[{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["assessing the degree of youths' participation in individual and/or collective action to produce sociopolitical change",1,-1,[],[15940]],["capture how frequently youth engage in targeted, socially aware activities",1,-1,[],[15940]],["civic and political engagement for youth encompasses the behaviors and actions they are participating in to make social and political change including volunteering for political campaigns, community organizing, writing and signing petitions, activism, and joining civil rights organizations",1,-1,[],[15940]],["grounded in a CC framework, the associated attitudes and beliefs tend to be viewed as more critical in nature due to the fact that theoretically there is a stated commitment towards liberation",1,-1,[],[15940]],["participation in sociopolitical action and the items used to measure it may be biased. In other words, that those with differing political perspectives may engage in and respond to items that measure sociopolitical participation differently.",1,-1,[],[15940]]],"sy":[["sociopolitical action",1,26200,[],[15940]]],"rt":[["civic engagement",1,18703,[],[30988]],["political ideology",1,30119,[],[15940]],["political party identification",1,-1,[],[15940]],["sociopolitical action",1,26200,[],[15940]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["volunteering for political campaigns, community organizing, writing and signing petitions, activism, and joining civil rights organizations",1,-1,[],[15940]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["RWA",1,34479,[],[6113]],["SDO",1,10170,[],[6113]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational bias",1,9267,[],[22174]]],"ex":[["an LM that assigns a higher likelihood to the final token in \"he worked as a [doctor]\" than \"she worked as a [doctor]\"",1,-1,[],[22174]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast, persuasive-sounding text can be both sound and unsound, and this is not what we aim to measure in this work.",1,-1,[],[36538]],["We distinguish it from the concept of convincingness; which is to provide strong arguments to get the receiver to reason that the evidence provided is solid. In contrast, persuasive-sounding text can be both sound and unsound, and this is not what we aim to measure in this work.",1,-1,[],[36538]],["disinformation often employs rhetorical techniques-such as emotive appeals (Lee et al., 2021;Martel et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2020), ideological framing (Au et al., 2022;Hameleers & Brosius, 2022;Neo, 2021), and authoritative language (Baissa et al., 2025;Wright, 2021)-to manipulate audiences.",1,-1,[],[47577]],["persuasive-sounding text can be both sound and unsound, and this is not what we aim to measure in this work.",1,-1,[],[36538]],["we propose to employ a broad definition of persuasive language across various domains, as we posit that there are commonalities in persuasive language regardless of the domain.",1,-1,[],[36538]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["convincingness",1,18391,[],[36538]],["rhetorical devices",1,1329,[],[36538]],["rhetorical strategies",1,26718,[],[36538]]],"sb":[["authoritative language",1,-1,[],[47577]],["clichés",1,31071,[],[36538]],["comparisons",1,10605,[],[36538]],["credibility appeals",1,-1,[],[36538]],["emotional appeals",1,17139,[],[36538]],["emotive appeals",1,-1,[],[47577]],["exaggeration",1,29154,[],[36538]],["generalizations",1,11558,[],[36538]],["ideological framing",1,29063,[],[47577]],["inclusive and exclusive Language",1,-1,[],[36538]],["loaded language",1,22124,[],[36538]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[36538]],["minimization",1,28223,[],[36538]],["name labelling",1,-1,[],[36538]],["slogans",1,1044,[],[36538]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The theory suggests that there are at least five basic moral values, emerging from evolutionary, social, and cultural origins.",1,-1,[],[11723]],["measure the five moral foundations: Purity, Care, Loyalty, Fairness and Authority.",1,-1,[],[18954]],["scores on any one moral foundation are computed as an average of one's agreement with the moral values in that domain, and a high rating of the moral relevance of transgressions falling within it",1,-1,[],[2742]],["there is a small number of basic widely supported moral values, and people differ in the way they endorse these values.",1,-1,[],[51169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Authority",1,14203,[],[18954]],["Care",1,32209,[],[18954]],["Fairness",1,27748,[],[18954]],["Loyalty",1,18797,[],[18954]],["Purity",1,9430,[],[18954]]],"sb":[["Care/Harm",4,15622,[["Care/Harm",2],["Harm/care",1],["care and harm",1]],[2742,11723,49133,51169]],["Authority/-Subversion",3,34729,[["Authority/-Subversion",1],["Authority/Subversion",1],["authority and subversion",1]],[11723,49133,51169]],["Fairness/Cheating",3,3837,[["Fairness/Cheating",2],["fairness and cheating",1]],[11723,49133,51169]],["Loyalty/Betrayal",3,16499,[["Loyalty/Betrayal",2],["loyalty and betrayal",1]],[11723,49133,51169]],["Purity/Degradation",3,1866,[["Purity/Degradation",2],["purity and degradation",1]],[11723,49133,51169]],["Authority",2,14203,[["Authority",1],["authority",1]],[18954,35738]],["Care",2,32209,[["Care",1],["care",1]],[18954,35738]],["Fairness",2,27748,[["Fairness",1],["fairness",1]],[18954,35738]],["Loyalty",2,18797,[["Loyalty",1],["loyalty",1]],[18954,35738]],["Authority/respect",1,-1,[],[2742]],["Fairness/reciprocity",1,-1,[],[2742]],["Ingroup/loyalty",1,-1,[],[2742]],["Non-moral",1,30701,[],[49133]],["Purity",1,9430,[],[18954]],["Purity/sanctity",1,-1,[],[2742]],["sanctity",1,-1,[],[35738]]],"sp":[["Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)",1,4884,[],[49133]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["expert role",1,33424,[],[46526]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Logic = Forward reference + Conjs.",1,-1,[],[43042]],["Logic acts like a \"glue\" that connects the theoretical constructs and provides meaning and relevance to the relationships between these constructs.",1,-1,[],[25795]],["Logic also represents the \"explanation\" that lies at the core of a theory.",1,-1,[],[25795]],["They represent relational processes through which certain worldviews and modes of understanding become hegemonic (Glynos and Howarth 2007).",1,-1,[],[49809]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["fantasmatic",1,-1,[],[49809]],["political",1,759,[],[49809]],["publishing (the logic of the news media gate)",1,-1,[],[29191]],["sharing (the logic of the public gate)",1,-1,[],[29191]],["social",1,1880,[],[49809]],["spreading (the logic of the algorithmic gate)",1,-1,[],[29191]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["machine learning bias",1,25183,[],[20281]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media logic",1,25484,[],[57060]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Advertisements frequently contain and tend to enforce stereotypes, prejudices and biases.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertisers try to manipulate humans' needs, desires, tastes, purchasing and consumption decisions.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertising advances media concentration (advertising-circulation spiral).",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertising advances the concentration of the economy.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertising is mainly aimed at wealthy consumers.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertising is product propaganda that conceals actual or possible negative features of products.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertising only presents the products and ideologies of powerful companies and discriminates competing products and views and of less powerful actors, especially noncommercial and non-profit organizations.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["Advertising structures the corporate media as a filter in such a way that criticisms of corporate behaviour are avoided in order not to face loss of advertising clients.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["They statistically sort consumers and users into groups and tend to discriminate especially the weak, people with low purchasing power and people of colour who as a consequence have disadvantages in society.",1,-1,[],[25181]],["This is the dominant business model in Morocco's media which permeates both public service and non-public service media content providers.",1,-1,[],[33482]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial expressions",1,25069,[],[38644]],["commercial speech",1,15511,[],[38644]],["public relations",1,10627,[],[22498]]],"sb":[["professional advertising",1,-1,[],[38644]]],"sp":[["marketing",1,22250,[],[22498]]],"ex":[["classist, racist and patriarchal stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[25181]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The Trump Show",1,-1,[],[59772]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Responsible conflict reporting conceptualises conflict as part of a larger framework shaped and influenced by historical as well as current factors, with long-term socio-economic and developmental implications.",1,-1,[],[40006]],["the proposed framework is envisaged as a balancing or harmonising model existing within or alongside conventional journalism, adding additional scope to its traditional Fourth Estate role.",1,-1,[],[40006]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conflict sensitive reporting",1,-1,[],[40006]],["deliberative journalism",1,19668,[],[40006]],["development journalism",1,32020,[],[40006]],["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[40006]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Response bias",1,10676,[],[55774]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this model, instead of being focused on providing more efficient service delivery to customers as emphasized in the managerial model, the role for government is directed toward creating better policy decisions with citizens' input in the decision-making process",1,-1,[],[1669]],["The consultative model is more directed toward citizens and their interaction with government than the managerial model",1,-1,[],[1669]],["Therefore, this model moves toward two-way interaction, even though it is still directed by government.",1,-1,[],[1669]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["managerial model",1,-1,[],[1669]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["e-participation",1,20565,[],[1669]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Gathering and use of information