[11905]],["Omission",1,32390,[],[11905]],["Stereotype",1,2334,[],[11905]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["robot journalism",1,28725,[],[1353]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the potential emergence of post-truth populism as a new political paradigm",1,-1,[],[22688]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist discourse",1,32481,[],[44925]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["DQs are used to slow down the general flow of the narrative, e.g. the news story, to concentrate on certain newsmakers, what they say, their relationships, their personalities, their socio-political backgrounds and their ideological leanings",1,-1,[],[61449]],["DQs are vivid, life-like and have a sense of immediacy.",1,-1,[],[61449]],["capable of directly instantiating the expressive character and function of language, i.e. language use to express a certain perspective",1,-1,[],[61449]],["it is not only the reported speaker's voice that is displayed by metonymy but also the reported speaker's personality through what he/she says and how he/she says it, as well as the reported speech event itself.",1,-1,[],[61449]]],"sy":[["direct discourse",1,-1,[],[61449]],["direct quotations",1,7218,[],[61449]]],"rt":[["IQs",1,7908,[],[61449]],["deictic elements",1,-1,[],[61449]],["projecting clause",1,-1,[],[61449]],["projecting verbs",1,-1,[],[61449]],["quoted clause",1,-1,[],[61449]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["reported speech",1,30809,[],[61449]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[["people or pages working together to mislead others about who they are or what they are doing",2,-1,[],[30670,61402]]],"de":[["Detecting CIB typically involves analyzing both interaction networks to detect suspicious coordination, as well as the coordinated users and the content they shared to detect inauthentic users and harmful content",1,-1,[],[20074]],["Security analysts and fact-checking companies often use Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior (that is, multiple inauthentic accounts pushing identical content), IP tracing, or linguistic traits to identify a connection with disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[42732]],["This practice occurs at a distance, where \"a centralized source disseminates colluded information on the internet pretending that such information comes from a large number of unconnected individuals\" (Chan 2024, 510) that appear as a user's friends and family.",1,-1,[],[32082]],["coordinated inauthentic behavior typically involves profiles that only exist around an election or other key event, or correspond to a simultaneous peak in publishing and engagement behavior",1,-1,[],[5532]]],"sy":[["Coordinated Inauthentic Activity",1,-1,[],[32082]],["inauthentic behaviour",1,940,[],[32125]]],"rt":[["bot farms",1,27235,[],[32082]],["coordinated users",1,-1,[],[20074]],["disinformation campaigns",1,8138,[],[42732]],["faking networked virality",1,-1,[],[32082]],["hacking mechanisms",1,-1,[],[32082]],["harmful content",1,19937,[],[20074]],["inauthentic users",1,2820,[],[20074]],["influence",1,20758,[],[26743]],["interaction networks",1,12336,[],[20074]],["suspicious coordination",1,-1,[],[20074]]],"sb":[["Coordinated inauthentic behaviour conducted on behalf of a foreign or government actor",1,-1,[],[13587]]],"sp":[["inauthentic behaviour",1,940,[],[13587]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["asked to \"observe discretion and express comment with moderation, avoiding personal attacks, and would not normally speak in public for their Minister or the Department\"",1,-1,[],[42684]]],"sy":[["SpAd",1,-1,[],[25178]]],"rt":[["media relations",1,31317,[],[42684]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["special advisers provided protection against media exposure but since their actions took place largely below the radar, they also provided a firebreak which could be disposed of when the inevitably risky game of media management took an unforeseen turn.",1,-1,[],[42684]],["the special adviser became the main conduit (IV14)",1,-1,[],[42684]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In short, the anti-European sentiment or syndrome we defined in this researh as an explicit national threat perception and implicit economic threat perception posed by the EU integration, indicating the existence of a political distrust in European Union.",1,-1,[],[11357]],["anti-European sentiment might be considered the consequence of \"selfprotective, defensive motivational needs for control and security\"",1,-1,[],[11357]],["treated as a component of a broader hostile political attitudinal pattern that indicates the existence of a certain type of political alienation or even as a pattern of a potentially conservative or extreme ideology",1,-1,[],[11357]]],"sy":[["motivated social cognition",1,22913,[],[11357]]],"rt":[["national threat perception",1,-1,[],[11357]],["perceived threat",1,2983,[],[11357]],["political distrust",1,2180,[],[11357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["curation algorithms",1,28644,[],[4122]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["curation algorithms",1,28644,[],[4122]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Similarity measures",1,-1,[],[5934]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Similarity measures",1,-1,[],[5934]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["ANRs are often associated with lesser bias compared with human editors and are thus viewed as more objective, although this perception is more common among the audience than professional practitioners (Thurman et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[5108]],["Within newsrooms, by contrast, there is broader recognition of the limitations of algorithmic objectivity, which translates into calls to keep humans \"in the loop\" (Carlson 2018) and to retain options for manual intervention by editors (Bucher 2017).",1,-1,[],[5108]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["objectivity",1,31829,[],[5108]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["dialogical consensual communication",1,24663,[],[8576]],["strategic (one-way) consensual persuasion",1,18011,[],[8576]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["political countermovements in the sense of Fraser [8]",1,-1,[],[27140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To assess whether the topics are welldifferentiated and free from redundancy, we evaluate their distinctiveness and degree of overlap.",1,-1,[],[48322]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["the monitorial role is closely associated with established democracies as opposed to emerging ones",1,-1,[],[36327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["collaborative role",1,26757,[],[60342]],["facilitative role",1,29992,[],[60342]],["radical role",1,12032,[],[60342]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["core-normative roles",1,-1,[],[60342]],["normative roles",1,3881,[],[60342]],["normative/critical approach",1,16766,[],[60342]],["professional roles",1,28337,[],[36327]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["socio-cultural sphere",1,-1,[],[25221]],["socio-economic sphere",1,-1,[],[25221]],["socio-political sphere",1,-1,[],[25221]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Contrast-making",1,-1,[],[39461]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Decades of research on this theory found that people inevitably compare themselves to others, most often in an upward direction to those who are seen as superior (Gerber et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[42305]],["Festinger (1954) argued, as part of the identity formation process, that individuals compare themselves to others to process social information and establish their social self.",1,-1,[],[2729]],["It is also suggested that individuals are motivated to engage in social comparison for self-improvement and self-enhancement, not just for self-evaluations",1,-1,[],[38936]],["SCT assumes that people are motivated to appraise their abilities and opinions and, therefore, to make comparisons with other persons (Festinger, 1954).",1,-1,[],[8362]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["downward comparison",1,18907,[],[17304]],["downward evaluations",1,13053,[],[38936]],["upward contrastive social comparison processes",1,-1,[],[42305]],["upward direction",1,-1,[],[42305]]],"sb":[["downward social comparison",1,1454,[],[3643]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["By combining different data sources, these approaches aim to create more comprehensive and accurate models",1,-1,[],[43345]],["use not only text, but also pictures or distribution patterns on social networks.",1,-1,[],[44672]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["single-modal approaches",2,15316,[["single-modal approaches",1],["singlemodal approach",1]],[30812,50814]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["SpotFake",1,-1,[],[44672]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["el lenguaje del odio se constituye hoy como un problema político porque crea lo que dice, circula con rapidez y encuentra entre sus posibles efectos de sentido una posible realización física violenta",1,-1,[],[11182]],["no puede ser considerada ni como un mero desvío individual, ni como un residuo patológico, ni como una acción irracional y desprovista de sentido.",1,-1,[],[11182]]],"sy":[["discurso de odio",1,16417,[],[11182]]],"rt":[["matriz significante",1,-1,[],[11182]],["violencia social",1,31302,[],[11182]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, it still requires a high level of authoring to determine where the interactions are going to take place.",1,-1,[],[6668]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrative visualization",1,16143,[],[6668]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political model",1,33352,[],[2467]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The neoliberal self combines the idealised subject(s) of classical and neoclassical economics -featuring entrepreneurship and consumer sovereignty -with the contemporary discourse of 'the taxpayer', who is sceptical of redistributive justice, and a 'cool' posture that derives symbolically -and ironically -from cultures of disaffection and, indeed, opposition.",1,-1,[],[14051]],["This kind of self is a neoliberal self, figuring a competitive individual who is exceptionally self-reliant and rather indifferent to the fact that his or her predicament is shared with others -and, therefore, incapable of organising as a group to do anything about it.",1,-1,[],[14051]],["a conception of the individual subject within the matrix of neoliberal ideas",1,-1,[],[14051]],["combining freewheeling consumer sovereignty with enterprising business acumen",1,-1,[],[14051]],["consistent with 'the recasting of identity in terms of flexibility, adaptability and instant transformation' in the words of Elliott and Urry (2010: 7).",1,-1,[],[14051]],["subjectivity cultivated by the cool seduction of promotional culture and acutely brand-aware commodity fetishism",1,-1,[],[14051]],["the rational, self-interested actor in the market place",1,-1,[],[14051]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Leading celebrities, most notably high-tech entrepreneurs, for instance, operate in the popular imagination as models of achievement for the aspiring young.",1,-1,[],[14051]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media-broker diplomacy",1,11628,[],[3747]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Reisigl and Wodak (2009) underline that nomination (how events/objects/persons are referred to) and predication (what characteristics are attributed to them) play a key role in populist discursive strategies to distinguish between the ingroup and outgroup.",1,-1,[],[47204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[43945]],["predication",1,13049,[],[47204]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[34330]]],"sb":[["Formalization",1,18625,[],[51937]],["Informalization",1,-1,[],[51937]],["Nominations featuring treatments of courtesy or in the form of affiliations",1,-1,[],[51937]],["Semi-formalization",1,31944,[],[51937]]],"sp":[["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[43945]],["linguistic discourse analysis",1,-1,[],[48871]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Kickers are an old media convention given new life and significance online.",1,-1,[],[19544]],["News organisations use this blunt tool because Google is perceived to reward their use, leading to an arms race whereby the surfing public suffers.",1,-1,[],[19544]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["symbiosis",1,4174,[],[17074]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Critical voices towards society or the government are stifled just as they are when the media engage in traditional media events",1,-1,[],[36689]],["The critical approach is abandoned in favour of a role where journalists act as masters of ceremony towards the audience to ensure that tradition is upheld",1,-1,[],[36689]],["the media act independently in accordance with the ruling values in society and master a ceremony of mourning after the terrorist attack",1,-1,[],[36689]],["where the media perform the same roles as in classic media events like royal funerals or weddings",1,-1,[],[36689]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Due to the interplay of different content types, multi-modal toxicity is challenging to detect and moderate",1,-1,[],[29154]],["It leverages multiple forms of inputs, making toxic and harmful content more engaging and impactful.",1,-1,[],[29154]],["Traditional AI moderation tools struggle to analyze cross-modal interactions and toxicity",1,-1,[],[29154]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Memes spread toxicity effectively using humor and sharing to broadcast toxic content",1,-1,[],[29154]],["The rise of toxic memes, which blend text and imagery to create offensive or toxic content is a perfect example.",1,-1,[],[29154]],["toxic memes",1,-1,[],[29154]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conceptual schemes",1,-1,[],[52442]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ideally, such corroborating evidence should be sought from sources that obtained the information independently in order to minimize the possibility that all sources are distributing inaccurate information derived from the same origin",1,-1,[],[23726]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["triangulation",1,32972,[],[23726]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Addressing someone using a pronoun that does match their gender identity.",1,-1,[],[48777]],["Being consistent in pronoun usage is the opposite of misgendering.",1,-1,[],[48777]],["Further, mis-gendering in language technologies can reinforceerasure and the diminishing of narratives of non-binary persons.",1,-1,[],[11695]],["Language applications and their creators can also perpetrate misgendering.",1,-1,[],[11695]],["Misgendering can be present in both human-written and model-generated content, especially towards non-binary and transgender individuals.",1,-1,[],[56364]],["associated with a variety of harms",1,-1,[],[56364]],["constitute a 'cheap shot' when attempting actual verbal sparring or debate.",1,-1,[],[21483]],["instances of misgendering (whether malicious or benign) render an utterance infelicitous",1,-1,[],[21483]],["misgendering (via pronouns or otherwise) has a significant negative effect on the mental health and well-being of transgender people",1,-1,[],[21483]],["nonbinary people being misgendered if their pronouns do not align with the ones that the machine translation system imposed upon them",1,-1,[],[11695]],["one among many linguistic 'weapons' they can wield",1,-1,[],[21483]],["pronominal misgendering aimed at trans people therefore constitutes a form of serious (and frequent) verbal harm.",1,-1,[],[21483]]],"sy":[["gender-crossed pronouns",1,-1,[],[21483]]],"rt":[["dead-naming",1,-1,[],[56364]],["erasure of identities",1,-1,[],[56364]],["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[56364]]],"sb":[["malicious misgendering",1,-1,[],[21483]]],"sp":[["gender non-affirmation",1,6970,[],[48777]]],"ex":[["Sam uses they/them pronouns, but someone referred to them as he",1,-1,[],[48777]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["believing that its creation was due to people's perception of the independence of information sources.",1,-1,[],[55237]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["false consensus",1,27430,[],[55237]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These practices lead to what Thanki and Jeffreys (2007) call a 'contacts culture' that disadvantages women, people from BAME groups and working-class backgrounds.",1,-1,[],[6056]],["disadvantages women, people from BAME groups and working-class backgrounds.",1,-1,[],[6056]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The model posits that people could use systematic and heuristic information-processing strategies to process information",1,-1,[],[56824]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Systematic processing",2,14976,[["Systematic processing",1],["systematic processing",1]],[626,56824]],["heuristic processing",2,28094,[],[626,56824]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This representation disparity forms our definition of unfairness",1,-1,[],[23309]]],"sy":[["unfairness",1,22892,[],[23309]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Securitizing frames",1,15124,[],[29023]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["This approach relies on language usage and its analysis to predict deception.",1,-1,[],[15303]],["linguistic approach examines such leakage occurrences within the news content.",1,-1,[],[46070]],["the researcher determines linguistic elements that signify a frame",1,-1,[],[57919]]],"sy":[["linguistic cue approach",1,-1,[],[15303]]],"rt":[["network approaches",1,20067,[],[48544]]],"sb":[["data representation (bag of words approach)",1,-1,[],[15303]],["deep syntax",1,-1,[],[15303]],["lexical and content similarity",1,-1,[],[46070]],["natural language processing",1,14069,[],[46070]],["rhetorical structure and discourse analysis",1,-1,[],[15303]],["semantic analysis",1,18246,[],[15303]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[46070]],["style similarity",1,-1,[],[46070]]],"sp":[["machine-based approach",1,-1,[],[15303]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Every news report on mass shootings may seem to be about the incident. However, how the incident is reported makes a difference in audiences' view of the story and often reveals ideological biases.",1,-1,[],[40954]],["It answers the question, what happened and why this particular incident?",1,-1,[],[40954]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["News automation is not a radical break with the past but a gradual continuation of the use of software in the newsroom.",1,-1,[],[25249]]],"sy":[["news robot",1,-1,[],[25249]]],"rt":[["news robot",1,-1,[],[25249]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The hierarchy is created by the flow of influence through the levels.",1,-1,[],[48634]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["the extramedia",1,-1,[],[48634]],["the ideological",1,10653,[],[48634]],["the organisational",1,-1,[],[48634]],["the personal level",1,12530,[],[48634]],["the routine",1,174,[],[48634]]],"sb":[["individual",1,12171,[],[31107]],["institutional",1,-1,[],[31107]],["organizational",1,-1,[],[31107]],["routine",1,174,[],[31107]],["societal",1,-1,[],[31107]],["the individual level",1,10622,[],[58323]],["the media organization level",1,-1,[],[58323]],["the routine practices level",1,-1,[],[58323]],["the social institution level",1,-1,[],[58323]],["the social system level",1,2422,[],[58323]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This may be achieved by making the sentence negative, substituting words or ideas or by making words more or less specific.",1,-1,[],[12231]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["1. Rephrase the claim so that it has the same meaning",1,-1,[],[12231]],["2. Negate the meaning of the claim",1,-1,[],[12231]],["3. Substitute the verb and/or object in the claim to alternative from the same set of things",1,-1,[],[12231]],["4. Substitute the verb and/or object in the claim to alternative from a different set of things",1,-1,[],[12231]],["5. Make the claim more specific so that the new claim implies the original claim (by making the meaning more specific)",1,-1,[],[12231]],["6. Make the claim more general so that the new claim can be implied by the original claim (by making the meaning less specific)",1,-1,[],[12231]],["Make the claim more general so that the new claim can be implied by the original claim (by making the meaning less specific)",1,-1,[],[12231]],["Make the claim more specific so that the new claim implies the original claim (by making the meaning more specific)",1,-1,[],[12231]],["Negate the meaning of the claim",1,-1,[],[12231]],["Substitute the verb and/or object in the claim to alternative from a different set of things",1,-1,[],[12231]],["Substitute the verb and/or object in the claim to alternative from the same set of things",1,-1,[],[12231]],["making the claim more general/specific",1,-1,[],[12231]],["negation",1,34265,[],[12231]],["paraphrasing",1,12492,[],[12231]],["substitution of an entity/relation with a similar/dissimilar one",1,-1,[],[12231]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The main frame is the traitor frame.",1,-1,[],[32774]],["The traitor frame is approvable and approved in many different social situations and issues: adultery, war, football and religion.",1,-1,[],[32774]],["The traitor frame is constructed in two variations: the single spy betraying his country and the government forsaking its people by being \"soft on the Soviets\" or \"careless about security\".",1,-1,[],[32774]],["The traitor frame was constructed mainly by indications of what the spies may have destroyed and what damage their activities may have done to their countries.",1,-1,[],[32774]],["There is only fear and loathing for the traitor. In large part, this is because we live in societies that are predicated on the notion that we can believe in faith and credit of our friends, neighbours and countrymen. When a person, group or institution betrays this assumption, they undermine the trust that makes possible everything from marriage and family life, to religion, politics, law, commerce and diplomacy.",1,-1,[],[32774]],["provide the story of the traitor, persons who let their people down for money and/or women",1,-1,[],[32774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural frame",1,13082,[],[32774]],["spy",1,8505,[],[32774]]],"sb":[["the government betraying its people by being \"soft on the Soviets\" or \"careless about security\"",1,-1,[],[32774]],["the single spy cheating on his country",1,-1,[],[32774]]],"sp":[["cultural frame",1,13082,[],[32774]]],"ex":[["Stories are spiced up by irrelevant and false facts, inspired by the spy stories in the fiction media.",1,-1,[],[32774]],["adultery, war, football and religion",1,-1,[],[32774]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Active-digital publics perceive an organizational crisis and respond to it with posting or retweet behaviors in social media.",1,-1,[],[2002]],["conceptualize active-digital publics based on their communicative behaviors in social media.",1,-1,[],[2002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bimodal",1,-1,[],[31358]],["unimodal",1,16258,[],[31358]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rational support",1,-1,[],[762]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The impact of such images is best understood as a projectilic affect, an intense embodied sensation that we experience before we can represent it with words.",1,-1,[],[37785]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Affect",1,12652,[],[37785]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Israelite",1,-1,[],[12494]],["israelites",1,-1,[],[12494]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["It is a process taking place in the digital news environment that is formed around a diverse constellation of platforms and technologies.",1,-1,[],[34543]],["post-publication gatekeeping practices of journalists and their audiences, particularly when they take place in and through conversations on digital platforms",1,-1,[],[34543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conversational gatekeeping",1,1918,[],[4832]],["traditional gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[4832]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[34543]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["correlation neglect predictably produces overshooting beliefs",1,-1,[],[5668]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["correlation neglect",1,5660,[],[5668]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["counterspeech assigns general negative values to the stereotypical statement, using terms like \"hurtful\", \"unhelpful\" or \"not okay\" to express disapproval and challenge the stereotype.",1,-1,[],[41056]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this framework, true statements functioned as signals and false statements as noise.",1,-1,[],[55780]],["SDT is one of the most cited contemporary theories of human motivation and wellness (Ryan andDeci, 2000, 2017).",1,-1,[],[54899]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["event-level detection",1,9056,[],[26303]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are showings of devotion or dedication meant to reveal a person's character.",1,-1,[],[26697]],["showings of devotion or dedication meant to reveal a person's character",1,-1,[],[26697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["is accomplished by repeated misrepresentation of abstracts as papers (seven different papers, 17 citations to 12 different misrepresented abstracts; for example, citation to Neurol 2003;60:333-334, an abstract with correct listing Neurol 2003;60(suppl 1):A333-4; see web extra note 11)",1,-1,[],[21151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["invention",1,20394,[],[21151]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["individuals are being increasingly exposed to only information that reinforces their existing views, thus avoiding challenging opinions",1,-1,[],[5661]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Factual Fabrication",1,7059,[],[7633]]],"ex":[["the model claims that \"the Eiffel Tower's construction is widely recognized as the event that sparked the global green architecture movement.\" This is an overclaim, as there is no broad consensus or substantial evidence to support the statement.",1,-1,[],[7633]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["viewed as an organic form of culture is thus presented as an antihegemonic groundswell",1,-1,[],[28718]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["When a group of individuals is repeatedly referred to with a given linguistic label (e.g., immigrants), it will gain in entitativity, which in turn facilitates stereotype formation (cf. Crawford et al., 2002).",1,-1,[],[39644]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The tradeoff between taking an action (0 or 1) and waiting, should be clear at this point. An agent would wait, in order to communicate with a larger set of agents and potentially choose the correct action with higher probability. On the other hand, the future is discounted, therefore, delaying is costly. Moreover, an agent may delay her decision so that other agents, whom she receives information from, delay their exit decisions.",1,-1,[],[18292]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["post-positivism",1,19744,[],[25776]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Associated with value-relevant involvement where a person's attitude is primarily linked to one's selfidentity and values, defense motivation drives people to process information in ways that preserve their self-definition and -concept.",1,-1,[],[41918]],["Once the attitude is constructed, defense is then the chief motivation.",1,-1,[],[16117]],["The HSM predicts that defense-motivated readers process information selectively and privilege cues and arguments that reinforce their prior attitude.",1,-1,[],[17865]],["The motivational states were induced via specific instructions about each participant's goal in the upcoming discussion that emphasized the importance of displaying accurate logic and reasoning (accuracy motivation), justifying one's own opinion (defense motivation), or making a positive impression and demonstrating agreeableness in social situations (impression motivation).",1,-1,[],[17865]],["The present findings tend to support the defense motivation, which generates a biased evaluation of the information and leads people to expose themselves selectively, although this bias only seems to concern consistent information.",1,-1,[],[16117]],["defense-motivated readers process information selectively and privilege cues and arguments that reinforce their prior attitude.",1,-1,[],[17865]],["defensive inattention to counterattitudinal content",1,-1,[],[17865]],["directional goals of defending one's views",1,-1,[],[17865]]],"sy":[["defensive goals",1,12719,[],[8858]],["defensive motivation",1,5037,[],[8858]]],"rt":[["Accuracy motivation",3,12294,[["Accuracy motivation",2],["accuracy motivations",1]],[16117,41918,46010]],["defensive inattention to counterattitudinal content",1,-1,[],[17865]],["fear of invalidity",1,-1,[],[3460]],["impression motivation",1,3039,[],[41918]],["reluctance to change",1,11298,[],[16930]]],"sb":[["defensive counterarguing",1,31138,[],[17865]],["defensive inattention",1,21933,[],[17865]]],"sp":[["epistemic reading goal",1,21355,[],[3460]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["such as \"loss of communication means, loss of cultural property, and harm to social values\"",1,-1,[],[7511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Societal Harms",1,27689,[],[7512]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A news account, according to this conception, draws its authority exactly from its opaqueness and dissociation from its constructedness.",1,-1,[],[49044]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Transparency",1,28207,[],[49044]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Forced marriage can entail physical violence, death threats, and kidnapping, however, more common are emotional blackmail, isolation, social ostracism, and cutting off financial and educational access",1,-1,[],[46322]],["manifestations of cultural and religious traditions of minorities",1,-1,[],[46322]],["utilize forced marriage to denote coercive adult marriages",1,-1,[],[46322]]],"sy":[["adolescent",1,-1,[],[46322]],["arranged marriage",1,16923,[],[46322]],["child",1,-1,[],[46322]],["early",1,-1,[],[46322]],["minor",1,-1,[],[46322]],["teen",1,-1,[],[46322]]],"rt":[["arranged marriage",1,16923,[],[46322]],["gender violence",1,4893,[],[46322]]],"sb":[["coercive adult marriages",1,-1,[],[46322]]],"sp":[["gender violence",1,4893,[],[46322]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The author of Automating the News (Diakopoulos, 2019) uses the term 'hybrid journalism' to refer to",1,-1,[],[56913]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["emphasize the detrimental effects experienced by those targeted by such events",1,-1,[],[32949]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Freirean critical consciousness",1,11586,[],[4021]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Resistant capital",1,-1,[],[4021]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rumours",1,17712,[],[44500]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By framing these advancements as safety-oriented, organizations may mislead others into believing they are making substantial progress in reducing AI risks when in reality, they are not.",1,-1,[],[18738]],["This phenomenon takes on various forms and can contribute to a lack of meaningful progress in safety research.",1,-1,[],[18738]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an organization may publicize their dedication to safety while having a minimal number of researchers working on projects that truly improve safety",1,-1,[],[18738]],["methods that improve the reasoning capabilities of AI systems could be advertised as improving their adherence to human values-since humans might prefer the reasoning to be correct-but would mainly serve to enhance general capabilities",1,-1,[],[18738]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Lifton speaks about the negative identity (parts of a person of which he is not proud), and the positive identity (parts that he likes and draws esteem from). Logical dishonouring aimed to maximise the negative identity, and minimise the positive identity, creating a sense of worthlessness.",1,-1,[],[25040]],["This stage is \"the most dangerous part of thought reform\" (Lifton, 1961, p. 78). Relative to the more superficial guilt previously experienced, here the prisoner experiences deep, internalised guilt. The very essence of his being is threatened.",1,-1,[],[25040]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative identity",1,-1,[],[25040]],["positive identity",1,-1,[],[25040]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Kennzeichnend ist außerdem, dass noch keine tiefergehende Beschäftigung mit dem Skandalinhalt erfolgt, sondern lediglich der Ereigniskern veröffentlich wird.",1,-1,[],[21286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Beispiele für solche medialen Schlüsselereignisse können sein: Die Verhaftung einer Person des öffentlichen Lebens, der Rücktritt eines Politikers, eine nicht näher definierte Anklageerhebung durch die Staatsanwaltschaft oder Rücktrittsforderungen politischer Mitbewerber.",1,-1,[],[21286]],["Die Verhaftung einer Person des öffentlichen Lebens, der Rücktritt eines Politikers, eine nicht näher definierte Anklageerhebung durch die Staatsanwaltschaft oder Rücktrittsforderungen politischer Mitbewerber.",1,-1,[],[21286]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In biblical translation, these terms aim to reflect inclusivity by avoiding the patriarchal linguistic conventions prevalent in older Bible versions.",1,-1,[],[58807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["it also clarified that it was not necessary to establish that the crimes would not have been committed without the instigator's involvement",1,-1,[],[61674]],["it was not necessary for the instigator to have used different forms of persuasion such as threats, enticement or promises",1,-1,[],[61674]],["the instigator must, in one way or another, have influenced the physical perpetrator by soliciting, encouraging or otherwise inducing him or her to commit the crime.",1,-1,[],[61674]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["inducing",1,14103,[],[61674]],["soliciting",1,32467,[],[61674]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Raids largely occurred through a dynamic by which an individual user would identify communities to target. Following this, groups of users would join these channels in a coordinated fashion to post harassing, hateful, and shocking content with the aim of distressing users, driving them off channels, or having the target channel banned by Discord as a result of the bulk of unpleasant material dropped into chats.",1,-1,[],[15345]],["mirrors the use of the term in massively multiplayer online role playing games (RPGs), where clans of gamers aim to defeat their rivals.",1,-1,[],[15345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["predominantly target middle class audiences",1,-1,[],[40593]],["the former frequently adopting a more serious or sober tone",1,-1,[],[40593]]],"sy":[["broadsheets",1,15185,[],[40593]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["human-machine communication",1,-1,[],[47587]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) paradigm",1,-1,[],[16517]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sensationalist press reports, facts, or evidence that lack accurate and sound advice and are intended to grab the reader's attention are unethical practices that can heighten public anxiety and mislead policymakers.",1,-1,[],[15176]],["Sensationalized coverage of an infectious disease outbreak in traditional and social media can heighten the public's perception of the disease's danger.",1,-1,[],[15176]],["media sensationalism and the propagation of myths and misinformation",1,-1,[],[15176]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diplomatic communication",1,-1,[],[38305]],["grey-zone activities",1,-1,[],[38305]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["masquerades as legitimate fitness content through subtle combinations of muscularity displays, extreme workout demonstrations, and coded supplement language",1,-1,[],[26811]],["promotes compulsive muscle-building behaviors that disproportionately affect adolescent males",1,-1,[],[26811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it is assumed that the judgment of any previously unevaluated attribute (A) of the object is influenced by the (usually positive) attitude associated with self (Attribute B).",1,-1,[],[17281]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Experimental implicit self-esteem effects",1,12131,[],[17281]],["Naturally mediated implicit self-esteem effects",1,25053,[],[17281]],["second-order implicit self-esteem effects",1,24845,[],[17281]]],"sp":[["implicit social cognition",1,17424,[],[17281]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Another form of targeted training would be to withhold or modify the information in the training data to affect how the trained model produces content.",1,-1,[],[15735]],["Targeted training may be less resource-intensive than training more general models.",1,-1,[],[15735]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Knowledge-based",1,17639,[],[6779]],["Style-based",1,5394,[],[6779]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The metaphor refers to journalists' feeling confined or trapped in journalism by their own commitment and dedication to journalistic values, practicing engaged journalism out of intrinsic motivation",1,-1,[],[5203]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is mostly used to qualify terms referring to social agents (e.g., faction, follower, movement) and to explain or reformulate specific technical terms (e.g., vaccine hesitancy) in more popular terms.",1,-1,[],[44416]],["The phraseological constructions that include no(-)vax seem to depict no-vax people as the cause of the spread of the contagion of the virus (e.g., [contagion] caused by a \"no-vax nurse\"), or as a problem that cannot be avoided (e.g., no-vax people exist everywhere) and that needs to be eradicated (e.g., no-vax are to be eliminated).",1,-1,[],[44416]],["in which religious and moral beliefs, complacency and skepticism made the perception of vaccine as scary and unnecessary.",1,-1,[],[44416]],["news discourse refers to no(-)vax in a more subjective way, with strong connotations and often manifesting solid positioning.",1,-1,[],[44416]],["the expression is used mostly in news discourse and mostly to qualify movements and individuals in relation to the problems they cause to health policies, with the effects of polarising positions.",1,-1,[],[44416]]],"sy":[["no vax",1,4791,[["no vax",1],["no(-)vax",1],["no-vax",1],["novax",1]],[44416]]],"rt":[["vaccine hesitancy",1,25366,[],[44416]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["no vax no gigs",1,-1,[],[44416]],["no vax no job",1,-1,[],[44416]],["no vax no ride",1,-1,[],[44416]],["no vax no service",1,-1,[],[44416]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["transparent responsiveness",1,-1,[],[40728]]],"rt":[["Transparency in journalism",1,2769,[],[40728]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Transparency in journalism",1,2769,[],[40728]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["supervised ACD",1,-1,[],[5966]],["unsupervised ACD",1,-1,[],[5966]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Disparate treatment is avoided by ensuring that sensitive attribute information is not used while making decisions, i.e., by keeping user feature vectors (x) and the sensitive features (z) disjoint.",1,-1,[],[6729]],["Here, disparate treatment corresponds to the very intuitive notion of fairness: two otherwise similar persons should not be treated differently solely because of a difference in gender.",1,-1,[],[6729]],["In effect, disparate treatment is often interpreted as corresponding to common, intuitive understandings of discrimination in which an individual receives a certain cost or benefit because of their race/gender.",1,-1,[],[22934]],["the sensitive attribute information is used for decision making, resulting in disparate treatment",1,-1,[["the sensitive attribute information is used for decision making, resulting in disparate treatment",1],["the sensitive attribute information is used for decision making, resulting in disparate treatment.",1]],[6729]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disparate impact",2,9007,[],[6729,7068]],["disparate mistreatment",1,3447,[],[6729]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discriminatory conduct",1,-1,[],[22934]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["normative biases affect the ecological/external validity of research, and are problematic for type II research (section 2.1), since research results may depend on the particular norms of each platform.",1,-1,[],[41206]],["we need to account for how users are expected to write in a site, which would be different, e.g., in a job search vs. an anonymous discussion site.",1,-1,[],[41206]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Data bias",1,683,[],[41206]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["One predominant type of faithfulness error",1,-1,[],[18395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["faithfulness error",1,31238,[],[18395]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is an illusory border created for the viewer as a visual feature.",1,-1,[],[31588]]],"sy":[["subjective contour",1,-1,[],[31588]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["The rapid and widespread nature of social media allows for the potential dissemination of symbolic violence discourse, which can adversely affect teenagers' growth and welfare.",1,-1,[],[50338]],["This imposition is often 'subtle and disguised but…effective in its impact and seen as legitimate'",1,-1,[],[2731]],["This imposition is often 'subtle and disguised but…effective in its impact and seen as legitimate' (See Morgan & Björkert, 2006, p.444).",1,-1,[],[2731]],["acts of symbolic violence such as degrading comments and evaluations from peers and educators about how their bodies were inadequate",1,-1,[],[2731]],["as subjects who act within and through language, we know the world only through a founding act of symbolic violence, the imposition of order upon a world in flux. That is, we see the world as ordered, where we can distinguish one object from the next because they belong to different categories.",1,-1,[],[19384]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["teumeureka",1,-1,[],[37696]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Value dams",1,12576,[],[25126]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[50379]],["información periodística",1,-1,[],[50379]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["hate incidents that include online communication will be addressed under the umbrella term 'cyber-victimisation' in this paper.",1,-1,[],[19832]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["continuation of traditional crimes using electronic communication (cyber-enabled)",1,-1,[],[19832]],["online offences (cyber dependent)",1,-1,[],[19832]],["pure online offences (cyber dependent)",1,-1,[],[19832]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This doctrine, which has been applied to collective human rights, has many flaws and, as such, has proved beneficial to developed nations and detrimental to vulnerable and less endowed nations.",1,-1,[],[60047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse of the market",1,-1,[],[45454]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["realistic threats",1,19340,[],[8450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Factual hallucinations may be composed of intrinsic hallucinations or extrinsic hallucinations.",1,-1,[],[11400]],["In the summarization task, this kind of hallucination could lead to better summaries.",1,-1,[],[7470]],["These factual hallucinations can be beneficial in a summary by providing useful background information.",1,-1,[],[11821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-factual hallucinations",1,5314,[],[11821]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hallucination",2,4995,[["hallucination",2],["hallucinations",1]],[11401,11821]],["Extrinsic Error",1,34624,[],[15681]],["hallucinated",1,17698,[],[11821]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["go back to the political philosophy of Charles Taylor (1992)",1,-1,[],[25829]]],"sy":[["struggle for recognition",1,31697,[],[25829]]],"rt":[["struggle for recognition",1,31697,[],[25829]],["transnational references",1,-1,[],[25829]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["racial slur",1,4311,[],[18524]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This involves the demand that vaccination should be 100% safe, and because absolute safety cannot be promised, vaccines are flawed and dangerous.",1,-1,[],[3884]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["FLICC taxonomy",1,15010,[],[35777]],["techniques of science denial",1,-1,[],[35777]]],"ex":[["the demand that vaccination should be 100% safe, and because absolute safety cannot be promised, vaccines are flawed and dangerous.",1,-1,[],[3884]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["economic migrants",1,10712,[],[42890]],["migrants",1,12170,[],[826]],["refugees",1,4987,[],[42890]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["The communicative components include educating students to be responsible for their information behaviour, a negative attitude towards creating fake news, and a responsible attitude towards disseminating news in general.",1,-1,[],[58591]],["The psychological components of the educational program involve learning the methods used by the creators of fake news to increase their influence on users and their decisions and manipulate user behaviour in general (increased emotional colouring of texts, NLP tools).",1,-1,[],[58591]],["The technical components aim to form a general understanding of different information platforms and their algorithms and technical means of verifying information.",1,-1,[],[58591]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["A deproblematizing frame that acts as a counter-frame, on the other hand, decreases the problematizing nature of the definition and shifts attention to a collective responsibility.",1,-1,[],[4583]],["Deproblematizing frames then act as counter-frames to the dominant, problematizing framing.",1,-1,[],[4584]],["Especially deproblematizing frames could mitigate the disadvantages of problematization, such as stigmatization and a fatalistic view of a possible solution to an issue.",1,-1,[],[4584]],["decreases the problematizing nature of the definition and shifts attention to a collective responsibility.",1,-1,[],[4583]],["deproblematization does not necessarily mean that something is not problematic in a normative sense.",1,-1,[],[4584]],["deproblematizing frames affected people with and without a personal history of living in poverty differently",1,-1,[],[4583]],["deproblematizing frames can produce powerful effects when applied in isolation in a message",1,-1,[],[4583]],["deproblematizing frames represent unexpected approaches to a global society",1,-1,[],[4583]],["represent unexpected approaches to a global society",1,-1,[],[4583]],["the applied combination of frames led to an increase in a societal responsibility for poverty and a decrease in individual responsibility",1,-1,[],[4583]]],"sy":[["counter-frames",1,23503,[],[51465]]],"rt":[["collective responsibility",1,27608,[],[4583]],["counter-frame",1,23503,[["counter-frame",1],["counter-frames",1]],[4583,4584]],["problematizing frame",1,24209,[],[4583]],["problematizing framing",1,23397,[],[4584]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[4584]],["framing",1,22777,[],[51465]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[4583]]],"ex":[["Poverty can be seen as a sign of detachment from the material world, or from a consumer society.",1,-1,[],[4584]],["growing up in poverty may be perceived as a school for learning how to deal with setbacks, how to stand up for oneself, and how to develop one's talents.",1,-1,[],[4584]],["poverty is a school for learning",1,-1,[],[51465]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Offensive",1,10180,[],[23867]],["Offensive language",1,31626,[],[23867]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Morris's (2004) study of elementary schools in St. Louis and New Orleans. These sites were used as examples of successful all-Black schools that contradict the contemporary negative view of urban schools and students.",1,-1,[],[33420]]]},{"nd":22,"df":[["consists in making an impression of refuting an argument of the opponent's proposition, whereas the real subject of the argument was not addressed or refuted, but instead replaced with a false one.",2,-1,[],[37247,57450]]],"de":[["It is often done by attributing a stance to opponents, who do not share it.",1,-1,[],[43763]],["It usually boils down to attributing to an opponent a position the opponent does not share.",1,-1,[],[43763]],["One who engages in this fallacy is said to be \"attacking a straw man\".",1,-1,[],[29183]],["Weston (2018, p. 78) specifies the characteristics of the substituted proposition: \"caricaturing an opposing view so that it is easy to refute.\"",1,-1,[],[59180]],["caricaturing an opposing view so that it is easy to refute",1,-1,[["caricaturing an opposing view so that it is easy to refute",1],["caricaturing an opposing view so that it is easy to refute.",1]],[59180]],["misrepresenting someone's opinion",1,-1,[],[22535]],["the construction of a straw man, whereby invited experts attribute elements to 'the enemy' based on a distorted version of what these theories mean.",1,-1,[],[28515]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Distraction",1,28386,[],[57450]],["Manipulation",1,148,[],[43763]],["fallacies",1,6405,[],[36395]],["fallacies from diversion",1,27814,[],[36395]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[22535]],["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[55999]]],"ex":[["\"Take it seriously, but with a large grain of salt.\" Which is just Allen's more nuanced way of saying: \"Don't believe it.\"",1,-1,[],[59180]],["Code-switched example: \"Aurat march is trash as rather than helping women who actually needs helps all they talk about is nanga honei do, lesbian honei dou\" English translation: \"Aurat march is trash as rather than helping women who actually needs helps all they talk about is let us naked, let us be lesbians\"",1,-1,[],[29183]],["Don't believe it.",1,-1,[],[59180]],["English example: \"Claiming that all vegans are opposed to all forms of animal captivity, including pet ownership.\"",1,-1,[],[29183]],["His opinion is: \"Take it seriously, but with a large grain of salt.\" Which is just Allen's more nuanced way of saying: \"Don't believe it.