is often instrumental, and people process what they know based on what they need to know to reach financial goals, a specific grade in a class, entry into a profession, determine how to vote, and other decisions that people must make.",1,-1,[],[39500]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Operationally, emotional arousal has been measured by physiological measures or self-report measures.",1,-1,[],[25092]],["Operationally, emotional arousal has been measured by physiological measures or self-report measures. Among the physiological measures, the most common measure is skin conductance (cf. Hopkins & Fletcher, 1994). Skin conductance is an indicator of activation in the autonomous nervous system, the type of activation that is involved in emotional behavior (Zillmann, 1982). Among the self-report measures, emotional arousal is often measured on the arousal scale of the Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) or on the emotional arousal scale of the Perceived Message Sensation Value Scale (Palmgreen, Stephenson, Everett, Baseheart, & Francies, 2002).",1,-1,[],[25092]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["arousal scale of the Self-Assessment Manikin",1,-1,[],[25092]],["emotional arousal scale of the Perceived Message Sensation Value Scale",1,-1,[],[25092]],["skin conductance",1,-1,[],[25092]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In sum, the guidelines mitigate some of the ethical risks associated with AI and enhance trust and professionalism in media work.",1,-1,[],[52216]],["They include principles such as integrity, honesty, objectivity, and social responsibility. Such guidelines direct journalists in how they gather information, edit news, deal with sources, and convey facts to the public in a manner that retains credibility and mutual respect.",1,-1,[],[52216]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Responsibility",1,1758,[],[59619]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such a discourse ethic may prevail more readily in formal settings, but the findings of this paper suggest that actors may avoid formal venues in preference to informal settings precisely to escape such ethical strictures.",1,-1,[],[57837]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Equal: Both parts are equally important for the overall message.",1,-1,[],[58876]],["Image: Here, the image is the center of attention and provides additional information or context not present in the text. The text acts as a caption or explicitly references the image, indicating that the image holds vital information regarding the message.",1,-1,[],[58876]],["Text: In this case, the image plays a minor role or is exchangeable with another image. The text provides the main context and other unique and important details relevant to the main message.",1,-1,[],[58876]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It is almost similar to the previous technique, but it is more specified. It is not only talking about the individual job but also the ideological foundation of the speaker itself. It seems like exploiting the speaker\"s position and making a special appeal that the speaker is one of the audiences.",1,-1,[],[55266]],["It is not only talking about the individual job but also the ideological foundation of the speaker itself.",1,-1,[],[55266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[55267]]],"ex":[["The use of personal pronoun (I) in this sentence is analyzed as a form of the Plain Folk technique.",1,-1,[],[55266]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Finally, they estimate the bias subspace.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["First, they define a list of bias attribute words (e.g., he/she).",1,-1,[],[59412]],["For each of the sentences obtained during the contextualization step, a corresponding representation can be obtained from a pre-trained model.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["For each sentence found during this contextualization step, CDA is applied to generate a pair of sentences that differ only with respect to the bias attribute word.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["Principle Component Analysis (PCA; Abdi and Williams 2010) is then used to estimate the principle directions of variation of the resulting set of representations.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["Second, they contextualize the bias attribute words into sentences.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["Sentence representations can be debiased by projecting onto the estimated bias subspace and subtracting the resulting projection from the original sentence representation.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["The first K principle components can be taken to define the bias subspace.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["This is done by finding occurences of the bias attribute words in sentences within a text corpus.",1,-1,[],[59412]],["This technique has traditionally utilized Counterfactual Data Augmentation (Zmigrod et al., 2019) for bias subspace estimation.",1,-1,[],[49290]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Counterfactual Data Augmentation",1,5031,[],[49290]],["Hard-Debias",1,10391,[],[59412]],["bias subspace",1,34790,[],[49290]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Although the communication of the primary results are donewith scientific approach.",1,-1,[],[30068]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Empowerment then signifies that users know how to actively deal with such content, which means recognizing certain online content with confidence, participating in online discussions, and taking a stand (Schmitt et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[30404]],["awareness",1,32613,[],[30404]],["awareness encompasses the knowledge that, for example, uncivil communication exists online and the ability to recognize respective content",1,-1,[],[30404]],["empowerment",1,33337,[],[30404]],["reflection",1,11087,[],[30404]],["reflection requires cognitive classification. As such, reflection includes being able to critically evaluate media content based on various criteria (e.g., according to journalistic quality criteria or legal guidelines) and having a good insight into the technical infrastructure of digital media",1,-1,[],[30404]]],"sp":[["Media literacy",2,27668,[["Media literacy",1],["media literacy",1]],[30404,58051]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Often signal words like \"this,\" \"why\" or \"what\" are used for forward referencing.",1,-1,[],[4942]],["Specifically, FR creates an information gap between readers and the news content with the headline, motivating the reader's curiosity (Loewenstein, 1994) to investigate the news content, and hence provoking the desire to click on the headline.",1,-1,[],[55471]]],"sy":[["forward references (FRs)",1,30452,[],[55471]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Many people will attempt to provide a numerical answer to the question \"How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the ark?\" even when warned about this type of trick, and later demonstrate knowledge that the reference should be to Noah, not to Moses",1,-1,[],[28380]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Blackness is a referent to slavery and therefore a referent to the colonial context",1,-1,[],[39445]],["Blackness, as an epistemic force, unsettles the very categories through which inclusion and exclusion are determined, exposing the enduring violences of white colonial modernity and unsettling its attempts to render its own histories discontinuous, distant, or resolved",1,-1,[],[39445]],["Blackness, as an epistemic force, unsettles the very categories through which inclusion and exclusion are determined, exposing the enduring violences of white colonial modernity and unsettling its attempts to render its own histories discontinuous, distant, or resolved (Elg 2021;Akomolafe 2024).",1,-1,[],[39445]],["Without engaging the onto-epistemic stakes of Blackness, migration research risks reproducing the same colonial logics it seeks to critique.",1,-1,[],[39445]],["meaning that its very invocation carries with it multiple temporalities, collapsing past and present into a persistent historical condition.",1,-1,[],[39445]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["entendido como pieza de extensión ligera orientada a refutar un contenido falso de alta viralidad",1,-1,[],[32189]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[32189]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[32189]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["incidental news consumption",1,41,[],[9405]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I watch the news in the morning. Every morning I watch Channel 2 at five pm, at seven pm, then on Channel 10 (…) and then at eight pm Channel 2",1,-1,[],[9405]],["every time I wake up I read [news site] La Nación online from my cellphone",1,-1,[],[9405]],["there are still some very reputable news outlets out there like BBC and most of the established newspapers. And I follow all of them, so you know I'm always looking to see what they post",1,-1,[],[9405]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Impression-motivated individuals strive for positive relationships and tend to follow others' opinions-and if these opinions are not known, they use the available bandwagon cues that convey information about the views of the general audience and allow for a better assessment of socially accepted or popular opinions",1,-1,[],[17861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["counter frames",1,23503,[],[34059]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["it does not only give tools to observe how religions and other worldviews are reflected in the burning questions of the day, but to promote diversity of thinking and mutual co-operation.",1,-1,[],[36617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Spin attacks, like deception by omission attacks, rely on the victim having little or no a priori knowledge or understanding, and the victim not being prepared to critically analyse a statement by the attacker.",1,-1,[],[24160]],["The attacker presents 'following circumstances' which may in themselves not be untruthful, but achieve a deceptive aim by altering the victim's interpretation of the message to the advantage of the attacker.",1,-1,[],[24160]],["The victim's mechanism for critically assessing the unpalatable fact is thus subverted.",1,-1,[],[24160]],["Thus the most common deception techniques employed are Deception by Omission, Deception by Saturation and Deception by Spin",1,-1,[],[24160]]],"sy":[["spin attack",1,2451,[],[24160]]],"rt":[["Corruption strategy",1,-1,[],[24160]],["Deception By Omission",1,12737,[],[24160]]],"sb":[["Indirect Deception by Spin",1,33659,[],[24160]],["Indirect Deception by Spin attack",1,11629,[],[24160]]],"sp":[["Denial",1,3979,[],[24160]],["Subversion attack",1,-1,[],[24160]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["(partially) addresses the issue of the limited reach of third-party fact-checking websites by increasing the visibility of articles in the contexts of the respective fact-checked statements.",1,-1,[],[10997]],["Hence, snoping, in many cases, should be seen as a performative rather than a deliberative act, in which Snopers are displaying their political affiliation (Hannak et al. 2014).",1,-1,[],[10997]],["linking to a fact-check directly in the place where the misinformation is circulating can make the fact-check more visible to users who would otherwise not actively seek out for factchecks",1,-1,[],[10997]],["users independently refute misleading claims in posts by replying with a link to a third-party fact-check debunking the rumor",1,-1,[],[10997]]],"sy":[["conversational approach to fact-checking",1,-1,[],[10997]],["conversational fact-checking",1,17070,[],[10997]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["When faced with ethically complex inquiries, LLMs tend to mirror the user's stance, even if it means forgoing the presentation of an impartial or balanced viewpoint",1,-1,[],[1933]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Sycophancy",1,26317,[],[1933]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mainstream media",1,25122,[],[22690]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["detecting misinformation amid significant external shocks",1,-1,[],[16550]],["fact-checking public speeches and debates involving elites",1,-1,[],[16550]],["i) detecting misinformation amid significant external shocks",1,-1,[],[16550]],["ii) fact-checking public speeches and debates involving elites",1,-1,[],[16550]],["iii) when platforms are using the labels to make long-lasting decisions (e.g., permanently blocking a fake news publisher from using its platform)",1,-1,[],[16550]],["when platforms are using the labels to make long-lasting decisions (e.g., permanently blocking a fake news publisher from using its platform)",1,-1,[],[16550]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["such as sofa or a car",1,-1,[],[11615]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. 'this cup is totally rubbish'.",1,-1,[],[11615]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["buscam sempre que as pessoas permaneçam mais tempo navegando e interagindo dentro de sua plataforma",1,-1,[],[15137]],["o que essas ferramentas desejam é o lucro das empresas que a sustentam. E esse lucro dá-se por meio da publicidade.",1,-1,[],[15137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["interações",1,-1,[],[15137]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["They display some online patterns of genuine internet users since they are humans, allowing them to avoid bot detection, while still driving up content views and interactions.",1,-1,[],[15710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["bots",1,27271,[],[13095]]],"sp":[["sock puppets",1,18,[],[13095]]],"ex":[["fake followers on Twitter",1,-1,[],[13095]],["fake likes on Facebook",1,-1,[],[13095]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["shadow public",1,25971,[],[39207]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the concept of periphery is often substituted by the term 'PIGS' in mainstream political and media discourses.",1,-1,[],[40643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["periphery",1,384,[],[40643]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Politifact and Factcheck.org arose in response to…false statements by public figures",1,-1,[],[5242]],["snopes and hoax-slayer were an answer to ungoverned email hoaxes",1,-1,[],[5242]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["These studies primarily investigated ownership structure, organizational culture, technical training programs, and the distribution of collective financial resources in journalism organizations-factors that affected the integration of AI in journalism.",1,-1,[],[57666]],["focuses an approach that dwells in the 'middle space', between the 'micro' (individual racist talk) and macro (societal racism)",1,-1,[],[9135]],["highlights a 'meso' level analysis which stresses the interactions between individual agency and social structures",1,-1,[],[9135]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulative capability",1,-1,[],[34447]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["spin",1,22992,[],[48886]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["a specific position was expressed in relation to the topic",1,-1,[],[57675]],["part of the second-level agenda-setting process, namely priming",1,-1,[],[57675]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["second-level agenda-setting process",1,18168,[],[57675]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["with the following features to identify the real objectives of the parties in opposition to the information, as well as unethical techniques used in it",1,-1,[],[26762]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["These platforms also encompass technologies that enable both individuals (individual or collective) and institutions to interact and pursue their goals.",1,-1,[],[61356]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In a similar way RAT looks at public discourses that occur on public spaces and how these change, adapt, and reshape the collective understanding of an issue.",1,-1,[],[54125]],["RAT suggests studying both micro and macro level interactions.",1,-1,[],[54125]],["The micro level analysis thus helps communicators in choosing content and framing of messages that best resonate with the situation and interactions.",1,-1,[],[54125]],["was developed to help crisis managers to address the communicative complexity of crises.",1,-1,[],[54125]]],"sy":[["RAT",1,-1,[],[54125]]],"rt":[["RAT",1,-1,[],[54125]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nonpropositional swearing",1,33841,[],[17537]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["All equivalence frames are also generic frames, as they are applicable across different policy issues.",1,-1,[],[25060]],["All equivalence frames are also generic frames, as they are applicable across different policy issues. Equivalence framing also involves emphasizing certain aspects of an issue in a communicative message, but the scope of emphasis is much narrower than with emphasis frames.",1,-1,[],[25060]],["Equivalence frames are relevant for interest group scholars as they match with the argumentation patterns interest groups use.",1,-1,[],[25060]],["Equivalence framing also involves emphasizing certain aspects of an issue in a communicative message, but the scope of emphasis is much narrower than with emphasis frames.",1,-1,[],[25060]]],"sy":[["equivalence frames",1,498,[],[25060]]],"rt":[["emphasis framing",1,5946,[],[47424]],["framing",1,22777,[],[57341]]],"sb":[["1. opportunities versus risks",1,-1,[],[25060]],["2. gains (benefits) versus losses (costs)",1,-1,[],[25060]],["3. positive consequences versus negative consequences",1,-1,[],[25060]],["gains (benefits) versus losses (costs)",1,-1,[],[25060]],["opportunities versus risks",1,-1,[],[25060]],["positive consequences versus negative consequences",1,-1,[],[25060]]],"sp":[["framing",4,22777,[],[25060,49214,59278,61513]],["frames",1,7860,[],[61513]],["generic frames",1,19746,[],[25060]]],"ex":[["is an 8-ounce glass containing 4 ounces of water half empty or half full?",1,-1,[],[57341]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1,23921,[],[38896]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is cynical, acute, episodic, capable of having an instant influence on the consciousness of the society, certain social and professional groups and individuals, party leaders, organizations, firms and companies.",1,-1,[],[26787]],["Provocation as a means of influencing people's minds, as a means of combating political opponents, as a means of gaining power, upholding and strengthening it, is used in the media in both democratic and totalitarian societies.",1,-1,[],[26787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["psychological warfare",1,22775,[],[26787]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Psychological warfare",1,22775,[],[26787]]],"ex":[["planned and spontaneous",1,-1,[],[26787]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Journalistische Normen schränken die Auswahl an vorhandenen Ereignissen ein.",1,-1,[],[21226]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Rational understanding is crucial for ensuring that citizens' views are effectively taken into account in public deliberation",1,-1,[],[765]],["This does not entail accepting those attitudes and beliefs as justified but just getting how they fit together into a more or less coherent set, as arguments and theories typically do.",1,-1,[],[28502]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political understanding",2,17900,[],[765,28502]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["post-normal journalism",1,-1,[],[43155]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["JOURNALISTIC QUALITY",1,19589,[],[42927]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":114,"df":[],"de":[["\"the press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about\"",1,-1,[],[48168]],["AST remains a valuable framework for understanding media influence, demonstrating its resilience and adaptability in the complex digital media landscape.",1,-1,[],[60556]],["Accessibility, priming and framing of information are crucial in agenda setting framework since the processes generate important life's issue or concern and present these constantly and repetitively to people.",1,-1,[],[5666]],["According to the theory, there is a correlation between the media\"s presentation of news and information and the level of significance the public accord to events and issues in the society.",1,-1,[],[38206]],["Acknowledging that the media can exercise considerable discretion over which stories are worthy of publication and which are worthy of oblivion, Agenda Setting Theory forms and situates public's mind on the relevance of the information that is extensively accessible to them.",1,-1,[],[5666]],["Agenda setting theory provides clear explanation on the contrivable nature of media contents that appeal to the intellects of the public by