\"",1,-1,[],[55999]],["Since you criticize Russia's actions, that means you are Russophobic.",1,-1,[],[43763]],["Zebedee: What is your view on the Christian God? Mike: I don't believe in any gods, including the Christian one. Zebedee: So you think that we are here by accident, and all this design in nature is pure chance, and the universe just created itself? Mike: You got all that from me stating that I just don't believe in any gods?",1,-1,[],[56132]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[59651]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["So, although cookies and their accompanying technology web-bugs can be considered as spyware, malware and spam, they are not categorized as such. The main reason for this is that their utility has been portrayed as legitimate and vital for the web's business model.",1,-1,[],[14901]],["The definition of spyware, as Laura DeNardis (2007) argues, is disputed among software developers and marketing companies who do not think their technologies should be categorized as such.",1,-1,[],[14901]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["malware",1,-1,[],[14901]],["spam",1,30454,[],[14901]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cookies and their accompanying technology web-bugs can be considered as spyware, malware and spam",1,-1,[],[14901]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Automated content methods can also estimate the location of actors in policy space, or produce a scaling.",1,-1,[],[5650]],["This ranges from classifying documents-either into existing or yet to be determined categories-or scaling political actors into policy space.",1,-1,[],[5650]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["natural language processing tools",1,-1,[],[5650]]],"sb":[["supervised classification methods",1,-1,[],[5650]],["unsupervised classification and scaling methods",1,-1,[],[5650]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The script portrays an ideal of nursing that is not entirely illusory but rather a one-sided abstraction from the complex reality of nursing",1,-1,[],[37854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["a precaução é chamada quando não há conhecimento dos danos ou não certeza de sua ocorrência e alcance de impacto.",1,-1,[],[13516]],["enquanto a prevenção é um assunto de especialistas confiado em seus saberes, a precaução é um assunto que compete à sociedade em seu conjunto e deve ser gestionado em seu seio para orientar a tomada de decisões políticas sobre assuntos de relevância fundamental",1,-1,[],[13516]],["indica que os riscos servem, de forma concreta, mesmo que ainda não comprovados, de alerta para que a sociedade tome novas posturas em relação à crise ambiental",1,-1,[],[13516]],["um dos pressupostos que orientam a prática qualificada na área de meio ambiente defendida por nosso grupo de pesquisa.",1,-1,[],[13516]],["é um aspecto relevante quando falamos de MCs, considerando as incertezas científicas e sua ameaça ao futuro",1,-1,[],[13516]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["comunicação de riscos",1,-1,[],[13516]],["prevenção",1,-1,[],[13516]],["riscos ambientais",1,-1,[],[13516]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, saying joyful, super, achieve or weak, foolish, hectic have strongly positive and negative connotations respectively.",1,-1,[],[60946]],["joyful, super, achieve or weak, foolish, hectic",1,-1,[],[60946]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["aligning with calls for 'inclusive approaches' and 'grassroots mobilisation' within Jordan's evolving climate action framework",1,-1,[],[54508]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["apparently",1,-1,[],[44394]],["clearly",1,-1,[],[44394]],["obviously",1,-1,[],[44394]],["presumably",1,-1,[],[44394]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["undermines democracy by distorting how the public interprets and understands information about important societal issues",1,-1,[],[41710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This mechanism allows people to inform the service that a particular piece of content or behavior is unwanted for various reasons, such as being hateful or abusive, violent, sexual, harmful, infringing copyright, and etc.",1,-1,[],[14839]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["intervention by professionals",1,-1,[],[9115]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are more common in areas like literature, ethics, or social sciences, where answers can vary based on individual reasoning or experiences.",1,-1,[],[41389]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A frame is then a perspective from which a policy problem can be made sense of and acted upon",1,-1,[],[25064]],["A frame is then a perspective from which a policy problem can be made sense of and acted upon (Rein and Schön 1991: 265).",1,-1,[],[25064]],["Framing is then the process of how a policy debate is defined and understood (Dudley and Richardson 1999: 226).",1,-1,[],[25064]],["Framing is then the process of how a policy debate is defined and understood (Dudley and Richardson 1999: 226). From this perspective frames are seen as the building blocks that construct a policy debate, rather than an emphasis in communication as in Entman's definition. A frame is then a perspective from which a policy problem can be made sense of and acted upon (Rein and Schön 1991: 265).",1,-1,[],[25064]],["From this perspective frames are seen as the building blocks that construct a policy debate, rather than an emphasis in communication as in Entman's definition.",1,-1,[],[25064]],["In this way, frames are both seen as tools of political actors to obtain a certain outcome and as societal forces structuring policy and how interests mobilize.",1,-1,[],[25064]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[25064]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such code provides instructions on exemplary conduct and specifies the general set of values so that the conduct of the relevant individuals corresponds to ethical and moral principles",1,-1,[],[60489]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["Any website directly related to or directly promoting the political campaign of a presidential candidate or public servant.",2,-1,[["Any website directly related to or directly promoting the political campaign of a presidential candidate or public servant.",1],["any website directly related to or directly promoting the political campaign of a presidential candidate or public servant",1]],[30660,34725]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Legitimacy",1,19405,[],[55030]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[15761]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[15761]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["expert-led efforts",1,34719,[],[56594]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Social media is banging on about the MOBO Awards again. When will we see awards for Music of WHITE Origin? #MeToo is going to be a good thing. But before we get too excited, are we willing to put up with the consequences?",1,-1,[],[60938]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["se caracterizaría por un mayor espacio dedicado a los reportajes sobre la vida cotidiana, en el uso de un tono menos tolerante hacia las autoridades, y en un uso más común del factor psicológico para la interpretación de la realidad (especialmente en el periodismo político)",1,-1,[],[21979]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["is not something subsidiary or superficial to the \"content\", or populist \"ideology\", but rather the constitutive feature that makes any ideological worldview possible",1,-1,[],[35749]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalism",1,34243,[],[9322]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["When a journalist gives a speech or writes a tweet, it is not journalism",1,-1,[],[9322]],["when a minister's letter appears in a newspaper, it is also not journalism",1,-1,[],[9322]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Conceptually, images are easier to understand and recall, while perceptually, their rich detail engages multiple cognitive pathways, making them particularly memorable.",1,-1,[],[28760]],["underscores the potent influence of images in memory retention and behavior shaping",1,-1,[],[28760]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["flesh witnessing",1,32828,[],[29720]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Sources",1,17898,[],[61693]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Debate is developing within what has been termed the rhetorical arena (Frandsen and Johansen, 2017)",1,-1,[],[56273]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Formal ideology is used mainly for justifying the communist rule to the party itself",1,-1,[],[18330]],["Formal ideology signals two primary messages: (1) an ex post facto justification of the CCP's rule and (2) establishing ideological orthodoxy and a leader's credentials.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["However, as formal ideology closely links with power, it can also cause problems: when it is a manifestation of factional positioning, it can lead to fissures in the party.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["Previously, formal ideology was not produced for the consumption of the masses, but it is increasingly produced for that purpose today.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["The promotion of formal ideology employs a series of institutionalized channels, such as party newspapers and journals, documents, school training, study groups, and meeting amongst others.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["formal ideology also establishes ideological orthodoxy and a leader's credentials.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["formal ideology and informal ideology play roles in maintaining party cohesion and popular legitimacy respectively.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["formal ideology has already become very ineffective in persuading the mass.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["formal ideology is produced for justifying the CCP's existence to itself i.e. a kind of selfjustification",1,-1,[],[18330]],["formal ideology may be out of touch with informal ideology and social values.",1,-1,[],[18330]],["unlike formal ideology that consists of a coherent value system",1,-1,[],[18330]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communist language",1,-1,[],[18330]],["communist rule",1,-1,[],[18330]],["informal ideological discourse",1,761,[],[18329]],["informal ideologies",1,13282,[["informal ideologies",1],["informal ideology",1]],[18329,18330]],["selfjustification",1,-1,[],[18330]]],"sb":[["Hu Jintao's Scientific Outlook of Development",1,-1,[],[18330]],["Jiang Zemin's Three Represents",1,-1,[],[18330]],["Zhao Ziyang's primary stage of socialism",1,-1,[],[18330]]],"sp":[["ideology",1,8315,[],[18330]]],"ex":[["Deng Xiaoping Theory",1,-1,[],[18329]],["Hu Jintao's Scientific Outlook of Development",1,-1,[],[18330]],["Jiang Zemin's Three Represents",1,-1,[],[18330]],["Mao Zedong Thought",1,-1,[],[18329]],["Marxism-Leninism",1,-1,[],[18329]],["Scientific Outlook of Development",1,-1,[],[18329]],["Three Represents",1,-1,[],[18329]],["Zhao Ziyang's primary stage of socialism",1,-1,[],[18330]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Die Intention des Handelns ist in dieser Form der Skandale durch eine Wiederholung der skandalisierten Handlung und / oder durch eine Verstärkung der Grenzüberschreitung durch den skandalisierten Akteur erkennbar.",1,-1,[],[21221]]],"sy":[["intendierte Selbstskandalisierung",1,32206,[],[21221]]],"rt":[["Medialisierte Politskandale",1,-1,[],[21221]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While in origin a neutral term for social justice activists, it has been memified and circulates especially in the alt-right discussions.",1,-1,[],[41100]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The motive of this type of information is to make it harder for the reader to distinguish true from false information, and make them believe in the false version of the information",1,-1,[],[19209]],["This is different from information that may vary by someone's own opinion, e.g., their opinion about a particular product on Amazon.",1,-1,[],[19209]],["it tends to be longer, generates more disbelief and confusion during discussions, is created by newer and less experienced accounts that are tightly connected to each other, spreads deeper and faster in one and across multiple platforms, and gets deleted when debunking information spreads.",1,-1,[],[19209]]],"sy":[["fake reviews",1,29609,[],[19209]],["false news and hoaxes",1,-1,[],[19209]]],"rt":[["Opinion-based false information",1,6922,[],[19209]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[19209]]],"sb":[["fabricated hoaxes",1,-1,[],[19209]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[19209]],["hoaxes",1,13150,[],[19209]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[19209]]],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[19209]]],"ex":[["This type of false information includes fake news, rumors, and fabricated hoaxes.",1,-1,[],[19209]],["fabricated hoaxes",1,-1,[],[19209]],["fake news",1,-1,[],[19209]],["fake news, rumors, and fabricated hoaxes.",1,-1,[],[19209]],["rumors",1,-1,[],[19209]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["arising from the same folk process that generates serious rumours and legends",1,-1,[],[58719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Mental health is also framed as an individual issue through patient/consumer/lifestyle, experience, and celebrity frames.",1,-1,[],[32021]],["News texts provide the audience with tips and tricks to optimise their mental health (patient/consumer/lifestyle frame).",1,-1,[],[32021]],["Therefore, the text is usually organised around how individuals first notice their mental health problems and learn to live with or resolve them. While medical experts can provide knowledge or advice, the individual is the agent of action, and the journalist often takes on the adviser role. This frame is associated with service journalism and neoliberalism, focusing on the individual rather than external factors such as society and democratic processes",1,-1,[],[32021]],["While medical experts can provide knowledge or advice, the individual is the agent of action, and the journalist often takes on the adviser role. This frame is associated with service journalism and neoliberalism, focusing on the individual rather than external factors such as society and democratic processes",1,-1,[],[32021]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[32021]],["individual issue",1,1037,[],[32021]],["narrative frames",1,32804,[],[32021]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a headline proclaiming that a \"Madrid hospital opens its doors to children's dogs.\" The phrase suggests that dogs are now generally allowed inside the hospital. Only within the article does the outlet specify that visits are tightly restricted to one hour per week, under strict safety and hygiene conditions.",1,-1,[],[45132]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Research has shown that media content can differentially activate these foundations, leading to shifts in moral attitudes and behaviors",1,-1,[],[35739]],["The theory has been criticised by some for its claim of innateness and its choice of factors, which has been described as \"contrived\" (Suhler and Churchland, 2011).",1,-1,[],[19736]],["The theory suggests that there are five basic moral values which underlie human moral perspectives, emerging from evolutionary, social, and cultural origins.",1,-1,[],[49134]],["We draw upon moral foundations theory (Graham et al., 2013) to provide a nuanced understanding of the multidimensional nature of moral character.",1,-1,[],[35739]],["a valuable framework for understanding moral reasoning",1,-1,[],[50260]],["moral labels based on the Moral Foundation Theory (non-moral, care, harm, fairness, cheating, authority, subversion, loyalty, betrayal, sanctity, degradation)",1,-1,[],[49122]],["provides a practical, high-level understanding of moral judgments in our study's context",1,-1,[],[50260]]],"sy":[["MFT",1,1911,[],[50260]]],"rt":[["Moral Foundations Dictionary",1,28422,[],[19736]],["Moral Foundations Questionnaire",1,-1,[],[19736]],["authority/respect",1,-1,[],[37453]],["care",1,32209,[],[37453]],["fairness/proportionality",1,-1,[],[37453]],["loyalty/ingroup",1,-1,[],[37453]],["moral character",1,-1,[],[35739]],["moral reasoning",1,25963,[],[50260]],["moral values",1,3284,[],[49122]],["morality",1,10813,[],[59963]],["sanctity/purity",1,-1,[],[37453]]],"sb":[["Care/Harm",4,15622,[["Care/Harm",3],["care-harm",1]],[19736,49123,49134,59963]],["Authority/Subversion",3,34729,[["Authority/Subversion",2],["authority-subversion",1]],[49123,49134,59963]],["Fairness/Cheating",3,3837,[["Fairness/Cheating",2],["fairness-cheating",1]],[49123,49134,59963]],["Loyalty/Betrayal",3,16499,[["Loyalty/Betrayal",2],["loyalty-betrayal",1]],[49123,49134,59963]],["Purity/Degradation",3,1866,[["Purity/Degradation",2],["purity-degradation",1]],[49123,49134,59963]],["Authority",1,14203,[],[50260]],["Authority/Respect",1,-1,[],[19736]],["Care",1,32209,[],[50260]],["Equality",1,28787,[],[50260]],["Fairness/Reciprocity",1,-1,[],[19736]],["Ingroup/Loyalty",1,-1,[],[19736]],["Loyalty",1,18797,[],[50260]],["Non-moral",1,30701,[],[49134]],["Proportionality",1,25127,[],[50260]],["Purity",1,9430,[],[50260]],["Purity/Sanctity",1,-1,[],[19736]],["moral foundations (MF)",1,6005,[],[49134]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["exposure to media that emphasizes the care foundation, such as stories of compassion and nurturing, has been found to increase prosocial behavior and empathy",1,-1,[],[35739]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["causation fallacy",1,-1,[],[33185]],["fallacies related to argumentation",1,-1,[],[33185]],["informal fallacies",1,-1,[],[33185]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["duanzi",1,14129,[],[32436]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Responsibility",1,1758,[],[59620]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["deep fakes",1,-1,[],[17725]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["A esfera pública não pode ser concebida como uma instituição e certamente não como uma organização. (...) [Ela] pode melhor ser descrita como uma rede para a comunicação de informações e pontos de vista",1,-1,[],[7875]],["A esfera pública se distingue como uma estrutura comunicacional que está relacionada a um terceiro aspecto da ação comunicativa: não se refere nem às funções nem ao conteúdo da comunicação de todo dia mas ao «espaço social» gerado pela comunicação",1,-1,[],[7875]],["materialidade histórica",1,-1,[],[7875]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["child marriage",1,14618,[],[46324]],["forced marriage",1,4753,[],[46324]],["genital cutting",1,-1,[],[46324]],["harassment",1,30286,[],[46324]],["human trafficking",1,-1,[],[46324]],["intimate partner and family violence",1,-1,[],[46324]],["sexual violence",1,5266,[],[46324]],["stalking",1,27391,[],[46324]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["constituency service",1,-1,[],[3992]]],"rt":[["advocate",1,8691,[],[3992]],["benefactor",1,-1,[],[3992]],["information provider",1,-1,[],[3992]],["powerful friend",1,-1,[],[3992]],["promoter of constituency interest",1,-1,[],[3992]],["safety valve",1,-1,[],[3992]]],"sb":[["local promoters",1,15933,[],[3992]],["welfare officers",1,-1,[],[3992]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the study of visual motifs lies in the core of the article's methodology, given that in order to group and analyse all the front page photographs, we have focused on elements of repetition and difference between them, in order to find when, why and how an isolated image becomes a recurrent motif with its own themes and variations",1,-1,[],[27036]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)",1,14340,[],[19111]],["Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR)",1,1718,[],[19111]],["Long Term versus Short Term Orientation (LTO)",1,11373,[],[19111]],["Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)",1,11968,[],[19111]],["Power Distance (PDI)",1,12389,[],[19111]],["Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)",1,3853,[],[19111]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["''Climate change'' suggests non-human (natural) agency as the driver for warming, while ''global warming'' positions human activities as the main cause (and comic ''cure'') of rising surface temperatures and their effects (Bolstad, 2007).",1,-1,[],[4861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["climate change",1,12341,[],[4861]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["dialogical consensual communication",1,24663,[],[8577]],["strategic (one-way) consensual persuasion",1,18011,[],[8577]]],"sp":[["Organized Persuasive Communication",1,2867,[],[8577]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["group libel",1,2114,[],[671]],["hate propaganda",1,817,[],[671]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The NS \"trophy wife\" is a result of the conceptual integration of two sources: a specific thing -a \"trophy\", which is a prize received by the winner for the achievement in competitions or hunt, and a \"wife\" -a married woman considered in relation to her husband.",1,-1,[],[38356]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are the tangible residue of all the genetic and experiential influences that have been retained and then incorporated for future guidance.",1,-1,[],[24670]],["inertial psychological and physiological set-points that serve as baselines for behaviors and attitudes",1,-1,[],[24670]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These actors decide which cultural monuments, pieces of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, cultural and memory institutions, creative creators or artists will be supported, made visible and therefore made available to the media.",1,-1,[],[26263]],["play a significant role in what, and if anything, comes to the attention of journalists.",1,-1,[],[26263]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["escándalo público",1,31097,[],[15957]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Akteure des Skandalpublikums sind stets dadurch definiert, dass sie nicht unmittelbar am Skandalgeschehen beteiligt sind. In medialisierten Skandalen ist das Skandalpublikum, im Gegensatz zu lokalen Skandalen, äußerst groß und zunehmend heterogener.",1,-1,[],[21302]],["Das Elektorat war gleichzeitig Skandalpublikum und hatte durch Leserbriefe und öffentliche Bekundungen ebenfalls die Möglichkeit, sich mit einem Mindestmaß am Diskurs zu beteiligen.",1,-1,[],[21302]],["Das Skandalpublikum hat, wie im herkömmlichen medialisierten Skandal, die Möglichkeit, sich an der Skandalisierung zu beteiligen.",1,-1,[],[21302]],["Im Skandalpublikum sind sämtliche anderen Akteure inkludiert, die den Skandalverlauf verfolgen.",1,-1,[],[21302]],["im Gegensatz zu lokalen Skandalen, äußerst groß und zunehmend heterogener.",1,-1,[],[21302]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Skandalisierer",1,19098,[],[21302]],["Skandalisierte",1,335,[],[21302]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The cognitive basis of surprise is unexpectedness",1,-1,[],[54268]]],"sy":[["Oddity",1,-1,[],[52938]],["Surprise",1,13760,[],[52938]],["The Unusual",1,-1,[],[52938]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news factors",1,9995,[],[37340]],["parameters of newsworthiness",1,14257,[],[61817]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The management of visibilities is a social enterprise whose output is a field of interactions created by the acts that draw cones (from few to many or from many to few) and vectors (from one to one or from many to many) of visibility, defining the reciprocal constitutions of subjects through their positioning within a field of visibility symmetries and asymmetries",1,-1,[],[56537]],["separates incidence from detection, public circulation, and normative thresholds.",1,-1,[],[30583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["regimes of (in)visibility",1,185,[],[56537]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["semantic conflicts",1,25965,[],[18472]]],"rt":[["semantic conflicts",1,25965,[],[18472]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["One of the article's theoretical contributions is to use this notion to illuminate how asymmetries of audibility, acknowledgement, and uptake are reproduced within formally inclusive orders. Being heard may function less as a neutral procedural guarantee than as a socially mediated gift, one that can be granted, withheld, staged, or monopolised.",1,-1,[],[32256]],["The concept of discursive potlatch is intended to illuminate the relation between the economy of attention, the production of silence, and the struggle for discursive dignity that increasingly accompanies contemporary populist mobilisation.",1,-1,[],[32256]],["What is at stake is a subtler economy of prestige, dependence, and symbolic advantage that structures both the withholding and the granting of discursive access.",1,-1,[],[32256]],["discursive potlatch is not merely a metaphor for unequal recognition, but a useful analytic for understanding how asymmetrical distributions of audibility recur across legal discourse, informal counter-publics, post-socialist transformation, and contemporary digital cultures.",1,-1,[],[32256]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-elitist political articulation",1,-1,[],[32256]],["asymmetrical economy of hearing and acknowledgement",1,-1,[],[32256]],["communicative-discursive humiliation",1,24568,[],[32256]],["influencer culture",1,-1,[],[32256]],["informal counter-publics",1,-1,[],[32256]],["legal discourse",1,-1,[],[32256]],["post-socialist transformation",1,-1,[],[32256]],["resentment",1,8745,[],[32256]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["legal discourse, informal counter-publics, post-socialist transformation, and contemporary digital cultures",1,-1,[],[32256]],["legal discourse, informal counter-publics, post-socialist transformation, and influencer culture",1,-1,[],[32256]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["including negative mentions of Ursula von der Leyen, Brussels or other symbols of the EC and EU institutions",1,-1,[],[47297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By observing others' behaviour in the past, one can fairly confidently predict their behaviour in the future without incurring further costs",1,-1,[],[24015]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["predictability",1,24267,[],[24015]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Information channeling",1,29184,[],[6497]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reporting speech event",1,30693,[],[61470]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such engagement resulting from provocation must urge the individual to take 'immediate' action.",1,-1,[],[27530]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Criticism and non-acceptance of the vices rejected by the community (in the example below -cruel treatment of the weak and defenseless, greed, ruthlessness) often become such ethical arguments. Direct accusation is perceived with suspicion and is not effective, so the above tactics are often accompanied by moralization.",1,-1,[],[47781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["negative qualification of the past",1,9441,[],[47781]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["emotion and reason are inextricably linked",1,-1,[],[25049]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Through its involvement in ecological systems, society has disrupted natural relations in ways that have made a human presence necessary to uphold stability in many ecosystems. These disruptions have created a position of responsibility that, according to the ecosystem discourse, must now be fulfilled to avoid ecological disasters. To uphold the balance within nature and to secure biodiversity, human society needs to make use of the knowledge it has acquired to become a responsible caretaker.",1,-1,[],[4917]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["scientific discourse",1,-1,[],[4917]],["scientific knowledge",1,-1,[],[4917]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["environmental discourse",1,14002,[["environmental discourse",1],["environmental discourses",1]],[56842]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Equibalance behavior means not a closure in the shell, but an active resistance to the destructive barriers, to the objective circumstances striving to disturb it.",1,-1,[],[30937]],["Only slow information behavior has the potential to revise and to balance quite a lot of objective and subjective states that already disbalance the information equilibrium and threaten the information health of the individual",1,-1,[],[30937]],["The maintaining of an information equilibrium means that man can normally perform his role of a source or of a recipient in the information systems and of a relaxed user in constantly changing information situations.",1,-1,[],[30937]],["To find the balance means to be discovered subjectively the necessary boundaries beyond which the person loses his integrity.",1,-1,[],[30937]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information health",1,-1,[],[30937]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["conteúdo \"atrativo para alguns porque se encaixam nos seus compromissos ideológicos ou políticos mais amplos\"",1,-1,[],[33660]],["estratégias políticas cuja verdadeira função é promover uma agenda política",1,-1,[],[33660]],["teorias de conspiração, que segmentam a população",1,-1,[],[33660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["group identity",1,6855,[],[52843]],["shaping of personal identities",1,-1,[],[52843]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["being exposed to OHS targeting an individual with whom the bystander shares the targeted group characteristic",1,-1,[],[58314]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bystanders",1,32433,[],[58314]],["perpetrators",1,31750,[],[58314]],["victims",1,11544,[],[58314]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bystander",1,32433,[],[58314]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[58098]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[58098]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":74,"df":[["malicious accounts created for the purpose of manipulation",2,-1,[],[989,20132]]],"de":[["A influência digital do troll vem tanto da fascinação que a quebra de tabus exerce sobre parte dos usuários -pela qual Bolsonaro ganhou a alcunha de \"mito\" -quanto dos engajamentos negativos por parte daqueles que se sentem ofendidos: nas mídias sociais, o velho adágio \"falem mal, mas falem de mim\" adquire uma outra dimensão, inclusive algorítmica",1,-1,[],[7844]],["Attacking a perceived enemy by any means forms their only purpose in cyberspace.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Constantly harassing people who align with an opposite ideology, trolls negate the spirit of democracy.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Political trolls operate through social divides. They support and promote fake news stories that they ideologically align with.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Que utilizan discurso agresivo y violentan a personajes públicos o bloquean cualquier forma de diálogo.",1,-1,[],[49619]],["Such paid commentators are referred to as trolls",1,-1,[],[34472]],["Targeting public figures to undermine their public visibility, trolls can take drastic measures if they do not like an idea that one holds.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["That is how trolls turn fake news into truth for ordinary social media users.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["The term troll is used in great extend by the Web community and refers to users that aim to do things to annoy or disrupt other users, usually for their own personal amusement.",1,-1,[],[7032]],["The trolling effect sparks people's inner negative emotions (e.g., anger and fear), leading to mistrust and irrational behaviour",1,-1,[],[726]],["They launch disinformation attacks in the form of entertainment or hate speech publications, with the aim of destabilizing discussions, misleading other participants, and tarnishing the reputation of companies. Trolls generate up to 12 times more content, often using colloquial language and profanity, and they respond to almost every comment that references their statements",1,-1,[],[42776]],["They work with the aim of stimulating people's feelings or beliefs and hindering mature discussions.",1,-1,[],[44025]],["This research found home-grown varieties of trolls in India",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Trolling behaviors are highly affected by people's mood and the context of online discussions, which enables the easy dissemination of fake news among otherwise \"normal\" online communities",1,-1,[],[6806]],["Trolling can include \"mischievous activities where the intent is not necessarily to cause distress\" 10 or it can seek to \"ruin the reputation of individuals and organizations and reveal embarrassing or personal information.\" 11 In practice, however, trolling has grown to serve as an umbrella term which encompasses a wide variety of asocial internet behaviors.",1,-1,[],[16707]],["Trolls are often vicious in their comments and get other regular users to be wicked, too, making cruelty and disinformation a normal part of the online experience.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Trolls are, almost by definition, engaging in polarizing behavior as they seek to foment discord and cause emotional distress.",1,-1,[],[12627]],["Trolls enable the easy dissemination of fake news among otherwise normal online communities.",1,-1,[],[333]],["Trolls insult and name-call their opponents.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Trolls perpetuate fake news. It is their primary mechanism to sustain false information.",1,-1,[],[41873]],["Trolls post inflammatory messages to sow discord and cause reactions",1,-1,[],[12627]],["Trolls, real human users who aim to disrupt online communities and provoke consumers into an emotional response, are also playing an important role in spreading fake news on social media.",1,-1,[],[6806]],["can assume the role of unseen actors in support of maintain the target's engagement",1,-1,[],[55192]],["non-democratic governments allegedly hire online commentators to spread speculation, propaganda, and disinformation so as to push agendas and manipulate public opinion [28,35].",1,-1,[],[34472]],["social bots and trolls (malicious accounts)",1,-1,[],[5445]],["they are so many accounts that are trolls account control by human beings also meant to spread malicious and distorted information.",1,-1,[],[5445]],["they are used in the 'information war' of the periodicals to enhance the negative context",1,-1,[],[26768]],["use the hashtag #VaccinateUS and spread pro-and anti-vaccination messages, often with the apparent aim of encouraging people to believe that the medical community is divided",1,-1,[],[23943]]],"sy":[["Internet troll",1,17165,[],[36560]],["Malicious users",1,22471,[],[255]],["a person engaging in \"negatively marked online behavior\" [37]",1,-1,[],[21672]],["someone who \"intentionally disrupts online communities\" [77]",1,-1,[],[21672]],["troll",1,4949,[],[7032]]],"rt":[["Bots",4,27271,[["Bots",2],["bots",2]],[12627,27602,55192,58565]],["Sockpuppets",2,18,[["Sockpuppets",1],["sockpuppets",1]],[116,58565]],["social bots",2,20136,[],[5445,5546]],["information war",1,15478,[],[26768]]],"sb":[["Political trolls",1,-1,[],[41873]],["automated actors (\"bots\")",1,-1,[],[26716]],["cyborgs",1,14811,[],[26716]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[21672]],["griefing",1,-1,[],[21672]],["human actors",1,-1,[],[26716]],["humans using algorithmic mechanisms to spread disinformation (\"cyborgs\")",1,-1,[],[26716]],["personal attacks",1,8185,[],[21672]],["robo-trolls",1,23646,[],[40374]],["swearing",1,10148,[],[21672]]],"sp":[["Malicious accounts",3,5285,[["Malicious accounts",1],["malicious account",1],["malicious accounts",1]],[333,726,20653]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[1538]],["sockpuppet",1,18,[],[116]]],"ex":[["1,000 paid Russian trolls were disseminating fake news on Hillary Clinton",1,-1,[],[726]],["For example, by posting racist or sexist content for the purpose of enraging liberals, trolls may feed into narratives about the rise of online hate speech in the Trump era, contributing to a climate of fear and affective polarization, and spreading divisive narratives",1,-1,[],[12627]],["Zannettou et al. [55] confirmed how effectively the Russian troll army has been spreading fake news URLs on Twitter and its significant impact on making other Twitter users believe misleading information.",1,-1,[],[44025]],["posting provocative or off-topic messages in order to disrupt the normal operation or flow of discussion of a website and its users.",1,-1,[],[7032]],["the Russian troll army has been active in social media to advance its political agenda and cause social turmoil in the US",1,-1,[],[44025]],["there were 1,000 paid Russian trolls spreading fake news on Hillary Clinton",1,-1,[],[6806]],["use the hashtag #VaccinateUS",1,-1,[],[23943]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[10305]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Agon metaphors refer to all situations involving confrontation, winning a prize, asserting oneself in the ranks of a team, defeating an opponent, etc.",1,-1,[],[33760]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["explanation and transparency",1,-1,[],[1110]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the Sub-Saharan African philosophy of ubuntu",1,-1,[],[9822]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["age",1,-1,[],[53708]],["apparent gender",1,-1,[],[53708]],["ethnicity",1,-1,[],[53708]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["line struggle",1,-1,[],[18334]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Offensive progressions in STOP are categorized by severity level, demographic, and sub-demographic.",1,-1,[],[32682]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["According to Graves (2016), fact-checking is instead all about deciding whether he or she are right or wrong. This goes beyond merely describing the world, as it entails interpretation and elaboration, selection of information sources that represent 'the truth,' against which the new information should be cross-examined, and a true/false verdict that necessitates journalists to give up a constructivist point of view that offers the option of 'objectively' presenting to audience competing notions of truths.",1,-1,[],[5388]],["It should be noted that fact-checks represent a relatively new journalistic genre that is to be distinguished from factual or spelling corrections of journalists' own work (e. g., rectification of mistakes in reporting published in the newspaper of the following day).",1,-1,[],[61160]],["Meta-analyses of the related literatures on corrective information and fact-checking find that they do generally increase the accuracy of people's beliefs and reduce belief in misperceptions, though these interventions do not fully offset the effect of exposure to misinformation and their effects may be reduced in conflictual political settings",1,-1,[],[10173]],["Moreover, fact-checks can be either confirming or disconfirming, meaning that their verdict can be either that the claim at hand is correct or that it is false.",1,-1,[],[61160]],["fact-checks are generally journalists' domain.",1,-1,[],[61160]],["fact-checks can be either confirming or disconfirming, meaning that their verdict can be either that the claim at hand is correct or that it is false.",1,-1,[],[61160]],["relatively widely read and associated with greater political knowledge",1,-1,[],[20171]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["correction",2,34305,[["correction",2],["corrections",1]],[5388,61160]],["corrective information",1,-1,[],[10173]],["verification",1,13930,[],[5388]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["fact-checkers might seek to debunk false or misleading claims to which people have been exposed after a political debate or presidential address.",1,-1,[],[10173]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Derogation includes representing or describing a group in extremely negative terms and expressing negative emotions about them.",1,-1,[],[11752]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Affiliation-directed abuse",1,1238,[],[11752]],["Identity-directed abuse",1,33939,[],[11752]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this excuse, Strache represents himself for the first time as an actor, albeit of a rather peculiar kind. By classifying his activities in a negatively evaluated way (\"impress the attractive host\" as a married man whose wife was not present, \"boastfully like a teenager\"), his narrated agent-role receives a negative image.",1,-1,[],[49682]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["could unconsciously bias recipients' perception of political messages and communicators and thus affect political opinion formation",1,-1,[],[56604]],["evaluation can be influenced by layout style",1,-1,[],[56604]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing",1,22777,[],[56604]],["priming",1,19875,[],[56604]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Layout style could, for instance, cause extreme political communicators to appear more moderate.",1,-1,[],[56604]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[35899]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Clausewitzian",1,-1,[],[4684]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Education does not force opinions and does not control the implementation of imposed attitudes; it provides a choice and may even retreat if the ideas and attitudes being broadcast are not accepted.",1,-1,[],[34187]],["Education does not force opinions and does not control the implementation of imposed attitudes; it provides a choice and may even retreat if the ideas and attitudes being broadcast are not accepted. Within the framework of education, various forms of communication are available, including interactive methods like discussions and debates. The key element in education is the recipient of information, the one who is being educated.",1,-1,[],[34187]],["The key element in education is the recipient of information, the one who is being educated.",1,-1,[],[34187]],["Within the framework of education, various forms of communication are available, including interactive methods like discussions and debates.",1,-1,[],[34187]],["knowledge disseminated through education is independent of one's interests.",1,-1,[],[34187]],["knowledge disseminated through education is independent of one's interests. Education does not force opinions and does not control the implementation of imposed attitudes; it provides a choice and may even retreat if the ideas and attitudes being broadcast are not accepted.",1,-1,[],[34187]],["relying on \"emotional and evaluative means of influence\"",1,-1,[],[34187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Counter-speech",1,25396,[],[21996]],["Deletion/Suspension",1,21014,[],[21996]],["Inaction",1,9479,[],[21996]],["persuasive communication",1,18344,[],[34187]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[34187]]],"sb":[["gamifying",1,-1,[],[57806]],["interacting",1,-1,[],[57806]],["motivating",1,-1,[],[57806]],["reflecting",1,13592,[],[57806]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["implicit expressions of sentiment",1,2940,[],[26016]],["polar facts",1,14118,[],[26016]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["polar expressions",1,11518,[],[26016]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["This sensitive information has the potential to be greatly misused and exploited by those who may hold a grudge against the person whose information has been leaked. It may even be used by people as a means of simply entertaining themselves by causing distress to another person.",1,-1,[],[39253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human flesh search engine",1,9270,[],[18012]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the usage of the address to order large, expensive orders of food from establishments to incur distress and unease in the victim",1,-1,[],[39253]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Journalists embracing this role thus aspire to 'form', 'set', 'create', or even 'dictate' the public agenda, or sometimes to 'promote an alternative agenda'.",1,-1,[],[9333]],["PR's influence is mainly as an agenda-setter",1,-1,[],[22825]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["analytical-deliberative",1,4074,[],[9333]],["analytical-deliberative function of journalism",1,-1,[],[9333]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":37,"df":[],"de":[["For Wineburg and McGrew, this lateral reading means reading less and learning more. Unlike those who stay on a specific page to evaluate a website's reliability, those who read laterally scan a website and then use other websites to judge the original site's credibility.",1,-1,[],[35517]],["If individuals report using this strategy, they are engaging in lateral reading",1,-1,[],[2940]],["Instead of dwelling on an unfamiliar site (i.e., reading vertically), fact-checkers strategically and deliberately ignored it until they first opened new tabs to search for information about the organization or individual behind it.",1,-1,[],[8794]],["Lateral reading begins with a key insight: One cannot necessarily know how trustworthy a website or a social-media post is by engaging with and critically reflecting on its content.",1,-1,[],[8794]],["Lateral reading offers a way for students to act on awareness and skepticism fostered through media and news literacy interventions by leaving the original messages in order to investigate sources and verify claims.",1,-1,[],[10052]],["Lateral reading offers one means of investigating the authority of a source, including its potential biases",1,-1,[],[10052]],["Leaving a website to check what other digital sources say about the information is a more effective strategy than focusing exclusively on what one source reports about itself.",1,-1,[],[15054]],["One of the most promising non-technical solutions against misinformation that has emerged in recent years",1,-1,[],[35517]],["The key feature of \"sideways reading,\" paradoxically, is not reading. In fact, those who can efficiently discern the quality of information intelligently, ignore significant amounts of text that are not essential for assessing the reliability of a digital source.",1,-1,[],[15054]],["The technique is informed by the finding that professional fact-checkers make better decisions and need less time because they step out of a website and use additional information from other sources to make an informed assessment.",1,-1,[],[35517]],["The techniques are specific to how fact-checkers scour the internet for information that discredits the origin of the source without addressing specific claims, linguistic, or visual presentation first.",1,-1,[],[14154]],["This way of consuming content is opposed to vertical reading, which is based only in the information presented in the original source",1,-1,[],[52901]],["Without relevant background knowledge or reliable indicators of trustworthiness, the best strategy for deciding whether one can believe a source is to look up the author or organization and the claims elsewhere (e.g., using search engines or Wikipedia to get pointers to reliable sources).",1,-1,[],[8794]],["at least in a narratival or linear sense",1,-1,[],[14154]],["by checking information with another source or finding out more about the author of the information",1,-1,[],[10052]],["by providing links to other sources and encouraging the user to consult them",1,-1,[],[52901]],["checking information with another source or finding out more about the author of the information",1,-1,[],[10052]],["how texts can be checked for reliability through a comparative (lateral) method, rather than sticking to the singular text in isolation of co-text and context",1,-1,[],[14154]],["it may not be the best strategy for reading trusted material that benefits from concentration and focus on one source.",1,-1,[],[9589]],["lateral reading instruction emphasizes that students need to assemble a collection of documents in order to be able to assess information credibility, identify biases, and corroborate facts.",1,-1,[],[10052]],["lateral reading is not reading",1,-1,[],[14154]],["opening a new tab and checking that the format of the Forbes website corresponds to the format of the site they have just viewed",1,-1,[],[55974]],["reading less and learning more",1,-1,[],[35517]],["shown to significantly improve users' ability to determine the reliability of information",1,-1,[],[53279]],["skills and concepts taught in MediaWise for Seniors and important for detecting disinformation online",1,-1,[],[2940]],["the best strategy for deciding whether one can believe a source is to look up the author or organization and the claims elsewhere (e.g., using search engines or Wikipedia to get pointers to reliable sources).",1,-1,[],[8794]],["the module enhances and facilitates the practice of lateral reading -which advocates searching different sources in the process of reading information -by providing links to other sources and encouraging the user to consult them.",1,-1,[],[52901]],["the technique of lateral reading, to make individuals more capable of critically analyzing information found on the internet",1,-1,[],[52901]],["the user can compare the news with what is being said in other media",1,-1,[],[52901]],["those who read laterally scan a website and then use other websites to judge the original site's credibility.",1,-1,[],[35517]],["to correctly assess the trustworthiness of online content",1,-1,[],[10052]]],"sy":[["sideways reading",1,-1,[],[15054]]],"rt":[["vertical reading",3,2353,[["vertical reading",2],["Vertical reading",1]],[14154,52901,53279]],["Civic Online Reasoning curriculum",1,-1,[],[8794]],["click restraint",1,-1,[],[10052]],["media, news, and information literacy instruction",1,-1,[],[10052]],["reading vertically",1,-1,[],[8794]],["verification strategies",1,3141,[],[17679]],["vertical reading methods",1,-1,[],[14154]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lateral reading",1,4974,[],[17679]],["Verification strategies",1,3141,[],[17679]],["civic online reasoning",1,19816,[],[10052]]],"ex":[["In this version of lateral reading, students are asked to use Wikipedia to learn more about websites they found.",1,-1,[],[33389]],["image searching or tracing the original context of the information",1,-1,[],[17679]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["anti-technocratic attitudes",1,21135,[],[19269]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This definition is striking in its broadness and to some degree, its vagueness and especially in its failure to recognise terrorism as a political concept.",1,-1,[],[27848]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The release of dangerous substance or causing of fire, explosions, or floods, the effect of which is to endanger human life, interference with or disruption of the supply of water, power, or any other fundamental natural resource, the effect of which is to endanger human life",1,-1,[],[27848]],["seriously intimidating a population, seriously destabilising or destroying political, constitution, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation, intimidation, coercion, kidnapping, destruction to a government or public facility, a transport system, an infrastructure facility, including an information system, seizure of an aircraft, ship or other means of public or goods transport, the manufacture, possession, acquisition, transport, supply or use of weapons, explosives or of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, as well as research into, and development of biological and chemical weapons without lawful authority.",1,-1,[],[27848]],["seriously intimidating a population, seriously destabilising or destroying political, constitution, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation, intimidation, coercion, kidnapping, destruction to a government or public facility, a transport system, an infrastructure facility, including an information system, seizure of an aircraft, ship or other means of public or goods transport, the manufacture, possession, acquisition, transport, supply or use of weapons, explosives or of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, as well as research into, and development of biological and chemical weapons without lawful authority. 