calling their considerable attention to issues and events in a society through intermittent coverage of such issues and events in different media channels.",1,-1,[],[61108]],["Agenda-Setting Theory (McCombs and Shaw 1972) explores how media prioritise certain issues, thereby shaping what the public perceives as important.",1,-1,[],[58917]],["Agenda-setting theory helps explain how mass media shape the public's understanding of political priorities.",1,-1,[],[33882]],["Agenda-setting theory suggests that the media not only informs individuals about how to think, but also guides their choices regarding which issues to focus on and contemplate",1,-1,[],[31451]],["Another aspect of the theory is that the media create awareness of issues, prioritise a particular subject, excite it to public importance, and become public discourse.",1,-1,[],[41019]],["Folarin (2001) postulates that the theory is motivated by media bias on specific issues.",1,-1,[],[41019]],["From the agenda setting theory, we have understood that news media select a certain aspect of happenings to consider significant and want the public to prioritize in their minds and while discussing the happenings (McCombs & Valenzuela, 2007;Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007;Boynton, & Richardson, 2016).",1,-1,[],[43982]],["Hence, the content and manner of news reporting shape the public's understanding and the level of importance attributed to specific issues, thereby impacting public opinion on social topics",1,-1,[],[31451]],["In other words, by prioritizing particular issues, the media guide audiences' attention and influences the public agenda.",1,-1,[],[59402]],["In terms of media effects, agendasetting proposes the salience of an issue in the media",1,-1,[],[29263]],["It can be scrutinized that the media is actually doing it when they are making one news as more important than the other.",1,-1,[],[23660]],["It describes the mass media activities in playing up a particular topic to public prominence and influencing public discourse.",1,-1,[],[41019]],["It helps by arranging and organizing the priorities of the issues that must be understood instead of dealing with a wide range of issues.",1,-1,[],[43059]],["It is the agenda-setting first level",1,-1,[],[30047]],["It refers to the correspondence between media agenda and public agenda.",1,-1,[],[2131]],["Max McCombs and Donald Shaw, who developed the theory from their study of the 1968 American presidential election, postulate that the media possess enormous power to influence what the audience should think about rather than what the audience thinks.",1,-1,[],[41019]],["Mulyana and Wijayanti (2024) describe three dimensions of agenda setting: representation, persistence, and persuasion.",1,-1,[],[33882]],["Originally concentrating on the transfer of problem salience (Level 1) from the media agenda to the public agenda",1,-1,[],[60556]],["Rather than dictating what audiences think, media influence what they think about, shaping the public agenda (Cohen, 1963).",1,-1,[],[39010]],["Rather than directly tell the public to consider one issue as more important than another, the media set agenda by giving preferential treatment to issues in their coverage",1,-1,[],[38206]],["The agenda-setting theory is basically about the causal relationship between media agenda and public agenda.",1,-1,[],[38206]],["The core theoretical idea is that elements prominent in the media picture become prominent in the audience's picture.",1,-1,[],[43059]],["The core theoretical idea is that elements prominent in the media picture become prominent in the audience's picture. Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",1,-1,[],[43059]],["The media can structure legislative debates, by pointing the Legislature to what society considers important at a given time.",1,-1,[],[45221]],["The media does not affect people's attitudes, but their awareness.",1,-1,[],[43059]],["The media may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about",1,-1,[],[60556]],["The theory establishes a correlation between the rate at which the media cover a story and the value people place on such a story.",1,-1,[],[5593]],["The theory is concerned with the emphasis the mass media place on topical issues of general interest and how they raise public discourse.",1,-1,[],[41019]],["The theory suggests that the media shape opinion by determining what issue is given the salient attention",1,-1,[],[29263]],["This concept supports the idea that the media not only constructs social beliefs but also transmits values while marginalizing others, ultimately influencing public thought",1,-1,[],[59049]],["This effect is especially strong among individuals who have limited direct experience with the topic and thus rely on media portrayals to form opinions",1,-1,[],[59402]],["This indicates that the media determine what issues should be considered more important by society",1,-1,[],[5593]],["This is accomplished through frequency of reporting, prominence given to the reports through headline display, pictures, layout in newspapers, magazines, films, graphics or timing on radio and television",1,-1,[],[5593]],["This occurs when media determine issue salience by paying more or less emphasis to it (see McCombs, 2018).",1,-1,[],[27709]],["This process directs attention towards specific political labels and may marginalise more precise, academically grounded terms such as 'far-right'.",1,-1,[],[58917]],["This sort of influence directs public attention to such contents for which general or political consensus is ctucial; thereby, in most cases, social issues turn into political ones and vice versa.",1,-1,[],[50215]],["This study applied framing theory and agenda-setting theory to explain polarisation in reports.",1,-1,[],[48853]],["Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",1,-1,[],[43059]],["Thus, the agenda-setting theory shifts the role of the media from the information provider to the coverage master, which makes individuals believe that current topics discussed in the media are socially important",1,-1,[],[50215]],["When media, or other (online) actors, report on certain issues, these issues can gain salience in public discourse.",1,-1,[],[1982]],["While Framing Theory addresses the 'how' of media messaging, Agenda-Setting Theory addresses the 'what'.",1,-1,[],[58917]],["While Framing Theory addresses the 'how' of media messaging, Agenda-Setting Theory addresses the 'what'. This process directs attention towards specific political labels and may marginalise more precise, academically grounded terms such as 'far-right'.",1,-1,[],[58917]],["a phenomenon that often than not, renders public discourse revolve around issues that are frequently and consistently focused on by the media",1,-1,[],[38206]],["agenda setting has evolved from a hypothesis about media effects on the public to a research paradigm that examines the transfer of salience at all levels of political discourse.",1,-1,[],[41667]],["as the main opinion leaders, the official media play an important role in the spread of epidemic information and bear the responsibility of monitoring public opinion and persuasion after an event",1,-1,[],[31451]],["audiences form feelings about events they do not experience directly through mental images and symbolic pictures created by words and phrases used by journalists and editors.",1,-1,[],[48939]],["authorities' choices of specific facts, messages, and vocabulary create patterns of stereotypes that align with audience beliefs and interests, eventually shaping public opinion.",1,-1,[],[48939]],["distinguished by the different entities that determine the importance of issues",1,-1,[],[31451]],["intersecting the surveillance and the consensus functions of the media",1,-1,[],[38206]],["it can be difficult for the media to determine the public's perception of an event, but they can influence public opinion about the facts and the order in which information is discussed by providing specific information or structuring the issue",1,-1,[],[31451]],["it is still a crucial framework for comprehending media influence.",1,-1,[],[60556]],["it provides an explanation on the existing relationship between the extent at which media give coverage to a particular story and the level of importance people attach to such a story.",1,-1,[],[61108]],["media coverage calls policy attention to public problems and engenders a sense of urgency to find solutions",1,-1,[],[45221]],["media coverage calls policy attention to public problems and engenders a sense of urgency to find solutions (Yanovitzkt, 2002)",1,-1,[],[45221]],["places the stress on the transfer of news salience, which largely aims at telling the audience what they should be thinking about",1,-1,[],[53611]],["political content on television did not merely inform but structured public priorities",1,-1,[],[33882]],["presupposes that the media has the power to influence peoples thinking by taking a lead in the debate of important issues in the society",1,-1,[],[21408]],["sustained media exposure contributes to raising public salience of environmental issues",1,-1,[],[28518]],["the agenda-setting theory shifts the role of the media from the information provider to the coverage master, which makes individuals believe that current topics discussed in the media are socially important",1,-1,[],[50215]],["the findings showed that the media may not succeed in influencing what the public thinks, but they are very successful in influencing what the public thinks about",1,-1,[],[59024]],["the first level of agenda-setting theory [43], which states that news media set the public importance for objects based on the frequency in which these are mentioned and covered.",1,-1,[],[37185]],["the media have been always bias on issues of its interest, therefore bias in giving information to the society.",1,-1,[],[23660]],["the media no longer tell the public \"what to think\" but \"what to think about\"",1,-1,[],[48939]],["the media not only influence what issues are important but also how those issues are perceived through specific attributes, thus significantly shaping public opinion and attitudes",1,-1,[],[48939]],["the theory assumes that the mass media make people know or do not know, interested in or ignore general issues.",1,-1,[],[43059]],["this theory suggests that the more attention the media devote to a particular issue, the more importance the public attributes to it.",1,-1,[],[15434]]],"sy":[["agenda-setting theory",1,6096,[],[50215]],["the second level of agenda-setting",1,1243,[],[50215]]],"rt":[["Framing Theory",2,32672,[["Framing Theory",1],["Framing theory",1]],[48853,58917]],["Media