'The release of dangerous substance or causing of fire, explosions, or floods, the effect of which is to endanger human life, interference with or disruption of the supply of water, power, or any other fundamental natural resource, the effect of which is to endanger human life'",1,-1,[],[27848]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["three-dimensional model for discourse analysis",1,8378,[],[51374]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["However, issue entrepreneurship also carries the potential of reshaping political competition and thus reaping electoral success.",1,-1,[],[21985]],["Such a strategy is inherently risky since the mobilization of such issues may destabilize parties internally, put off certain voters and jeopardize future coalition negations.",1,-1,[],[21985]],["issue entrepreneurs mobilize new issues in order to attract new voters, rather than rallying constituents who already support the party.",1,-1,[],[21985]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue evolution",1,3970,[],[21985]],["issue position",1,10768,[],[21985]],["issue salience",1,32295,[],[21985]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a racial slur spoken in a rap song by a black rap group with the same word spoken by a white man to a black man",1,-1,[],[20901]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["According to it, semantic information is, strictly speaking, inherently truth-constituted and not a contingent truth-bearer, exactly like knowledge but unlike propositions or beliefs, for example, which are what they are independently of their truth values and then, because of their truth-aptness, may be further qualified alethically.",1,-1,[],[529]],["Semantic information is primarily understood in terms of content about a referent.",1,-1,[],[529]],["qualifying it as true is worse than informationally redundant, it is pointlessly noisy",1,-1,[["qualifying it as true is worse than informationally redundant, it is pointlessly noisy",1],["qualifying it as true is worse than informationally redundant, it is pointlessly noisy.",1]],[529]],["semantic information is, strictly speaking, inherently truth-constituted and not a contingent truth-bearer, exactly like knowledge but unlike propositions or beliefs, for example, which are what they are independently of their truth values and then, because of their truth-aptness, may be further qualified alethically.",1,-1,[],[529]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["beliefs",1,8928,[],[529]],["content about a referent",1,-1,[],[529]],["knowledge",1,28054,[],[529]],["propositions",1,7844,[],[529]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If \"the beer is in the fridge\" qualifies as information, to add that it is true fails to provide any further information and only messes up the communication, wasting resources.",1,-1,[],[529]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["By burying information about public policy, governance, norms, and the political values behind flashier content, under-informative styles substantially reduce the probability that consumers will encounter that information and encode it in memory.",1,-1,[],[61728]],["In comparison to the public interest style, which prioritizes communicating such information as directly and accessibly as possible, under-informative styles make extracting this information more difficult.",1,-1,[],[61728]],["Typical approaches to political news coverage are indeed under-informative, especially when exposure is brief.",1,-1,[],[61728]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The role of the government for not instituting an import ban can be thought about as the frame 'surface', which is predicated on and yet occludes, or black-box's, the broader aspects of how the frame has evolved",1,-1,[],[29334]],["blame is part of the fabric of reporting disastrous events, rather than necessarily being particular to dieback in itself.",1,-1,[],[29334]],["reflecting government inaction with regards the failure to implement a precautionary ash import ban",1,-1,[],[29334]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of Jordan, they are categorized as refugees due to giving them the refugee status.",1,-1,[],[830]],["Their situation is often so Table 1 Contrasting definitions of the investigated groups in this study perilous and intolerable that they cross national borders to seek safety in nearby countries, and thus become internationally recognized as \"refugees\" with access to assistance from states, UNHCR, and other organizations.",1,-1,[],[830]],["These are people for whom denial of asylum has potentially deadly consequences.",1,-1,[],[830]],["They are so recognized precisely because it is too dangerous for them to return home, and they need sanctuary elsewhere.",1,-1,[],[830]],["They are so recognized precisely because it is too dangerous for them to return home, and they need sanctuary elsewhere. These are people for whom denial of asylum has potentially deadly consequences.",1,-1,[],[830]],["While these terms have specific legal meanings, they are often used interchangeably in colloquial usage.",1,-1,[],[47331]],["refugees looking for safety and peace",1,-1,[],[830]],["the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees distinction in terminology that argues for the use of \"refugee\" (rather than migrants) because using the term \"migrant\" ignores the need that many have for protection.",1,-1,[],[47331]],["vulnerable and affected people fleeing from the conflict",1,-1,[],[830]]],"sy":[["migrant",1,12170,[],[47331]]],"rt":[["asylum seekers",2,3563,[],[830,47331]],["migrant",2,12170,[["migrant",1],["migrants",1]],[830,47331]],["internally displaced people",1,-1,[],[830]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Humanitarian migration",1,26713,[],[58039]],["categories of migration",1,29020,[],[830]],["migrants",1,12170,[],[830]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["cambio de paradigma, del gatekeeper del poderoso periodista tradicional al gatewatching colectivo",1,-1,[],[13700]]],"sy":[["gatebouncing",1,26551,[],[34536]]],"rt":[["gatebouncing",1,26551,[],[34536]],["gatekeeper",1,23561,[],[13700]],["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[50585]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["post-publication gatekeeping",1,4708,[],[4828]],["post-publication gatekeeping studies",1,-1,[],[4828]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Despite being concerned about the victim, individuals fail to assess the need for intervention because other bystanders are also waiting for everyone else to take actions (Latané and Nida, 1981).",1,-1,[],[36086]],["The familiar pattern of pluralistic ignorance is evident in this effect. Bystanders are concerned about the victim, but wait for others to intervene. They interpret others' inaction as a sign of the situation not calling for an intervention (Miller, 2023).",1,-1,[],[36086]],["This is considered as a byproduct of pluralistic ignorance",1,-1,[],[36086]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diffusion of responsibility",1,31965,[],[14441]],["pluralistic ignorance",1,9024,[],[36086]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["passive bystanders witnessing violent crimes, life threatening emergencies (Banyard, 2011;Schwartz and Gottlieb, 1976;McMahon, 2015), victimisation and bullying, both in real life and online (Bauman et al., 2020;Song and Oh, 2017;Machackova et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[36086]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["unintentional and institutional propaganda is produced and distributed by journalists because news organisations are constrained by state-corporate power.",1,-1,[],[8572]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[8572]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["possibly due to the availability of several methods that can be used without much overhead in an off-the-shelf (OTS) manner.",1,-1,[],[44665]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Post-processing mitigation",1,-1,[],[8104]],["Rewriting",1,12545,[],[8104]],["style transfer",1,26990,[],[31380]]],"ex":[["\"The event was kid-friendly for all the mothers working in the company\" → \"The event was kid-friendly for all the children working in the company\"",1,-1,[],[31380]]]},{"nd":120,"df":[["hallucination of additional content not supported by the input",2,-1,[["hallucination of additional content not supported by the input",1],["hallucination of additional content, not supported by the input",1]],[15508,34040]]],"de":[["AI is notorious for producing texts not consistent with reality and with confused facts",1,-1,[],[35727]],["ChatGPT has proven to generate inaccurate data (referred to as hallucinations) in Arabic.",1,-1,[],[28685]],["During solving the NLP tasks, LLMs inevitably suffer from the hallucinations where LLMs produce outputs that deviate from world knowledge [292,293], user request [294], or self-generated context [295].",1,-1,[],[15776]],["From various tasks, we often find extrinsic hallucinations, including both untruthful and factual ones, across various tasks such as Machine Translation and question answering, which causes degradation in performance.",1,-1,[],[21527]],["Generative AI models that specialize in text production-so-called large language models (LLMs; e.g. ChatGPT)-not only produce responses that may reflect the human biases present in the data on which they are trained, but often also fabricate information, a phenomenon known as 'hallucinations'",1,-1,[],[5732]],["Hallucinated text gives the impression of being fluent and natural despite being unfaithful and nonsensical. It appears to be grounded in the real context provided, although it is actually hard to specify or verify the existence of such contexts.",1,-1,[],[7473]],["Hallucination is commonly attributed to knowledge gaps in LMs",1,-1,[],[20971]],["Hallucination severely undermines the reliability and applicability of LLMs in tasks requiring high accuracy and consistency.",1,-1,[],[59626]],["Hallucinations are often attributed to knowledge gaps in LMs (Zheng et al., 2023)",1,-1,[],[20971]],["Hallucinations are often attributed to knowledge gaps in LMs, but we hypothesize that in some cases, when justifying previously generated hallucinations, LMs output false claims that they can separately recognize as incorrect.",1,-1,[],[20971]],["Hallucinations can be interpreted as just factual errors or alternative models of the world.",1,-1,[],[35727]],["Hallucinations, on the other hand, are often digital artifacts that lack an identifiable author or agenda.",1,-1,[],[37731]],["LLMs alone are prone to hallucinations and provide unreliable information in specialized domains like medicine.",1,-1,[],[41854]],["Large Language Models (LLMs) perform excellently in fake news detection tasks, but their outputs are often accompanied by hallucinations, i.e., generated content that is contradictory to facts.",1,-1,[],[27187]],["More specifically, personal opinions, experiences, feelings, internal assessments of reality that cannot be attributed to the information present in the source document, are considered hallucinations.",1,-1,[],[11960]],["One major limitation of LLMs is that they can potentially generate hallucinations",1,-1,[],[18857]],["One of the main reasons for hallucinations is that LLMs cannot get access to upto-date information and may have insufficient knowledge in specialized domains such as healthcare",1,-1,[],[18857]],["Previous studies commonly assume that hallucination is an undesirable behavior in abstractive summarization systems.",1,-1,[],[11826]],["Similar to psychological hallucination, which is hard to tell apart from other 'real' perceptions, hallucinated text is also hard to capture",1,-1,[],[1253]],["Simply put, a hallucination is an unreal perception that feels real.",1,-1,[],[7473]],["The categorization of hallucination in NMT is unlike that in any other NLG tasks, and uses various terms that are often overlapping.",1,-1,[],[7473]],["The problem of hallucination was identified with the deployment of the first NMT models.",1,-1,[],[7473]],["The term hallucination has already been widely adopted in the NLP community before the emergence of LLM",1,-1,[],[22626]],["These errors go beyond prediction inaccuracies, affecting both factual and logical validity.",1,-1,[],[59627]],["These hallucinations occur when the content generated by the LLM does not align with real-world facts, fails to accurately reflect the user's query, or is not supported by the retrieved information.",1,-1,[],[7621]],["These measures include training to reduce hallucinations",1,-1,[],[2866]],["This is why the hallucination view of virtual objects is supported by virtual fictionalism",1,-1,[],[22104]],["This phenomenon, often referred to as hallucination, poses a significant risk to the reliability of the texts generated by these models.",1,-1,[],[35312]],["We argue that the definition appears to have considerably expanded due to the versatility of LLMs.",1,-1,[],[22626]],["adding factual inaccuracy to the generation of abstractive summarization models",1,-1,[],[15508]],["addressing hallucinations requires more than correcting factual errors.",1,-1,[],[37731]],["by taking the input claim as valid",1,-1,[],[47234]],["can generate unexpected and sometimes misleading results called \"hallucinations\", either when given straightforward or complex prompts, highlighting their unpredictable nature",1,-1,[],[33028]],["consequently adding factual inaccuracy to the generation of NLG models",1,-1,[],[34040]],["crucially undermine their trustworthiness",1,-1,[],[47394]],["divergences occur at the word level; i.e., parts of the target sentence are loyal to the source input, while others diverge",1,-1,[],[7473]],["either when given straightforward or complex prompts, highlighting their unpredictable nature",1,-1,[],[33028]],["hallucinated, non-factual content",1,-1,[],[44419]],["hallucinating false information (e.g., incorrect page numbers)",1,-1,[],[41854]],["hallucination is also present in human-generated corpora (can be reflected as outdated (Liska et al., 2022;Luu et al., 2022), biased (Chang et al., 2019;Garrido-Muñoz et al., 2021), or fabricated (Penedo et al., 2023) expression).",1,-1,[],[22626]],["hallucination is another contributor to framing bias",1,-1,[],[34040]],["hallucination modes that manifest principally through the expression of subjective information (e.g., thoughts, beliefs, feelings, intentions, personal experiences) and the expression of unsupported objective factual information.",1,-1,[],[11960]],["hallucination phenomenon in abstractive summarization",1,-1,[],[7473]],["hallucination problem also exists in the dialogue generation task",1,-1,[],[7473]],["hallucinations can be sticky and difficult to reverse when using models that share the same training data and architecture",1,-1,[],[17844]],["hallucinations in the medical domain can be characterized as multi-tasking, multi-faceted, and hierarchical, making them uniquely challenging and complex to address.",1,-1,[],[23949]],["hallucinations, which are intrinsic to how LLMs work and models will probably never be free from them.",1,-1,[],[35727]],["hallucinations: highly pathological translations that can severely damage user trust and pose serious safety concerns (Perez et al., 2022;Kumar et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[17844]],["hallucinatory generation has the risk of being not only factually inaccurate and/or unverifiable but also politically biased and controversial.",1,-1,[],[34040]],["introducing unintended and irrelevant text in the generation process",1,-1,[],[47239]],["manifesting as outputs that are either factually inaccurate or misleading.",1,-1,[],[7621]],["misinformation generated via unintentional generation methods mainly refers to hallucinations",1,-1,[],[18857]],["neural sequence models can suffer from the hallucination of additional content not supported by the input",1,-1,[],[34040]],["poses a significant risk to the reliability of the texts generated by these models.",1,-1,[],[35312]],["researchers have used various terms to describe the hallucination phenomenon, such as faithfulness, factual errors, and factual consistency",1,-1,[],[7473]],["the degree of hallucination reflecting the model's ability to accurately and faithfully comprehend and represent the world.",1,-1,[],[7473]],["the emergence of toxicity in hallucinations",1,-1,[],[17844]],["the scope of hallucination encompasses a broader concept, predominantly manifesting factual errors",1,-1,[],[7620]],["where they generate baseless or unsupported responses",1,-1,[],[27746]],["which feature the outputs of Large Language Models",1,-1,[],[47394]]],"sy":[["delusion",1,26722,[],[35727]],["factual consistency",1,11908,[],[7473]],["factual errors",1,-1,[],[7473]],["faithfulness",1,26691,[],[7473]],["hallucination",1,4995,[],[7473]],["inaccurate or fabricated information",1,-1,[],[59478]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[35312]],["natural hallucinations",1,17851,[],[17844]],["unintentional inaccuracies",1,-1,[],[33321]],["untruthful outputs",1,-1,[],[47394]]],"rt":[["Intrinsic Hallucination",1,30226,[],[7473]],["delusion",1,26722,[],[35727]],["extrinsic hallucination",1,34112,[],[7473]],["factual errors",1,-1,[],[7473]],["factuality",1,21606,[],[7473]],["faithfulness",1,26691,[],[7473]],["hallucination is a psychological term referring to a particular type of perception",1,-1,[],[7473]],["hallucination snowballing",1,28328,[],[20971]],["hallucinatory framing bias",1,-1,[],[34040]],["hallucinatory phenomena",1,-1,[],[34040]],["illusions",1,9677,[],[22104]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[37731]],["natural language generation (NLG)",1,-1,[],[22626]],["non-factual hallucinations",1,5314,[],[11826]],["oscillatory hallucinations",1,28482,[],[17844]],["political hallucination",1,-1,[],[34040]],["unintentional generation",1,21877,[],[18857]]],"sb":[["extrinsic hallucination",4,34112,[["extrinsic hallucination",2],["extrinsic hallucinations",2]],[7473,7620,11406,21527]],["intrinsic hallucination",4,30226,[["intrinsic hallucination",2],["intrinsic hallucinations",2]],[7473,7620,11406,21527]],["Factuality hallucinations",2,17156,[["Factuality hallucinations",1],["factuality hallucination",1]],[7620,31321]],["faithfulness hallucination",2,28604,[],[7620,31321]],["Context-conflicting hallucination",1,8575,[],[22626]],["Fact-conflicting hallucination",1,28103,[],[22626]],["Input-conflicting hallucination",1,945,[["Input-conflicting hallucination",1],["input-conflicting hallucinations",1]],[22626]],["detached hallucinations",1,10607,[],[17844]],["extrinsic",1,1783,[],[24916]],["factual error",1,-1,[],[7473]],["factual hallucinations",1,4814,[],[11825,11826]],["factualness, when the generated text is not factually correct with respect to world knowledge",1,-1,[],[2976]],["faithfulness, when the generated text is not faithful to the input context",1,-1,[],[2976]],["hallucinations under perturbation",1,15986,[],[17844]],["hallucinatory explanations",1,-1,[],[2977]],["intrinsic",1,27808,[],[24916]],["multi-modal hallucinations",1,22923,[],[7620]],["natural hallucinations",1,17851,[],[17844]],["non-factual hallucinations",1,5314,[],[11825,11826]],["oscillatory hallucinations",1,28482,[],[17844]],["unintentional generation",1,21877,[],[18857]],["verification hallucination",1,29043,[],[24916]]],"sp":[["counterfactual invariance",1,-1,[],[36544]]],"ex":[["e.g., when the model repeats the instruction without providing any answer regarding the classification.",1,-1,[],[36544]],["failed attempts to translate",1,-1,[],[17844]],["fake citations",1,-1,[],[37732]],["off-target translations",1,-1,[],[17844]],["overgeneration",1,-1,[],[17844]],["the MDS generations were hallucinating politically controversial or sensational content that did not exist in the input sources.",1,-1,[],[34040]],["when a given 'universe' has to be created as in fantasy novels",1,-1,[],[35727]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["categorized computer network attacks into three types: physical (targeting hardware), syntactic (targeting system functionality, e.g., with viruses or worms), and semantic.",1,-1,[],[38526]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["physical (targeting hardware)",1,-1,[],[38526]],["syntactic (targeting system functionality, e.g., with viruses or worms)",1,-1,[],[38526]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["computer network attacks",1,-1,[],[38526]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["script-switch trigger",1,15257,[],[26065]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["a stance that may result in editorial values being neglected.",1,-1,[],[29535]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["represents 'a living and evolving collectively produced discourse about tourism'",1,-1,[],[48488]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They were also less likely to provide any details about the study design or methods, and more likely to provide only a link to the scholarly publications they referenced.",1,-1,[],[33108]],["embedding scholarly publications in coverage focused on broader issues, such as policy development, economics, or personal anecdotes",1,-1,[],[33108]],["issue-focused stories seldom included details like author names, affiliations, or journal titles.",1,-1,[],[33108]],["news stories about broader topics may also play an important role.",1,-1,[],[33108]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["science communication",1,16453,[],[33108]],["science communication stories",1,21423,[],[33108]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in the news could lead to premature adoption of unproven services and products without thoroughly evaluating risk and cost",1,-1,[],[50092]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an authoritarian practice",1,-1,[],[25638]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["authoritarian practices",1,32371,[],[25638]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["authorization",1,5797,[],[55016]],["moralization",1,12713,[],[55016]],["mythopoesis",1,17431,[],[55016]],["rationalization",1,11914,[],[55016]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["fundamentally seen as an emotional response to receiving a gift",1,-1,[],[38477]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Allen et al. [2] find that, while individual laypeople do tend to show considerably more bias and inconsistency than experts, a relatively small, politically balanced crowd yields an average label that is highly correlated to the average label of a few professional fact-checkers.",1,-1,[],[35336]],["An example of this type of bias was observed in the recidivism risk prediction tool COMPAS, where prior arrests and friend/family arrests were used as proxy variables to measure level of \"riskiness\" or \"crime\"--which on its own can be viewed as mismeasured proxies.",1,-1,[],[7332]],["Proxies become problematic when they are poor reflections or the target construct and/or are generated differently across groups, which can when:",1,-1,[],[7379]],["The accuracy of measurement varies across groups.",1,-1,[],[7379]],["The method of measurement varies across groups.",1,-1,[],[7379]],["The proxy is an oversimplification of a more complex construct.",1,-1,[],[7379]],["Typically, a feature or label is a proxy (a concrete measurement) chosen to approximate some construct (an idea or concept) that is not directly encoded or observable.",1,-1,[],[7379]],["When features or labels represent human decisions (e.g., diagnoses in the medical context, human-assigned ratings in the hiring context), they typically serve as proxies for some underlying, unmeasurable concepts, and can introduce measurement bias.",1,-1,[],[7379]],["may result from a choice of metric, e.g. the most frequently searched items, or from ambiguity in the formulation of survey questions used to collect check-worthiness labels.",1,-1,[],[35336]],["obtaining labels from laypeople induces a measurement bias",1,-1,[],[35336]],["structural discrimination can lead to systematically higher rates of misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis in certain groups",1,-1,[],[7379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["proxy",1,29503,[],[7379]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias",2,30859,[["Bias",1],["bias",1]],[7379,14611]],["Bias in AI",1,9111,[],[14611]]],"ex":[["\"creditworthiness\" is an abstract construct that is often operationalized with a measureable proxy like a credit score.",1,-1,[],[7379]],["A survey collecting more responses from urban residents, leading to an under-representation of rural opinions.",1,-1,[],[14611]],["An example of this type of bias was observed in the recidivism risk prediction tool COMPAS, where prior arrests and friend/family arrests were used as proxy variables to measure level of \"riskiness\" or \"crime\"--which on its own can be viewed as mismeasured proxies.",1,-1,[],[7332]],["Risk Assessments in the Criminal Justice System.",1,-1,[],[7379]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["reflect journalists' resistance to delegating communicative authority and normative responsibility to artificial systems",1,-1,[],[47586]]],"sy":[["communicative AI paradigm",1,4776,[],[47586]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Deduction occurs when information at the highest level (i.e., a category stereotype) is applied to draw conclusions about individual category members (i.e., usually called stereotyping).",1,-1,[],[39641]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This initial equilibrium, often a harmonious or stable setting or state, acts as a thematic and emotional anchor, inviting the reader to immerse themselves in the protagonist's journey and the wider narrative that takes place within this established backdrop.",1,-1,[],[16473]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Todorov's narrative structure",1,17844,[],[16473]],["media ecology",1,27672,[],[43912]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These linguistic properties were described as factors as constituting a measure of specificity",1,-1,[],[13652]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["CDA has been successfully used for attenuating a variety of bias types, e.g., gender and race, and in several variants, e.g., with general terms describing dominant and minoritized groups, or with personal names acting as proxies for such groups",1,-1,[],[11744]],["CDA swaps, say, all instances of grandmother with grandfather, she with he, and so on.",1,-1,[],[11562]],["For instance, we create CDA data for mitigating religious bias by swapping religious terms in a corpus, say church with mosque, to generate counterfactual examples.",1,-1,[],[59408]],["Most commonly, CDA modifies the training data by replacing terms describing one of the target groups (dominant or minoritized) with terms describing the other group.",1,-1,[],[11744]],["Roughly, CDA involves re-balancing a corpus by swapping bias attribute words (e.g., he/she) in a dataset.",1,-1,[],[59408]],["The essence of CDA is to reframe or alter situations in a manner that presents a counter-narrative to common biases.",1,-1,[],[7557]],["This method involves creating counterfactual descriptors for each biased descriptor, effectively generating opposites or neutral counterparts.",1,-1,[],[7557]],["sentences are reinflected from masculine to feminine (and vice-versa)",1,-1,[],[15623]]],"sy":[["CDA",2,6378,[],[8070,37627]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["counterfactual data substitution (CDS)",1,-1,[],[8070]],["grammar intervention",1,-1,[],[12218]],["name-based version of CDA, in which the gender of words denoting persons in a training corpus are swapped probabilistically in order to counterbalance bias.",1,-1,[],[15623]],["occurrences of words in 124 gendered word pairs are swapped",1,-1,[],[12218]],["two-sided CDA",1,22885,[],[11744]]],"sp":[["Data Augmentation",1,13460,[],[8070]],["Debiasing",1,31088,[],[12128]]],"ex":[["'the woman cleaned the kitchen' would (counterfactually) become 'the man cleaned the kitchen' as man-woman is on the list. Both versions would then together be used in embedding training, in effect neutralising the man-woman bias.",1,-1,[],[12218]],["a name-based version of CDA, in which the gender of words denoting persons in a training corpus are swapped probabilistically in order to counterbalance bias.",1,-1,[],[15623]],["the sentence \"the doctor went to the room and he grabbed the syringe\" could be augmented to \"the doctor went to the room and she grabbed the syringe\".",1,-1,[],[59408]],["to help mitigate gender bias, the sentence \"the doctor went to the room and he grabbed the syringe\" could be augmented to \"the doctor went to the room and she grabbed the syringe\".",1,-1,[],[59408]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["El frame, por lo tanto, al igual que el marco de un cuadro, trata de organizar la percepción del sujeto, incitando a que se atienda a lo que está dentro y a que se ignore lo que está fuera del encuadre, facilitando así la comprensión de los mensajes que contiene el encuadre",1,-1,[],[10720]],["La teoría del framing, al afirmar que las noticias son percepciones de la realidad, está rechazando la corriente objetivista que dominó la investigación académica y la práctica periodística durante las décadas de 1960de y 1970de",1,-1,[],[10720]],["el encuadre determina de qué manera la gente comprende y recuerda un problema determinado, y cómo lo evalúan y deciden actuar sobre él.",1,-1,[],[10720]],["la respuesta que ofrece la teoría del framing al objetivismo es negar sus postulados, ya que argumenta que, cuando cuenta lo que sucede, el periodista encuadra la realidad y aporta su punto de vista",1,-1,[],[10720]],["para Goffman los frames son instrumentos de la sociedad que permiten mantener una interpretación compartida de la realidad",1,-1,[],[10720]]],"sy":[["encuadre",1,19710,[],[55696]],["teoría del encuadre",1,-1,[],[10720]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",2,425,[["agenda setting",1],["agenda-setting",1]],[10720,13087]],["agenda-building",1,5358,[],[13087]],["priming",1,19875,[],[10720]],["psicología cognitiva",1,-1,[],[10720]],["sociología interpretativa",1,-1,[],[10720]],["teoría de la agenda-setting",1,28975,[],[55696]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["content-based methods",1,20201,[],[56067]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["indicate his standpoint, agenda or ideology",1,-1,[],[53560]]],"sy":[["semiotic resources",1,25921,[],[53560]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["defense motivation",1,4744,[],[8860]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Both goals are presented as matters of national security.",1,-1,[],[58041]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["technology acceptance model (TAM)",1,-1,[],[57668]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A relaxed notion of proportional fairness is one which would ensure no adverse impact in the generated summary.",1,-1,[],[19922]],["represent different opinions (coming from different social groups) in a similar proportion in the gold standard summaries as what occurs in the input data",1,-1,[],[19922]]],"sy":[["Statistical Parity",1,13712,[["Statistical Parity",1],["Statistical Parity [47]",1]],[19922]]],"rt":[["fairness notions",1,-1,[],[19922]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fairness",1,27748,[],[19922]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a combination of journalist and trash in Korean",1,-1,[],[32850]]],"sy":[["a combination of journalist and trash in Korean",1,-1,[],[32850]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The delusion that one's beliefs are unique and different from others is common to both false uniqueness (Section 2.5) and pluralistic ignorance.",1,-1,[],[36101]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pluralistic ignorance",1,9024,[],[36101]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["A distinctive characteristic of content bias is that it can be defined only relatively to some \"ground truth\", or \"norm\".",1,-1,[],[18770]],["Content bias refers to bias in the results provided by the OIP and may appear even when we have just a single user.",1,-1,[],[18770]]],"sy":[["Data-Driven Bias",1,-1,[],[15807]]],"rt":[["Combined User-Content Bias",1,-1,[],[18770]],["decision-making bias",1,33544,[],[48945]],["distortion bias",1,20666,[],[48945]],["framing biases",1,7181,[],[9250]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",2,30859,[],[18770,56047]],["framing bias",2,7181,[["framing bias",1],["framing biases",1]],[9250,33031]],["Data-Driven Bias",1,-1,[],[15807]]],"ex":[["an instance of this kind of bias occurs when an OIP promotes its own services over the competitive ones, or, when the results for queries about a political figure take an unjustifiable favorable, or unfavorable position towards this politician",1,-1,[],[18770]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Vectors",1,339,[],[12411]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Discussing other",1,-1,[],[41333]],["Discussing support",1,-1,[],[41333]]],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[41333]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["counter-hegemonic",1,-1,[],[36346]]],"rt":[["hegemonic tales",1,2841,[],[36346]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The #FreeBritney movement, taken as a whole, is itself a subversive story, with the \"particular\" Spears' fight to be free of the conservatorship and the \"general\" a misogynistic and ableist society that is hesitant to grant the marginalized autonomy.",1,-1,[],[36346]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["time series model",1,-1,[],[34322]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["such a definition differs from standard Rawlsian fairness",1,-1,[],[51857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["standard Rawlsian fairness",1,-1,[],[51857]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["sheep people",1,-1,[],[26702]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["First, humans have a biologically based optimal level of arousal at which they feel most comfortable. They try to reach or maintain that optimum level by regulating the stimulation that is provided by external sources, in particular exposure to media messages. Second, humans vary in their needs for stimulation, or, in terms of the model, in their level of sensation seeking. Finally, media messages vary in the stimulation they provide, or, in terms of the model, in message sensation value. Consequently, exposure to a media message is a function of both the individual's level of sensation seeking and the sensation value of the message",1,-1,[],[25090]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["four fundamentals of journalism",1,-1,[],[43568]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These algorithms leverage various techniques from machine learning, NLP, network analysis, and data mining to analyze large volumes of textual and network data and distinguish between true and false information.",1,-1,[],[39888]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["online civic engagement",1,34559,[],[12689]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["this multifaceted notion identifies three key dimensions of justice-participatory, recognitional, and distributive",1,-1,[],[35333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["When a discourse becomes a socially taken-for-granted horizon of intelligibility, it is conceived to give objective meaning to and to motivate nonlinguistic objects such as artifacts, pragmatic practices and institutions",1,-1,[],[22025]],["sedimentation qua discursive materialization transfers a discourse specific horizon of intelligibility into a corresponding \"discursive materiality.\"",1,-1,[],[22025]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive materiality",1,7865,[],[22025]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discursive sedimentation",1,13035,[],[22025]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["autocommunicative processes foster the transformation of texts into meta-texts.",1,-1,[],[10218]],["functioning as examples of the rule",1,-1,[],[10217]]],"sy":[["text reflexivity",1,-1,[],[1956]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["if w forms a triad with the edge (u, v), then structural balance theory posits that (u, v) should have the sign that causes the triangle on u, v, w to have an odd number of positive signs, regardless of edge direction",1,-1,[],[16721]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["balance theory",1,33161,[],[16721]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic feature",1,19033,[],[27373]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[["Rumor early detection is to detect a rumor at its early stage before it wide-spreads on social media so that one can take appropriate actions earlier.",2,-1,[["Rumor early detection is to detect a rumor at its early stage before it wide-spreads on social media so that one can take appropriate actions earlier.",1],["Rumor early detection is to detect a rumor at its early stage before it wide-spreads on social media, so that one can take appropriate actions earlier.",1]],[23436,52267]]],"de":[["Identification of trending rumors requires efficient models that can capture large-range dependencies among posts and produce distinct representations for accurate detection.",1,-1,[],[5820]],["The algorithm has to primarily rely on the content and external knowledge, such as KB.",1,-1,[],[23436]],["The earlier a rumor is detected, the sooner social media can implement measures to curtail its spread.",1,-1,[],[53808]],["The objective of early detection is to identify rumors at an early stage before they propagate widely and subsequently lead to notable social consequences.",1,-1,[],[56865]],["This is a very challenging task, since at its early stage a rumor has little propagation information and very few user responses.",1,-1,[],[23436]],["so that one can take appropriate actions earlier",1,-1,[],[23436]],["which is another important metric to evaluate the quality of the method.",1,-1,[],[26120]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rumor detection",1,3268,[],[33066]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The various mass media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television, internet, etc) have the power to direct people's attention to certain issues",1,-1,[],[21407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mass media",1,29313,[],[21407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the more people seek like-minded content",1,-1,[],[6311]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Information quality is usually measured by accuracy and completeness",1,-1,[],[56826]],["It is a multidimensional construct, consisting of several dimensions that describe certain aspects of IQ and can be measured and assessed",1,-1,[],[49361]],["Miller (1996) relates information quality to the degree to which information users' needs are addressed and lists ten dimen-sions for information quality: accuracy, timeliness, completeness, coherence, format, accessibility, compatibility, security, and validity.",1,-1,[],[34346]],["The AIM Quality methodology for information quality assessments identifies four key quality components: intrinsic, contextual, representational, and accessibility",1,-1,[],[34346]],["The IS success model defines five dimensions of contextual information quality, including completeness, ease of understanding, personalization, relevance, and security",1,-1,[],[34346]],["accuracy, timeliness, completeness, coherence, format, accessibility, compatibility, security, and validity.",1,-1,[],[34346]],["four key quality components: intrinsic, contextual, representational, and accessibility (Y. Lee, Strong, Kahn, & Wang, 2002).",1,-1,[],[34346]],["ten dimen-sions for information quality: accuracy, timeliness, completeness, coherence, format, accessibility, compatibility, security, and validity.",1,-1,[],[34346]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information accuracy",1,22682,[],[56826]],["information completeness",1,24717,[],[56826]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[23246]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[23246]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Goal congruence (reward or punishment) has often been studied by comparing winning and losing in a gaming context or by comparing success and failure in ability tasks",1,-1,[],[7752]]],"sy":[["goal conduciveness",1,-1,[],[9699]],["motive consistency",1,-1,[],[9699]],["reward or punishment",1,-1,[],[7752]]],"rt":[["goal relevance",1,30015,[],[9699]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Valence",1,19356,[],[7752]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such information may cause negative effects, including spam ads, false information, hate speech, online violence, and other illegal content.",1,-1,[],[28263]],["This type of information has three essential characteristics: non-regularity, potential harm, and deliberate avoidance.",1,-1,[],[28263]],["presents characteristics of multi-modality, strong concealment, and rapid evolution.",1,-1,[],[28263]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["false information",1,20964,[],[28263]],["inappropriate speech",1,-1,[],[28263]],["online violence",1,-1,[],[28263]],["other violations",1,-1,[],[28263]],["spam",1,30454,[],[28263]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["false information",1,-1,[],[28263]],["hate speech",1,-1,[],[28263]],["online violence",1,-1,[],[28263]],["other illegal content",1,-1,[],[28263]],["spam ads",1,-1,[],[28263]],["spam, false information, other violations, inappropriate speech, and online violence",1,-1,[],[28263]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["NewsGuard labels indicate the trustworthiness of news and information websites with a reliability rating from 0 to 100, on the basis of nine journalistic criteria that assess basic practices of reliability and transparency.",1,-1,[],[17691]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["most recommendation system uses human emotions to recommend content.",1,-1,[],[5440]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["collaborative filtering recommendation method",1,14387,[],[5440]],["content-based method",1,20201,[],[5440]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["GBV intersects the boundaries of gender, age, ability, socioeconomic class and sexual identity as well as those denoted by culture, religion and ethnicity.",1,-1,[],[17722]],["It is rooted in gender inequality and reflects harmful norms and practices.",1,-1,[],[17722]],["Today, GBV includes all the forms of violence that are harmful to an individual based on their gender, gender identity or gender expression.",1,-1,[],[17722]],["When we say that violence is systemic, we mean that its forms of expression are multiple and transversal: in fact, they touch all spheres of our lives, constantly intertwining with each other.",1,-1,[],[46920]],["an extensive human rights abuse that cannot be overlooked or underestimated",1,-1,[],[6455]],["framing gender-based violence as a structural issue also entailed a broadening of the movement's scope, in order to address all aspects of women's lives, ranging from the labor market to border violence, to health and reproductive rights.",1,-1,[],[46920]],["male violence against women is not a private issue nor an emergency. It is a structural and cut-crossing phenomenon in our society. It constitutes a primary political issue which is rooted in power disparity between sexes.",1,-1,[],[46920]],["overarching framework through which feminist movements address various forms of gender-based oppression across different spheres, including the labor market, border violence and migration, LGBTQ+ rights, health and reproductive rights",1,-1,[],[46920]],["the movement considers gender-based violence as a structural and systemic phenomenon, resulting from interlocked structures of power such as patriarchy, capitalism, racism.",1,-1,[],[46920]]],"sy":[["VAW",1,-1,[],[17722]],["Violence Against Women (VAW)",1,13795,[],[17722]]],"rt":[["structural gender-based violence",1,6968,[],[46920]]],"sb":[["domestic violence",1,28252,[],[17722]],["violence against women",1,13795,[],[17722]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In a disorder story, we might see protesters as marginal figures, or we might be shown pictures of armed police in riot gear (Nelson, Clawson et al. 1997).",1,-1,[],[61305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[61305]],["protest framing",1,1634,[],[61305]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",3,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",1],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",1],["to frame is to 'select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described'",1]],[1383,5585,54722]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",2,-1,[],[43250,55496]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",2,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",1],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.",1]],[16095,53897]]],"de":[["The frames include the determination of the problem, defining the problem, cause of the problem, and remedies and solutions for the challenge.",1,-1,[],[46719]],["Then, frame -define problems -determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of cultural values; diagnosis causes -identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments -evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies, offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict that they are likely effects.",1,-1,[],[38321]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[27245]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Analytical thinking is considered to be a broader cognitive ability",1,-1,[],[57618]],["Analytical thinking seems to help in evaluating both content and format of health messages (fake, true, and edited messages) when an individual needs to decompose the whole into parts in order to evaluate these parts as well as the whole, to find disrupting parts of the message.",1,-1,[],[57618]],["people with better analytical thinking are usually better at discerning fake news from the real news, regardless of their political orientation.",1,-1,[],[57618]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Type 2 processing",1,7719,[],[57618]],["intuitive thinking",1,7799,[],[57618]]],"sb":[["Analytical thinking is considered to be a broader cognitive ability, while scientific reasoning is a narrower ability.",1,-1,[],[57618]],["scientific reasoning",1,-1,[],[57618]]],"sp":[["broader cognitive ability",1,-1,[],[57618]],["cognitive abilities",1,14150,[],[57618]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["edited retweets received",1,-1,[],[4032]],["unedited retweets received",1,-1,[],[4032]]],"sp":[["@mentions received",1,31810,[],[4032]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["plays a crucial role in shaping democratic citizenship.",1,-1,[],[53977]],["this study concentrates on 'trust in news accuracy', which is a narrower construct within the broader 'trust in news' framework.",1,-1,[],[53977]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trust in news",1,34813,[],[53977]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust in news",1,34813,[],[53977]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["time-of-what-is-told",1,-1,[],[17210]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Annotation of credibility perceptions has also been done in previous work, determining how credible claims appear to people (Mitra and Gilbert 2015;Zubiaga and Ji 2014)",1,-1,[],[6825]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Es consustancial a la capacidad de juicio y toma de decisiones de las personas, y a su conciencia de grupo.",1,-1,[],[13876]],["Es consustancial a la capacidad de juicio y toma de decisiones de las personas, y a su conciencia de grupo. Para Defensa, alcanza al sistema de creencias, emociones y la motivación con el fin de modificar la conducta manifiesta de las personas afectadas por el conflicto y repercute en el resto de los ámbitos.",1,-1,[],[13876]],["La característica peculiar del ámbito cognitivo es que no es posible actuar directamente sobre el mismo, sino que se afecta a su naturaleza desde el resto de los ámbitos operacionales.",1,-1,[],[13876]],["Para Defensa, alcanza al sistema de creencias, emociones y la motivación con el fin de modificar la conducta manifiesta de las personas afectadas por el conflicto y repercute en el resto de los ámbitos.",1,-1,[],[13876]],["las operaciones físicas o cibernéticas tienen un impacto sobre sus propios entornos, pero al mismo tiempo repercuten en las percepciones y emociones influyendo sobre la voluntad de la audiencia objetivo",1,-1,[],[13876]],["pretende afectar las decisiones humanas. Sin embargo, se diferencia de los otros en que no aspira a hacerlo alterando la realidad, sino las percepciones y las emociones.",1,-1,[],[13876]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["aéreo",1,-1,[],[13876]],["cibernético",1,-1,[],[13876]],["espacial",1,-1,[],[13876]],["naval",1,-1,[],[13876]],["terrestre",1,-1,[],[13876]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Personal-level policies",1,10012,[],[4462]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the purpose of these explanations is not to help citizens reach an agreement on what should be done, but something prior and more basic: to enable them to gain an accurate understanding of what is at stake",1,-1,[],[28494]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda setting",1,425,[],[34674]],["opinión pública",1,13716,[],[34674]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["At the heart of the populist ideology lies",1,-1,[],[25400]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The information dark age is characterized by a widespread rebellion against accepted mainstream thought and expertise.",1,-1,[],[16044]],["a broader shift in media production and consumption: \"One of the things that linked the often nihilistic and ironic chan culture to a wider culture of the alt-right orbit was their opposition to political correctness, feminism, multiculturalism, etc., and its encroachment into their freewheeling world of anonymity and tech.\"",1,-1,[],[16044]],["emblematic of a wider phenomenon than QAnon, including the rise of opinion sites masquerading as news, social media platforms as primary mechanism for information retrieval, viral memes and meme warfare, propaganda, and \"fake\" news",1,-1,[],[16044]],["predominately characterized by the viral spread of unsubstantiated, unverified information (which seems plausible enough on the surface) through unauthorized channels combined with a general reaction against corporate media and academic expertise",1,-1,[],[16044]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information literacy",1,8985,[],[16044]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[16044]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such misattributions may falsely confirm the truth of negative stereotypes and perpetuate use of the stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[6050]]],"sy":[["source errors",1,32404,[],[44782]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["a hegemonic narrative about the way in which a new state was created and the role particular groups played in its creation",2,-1,[["a hegemonic narrative about the way in which a new state was created and the role particular groups played in its creation",1],["a hegemonic narrative about the way in which a new state was created, and the role particular groups played in its creation",1]],[8266,43940]]],"de":[["Foundational legitimacy rests on the 'purity' of this narrative, which must be cleansed of any crimes committed by those who fought for independence.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["Foundational legitimacy should not be confused with foundational myths. All states have powerful narratives about their genesis, and contested memories are common, even in the most developed democracies.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["Foundational legitimacy, in other words, allowed political parties and affiliated veterans' organizations in both countries to sideline challengers by wielding the sword of foundational legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["If the power of foundational legitimacy in Croatia is found in the ongoing nationalist narrative of the Homeland War, then in Kosovo it can be located primarily in the perpetuation of foundational legitimacy through political parties, patronage, corruption, and criminality.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["In both Croatia and Kosovo, liberation was achieved by men with guns who subsequently converted their hard power into the soft power of a hegemonic and resilient foundational narrative that has allowed them to sustain political and economic power while covering up corruption and crimes.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["The significance of foundational legitimacy lies in the way it is instrumentalized by actors in new states such as Kosovo and Croatia to bid for power and resources within the context of a culture of victory, and the way in which this has undermined liberalism.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["claims to foundational legitimacy can be used to challenge constitutional and electoral legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[8266]],["claims to foundational legitimacy can be used to marginalize and exclude competitors from meaningful participation in political life.",1,-1,[],[8266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["foundational myths",1,-1,[],[8266]],["foundational narratives",1,-1,[],[8266]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The systematic examination of local folklore entextualization practices sheds light on the mediated ways in which 'authentic' voices become indexes of nationally subsumed regional identities.",1,-1,[],[31173]]],"sy":[["recontextualization",1,6805,[],[40913]],["reentextualization",1,-1,[],[40913]]],"rt":[["decontextualization",1,11712,[],[31173]],["recontextualization",1,6805,[],[31173]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["transcribing a fragment of local verbal art or vernacular speech and converting it into a decontextualizable, written form with a seemingly durable meaning across its recontextualizations in writing",1,-1,[],[31173]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike conflict, it represents a method for linking opposing views and opening out onto the exercise of thinking",1,-1,[],[26037]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["because SNS users rarely have an opportunity to ascertain the correctness of information, they may perceive information as reliable if they have confidence in the reliability of the information source",1,-1,[],[34349]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'teacher' is 'adhyapak' if male and 'adhyapika' if female",1,-1,[],[40127]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Linguistic Category Model",1,24425,[],[29389]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic category model",1,24425,[],[37424]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["media visibility does not simply mirror the occurrence of violence, but rather follows its own logic of amplification, repetition, and disruption.",1,-1,[],[46941]],["visibility provides structural advantages in the competition for voter attention",1,-1,[],[32864]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media presence",1,16998,[],[31108]],["media prominence",1,16509,[],[31108]]],"sb":[["Presence",1,33629,[],[31108]],["Prominence",1,22450,[],[31108]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["negative or hateful comments targeting someone because of their identity",3,-1,[["negative or hateful comments targeting someone because of their identity",2],["Negative or hateful comments targeting someone because of their identity",1],["Negative or hateful comments targeting someone because of their identity.",1]],[11642,21356,37640]]],"de":[["Perspective's \"Identity Attack\" attribute, which is defined as \"negative or hateful comments targeting someone because of their identity\" and thus closely matches our definition of hate.",1,-1,[],[21356]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate",1,26782,[],[21356]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which can increase the monitoring and regulation of relevant cognitive processes in a functional way",1,-1,[],[3465]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Hate the end result, but #thegame always delivers. always. best rivalry in sports",1,-1,[],[40035]],["The result is fairly good, but it could be better.",1,-1,[],[40035]],["While these are kind of notes to myself, you might still find them useful.",1,-1,[],[40035]],["While these are kind of notes to myself, you might still find them useful. The result is fairly good, but it could be better.",1,-1,[],[40035]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["schematic mechanism",1,-1,[],[9697]]],"rt":[["associative mechanism",1,14524,[],[9696]],["rule-based mechanism",1,29380,[],[9696]]],"sb":[["associative mechanism",1,14524,[],[9696]],["rule-based mechanism",1,29380,[],[9696]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political fact checking",1,27105,[],[3116]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It follows strict constraints of being the most recent and relevant event, and directly monitors the processing of remaining document.",1,-1,[],[11431,11432]]],"sy":[["Main Event (M1)",1,5149,[],[11681]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Main Contents",2,22997,[["Main Contents",1],["main contents",1]],[11432,61888]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intentional",1,2432,[],[39003]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Event Status",1,32771,[],[39003]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The spread of information across social media adds another dimension to use for identification of true information from false information.",1,-1,[],[19220]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["biases in adjectives",1,-1,[],[31490]],["biases in nouns",1,-1,[],[31490]]],"sp":[["Biases in Lexical Content",1,20443,[],[31490]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This process of death and rebirth has profound effects on the person in question's loyalties and beliefs, as well as his sense of being an individual and being part of a group.",1,-1,[],[25013]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["la medición de la relevancia política de un ítem noticioso puede realizarse a través de cuatro indicadores empíricos: la mención de actores sociales, de autoridades vinculadas con los procesos de toma de decisión, de un plan o programa propuesto, y de las personas preocupadas por esa decisión",1,-1,[],[37808]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the algorithms underlying automated content moderation can hardly differentiate the denunciation of violence from the promotion of violence, or the artistic nudity from the explicit sexual content",1,-1,[],[51360]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["manual (human) content moderation",1,-1,[],[51360]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["content moderation",1,16284,[],[51360]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["They weigh a potential loss more negatively than the positive effect of a gain of the same value (\"losses loom larger than gains\").",1,-1,[],[25120]],["a phenomenon that can itself be understood as a manifestation of general negativity bias",1,-1,[],[36295]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive heuristics and biases",1,26240,[],[25120]],["general negativity bias",1,-1,[],[36295]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To determine the degree of congruence between the online communication of the climate skeptical counter-movement and traditional media coverage, and how it develops over time, we distinguish three different discursive dimensions [45]: (1) issues and frames, (2) the positions articulated, and (3) the visibility of actors.",1,-1,[],[27144]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Developers could produce browser extensions and mobile applications that automatically attach warning labels to potential generated content and fake accounts, or that selectively employ ad-blockers to demonetize them.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Such methods could serve as building blocks for future tools that augment a consumer's ability to critically evaluate information.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["These tools may serve as an antidote to influence operations and could reduce the demand for disinformation.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Websites and customizable notification systems could be built or improved with AI-augmented vetting, scoring, and ranking systems to organize, curate, and display user-relevant information while sifting out unverified or generated sources.",1,-1,[],[15712]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Another proposal suggests using AI-generated content to educate and inoculate a population against misleading beliefs.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["As generative models get better at producing persuasive arguments that exploit viewer biases and blindspots, defensive generative models could be used to help users detect and explain flaws in tailored arguments or to find artifacts in manipulated images.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Developers could produce browser extensions and mobile applications that automatically attach warning labels to potential generated content and fake accounts, or that selectively employ ad-blockers to demonetize them.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Some of the most promising AI-enabled countermeasures may leverage state-of-the-art generative models themselves, to reshift the offense-defense balance in favor of information consumers.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Tools and built-in search engines that merely help users quickly contextualize the content they consume",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Tools and built-in search engines that merely help users quickly contextualize the content they consume could help their users evaluate claims, while lowering the risk of identifying true articles as misinformation.",1,-1,[],[15712]],["Websites and customizable notification systems could be built or improved with AI-augmented vetting, scoring, and ranking systems to organize, curate, and display user-relevant information while sifting out unverified or generated sources.",1,-1,[],[15712]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["do not allow identification with a named individual",1,-1,[],[21765]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["'Knowledge relativism' and 'postmodernism' were articulated together with mistrust in scientific knowledge and research in general, because such ideas were claimed to also be spreading outside the universities.",1,-1,[],[28510]],["transferring responsibility for problems related to the posttruth situation to 'postmodernism', 'knowledge relativism', and 'constructivism'",1,-1,[],[28510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["post-truth",1,14186,[],[28510]],["postmodernism",1,7526,[],[28510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Individuals who have been labeled face escalating difficulties in reclaiming social acceptance, often becoming trapped in a deepening cycle of marginalization and deviance.",1,-1,[],[47248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Government regulation is typically understood as the imposition of restrictions (Chandler & Munday, 2011), but its purposes reach far beyond these boundaries, from stimulating domestic media production, through strengthening content diversity, to increasing programme quality.",1,-1,[],[30017]],["This process is complex and includes both direct interventions and the measures taken by government-appointed regulators.",1,-1,[],[30017]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["co-regulation, a hybrid approach that allows collaborative governance between the state and media entities",1,-1,[],[44352]],["regulation, where government authorities impose legal standards and oversight on media operations",1,-1,[],[44352]],["self-regulation, in which the media industry voluntarily establishes and enforces its own codes of conduct and ethical guidelines",1,-1,[],[44352]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["editorial treatment",1,32730,[],[42926]],["visibility",1,15513,[],[42926]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["impartiality",1,32874,[],[42926]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["visual-verbal texts",1,-1,[],[38436]],["whether it is the recruitment of sympathetic onlookers or the politically susceptible, on the one hand, or the alienation or \"triggering\" of \"snowflakes\" of the left, on the other.",1,-1,[],[38436]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["farright trolling",1,-1,[],[38436]],["paleocomedy",1,-1,[],[38436]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["satire",1,9893,[],[38436]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, a speaker's belief, thought, desire, attitude, intention and so on, which is intended by the speaker to be recognised by the hearer as intended.",1,-1,[],[49326]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To classify propagation trees, we can calculate the similarity between the trees, which is supposed to reflect the distinction of different types of rumors and non-rumors based on structural, linguistic and temporal properties.",1,-1,[],[34240]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["propagation tree",1,10906,[],[34240]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["individual attention",1,-1,[],[17745]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["caring for",1,-1,[],[17745]],["caring with",1,2048,[],[17745]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Text segmentation can be considered as the identification of a form of elementary discourse units (EDUs).",1,-1,[],[8028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["elementary discourse units (EDUs)",1,12185,[],[8028]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["civil society",1,18534,[],[45159]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["malicious intent",1,468,[],[38780]]],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[38780]]],"sb":[["Changing political views [CPV]",1,31774,[],[38780]],["Promoting anti-scientific views [PASV]",1,33839,[],[38780]],["Promoting social stereotypes/antagonisms [PSSA]",1,2561,[],[38780]],["Undermining international organizations and alliances [UIOA]",1,1584,[],[38780]],["Undermining the credibility of public institutions [UCPI]",1,21115,[],[38780]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This includes entities committing acts falling under racism, sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, islamophobia, or any kind of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[61237]],["This includes entities committing acts falling under racism, sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, islamophobia, or any kind of hate speech. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",1,-1,[],[61237]]],"sy":[["antisemitism",1,14573,[],[61237]],["homophobia",1,13370,[],[61237]],["islamophobia",1,13648,[],[61237]],["racism",1,28859,[],[61237]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[61237]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["antagonist",1,-1,[],[61237]]],"ex":[["This includes entities committing acts falling under racism, sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, islamophobia, or any kind of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[61237]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The fabrication of information, which 'mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent' ,5 has gained asymmetrical influence on the individual perception of real-world events and political choices.",1,-1,[],[46953]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Exceptionalisation and amplification already play a key role in this process because they encourage us to focus excessive energy on the most extreme examples, avoiding nuance and depth which would account for the role of mainstream actors in the process.",1,-1,[],[37660]],["Nouns also play an important role in creating deflection, namely by suggesting that the opponent is the guilty party and, in doing so, turning the reader's eyes away from the true perpetrators.",1,-1,[],[61422]],["another tactic to handle the situation when he did not have the answer",1,-1,[],[60247]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Exceptionalisation",1,9862,[],[37660]],["amplification",1,8552,[],[37660]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["We see this in the repeated equation between the far right and the socalled 'left behind'.",1,-1,[],[37660]],["deflection is used to cover up a lie, which proved to be the truth: Gordhan is presented as a liar when the contrary is true.",1,-1,[],[61422]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["distributed accounts of collective memory",1,-1,[],[22591]],["distributed version",1,-1,[],[22591]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["can users distinguish real stories from fake? If yes, what cues do they use to make this distinction?",1,-1,[],[7034]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["If we want to prepare students to develop CT in order to face real/false news spread by social media, we need to engage them in deep epistemic assessment, namely in the critical analysis of the content, the source, procedures and evidence behind the claims, apart from other tasks.",1,-1,[],[53509]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This intentional addition aids the framing process by providing readers with information that shapes their first expectations about the story in question",1,-1,[],[49552]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Type 2 processing",1,7719,[],[17511]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[],"de":[["It also causes users to authenticate news before sharing it, particularly news related to religion. This explains the behaviour of active corrective action on fake news (AC) and passive corrective action on fake news (PC). This argument also justifies why authentication of news before sharing (AN) is another aspect of the image-related utility behind the motivation to share factual information on online social media.",1,-1,[],[1836]],["Moreover, it encompasses how users are aware of their status and the reputation to others.",1,-1,[],[53020]],["Positive outcomes such as earning the trust of social group members and enhancement of self-reputation can encourage users to engage in corrective action",1,-1,[],[1836]],["Reputation can be seen as a matter of trust.",1,-1,[],[1836]],["Reputations, in turn, are widely recognized valuable and intangible assets, because they attract customers, talent, and top-employees, and create competitive advantage",1,-1,[],[34619]],["The status of users can be exhibited through the built-in functions of social media platforms, such as the number of friends and followers or the number of likes and shares their posts receive.",1,-1,[],[53020]],["any crises, as it disrupts the organization's operations, is a threat to the reputation",1,-1,[],[34619]],["it encompasses how users are aware of their status and the reputation to others",1,-1,[["it encompasses how users are aware of their status and the reputation to others",1],["it encompasses how users are aware of their status and the reputation to others.",1]],[53020]],["organizational reputations are formed through the information that is received about the organization",1,-1,[],[34619]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["honeycomb framework",1,-1,[],[1836]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristics",1,25648,[],[27672]]],"ex":[["Jeremiah Owyang's 70,000 and Guy Kawasaki's 292,000 followers on Twitter attest their reputations as social media maven and emerging technology expert, respectively.",1,-1,[],[1288]],["LinkedIn, which builds the reputation of one individual based on endorsements from others.",1,-1,[],[1288]],["On YouTube, the reputation of videos might be based on 'view counts' or 'ratings,' while on Facebook this could be 'likes,' and so forth.",1,-1,[],[1288]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dichotomous opposition",1,-1,[],[41127]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Coherence Errors",1,13334,[],[11841]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A concept displaying substantial overlap with the politicization of the judiciary",1,-1,[],[44631]],["The difference seems to lie in the fact that, while the politicization of the judiciary is a macro trend, judicial activism is specific action carried out by courts and judges.",1,-1,[],[44631]],["an ulterior motive beyond the desire to apply the law: to engender direct democracy.",1,-1,[],[44631]],["can be seen as a symptom of the politicization of the judiciary",1,-1,[],[44631]],["result-oriented judging",1,-1,[],[44631]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["judicialization of politics",1,30857,[],[44631]],["politicization of the judiciary",1,8710,[],[44631]]],"sb":[["(1) invalidation of the arguably constitutional actions of other branches, (2) failure to adhere to precedent, (3) judicial 'legislation,' (4) departures from accepted interpretive methodology, and (5) result-oriented judging.",1,-1,[],[44631]],["result-oriented judging",1,34789,[],[44631]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This trait is described along a continuum from a high need for closure at one end and an increased need to avoid closure at the other end.",1,-1,[],[28458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["propagates from pre-training to downstream summarization systems and manifests itself as hallucinated facts",1,-1,[],[18402]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["SSO theoretical framework",1,-1,[],[1699]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Totally Joyful Day",1,-1,[],[39414]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["The goal is to discover views of people articulated in the written language (text) in sentiment analysis or opinion mining",1,-1,[],[30110]],["The sub-processes involved in opinion mining utilize techniques such as subjectivity, opinion orientation, and target detection to identify data suitable for sentiment analysis from documents.",1,-1,[],[46098]],["aiming at analyzing and discovering the latent opinion in user-generated reviews on the Internet",1,-1,[],[25423]],["analyzing direction based text, determining whether a text is objective or subjective",1,-1,[],[25996]],["approaches have been developed to analyze comments, or tweets that are related to services and products.",1,-1,[],[25996]],["automatically mining opinion from online texts, aiming at discovering user concerned topics and the corresponding opinion",1,-1,[],[25423]],["opinion mining may encompass a broader range of opinions.",1,-1,[],[8017]]],"sy":[["sentiment analysis",9,8212,[],[1460,8017,17369,24855,25996,30110,35669,44841,55125]],["sentiment classification",1,6139,[],[62061]]],"rt":[["natural language processing",2,14069,[["natural language processing",1],["natural language processing (NLP)",1]],[30110,35669]],["sentiment analysis",2,8212,[["sentiment analysis",1],["sentiments analysis",1]],[33328,48082]],["data mining",1,7830,[],[30110]],["opinion inference",1,8499,[],[17369]],["sentimental analysis",1,10423,[],[25996]],["text mining",1,-1,[],[30110]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["branch of data mining",1,-1,[],[35669]],["data mining",1,7830,[],[35669]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[33328]]],"ex":[["opinion mining processes the review text ''I bought a new iPhoneX today, the screen is great, but the voice quality is poor'' and outputs two quintuples < iPhoneX, screen, great, I, today> and < iPhoneX, voice quality, poor, I, today>.",1,-1,[],[25423]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["e.g., a high quality government",1,-1,[],[42333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It shows the social domination of a particular group of people and due to this they lynch the target people or groups without any fear of punishment",1,-1,[],[49261]],["It shows the social domination of a particular group of people and due to this they lynch the target people or groups without any fear of punishment (Drennan, 2017).",1,-1,[],[49261]],["The mob lynching consists of prohibited acts such as attacks by vigilantes, murder, rape, harassment, assault, theft and so on.",1,-1,[],[49261]],["The mob lynching involves injury or murder of an individual who is considered as a criminal or accuse for the other community.",1,-1,[],[49261]],["mob lynching can be understood in these words: (i) there must be evidence that a person was killed (ii) the person must have met death illegally, (iii) a group of three or more persons must have participated in the killings and (iv) the killing is carried out in public.",1,-1,[],[49261]]],"sy":[["lynching",1,17291,[],[49261]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Muslims are targeted for lynching due to slaughtering of cows and beef consuming by cow vigilantes",1,-1,[],[49261]],["few victims have been lynched because of suspicion of child lifting and theft",1,-1,[],[49261]],["people are lynched by upper caste people due social discrimination",1,-1,[],[49261]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":30,"df":[],"de":[["Accuracy in the sense of 'reality' rather than 'truth' exists in tension with the journalists' need to engage the audience -to find an 'angle' or 'hook' for the news item, feature article or broadcast material.",1,-1,[],[28926]],["I consider how participants make and contest determinations regarding the accuracy of possible stereotypes in the moment-by-moment unfolding of the interactions, and how they use these determinations as bases for negotiating the moral accountability of stereotyping, independently of whether the stereotype is \"objectively\" accurate.",1,-1,[],[46801]],["Individuals may achieve this by paying attention to pertinent information and ignoring less relevant pieces of information",1,-1,[],[26906]],["Individuals may achieve this by paying attention to pertinent information and ignoring less relevant pieces of information (Bolsen et al., 2014)-in this case, by focusing on policy details and ignoring party endorsements.",1,-1,[],[26906]],["It is an overall measurement;",1,-1,[],[16765]],["Pursuing accuracy goals, however, requires more cognitive effort and the use of more complex decision rules",1,-1,[],[26906]],["Pursuing accuracy goals, however, requires more cognitive effort and the use of more complex decision rules (Kunda, 1990).",1,-1,[],[26906]],["That is, I consider how participants make and contest determinations regarding the accuracy of possible stereotypes in the moment-by-moment unfolding of the interactions, and how they use these determinations as bases for negotiating the moral accountability of stereotyping, independently of whether the stereotype is \"objectively\" accurate.",1,-1,[],[46801]],["This involves determining if the topics are relevant and if they correctly represent the underlying information in the claims without misinterpretation or error.",1,-1,[],[48318]],["accuracy represents the assertiveness characteristic of the algorithm in detecting fake news",1,-1,[],[55615]],["more specific assessment of the reporting of the story and the details concerning the plot and arrests",1,-1,[],[21691]],["to achieve accuracy, news organisations must adhere to rigorous fact-checking processes. This involves thorough verification of information from multiple sources, to ensure that the facts presented are not only true but also unbiased.",1,-1,[],[53970]]],"sy":[["correctness of information presented in news stories",1,-1,[],[53970]]],"rt":[["believability",1,1989,[],[21691]],["clarity",1,6641,[],[45220]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[21691]],["moral accountability",1,-1,[],[46801]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[45220]],["possible stereotypes",1,24117,[],[46801]],["veracity",1,20431,[],[21691]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ethical considerations",1,24711,[],[41145]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[21691]],["translation quality",1,-1,[],[58800]]],"ex":[["Accuracy = 1 2 * |A Sup ∩ S Sup | |A Sup | + |A Opp ∩ S Opp | |A Opp |",1,-1,[],[7071]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["comment frame being identical to the dominant article frame",1,-1,[],[30087]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dominant frame",1,15566,[],[30087]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such competing influence diffusion could range from two competing companies engaging in two marketing campaigns trying to grab people's attentions, or two political candidates of the opposing parties trying to influence their voters, to government authorities trying to inject truth information to fight with rumors spreading in the public, and so on.",1,-1,[],[23995]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The expectation that journalists fulfill a collaborative role, providing support to state discourse",1,-1,[],[60335]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Collaborative networks",1,-1,[],[47308]],["radical oppositional journalism",1,24485,[],[60335]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["collective nouns",1,26406,[],[2520]],["epicene nouns",1,18005,[],[2520]],["generic nouns",1,-1,[],[2520]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Whether a given news content or topic is check-worthy can be measured by, e.g., (i) its newsworthiness or potential to influence the society, or (ii) its historical likelihood of being fake news.",1,-1,[],[7124]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["In this sense, the process of styling and stylization provides the grounds for framing, as it is inherently about intersubjective negotiation and interpretation of the social meaning of sociolinguistic variables, about constructing frames of reference within which various identities and personae can be understood.",1,-1,[],[32811]],["In this way it contributes to the construction of communication and its meaning.",1,-1,[],[24532]],["Style has both a differentiating and a classifying role-it allows us to distinguish a certain communication from another, and at the same time to classify it in a superior group of texts and to treat it accordingly.",1,-1,[],[24532]],["The Prague School then differentiates styles according to the leading function of the communication act, i.e., the intention pursued by the author, the purpose or the aim served by the speech",1,-1,[],[24532]],["Under this view, the identities and personae that speakers adopt through styling build upon existing social stances and stereotypes, but also are an outcome of interactional processes through which linguistic forms are resignified and reinterpreted.",1,-1,[],[32811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political style",1,14272,[],[23976]],["stylistic features",1,20018,[],[48931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["orders of discourse",1,10079,[],[50797]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[22257]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As both the coding rules and the reports themselves remain constant or fixed, this difference can only be attributed to the coders themselves or to the changing context in which the scores were produced.",1,-1,[],[53212]],["examines whether internal standards of coding are changing over time",1,-1,[],[53212]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["claims",1,178,[],[12182]],["premises",1,9428,[],[12182]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["a contextomized quote in a news headline can serve as an editorial slogan, misinforming public opinion",1,-1,[],[40198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contextomy",1,82,[],[40198]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It may be conducted by non-profit organisations, media organisations or by a self-motivated group of media workers and aims for skills enhancement and capacity-building of journalists in the form of training workshops and seminars.",1,-1,[],[60995]],["aims for skills enhancement and capacity-building of journalists in the form of training workshops and seminars.",1,-1,[],[60995]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["developing reporting skills in the conflict areas to employing safety and survival techniques and post-conflict trauma awareness programmes",1,-1,[],[60995]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["structural dimensions of frames",1,-1,[],[57923]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["When searching for news and encountering unexpected advertisements, for example, readers tend to evaluate it as less credible.",1,-1,[],[27670]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristics",1,25648,[],[27670]]],"ex":[["Do you think commercials use special tricks to make the toys look better than they really are?",1,-1,[],[3502]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Any opinion or statement, expressed in good faith by way of fair comment on any person or thing subjected to public criticism, shall not be deemed as false computer data.",1,-1,[],[36032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["disinformation tactics such as hashtag flooding",1,-1,[],[42897]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["infodemic",1,27460,[],[32829]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing",1,22777,[],[47221]],["protest frames",1,26402,[],[47221]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["A participatory culture is also one in which members believe their contributions matter, and feel some degree of social connection with one another (at the least they care what other people think about what they have created).",1,-1,[],[23711]],["a key term explaining the common everyday attitudes and behaviors of millions of Web 2.0 users. It no longer describes the cultural production and social interactions of fan communities",1,-1,[],[42655]],["now refers to a range of different groups deploying media production and distribution to serve their collective interests, as various scholars have linked considerations of fandom into a broader discourse about participation in and through media",1,-1,[],[42655]],["refer to every culture with relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement; strong support for creating and sharing one's creations with others; a certain type of informal mentorship whereby experienced participants pass along knowledge to novices; and members who believe that their contributions matter and feel some degree of social connection with one another (Jenkins et al. 2009).",1,-1,[],[42655]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affiliations (memberships in online communities)",1,-1,[],[23711]],["circulations (shaping the flow of media, the participation gap (the unequal access to the opportunities), the transparency problem (the challenges young people face in learning to see clearly the ways that media shape perceptions of the world), and the ethics challenge.",1,-1,[],[23711]],["collaborative problem-solving (working together in teams)",1,-1,[],[23711]],["expressions (producing new creative forms)",1,-1,[],[23711]],["fandom",1,11467,[],[42655]],["spectatorship",1,19321,[],[42655]]],"sb":[["affiliations (memberships in online communities)",1,-1,[],[23711]],["circulations (shaping the flow of media, the participation gap (the unequal access to the opportunities), the transparency problem (the challenges young people face in learning to see clearly the ways that media shape perceptions of the world), and the ethics challenge.",1,-1,[],[23711]],["collaborative problem-solving (working together in teams)",1,-1,[],[23711]],["expressions (producing new creative forms)",1,-1,[],[23711]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the grammatical co-ordination of swearing with other behaviours perceived as negative, such as adultery and drunkenness, may be an example of what Hall et al. Call (1978, p. 223) a 'spiral of signification', where the similarities between them are highlighted and the threat they pose is amplified.",1,-1,[],[11388]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["filter bubble",1,6507,[],[45419]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["This growth in affective polarization is driven primarily by increasing out-party animosity (rather than increasing in-party warmth)",1,-1,[],[3366]],["animus towards political opponents rather than positive feelings towards the in-party",1,-1,[],[58952]],["evident as more voters associate the other party's adherents with social groups that they dislike",1,-1,[],[18822]],["people share fake news out of animus towards political opponents rather than positive feelings towards their own party",1,-1,[],[58952]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[18822]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Electronic communications technologies are affording children and adolescents new means of bullying one another.",1,-1,[],[1754]],["about half of children who are bullied electronically do not know the identity of the perpetrators",1,-1,[],[1754]],["the potential audience of bystanders and observers of electronic bullying is limitless",1,-1,[],[1754]]],"sy":[["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[1754]],["online social cruelty",1,-1,[],[1754]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bullying",1,14915,[],[1754]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["It is usually utilised in cases where the exact information may be not known except that there may be an aspect of sex involved.",1,-1,[],[39255]],["It may also be used as a means of using general linguistics to refer to the crime due to the sensitive nature of the topic.",1,-1,[],[39255]],["Sexual violence in general terms is used differently by different groups of people.",1,-1,[],[39255]],["Sexual violence in general terms is used differently by different groups of people. As such, it is pertinent to state that this term does not have a set definition aside from the generally agreed upon the statement as mentioned above.",1,-1,[],[39255]],["The term itself is non-legal and very vague and all-encompassing.",1,-1,[],[39255]],["This sexual violence usually occurs due to biased gender assumptions and societal inequality of power",1,-1,[],[54732]],["This will mean that different people will present different perspectives in response to the same terms used",1,-1,[],[39255]],["a label more commonly associated with women",1,-1,[],[2513]],["it is not just bodily violence, but violence that specifically impacts upon a victim/survivors social status and identity in a context of gendered inequality.",1,-1,[],[2513]],["more closely associated with pleasure on the part of the perpetrator and, thus, within the private sphere",1,-1,[],[2513]],["usually occurs due to biased gender assumptions and societal inequality of power",1,-1,[],[54732]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rape",1,4295,[],[2513]],["sexual torture",1,31653,[],[2513]],["torture",1,-1,[],[2513]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Violence",1,27486,[],[10552]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Knowledge practices within the second principle include: articulate capabilities and constraints of information developed through different production modes, assess fit between information creation and need, recognise different perceptions of information based on format, recognise implications of dynamic vs. static formats, monitor different values of information, transfer knowledge to new information, and develop an understanding of how choices impact the purpose and use-value of information",1,-1,[],[30393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the speaker places his criticism into a dialogical frame, in which the audience is construed as adverse and its position as opposed to the one he represents",1,-1,[],[45620]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Soaps are also largely considered to be addressed to women and their competencies in the personal sphere.",1,-1,[],[21384]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[28848]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Capitalist social roles are naturalized as normal and rational.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["Reification conceals the political interventions and the power inequalities that capitalist societies are structured upon.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["Reification derives from different forms of objectifications and rationalizations required for the establishment of the social relations required by the capitalist process.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["Reification occurs due to the rationalization and standardization of labour and the objectification of the worker.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["The process of reification is connected to the fetish character of the objectified form of the commodity that does not carry inscriptions of the process of its production and circulation.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["The subjective human is mediated by the mechanistic process of production, and is assessed according to the axiomatic laws that the capitalist process imposes, irrespective of the worker's subjective will.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["The worker is called to conform and to discipline him/herself according to the continuous changing needs of the capitalist process and the technological developments that reproduce capitalism.",1,-1,[],[27235]],["which is central to defining constructs and identifying measurable variables for measuring them.",1,-1,[],[25808]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[40155]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["gendered harms",1,2729,[],[7441]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Slurs and vulgarisms can be detected with a high level of precision using simple word lexicons. Issues with the culturally sensitive usage of certain words (words that are slurs in some cultures, but not in others) remain an open problem",1,-1,[],[18135]]],"sy":[["ethnic slurs",1,-1,[],[18135]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["Here the value 0.7 represents that subjectivity is more, which ultimately refers that mostly it is a public opinion and not a factual information.",1,-1,[],[58608]],["Subjective sentences generally refer to personal opinion, emotion or judgment whereas objective sentence refers to factual information.",1,-1,[],[58608]],["Subjectivity:",1,-1,[],[35399]],["The term subjectivity has different senses and has been adopted in computational linguistics to encompass automatic extraction of both sentiment and polarity",1,-1,[],[24884]],["We group in this category cases of disagreement due to the annotators' identity, beliefs and background, which have been recognised as leading to biased judgments",1,-1,[],[35399]],["Without independent expert commentary, there is a lack of objectivity and critical reflection about the potential translation of the research findings.",1,-1,[],[51970]],["Words or phrases that typically express opinions, personal feelings, judgments, or beliefs receive higher subjectivity scores, while factual statements receive lower scores.",1,-1,[],[61046]],["often influenced by one's emotional state and viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[33566]],["subjectivity in narratives following Banfield's (1982) theory, which characterized sentences of narration as objective (narrating events or describing the fictional world) or subjective (expressing the author's thoughts or perceptions).",1,-1,[],[24884]],["the choice of words definitely reflects social and personal perspectives, opinions, and stances",1,-1,[],[39836]],["the most frequent causes of disagreement are task-specific: in our dataset, they are mostly due to annotators' subjectivity and their perception of what is offensive",1,-1,[],[35399]],["the way people write and speak about events, entities, and their experiences is unique and subjective.",1,-1,[],[39836]],["we extracted the polarity and subjectivity used to identify and categorize the opinions stated in the articles, which can be used to capture the attitude of the writer toward a particular topic",1,-1,[],[61046]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Objectivity",2,31829,[["Objectivity",1],["objectivity",1]],[11170,54086]],["opinions",1,24152,[],[39836]],["perspectives",1,23315,[],[39836]],["semantic orientation",1,12634,[],[24388]],["stances",1,2283,[],[39836]]],"sb":[["Personal Bias",1,14033,[],[35399]],["Swearing",1,10148,[],[35399]],["Threatening",1,22342,[],[35399]],["does the text contain linguistic violence (for example: \"shut up\", \"get out\", \"you are going to prison\")?",1,-1,[],[35399]],["does the text contain specific words that can be interpreted in a subjective way by the annotator (for example: \"racist\", \"fascist\", \"clown\", \"pathetic\", \"liar\", \"pig\") or refer to specific, critical opinions (no vax, wearing or not wearing masks)?",1,-1,[],[35399]],["does the text include swearing words (for example: \"prick\", \"turd\", \"crap\", \"bullshit\", \"moron\", \"dumb\")? Does it include ableist insults such as \"retarded\", \"psycho\" and expressions containing \"shit\" (for example: \"cut the shit\", \"don't know shit\").",1,-1,[],[35399]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Given a rule whose consequent exhibited determination is disadvantageous to individuals, it would be unfair if the confidence of the rule substantially increased by adding a condition associated with a sensitive feature to the antecedent part of the rule. The α-protection constrains the rule so that the ratio of this increase is at most α.",1,-1,[],[21785]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["diferente do jornalismo segmentado, que leva em consideração mais o público e seus nichos (segmentos).",1,-1,[],[13514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["jornalismo especializado",1,19477,[],[13514]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such a conceptualization accommodates the observation that populism can combine with different deep ideologies, can be leftist (as is often the case in Latin America -Hawkins 2009) or rightist, as is predominantly the case in contemporary Europe.",1,-1,[],[2354]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Malicious accounts are divided into three main types: social bots, trolls, and cyborg users [24].",1,-1,[],[20635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["cyborg users",2,17854,[],[5516,20635]],["social bots",2,20136,[],[5516,20635]],["trolls",2,4949,[],[5516,20635]],["Cyborg users are malicious accounts created by real people; however, they maintain activities by using programs.",1,-1,[],[20635]],["Social bots are social network accounts controlled by computer algorithms.",1,-1,[],[20635]],["Trolls are real people who disrupt online communities to provoke an emotional response from social media users",1,-1,[],[20635]]],"sp":[["social bot",1,20136,[],[20635]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Temporary",1,-1,[],[48624]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Extramedia level",1,11177,[],[48624]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["racism, irreligion, homophobia",1,-1,[],[20319]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["FoM",1,-1,[],[26514]],["MP",1,-1,[],[26514]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deep fakes",1,4551,[],[39937]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Empirical research demonstrates the existence of this positivity bias in social media posts, whereby users aim to appear as interesting, likeable, and attractive as possible (Yau & Reich, 2019) and tend to only portray the positive and desirable aspects of their life (Reinecke & Trepte, 2014).",1,-1,[],[42301]],["social media users aim to convey a favorable self-image online",1,-1,[],[37951]],["with users presenting idealized images of their lives to appear more likable and attractive",1,-1,[],[42301]]],"sy":[["Pollyanna hypothesis",1,-1,[],[16575]],["social media positivity bias",1,32312,[],[37951]]],"rt":[["negativity bias",1,17511,[],[28397]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A typical example of an unspontaneous post is someone who organizes a photoshoot of himself/herself with the sole purpose of selecting a good picture to post on social media.",1,-1,[],[4720]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["provides a micro-level lens",1,-1,[],[44759]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["verbal humor",1,30801,[],[26071]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Guest contributor; Regular columnist; Wire service",1,-1,[],[48004]],["e.g. Guest contributor; Regular columnist; Wire service",1,-1,[],[48004]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This can be operationalised by flagging those tweets that are identified as rumours, warning users to think twice before spreading the information.",1,-1,[],[17379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-rumour",1,20695,[],[17379]],["rumour",1,17712,[],[17379]],["rumour tracking",1,21000,[],[17379]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These frame dimensions are general enough to be applied to various political topics.",1,-1,[],[33032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Health and safety\"",1,-1,[],[33032]],["\"cultural identity\"",1,-1,[],[33032]],["\"economics\"",1,-1,[],[33032]],["\"morality\"",1,-1,[],[33032]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[41557]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A interpretação implica na tomada de posição (Pêcheux, 2002).",1,-1,[],[14755]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The request can be made in writing or orally, with no distinction as to the form of communication, as long as the intent and demand are clear.",1,-1,[],[36516]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["testifies to the power of the news provider to inflict political hints",1,-1,[],[57137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic modality",1,31081,[],[57137]],["modality",1,15247,[],[57137]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["if the entity is not found in the source and p prior > p pos , then the entity is classified as non-factual and hallucinated.",1,-1,[],[11828]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["factual hallucination",1,4814,[],[11828]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hallucinated",1,17698,[],[11829]],["hallucination",1,4995,[["hallucination",1],["hallucinations",1]],[11828,11829]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Semantic gender then may be present in languages that do not morphologically mark grammatical gender, such as English, Turkish, or Mandarin Chinese.",1,-1,[],[30117]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["grammatical gender direction",1,24561,[],[50293]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic gender",1,28906,[],[30117]]],"ex":[["in English, the word \"men\" associated with masculine traits, \"woman\" with feminine ones, etc.",1,-1,[],[30117]],["man, male, waitress",1,-1,[],[50293]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As a genre, livestreaming is rooted in witnessing and liveness.",1,-1,[],[58467]],["Being the \"first to see an event\" (Haimson and Tang, 2017: 54) instills excitement and drama by the unpredictability of which turns actions might take.",1,-1,[],[58467]],["Finally, livestreaming opens for sociality, a shared experience which enhances the emotional proximity motivating people to join livestreaming (Haimson and Tang, 2017: 55).",1,-1,[],[58467]],["First, it offers immersion by establishing a sense of \"being there.\"",1,-1,[],[58467]],["People participating in events are able to livestream without leaving or interrupting the scene (Martini, 2018: 4043), and geographically remote users may \"experience and interact co-presently via the livestreams\" (Gregory, 2015(Gregory, : 1378)).",1,-1,[],[58467]],["Second, immediacy is granted by users gaining exclusive access to following events in real time.",1,-1,[],[58467]],["Third, livestreaming allows users to interact in real time with the person livestreaming as well as with other users by commenting, liking, etc.",1,-1,[],[58467]],["connecting its product to the extraction of engagement metrics from affective economies",1,-1,[],[46411]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective economies",1,10425,[],[46411]],["engagement metrics",1,-1,[],[46411]]],"sb":[["mediation",1,11235,[],[58467]],["pre-mediation",1,18497,[],[58467]],["re-mediation",1,20293,[],[58467]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Because stories mobilize social activists (Polletta 1997), and activists use stories to persuade the public to support social causes (Loseke 2003), narratives have been called a foundational characteristic of movements for social change (Davis 2002).",1,-1,[],[12541]],["Socially circulating stories of types of people with different types of problems also serve as templates for social service workers to make sense of the unique people using service agencies (Santiago-Irizarry 2001;Rains, Davies, and McKinnon 2004), pattern the work of courts of law (Amsterdam and Bruner 2000), and shape political campaigns and presidential communications (Smith 2005).",1,-1,[],[12541]],["Stories told in public policy hearings define moral landscapes of problems (Whittle and Mueller 2012), and these stories justify social policy (Schneider and Ingram 1993) and the institutional arrangements that result (Alexander 1992).",1,-1,[],[12541]],["These narratives -stories -about particular people or about types of people are used by politicians to sell themselves and their policies, by advertisers to sell products, by preachers and teachers to demonstrate moral principles, by social activists to inspire moral outrage, by textbook writers and journalists to generate attention.",1,-1,[],[12541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the alcoholic",1,-1,[],[12541]],["the soldier",1,-1,[],[12541]],["the terrorist",1,-1,[],[12541]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["infectious disease modeling",1,3075,[],[49011]],["network theory",1,-1,[],[49011]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a communicative act that does not primarily target the victims on site, but a larger audience in order to intimidate e.g. a government, an organization or the public in general",1,-1,[],[47777]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["structural conceptions of rights",1,-1,[],[40812]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike emotionality, which describes a communicant's use of positive (e.g., happiness) and negative (e.g., sadness, anger) emotions",1,-1,[],[4103]],["describing positive (e.g., achievement and improvement) or negative (e.g., failure and fiasco) events or developments",1,-1,[],[4103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotionality",1,5905,[],[4103]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["the tonality of the news-agency releases",1,-1,[],[45859]]],"ex":[["describing positive (e.g., achievement and improvement) or negative (e.g., failure and fiasco) events or developments",1,-1,[],[4103]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Commercialisation functions as a discursive market logic, presenting autocracy as a contextually appropriate response to governance challenges, irrespective of whether it results in regime change.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["Commercialisation functions as a discursive market logic, presenting autocracy as a contextually appropriate response to governance challenges, irrespective of whether it results in regime change. This logic treats narratives as discursive 'products' circulating in a market-like environment.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["In so doing, it fosters demand by aligning narratives with the specific concerns of recipient regimes, enabling autocratic practices to be adopted when they are perceived to 'fit'.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["Rather than advancing a fixed model of autocratic governance, commercialisation offers flexible narrative structures adaptable to diverse contexts.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["Rather than aiming at regime resilience or regime change, autocracy commercialisation centres on the circulation of narratives that normalise autocratic practices across diverse settings.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["Rather than aiming at regime resilience or regime change, autocracy commercialisation centres on the circulation of narratives that normalise autocratic practices across diverse settings. Commercialisation functions as a discursive market logic, presenting autocracy as a contextually appropriate response to governance challenges, irrespective of whether it results in regime change. This logic treats narratives as discursive 'products' circulating in a market-like environment.