effect",1,4507,[],[56009]],["Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",1,-1,[],[43059]],["attribute salience",1,33981,[],[48939]],["first iteration of the agenda-setting theory",1,-1,[],[48168]],["first level of Agenda Setting Theory",1,21556,[],[43059]],["framing",1,22777,[],[59024]],["mass media",1,29313,[],[2131]],["media agenda-setting",1,8700,[],[31451]],["media framing",1,29447,[],[48939]],["object salience",1,14284,[],[48939]],["persistence",1,1487,[],[33882]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[33882]],["policy agenda-setting",1,6552,[],[31451]],["public agenda-setting",1,16449,[],[31451]],["public opinion",1,31109,[],[2131]],["representation",1,14984,[],[33882]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[37185]]],"sb":[["second level of agenda setting",3,1243,[["second level of agenda setting",1],["second-level agenda setting",1],["second-level agenda-setting",1]],[270,57003,61108]],["attribute salience",2,33981,[["attribute salience",1],["salience of attributes",1]],[38206,48939]],["object salience",2,14284,[["object salience",1],["salience of objects",1]],[38206,48939]],["Intermedia and intercandidate agenda setting",1,-1,[],[41667]],["Network Agenda Setting (NAS)",1,7473,[],[60556]],["Persistence",1,1487,[],[33882]],["Persuasion",1,23143,[],[33882]],["Representation",1,14984,[],[33882]],["The first level focuses on the objects of transmission; for instance, politicians, political parties, events and public officers; the mass media informs the public what to think about through their coverage.",1,-1,[],[61108]],["The second level focuses on how the public about the objects by highlighting their attributes",1,-1,[],[61108]],["attribute agenda setting",1,6991,[],[60556]],["first level of Agenda Setting Theory",1,21556,[],[43059]],["first-level agenda setting",1,26695,[],[270]],["media agenda-setting",1,8700,[],[31451]],["policy agenda-setting",1,6552,[],[31451]],["public agenda-setting",1,16449,[],[31451]],["second level",1,34880,[],[43059]]],"sp":[["Media Effect Theories",1,26708,[],[61108]],["mass communication",1,21739,[],[48853]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["When these terms appear, they frequently take technocratic and depersonalised forms (le emissioni sono state ridotte), which obscure agency and responsibility",1,-1,[],[58014]],["subordinates climate discourse to governance and economic concerns",1,-1,[],[58014]],["tends to resonate well with those who hold individualistic worldviews",1,-1,[],[27643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Cultural framing",1,31011,[],[27643]]],"ex":[["with respect to climate change, a technocratic framing that emphasizes technological solutions and highlights the power of human ingenuity tends to resonate well with those who hold individualistic worldviews",1,-1,[],[27643]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social interactions",1,16413,[],[10653]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Attitude markers were predominantly used by Trump for emotionalizing claims by appealing to negative or positive feelings.",1,-1,[],[36691]],["By signalling affect, speakers are able to step into the discussion to assert their presence and contribution, expressing an opinion which marks a clear stance.",1,-1,[],[1801]],["Predominantly realized in adjectives, adverbs and nouns, these stance resources enable the speaker to present information as true, false, important, disturbing or surprising, and create different images of social actors thus emotionalizing the speech.",1,-1,[],[36691]],["The explicit attitude markers allow authorial intrusion into the texts, which is against the knowledge construction practice of natural science",1,-1,[],[42495]],["The explicit attitude markers allow authorial intrusion into the texts, which is against the knowledge construction practice of natural science [22].",1,-1,[],[42495]],["These different sub-categories of attitude markers provide writers with an array of options to make evaluations of things in the real world.",1,-1,[],[42495]],["They aim to connect with the audience on an emotional level, expressing shared feelings and concerns.",1,-1,[],[36691]],["They are essentially concerned with writers' feelings, judgments, and affective positions.",1,-1,[],[42495]],["They enable writers to convey their affective meanings such as surprise, agreement, importance, frustration rather than their commitment to propositions.",1,-1,[],[42495]],["noticeably manifest his opinion or assessment of a particular subject through emotive expressions",1,-1,[],[16367]]],"sy":[["attitude",1,13566,[],[36691]]],"rt":[["boosters",1,15862,[],[42495]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[42495]],["stance markers",1,785,[],[42495]]],"sb":[["Assessment markers",1,-1,[],[36691]],["Attitude adjectives",1,-1,[],[42495]],["Attitudinal adverbs",1,-1,[],[42495]],["Cognitive verbs",1,-1,[],[42495]],["Deontic verbs",1,1339,[],[42495]],["Emotion markers",1,-1,[],[36691]],["Significance markers",1,29491,[],[36691]],["These refer explicitly to the speaker's affective position, how he or she feels rather than an evaluation of a claim or situation, and so express a clear and personal emotive stance.",1,-1,[],[1801]],["They indicate the speaker's evaluation of the research they are presenting and pointing out to a non-specialist audience what they might find interesting, unusual or valuable.",1,-1,[],[1801]],["assessment",1,4079,[],[1801]],["emotion",1,22181,[],[1801]],["significance",1,11758,[],[1801]]],"sp":[["stance",2,2283,[],[36691,42495]],["Interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[16367]],["Resources",1,16723,[],[1942]],["four stance features",1,-1,[],[36691]],["interactional",1,29905,[],[16367]],["metadiscourse",1,4455,[],[1942]],["stance features",1,23736,[],[36691]],["stance framework",1,-1,[],[42495]],["stance markers",1,785,[],[42495]]],"ex":[["Even X",1,-1,[],[42495]],["appropriate",1,-1,[],[42495]],["have to",1,-1,[],[42495]],["important",1,-1,[],[42495]],["should",1,-1,[],[42495]],["surprising, crucial, tragic, serious",1,-1,[],[36691]],["unexpected",1,-1,[],[42495]],["unfortunately / I agree / surprisingly",1,-1,[],[1942]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sustainable journalism",1,10687,[],[43030]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Today, the verifier role may actually assume greater centrality in journalistic discourse that it did at the time the interviews were conducted.",1,-1,[],[9397]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical-monitorial function of journalism",1,-1,[],[9397]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["strategic manoeuvring",1,8325,[],[47397]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["While political economy provides the overarching framework for understanding power and resource dynamics in society, the political economy of communication narrows this lens to focus on how these dynamics operate in media and communication systems.",1,-1,[],[44354]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political economy",1,19024,[],[44354]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Objektive Selektionsmechanismen",1,29918,[],[21245]],["Subjektive Selektionsfaktoren",1,30324,[],[21245]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can significantly influence public perception (Entman, 1993). Highlighting certain events makes them seem more important, while omitting others downplays their significance and shapes the overall story (e.g. presence vs. absence of Putin's opponents deaths).",1,-1,[],[42458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing devices",1,3083,[],[42458]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["gender-unmarked forms",1,30514,[],[29635]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a strategy of",1,-1,[],[8476]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Like many forms of humor, spoofi ng relies on the gap between reality and representation (or more often, misrepresentation) to produce mirth. Similar to parody, spoofi ng reproduces stylistic peculiarities of an external subject to achieve humor; however, spoofs typically target a distinct work or genre for mockery, thus requiring a higher level of parasitism than is necessary for parody (2014, p. 731).",1,-1,[],[51918]],["Similar to parody, spoofi ng reproduces stylistic peculiarities of an external subject to achieve humor; however, spoofs typically target a distinct work or genre for mockery, thus requiring a higher level of parasitism than is necessary for parody",1,-1,[],[51918]],["Spoofs constitute a means by which organizations and individuals can respond critically to these portrayals, calling attention to misrepresentations by employing-and, often, exaggerating-the same generic conventions which they critique, with humor as the (intended) result.",1,-1,[],[51918]],["a spoof must be understood by its audience as a hoax",1,-1,[],[51918]],["designed to put the prowess of the spoofer-as well as the astute viewer who \"gets\" the spoof-on display",1,-1,[],[51918]],["sharing entertainment, debunking brand identities and advertising techniques, satirising the institution of advertising, engaging in cultural criticism, and showing off personal skills",1,-1,[],[51918]],["spoofs of humanitarian appeals, but generally for spoofs which function as serious social commentary with an edifying purpose.",1,-1,[],[51918]],["spoofs which function as serious social commentary with an edifying purpose.",1,-1,[],[51918]],["the spoof itself can be a self-serving act, designed to put the prowess of the spoofer-as well as the astute viewer who \"gets\" the spoof-on display.",1,-1,[],[51918]]],"sy":[["hoax",1,13150,[],[51918]],["parody",1,27482,[],[51918]],["trickery",1,-1,[],[51918]]],"rt":[["parody",1,27482,[],[51918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["parody",1,27482,[],[51918]]],"ex":[["spoofs about environmental awareness, such as Greenpeace's campaign against LEGO's cooperation with Shell (2014)",1,-1,[],[51918]],["spoofs of political policy, such as President Trump's \"America First\" agenda, which take the form of tourist videos promoting countries such as Switzerland (Deville Late Night, 2017), the Netherlands (Zondag met Lubach, 2017), Austria, and Denmark (Natholdet, 2017) as \"second.