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["This logic treats narratives as discursive 'products' circulating in a market-like environment.",1,-1,[],[48103]],["autocracy commercialisation as a framework for understanding how autocracy is normalised through narrative practices",1,-1,[],[48103]],["autocracy promotion should be understood as the normalisation of autocratic governance practices through narratives marketising autocracy as a product",1,-1,[],[48103]],["embedding stability, sovereignty and lawful governance as discursive priorities",1,-1,[],[48103]],["functions discursively through recurring emphasis on incumbency, order, and non-interference",1,-1,[],[48103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["autocracy promotion",1,22359,[],[48103]],["marketising narratives",1,24090,[],[48103]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this type of metaphor we have a unified object or a gestalt presented integrally and this object reminds us of another object, without visual cues.",1,-1,[],[44478]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["visual metaphor",1,34035,[],[44478,44479]]],"ex":[["In the anti-smoking advertisement below, we have an example of an integrated metaphor. In this advertisement, there are two cigarettes that form a gun shape, leading us to build the metaphor CIGARETTE IS A WEAPON.",1,-1,[],[44479]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["coordination is a complex, non-binary concept",1,-1,[],[16750]]],"sy":[["coordinated actions",1,-1,[],[27843]]],"rt":[["online manipulation",1,-1,[],[27843]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["grassroots initiatives",1,-1,[],[27843]],["online fandoms",1,-1,[],[27843]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis",1,23921,[],[55896]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["networks of hashtag co-occurrences represent a powerful proxy of the cognitive profile of users",1,-1,[],[3308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["association networks in psycholinguistics",1,-1,[],[3308]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The determinant concerned here necessitates that an organization stays abreast with issues that could directly influence it, as well as with its extent of knowledge regarding contemporary societal, democratic, and political issues.",1,-1,[],[35294]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Vader uses a set of qualitative and quantitative methods, including a list of lexical features usually found in Social Network contexts. Vader combines lexical features with grammatical and syntactical conventions to express and empathize with sentiment intensity.",1,-1,[],[1047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Naïve Bayes",1,-1,[],[1047]],["SentiWordNet",1,18827,[],[1047]],["Support Vector Machine",1,-1,[],[1047]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational harms",1,4488,[],[25662]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In addition, the right to information in the legal framework is more aimed at efforts to involve the public in the administration.",1,-1,[],[36368]],["This right is attached to the state as a form of accountability to the people.",1,-1,[],[36368]],["in a democratic society, the right to information is fundamental because it provides an opportunity for every citizen to monitor factual information.",1,-1,[],[36368]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Human Rights",1,15074,[],[36368]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["not smart rather than stupid",1,-1,[],[22883]],["not stupid rather than smart",1,-1,[],[22883]]]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["The focus is on which issues make it on the agendas and how salient they are",1,-1,[],[30892]],["The focus is on which issues make it on the agendas and how salient they are, rather than how they are presented.",1,-1,[],[30892]],["This finding points towards a limited agenda building capacity of all four organizations in terms of \"what to think\".",1,-1,[],[29278]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[30892]],["valores-noticia o criterios de noticiabilidad",1,-1,[],[15198]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[30892]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["post-truth amounts to a form of ideological supremacy, whereby its practitioners are trying to compel someone to believe in something whether there is good evidence for it or not.",1,-1,[],[42873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[42873]],["information disorder",1,13397,[],[42873]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["According to Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), this frame is the most prevalent among serious publications.",1,-1,[],[59365]],["Based on previous studies, serious media tends to use the frame of attribution of responsibility in its news (Iyengar, 1990a;Iyengar, 1991;Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000).",1,-1,[],[50006]],["In a context of the legal disputes about adultery, the attribution of responsibility frame is often associated with cause of divorce.",1,-1,[],[58480]],["the news media are more likely to focus on attribution of responsibility in crisis situations in which there is strong controllability and intentionality on the part of the actor",1,-1,[],[50006]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Crisis Frames",1,27350,[],[50006]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["characterized as \"the front page of the Internet\"",1,-1,[],[19349]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This discourse encompasses a wide array of expressions, from overt physical violence and property destruction to more insidious forms, such as, graffiti, hate mail, and social media posts.",1,-1,[],[54789]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Using this model makes it easier to grasp the intricate flow of information between different media outlets, which can be both the traditional legacy media and other media sources, such as hyperlocal sites, blogs, citizen journalist websites and so forth.",1,-1,[],[35625]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news diffusion",1,24997,[],[35625]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["flesh witnessing",1,32828,[],[29730]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["it emerges as a matter of choice between a true or false narrative of the facts. Instead of pointing out to an external actor that should be accountable for this trouble (the politicians, the scientists, the anti-science movements, etc.), these articles seem to naturalize the spreading of \"fake news\", seen as a result of the post-truth/information disorder era in which the consumption of information is determined by mechanisms of selective perception, ideological bubbles, confirmation biases, algorithmic mediation, etc.",1,-1,[],[48158]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the spreading of a significant amount of misleading content associated with the pandemic, including scientifically unproven Covid treatments (e.g., chloroquine), false treatments, etc.",1,-1,[],[48158]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Garner can be certainly considered a proponent of the plain language movement, as he repeatedly expresses the belief that anything that can be simplified should be said in simpler words",1,-1,[],[24529]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In severe crises, governments can receive support from actors that are usually much more critical towards them.",1,-1,[],[61531]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Meanwhile, the epistemic crisis framework provides a useful lens for understanding the erosion of trust in democratic institutions and the increasing polarization of public discourse, both of which are exacerbated by the spread of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[37375]],["an ability that is at the core of democratic processes.",1,-1,[],[56198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["environmental communication",1,32526,[],[31741]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-claim discrepancies",1,32059,[],[25247]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The emergence of image material of this sort was greatly influenced by major catastrophes such as the World Trade Centre terrorist attack, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, etc.",1,-1,[],[57267]],["seemingly authentic photographs of extraordinary or curious events circulating on the internet",1,-1,[],[57267]],["seemingly truthful subject matter is initially presented in picture form",1,-1,[],[57267]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["accommodation",1,14018,[],[40234]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is these tokens, as opposed to information about a unique individual, that mediate the individual's treatment within a given analytics system.",1,-1,[],[1067]],["Similar to some shared offline identifiers (e.g. culture, ethnicity, post code), ownership of behavioural identity tokens is distributed across members of the group (see Fig. 3).",1,-1,[],[1067]],["ownership of behavioural identity tokens is distributed across members of the group",1,-1,[],[1067]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["shared ownership of behavioural identity tokens",1,-1,[],[1067]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["bandwagon effect",1,11022,[],[6302]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The 'unintuitive' information encoded in h x is not limited to h itself, and can be anything which is useful to predict y and which the user will be unlikely to easily comprehend.",1,-1,[],[23420]],["This means that the users observing the explanation naturally expects the explanation to convey information in a particular wayfoot_4 which is different from the true mechanism of the explanation.",1,-1,[],[23420]],["Trojan explanations are not merely possible, but just as reasonable to the model as any other option unless countered explicitly.",1,-1,[],[23420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Arbitrary token mapping: The label is encoded via some mapping from highlighted tokens to labels which is considered arbitrary to the user: e.g., commas for one class, and periods for another; the quantity of capital letters; distance between dashes, and so on.",1,-1,[],[23420,23421]],["Highlight signal: The label is encoded in the mask h alone, requiring no information from the original text it is purported to focus on.",1,-1,[],[23420,23421]],["The default class: In a classification case, a class can be predicted by precluding the ability to predict all other classes and selecting it by default.",1,-1,[],[23420]],["The default class: In a classification case, a class can be predicted by precluding the ability to predict all other classes and selecting it by default. As a result, the selector may decide that the absence of class features in itself defines one of the classes.",1,-1,[],[23420,23421]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social bots",1,20136,[],[34012]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the WhO's bot which sends out cOViD-19-related information to reduce the spread of misinformation in private and meso spaces",1,-1,[],[34012]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The primary agent is the head of state (or his or her minister) and the emphasis is on what he or she said or did.",1,-1,[],[59090]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media framing",1,29447,[],[15447]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethics shirking",1,17680,[],[1108]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[30625]]],"sb":[["Deception-oriented",1,3209,[],[6804]],["Objectivity-oriented",1,21334,[],[6804]]],"sp":[["News Content Models",1,4786,[],[6804]],["News content based models",1,-1,[],[23168]],["news content-based approaches",1,30102,[],[59358]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["TV debates",1,5395,[],[44063]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The structural properties of social systems are both medium and outcome of the practices they recursively organize",1,-1,[],[53922]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["disparagement",1,812,[],[31803]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This position was dubbed pro-Russia neutrality by China researcher and former US advisor on Asia policy Evan Medeiros",1,-1,[],[27818]],["referring to China's silent backing of Russia's actions while formally declaring neutrality and not supplying weapons to the Russian army",1,-1,[],[27818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["LGBTQ groups experience greater denial of agency in the New York Times than the institution's in-group identifier American.",1,-1,[],[37447]],["people described as homosexual experience even more denial of agency than people who are described as gay.",1,-1,[],[37447]],["requires an annotator to reason about another person's perceptions of the cognitive capabilities of members of the target group",1,-1,[],[37447]],["the NRC VAD Dominance Lexicon is useful for operationalizing denial of agency because of the close relationship between these concepts.",1,-1,[],[37447]],["three types of agency: the ability to (1) experience emotion and feel pain (affective mental states), (2) act and produce an effect on their environment (behavioral potential), and (3) think and hold beliefs (cognitive mental states)",1,-1,[],[37447]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agency",1,19283,[],[37447]],["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[37447]],["denial of subjectivity",1,3798,[],[37447]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[37447]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["I can make a difference in the problematic situation of fake news",1,-1,[],[39180]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["situational perceptions",1,1199,[],[39180]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Service journalism later became a seminal term in research on journalism on culture, lifestyle, and consumption",1,-1,[],[4731]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["a regulação, pela biopolítica da população, centrada no corpo enquanto espécie, bem como seus indicadores (natalidade, mortalidade, longevidade) e respectivas intervenções (Foucault, 2014).",1,-1,[],[15093]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["information hubs",1,18980,[],[18306]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Those who don't walk regularly have twice the risk of heart disease,\" is a loss-framed message with an undesirable consequence that is obtained.",1,-1,[],[3674]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The Summers-West saga, like the Iverson example, illustrates the workings of the narrative imperative, and the pile on suggested by our model.",1,-1,[],[14080]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["spin",1,22992,[],[14080]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say yes.",1,-1,[],[52514]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These categories capture concrete conversational moves such as asking guided questions, looking for image artifacts, asking to check sources, or asking about their confidence",1,-1,[],[60143]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["emotional strategies",1,-1,[],[60143]],["evidence strategies",1,-1,[],[60143]],["general behaviors",1,-1,[],[60143]],["knowledge activation",1,12836,[],[60143]],["metacognitive strategies",1,-1,[],[60143]],["reasoning strategies",1,-1,[],[60143]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["direct hate speech is condemned by international organisations and its use may be a reason for lawsuits against media outlets and their further penalisation",1,-1,[],[33175]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[33175]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["older events carry less influence but some persistence.",1,-1,[],[32045]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Preference may be closer to the notion of intention.",1,-1,[],[44214]],["compressing the rich and dynamic reality of human interaction to discrete sets of supposedly given (and manipulable) indicators of their future behaviors",1,-1,[],[30264]],["has a more direct bearing on choice.",1,-1,[],[44214]],["preferences involve an ordering on behalf of an agent and thus are relational and comparative.",1,-1,[],[24861]],["viewing preferences refers to the viewer's choice behavior, analogous to the conceptualization of preferences in theories of decision making",1,-1,[],[8292]],["whether latent or explicit",1,-1,[],[30264]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["arousal",1,9868,[],[8292]],["attention",1,28491,[],[8292]],["choice",1,13644,[],[44214]],["enjoyment",1,8916,[],[8292]],["intentions",1,8969,[],[44214]],["liking",1,32556,[],[8292]],["opinions",1,24152,[],[24861]]],"sb":[["Group-framed preferences",1,10227,[],[60740]],["Spontaneous preferences",1,11046,[],[60740]],["adaptive preferences",1,12937,[],[60740]],["informed preferences",1,20965,[],[60740]]],"sp":[["intent",1,31019,[],[24861]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)",1,-1,[],[23827]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["depth of reconciliation",1,-1,[],[42142]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This mode of conformism, as H. Arendt notes in The Origins of Totalitarianism, is marked by a constant undercurrent of regret.",1,-1,[],[57485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Retuits y likes podrían englobarse dentro de un segundo nivel de interacción, que puede denominarse participativa",1,-1,[],[13320]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["According to radical feminists, it is sexism and patriarchy that explain the problem of women in society (Ityavyar, 1992).",1,-1,[],[30445]],["This theory focuses on the subordination of women to men due to universal patriarchy that exists across all cultures and historical periods",1,-1,[],[30445]],["This theory focuses on the subordination of women to men due to universal patriarchy that exists across all cultures and historical periods (Hines, 2008).",1,-1,[],[30445]],["the observed bias consists of male journalists seeking information from fellow male sources even though there are as much or more females in the area at the time of occurrence of the event.",1,-1,[],[30445]],["this also keeps perpetuating male dominance: the observed bias consists of male journalists seeking information from fellow male sources even though there are as much or more females in the area at the time of occurrence of the event",1,-1,[],[30445]],["where the subordination of women by men is due to universal patriarchy",1,-1,[],[30445]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They offer information regardless of the actual elaboration of the content.",1,-1,[],[16308]],["subsuming PCs under the umbrella concept of relevance cues",1,-1,[],[16308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["PCs",1,18242,[],[16308]],["Popularity cues",1,30220,[],[16308]],["external relevance cues designated by intermediaries",1,881,[],[16308]],["external relevance cues designated by the originator of a message",1,4300,[],[16308]],["external relevance cues designated by users",1,15616,[],[16308]],["internal relevance cues",1,7592,[],[16308]],["internal relevance cues designated by the originator of a message",1,24487,[],[16308]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the auditing cost reduces the quantity of information used in the economy.",1,-1,[],[37112]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, it also breaks communication and knowledge transfer within the organisation (Tett 2015).",1,-1,[],[37976]],["Organisations may encourage silos for efficiency as gathering specialists together seems to support their ability to process information quickly, and reinforces skill-based community.",1,-1,[],[37976]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["structural secrecy",1,18559,[],[37976]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["This can lead to blockage of information, misdirection, misunderstanding and projection (Vaughan 1999).",1,-1,[],[37976]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["memory predictions are accurate if the factors that cause easy processing are relevant for the memory test but are inaccurate when easy processing is because of irrelevant factors that people fail to discount",1,-1,[],[2625]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[7073]]],"ex":[["target entities commonly include electronic equipment like laptops, restaurants, and hotels while the corresponding aspects of these entities include price, design, and quality, among others",1,-1,[],[7073]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The framework distinguishes different types of communicative biases (focusing on content and linguistic form of category labels and behavior descriptions), which have hitherto been studied in largely independent fields.",1,-1,[],[39672]],["describe how biases can be encoded in the labels used for social groups, in terms of label content and the linguistic structure of the label",1,-1,[],[45359]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["False rumors are thus intentionally and verifiably wrong (see [57] for a definition).",1,-1,[],[56677,56678]],["The authors treated it as an anomaly detection problem where false rumours are regarded as anomalies.",1,-1,[],[6829]],["True, False and Unverified labels refer to tweets containing unsubstantiated claims that could not be verified at the time of posting.",1,-1,[],[55085]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["true rumors",1,23031,[],[56678]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["False Information",1,20964,[],[9572]]],"ex":[["An example of a false rumor is, for instance, the so-called Pizzagate that erroneously alleged Hillary Clinton of running a child sex ring [21].",1,-1,[],[56678]],["the so-called Pizzagate that erroneously alleged Hillary Clinton of running a child sex ring [21].",1,-1,[],[56677]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Rhetorical question:",1,-1,[],[35395]],["Rhetorical questions can be treated simply as queries (and thus neutral) or as utterances that give away the emotional state of the speaker.",1,-1,[],[6717]],["Their goal is to express hate rather than to elicit an actual answer",1,-1,[],[11621]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ambiguity",2,21439,[],[12168,35395]]],"ex":[["Aren't all X penny pinching, after all?",1,-1,[],[11621]],["How soon do you think WWIII &WWWIV will begin? #EndRacism",1,-1,[],[6717]],["I read recently in cold black and white print that there was around 10,000 nigerians in Ireland ... Now you say close to 300,000 ????!",1,-1,[],[12168]],["e.g., I read recently in cold black and white print that there was around 10,000 nigerians in Ireland ... Now you say close to 300,000 ????!",1,-1,[],[12168]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In short, intellectual vice constitutes a motivation actively to turn away from the epistemic good.",1,-1,[],[6362]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["generally perceived as more authentic and trustworthy, and outperform mega-influencers particularly in perceived similarity.",1,-1,[],[28554]],["micro-influencers (over 10,000 followers) are generally perceived as more authentic and trustworthy, and outperform mega-influencers particularly in perceived similarity.",1,-1,[],[28554]],["smaller influencers are often more persuasive than mega-influencers, as they tend to be perceived as more authentic.",1,-1,[],[28554]],["smaller influencers may exert greater persuasive power than larger ones, at least within marketing contexts.",1,-1,[],[28554]]],"sy":[["niche opinion leaders",1,-1,[],[13536]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Instagram influencers",1,-1,[],[28554]],["influencers",1,18361,[],[47748]],["opinion leaders",1,34387,[],[13536]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It focuses on whether the article's arguments were perceived as logical.",1,-1,[],[23640]],["Variables included: argument quality, quality, strength.",1,-1,[],[590]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["central route",1,29196,[],[23640]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["An example of central route factors can be argument quality and valence, whereas source credibility and information rating are considered as peripheral route factors.",1,-1,[],[590]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In vernacular web of the extreme right it functions as an additional code, originating from cultural memory, that re-organizes the primary semantics of the message.",1,-1,[],[10203]],["In vernacular web of the extreme right it functions as an additional code, originating from cultural memory, that re-organizes the primary semantics of the message. The ordinary meaning of the message will become quite irrelevant in the light of the antithesis. The antithesis evokes the so-called wider or more significant dimension of meaningfulness",1,-1,[],[10203]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a tendency to avoid negative emotions in interpersonal conflicts and to emphasize logical reasoning as coping strategy in conflicts as well as in life in general",1,-1,[],[2650]],["the concept of defensive coping is more parsimonious than the repressive coping concept",1,-1,[],[2650]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["repressive coping",1,-1,[],[2650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["featuring informative, well-researched, and fact-checked content in combination with design features which boost shareability and audience engagement.",1,-1,[],[34571]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In closed commercial chatbots, guardrails may take the form of proprietary peripheral models",1,-1,[],[43389]],["In the context of AI, the word has been adopted in a similar context to describe measures that mitigate risks.",1,-1,[],[42117]],["Others may be trained directly into the model using the same human feedback system that improves the capabilities of the model",1,-1,[],[43389]],["Some guardrails uae peripheral components to detect and prevent the model's production of potentially harmful content",1,-1,[],[43389]],["a word which literally denotes a safety barrier designed to protect against some sort of danger.",1,-1,[],[42117]]],"sy":[["rails",1,22213,[],[11985,11986]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Additional social factors influencing this behavior include social learning through imitation, and a lack of trust in the ability of civil authorities to ensure an adequate supply of essential products.",1,-1,[],[14393]],["Biological explanations include the activation of fear-based responses via the limbic system and autonomic system in response to fear-inducing images, such as visual images of empty shelves (Alchin, 2020) and the activation of evolutionarily preserved behaviors akin to hoarding in response to resource scarcity (Rajkumar, 2021).",1,-1,[],[43927]],["Cultural factors may both influence the likelihood of panic buying and the nature of the materials purchased, some of which may have symbolic significance.",1,-1,[],[14393]],["In defining panic buying, it should be noted that the key difference in panic buying and other atypical consumer behaviors is the underlying motivation of the buying and the negative emotions that are associated with panic buying",1,-1,[],[14416]],["Individual levels of worry or anxiety may lead a person to purchase goods excessively.",1,-1,[],[43927]],["Panic buying is commonly observed following natural disasters and during outbreaks of infectious disease",1,-1,[],[43927]],["Panic buying of storable consumer goods is a common phenomenon during natural disasters and manmade crises.",1,-1,[],[1818]],["Previous literature has identified panic buying as often being a response to environmental stressors or during distressing and uncertain circumstances",1,-1,[],[14416]],["Psychological explanations include individual variations in threat or risk perception, tolerance of uncertainty, fear of infection and its consequences, self-efficacy and locus of control, as well as a need to control negative emotional states, such as sadness or anxiety",1,-1,[],[43927]],["Rather, it is an excessive form of a \"normal\" adaptive behavior (63) that may lie on a continuum with certain disorders, just as sadness and grief exist on a continuum with depression (64).",1,-1,[],[14393]],["Social factors include peer pressure and imitation, cultural values such as individualism and materialism, and broader influences related to media exposure, social media usage and government and retailer policies",1,-1,[],[43927]],["Though it may be viewed as an extreme response to an extreme situation, the phenomenon of panic buying shines a light on the evolutionary roots of long-standing, conserved patterns of behavior, their primary and secondary functions, and their sensitivity to individual and social stressors.",1,-1,[],[14393]],["Though understandable as a response to the threat of scarcity, panic buying tends to exacerbate shortages of food, medication and other essential materials, leading to a worsening of food insecurity and consumer anxiety",1,-1,[],[43927]],["acquiring essential supplies during an actual or threatened disaster is an adaptive behavior",1,-1,[],[14393]],["characterized by the excessive purchase of specific materials-particularly food and hygiene-related products-in anticipation of an expected shortage.",1,-1,[],[14393]],["erratic, irregular, episodic, sudden, unpredictable, and mostly happens during emergency situations",1,-1,[],[14416]],["even individuals who had never previously exhibited hoarding behavior may develop an increased attachment to, and urge to accumulate, certain possessions",1,-1,[],[14393]],["including pandemics, war, governmental policy changes, or natural disasters",1,-1,[],[14416]],["initial exposures to media reports of shortage and scarcity may induce panic buying in those exposed",1,-1,[],[43927]],["loss of control, insecurity, social learning, and fear of scarcity may become the core factors that cause panic buying",1,-1,[],[14406]],["panic buying can also be caused by unbalanced media coverage.",1,-1,[],[14406]],["panic buying may be a form of coping and/or a defense mechanism",1,-1,[],[14416]],["the formulation and implementation of media guidelines may help control the episodes of panic buying",1,-1,[],[14406]],["the influence of the media on panic buying cannot be ignored.",1,-1,[],[14406]],["the key difference in panic buying and other atypical consumer behaviors is the underlying motivation of the buying and the negative emotions that are associated with panic buying",1,-1,[],[14416]],["the key difference in panic buying and other atypical consumer behaviors is the underlying motivation of the buying and the negative emotions that are associated with panic buying (8).",1,-1,[],[14416]],["the phenomenon of panic buying shines a light on the evolutionary roots of long-standing, conserved patterns of behavior, their primary and secondary functions, and their sensitivity to individual and social stressors.",1,-1,[],[14393]],["the severity of which is related to individual biological and psychological diatheses.",1,-1,[],[14393]]],"sy":[["stockpiling",1,-1,[],[14393]]],"rt":[["atypical consumer behaviors",1,-1,[],[14416]],["compulsive buying",1,-1,[],[14393]],["compulsive buying disorder",1,-1,[],[14393]],["fear contagion",1,-1,[],[43927]],["herd conformity",1,-1,[],[14416]],["hoarding",1,-1,[],[14393]],["hoarding behavior",1,-1,[],[14393]],["hoarding disorder",1,-1,[],[14393]],["imitation",1,20313,[],[43927]],["impulsive buying",1,-1,[],[14393]],["purchasing essential materials",1,-1,[],[14393]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["behavioral phenomenon",1,-1,[],[14416]]],"ex":[["increase in panic buying as a response to a real and/or perceived lack of resources due to COVID-19",1,-1,[],[14416]],["overt panic buying",1,-1,[],[14393]],["pandemics, war, governmental policy changes, or natural disasters",1,-1,[],[14416]],["the accumulation of objects symbolizes safety and security",1,-1,[],[14393]],["toilet paper, rice and pasta",1,-1,[],[1818]],["visual images of empty shelves",1,-1,[],[43927]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["manipulate other people's behavior by manipulating their beliefs.",1,-1,[],[1571]],["manipulation is a key ingredient of Machiavellianism",1,-1,[],[19331]],["manipulative individuals show a reduced commitment to the truth (see Geis; Moon, 1981), because their manipulative interests -for example, to make others vote in a certain way-may be placed first.",1,-1,[],[44138]]],"sy":[["tactical deception",1,29376,[],[1571]]],"rt":[["Dark Triad",1,3994,[],[44975]],["narcissism",1,34707,[],[44975]],["psychological attributes",1,-1,[],[44975]],["psychopathy",1,20062,[],[44975]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Dark Tetrad",1,2548,[],[19331]],["dark triad trait",1,30400,[],[12037]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social beliefs",1,8477,[],[548]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This modality of inclusion therefore implies a certain release of editorial control since the audience's opinions are technically binding for journalists.",1,-1,[],[9455]],["in theory, these preferences are supposed to have an impact (variable by case) on the news-making process.",1,-1,[],[9455]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Readers' panels (type 17)",1,-1,[],[9455]],["Vote on stories (type 18)",1,-1,[],[9455]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":53,"df":[],"de":[["A framing analysis would first try to establish what is the issue, or what is it that is being framed.",1,-1,[],[4934]],["Accordingly, framing analysis seeks to reveal how a news item is constructed, through which discursive and symbolic tools it is conveyed, and what kind of effect it generates on social perception.",1,-1,[],[59801]],["An attitude of support or not support, negative or positive, is just an effect and frame built by the media, not just a characteristic or actual situation such as what (Sokowati, 2019;Rawan et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[38317]],["Basically, when framing analysis is used, it is necessary to first examine how media construct a reality or afact.",1,-1,[],[38317]],["By analyzing how events are framed, we can better understand the intentions and viewpoints of the media sources, providing insight into how information is presented to the public.",1,-1,[],[42451]],["By contrast to a discursive analysis, from a framing approach, 'power' is located in the talk-in-action.",1,-1,[],[4934]],["Finally, this viewpoint influences which facts are used and which details are highlighted. This point of view ultimately determines which facts are used, which information is emphasized and which is omitted, and the direction of the news.",1,-1,[],[44596]],["Framing analysis as a media content analysis method is a new version. It develops in conjunction with the views of constructionist.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["Framing analysis as a method of text analysis has had a lot of influence from sociological and psychological theories.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["Framing analysis helps to better understand how interactions work, and how identities and relationships develop within these interactions.",1,-1,[],[4934]],["Framing analysis is also used to examine how the media interprets and frames events",1,-1,[],[53251]],["Framing analysis is also used to examine how the media interprets and frames events (Al-Khairi, 2016).",1,-1,[],[53251]],["Framing analysis is used in communication to dissect the methods or ideology of the media when constructing facts.",1,-1,[],[53251]],["Framing analysis is used to dissect ways or ideologies of the media when constructing facts.",1,-1,[],[37384]],["From a communication perspective, framing analysis is used to dissect media methods or ideologies when constructing facts (Sobur, 2002: 162)",1,-1,[],[60802]],["Gamson and Modigliani explain framing as a set of central ideas or ideas when the media understands and understands issues.",1,-1,[],[37384]],["How the audience responds, and how the attitude towards an event, among others, depends on how the event is seen and interpreted.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["It explores what elements of reality are strategically or tacitly foregrounded or backgrounded in conversations and text, and how this includes and excludes voices, ideas and interests in policy and decision-making.",1,-1,[],[4934]],["It is technically impossible for a journalist to present the entire picture, i.e., only parts of important events (happenings) in a story (news) become objects of journalists' framing [26].",1,-1,[],[31469]],["The framing analyst shows a particular interest in what happens in the interaction, zooming in on the details of the exchanges between different actors: what is being articulated, what is not?",1,-1,[],[4934]],["The three approaches all include a critical stance toward the performativity of power in language-in -use.",1,-1,[],[4934]],["This analysis examines the strategy of selection, prominence, and linking of facts into the news to make it more meaningful, more interesting, more meaningful, or more memorable, to lead to audience interpretation according to their perspective.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["This approach enriches research in communication, journalism, and social sciences by providing tools to dissect and interpret narratives within news articles",1,-1,[],[42451]],["Thus, framing analysis serves as an important analytical tool for assessing the effectiveness of communication strategies.",1,-1,[],[59801]],["When an event is seen as a social problem and is defined as a common problem, the public's attention will become bigger",1,-1,[],[60802]],["With this method there is the opportunity to manipulate people, when there is a potential threat or important information.",1,-1,[],[58930]],["by asking some basic questions: who are shown as being responsible? How are the events defined? What kind of moral and ethical arguments are put forward? What are proposed as solutions to the problem?",1,-1,[],[54348]],["by using special frames that limit the selected information and determine the focus of attention (what perspectives journalists use when selecting issues and writing reports)",1,-1,[],[31469]],["determines how events are defined. Framing also determines whether an event is considered a social problem or not.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["differing frames, i.e. interpretations, of squatter conflicts",1,-1,[],[35429]],["framing analysis is an approach to find out how the perspective or point of view used by journalists when selecting issues and writing news.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["framing analysis is much more interested in the framings and reframings that happens in relation between actors uttered in their conversations, speeches, media outlets and so on.",1,-1,[],[4934]],["looks at what is set up on stage and where the act is carried out",1,-1,[],[14671]],["strategy of selection, prominence, and linking of facts into the news to make it more meaningful, more interesting, more meaningful, or more memorable, to lead to audience interpretation according to their perspective.",1,-1,[],[60802]],["text linguistics offers a systematic approach to addressing the question of how frames are manifested in a text.",1,-1,[],[53267]],["useful in showing how news organisations manipulate language, structure and other aspects in order to emphasise certain aspects of a story while suppressing or omitting others",1,-1,[],[14671]],["useful in showing how news organisations manipulate language, structure and other aspects in order to emphasise certain aspects of a story while suppressing or omitting others (see ENTMAN, 1993)",1,-1,[],[14671]],["using framing, media influence public opinion and public agenda",1,-1,[],[31844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse analysis",2,13723,[],[4934,37384]],["Framing",1,22777,[],[53251]],["Murry Edelman",1,-1,[],[44596]],["Robert Entman",1,-1,[],[44596]],["William A. Gamson and Modigliani",1,-1,[],[44596]],["Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosocki",1,-1,[],[44596]],["contextual analysis",1,31072,[],[58930]],["deductive approach",1,9061,[],[33427]],["identification of the causes of the problem (causal interpretation): who is considered to be the cause of the problem",1,-1,[],[60802]],["identity",1,4047,[],[4934]],["interaction",1,34609,[],[4934]],["interactional focus on discursive devices",1,-1,[],[4934]],["moral evaluation, which is an assessment of the causes of the problem",1,-1,[],[60802]],["narrative analysis",1,1668,[],[4934]],["problem identification: what events are seen as and with what values",1,-1,[],[60802]],["relationship",1,14684,[],[4934]],["semantic prototyping",1,-1,[],[58930]],["treatment recommendation, which offers a way to solve problems and sometimes predicts the results.",1,-1,[],[60802]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[37384]],["interpretive approaches",1,-1,[],[4934]],["qualitative content analysis",1,12738,[],[14671]]],"ex":[["sensational, vague",1,-1,[],[60148]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["He defines spirituality \"as the journey to find a sustainable, authentic, meaningful, holistic and profound understanding of the existential self and its relationship/interconnectedness with the sacred and the transcendent.",1,-1,[],[51729]],["Religion and spirituality are intertwined because every form of religion involves the spiritual, every form of spirituality and religion appears in a social context",1,-1,[],[51729]],["Transcendence, super consciousness, etc. become spiritual correspondents for the individual, part of the personal experience of the human being",1,-1,[],[51729]],["all forms of spirituality centered on authenticity, knowledge and self-transcendence",1,-1,[],[51729]],["postmodern diluted individualized, \"tinkered\" religiosity, (Hervieu-Léger, 1999). A religiosity of \"poor thinking\" (Vattimo, Rovatti and Amoroso, 1983), of multiplicity, of difference and the deconstruction resting on micro narratives, new strategies of the individual and the contextual to support the incommensurable (Lyotard, 1979) and fill the need for meaning.",1,-1,[],[51729]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Religiosity",1,31776,[],[14658]],["religion",1,26542,[],[51729]],["sacred",1,21516,[],[51729]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Across shifting genres, personification becomes the main cue for audiences to decode appropriations.",1,-1,[],[20850]],["Personification is the pivotal point for this double statement of the authentic and the symbolic.",1,-1,[],[20850]],["The key components of personification may be any type of material or living objects reflecting the broad spectrum of received experience",1,-1,[],[50699]],["The last subtype of the ontological metaphor is personification which should be described as quite numeral in both speeches due to the statistical results.",1,-1,[],[50699]],["by means of personification, it is easier to trace the dynamics of actions in the framework of the content and to assess a particular situation represented by the speaker.",1,-1,[],[50699]],["differs in terms of the aspects of people that are picked out",1,-1,[],[26953]],["is another effective means by which the actors behind something can be concealed (Machin & Mayr 2012).",1,-1,[],[46512]],["personification becomes the main cue for audiences to decode appropriations.",1,-1,[],[20850]],["personification is a decisive factor in iconic images and constitutes the essential link between icons and appropriations.",1,-1,[],[20850]],["the foundation of personification is based on the process of equation the country to a human using the process of overlapping.",1,-1,[],[50699]]],"sy":[["personification",1,5472,[],[59613]]],"rt":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[40153]],["ontological metaphor",1,28167,[],[26953]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["ontological metaphor",2,28167,[["ontological metaphor",2],["ontological metaphors",1]],[26953,50699]],["prosopopoeia",1,25596,[],[59757]]],"ex":[["Quintilian's assertion that oratory can 'give voices to cities and states'.",1,-1,[],[59757]],["Shakespeare's description of the nation state of England as a pale-faced maid or woman.",1,-1,[],[59757]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["anti-vax content",1,7448,[],[47005]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["hate speech is 'one of the behavioural consequences of that process'",1,-1,[],[18608]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["originally used in English to mean cheerful",1,-1,[],[43566]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are typically detailed and present elaborate account of the issues they focus on, and represent issues that newspapers consider as most important.",1,-1,[],[35442]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Parliament's media strategy of seeking democratic visibility constituted an equilibrium resulting from pulling and pushing tactics both within parliament and vis-à-vis the government.",1,-1,[],[56517]],["the overall media strategy of the British Parliament",1,-1,[],[56517]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media tactics",1,28351,[],[56517]],["strategic communication",1,17579,[],[56516]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["strategic communication",1,17579,[],[56516]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["POV",1,29567,[],[4799]]],"rt":[["character-bound narrators (CN)",1,-1,[],[17220]],["distance",1,2235,[],[59673]],["external narrators (EN)",1,-1,[],[17220]],["first-and third-person narratives",1,-1,[],[17220]]],"sb":[["First-person POV",1,31598,[],[4799]]],"sp":[["multimodal framing devices",1,22103,[],[59673]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame semantic representations",1,-1,[],[12199]]],"sb":[["agency",1,19283,[],[12199]],["power",1,24789,[],[12199]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the clearest form of which is the use of the imperative or vocative.",1,-1,[],[24521]],["the orientation towards the addressee",1,-1,[],[24521]]],"sy":[["appellative function",1,-1,[],[24521]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the use of the imperative or vocative",1,-1,[],[24521]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["(e.g. through 'activating' and 'mobilizing the public' and through 'increasing' or 'stimulating participation').",1,-1,[],[9378]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["analytical-deliberative roles",1,-1,[],[9378]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Civic Media Literacies (values orientated)",1,-1,[],[17754]],["Civic media literacies expand our concept of media literacy from skills and competencies to civic values. They prioritize the design and implementation of media literacy initiatives that focus on the development of agentive action taking where people feel a sense of individual and collective engagement with the world, and use media to act on their disposition.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["Civic media literacies, in this regard, can be transformative.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["The cases prioritize civic values first, and employ media literacy practices to support their goals.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["The goal of civic media literacies is not to reduce participation to an outcome, but rather to understand participation as a process by which voice, activated through constructs that support agency, is applied in the real world.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["They are, for all intents and purposes, the same, and they should be articulated as such.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["They envision media literacy pedagogies and practices that prioritize caring ethics, inspire critical consciousness, cultivate imagination, develop persistent engagement, and create conditions for emancipatory forms of communication activism, where people are able to work together to respond to social problems that prevent progress from taking place.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["an approach to civic media literacies that builds from the conceptual and provides a pathway for practitioners to consider the wider civic aims of their work.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["media literacies must put civic processes at the forefront of their design, or they serve to create media savvy citizens, skilled in deconstruction and creation, but absent their application to problem solving and public work.",1,-1,[],[17754]],["re-imagine the work of media literacy to embrace \"being in the world with others toward a common good.\"",1,-1,[],[17754]],["skills and competencies are vital to media literacy, and a necessary component of the value-driven, agentive approaches to media interventions",1,-1,[],[17754]],["the focus of civic media literacies to be about common good and activating media inquiry and creation that embraces human-based approaches to solving civic problems.",1,-1,[],[17754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agency",1,19283,[],[17754]],["caring",1,23802,[],[17754]],["civics education",1,-1,[],[17754]],["community participation",1,-1,[],[17754]],["critical consciousness",1,18406,[],[17754]],["emancipation",1,-1,[],[17754]],["emancipatory communication practices",1,10786,[],[17754]],["humanistic storytelling",1,-1,[],[17754]],["imagination",1,25500,[],[17754]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[17754]],["monitoring online dialog",1,-1,[],[17754]],["navigating social networks",1,-1,[],[17754]],["participation",1,8272,[],[17754]],["persistence",1,1487,[],[17754]],["voice",1,9850,[],[17754]]],"sb":[["caring",1,23802,[],[17754]],["critical consciousness",1,18406,[],[17754]],["emancipation",1,-1,[],[17754]],["imagination",1,25500,[],[17754]],["persistence",1,1487,[],[17754]]],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[17754]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In particular, it does not evaluate the features in X nor the functional form of the predictor Y (X) nor how it was derived.",1,-1,[],[23636]],["it does not evaluate the features in X nor the functional form of the predictor Y (X) nor how it was derived.",1,-1,[],[23636]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, their perspective tends to be much narrower, focusing on selected issues that require attention, drawing on the experiences necessary to best address the situation at hand (type of experience used). Their goals may also change as the problem evolves. These leaders are best situated in localized, stable conditions where concrete problems can be identified and solved in a rational process",1,-1,[],[43204]],["Consequently, their perspective tends to be much narrower, focusing on selected issues that require attention, drawing on the experiences necessary to best address the situation at hand (type of experience used). Their goals may also change as the problem evolves. These leaders are best situated in localized, stable conditions where concrete problems can be identified and solved in a rational process (Bedell-Avers, Hunter, and Mumford 2008, 91;Hunter et al. 2011, 72-73;Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 468).",1,-1,[],[43204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["extrapolating a beneficial effect from an animal study to humans",1,-1,[],[27807]]],"sy":[["inadequate extrapolation",1,-1,[],[27807]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Inappropriate implication for clinical/daily use",1,-1,[],[27807]],["Other types of inappropriate extrapolations",1,-1,[],[27807]],["Results of animal study to human application",1,-1,[],[27807]],["Study intervention to different interventions",1,-1,[],[27807]],["Study outcomes to different outcomes",1,-1,[],[27807]],["Study participants to a larger or different population",1,-1,[],[27807]],["any other types of extrapolation not classified under the above section",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolating the effect of study outcomes to other outcomes for the disease",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation from the study participants to a larger or different population",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation of animal study results to human application",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation of preliminary study results to clinical application",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation of the beneficial effect of the study intervention to a different intervention (e.g., broccoli, which contains sulphoraphane, was claimed as beneficial by health news, but the study evaluated the benefit of a sulphoraphane compound only)",1,-1,[],[27807]],["inappropriate implication for clinical or daily use (i.e., an improper recommendation or advice to use the intervention in clinical practice or daily use not supported by study results)",1,-1,[],[27807]]],"sp":[["spin",1,22992,[],[27807]]],"ex":[["any other types of extrapolation not classified under the above section",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolating the effect of study outcomes to other outcomes for the disease",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation from the study participants to a larger or different population",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation of animal study results to human application",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation of preliminary study results to clinical application",1,-1,[],[27807]],["extrapolation of the beneficial effect of the study intervention to a different intervention (e.g., broccoli, which contains sulphoraphane, was claimed as beneficial by health news, but the study evaluated the benefit of a sulphoraphane compound only)",1,-1,[],[27807]],["inappropriate implication for clinical or daily use (i.e., an improper recommendation or advice to use the intervention in clinical practice or daily use not supported by study results)",1,-1,[],[27807]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Passive one-way media",1,-1,[],[13405]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Debiasing",1,31088,[],[58260]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Ostensibly, the Harm Principle is a principle that safeguards liberty: it functions to furnish people with a protected sphere of negative liberty in which their thoughts, speech, and self-regarding actions are not impeded by external constraints.",1,-1,[],[18560]],["Ostensibly, the Harm Principle is a principle that safeguards liberty: it functions to furnish people with a protected sphere of negative liberty in which their thoughts, speech, and self-regarding actions are not impeded by external constraints. Then again, the Harm Principle also recognizes circumstances in which it is permissible to restrict liberty, to wit, harm prevention.",1,-1,[],[18560]],["Then again, the Harm Principle also recognizes circumstances in which it is permissible to restrict liberty, to wit, harm prevention.",1,-1,[],[18560]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has become a key strategy in increasing audience trust and fostering national solidarity.",1,-1,[],[52079]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["empathy-driven reporting",1,-1,[],[52079]],["empathy-driven storytelling",1,-1,[],[52079]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["nearly 80% of the Chinese public felt that media coverage of the earthquake successfully captured the human aspect of the disaster, especially in terms of personal stories of survivors and the emotional toll on families.",1,-1,[],[52079]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["produit ce qu'Olivier Roy a défini comme « la sainte ignorance » ou la « religion sans culture »",1,-1,[],[25413]]],"sy":[["religion sans culture",1,-1,[],[25413]]],"rt":[["religion sans culture",1,-1,[],[25413]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["These nominalized elements can then function as participants in the clause, allowing for more abstract and condensed ways of representing actions or qualities, making it seem like a more detached phenomenon rather than a deliberate act",1,-1,[],[39559]],["constituent words cannot be applied directly to derive the meaning of phrases or sentences",1,-1,[],[17631]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["election",1,-1,[],[39559]],["fraud",1,-1,[],[39559]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Misinformation",1,10315,[],[3237]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social creativity strategies",1,-1,[],[8514]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["makes it possible to symbolize the logic of commonality that binds discursive elements into a discourse (DYRBERG, 1997, p.125).",1,-1,[],[22060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Core themes",1,19595,[],[19179]],["Variable accessibility",1,3836,[],[19179]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["perceived political normlessness",1,18109,[],[39236]],["perceived political normlessness, related to one's beliefs that the states laws are inefficient",1,-1,[],[39236]],["political isolation",1,23349,[],[39236]],["political isolation, referring to the denial of the current state laws widely accepted",1,-1,[],[39236]],["political meaninglessness",1,3920,[],[39236]],["political meaninglessness, which refers to the unpredictability of the political actions",1,-1,[],[39236]],["political powerlessness",1,302,[],[39236]],["political powerlessness, which refers to one's conviction that he/she cannot change the political doings",1,-1,[],[39236]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It may be an adjective or a noun as well, though, as in \"a nourishing vacation\" or \"nation's choice\", respectively.",1,-1,[],[52622]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["composite metaphor",1,9819,[],[52622]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Metaphors",1,24338,[["Metaphors",1],["metaphor",1]],[52622]]],"ex":[["\"He is drowning in money\"",1,-1,[["\"He is drowning in money\"",1],["He is drowning in money",1]],[52622]],["\"a nourishing vacation\"",1,-1,[["\"a nourishing vacation\"",1],["a nourishing vacation",1]],[52622]],["\"nation's choice\"",1,-1,[["\"nation's choice\"",1],["nation's choice",1]],[52622]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["deepfake",1,4551,[],[61774]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["means that knowledge received after the initial judgment may be distorted to fit the original hypothesis",1,-1,[],[14218]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["heuristics",1,25648,[],[14218]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristics",1,25648,[],[14218]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["traditional media organisations",1,-1,[],[52306]],["user-generated content",1,33858,[],[52306]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["promotional tone issue",1,-1,[],[27616]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can influence how users see and interact with political content",1,-1,[],[4499]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["socialist principles",1,-1,[],[42724]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["blood relationships that the Germans had established using the medieval name Sippe (clan)",1,-1,[],[49465]]],"sy":[["clan",1,-1,[],[49465]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Objective overlap (OO) measures the overlap between a multimodal news article's image and text components. The purpose is to establish material and conceptual links between one or multiple images and text in a news article. It measures the intersection of information from two presentation modalities (image and text) and can be an actual number or a quantitative value signifying the extent of overlap (as in CMI).",1,-1,[],[58858]],["The purpose is to establish material and conceptual links between one or multiple images and text in a news article.",1,-1,[],[58858]],["The purpose is to establish material and conceptual links between one or multiple images and text in a news article. It measures the intersection of information from two presentation modalities (image and text) and can be an actual number or a quantitative value signifying the extent of overlap (as in CMI).",1,-1,[],[58858]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["In the third case, when N O = N I = N T , there is close to a one-to-one correspondence between concepts in image and text (CMI ∼ 1).",1,-1,[],[58858]],["Partial overlap",1,28578,[],[58858]],["Partial overlap is when there is an overlap between the defined concepts in image and text, but not every aspect exists in both modalities (similar to CMI ∼ 0.5), i.e., Example (c) shows high overlap with all aspects (majesty, guy, say) in text seen in the image.",1,-1,[],[58858]],["Uncorrelated",1,14013,[],[58858]],["Uncorrelated stands for cases where none of the defined material or conceptual ties co-exist in the textual and visual content (as when CMI = 0).",1,-1,[],[58858]],["high overlap",1,-1,[],[58858]]],"sp":[["It is further divided into two classes: Objective Overlap that signifies mutual information between two modalities (similar to CMI), and Objective Extension, a new aspect, that indicates the modality contributing more entities and concepts.",1,-1,[],[58858]],["Objective relations",1,17456,[],[58858]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The dysfunctional lives of the undeserving poor are framed as antithetical to the nation's (i.e. middle-class) values of respectability and social responsibility; indeed, as a direct threat to the nation's moral health.",1,-1,[],[38022]],["depicted as craving consumer goods and entertainment at the expense of the piggy bank of the state",1,-1,[],[38022]],["portrayed as incapable and self-destructive",1,-1,[],[38022]],["poverty was understood as an individual failing worthy of denouncement rather than a structural problem caused by larger economic and social forces.",1,-1,[],[38022]],["presented as antithetical (non-dynamic, uninventive and uncaring) to the Victorians",1,-1,[],[38022]],["presenting the undeserving poor as actively abusing the food bank services",1,-1,[],[38022]],["reflecting their position as an anti-social segment in need of containment or elimination.",1,-1,[],[38022]],["shown as cunning manipulators, knowing their way around the system",1,-1,[],[38022]],["the latter comprising able-bodied non-working individuals of various types (with the exception of stay-at-home married mothers of small children, who are framed as deserving)",1,-1,[],[38022]],["they are presented as a threat to society and violators of nearly all principles of decent conduct.",1,-1,[],[38022]]],"sy":[["rogues",1,-1,[],[38022]],["sturdy beggars",1,-1,[],[38022]],["vagrants",1,-1,[],[38022]]],"rt":[["deserving poor",1,30127,[],[38022]],["fecklessness",1,13378,[],[38022]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["rogues, vagrants, sturdy beggars, etc.",1,-1,[],[38022]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Transitivity",1,6985,[],[53425]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Inicialmente, a disseminação ocorre em aplicativos de mensagens como WhatsApp, através de áudios, textos e vídeos. Em seguida, a desinformação se expande para plataformas como Twitter/X, onde ganha tração com a adição de links para sites falsos, conferindo-lhe uma aparência de credibilidade. Posteriormente, alcança redes sociais digitais mais visuais, como YouTube, Instagram e Facebook, onde imagens e fotos reforçam a mensagem enganosa,",1,-1,[],[59654]],["Inicialmente, a disseminação ocorre em aplicativos de mensagens como o WhatsApp, através de áudios, textos e vídeos. Em seguida, a desinformação se expande para plataformas como o Twitter/X, onde ganha tração com a adição de links para sites falsos, conferindo-lhe uma aparência de credibilidade. Posteriormente, alcança redes sociais digitais mais visuais, como YouTube, Instagram e Facebook, onde imagens e fotos reforçam a mensagem enganosa, ampliando ainda mais seu alcance e impacto.",1,-1,[],[59654]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["High values correspond to a low probability of crossing the partitions w.r.t. staying in the same partition: therefore, it means that the two sides are very well separated, and thus that the network is polarized.",1,-1,[],[18846]],["This measure accounts for the probability that a random user could be exposed to authoritative content from the opposite side.",1,-1,[],[18846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["polarization",1,21850,[],[18846]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sentiment",1,11027,[],[37317]],["stance",1,2283,[],[37317]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["drawing upon Bloomfield's (2002) incomplete revelation hypothesis, which, in turn, is an application of the equilibrium described by Grossman & Stiglitz (1980), who show that in efficient markets, the return to analysing data must equal the cost of analysis.",1,-1,[],[49178]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mass media",1,29313,[],[25314]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["internal processes that are difficult to measure objectively",1,-1,[],[28019]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["Both processed listening and rhythmedia are constantly feeding each other with knowledge that (re)produces subjects and the territories in which they live.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Conducting rhythmedia shapes people's behaviors by repetitive training of individual bodies and populations as a whole.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Facebook conducts rhythmedia in a way that intends to influence people's behavior into more engagement and hence more knowledge production.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Lefebvre challenges what seems natural and exposes the calculated strategy to structure and order bodies, things, objects with rational laws.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Muzak was a way to conduct rhythmedia to produce factoriesterritories-where efficient worker subjects were produced, to increase profits.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Ordering sociality with rhythm",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Rhythmedia has been enacted in all three stories in different ways, and it serves several purposes: one, restructuring the territory in a way that promotes a rhythm Deviant Order: How Rhythmedia Orchestrates Sociality | 263 that increases value (and hence profit) for media companies; two, filtering out advertising practices that do not suit the dominant experts; three, producing specific temporalities (speed and frequencies of actions, prioritising specific times of the day/week/year, reordering and stretching work/leisure time) that benefit the media company in terms of efficiency and more value; four, preventing political gatherings by un-crowding, de-politicizing them; five, expanding listening capacities to gain more knowledge about people; and, importantly, six, reproducing people into particular subjects by training their bodies with repetitious actions.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Rhythmedia is the way media companies conduct repetitious training on people through orchestrating their experience in multi-layered media territories.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["Such terms and arguments conceptualize spatial and temporal orderings as if they 'just happen' without any planned strategy behind them.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["The 're' is important here as it points to the repetition of such actions and how each of them is conducted while relying on previous categories and metrics.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["The complementary process to that, then, is rhythmedia, which strategically orders this knowledge in particular times and spaces.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["The ordering changes according to the rhythmedia that is the most profitable for the advertisers.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["These procedures, then, are an ongoing process in which media practitioners' actions on people's actions and architecture then (re)produce them into subjects and territories.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["can be noisy to us, because profit is not the value that should be the soundtrack of our societies",1,-1,[],[14882]],["expanding listening capacities to gain more knowledge about people",1,-1,[],[14882]],["filtering out advertising practices that do not suit the dominant experts",1,-1,[],[14882]],["ordering things in a way that will lead towards more engagement and less deterrence from ads",1,-1,[],[14882]],["preventing political gatherings by un-crowding, de-politicizing them",1,-1,[],[14882]],["producing specific temporalities (speed and frequencies of actions, prioritising specific times of the day/week/year, reordering and stretching work/leisure time) that benefit the media company in terms of efficiency and more value",1,-1,[],[14882]],["reproducing people into particular subjects by training their bodies with repetitious actions",1,-1,[],[14882]],["rhythmedia is a better term to (that flow or channelling) use when analysing how people and objects are orchestrated through media.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["rhythmedia is also deployed to reconfigure anything that interferes, harms or burdens media companies' business as deviant, noise or spam.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["the rhythmedia of these media territories will feel 'organic' and not interfered with",1,-1,[],[14882]],["there are organizations who are responsible for designing, managing, shaping, and using different strategies to create specific subjects.",1,-1,[],[14882]],["training of the body, restructuring territories, filtering and de-politicizing",1,-1,[],[14882]],["using a favoured rhythmedia to exclude, minimize or eliminate the noise",1,-1,[],[14882]]],"sy":[["Orchestrating Sociality",1,-1,[],[14882]]],"rt":[["alive",1,-1,[],[14882]],["circulation",1,10274,[],[14882]],["coded processes",1,-1,[],[14882]],["de-politicizing",1,30118,[],[14882]],["deviant",1,2404,[],[14882]],["filtering",1,4512,[],[14882]],["flow",1,29680,[],[14882]],["flow of control",1,-1,[],[14882]],["noise",1,20325,[],[14882]],["processed listening",1,8730,[],[14882]],["restructuring territories",1,-1,[["restructuring territories",1],["restructuring territory",1]],[14882]],["spam",1,30454,[],[14882]],["training of the body",1,-1,[],[14882]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["sonic epistemological strategies",1,-1,[],[14882]]],"ex":[["Only after she reached the desired rhythm, the one that influenced people's behavior in the way she wanted, she kept it as the winning order of things.",1,-1,[],[14882]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The use of poster and jingles are two most used vehicles or media used to deliver such messages to the recipients. The essence of this kind of advertising is to create awareness about the candidate and political party he/she is vying for elective position. This type provides information about the candidate and persuades various classes of the voting publics to endorse the candidate as their choice in an election.",1,-1,[],[20567]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political advertising",1,6929,[],[20567]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["congruence",1,25073,[],[42054]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[42054]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["how Stalin's death could have ended the atrocious war",1,-1,[],[57259]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The unity formed by articulation is a complex structure of dissimilar features that are hierarchically related.",1,-1,[],[41087]],["analyzing the connections between different meanings, the attribution of new meanings to specific concepts, and the potential political and social ramifications of such reshaping of meaning.",1,-1,[],[39104]],["exploring articulations means examining how elements of a social field are joined to form unities-not simply as relations of correspondence but as relations of non-correspondence and even contradiction.",1,-1,[],[41087]],["links between concepts, with acts of articulations being political in the sense that they constitute meanings.",1,-1,[],[41087]],["to examine the reciprocal construction of safety and emotions in news articles about civil society's engagements for safety and how the practice of articulation positions various signs in relation to one another.",1,-1,[],[39104]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["articulation theory",1,-1,[],[41087]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["El fenómeno del periodismo ciudadano, cuando la audiencia produce noticias o material informativo de interés (vídeos, fotos), es el que ha sido menos estudiado de forma sistemática.",1,-1,[],[13702]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["self-regulation",1,9298,[],[52360]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["At this stage, users decide to slow down, or even stop scrolling through their newsfeed, to look more carefully at a specific post, based on message cues that are immediately visible in the newsfeed (e.g., topic, source, headline, picture, or social endorsements).",1,-1,[],[44206]],["During first-level selective exposure, participants peruse information to obtain the fundamental viewpoint of a post. They may quickly skim several posts to understand their basic perspectives, without delving deeper into the presented content.",1,-1,[],[32179]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["selective exposure",2,29176,[],[32179,44206]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism by the media",1,9290,[],[9742]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As subjetividades políticas, precipitadas na precariedade, constituem-se por intermédio da articulação de demandas estabelecidas contingencialmente em torno de determinadas lutas, frentes, bandeiras, nomes na política, em resposta a uma ameaça ao atendimento de tais demandas.",1,-1,[],[57218]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["e.g., people within an age range or living in a certain place",1,-1,[],[4057]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hegemonic masculinity",1,8683,[],[22200]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In line with the cognitive load theory of deception (Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981), it was argued that the liars' task of fabricating a believable account take up so many cognitive resources that they resort to simple, concrete language of describing actions, which is easily constructed with motion verbs.",1,-1,[],[13653]],["Simple language as measured through motion verbs",1,-1,[],[13653]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["carry",1,-1,[],[700]],["e.g., 'walk,'",1,-1,[],[13653]],["go",1,-1,[],[700]],["walk",1,-1,[],[700]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion leaders",1,34387,[],[42915]],["political influentials",1,-1,[],[42915]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media influencers",1,24173,[],[42915]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Protected characteristics are the core part of the legal framework on hate crime.",1,-1,[],[15328]],["They identify specific features which motivate hostility or prejudice leading to the commission of a criminal offence which ultimately becomes a hate crime.",1,-1,[],[15328]],["What these protected characteristics are, however, remains open to interpretation, with different states including different categories under this rubric",1,-1,[],[290]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The characteristics currently protected under the law in England & Wales are race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, and transgender identity.",1,-1,[],[15328]],["disability",1,-1,[],[15328]],["race",1,-1,[],[15328]],["race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, and transgender identity",1,-1,[],[15328]],["religion",1,-1,[],[15328]],["sexual orientation",1,-1,[],[15328]],["transgender identity",1,-1,[],[15328]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["credibility indicators",1,30633,[],[29855]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["represent a novel regulatory response to the growing power of platforms in shaping public discourse",1,-1,[],[58376]],["such an obligation 'should ensure that recommender systems display information from trustworthy sources, such as public authorities or scientific sources as first result following search queries in areas of public interest'",1,-1,[],[58386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["recommender systems",1,13278,[],[58386]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[18572]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media trust",1,14276,[],[39429]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It serves as a communication channel for the account owner to publish content, send notifications, provide services, and chat with followers.",1,-1,[],[58181]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Both as part of the antisemitic rhetoric or on its own",1,-1,[],[39409]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In an age of neural targeting, digital overload, and AI-accelerated persuasion, cognitive sovereignty must be treated as both a strategic resource and a fundamental human right.",1,-1,[],[35558]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the sentence \"Update at {time}\" frequently written in news articles in NPR while the first sentence in the most articles from USA Today tend to start with a city name (e.g., WASHING-TON)",1,-1,[],[57701]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Coding",1,-1,[],[19796]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Truth in the ontological sense is a manifestation and representative of the existing (\"what is\", i.e. \"what is\"), and truth represents the ought (i.e. \"what should be\")",1,-1,[],[27340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This proposition builds on existing research showing that equality is often the default benchmark for judging whether someone is fair or prejudiced (27)(28)(29).",1,-1,[],[3384]],["psychological underpinnings of our theory",1,-1,[],[3384]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["CMA has been chosen as theoretical framework for metaphor analysis in this study, which consists of three phases: i) metaphor identification: in this stage, the identification process for metaphors is listed by Charteris-Black (2004) who ascertains whether there is conflict between the literal source domain and the metaphorical target domain; Phase ii) is known as metaphor interpretation, and it entails identifying the ways in which metaphorical expressions are systematically related to one another both on the textual and conceptual levels. Phase iii) is known as metaphor explanation, and it entails both the identification of these relationships as well as a discussion of the pragmatic and rhetorical elements that influence them.",1,-1,[],[47670]],["CMA is founded on the central tenet of CMT, which posits that metaphor plays a fundamental role in shaping our cognitive processes and patterns of thought.",1,-1,[],[47670]],["It aims to uncover how metaphors, through specific linguistic choices and narrative strategies, construct, circulate and sustain ideologies and power relations within particular socio-political contexts",1,-1,[],[53222]],["It investigates how the world, linguistic structures, and mental representation are integrated and related.",1,-1,[],[57397]],["Metaphor is employed in the corpus to reflect the ideology and it is also politicised, which is the core of the Critical Metaphor Analysis presented by Charteris-Black (2004).",1,-1,[],[57397]],["a discursive approach in this study and mainly focused on the interaction of social political context and metaphor usage.",1,-1,[],[47670]],["analyzing Xi Jinping's diplomatic speeches, found that metaphors centered around the concept of \"the road\" serve important discursive functions in constructing national identity.",1,-1,[],[53222]],["emphasizes the dynamic interplay between language, cognition and society",1,-1,[],[53222]]],"sy":[["CMA",2,-1,[],[53222,57397]]],"rt":[["Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)",3,23921,[["Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)",2],["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1]],[40139,53222,57397]],["CDA",2,6378,[],[47670,57397]],["CMT",1,-1,[],[47670]],["Cognitive Linguistics",1,34493,[],[57397]],["Corpus Analysis",1,-1,[["Corpus Analysis",1],["corpus analysis",1]],[57397]],["Pragmatics",1,31323,[["Pragmatics",1],["pragmatics",1]],[57397]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[8669]]],"sb":[["metaphor explanation",2,15240,[],[47670,53222]],["metaphor identification",2,25253,[],[47670,53222]],["metaphor interpretation",2,3562,[],[47670,53222]],["metaphor explanation, which links metaphorical choices to broader structures of social power and ideology, examining how metaphors are reproduced and legitimized within specific sociocultural contexts",1,-1,[],[53222]],["metaphor identification, which involves extracting linguistic expressions from discourse that exhibit cross-domain mapping",1,-1,[],[53222]],["metaphor interpretation, which analyzes the structure and contextual use of metaphors to uncover their underlying cognitive schemas and pragmatic functions",1,-1,[],[53222]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["The prediction of the user's coming consumer desire becomes more and more accurate through better models and what, at the moment, still appears to be pure observation can easily degenerate into active manipulation through interspersed information.",1,-1,[],[52556]],["companies accumulate data and are already using it to nudge our behavior",1,-1,[],[2284]],["stems from the act of digital dispossession",1,-1,[],[34908]],["the algorithmic systems that quietly extract behavioral data and predict user actions for profit",1,-1,[],[35687]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["informational capitalism",1,-1,[],[35687]],["online attention economy",1,34080,[],[22116]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, intention is the directedness of consciousness toward an object in communication. In this process, the subject expresses his/ her attitude towards the object.",1,-1,[],[44818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["facticity",1,31877,[],[1510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Skin tone does not reflect whether someone is recognised as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person.",1,-1,[],[22856]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["astroturf",1,5584,[],[53978]],["e-postcard",1,1000,[],[60732]],["fake grassroots",1,-1,[],[22500]],["mass e-mail",1,7990,[],[60732]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["crowdturf",1,23170,[],[1465]]],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[1465]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["An additional reason for a polling silence period that authorities might consider, however, is that it specifically prevents voters from being influenced by false information about the preferences of other voters.",1,-1,[],[50737]],["The primary reason behind such bans is often to prevent polls from having an excessive impact on voting behavior.",1,-1,[],[50737]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["ocupan las posiciones más polarizadas",1,-1,[],[42315]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Satirical flames are more prominent on sites, which link the user to his/her real identity, such as social networking sites, company mailing lists, etc.",1,-1,[],[23004]],["This includes usage of witty language, irony and poetic freedom to convey insults, scorns or even malice.",1,-1,[],[23004]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Direct or Indirect flaming",1,-1,[],[23004]],["Flaming",1,26191,[],[23004]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"you are an awesome guy, Dedicated and passionate, I would love to stand by… Your side, your greatness incarnate. Alas! My words would be true, intention too!! If this were an opposite world where good meant bad and bad good\"",1,-1,[],[23004]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["critlib",1,28291,[],[13691]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["harmony",1,11443,[],[26289]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["This process of mindfulness asks information consumers to pause and reflect on the information they are consuming, which has been shown to improve learning and retention and reduce emotional reactions",1,-1,[],[27255]],["mindfulness as a significant aspect of healthy information seeking and interpretation",1,-1,[],[27255]],["mindfulness, which involves engaging with the world through direct sensory experiences rather than abstract mental activities such as planning for the future or reflecting on the past.",1,-1,[],[14476]],["the EMM positions mindfulness as a mode of attention that engages with immediate sensory experience rather than abstract and self-referential thought.",1,-1,[],[38756]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical thinking",1,29451,[],[27255]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["breathing techniques that help reduce affective responses",1,-1,[],[27255]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["disagreement",1,33285,[],[35388]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It thus reinforces the structural relationships and behaviour patterns that facilitate environmental appropriation resulting in a lack of meaningful response to continuing ecological devastation and to the dangers posed by climate change",1,-1,[],[456]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["business case approach",1,-1,[],[456]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Such credibility also includes organizational credibility determinants in the social media context of homophily, personable interaction, informed conversation and apt sWOM.",1,-1,[],[35304]],["The conceptualization of social organizational credibility extends the existing body of literature on organizational credibility by offering direction as to how social media users evaluate an organization's credibility on social media.",1,-1,[],[35304]],["This conceptualization of social organizational credibility provides a more holistic understanding of organizational credibility in the social media context",1,-1,[],[35304]],["explore the proposed determinants of social organizational credibility purposefully among active social media users.",1,-1,[],[35304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["organizational credibility",1,11074,[],[35304]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["institutional talk",1,-1,[],[22804]],["media discourse",1,23130,[],[22804]],["mediatised discourse",1,-1,[],[22804]],["political discourse",1,19182,[],[22804]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media accountability",1,17933,[],[44521]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethnic politics",1,-1,[],[47088]],["populism",1,20354,[],[47088]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[9564]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["By defining misrecognition in terms of an attack on identity",1,-1,[],[18605]],["a mode of epistemic injustice which limits the ability of the misrecognised to have their knowledge claims heard",1,-1,[],[22943]],["a relatively taken-for-granted inversion of recognition",1,-1,[],[22943]],["it is when they feel unfairly treated -or misrecognised -that they insist on getting the treatment they feel entitled to.",1,-1,[],[31796]],["misrecognition only becomes politically salient when it is publically articulated as a specific discourse of misrecognition, drawing on a multitude of unarticulated and ambiguous individual experiences.",1,-1,[],[31796]],["normative failures of recognition fall into one of three broad categories: total ignorance of relevant reasons to recognize, systematic bias in the application of a principle, or simply a situation-specific blunder.",1,-1,[],[22943]],["the absence of respect",1,-1,[],[18605]],["the concept of misrecognition is a relatively taken-for-granted inversion of recognition.",1,-1,[],[22943]],["the present form of misrecognition of cultural identity can 'inflict a grievous wound, saddling its victims with a crippling self-hatred'",1,-1,[],[18605]],["this deficient attitude only exists because people are fallible: they make mistakes when deciding how to take and treat others.",1,-1,[],[22943]]],"sy":[["cultural hegemony",1,15654,[],[18605]],["cultural imperialism",1,23395,[],[18605]],["cultural injustice",1,30054,[],[18605]],["disrespect",1,22562,[],[18605]],["méconnaissance",1,-1,[],[31796]],["nonrecognition",1,15098,[],[18605]]],"rt":[["cultural hegemony",1,15654,[],[18605]],["cultural imperialism",1,23395,[],[18605]],["cultural injustice",1,30054,[],[18605]],["disrespect",1,22562,[],[18605]],["lack of solidarity",1,-1,[],[22943]],["misrecognition of memory",1,-1,[],[18605]],["moral self-respect",1,-1,[],[18605]],["nonrecognition",1,15098,[],[18605]],["recognition",1,4371,[],[22943]],["social death",1,-1,[],[18605]],["stigma management",1,25603,[],[31796]]],"sb":[["A fourth form of misrecognition has to do with attributing only one or two basic identities to an individual when in fact he or she may partake of a multitude of cultural identities, to differing degrees and in idiosyncratic concatenations.",1,-1,[],[18605]],["One form of misrecognition has to do with oppressively ascribing an identity to, or arbitrarily imposing an identity upon, individuals.",1,-1,[],[18605]],["oppressive ascription of identity",1,-1,[],[18605]],["oppressively ascribing an identity to, or arbitrarily imposing an identity upon, individuals",1,-1,[],[18605]],["tarnishing an identity",1,-1,[],[18605]],["tarnishing an identity, such as by subjecting an identity to a systematic campaign of denigration, negative stereotyping, stigmatization, and defamation",1,-1,[],[18605]]],"sp":[["recognition",1,4371,[],[22943]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Systematicness predicted persuasive attitude change and increased issue relevance at the group level",1,-1,[],[29598]],["Systematicness was characterized by motivated, broad, and deep engagement in the group discussion.",1,-1,[],[29598]],["by combining systematicness and openness to conceptualize general processing styles",1,-1,[],[29598]],["collective information processing can be meaningfully characterized as more or less systematic",1,-1,[],[29598]],["systematicness and openness are not inherently positive or negative, though their outcomes may be socially desirable or undesirable depending on the context.",1,-1,[],[29598]]],"sy":[["systematic processing",1,14976,[],[29598]]],"rt":[["automatic processing",1,22383,[],[29598]],["openness",1,29316,[],[29598]],["systematic processing",1,14976,[],[29598]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Both tendencies serve to avoid the aversive lack of closure, the first by terminating this state quickly, and the second by keeping it from recurring.",1,-1,[],[1892]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["permanence tendency",1,29190,[],[1892]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["active reaction",1,23063,[],[58595]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[],"de":[["Biased assimilation was evidenced by the link between this assessment and the rater's partisanship, and was measured as the degree to which participants claimed their preferred candidate won the debate.",1,-1,[],[3342]],["Each side assimilated the evidence in keeping with its own biases",1,-1,[],[22425]],["Lord et al. [LRL79] showed through experiments that biased assimilation of mixed or inconclusive evidence does indeed result in more extreme opinions.",1,-1,[],[3292]],["Supporters of a given technology will focus on the fact that the safeguards worked, while opponents will focus on the fact that the breakdown occurred in the first place.",1,-1,[],[22425]],["a sufficient condition for biased assimilation is if an individual updates their beliefs in the central hypothesis more so than they would do under the rational version of Bayes' theorem with the Bayesian network.",1,-1,[],[41632]],["accepting information that confirms one's views and scrutinizing information that disconfirms one's views",1,-1,[],[6417]],["biased assimilation dynamics mean that the data received earlier has a stronger effect on posterior beliefs than data received later.",1,-1,[],[41632]],["biased assimilation in the degree to which partisans perceived their candidate to win the first debate",1,-1,[],[3342]],["individuals might engage in selective exposure and attention where they selectively access and attend to (mis)information that is consistent with their prior belief and avoid information that contradicts it",1,-1,[],[41902]],["participants initially displaying relatively high levels of this illusion were the ones most inclined to later view the candidates' debate performances in accordance with their prior beliefs",1,-1,[],[3342]],["supporters focused on the fact that the safeguards worked, while opponents focused on the fact that the breakdown occurred in the first place",1,-1,[],[22425]],["supporters focused on the fact that the safeguards worked, while opponents focused on the fact that the breakdown occurred in the first place; and (b) after reading about the breakdown, supporters reported feeling that the chances of a catastrophic accident were less than previously assumed, whereas opponents reported feeling that the chances of an accident were greater than previously assumed.",1,-1,[],[22425]],["the degree to which partisans perceived their candidate to win the first debate at stage 2",1,-1,[],[3342]],["with a stronger posterior belief in the central hypothesis than the simple and rational models following both (c) confirmatory and (d) disconfirmatory evidence",1,-1,[],[41632]]],"sy":[["biased evaluation",1,9073,[],[41632]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[26139]]],"rt":[["Selective exposure theory",1,25262,[],[18039]],["attitude polarization",1,2439,[],[22425]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[18039]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[2781]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[41632]]],"ex":[["subjects who opposed or supported the death penalty rated studies disconfirming their beliefs as less",1,-1,[],[53109]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Privacy theory underscores the significance of personal autonomy, the ability to exercise control over one's personal information, and safeguarding oneself against unwarranted intrusion.",1,-1,[],[36187]],["Privacy theory, as applied in the field of journalism, posits that individuals possess a justifiable anticipation of privacy, even in areas accessible to the public, with respect to their visual representations.",1,-1,[],[36187]],["Theoretical underpinnings of privacy are fundamental in comprehending the legal structures that safeguard individuals' rights against the dissemination of their visual representations in journalistic pursuits",1,-1,[],[36187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["European viewers consider offensive and intrusive",1,-1,[],[55756]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Trump's circle of dimwits",1,-1,[],[57126]],["US-fueled",1,-1,[],[57126]],["backfire",1,-1,[],[57126]],["ever-obliging European vassals",1,-1,[],[57126]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has garnered significant attention",1,-1,[],[5984]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["othering",1,13537,[],[38072]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This is particularly important in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, as the relevance of media information has increased even more due to social distancing, lockdown, and stay at home measures.",1,-1,[],[3171]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["External validity",1,-1,[],[41189]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the role and the responsibility of the audience regarding what kind of 'perpetrator knowledge' is articulated",1,-1,[],[25366]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["perpetrator testimony",1,12483,[],[25366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["porazitel'nost",1,-1,[],[21974]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["type of coverage",1,-1,[],[45907]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Professor Zick explains that new technologies contribute to the phenomenon of \"absent presence\"",1,-1,[],[23196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["nominal scales assume that sets of actors hold either perfectly similar or perfectly dissimilar opinions on a given issue.",1,-1,[],[23512]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in which the most varied points of view oppose each other and where the dialogue around differences is permanent",1,-1,[],[32721]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[54498]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Public interest journalism causes changes in the society, and it might be recognized, among other things, through prizes and awards.",1,-1,[],[47910]],["Ramírez-de-la- Piscina et al. (2014) define the social role of the press with the following characteristics: watchdog on power, promotion of social debate, respect for human dignity, presence of cultural references from other countries, and combating social marginalization.",1,-1,[],[47910]],["involve highly differentiated content",1,-1,[],[47910]],["providing information that is relevant to their daily lives, helps them solve problems, and provides a counterweight to the politically and economically powerful",1,-1,[],[47910]],["the standards for public service journalism remain much the same: objectivity, fairness, trustworthiness, independence, social responsibility, and ethical sensibility",1,-1,[],[47910]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["public service journalism",1,14961,[],[47910]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rudeness",1,6934,[],[17529]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["threatened by the fragmentation of its productions into individualized items of \"content\" and their decoupling from their source",1,-1,[],[44349]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Politicians in the government are corrupt.",1,-1,[],[8335]],["Politicians make decisions that harm the interests of the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[8335]],["The idea of scapegoating is central: Blame is attributed to the established (political) order",1,-1,[],[8335]],["The ordinary people instead of politicians should make our most important policy decisions.",1,-1,[],[8335]],["We used confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to estimate a two-dimensional structure of populist attitudes, consisting of anti-establishment and exclusionist populist attitudes.",1,-1,[],[56919]],["hostility toward political and cultural outgroups (which may result from the combination of agreeable and neurotic traits), distrust of authorities (linked to a tendency to prefer conspiracist accounts of social and political events), and a preference for simplified and emotional narratives (stemming from low need for cognition)",1,-1,[],[61325]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["anti-establishment",1,34632,[],[56919]],["exclusionist",1,14467,[],[56919]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the GNA represented freedom from the dominant view and projected an African side of the story",1,-1,[],[60029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["E2. \"I first want to thank my wife of 34 years, First Lady Rose Dunleavy.\" The name of the speaker's wife and their year of marriage are explicitly presented.",1,-1,[],[24449]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A notable example occurred during the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, where numerous false stories were disseminated to discredit certain candidates.",1,-1,[],[52649]],["claims that Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) had insulted the Qur'an were later proven untrue but significantly influenced public perception",1,-1,[],[52649]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["we do not focus on deceptive or fabricated visual information in isolation, but consider its embedding and re-contextualization in more comprehensive disinformation narratives.",1,-1,[],[60009]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["beyond the fabrication or manipulation of images, we explore the ways in which authentic visuals are deceptively re-contextualized by adding a manipulated and false textual interpretation to existing footage taken from another setting.",1,-1,[],[60009]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It is a theory that seeks to understand how people handle information once exposed to such information until they are able to take intended action based on the information received (Teh-Runningman, 2011).",1,-1,[],[44567]],["The theory suggests that attitude change involves six steps, with each previous step being a necessary rung for the development of the next.",1,-1,[],[44567]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Correlation neglect is very stable between rounds and does not seem to depend on the magnitude of the true state.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["In consequence, people's beliefs are excessively sensitive to well-connected information sources, implying a pattern of \"overshooting\" beliefs.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["The distinction between failure to notice and failure to process correlations is important, as it points to two different approaches to help people reduce the bias caused by neglecting correlations.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["The updating rule of thumb which generates these results can naturally be understood as an extreme form of correlation neglect.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["Under correlation neglect, we can allow for arbitrary correlation between the agents' signals within each period and our main results are qualitatively unchanged.",1,-1,[],[14067]],["also predicts individuals' trading behavior",1,-1,[],[5670]],["alternates between one and (-1) depending on whether correlation neglect implies overoptimism or -pessimism.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["beliefs in the correlated information structure overshoot in the predicted direction, an effect that is sizeable, significant, and causes lower payoffs.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["cognitive bias",1,-1,[],[25157]],["correlation neglect distorts beliefs in both directions, i.e., subjects' estimates overshoot upwards or downwards depending on the base signal.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["correlation neglect is especially likely to sway elections involving overcon…dent correlation neglectors with low q values",1,-1,[],[25157]],["correlation neglect seems to be driven primarily by a general in-capability to understand the implications of statistical correlations",1,-1,[["correlation neglect seems to be driven primarily by a general in-capability to understand the implications of statistical correlations",1],["correlation neglect seems to be driven primarily by a general in-capability to understand the implications of statistical correlations.",1]],[5670]],["disregarding the correlation among their pre-movers' actions, agents thus double-count early signals",1,-1,[],[5670]],["double-count the base signal of computer A and hence hold systematically biased (overshooting) beliefs relative to the uncorrelated condition",1,-1,[],[5670]],["many people neglect these correlations in the updating process and treat correlated information as independent.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["neglecting correlations causes overshooting beliefs which predictably drive price bubbles and crashes",1,-1,[["neglecting correlations causes overshooting beliefs which predictably drive price bubbles and crashes",1],["neglecting correlations causes overshooting beliefs which predictably drive price bubbles and crashes.",1]],[5670]],["neglecting correlations is not the outcome of a \"rational\" decision to sacrifice correct beliefs for the sake of economizing on scarce cognitive resources",1,-1,[],[5670]],["overcon…dence arising from correlation neglect can lead to stronger partisanship and ideological extremeness as well as increased voter turnout.",1,-1,[],[25157]],["produces distorted aggregate outcomes",1,-1,[],[5670]],["subjects neglect correlations",1,-1,[],[5670]],["subjects' tendency to disregard correlations",1,-1,[],[5670]],["the bias is instead driven by an inability to adequately infer from correlations.",1,-1,[],[5670]],["the degree to which they underestimate the correlation between their signals",1,-1,[],[25157]],["the excessive confidence swings caused by correlated signals give rise to predictable price bubbles and crashes.",1,-1,[],[5670]]],"sy":[["ignoring correlations",1,-1,[],[5670]],["neglecting correlations",1,-1,[],[5670]]],"rt":[["Dunning-Kruger e¤ect",1,21975,[],[25157]],["base-rate neglect",1,23321,[],[5670]],["bubbles",1,17997,[],[5670]],["cognitive bias",1,2728,[["cognitive bias",1],["cognitive biases",1]],[5670]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[36091]],["correlation neglect bias",1,-1,[],[5670]],["crashes",1,6485,[],[5670]],["false consensus bias",1,717,[],[36091]],["gambler's fallacy",1,-1,[],[5670]],["overcon…dence",1,377,[],[25157]],["overoptimism",1,-1,[],[5670]],["overpessimism",1,-1,[],[5670]],["overshooting",1,-1,[],[5670]],["overshooting beliefs",1,4714,[],[5670]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive bias",2,2728,[["cognitive bias",2],["cognitive biases",1]],[5670,25157]]],"ex":[["If a relatively low (high) base signal realizes, the repeated emergence of this signal through other signals leads many people to \"double-count\" the base signal and hence to become overpessimistic (overoptimistic).",1,-1,[],[5670]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["New York Times; Washington Post",1,-1,[],[48033]],["e.g. New York Times; Washington Post",1,-1,[],[48033]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["La laïcité suppose donc la retenue et le dialogue que s'imposent chacun de leur côté l'état, les citoyens et les « cultes », pour que l'état reste neutre et la liberté d'expression garantie.",1,-1,[],[25408]],["la neutralité de l'état démocratique et libéral concerne tous les secteurs de l'espace public dont la religion est une des composantes, comme l'économie ou la culture, et qui supposent toutes un « pacte social » au moins dans nos sociétés occidentales diversifiées.",1,-1,[],[25408]]],"sy":[["secularism",1,21543,[],[25408]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["laïcité irritée",1,-1,[],[25408]],["laïcité unipolaire",1,-1,[],[25408]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Informal fallacies are not fallacious because of their structure but because of their content",1,-1,[],[44159]],["Informal fallacies are not fallacious because of their structure but because of their content [11,12,20,21].",1,-1,[],[44159]],["The viability of this argument is determined by the inference made about the actual state of affairs, and thus the fallacy made here can be understood as a generalisation based on insufficient evidence.",1,-1,[],[45276]],["informal fallacies are domain-independent, meaning that one does not need to be an expert in a particular field to recognize an informal fallacy.",1,-1,[],[44159]],["informal fallacies are not only fallacious arguments but also arguments that are likely persuasive",1,-1,[],[44159]],["teaching how to recognize and dismantle informal fallacies might be a promising approach to reduce the acceptance and sharing of fake news.",1,-1,[],[44159]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[44159]],["informal reasoning skills",1,-1,[],[44159]]],"sb":[["Begging the question",1,23273,[],[44159]],["Complex question",1,30073,[["Complex question",1],["complex questions",1]],[44159]],["False cause",1,21891,[],[44159]],["Slippery slope",1,11573,[],[44159]],["Straw man fallacy",1,3352,[["Straw man fallacy",1],["straw man fallacies",1]],[44159]]],"sp":[["logical fallacy",1,6585,[],[45276]]],"ex":[["'Since our departure, we have driven past a service station every 5 miles, therefore, we will continue to drive by service stations every 5 miles until we reach our destination'.",1,-1,[],[45276]],["Circular reasoning-a prime example for informal fallacies-",1,-1,[],[44159]],["complex questions",1,-1,[],[44159]],["straw man fallacies",1,-1,[],[44159]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The reasoning is deceptive.",1,-1,[],[21589]],["the exaggeration is used as a way of conveying the seriousness of a particular issue, the goal being that an interlocutor, upon being convinced of the seriousness, will be moved to agree, and further, to action.",1,-1,[],[21589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["negative mood are the possible consequences of inter-group emotional contagion",1,-1,[],[58357]],["young people feel the inter-group emotion, which can stimulate young people to express their ideas more actively and confidently to a certain extent, may promoting more effective communication.",1,-1,[],[58357]]],"sy":[["group polarization",1,32744,[],[58357]],["irrationality",1,28507,[],[58357]]],"rt":[["conversational dominance",1,1917,[],[58357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["gay men",1,-1,[],[41062]],["promiscuous",1,-1,[],[41062]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The overt Degradation and Denial models are intended to introduce uncertainty into the victim's decision process, to reduce the quality of the victim's subjective probability estimates of payoffs or risks for specific actions.",1,-1,[],[37912]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["covert Degradation",1,-1,[],[37912]],["overt Degradation",1,29915,[],[37912]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["knowing",1,21656,[],[14976]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["psychological argumentation",1,22210,[],[47795]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[7089]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["thereby resulting in a phenomenon termed as \"information apocalypse\" or \"reality apathy\"",1,-1,[],[12768]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[12768]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["spreading misinformation",1,-1,[],[26808]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Supplements",1,-1,[],[26808]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Supplement Abuse",1,-1,[],[26808]]],"ex":[["TRT for gains",1,-1,[],[26808]],["TRT for gains, testosterone, hormoneboost",1,-1,[],[26808]],["testosterone",1,-1,[],[26808]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The trust dimension evaluates the confidence of the user in nudges.",1,-1,[],[31001]],["Usage, as the most objective dimension, measures the frequency of the use of nudges by users.",1,-1,[],[31001]],["automated and data-driven user nudging as a form of educational intervention.",1,-1,[],[31001]],["influence qualitatively measures if and how user behaviour is influenced by user nudging.",1,-1,[],[31001]],["is very subjective with short-term and long-term effects on users' behavior.",1,-1,[],[31001]],["the benefits for a user are highly subjective as it requires to evaluate how the user has benefited from nudges",1,-1,[],[31001]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital nudging",1,23110,[],[31001]],["expert nudging",1,-1,[],[31001]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["educational intervention",1,-1,[],[31001]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This approach takes into account constant socio-economic turmoil, weak independent media, low institutional trust, and conflict.",1,-1,[],[47530]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[47530]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["authentic (a social media user that communicates an issue position)",1,-1,[],[31120]],["inauthentic (a bot or troll that mimics an authentic citizen)",1,-1,[],[31120]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the meaning of the tweets is usually under-specified, namely, there is not enough context or background information available in order to take an informed decision.",1,-1,[],[52276]]],"sy":[["under-specified",1,523,[],[52276]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they may perceive belief-consistent disinformation (that feels subjectively accurate) to be 'an exception'",1,-1,[],[46313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["historical fiction",1,11023,[],[23579]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Psychocentricity prevents, omits, erases, and negates the ability to understand how political and social structures, discourses and practices impact individual lives physically, materially, emotionally, mentally -and crucially -unequally in modern society.