\"",1,-1,[],[51918]],["spoofs which educate about racism, such as a developing genre of spoof videos of airlines who forcibly remove passengers (RollBizTV, 2017)",1,-1,[],[51918]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["societal",1,-1,[],[23075]]],"rt":[["accountability horizontal",1,14166,[],[23075]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["accountability política",1,19211,[],[23075]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Existencia de consejos de informativos, canal para \"whistleblowers\", comité de redacción, etc",1,-1,[],[10525]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["locality as process (rather than inherent characteristic)",1,-1,[],[34264]]],"sy":[["(network) locality",1,-1,[],[34264]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["emphasizing the risks associated with the pressure for idealized self-presentation on these platforms",1,-1,[],[60656]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["\"The ideal of care is thus an activity of relationship, of seeing and responding to need, taking care of the world by sustaining the web of connection so that no one is left alone.\"",1,-1,[["\"The ideal of care is thus an activity of relationship, of seeing and responding to need, taking care of the world by sustaining the web of connection so that no one is left alone.\"",1],["The ideal of care is thus an activity of relationship, of seeing and responding to need, taking care of the world by sustaining the web of connection so that no one is left alone.",1]],[55916]],["this examination of the particulars of Oskamp's daily life might evoke empathy for her suffering and consideration of the justice of the system of care for her",1,-1,[],[55916]],["underlines the importance of relationships and responsibilities.",1,-1,[],[55916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["bordering measures",1,-1,[],[30786]],["contemporary bordering of immigrants and Black people",1,-1,[],[30786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Southern Question",1,31850,[],[30786]],["othering",1,13537,[],[30786]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fact-checkers",1,29229,[],[52543]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Structure, at the macro level, includes national legislation, information infrastructures, services and content provided by the media industries, and cultural norms",1,-1,[],[9408]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Like Yale's attitude change theory, the political advertisements in this study conditioned voters to change their attitudes and adopt the attitude or support a particular political aspirant that the advertisements have recommended.",1,-1,[],[54230]],["The newspaper political advertisements helped not only set agenda during the election in 2019, but also helped in voter's behavioural change in support of certain political candidates.",1,-1,[],[54230]],["the source needs to be trusted by the audience, and the messages emphasised and audience willing and interested in the message.",1,-1,[],[54230]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Additionally, by normalizing once-taboo behaviors, the moral repetition effect could facilitate social reforms that many will regard as moral progress.",1,-1,[],[2769]],["By reducing such outrage in response to a particular event, the moral repetition effect could allow \"cooler heads to prevail.\"",1,-1,[],[2769]],["Repetition not only made violations of these foundations seem less unethical, but also made them seem less deserving of punishment.",1,-1,[],[2769]],["Specifically, repeatedly encountering the same description of a bad deed reduced how unethical people thought it was to commit, and reduced how much punishment they thought the perpetrator deserved.",1,-1,[],[2769]],["This moral repetition effect is robust, replicable, generalizes broadly across the moral domain, and occurs because repetition dampens people's emotional reactions to wrongdoing.",1,-1,[],[2769]],["a transgression may seem a bit less reprehensible when we have heard about it before.",1,-1,[],[2769]],["business transgressions seem less unethical when repeatedly encountered",1,-1,[],[2769]],["even one exposure to a transgression was sufficient to make it seem less unethical",1,-1,[],[2769]],["occurs because repetition dampens people's emotional reactions to wrongdoing.",1,-1,[],[2769]],["participants rated the transgressions as less morally bad when they had encountered them earlier in the study",1,-1,[],[2769]],["people rated their affective reactions to the transgressions as less intense when they had seen them before compared to when they had not, and the weaker their affective reactions, the less they condemned the transgressions",1,-1,[],[2769]],["prior exposure to a transgression reduces the intensity of the negative affect it elicits, which in turn reduces how unethical the transgression seems",1,-1,[],[2769]],["repeated exposure reduced moral condemnation",1,-1,[],[2769]],["the marginal effect of each additional repetition falls off steeply after the first",1,-1,[],[2769]],["the moral repetition effect occurs with transgressions across the moral domain (not just fake-news sharing)",1,-1,[],[2769]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective mechanism",1,4391,[],[2769]],["fluency",1,16630,[],[2769]],["norm-perception mechanism",1,3778,[],[2769]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["A positive score on the contrary suggests that both modalities share a semantic context or meaning.",1,-1,[],[7054]],["In addition to Otto et al.'s (2019b) SC metric, we replace Positive correlation with two sub-classes Low-positive correlation and High-positive correlation to capture more finegrained relations.",1,-1,[],[58871]],["It can refer to concrete entities and contextual, interpretative correlations, that is, how much meaning is shared between modalities according to the SC metric from Otto et al. (2019b).",1,-1,[],[58871]],["Possible values range from [-1, 1], where a negative value indicates that the co-occurrence of an image and a text disturbs the comprehension of the multimodal content.",1,-1,[],[7054]],["The third possible option is that there is no semantic correlation between entities in the image and the text, then SC = 0.",1,-1,[],[7054]],["This refers to concepts and entities, descriptions and interpretation of symbols, metaphors, as well as to their relations to one another.",1,-1,[],[7054]],["ranging between -1 and 1",1,-1,[],[58871]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["High-positive correlation: This is the case when image and text belong together through sharing information and the entire contextual message.",1,-1,[],[58871]],["Low-positive correlation: In this case, image and text are partially linked by sharing one or a few aspects but not the entire message.",1,-1,[],[58871]],["Negative correlation",1,592,[],[58871]],["Negative correlation: This is the case when information in two modalities has different, opposing or contradictory contexts that disturb the overall meaning of the image-text pair.",1,-1,[],[58871]],["Zero correlation",1,-1,[],[58871]],["Zero correlation: If the two modalities do not have any material, conceptual, abstract or contextual semantic links, then the image-text pairs are considered as unrelated.",1,-1,[],[58871]]],"sp":[["Semantic relations",1,22739,[],[58871]],["Semantic relations include three different aspects of capturing relationships on the meaning level: Semantic Correlation captures whether image and text belong together, STATUS signifies modality importance in terms of context and information, and Modification indicates whether one modality changes or strengthens certain aspects provided in the other modality.",1,-1,[],[58871]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The goal of FSD is to identify the very first document in a stream to mention a new event.",1,-1,[],[7180]]],"sy":[["New Event Detection",1,-1,[],[7180]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Of crucial importance is that the deservingness criteria are not characteristics of target groups or benefit systems. Instead, the CARIN criteria are abstract moral principles that individuals adhere to varying degrees.",1,-1,[],[2032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Objective extension (OE) indicates which modality extends another based on the amount of information contributed by each modality. The relation is inspired from Extension described by Martinec and Salway (2005), where the additional information is new but related information (such as date, country, person's name).",1,-1,[],[58857]],["The relation is inspired from Extension described by Martinec and Salway (2005), where the additional information is new but related information (such as date, country, person's name).",1,-1,[],[58857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Both extend",1,-1,[],[58857]],["No extension",1,-1,[],[58857]],["Text extends image and image extends text",1,-1,[],[58857]]],"sp":[["Objective relations",1,17456,[],[58857]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Indicators, such as likes, shares, ratings or most-read labels, can serve as powerful social norms that increase article selection",1,-1,[],[46027]],["Therefore, these popularity indexes are more likely to will attract more people to news and get more likes, shares, and comments",1,-1,[],[41869]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["likes",1,26946,[],[46027]],["most-read labels",1,-1,[],[46027]],["ratings",1,-1,[],[46027]],["shares",1,23352,[],[46027]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["likes, shares, ratings or most-read labels",1,-1,[],[46027]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["AI Literacy",1,23931,[],[52172]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication infrastructure",1,31291,[],[52344]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["deviance",1,2360,[],[25067]],["dislocation",1,19631,[],[25067]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Labeling these articles with their sentiment would provide succinct summaries to readers; indeed, these labels are part of the appeal and value-add of such sites as www.rottentomatoes.com, which both labels movie reviews that do not contain explicit rating indicators and normalizes the different rating schemes that individual reviewers use. Sentiment classification would also be helpful in business intelligence applications (e.g. MindfulEye's Lexant systemfoot_0 ) and recommender systems (e.g., Terveen et al. (1997), Tatemura (2000)), where user input and feedback could be quickly summarized; indeed, in general, free-form survey responses given in natural language format could be processed using sentiment categorization.",1,-1,[],[13608]],["Sentiment classification can be a binary classification (positive or negative),multi-class classification(extremely negative, negative, neutral, positive or extremely positive),regression or ranking .",1,-1,[],[15885]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["aspect-level: classifies the sentiment with respect to the specific aspects of entities.",1,-1,[],[22128]],["document level: classifies an opinion document as expressing a positive or negative opinion or sentiment.",1,-1,[],[22128]],["sentence-level: classifies sentiment expressed in each sentence.",1,-1,[],[22128]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL)",1,-1,[],[40968]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["These relationships provide contextual meaning to the extracted entities.",1,-1,[],[53447]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance",1,2283,[],[1813]]],"ex":[["parents to children, actor to audience, amongfriends",1,-1,[],[25455]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Said social license is based on three factors -legitimacy, consent, and trust-which stem from what the organization does",1,-1,[],[13914]],["Said social license is based on three factors -legitimacy, consent, and trust-which stem from what the organization does (Morrison, 2014) and not so much from what it is or claims to be.",1,-1,[],[13914]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["consent",1,2913,[],[13914]],["legitimacy",1,19405,[],[13914]],["trust",1,34511,[],[13914]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["With False, Made-Up Sources",1,-1,[],[32601]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake news",1,33960,[],[32601]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[1506]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["One scale reflects positive expectancies (e.g. \"I use Internetcommunication applications to experience pleasure\"; six items). The other reflects avoidance expectancies (e.g. \"I use Internet-communication applications to distract myself from problems\", six items).",1,-1,[],[1261]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["avoidance expectancies",1,32137,[],[1261]],["positive expectancies",1,-1,[],[1261]]],"sp":[["Internet-related cognitive biases",1,194,[],[1261]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Compared to general false information, the identification of health misinformation requires specialized biomedical knowledge. It can be challenging for the general public to distinguish.",1,-1,[],[18067]],["Compared to general false information, the identification of health misinformation requires specialized biomedical knowledge. It can be challenging for the general public to distinguish. In addition, health misinformation is particularly related to human health and can potentially harm the physical wellbeing of deceived individuals.",1,-1,[],[18067]],["In addition, health misinformation is particularly related to human health and can potentially harm the physical wellbeing of deceived individuals.",1,-1,[],[18067]],["It is expected to construct the paradigm of health misinformation research in the future.",1,-1,[],[3282]],["Misinformation is harmful not only because it lacks trustworthy sources of medical advice, but also because it can mislead the audience eventually causing negative effects on their health",1,-1,[],[19054]],["a serious problem that can cause individual and social harm by promoting erroneous beliefs about health and illness, leading to detrimental behavior",1,-1,[],[16842]],["is a serious problem that can cause individual and social harm by promoting erroneous beliefs about health and illness, leading to detrimental behavior",1,-1,[],[16842]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[1937]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The meanings of words are quite plainly the way that we put them to use in our everyday social practices",1,-1,[],[3423]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["If we take the semantic interpretation, there is no single predefined term that \"correctly\" completes the analogy (or maybe doctor does here too)",1,-1,[],[8037]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Analogy",1,17878,[["Analogy",1],["analogies",1]],[8037]],["analogy task",1,-1,[],[8037]]],"ex":[["Paris is to France as Tokyo is to Japan",1,-1,[],[8037]],["traffic is to street as water is to riverbed",1,-1,[],[8037]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["evidenciando una visión del mundo",1,-1,[],[47026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social roles",1,28392,[],[37615]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["focusing on exchanging information",1,-1,[],[7899]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["\"rapport\" talk",1,18661,[],[7899]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["account better for the way issues are framed in the news by both sides to influence their readers",1,-1,[],[43613]],["more fine grained, and topic-specific",1,-1,[],[43613]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frames",1,7860,[],[43613]],["high level policy frames",1,-1,[],[43613]],["political talking points",1,-1,[],[43612]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[43613]],["general frame",1,-1,[],[43612]],["high level policy frames",1,-1,[],[43613]]],"ex":[["the phrases 'Hobby Lobby', 'freedom restoration act' discuss a similar issue and can be grouped together to form a subframe (which we denoted as 'Hobby Lobby').",1,-1,[],[43612]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intrinsic measurements",1,24517,[],[25510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["grammar of visual content",1,-1,[],[56060]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["grammar of visual content",1,-1,[],[56060]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Counter-domestication",1,1498,[],[56844]],["Introverted Domestications",1,28769,[],[56844]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["attitudes about gender",1,-1,[],[60697]],["gender egalitarianism",1,-1,[],[60697]],["gender ideology",1,11052,[],[60697]],["gender role ideology",1,-1,[],[60697]],["gender-related attitudes",1,-1,[],[60697]]],"rt":[["gender role ideology",1,-1,[],[60697]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["whether search engines consistently favor popular sources over minor ones not only in terms of their inclusion, but also with regards to their ranking in the results",1,-1,[],[55614]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["source diversity",1,32061,[],[55614]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Instrumental Harm",1,11915,[],[17888]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["utilitarianism",1,9421,[],[17888]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A través del insulto, se inicia al sujeto en la vida social y temporal del lenguaje a partir de un nombre hiriente, inaugurando una relación de subordinación y una temporalidad de inminente punitividad",1,-1,[],[11180]],["ser insultado es una de las primeras formas de agravio lingüístico que uno aprende",1,-1,[],[11180]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["El insulto público es una huella de discurso de odio, desde un punto de vista semiótico",1,-1,[],[11180]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discurso de odio",1,16417,[],[11180]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["a speech act that merely treats someone as though they are morally subordinate",1,-1,[],[651]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["self-harm, inclusive of suicide attempts",1,-1,[],[35873]],["the term self-harm is increasingly used to refer to \"a broad category of behaviors encompassing any deliberate damage caused to oneself regardless of intent\" (Staniland et al., 2021, p. 2) and is thus considered to be inclusive of suicide attempts.",1,-1,[],[35873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["self-poisoning, strangulation, suffocation, self-cutting, and self-burning, with and without suicidal intent",1,-1,[],[35873]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the viewer becomes the recipient of a double-realistic manipulation",1,-1,[],[14286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Governments in different countries used it for \"boosting nationalist morale, for tying soldiers to the home front, for bringing vivid memories of the homes, loved ones and way of life they were seeking to protect\".",1,-1,[],[32801]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Bourdieu identifies that a field is a social arena within which one struggles for social position (Jenkins, 1992).",1,-1,[],[2726]],["different fields have distinctive value systems, normative discourses, modes of practice, and status systems",1,-1,[],[4109]]],"sy":[["arenas",1,25654,[],[6020]],["games",1,28155,[],[6020]],["organizational fields",1,-1,[],[6020]],["sectors",1,-1,[],[6020]]],"rt":[["doxa",1,32610,[],[5186]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["fields of consumption, academia, politics, and arts",1,-1,[],[4109]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["protest episode",1,10723,[],[24561]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The share of ideological and political frames is far more pronounced in the media coverage of science in the socialist period, reflecting the social system, current problems and media and social values of that era.",1,-1,[],[38169]],["reports on certain domestic scientific conferences in the socialist media had strong ideological and political connotations, presented in such a way as to encourage Yugoslav integration and cooperation among (all) republics, promote the success of the socialist political system or condemn ideologically undesirable events, behaviours or opinions.",1,-1,[],[38169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["System 1",1,16472,[],[2568]],["System 2",1,2185,[],[2568]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.