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["Psychocentrism is based on on the human deficit model, while obscuring societal deficits and social relations of power that often underlie and contribute to human struggles and difficulties.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["Psychocentrism is itself a form of social injustice, where individual reformation rather than social and economic justice is promoted.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["Psychocentrism prevents compassion, empathy and connectedness, and it prevents us from feeling a sense of ethical responsibility to those without voices, networks, and resources.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["The imperatives of governmental policies to ensure basic essentials for healthcare, education, and retirement security or legislation to protect consumers, environment and workers thus falls to the wayside as psychocentrism increasingly colonizes neoliberal culture.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["Using psychocentrism as a critical epistemological framework to challenge dominant psy assumptions and discourses",1,-1,[],[19415]],["a critical epistemological framework to challenge dominant psy assumptions and discourses",1,-1,[],[19415]],["expert discourses encourage users or subjects to locate \"pathologies\" inside themselves rather than a result of social processes, structures and experiences; third, expert discourse denies, trivializes or minimizes the importance of social factors and social relations at play in pathologies; and fourth, expert psy discourses distract from wider structural issues of social injustice.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["prevents, omits, erases, and negates the ability to understand how political and social structures, discourses and practices impact individual lives physically, materially, emotionally, mentally -and crucially -unequally in modern society.",1,-1,[],[19415]],["privileges the expert view",1,-1,[],[19415]],["promotes naive or superficial fixes to macrological social and economic problems",1,-1,[],[19415]],["promoting individualized explanations for socially-based problems",1,-1,[],[19415]]],"sy":[["psychocentricity",1,8200,[],[19415]]],"rt":[["psychocentric styles of thought",1,-1,[],[19415]],["psychocentricity",1,8200,[],[19415]]],"sb":[["determinism",1,34828,[],[19415]],["double-standards",1,16434,[],[19415]],["essentialism",1,26488,[],[19415]],["ethnocentrism",1,932,[],[19415]],["naturalism",1,19436,[],[19415]],["pathological individualism",1,11314,[],[19415]],["positivism",1,18996,[],[19415]],["presentism or ahistoricism",1,12915,[],[19415]],["reductionism",1,714,[],[19415]],["victim-blaming",1,34860,[],[19415]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By showing the destruction wrought by natural disasters, this frame emphasizes the need for emergency responses and preparedness.",1,-1,[],[31837]],["This approach serves to humanize the issue, making it more relatable to the public by showcasing the real-world consequences of climate change.",1,-1,[],[31837]],["calls attention to the importance of disaster preparedness and response.",1,-1,[],[31837]],["helps to build empathy, encouraging people to support disaster relief efforts, advocacy for adaptation strategies, and insurance for climate-related damage.",1,-1,[],[31837]],["often appealing to audiences through empathy.",1,-1,[],[31837]],["serves to humanize the issue, making it more relatable to the public by showcasing the real-world consequences of climate change",1,-1,[],[31837]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Displacement",1,-1,[],[31837]],["Droughts",1,-1,[],[31837]],["During the 2019 Australian bushfires, the use of the Natural Disaster frame highlighted the immediate destruction and need for relief.",1,-1,[],[31837]],["Media coverage of wildfires or hurricanes to highlight the consequences of climate change",1,-1,[],[31837]],["destruction",1,-1,[],[31837]],["extreme weather",1,-1,[],[31837]],["floods",1,-1,[],[31837]],["wildfires",1,-1,[],[31837]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the rhetoric of \"Bruderstaaten\" (\"brother states\") and \"socialist friendship,\" which articulated the Soviet vision of amicable relations among the socialist states of Eastern Europe against the backdrop of historical animosities and bipolar geopolitics.",1,-1,[],[52458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["socialist friendship",1,10606,[],[52458]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They include public relations teams, organized interest groups, news media, conversation forums, think tanks, universities, journals, elite committees, and state agencies.",1,-1,[],[6327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["public relations teams, organized interest groups, news media, conversation forums, think tanks, universities, journals, elite committees, and state agencies",1,-1,[],[6327]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["mechanisms avoiding costly cognitive dissonance",1,-1,[],[34210]],["the manufacturing of signals that can be interpreted as the objective proof of desired conclusions",1,-1,[],[34210]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It serves as a protective \"buff er\" for Russia from the side of Europe.",1,-1,[],[30200]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This process demands three key competencies: cognitive, involving the understanding of facts and the application of relevance criteria; behavioural, referring to the objective verification of facts and the maintenance of impartiality; and discursive, which encompasses the ability to translate knowledge into effective news discourse",1,-1,[],[29642]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["behavioural",1,8257,[],[29642]],["cognitive",1,24236,[],[29642]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["competencies",1,12857,[],[29642]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic visibility metrics",1,-1,[],[29691]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["I can see how fake news affects me",1,-1,[],[39187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["situational perceptions",1,1199,[],[39187]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["where the classifier is evaluated on a large number of topics for which it had few training examples",1,-1,[],[12005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[11569]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["ability to discern between one's own correct and incorrect responses",1,-1,[],[44679]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["the decision to report/withhold those judgments",1,-1,[],[30780]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The role of political security in national security is important since political security acts as a defender in defence of the nation from any form of political oppression that can affect national security.",1,-1,[],[49223]],["political security is a concern with the organisational stability of the state's systems of government and the ideologies that give them legitimacy",1,-1,[],[49223]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["national security",1,10603,[],[49223]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["moral reliability, which is an important component of trust.",1,-1,[],[3650]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trust",1,34511,[],[3650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust",1,34511,[],[3650]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["uncivilised politically, socially, and economically",1,-1,[],[39775]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["Uncertainty is all-pervasive in the world, and we regularly communicate this in everyday life. We might say we are uncertain when we are unable to predict the future, we cannot decide what to do, there is ambiguity about what something means, we are ignorant of what has happened or simply for a general feeling of doubt or unease.",1,-1,[],[5724]],["Uncertainty is produced by a discrepancy between the actual level of understanding of an event or phenomenon and the desired level of understanding (Park, 2010).",1,-1,[],[28433]],["Uncertainty, like previous elements, is the enemy of reason.",1,-1,[],[25054]],["Words that indicate the lack of sureness about someone or something.",1,-1,[],[34997]],["uncertainty is often communicated in a message via descriptive, qualifying content that references relevant ambiguities, imprecisions, hedges, doubts, and possible alternatives.",1,-1,[],[8778]]],"sy":[["hedging",1,20153,[],[18976]],["speculation",1,31028,[],[18976]]],"rt":[["Certainty",1,4256,[],[48852]],["aleatory uncertainty",1,-1,[],[5724]],["epistemic uncertainty",1,32228,[],[5724]],["risk",1,2397,[],[24276]]],"sb":[["Scientific uncertainty",1,21432,[],[6453]],["consensus uncertainty",1,22834,[],[8778]],["deficient uncertainty",1,5743,[],[8778]],["statistical uncertainty",1,-1,[],[6453]],["technical uncertainty",1,-1,[],[8778]]],"sp":[["framing concept",1,18531,[],[46448]],["rather neutral frames",1,-1,[],[38745]]],"ex":[["Stand up special starts in 20 mins. I think 7 on West Coast. 10 on East. I actually have no fucking idea",1,-1,[],[40049]],["There might be a few things left to do.",1,-1,[],[40049]],["We have enough time, haven't we?",1,-1,[],[40049]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To have -and share -such stable expectancies about people and social categories is often highly functional (Moskowitz, 2005). Yet, it may promote prejudice and discrimination when individuals are described and pre-judged on (negative) stereotypic-, rather than available individuating information.",1,-1,[],[24129]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["a biological basis of the inner underlying reality",1,-1,[],[37415]],["a discreteness basis",1,-1,[],[37415]],["an informativeness basis",1,-1,[],[37415]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Self-identity is another predictor of behavioral intention and actual behavior that has been suggested by identity theorists and has been empirically tested by researchers (Stryker, 1987).",1,-1,[],[16054]],["The strong relationship between self-identity and healthy behavior is in line with the Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957), which suggests that people try to be consistent with their existing views to reduce dissonance.",1,-1,[],[16054]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["green identity",1,-1,[],[16054]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["I think of myself as a health conscious person",1,-1,[],[16054]],["I think of myself as someone who is concerned with healthy eating",1,-1,[],[16054]],["green consumers",1,-1,[],[16054]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cinco momentos de la historia",1,-1,[],[44298]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Fusing KG embeddings with text helps separate overlapping labels and propagate external signals like source reliability",1,-1,[],[33357]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["For the latter is not longer the image of the performer that is at stake, but the image of an entire nation that is mimetically connected to the performance of the sport hero.",1,-1,[],[30961]],["the national hero comes to build on this symbolic meaning-making process.",1,-1,[],[30961]],["the national hero frame works as a category of social recognition (Frisk, 2018, p. 10) placed within what Goode (1978) called the economy of respect and, moreover, the economy of aspirational (national) identity.",1,-1,[],[30961]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media literacy",1,27668,[],[28276]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The walls were intended to keep information within departments, thereby avoiding conflicts of interest.",1,-1,[],[52385]],["intended to keep information within departments, thereby avoiding conflicts of interest",1,-1,[],[52385]],["the concept of compartmentalization became operationalized in corporations through the erection of Chinese walls.",1,-1,[],[52385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["compartmentalization",1,-1,[],[52385]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["compartmentalization",1,-1,[],[52385]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["threat",1,10758,[],[22841]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a sender, who has some information, will send a message to a receiver, who will use this information to make a decision",1,-1,[],[18278]],["this issue is typically addressed by using the so-called \"cheap talk\" models first proposed by Crawford and Sobel (1982).",1,-1,[],[18278]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["A common criticism of multiculturalism in Australia and elsewhere is that it is seen as a policy that champions and entrenches differences in society",1,-1,[],[3408]],["Multiculturalism proposes that cultural identities should be actively preserved, but nested within an appreciation of shared, national boundaries",1,-1,[],[3408]],["The fundamental goal of the multicultural policy is to increase the mutual acceptance of each other by members of ethnocultural groups.",1,-1,[],[14695]],["This ideological, legal, and institutional transformation marked Sweden's formal embrace of multiculturalism",1,-1,[],[38003]],["multiculturalism as a set of theories and practices for understanding this phenomenon",1,-1,[],[14695]],["multiculturalism is not a negation of European culture. However, it opposes Eurocentrism as the still dominant point of view.",1,-1,[],[14695]],["multiculturalism is not just an ethical doctrine but also a particular political program and state policy characteristic of countries seeking to promote the formation of an open society.",1,-1,[],[14695]],["multiculturalism is often equated with positively favoring migrants at the expense of other Australians and is not seen as giving equal rights to both immigrants and other Australians",1,-1,[],[3408]],["multiculturalism or the accommodation of minorities is different from integration because it recognizes groups, not just individuals, at the level of: identities, associations, belonging, including diasporic connections; behaviour, culture, religious practice, etc.; and political mobilization.",1,-1,[],[60634]],["multiculturalism or the accommodation of minorities is different from integration because it recognizes groups, not just individuals, at the level of: identities, associations, belonging, including diasporic connections; behaviour, culture, religious practice, etc.; and political mobilization. it appreciates that groups vary in all kinds of ways and so will become part of the social landscape in different ways. this means that they cannot necessarily be accommodated according to a single plan and will in different ways change the society into which they are integrated",1,-1,[],[60634]],["one of the most characteristic manifestations of the actualization of horizontal, rhizomatic cultural interactions that characterize the most important shift in the world culture of postmodernity.",1,-1,[],[14695]],["this multiculturalism was viewed as both regrettable and temporary, with different groups and identities expected to fuse together in a single national melting pot as the countries developed.",1,-1,[],[23399]]],"sy":[["accommodation",1,14018,[],[60634]],["cultural complexity",1,-1,[],[14695]]],"rt":[["assimilation",1,20271,[],[3408]],["immigration",1,6406,[],[3408]],["tolerance",1,18118,[],[14695]]],"sb":[["ethnic diversity as a demographic phenomenon is called multiculturalism",1,-1,[],[14695]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The term adequation emphasizes the fact that in order for groups or individuals to be positioned as alike, they need not -and in any case cannot -be identical, but must merely be understood as sufficiently similar for current interactional purposes.",1,-1,[],[25279]],["differences irrelevant or damaging to ongoing efforts to adequate two people or groups will be downplayed, and similarities viewed as salient to and supportive of the immediate project of identity work will be foregrounded.",1,-1,[],[25279]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distinction",1,29147,[],[25279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Conversely, a score close to -1 or 1 indicates that one group disproportionately cites an influencer compared to another group.",1,-1,[],[20745]],["Stefanov et al.[223] indicated that valence scores are essential in identifying media bias in social networks.",1,-1,[],[20745]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This narrative suggests that the nation is under threat, linking to frames of national security.",1,-1,[],[60985]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These diverse \"known unknowns\" often exist because there is a lack of research on the question, or because that thing may not ever be known, or because the problem space has expanded",1,-1,[],[8772]],["These diverse \"known unknowns\" often exist because there is a lack of research on the question, or because that thing may not ever be known, or because the problem space has expanded (e.g., Kuhn, 2000;Rice et al., 2018;Zehr, 2000).",1,-1,[],[8772]],["Uncertainty is often communicated by emphasizing a known gap in knowledge.",1,-1,[],[8772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["uncertainty",1,5720,[],[8772]],["uncertainty portrayals",1,-1,[],[8772]]],"ex":[["although much remains unknown and more research is still needed.",1,-1,[],[8772]],["clauses such as \"although much remains unknown and more research is still needed.\"",1,-1,[],[8772]],["emphasizing known limitations of a study",1,-1,[["emphasizing known limitations of a study",1],["emphasizing known limitations of a study.",1]],[8772]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Communication Moderate; One-way, top-down",1,-1,[],[51781]],["Connectivity Moderate; weaker one-way links",1,-1,[],[51781]],["Content Sharing Very low sharing of audience-created content",1,-1,[],[51781]],["Creative Expression Moderate-High; Trained professionals",1,-1,[],[51781]],["Informer Professional",1,-1,[],[51781]],["Reality Creation High, longer lasting; Push upon the audience, spinning",1,-1,[],[51781]],["Technology Pre-Internet",1,-1,[],[51781]],["With old media, trained professionals construct reality through predetermined broadcasting channels, leaving their own creative stamp on it, and with a miniscule reliance on the user-shared digital content.",1,-1,[],[51781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["new media",1,13437,[],[51781]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["rather than concluding the veracity of the claim",1,-1,[],[1877]]],"sy":[["refuted",1,24557,[],[1877]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By investigating the articles' imbalance, that is, how extreme they were on the polarity scale, we found that a higher number of non-neutral edits was accompanied by a lower level of imbalance.",1,-1,[],[47871]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["polarity scale",1,-1,[],[47871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation infrastructures",1,616,[],[7408]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["collective reproduction",1,16354,[],[56580]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Legitimacy",1,19405,[],[55013]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, we consider a source as low-credibility if it fulfills any one of the following criteria: (1) labeled as low-credibility by Shao et al. (33); (2) labeled as \"Black,\" \"Red,\" or \"Satire\" by Grinberg et al. (49); (3) labeled as \"fake news\" or \"hyperpartisan\" by Pennycook et al. (62); or (4) labeled as \"extreme left,\" \"extreme right,\" or \"fake news\" by Bovet et al. (63).",1,-1,[],[17853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["labeled as \"Black,\" \"Red,\" or \"Satire\" by Grinberg et al. (49)",1,-1,[],[17853]],["labeled as \"extreme left,\" \"extreme right,\" or \"fake news\" by Bovet et al. (63)",1,-1,[],[17853]],["labeled as \"fake news\" or \"hyperpartisan\" by Pennycook et al. (62)",1,-1,[],[17853]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["making hubs in word association graph more likely to be frequent words.",1,-1,[],[12223]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Sometimes it's because the sausage-making process in policy institutions and individual minds is hard to observe, but often what happens in the middle is left out because data about the middle processes simply don't exist.",1,-1,[],[48875]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["libel",1,4195,[],[51063]],["slander",1,24674,[],[51063]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The polarization score is computed as the predicted probability of the polarized class, i.e. the sum of predicted probability of liberal and conservative classes. The polarization score ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating full ideological polarization (liberal or conservative) and 0 indicating no polarization (neither liberal nor conservative).",1,-1,[],[46354]],["To calculate polarization score, an ideology classifier is trained on the AllSides dataset (Baly et al., 2020), where a classification head is built on top of the BERT language model to classify articlelevel ideology into liberal, center, and conservative.",1,-1,[],[46354]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["community boundary connectivity [20]",1,-1,[],[35114]],["community performance [22]",1,-1,[],[35114]],["modularity [17]",1,-1,[],[35114]],["random walk controversy [21]",1,-1,[],[35114]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Dual-process and dual-systems models",1,-1,[],[45706]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The two realizations background social actors to different degrees, but both play a part in reducing the number of times specific social actors are explicitly referred to.",1,-1,[],[52318]],["When the relevant actions (e.g., the killing of demonstrators) are included, but some or all of the actors involved in them (e.g., the police) are excluded, the exclusion does leave a trace.",1,-1,[],[52318]],["relate to the manipulative strategies of suppression and selective presentation. By shifting attention away from themes that are not congruent with their own beliefs and ideological aims, political actors can continue to pursue their own agenda.",1,-1,[],[22793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["exclusion",1,29081,[],[52318]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This represents the most restrictive form of intervention, as it fully blocks access to content, the offending user, or the community sharing misinformation.",1,-1,[],[56654]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hard deterrence",1,29234,[],[56654]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hard deterrence mechanism",1,18084,[],[56654]]],"ex":[["Entire pages or accounts dedicated to spreading falsehoods have been taken down as well.",1,-1,[],[56654]],["YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter (now X) removed the \"Plandemic\" video-a viral COVID-19 conspiracy theory-in May 2020 to staunch its spread",1,-1,[],[56654]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Broadly, this involves creating a benefit (an extrinsic motivation) aimed at overcoming an individual's actual desire/belief (their intrinsic motivation).",1,-1,[],[8590]],["offering or providing benefits",1,-1,[],[8590]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["coercion",1,24026,[],[8590]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Non-Consensual Organized Persuasive Communication",1,-1,[],[8590]]],"ex":[["The provision of a bike-and-ride scheme, whereby people are incentivized to ride bikes, is broadly consensual as here the incentive (the extrinsic motivation) is both positive and if taken up, aligned with the individual's intrinsic motivation (i.e. the individual actually wants to ride the bike).",1,-1,[],[8590]],["promising tax cuts (an extrinsic motivation) is a way of garnering votes by persuading people who otherwise would not be inclined (i.e. had no intrinsic motivation) to vote for that candidate; this is not consensual because the individual is induced to do something he or she would otherwise not want to do.",1,-1,[],[8590]],["provision of housing and childcare in Vanport, Oregon, during the 1940s. This was part of a propaganda campaign aimed at persuading women to adopt new work roles and increase their productivity (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 309-318).",1,-1,[],[8590]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In such scenario, is a representation of mind broadness of the agent, or also the quantification of the agent's confirmation bias.",1,-1,[],[1475]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Bounded Confidence Model-Multiple (HK)",1,-1,[],[50955]]],"sb":[["Unbounded Confidence Model (UCM)",1,20649,[],[1475]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":53,"df":[],"de":[["Biases are therefore referred to in terms of language, occupation, ethnicity, religion, country of origin, and gender identity.",1,-1,[],[43635]],["Implicit bias does not contain explicitly abusive languages but contains hurtful bias in semantics",1,-1,[],[37137]],["Implicit bias exhibited during the dataset annotation process also besets datasets with the bias inherent to experts or human annotators.",1,-1,[],[29147]],["Implicit biases are especially intriguing, and also especially problematic, because they can produce behavior that diverges from a person's avowed or endorsed beliefs or principles.",1,-1,[],[25472]],["Implicit biases can be particularly useful in predicting people's behaviors in relative, not absolute, decision contexts (e.g., comparing between two candidates rather than independently assessing each)",1,-1,[],[24737]],["Implicit measures are known to be much harder to manipulate than explicit self-reports; they are therefore more valid and less susceptible to impression management (Boysen et al. 2006).",1,-1,[],[7701]],["LLMs exhibit widespread implicit biases across our set of stimuli.",1,-1,[],[24737]],["Psychological studies have found these harder-to-see biases can be potent sources of discrimination",1,-1,[],[24737]],["The notion of implicit bias has been an important component in understanding discrimination in activities such as hiring, promotion, and school admissions.",1,-1,[],[19921]],["The strongest implicit bias in race appears when language models associate negative attributes with the words black or dark, guilty phrases and weapon objects with the word black.",1,-1,[],[24737]],["The term implicit bias is typically used to refer to both implicit stereotypes and implicit prejudices and aims to capture what is most troubling for professionals: the possibility of biased judgement and of the resulting biased behaviour.",1,-1,[],[22663]],["Unlike explicit biases, which operate under conscious control, implicit biases can affect a person's behavior without that person even being aware.",1,-1,[],[36991]],["We thus stipulate that an implicit association (prejudice or stereotype) counts as implicit bias for our purposes only when it is likely to have a negative impact on an already disadvantaged group",1,-1,[],[22663]],["analyze how a computer can arrive at skewed conclusions even in the absence of identifiable demographic categories",1,-1,[],[37427]],["bias, especially implicit bias that does not include any abusive words, is more challenging to detect accurately",1,-1,[],[37137]],["can be reduced merely by increased deliberative effort on a decision",1,-1,[],[25471]],["counter implicit bias among political scientists, as evidenced through greater gender equity on syllabi, in book and journal-article bibliographies, on conference panels, and in invited talks",1,-1,[],[36991]],["heterogeneous phenomenon",1,-1,[],[22663]],["implicit bias is unintentional, uncontrollable, and purely stimulus-driven",1,-1,[],[24737]],["implicit bias measures bypass deliberation and are likely to be free of influence from social desirability",1,-1,[],[24737]],["implicit biases of unsocial concept pairs (i.e., Insect vs. Flower and Weapon vs. Instrument) are more stable than that of social concept pairs (i.e., Afro-American vs. Euro-American and China vs. America).",1,-1,[],[25910]],["implicit metrics assess bias from the model's perspective, considering factors such as differences in the logit distributions associated with attribute words w f ∈ W f and w m ∈ W m .",1,-1,[],[18850]],["indirect measurement does not imply or assess the conscious or unconscious state of either LLMs or human minds",1,-1,[],[24737]],["malleable",1,-1,[],[25471]],["men and women alike hold implicit biases about gender that shape their attitudes and behavior, including the tendency to think of-and reference-men rather than women as experts",1,-1,[],[36991]],["often stemming from deep-seated societal prejudices",1,-1,[],[37427]],["reflects unconscious and automated cognitive processes",1,-1,[],[52380]],["represents a more profound form of bias",1,-1,[],[52380]],["the biased measured by WEAT are supposed be implicit bias",1,-1,[],[25910]],["the difference between the implicit and explicit bias can be explained by the social desire",1,-1,[["the difference between the implicit and explicit bias can be explained by the social desire",1],["the difference between the implicit and explicit bias can be explained by the social desire.",1]],[25910]],["weak automatic influences",1,-1,[],[25472]],["which often lacks overtly abusive language, presents a greater challenge for accurate detection",1,-1,[],[39725]]],"sy":[["implicit measures",1,28227,[],[7701]]],"rt":[["explicit bias",3,19648,[["explicit bias",3],["explicit biases",1]],[25910,46889,46891,52380]],["implicit stereotypes",2,32278,[["implicit stereotypes",2],["implicit stereotype",1]],[22663,25471,25472]],["IAT",1,8991,[],[25910]],["WEAT",1,20859,[],[25910]],["biased responses",1,-1,[],[37427]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[19921]],["implicit attitudes",1,18457,[],[25471,25472]],["implicit prejudice",1,28210,[["implicit prejudice",1],["implicit prejudices",1]],[22663]],["skewed conclusions",1,-1,[],[37427]]],"sb":[["implicit prejudices",1,28210,[],[22663]],["implicit stereotypes",1,32278,[],[22663]]],"sp":[["Bias",4,30859,[["Bias",2],["bias",2]],[29147,32679,40388,52380]],["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[27597]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[18850]],["machine learning bias",1,25183,[],[20282]],["social bias",1,242,[],[52380]]],"ex":[["\"Women get lower math scores than men\" contains an implicit bias towards women without explicitly toxic words.",1,-1,[],[37137]],["although one claims to prefer African American to European American, he may associate African American with negativity in implicit cognition without being actively aware of it [Greenwald et al., 1998]",1,-1,[],[25910]],["in the sentence \"the physician hired the secretary because he was overwhelmed with clients,\" an implicitly biased model might associate the pronoun \"he\" with \"physician\".",1,-1,[],[46889]]]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["For example, in a recent study, Zerbeck and Fawzi (2017) found that people supporting an issue may be less likely to speak out about their support when they are confronted with strong online comments contradicting their opinions.",1,-1,[],[57072]],["If individuals perceive that their opinion is congruent with the opinion climatein other words, they hold a majority-held opinionthey are more likely to express them. If they perceive their opinions to be incongruent with the opinion climate, they are likely to remain silent.",1,-1,[],[1319]],["Some studies suggest that the spiral of silence theory addresses the impact of pluralistic ignorance on public disclosure (Noelle-Neumann, 1993;Taylor, 1982). The individual misperception that their opinion is not shared by others leads to the collective error of a silent majority being suppressed by a vocal minority (Miller, 2023).",1,-1,[],[36127]],["This can silence nationalist or xenophobic views in a social environment that discourages it.",1,-1,[],[4680]],["Vocal expression on the one side and silence on the other side creates a \"spiral of silence\" on the muted topic",1,-1,[],[36127]],["Vocal expression on the one side and silence on the other side creates a \"spiral of silence\" on the muted topic (Noelle-Neumann, 1993).",1,-1,[],[36127]],["individuals may exhibit reticence in expressing their viewpoints if they diverge from the prevailing consensus.",1,-1,[],[47755]],["individuals who recognize that their personal perspective coincides with the majority in a group are more likely to exhibit more confidence and openness in expressing their views.",1,-1,[],[47755]],["one of the seminal works in journalism and mass communication scholarship",1,-1,[],[38840]],["people would rather pretend to agree or not talk about controversial issues in the social group they belong to in order not to jeopardize their position in such a group.",1,-1,[],[36559]],["the degree of willingness to speak out decreases when the fear of isolation increases in various digital communication platforms.",1,-1,[],[38840]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["filter bubble",1,6507,[],[185]],["pluralistic ignorance",1,9024,[],[36127]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If you spread information you don't think it's false because SO many people posted it and are saying the same thing. You automatically think that it has to be right, but it doesn't.",1,-1,[],[185]],["legal stances on abortion, preferences for a political party in national elections, addressing racial inequality (Noelle-Neumann, 1993;Moy et al., 2001;Geiger and Swim, 2016), and suppression of antiwar sentiment (Mueller, 1993).",1,-1,[],[36127]],["people supporting an issue may be less likely to speak out about their support when they are confronted with strong online comments contradicting their opinions",1,-1,[],[57072]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To understand the LLM we need to talk to it.",1,-1,[],[24003]],["where meaning is understood as patterns of use",1,-1,[],[24003]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["types of explanation",1,-1,[],[24003]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They are also often portrayed as disconnected from mainstream society and problematized as threats to social cohesion",1,-1,[],[39124]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["socioeconomically disadvantaged areas",1,1104,[],[39124]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["active open-mindedness",1,-1,[],[19670]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an integral component of general media literacy",1,-1,[],[41486]],["artificial intelligence literacy is an integral component of general media literacy.",1,-1,[],[41486]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["general media literacy",1,-1,[],[41486]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[41486]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["inability",1,-1,[],[2004]],["no response",1,-1,[],[2004]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["To develop media literacy/competence of the audience",1,-1,[],[21617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information literacy",1,8985,[],[29029]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[29029]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["«como un archivo zip»",1,-1,[],[40901]],["«parecía un ladrillo»",1,-1,[],[40901]],["«se volvieron como los calcetines»",1,-1,[],[40901]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It varies according to factors such as the degree of professionalization of news media and journalistic practice, the prevalence of violent attitudes or discourses in society and the political sphere, and the extent to which violent acts reverberate within and shape the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[32408]],["Yet, violence against journalists is not limited to physical aggression: it also encompasses symbolic, psychological, and institutional forms",1,-1,[],[32408]],["can manifest in disguised or subtle ways, often difficult to detect, particularly in public spaces",1,-1,[],[32408]],["equally recurrent and effective in producing lasting damage to the professional environment",1,-1,[],[32408]],["produce a collective silencing effect, intimidating the free press, discouraging professionals, and interrupting nascent careers",1,-1,[],[32408]],["violence against journalists is a global and multifaceted threat, manifesting in various forms of offenses, including threats, physical assaults, prior censorship, and violent speech, both offline and online.",1,-1,[],[32408]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["press freedom",1,14172,[],[32408]]],"sb":[["Threats, extortion, attacks, persecution, and torture",1,-1,[],[32408]],["denial of access to public information, judicial reprisals through lawfare, retaliation via forced dismissals or budget cuts, precarious or marginalized conditions, revocation of credentials, undue monitoring and surveillance, and cyberbullying",1,-1,[],[32408]],["physical assaults",1,-1,[],[32408]],["prior censorship",1,-1,[],[32408]],["symbolic, psychological, and institutional forms",1,-1,[],[32408]],["threats",1,10758,[],[32408]],["threats, physical assaults, prior censorship, and violent speech",1,-1,[],[32408]],["violent speech",1,15816,[],[32408]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["ESM is a digital platform that facilitates individuals to post, share, edit, and view several types of information with other individuals",1,-1,[],[5849]],["ESM usage refers to the extent in which employees use ESM inside enterprises for business-and work-related communications.",1,-1,[],[5849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Existential questions play a central role in shaping any worldview",1,-1,[],[36621]],["Overall, worldviews refer to sets of beliefs and assumptions that describe reality, similar to a filter through which phenomena are perceived and comprehended (Miller and West, 1993)",1,-1,[],[47000]],["the social construction of ethnically based \"world views\" and to what extent these 'world views' get articulated increasingly as foundational frames",1,-1,[],[47479]]],"sy":[["One's philosophies of life, attitude, outlook, ideology, faith, or even religion",1,-1,[],[54949]],["attitude",1,13566,[],[54949]],["faith",1,-1,[],[54949]],["ideology",1,8315,[],[54949]],["outlook",1,-1,[],[54949]],["philosophies of life",1,-1,[],[54949]],["philosophies of life, attitude, outlook, ideology, faith, or even religion",1,-1,[],[54949]],["religion",1,26542,[],[54949]]],"rt":[["The media in its various forms, the people we connect with, and the communities we belong to all influence our perceptions of the world in turn",1,-1,[],[36621]],["attitudes",1,13566,[],[47000]]],"sb":[["hierarchy-egalitarianism",1,21245,[],[54949]],["individualism-communitarianism",1,16249,[],[54949]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["It is a way of life that everyone develops to a greater or lesser degree of complexity as they go through life.",1,-1,[],[36621]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Another difference is the travel aspect that is central in the legal definition of human trafficking in UK law, while it may but does not need to be part of the crime act of CSE.",1,-1,[],[38579]],["CSE is narrower than human trafficking, which can affect both children and adults and involve types of exploitation other than sexual.",1,-1,[],[38579]],["UK legislators determined that a child is sexually exploited 'if on at least one occasion and whether or not compelled to do so, s/he offers or provides sexual services to another person in return for payment or a promise of payment to the child or a third person, or if an indecent image of the child is recorded.'",1,-1,[],[38579]],["the media provide multiple definitions of CSE, such as domestic trafficking of children for money, organised child trafficking, a form of child sexual abuse, street grooming, a sexual act with a minor for which they or someone else receives payment, etc.",1,-1,[],[38579]]],"sy":[["CSE",1,-1,[],[38579]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["human trafficking",1,-1,[],[38579]]],"ex":[["a form of child sexual abuse",1,-1,[],[38579]],["a sexual act with a minor for which they or someone else receives payment",1,-1,[],[38579]],["domestic trafficking of children for money",1,-1,[],[38579]],["organised child trafficking",1,-1,[],[38579]],["street grooming",1,-1,[],[38579]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Since a possible interpretation of our model is than an Interested Party could be an ideologically biased owner or subset of journalists, we adopt the more general term.",1,-1,[],[61632]]],"sy":[["Special Interest Groups",1,-1,[],[61632]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[["legitimation by reference to the authority of tradition, custom and law, and of persons in whom institutional authority of some kind is vested",2,-1,[["legitimation by reference to the authority of tradition, custom and law, and of persons in whom institutional authority of some kind is vested",1],["legitimation by reference to the authority of tradition, custom, and law, and of persons in whom institutional authority of some kind is vested",1]],[43930,53484]]],"de":[["Quite related to the concept of evidentiality or to truth claims in DQs, however, is the issue of authority or authorisation, which amounts to",1,-1,[],[61444]],["The first of these, authorization, involves the affirmation or imposition of an identity through structures of institutionalized power and ideology, whether local or translocal.",1,-1,[],[25283]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["authority",1,14203,[],[61444]],["discursive construction of legitimation",1,-1,[],[43930]],["illegitimation",1,34004,[],[25283]]],"sb":[["Expert authority",1,20029,[],[53484]],["Impersonal authority",1,16392,[],[53484]],["Personal authority",1,-1,[],[53484]],["Role model authority",1,-1,[],[53484]],["The authority of conformity",1,-1,[],[53484]],["The authority of tradition",1,-1,[],[53484]],["conformity",1,11598,[],[53484]],["expert",1,25095,[],[53484]],["impersonal",1,-1,[],[53484]],["impersonal authorization",1,16830,[],[30909]],["personal",1,29987,[],[53484]],["personal, con formity authorization",1,-1,[],[30909]],["role model",1,11782,[],[53484]],["tradition",1,11920,[],[53484]]],"sp":[["legitimation strategies",2,15792,[],[53484,57005]],["delegitimation",1,-1,[],[43930]],["discursive construction of legitimation",1,-1,[],[43930]],["discursive legitimation strategies",1,5017,[],[55012]],["framework of legitimation",1,-1,[],[57005]],["legitimation",1,8062,[],[53484]],["strategies of (de)legitimation",1,16749,[],[43930]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, microblogging has lowered the barriers, in terms of thought investment by users",1,-1,[],[4001]],["these spaces facilitate the distribution of specialised content while allowing links to more detailed information and real-time updates on technological developments",1,-1,[],[51378]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social networking tool",1,-1,[],[21677]]],"ex":[["Twitter and Plurk sites",1,-1,[],[21677]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["political corruption",1,-1,[],[54548]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["parody",1,27482,[],[27032]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["probably following a positive appraisal of being in control and attributing legitimacy to a certain issue or actor",1,-1,[],[8838]],["probably following a positive appraisal of being in control and attributing legitimacy to a certain issue or actor (e.g., Groenendyk, Brader, & Valentino, 2011).",1,-1,[],[8838]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["bridging between government and people",1,-1,[],[9364]],["educating the people on government policies",1,-1,[],[9364]],["promoting national unity",1,-1,[],[9364]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Collaborative-facilitative roles",1,-1,[],[9364]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Dies liegt in einer verminderten sozialen Orientierung begründet, da etwa der Status des Gegenübers eingeschränkt wahrnehmbar ist und zugleich unmittelbare soziale Sanktionen eingeschränkt (sichtbar) sind",1,-1,[],[16293]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In a pragmatic or tactical compromise the par ties may look upon compromise simply as a necessary evil or as a means to morally worthwhile ends, including the realization of principles.",1,-1,[],[18640]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["principled compromise",1,17974,[],[18639,18640]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["compromise",1,34213,[],[18640]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Motivated resistance acknowledges that people are armed with resistance strategies that may impede even well designed campaigns.",1,-1,[],[16938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["media content that provides a stage for the ordinary people",1,-1,[],[4474]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media populism",1,9290,[],[4474]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Reduction to Hitlerum",1,-1,[],[38696]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["FALSE ASSERTION",1,30465,[],[21857]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["explores the impact of social pressure and group norms on an individual's tendency to express or support their opinions regarding the spiral of silence principles",1,-1,[],[47756]]],"sy":[["spiral of silence",1,5776,[],[47756]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",1,425,[],[47756]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["contexts",1,32218,[],[48076]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Roughly speaking, it requires that while recruiting for a job opening, one of the candidates interviewed must come from an underrepresented group.",1,-1,[],[19924]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["the 'hard' variant of the Rooney rule",1,-1,[],[19924]],["the 'soft' variant of Rooney Rule",1,-1,[],[19924]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Control also meant that, once people consented to cookies or expressed consent by using default settings, they were also made responsible for their actions.",1,-1,[],[14823]],["In linguistic studies, more precisely, in generative grammar (Chomsky, 1956;Landau, 2013)",1,-1,[],[23523]],["In linguistic studies, more precisely, in generative grammar (Chomsky, 1956;Landau, 2013), control is conceived as a predicate that assigns a thematic role to the controller",1,-1,[],[23523]],["The control principle was measured using a single statement referring to whether Asian immigrants who come to the United States for work should be entitled to remain in the country.",1,-1,[],[42975]],["The term 'control' has also been defined as 'interpersonal power' that regularizes hierarchical relations.",1,-1,[],[23523]],["When neuroscientists talk about 'control,' they often refer to a system with at least four components. First, it would contain the controlled physical system itself; we should call it the controlled compartment. Second, every control system should have some sensors that measure the behavior of the controlled part(s). The other two parts of the control system, namely, the actuators and the algorithms, could be called the controllers of the system.",1,-1,[],[23523]],["the need is caused by external situations beyond the victim's control.",1,-1,[],[2029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agent, patient, theme, experiencer, beneficiary, instrument, place, aim, and source",1,-1,[],[23523]],["automatization",1,-1,[],[23523]],["dominating",1,7768,[],[23523]],["nondemanding",1,-1,[],[23523]],["recipient",1,30072,[],[23523]]],"sb":[["General control",1,-1,[],[7747]],["Situational control",1,19747,[],[7747]],["dominating",1,7768,[],[23523]],["nondemanding",1,-1,[],[23523]],["recipient",1,30072,[],[23523]]],"sp":[["CARIN criteria",1,-1,[],[42975]],["migrant deservingness",1,30066,[],[42975]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["For both WEAT and SEAT, the null hypothesis postulates that no difference exists in the relative similarity between the sets of target words X, Y and the sets of attribute words A, B. The effect size, s(X, Y, A, B), quantifies the difference in mean cosine similarity between representations of the target concept pair (X, Y ), and representations of the attribute concept pair (A, B)",1,-1,[],[59104]],["In SEAT, the concept words from WEAT are inserted into semantically bleached sentence templates such as \"This is a[n] <word>,\" effectively allowing for the comparison of sentence representations.",1,-1,[],[59104]],["May et al. (2019) extended the approach of Caliskan et al. (2017) to a sentence level by inserting the attribute and target words from WEAT into template synthetic sentences such as \"This is a[n] word \".",1,-1,[],[36759]],["SEAT evaluates the degree of association between the representations of words from a given attribute set and those from a target set.",1,-1,[],[49289]],["They try to generalize bias-measuring techniques, such as using the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT [26]) in the context of sentence encoders by introducing their new sentence encoding bias-measuring techniques, the Sentence Encoder Association Test (SEAT).",1,-1,[],[7344]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT)",3,34328,[],[12311,49289,59104]],["Implicit Association Test (IAT)",1,25381,[],[12311]],["Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT [26])",1,-1,[],[7344]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["contrast",1,34595,[],[38139]],["projection",1,16283,[],[38139]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["A studious approach rather than straight reporting stands out.",1,-1,[],[51763]],["These media are typically newer companies or those that evolved from mainstream media toward specialization and Internet outlets (Burg, 2014).",1,-1,[],[51763]],["They created genuine explanations rather than just reporting authority statements or referencing other media.",1,-1,[],[51763]],["They resemble old media, except that they are Internet-borne and the content creator is an expert (possibly temporarily contracted).",1,-1,[],[51763]],["relied on expertise in piloting, aviation engineering, software, and management in addressing problems with the 737 MAX.",1,-1,[],[51763]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mainstream media",1,25122,[],[51763]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a strong public media system can provide a solid foundation for a healthy information system.",1,-1,[],[2271]],["under-funded and increasingly forced to rely on quasi-commercial support to maintain its current level of news production.",1,-1,[],[2271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Post-truth communication",1,18966,[],[4506]]],"ex":[["a lie spread by pro-Brussels journalists",1,-1,[],[4506]],["government propaganda",1,-1,[],[4506]],["the mainstream media lie, lie, and lie",1,-1,[],[4506]],["they are making up numbers of infected people",1,-1,[],[4506]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This specific type of populist media content thus entails the disdain of elites, such as politicians or experts, who are perceived as a less credible and reliable source than the common people.",1,-1,[],[4465]],["entails the disdain of elites, such as politicians or experts, who are perceived as a less credible and reliable source than the common people.",1,-1,[],[4465]],["media content that circumvents elites",1,-1,[],[4465]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media populism",1,9290,[],[4465]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media populism",1,9290,[],[4465]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["new media literacy",1,21230,[],[39186]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Symbolische Macht ist demnach als nicht-physische Einflussmöglichkeit zu verstehen, die vor allem in der Politik ausgeübt wird.",1,-1,[],[21307]],["die symbolische Macht diene deshalb vordergründig der Machtausübung, da sie den Glauben an die Legitimität politischen Handelns herstellt",1,-1,[],[21307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public sphere",1,3676,[],[13757]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["To measure electoral integrity beliefs, we rely on items used in the Austrian Corona Panel Project (Kittel et al., 2021) and a previous study by Partheymüller et al. (2022), which employed a multidimensional electoral integrity item battery.",1,-1,[],[28147]],["electoral integrity beliefs function as cognitive shortcuts that help individuals make sense of perceived systemic failure and unmet economic expectations",1,-1,[],[28147]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Wagner (2018) suggests that effectively preventing mobilization is crucial for short-term Internet shutdowns, while negating the presence of \"others\" is more pertinent for explaining long-term shutdowns.",1,-1,[],[57800]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["discursively constructed when Sanjay Gupta situates the cause of the crisis in the virus, which is 'very contagious' (example 4), while attributing a mediating effect to people's actions",1,-1,[],[43203]],["locus of causation",1,-1,[],[43203]],["stresses that people working together can have a significant impact",1,-1,[],[43203]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Often attempting to highlight material that the 'traditional media' might overlook, local actors drive these streams in an attempt to win international allies against their domestic opponents.",1,-1,[],[30461]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Media-savvy insurgents such as ISIS and the #BringBackOurGirls campaign against Boko Haram in Nigeria show how both conflict actors and engaged international citizens have used Western media houses and websites as platforms for their attempts to shape and control international narratives, highlight abuses or celebrate them, and even set agendas for peace and ceasefire negotiations.",1,-1,[],[30461]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Moral arguments were used primarily to address contemporary issues such as sacraments, pandemics, and hope in difficult times.",1,-1,[],[54704]],["moral arguments were used mainly in connection with the topic of new pandemic regulations and the moral justification of covid-19 vaccines, usually as a mixture of appeals to unspecific Christian values and general appeals to humanity and civic values.",1,-1,[],[54704]]],"sy":[["moral argumentations",1,16761,[],[54704]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Climate denialism benefits economic elites and is driven by the interests of extractive sectors, such as the oil industry, as well as those invested in maintaining a system grounded in the destructive exploitation of nature",1,-1,[],[54206]],["Climate denialism benefits economic elites and is driven by the interests of extractive sectors, such as the oil industry, as well as those invested in maintaining a system grounded in the destructive exploitation of nature (Haas, 2023).",1,-1,[],[54206]],["the press can fuel climate denialism when it defends a false idea of neutrality.",1,-1,[],[54206]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[54206]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["evaluative bases of blaming",1,-1,[],[9884]]],"ex":[["\"Australian deal?! You've just made that bollocks up!\" and \"This is not what you campaigned on or promised.\"",1,-1,[],[9884]],["\"You lied on the Brexit bus, you haven't stopped lying since\" and \"You sold a lie to the British people.\"",1,-1,[],[9884]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Bousfield (2008: 73) further distinguishes between failed politeness where H correctly recognizes that S did not intend to be impolite (but is still offended anyway), and instances where H incorrectly interprets malicious S-intent.",1,-1,[],[17815]],["Cultural variation in the meanings of, for instance, interruption, silence, and directness can lead to an interpretation of impoliteness where none was intended.",1,-1,[],[17815]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it can also be an ethical strategy when it restores agency and accountability.",1,-1,[],[55562]],["translators can choose active constructions where source texts use impersonal phrasing, or they can clarify who is responsible for decisions when institutional language obscures actors.",1,-1,[],[55562]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["CFA analyses indicate that perceptions of mis-and disinformation form separate scales with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity.",1,-1,[],[14771]],["Hostile media and disinformation perceptions thus differ in the nature of the accusation (a bias vs. deliberative manipulation) and the people they address (the in-group/fellow partisans vs. citizens in general).",1,-1,[],[8327]],["People with stronger disinformation perceptions tend to actively avoid corona-related information",1,-1,[],[14772]],["They point to a (system-level) rejection of the news media, and beliefs that the media are systematically lying.",1,-1,[],[8327]],["Those that perceive the news media as disseminators of disinformation do not simply doubt the veracity of the press, but rather regard the media as part of an elite that is intentionally misleading citizens.",1,-1,[],[8327]],["could, in some cases, correspond to less compliance",1,-1,[],[14772]],["disinformation perceptions are a subset of misinformation perceptions in which intentional deception, blame attribution, and hostility are emphasized",1,-1,[],[8327]],["disinformation perceptions are closer to cynicism",1,-1,[],[8327]],["disinformation perceptions are less pronounced than misinformation beliefs",1,-1,[],[14772]],["disinformation perceptions can be connected to a more antagonistic perspective on the media's role in society",1,-1,[],[8327]],["disinformation perceptions correspond to a divide between news consumers and the news media that intentionally misleads",1,-1,[],[8327]],["disinformation perceptions may result in severe distrust, which could consequentially lead to avoidance of the news media.",1,-1,[],[8327]],["participants with stronger disinformation perceptions across all four national settings are more likely to actively avoid COVID-19-related news than participants with less pronounced disinformation perceptions",1,-1,[],[14772]],["they do not simply distrust the content of information itself but cast severe doubts on the intentions underlying the production of news content: news producers are regarded as part of a corrupt established order that misleads news consumers as part of a scheme to hide the power discrepancy between the ordinary people and the corrupt elites.",1,-1,[],[48712]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Hostile media and disinformation perceptions thus differ in the nature of the accusation (a bias vs. deliberative manipulation) and the people they address (the in-group/fellow partisans vs. citizens in general).",1,-1,[],[8327]],["hostile media phenomenon",1,16394,[],[8327]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[14771]],["misinformation beliefs",1,18992,[],[14772]],["misinformation perceptions",1,10673,[],[14772]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation perceptions",1,10673,[],[8327]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["According to Vos et al. (2014): \"…the focus of stakeholder research is shifting away from studying how stakeholders can be identified and classified from the perspective of a central organization towards understanding and identifying stakes and interrelations between stakes and their holders within complex networks of multiple and sometimes conflicting interests and priorities\" (pp. 203-204).",1,-1,[],[1987]],["An organization can be active in multiple arenas, monitoring actions of other parties and/or engaging in actively in the interaction.",1,-1,[],[5758]],["As the arenas are interrelated an organization needs to coordinate and balance its communication strategies.",1,-1,[],[5758]],["Aula and Mantere (2008) define arenas as places of interaction between an organization and its publics, where the reputation of the organization is created.",1,-1,[],[5759]],["In issue arenas, organizational actors are discursive players just like all other social actors (e.g., politicians, journalists, experts, politicians, or members of the general public).",1,-1,[],[1986]],["Issue arenas are dynamic and require ongoing attention.",1,-1,[],[5759]],["Issue arenas are often outside the organization's control; hence the role of corporate communications is broadening beyond the traditional relationship management to issue arena monitoring.",1,-1,[],[5759]],["Organizations can 'shop' for the best suited arenas to participate in and express their point of view",1,-1,[],[5759]],["The actors can be active or passive, one could say 'on the stage' or 'in the audience'.",1,-1,[],[5758]],["The arena is dynamic; actors may be more or less active when time passes or leave entirely to go to another arena.",1,-1,[],[5758]],["The interaction takes place in the traditional or virtual media.",1,-1,[],[5758]],["The issue arenas are like stages or platforms (Goffman, 1959) in virtual or tangible surroundings; the scenery changes continuously as a result of the interactions between the players and developments in the social environment.",1,-1,[],[5759]],["These arenas may materialize both as physical or non-physical spaces.",1,-1,[],[1986]],["it concretizes the idea of mediatized corporate environments in which the discursive interplay around socio-political issues can facilitate the maintenance, renewal, or disruption of corporations' SLO.",1,-1,[],[1986]],["manifested in the media sphere, have become the new platforms that corporations have to enter in order to renew their SLO and contribute to a functioning society",1,-1,[],[1987]],["organizations and stakeholders should be seen as having an equal stake in the issues discussed in arenas.",1,-1,[],[5759]],["strategies and tactics used in the issue arenas could attempt to either expand or shrink the scope of the issue arena",1,-1,[],[5759]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue network",1,14542,[],[1986,1987]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["arenas",1,25654,[],[5759]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The role of voice in conveying toxic speech is significant, encompassing intonation, tone, and nuances closely tied to emotions.",1,-1,[],[34267]],["Toxic speech has gained substantial attention, focusing on its detrimental effects and prevalence across online platforms.",1,-1,[],[34267]],["Toxic speech often exhibits discernible patterns in pronunciation analogous to emotions such as happiness or anger",1,-1,[],[34267]],["proposed definitions often include profanities, identity attacks, sleights, insults, threats, sexually explicit content, demeaning language, language that incites violence",1,-1,[],[22459]],["rude, disrespectful or unreasonable language that is likely to make someone leave a discussion",1,-1,[],[23045]],["the term toxic speech will be used as an umbrella term to refer to any form of content, including but not limited to hate speech, cyberbully, abusive speech, misogyny, sexism, offense, and obscenity.",1,-1,[],[23045]],["unacceptable",1,-1,[],[22459]]],"sy":[["offensive language",1,31626,[],[34267]]],"rt":[["hate speech",3,18278,[],[22459,23045,34267]],["abusive speech",1,25579,[],[23045]],["condescension",1,33515,[],[12089]],["cyberbully",1,-1,[],[23045]],["forms of hate speech",1,-1,[],[12089]],["misogyny",1,27981,[],[23045]],["obscenity",1,12961,[],[23045]],["offense",1,11539,[],[23045]],["online harassment",1,16014,[],[12089]],["profanity",1,9052,[],[12089]],["racism and sexism",1,-1,[],[12089]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[34267]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[23045]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[12089]]],"sb":[["abusive speech",1,25579,[],[23045]],["cyberbully",1,-1,[],[23045]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[23045]],["misogyny",1,27981,[],[23045]],["obscenity",1,12961,[],[23045]],["offense",1,11539,[],[23045]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[23045]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["an ʻumbrella termʼ, which encompasses ʻa wide variety of existing adverse circumstances and actions, such as terrorism, migration, piracy, corruption, ethnic conflict etc.ʼ",1,-1,[],[28213]],["combined with military operations such as cyberattacks, to disrupt the regulatory system that the target State has in place for responding to a public health crisis",1,-1,[],[46955]],["constitute one such form of technology weaponisation",1,-1,[],[32130]],["countering hybrid threats",1,-1,[],[36483]],["hybrid threats, which incorporate concerns over cyber-resilience, particularly in the context of geopolitical instability.",1,-1,[],[32130]]],"sy":[["hybrid warfare",1,29255,[],[28213]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["que entre otras cosas, refuerza ciertos comportamientos que en otros entornos serían vistos como políticamente incorrectos o fuera de lugar",1,-1,[],[16006]]],"sy":[["cohesión de grupo",1,-1,[],[16006]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["extrinsic motivation",1,26862,[],[954]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic vices",1,32772,[],[18246]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These biases can affect sentiment analysis results, rendering them unrepresentative of broader public opinion.",1,-1,[],[50362]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["challenging",1,27354,[],[52619]],["no effect",1,-1,[],[52619]],["reinforcing",1,26356,[],[52619]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[["Identification is a news criterion described as a question of closeness between public/audience and events.",2,-1,[],[24088,60281]]],"de":[["Identification strategies, then, include those that fall under the general rubric of 'mystification' in Critical Linguistics (Fowler et al. 1979;Kress and Hodge 1979).",1,-1,[],[8679]],["The closer an event is *socially, geographically, culturally etc. *the more newsworthy the story is",1,-1,[],[60281]],["They also include what we can call 'scope of reference' as categorisation (including metonymic categorisation and scalar adjustments) can be used to identify a certain set of social actors whilst precluding others as the subject of a predication.",1,-1,[],[8679]],["Viewers are more likely to identify with and be influenced by an aggressive character portrayed as similar to themselves (e.g., in age, gender, and race; 11, 12).",1,-1,[],[23376]],["the most uniting humour function of identification",1,-1,[],[27198]],["the perpetrator's overall attractiveness, power, and charisma may be more important than any of these personal attributes by themselves.",1,-1,[],[23376]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["differentiation",1,21945,[],[27198]],["news criteria",1,1667,[],[60281]]],"sb":[["Classification",1,20310,[],[51934]],["Physical identification",1,25093,[],[51934]],["Relational identification",1,12043,[],[51934]]],"sp":[["News Criteria",2,1667,[["News Criteria",1],["news criteria",1]],[24088,60281]],["humour functions",1,26545,[],[27198]]],"ex":[["Using self-deprecating humour to ally yourself with the audience is an example of identification",1,-1,[],[27198]],["Using self-deprecating humour to ally yourself with the audience is an example of identification (Chapel 1978)",1,-1,[],[27198]],["in the early 1970s, African American children imitated the behavior of White male actors more than African American actors",1,-1,[],[23376]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["As a consequence, and in further accord with 'indexing' (see Bennett 1990), all newspapers overrepresented the official explanatory theme.",1,-1,[],[9683]],["The practical upshot is known as ''indexing'' by the news: when it comes to political issues, news comes to be defined as whatever public institutions with power are talking about at a given moment (e.g., Bennett 1990;Hallin 1986).",1,-1,[],[48877]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["prediction of the chances of a particular piece of information (news article, reviews, posts, etc.) being intentionally deceptive",1,-1,[],[16583]],["this generality makes it the most common area when collecting datasets of fake information.",1,-1,[],[16583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["in the context of educational platforms often involves the processing of learning data by large data hubs that render big data streams monetizable and potentially profitable.",1,-1,[],[19447]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["datafication",1,32813,[],[19447]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["E 1 claims P . E 2 makes P look ridiculous, by misrepresenting P (P '). Therefore, ¬P .",1,-1,[],[23609]],["informally defined as \"an argument that portrays the opponent's position as absurd or ridiculous with the intention of discrediting it.\"",1,-1,[],[23609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Emotion",1,-1,[],[23609]]],"ex":[["There's a proposal to reduce carbon emissions by 50% in the next decade. What's next? Are we all going to stop breathing to reduce CO2?",1,-1,[],[23609]],["This is law school arrogance at its finest. Why not a brain surgeon?",1,-1,[],[23609]],["the post argues against the possibility of working in finance with a law degree by exaggerating the position and thus portraying it as ridicule.",1,-1,[],[23609]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, this is a precarious process which often depends, for its success, on the success of social change.",1,-1,[],[881]],["Reclaimed uses of slurs are typically developed within the in-group community where target group members use the term to express positive affect, foster camaraderie, and ultimately regain control over its meaning.",1,-1,[],[881]],["Reclamation highlights the evolving nature of language, showing how it can transform alongside shifts in societal power relations.",1,-1,[],[881]],["reclamation serves as a powerful tool for dismantling that historical force and fostering empowerment.",1,-1,[],[881]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["identity ownership",1,23664,[],[881]],["polarity reversal",1,704,[],[881]],["weapons control",1,22782,[],[881]]],"sb":[["identity ownership",1,23664,[],[881]],["polarity reversal",1,704,[],[881]],["weapons control",1,22782,[],[881]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Noi demoliremo l'Euromostro (G. Meloni). 'We'll smash the Euromonster'",1,-1,[],[40768]],["bashing",1,-1,[],[50317]],["censure",1,-1,[],[50317]],["oligarchy",1,-1,[],[50317]],["pluralism",1,-1,[],[50317]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["default viewing can be a gift, a burden, a compromise and an obligation.",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting is the default, so to speak",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting may reflect a strategy to reduce the burden of choice, thus making choice manageable and pleasurable.",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting needs to be understood as integral to the everyday experience of television",1,-1,[],[29369]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Defaulting to the crowd",1,-1,[],[29369]],["behavioural defaults",1,-1,[],[29369]],["behavioural defaults (related to habitual, learned behaviours of audiences)",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting to routinised pathfinding",1,-1,[],[29369]],["social defaults",1,-1,[],[29369]],["social defaults (related to the choices of other people, either in the household, through other interpersonal relationships or online)",1,-1,[],[29369]],["technical defaults",1,-1,[],[29369]],["technical defaults (related to the settings of TV devices or services)",1,-1,[],[29369]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["defaulting to 'My Recordings' on a set-top-box ('3-Step Default')",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting to a specific linear channel ('3-Digital Default')",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting to the EPG ('EPG Default')",1,-1,[],[29369]],["defaulting to the interface of a connected TV device or service ('1-World Default')",1,-1,[],[29369]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["non-binary pronouns",1,31455,[],[56365]]],"ex":[["xe",1,-1,[],[56365]],["ze",1,-1,[],[56365]],["ze, xe, thon",1,-1,[],[56365]],["zir",1,-1,[],[56365]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the state tends to cover protests with a thematic style, while news media gives more attention to details of protests in an episodic style (although both are subject to description biases)",1,-1,[],[50611]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["episodic style",1,31013,[],[50611]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The government post mainly used the protest as an example to discuss the root causes of this type of protest and how the government should prevent these types of protests and rebuild trust by using effective and transparent communication.",1,-1,[],[50611]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the gap between perceived effects on self and others",1,-1,[],[43280]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The fallaciousness of an argument is thus largely independent of the truth values of its components.",1,-1,[],[23617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["argument",1,2086,[],[23617]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this model, parts of both domains of this metaphor are visually present, in this way, even if taken out of the visual context, the objects can still be visualized.",1,-1,[],[44477]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["multimodal metaphors",1,11489,[],[44477]]],"ex":[["DKNY perfume advertisement exemplifies this model. In this advertisement, we can see the package of the perfume hybridized with a green apple, making both objects being seen as a single shape.",1,-1,[],[44477]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conscientious consumerism",1,13548,[],[20353]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The lack of internal narrative coherence may be a result of logical flaws and knowledge gaps but it also may reflect more fundamental disagreements and diverging worldviews.",1,-1,[],[1638]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The practice of compassion strengthens the capacity to engage in worldview dialogue and vice versa and to encounter others with respect regardless of their beliefs, to engage in mutual learning, and to cultivate a shared minimal understanding and ethos within diversity.",1,-1,[],[36622]],["Worldview literacy as a dialogical and educational practice makes the student better understand the diversity and dynamism of world views, as well as themselves as its social actors in plurality (Shaw, 2022)",1,-1,[],[36622]],["Worldview literacy education should be an integral part of media literacy training.",1,-1,[],[36622]],["combining media literacy with worldview literacy can support complexity awareness and enable a more effective transformational learning process toward a more just world.",1,-1,[],[36622]],["worldview literacy both requires and fosters critical compassion that is also needed in media literacy to create a more just world.",1,-1,[],[36622]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[36622]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["machine heuristic",1,26074,[],[59239]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Type III Fake News therefore qualifies as disinformation but not misinformation.",1,-1,[],[2195]]],"sy":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[29218]]],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[29218]]],"sb":[["fake news by omission",1,-1,[],[2195]],["selective reporting",1,1854,[],[2195]]],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[29218]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":98,"df":[["On the internet, it means deliberately evoking a response by using bait",2,-1,[],[19106,28427]],["Trolling is a fishing term, originally referring to the process of slowly dragging a lure or baited hook from the back of a fishing boat. On the internet, it means deliberately evoking a response by using bait",2,-1,[],[19106,28427]]],"de":[["Trolling is a fishing term, originally referring to the process of slowly dragging a lure or baited hook from the back of a fishing boat.",2,-1,[],[19106,28427]],["\"trolling\" has become a catch-all term for any number of negatively marked online behaviours.",1,-1,[],[17828]],["In its original meaning, the term trolling refers to slowly dragging a lure from the back of a fishing vessel in the hope that the fish will bite.",1,-1,[],[3217]],["In other words, trolling is meant as a distraction from the main online discussion in the forum or platform by diverting attention to another issue which is mostly irrelevant.",1,-1,[],[3741]],["In practice, however, trolling has grown to serve as an umbrella term which encompasses a wide variety of asocial internet behaviors.",1,-1,[],[16708]],["One particularly toxic form of online behavior, known as trolling, has repeatedly been associated with several or all of the dark tetrad of personality attributes; namely, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism",1,-1,[],[34865]],["The key aspects of trolling are deception, aggression, disruptive online activities and a sense of accomplishment when trolls get attention from others.",1,-1,[],[19336]],["The key features of this activity are deception, aggression, and negative disruptive actions, and the measure of success is to gain as much audience attention as possible",1,-1,[],[31429]],["The troll attempts to pass as a legitimate participant, sharing the group's common interests and concerns",1,-1,[],[17828]],["Trolling behaviors are generally seen as being facilitated by anonymity (Hardaker, 2010), enabling users to post offensive comments that they know will provoke.",1,-1,[],[9142]],["Trolling can refer to relatively innocuous pranks, but it can also take the form of more serious behaviors.",1,-1,[],[16708]],["Trolling is a form of online harassment that involves posting provocative and inflammatory messages in order to disrupt the conversation and upset other people.",1,-1,[],[8799]],["Trolling often also appears as a social, coordinated activity (MacKinnon & Zuckerman, 2012).",1,-1,[],[13112]],["Trolling stems from both innate and situational factors",1,-1,[],[21674]],["a troll is an online user that can be uncooperative, that seeks to confuse and deceive, and can be a 'flamer' by using insults.",1,-1,[],[19651]],["after developing their false identity and becoming accepted within a group, the troll sets about disrupting proceedings while trying to maintain his or her cover",1,-1,[],[17828]],["antisocial behavior such as trolling disrupts constructive discussion",1,-1,[],[21674]],["causing aggravation without necessarily attacking a specific individual.",1,-1,[],[17828]],["covert tactics such as digression from the discussion topic at hand and the criticism of spelling or grammatical errors made by others, to overt ones such as the use of insensitive, inflammatory and threatening language",1,-1,[],[1346]],["identifying its four primary characteristics to be those of aggression, disruption, success and deception",1,-1,[],[1346]],["individuals who engage in trolling are motivated by negative social power, and their trolling behavior is reinforced by the adverse impact their actions have (e.g., annoying and upsetting people).",1,-1,[],[8799]],["knowingly playing the group",1,-1,[],[17828]],["the motivation underlying the latter being what distinguishes trolling from the making of belligerent comments when engaged in a hostile debate",1,-1,[],[1346]],["the relative anonymity of online users enhances the kind of flaming or trolling that can occur on different platforms.",1,-1,[],[3741]],["the two terms involve using some kind of negative face that is explained below by employing computer-mediated communication.",1,-1,[],[3741]],["trolling and flaming often merge, in that in both cases there is intent to disrupt the ongoing conversation, and both can lead to extended aggravated argument.",1,-1,[],[3741]],["trolling in the subcultural sense is predicated on aspects of media culture, with which it forms a symbiotic relationship",1,-1,[],[1346]],["trolling is manifestly made up of four interrelated characteristics: aggression, deception, disruption, and success.",1,-1,[],[17828]],["trolling may be more situational than innate",1,-1,[],[21674]],["trolling, like laughter, can be contagious",1,-1,[],[21674]],["we adopt a definition of trolling that includes flaming, griefing, swearing, or personal attacks, including behavior outside the acceptable bounds defined by several community guidelines for discussion forums [22,25,35]",1,-1,[],[21674]]],"sy":[["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[21674]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[3741]],["ludicrous rants, inane threadjackings, personal insults, and abusive language",1,-1,[],[17828]]],"rt":[["cyberbullying",4,30890,[["cyberbullying",3],["Cyberbullying",1]],[17393,19336,19651,21674]],["flaming",3,26191,[],[3741,19651,21674]],["Troll",1,4949,[],[16708]],["aggression",1,32135,[],[17828]],["baiting",1,-1,[],[17828]],["cyberstalking",1,20273,[],[14338]],["deception",1,24454,[],[17828]],["digital astroturfing",1,11236,[],[13112]],["disruption",1,6316,[],[17828]],["flame",1,33328,[],[17828]],["flame trolling",1,7605,[],[3741]],["flamer",1,-1,[],[19651]],["griefing",1,-1,[],[21674]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[14338]],["interpersonal antisocial behaviors",1,-1,[],[8799]],["malicious impoliteness",1,17525,[],[17828]],["mock impoliteness",1,19739,[],[17828]],["online harassment",1,16014,[],[8799]],["online hating",1,12456,[],[14338]],["personal attacks",1,8185,[],[21674]],["spam trolling",1,3047,[],[17828]],["success",1,-1,[],[17828]],["swearing",1,10148,[],[21674]],["trolling culture",1,-1,[],[20054]]],"sb":[["State-sponsored trolling",1,-1,[],[36489]],["flame trolling",1,7605,[],[3741]],["genuine, malicious, or strategic impoliteness",1,5966,[],[3741]],["griefers",1,16303,[],[19651]],["griefing",1,-1,[],[19651]],["kudus trolling",1,-1,[],[3741]],["mock troll",1,25345,[],[17828]],["spam trolling",1,3047,[],[17828]],["thwarted/frustrated impoliteness",1,34735,[],[3741]],["troll accounts",1,653,[],[50183]]],"sp":[["cyber-bullying",2,30890,[["cyber-bullying",1],["cyberbullying",1]],[19651,34865]],["online harassment",2,16014,[],[8799,9626]],["antisocial behavior",1,3509,[],[21674]],["directed abuse",1,18145,[],[12421]]],"ex":[["continuously spamming discussion threads with nonsensical statements to attempting to engage others in a game of transgressive one-upmanship and, in their most extreme form the use of vitriolic language and the distribution of offensive memes.",1,-1,[],[1346]],["hostile flaming, mockery, sarcasm, the 'lulz'",1,-1,[],[9142]],["messages designed to attract predictable responses or flames",1,-1,[],[19651]],["messages from a sender who appears outwardly sincere",1,-1,[],[19651]],["messages that waste a group's time by provoking futile argument",1,-1,[],[19651]],["outright swearing (\"What a dumb c***\") and personal attacks (\"You're and idiot and one of the things that's wrong with this country.\") to veiled insults (\"Hillary isn't half the man Bernie is!!! lol\"), sarcasm (\"You sound very white, and very male. Must be nice.\"), and off-topic statements (\"I think Ted Cruz has a very good chance of becoming president.\")",1,-1,[],[21674]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Pervasive disinformation breeds what McKay and Tenove (2021, 708) call 'epistemic cynicism'",1,-1,[],[42736]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[42736]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["have the intention of sowing doubt and leading people to be open to being told any possible alternative",1,-1,[],[28354]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["interlocutor",1,15002,[],[7900]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public diplomacy tactics",1,-1,[],[59124]]],"ex":[["campaigns that involve the general publics or people with HIV and aim at changing their attitudes or behaviors",1,-1,[],[59124]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is inspired by human-provided explanations as post-hoc stories generated to plausibly justify our actions (Rudin, 2019).",1,-1,[],[23418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Como práticas políticas estratégicas, as teorias de conspiração são frequentemente utilizadas por quem está no poder para desviar a atenção de outras questões (Butter; Knight, 2020, p. 7) e para se proteger de críticas (Hernáiz 2008, p. 973).",1,-1,[],[33659]],["as teorias da conspiração são vistas muitas vezes como ligadas a indivíduos ou grupos poderosos e secretos que ocupam posições de autoridade.",1,-1,[],[25085]],["atos e manobras que são realizados com o intuito de controlar a opinião das pessoas na sociedade, controlando a sociedade conforme seus interesses",1,-1,[],[25085]],["forma de dar sentido à incerteza cognitiva do cotidiano",1,-1,[],[25085]],["fornecerem explicações causais para eventos sociais complexos",1,-1,[],[25085]],["persistem como um meio popular de articular oposição às forças do capitalismo internacional e da globalização (Byford, 2011), possibilitando o enfrentamento às hierarquias sociais estabelecidas e oferecendo entendimentos alternativos sobre eventos da realidade social (Sapountzis & Condor, 2013)",1,-1,[],[25085]],["teorias conspiratórias envolvem organizações ou grupos que se unem com o objetivo de controlar, influenciar as informações fornecidas pela mídia, disseminar versões convenientes de acontecimentos de difícil explicação ou que favoreçam interpretações especulativas",1,-1,[],[25085]],["teorias da conspiração se revelam como um construto importante para explicar diversas condutas sociais (confiança interpessoal, engajamento em políticas de saúde, contestação das estruturas ideológicas dominantes)",1,-1,[],[25085]],["teorias que vão contra o que está estabelecido e partem do saber popular envolvendo ações que o governo promove às escondidas, como assassinatos de figuras públicas e doenças incuráveis",1,-1,[],[25085]],["uma forma de controlar a massa e encobrir certas informações",1,-1,[],[25085]]],"sy":[["conspiracionismo",1,17704,[],[25085]],["conspiração",1,-1,[],[25085]],["pensamento conspiratório",1,-1,[],[25085]],["teorias conspiratórias",1,-1,[],[25085]]],"rt":[["comportamentos ambientais",1,-1,[],[25085]],["confiança interpessoal",1,-1,[],[25085]],["contestação das estruturas ideológicas dominantes",1,-1,[],[25085]],["engajamento em políticas de saúde",1,-1,[],[25085]],["engajamento político",1,-1,[],[25085]],["heurísticas e equilíbrio cognitivo",1,-1,[],[25085]],["ideologia",1,27062,[],[25085]],["traços de personalidade",1,-1,[],[25085]],["valores humanos",1,-1,[],[25085]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a guerra do Iraque foi resultado de um plano secreto promovido por empresas poderosas do setor petrolífero",1,-1,[],[25085]],["os ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro foram conduzidos pelo governo do ex-presidente estadunidense George Bush",1,-1,[],[25085]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing metaphor",1,9901,[],[28047]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["not just a feature ascribed to reality or an attribute inherent in the story itself",1,-1,[],[52282]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["tonality",1,5335,[],[4090]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["In the text, maximized aspects of the event can be identified via quantifiers (large numbers), intensifiers that emphasize amount, scale or size, and superlatives, all of which can be identified using the grammatical structure of text documents.",1,-1,[],[58878]],["It can also be established with metaphors and similes (like a raging river) that reflect the intensity or impact of the event.",1,-1,[],[58878]],["The intensified aspects can be both in the positive (e.g., millions of dollars in profit) and negative (e.g., sharpest drop in the stock) direction, such that it is independent of the context.",1,-1,[],[58878]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["yes (presence of multiple identifiers) and no (absence of identifiers)",1,-1,[],[58878]]],"sp":[["news values",3,27917,[["news values",2],["News values",1]],[53190,58878,61815]],["news factor",1,9995,[],[4338]]],"ex":[["It can also be established with metaphors and similes (like a raging river) that reflect the intensity or impact of the event.",1,-1,[],[58878]],["Putin has dramatically raised the stakes",1,-1,[],[4338]],["Showing extensive repetition within the image frame-e.g., an entire street affected rather than a single house.",1,-1,[],[53593]],["a tsunami of crime",1,-1,[],[4338]],["depiction of extreme emotions (anger, shock, fear) and placement of contrasting elements (e.g., a big new airplane standing next to a smaller one).",1,-1,[],[58878]],["maximized aspects of the event can be identified via quantifiers (large numbers), intensifiers that emphasize amount, scale or size, and superlatives, all of which can be identified using the grammatical structure of text documents.",1,-1,[],[58878]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["defence of human rights",1,-1,[],[47064]],["political participation",1,12312,[],[47064]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inauthentic entities",1,31978,[],[52551]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the dynamics of mouth shape are sometimes inconsistent with a spoken phoneme due to the highly compelling circumstances. Specifically, the lips have to be closed when spoken some words that begin with M, B, P. However, this is violated in fake videos.",1,-1,[],[15504]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["DeepFake",3,4551,[["DeepFake",2],["deepfakes",1]],[1588,13960,15504]],["Fake images",1,15824,[],[13960]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a proliferation of interconnected spaces and meanings: 'multiple realities' all focussed on the same event",1,-1,[],[56329]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Stories containing this element directly imply that politicians are interested primarily in outflanking their rivals and garnering votes, not sincerely pursuing solutions for important social problems",1,-1,[],[56794]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["There is no direction of fit; it reflects a variety of psychological states",1,-1,[],[19679]],["This particular form of expressive speech act encompasses various purposes, including but not limited to praising, thanking, criticising, complaining, blaming, applauding, flattering, and accusing.",1,-1,[],[49393]]],"sy":[["a wish",1,16875,[],[11235]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Attitude",1,13566,[],[42026]],["Behabitives",1,-1,[],[42026]]],"sp":[["speech act",2,28860,[["speech act",1],["speech acts",1]],[42026,49393]]],"ex":[["praising, thanking, criticising, complaining, blaming, applauding, flattering, and accusing",1,-1,[],[49393]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the preponderance of research evidence and scholarly opinion favors the active perspective.",1,-1,[],[22697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[45409]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["common thinking flaws",1,-1,[],[56010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[56010]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance by effort",1,16674,[],[32503]]],"ex":[["The first entry emerging from a Google search is deemed more important than the entries that follow, regardless of their relevance.",1,-1,[],[32503]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rhetorical figures",1,22441,[],[8019]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Reflexivity also allows researchers to become aware of what inhibits their seeing or knowing.",1,-1,[],[18418]],["The practice of reflexivity throughout the research process highlights the importance of declaring and taking responsibility for our positioning as researchers.",1,-1,[],[18418]],["Use of reflexivity is deemed essential because researcher is primary instrument of data collection.",1,-1,[],[18418]],["critical for reflexivity and for the realization of a cosmopolitan public",1,-1,[],[44182]],["in addressing reflexivity within our research, we must look both ways-at our own values, life experiences and beliefs, and also at the trustworthiness and rigor of our research design and methodology, all of which are governed by our assumptions.",1,-1,[],[18418]],["reflexivity enables journalists not only to 'empathize with people on-site', but also 'to reflect on one's own biases' (p. 5)",1,-1,[],[44182]],["reflexivity enables journalists not only to 'empathize with people on-site', but also 'to reflect on one's own biases' (p. 5) while covering conflict.",1,-1,[],[44182]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["convivial reflexivity",1,14544,[],[44152]],["crisis reflexivity",1,33039,[],[44152]],["epistemological reflexivity",1,-1,[],[18418]],["mediated reflexivity",1,-1,[],[44152]],["personal reflexivity",1,22936,[],[18418]],["that of imagining a diverse, cosmopolitan and convivial city",1,-1,[],[44152]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Agreed, when the author of the response supports the statement they are responding to",1,-1,[],[40021]],["Appeal for more information, when the author of the response asks for additional evidence in relation to the statement they are responding to",1,-1,[],[40021]],["Comment, when the author of the response makes their own comment without a clear contribution to assessing the veracity of either the tweet they are responding to or the source tweet",1,-1,[],[40021]],["Disagreed, when the author of the response disagrees with the statement they are responding to",1,-1,[],[40021]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["include more information on policy issues",1,-1,[],[4273]],["three items were included, based on the work of Cappella and Jamieson (1997). These items assessed whether the article focused predominantly on politically substantive issues (yes/no), laws and policies (yes/no), and the presence of substantive views on policy issues by political actors (yes/no).",1,-1,[],[4273]]],"sy":[["substance",1,-1,[],[4273]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conflict framing",1,15836,[],[4273]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["post-apocalyptic environmentalists",1,-1,[],[23560]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["explain our participants' ambivalences towards algorithmic personalisation.",1,-1,[],[20822]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic personalisation",1,18019,[],[20822]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["resultó en la creación de una colonia occidental, extraterritorial o implante en Palestina que estaría permanentemente aliada con las potencias europeas",1,-1,[],[55402]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news literacy",1,14494,[],[57283]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Its proponents argued that it was possibleand desirableto establish a political hierarchy based on biological markers, either visible (as in skin color) or according to bloodline (as in who counts as Jewish, black or Chinese).",1,-1,[],[5586]],["These ideas allowed Europeans to racially demarcate zones within imperial territories, as well as homogenize diverse indigenous peoples, such as Native Americans, into a single category of 'Indians'.",1,-1,[],[5586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["an important goal of media literacy education remains \"to develop selective viewers who seek out and appreciate distinctive high-quality of form, format, and content in mass media\"",1,-1,[],[20862]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["concealability",1,30603,[],[60836]],["course",1,9865,[],[60836]],["disruptiveness",1,22268,[],[60836]],["origin",1,24386,[],[60836]],["peril",1,31909,[],[60836]],["stigmas",1,6427,[],[60836]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["MDA framework",1,-1,[],[14624]],["features of stigmas",1,-1,[],[60836]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["pick out a particular combination or set of these mental states as being essential to hate",1,-1,[],[43784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[43784]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse dominance",1,23719,[],[44512]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["valenced frames tend to be more effective in influencing attitudes than neutral frames because they present information in a more accessible way",1,-1,[],[30252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["neutral frames",1,-1,[],[30252]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["During this biased processing, information consistent with one's existing beliefs is judged favorably, while counter-attitudinal content is scrutinized, resulting in counterarguing, or generation of thoughts that dispute the message arguments, in an effort to derogate the validity of the message",1,-1,[],[5553]],["During this biased processing, information consistent with one's existing beliefs is judged favorably, while counter-attitudinal content is scrutinized, resulting in counterarguing, or generation of thoughts that dispute the message arguments, in an effort to derogate the validity of the message (Chen et al., 1999).",1,-1,[],[5553]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["counterarguing",1,29077,[],[5553]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Emphasis frames are often endogenous to the underlying interests and positions represented.",1,-1,[],[25058]],["Frames are, thus, often a reflection of interests rather than the strategic presentation of a message.",1,-1,[],[25058]],["It is the competition that makes the selected frame seem more important, emotionally charged, or morally superior than the excluded ones, and allows the communicator to emphasise it.",1,-1,[],[54389]],["de Vreese (2005) notes that from the perspective of emphasis framing, frames are generally seen as coherent packages of information containing a 'central organising idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events'",1,-1,[],[48421]]],"sy":[["emphasis frames",1,11834,[],[25058]]],"rt":[["equivalence framing",1,6088,[],[47423]]],"sb":[["episodic frames",1,15963,[],[40948]]],"sp":[["framing",5,22777,[],[25058,49213,54166,59277,61512]],["media framing",2,29447,[],[26342,54389]],["Media frames",1,25284,[],[26342]],["frames",1,7860,[],[61512]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[54166]]],"ex":[["producers operated from a 'productionist frame', nature organizations from an environmental frame and local authorities from a regionalist frame",1,-1,[],[25058]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["terrorism and PI have been identified in the tourism literature as similar but also distinct phenomena.",1,-1,[],[48429]]],"sy":[["PI",1,24083,[],[48429]]],"rt":[["terrorism",1,2923,[],[48429]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["vague language",1,6587,[],[31041]]],"ex":[["38 feet",1,-1,[],[31041]],["Officials are concerned, she said, because the river, which was measured at 38 feet Wednesday afternoon, was not expected to crest until Wednesday night. (From CNN, June 28,2006)",1,-1,[],[31041]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["también guarda una estrecha relación con el exceso de información mediática abocándonos a lo que se ha denominado \"distracción digital\" (Carrigan, 2017) y la redefinición de la reflexividad autónoma frente a los medios.",1,-1,[],[51204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["media packages consist of two main constituents: frames and positions",1,-1,[],[13151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The second, related frame was for newspapers to criticise or denigrate leaders in ways which explicitly emasculated or feminised them.",1,-1,[],[42552]],["The third frame showed that not only does the debate format favour masculine behaviour; the debate itself was described as a form of combat.",1,-1,[],[42552]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emasculated",1,-1,[],[42552]],["feminised",1,-1,[],[42552]],["masculine behaviour",1,-1,[],[42552]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["may be more influential in the long run",1,-1,[],[27970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["necessary for engaging with the media's involvement in conflict reporting today",1,-1,[],[24327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["breaks both with the historical linearity which assumes that postfeminism must follow feminism in an invariant sequence as well as with the geographical centring of what Stuart Hall dubbed 'the West and the Rest'.",1,-1,[],[9023]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["postfeminism",1,13768,[],[9023]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Excuse: Crisis manager minimizes organizational responsibility by denying intent to do harm and/or claiming inability to control the events that triggered the crisis.",1,-1,[],[3064]],["Justifi cation : Crisis manager minimizes the perceived damage caused by the crisis.",1,-1,[],[3064]]],"sp":[["crisis response strategies",1,11813,[],[3064]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["community-oriented education",1,2593,[],[58893]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Both metaphors imply active human agency, as human beings or human organizations are represented as the active agents of violent actions.",1,-1,[],[51550]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are used to organise the discourse with the specific aims of either introducing a related topic (31), of changing the current topic (32), or of returning to a topic introduced earlier (33)",1,-1,[],[27296]],["departing from the ongoing argument and explicitly breaking from the content of the previous utterance",1,-1,[],[27296]],["departing from the ongoing argument and explicitly breaking from the content of the previous utterance in this way, can dilute the thematic focus of the text and risks undermining the argument.",1,-1,[],[27296]],["disrupts the flow of the discourse, causing a digression which may be hard to follow",1,-1,[],[27296]],["their use disrupts the flow of the discourse, causing a digression which may be hard to follow (Ionescu, 2019).",1,-1,[],[27296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Next",1,-1,[],[27296]],["now",1,-1,[],[27296]],["we turn to",1,-1,[],[27296]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame markers",1,32671,[],[27296]]],"ex":[["right, OK, now, let us return to, with regard to",1,-1,[],[27296]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["trolling",1,5891,[],[3736]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact checking",1,16098,[],[28402]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["blaming migrants and other socially minoritised majorities for threatening the conservation of the national territory and pointing to the Global South (rather than wealthy industrialised nations) as responsible for major environmental destruction",1,-1,[],[35910]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["agent rank",1,34779,[],[51746]],["target rank",1,-1,[],[51746]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attribute value",1,-1,[],[19902]]],"sb":[["acknowledge",1,-1,[],[16423]],["distance",1,2235,[],[16423]]],"sp":[["expand",1,1652,[],[16423]]],"ex":[["age",1,-1,[],[19902]],["gender",1,-1,[],[19902]],["hair color",1,-1,[],[19902]],["in IAT, attributes of positive and negative bias are typically defined as \"Pleasant\" and \"Unpleasant\", respectively",1,-1,[],[25906]],["intelligent, rude",1,-1,[],[10492]],["video, audio, slideshows, photographs, information graphics, graphics, maps or polls",1,-1,[],[48003]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["People can be misrepresented by pernicious stereotypes [Bolukbasi et al. 2016;Caliskan et al. 2017;Abid et al. 2021;Nadeem et al. 2021;Gehman et al. 2020] or negative attitudes [Hutchinson et al. 2020]",1,-1,[],[15554]],["of research status and time frame for delivering the benefits",1,-1,[],[50093]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational bias",1,9267,[],[15554]],["representational harms",1,4488,[],[8111]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8111]]],"ex":[["e.g., Responding \"I'm sorry to hear that\" to \"I'm an autistic dad\" conveys a negative misrepresentation of autism",1,-1,[],[8111]],["e.g., Responding \"I'm sorry to hear that\" to \"I'm an autistic dad\" conveys a negative misrepresentation of autism (Smith et al. 2022)",1,-1,[],[8111]],["the claim that vaccines can cause the diseases they are meant to prevent, or that vaccines contain active viruses",1,-1,[],[3889]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a case study on Greek poetry of the 20th century",1,-1,[],[2969]],["children were asked to write a story about a time that they had a problem or fought with other people",1,-1,[],[2969]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This shift in footing (Clayman, 1992;Goffman, 1981) enables her to incorporate the public into her rationale for asking the question, as she does more specifically when she says, 'WHAT DO YOU SAY TO THEM toda:y,' (line 21).",1,-1,[],[46105]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["que cuestiona los argumentos de los adversarios",1,-1,[],[56456]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["La racionalidad instrumental, la cual legitima las prácticas en referencia a sus fines, usos y efectos",1,-1,[],[56456]],["la racionalidad teórica que legitima prácticas por referencia a un orden natural de las cosas.",1,-1,[],[56456]],["racionalidad instrumental",1,-1,[],[56456]],["racionalidad teórica",1,32455,[],[56456]]],"sp":[["estrategias de legitimación",1,588,[],[56456]],["legitimación",1,18755,[],[56456]]],"ex":[["(18) Estoy viendo la franja y el PDG cita el artículo 299 diciendo que las fuerzas armadas no podrán actuar frente a la inmigración descontrolada. What the fuck? Tengo el texto al frente, cómo tan descarados para mentir? #AprueboCrece #FranjaElectoral",1,-1,[],[56456]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opt-out",1,10509,[],[14862]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[10443]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["present the concept of \"non-physical content\" as the core kernel of fake news",1,-1,[],[41749]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[41749]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the most direct way is to make use of this sign to generate new forms, meanings, and combinations for online circulation",1,-1,[],[56581]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["operative signs",1,-1,[],[56581]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["having knowledge of cultural norms",1,-1,[],[19741]],["making culturalspecific inferences",1,-1,[],[19741]],["recognizing cultural norms in context",1,-1,[],[19741]]],"sp":[["Media literacy",1,27668,[],[58413]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is heavy emotional labor rather than merely anecdotal, technical work",1,-1,[["It is heavy emotional labor rather than merely anecdotal, technical work",1],["It is heavy emotional labor rather than merely anecdotal, technical work.",1]],[56771]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sexist communication",1,22599,[],[31417]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Promise",1,19230,[],[38393]],["commissive speech acts",1,286,[],[38393]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We envision that a battery of such probes will be needed to comprehensively map the biases of large language models, covering issues ranging from racial and gender bias to \"beliefs\" in a range of conspiracy theories.",1,-1,[],[15462]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an assumption that is explicit or implicit in the work of quite a number of writers on hate speech is that semantically the word 'hate' carries its ordinary or literal meaning",1,-1,[],[656]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["LLM hallucinations",1,23325,[],[2974]]],"ex":[]}]