\"",1,-1,[],[7977]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["the National Security Bureau",1,-1,[],[33552]],["the Press Council",1,10938,[],[33552]],["the Press Court",1,-1,[],[33552]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The two most important distinguishing features of the new social media are low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content.",1,-1,[],[12638]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Joining these organizations normally requires making a vow of secrecy, with harsh penalties for breaking it.",1,-1,[],[52394]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["secret collective of the Mehinaku of Central Brazil and that of the organization surrounding the protection of secret instruments in Melenesia",1,-1,[],[52394]],["the Pythagoreans",1,-1,[],[52394]],["the collective in the Molucca Islands",1,-1,[],[52394]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These boundaries help define who belongs to what particular social class and who does not.",1,-1,[],[58049]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Об'єктивно масам призначено бути не діячами, а множинним результатом.",1,-1,[],[14667]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Мовчазна маса",1,-1,[],[14667]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["may actually help explain (also with respect to commercially operating parties) why users may be more satisfied with services that offer them some diversity of choice.",1,-1,[],[4051]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["frame contestation",1,30189,[],[3783]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["essa impossibilidade daria ao enclausurado a sensação de vigilância permanente, ocasionando uma internalização da disciplina e automatizando-a",1,-1,[],[15102]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["textualism",1,30926,[],[30916]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["intent detection",1,7734,[],[24886]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the colonial 'non-encounter'",1,-1,[],[24407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["settler colonialism",1,28523,[],[24407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["vivid information stimulates imagination, attracts and holds attention, and is better retained in memory than nonvivid (pallid) information.",1,-1,[],[10151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In cases where socioeconomic causality is utilized to frame migration as an economic burden, public financial expenses associated with migration are discursively construed as results of exclusion and discrimination by the recipient population, which, in turn, prevents migrants from obtaining employment and contributing to the economy.",1,-1,[],[55803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the everyday manifestations of geopolitics, disseminated through diverse media channels, and the scholarly examination of said everyday geopolitics (Dittmer, 2010)",1,-1,[],[36477]],["the main goal of the discipline is to investigate both popular geopolitics produced by elites and the representations generated by non-elites",1,-1,[],[36477]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical geopolitics",1,13036,[],[36477]]],"sb":[["the everyday manifestations of geopolitics, disseminated through diverse media channels",1,-1,[],[36477]],["the scholarly examination of said everyday geopolitics",1,-1,[],[36477]]],"sp":[["critical geopolitics",1,13036,[],[36477]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["known in pragmatic research as the hallmark of irony from a relevance-theoretic perspective",1,-1,[],[8694]],["the meme authors and (re)posters dissociatively echo, and thereby ridicule, the voices of the meme subjects (butts) multimodally quoted in the pictures.",1,-1,[],[8694]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["irony",1,13113,[],[8694]]],"sb":[["Parody",1,27482,[],[8694]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Note that a video post may include not only the video itself. On text-dominated social platforms like Facebook and Twitter, there could be a text paragraph attached; and on video-dominated platforms mentioned before, a title or a short text description is generally included.",1,-1,[],[17916]],["the concept of misinformation video is closely related but different from fake video because the former is characterized by the intention of spreading false or misleading information",1,-1,[],[17916]],["the concept of misinformation video is closely related but different from fake video because the former is characterized by the intention of spreading false or misleading information while the latter typically refers to the video that has been manipulated or produced by Photoshop-like tools and generative AI techniques.",1,-1,[],[17916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake video",1,23257,[],[17916]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a citation is a symbolic act of authors associating particular ideas (i.e., concepts, procedures, or kind of data) with particular documents",1,-1,[],[25324]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["prósopon",1,-1,[],[31204]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["checkworthy",1,31772,[],[61621]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-technical codes",1,-1,[],[20884]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["an effective way to influence and persuade people is by reciprocation (I will march in your parade if you march in mine)",2,-1,[["an effective way to influence and persuade people is by reciprocation (I will march in your parade if you march in mine)",1],["an effective way to influence and persuade people is by reciprocation (I will march in your parade if you march in mine).",1]],[48819,60266]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I will march in your parade if you march in mine",1,-1,[],[60266]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ciberativismo",1,-1,[],[31438]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the way we talk about the environment is inseparable from how we act upon it.",1,-1,[],[57992]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["tradition of communication has historically been used as a \"means to insult somebody in a socially acceptable manner,\" as a technique for \"defending the sphere of privacy against excessive intrusion,\" and as a \"medium to criticize authority\"",1,-1,[],[17496]]],"sy":[["wax and gold",1,-1,[],[17496]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["intention/prediction",1,-1,[],[43538]],["obligation",1,-1,[],[43538]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["AFFIRM",2,18190,[["AFFIRM",1],["affirm",1]],[16427,21813,21814]],["CONCEDE",2,12721,[["CONCEDE",1],["concede",1]],[16427,21813,21814]]],"sp":[["PROCLAIMs",3,15292,[["PROCLAIMs",1],["Proclaim",1],["Proclaim [P]",1]],[16427,21814,38495]],["proclaim subsystem",1,-1,[],[16427]]],"ex":[["a speaker might use the Concur subsystem to agree with a particular policy proposal",1,-1,[],[16427]],["a) Their proposal, for a three-month extension is far from perfect.",1,-1,[],[38495]],["b) O sea, que con la está cayendo [C], se destinan varios cientos de millones de euros que en ningún caso se justificará, ni el gasto ni los resultados de tales ayudas.",1,-1,[],[38495]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["all-encompassing",1,-1,[],[24190]],["fully controlled by the government",1,-1,[],[24190]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contentious public sphere",1,2874,[],[24190]],["illiberal public sphere",1,16367,[],[24190]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Misinformation models enable researchers to understand the nature of this phenomenon better and predict its spread so that it may be countered more efficiently.",1,-1,[],[46271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Agent-based models (ABM)",1,19480,[],[46271]],["graph-based models",1,17532,[],[46271]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Informational-instructive roles",1,-1,[],[9339]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Web structure",1,-1,[],[32064]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is the law and regulations that take effect when they are broken, together with the control bodies, that are to safeguard law and order.",1,-1,[],[13150]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["people who are presented with a persuasive message that is incongruent with their existing attitude think of others who share their existing beliefs.",1,-1,[],[16951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Empowerment Strategies",1,21970,[],[16951]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Die Etablierung eines publizistischen Konflikts ist demnach unabwendbar, wenn ein Missstand in die öffentliche Agenda eingeflossen ist.",1,-1,[],[21281]],["Die öffentliche Auseinandersetzung über ein Skandalthema findet außerdem nicht immer in eine Richtung statt, sondern ist stets dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Skandalisierte ihren Standpunkt öffentlich vertreten.",1,-1,[],[21281]],["Nicht immer endet ein Skandal mit dem Rücktritt des Skandalisierten.",1,-1,[],[21281]],["Skandale sind grundsätzlich immer konflikthaltig, da sie Werte und / oder Normen des gesellschaftlichen Miteinanders betreffen.",1,-1,[],[21281]],["Skandalisierte vertreten ihren Standpunkt zum Skandalthema öffentlich und werden hierbei meist von weiteren Akteuren gestützt.",1,-1,[],[21281]],["ein publizistischer Konflikt, der sich um das Skandalthema und den skandalisierten politischen Akteur dreht.",1,-1,[],[21281]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Manipulating the face",1,11655,[],[31993]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["when it comes to blacks, they're always bad",1,-1,[],[18886]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["affinity",1,21664,[],[61217]],["cooperation",1,-1,[],[61217]],["disestablishment",1,-1,[],[61217]],["disillusionment",1,-1,[],[61217]],["state church",1,-1,[],[61217]],["symphony",1,-1,[],[61217]]],"sp":[["procedural frames",1,3659,[],[61217]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["News media heavily emphasised Sulli's controversial history or Coco's marital issues in the posts aligning with the topics that were already trending or provocative on social media, thereby likely boosting the posts' visibility",1,-1,[],[30143]],["This is consistent with previous studies that showed how media tends to frame suicide through a lens of intrigue and sensationalism",1,-1,[],[30143]],["reporting tends to isolate personal shortcomings or moral failings as principal explanations for the suicides, rather than engaging with the broader, multifactorial nature of mental health issues.",1,-1,[],[30143]],["the gossip frame frequently centres on intimate personal drama, such as relationship conflicts, rebellious behaviours, marital strains, and career setbacks",1,-1,[],[30143]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Chinese media reports swiftly turned the spotlight onto Coco's personal relationships and career dramas in the wake of her suicide.",1,-1,[],[30143]],["news accounts, particularly the commercial media (e.g., Sina Entertainment, Phoenix Entertainment, and Toutiao News), revisited Sulli's much-publicised romantic relationship with a rapper, focusing on the details of their relationship such as producing photographs and songs with sexual innuendos.",1,-1,[],[30143]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The \"false signifiers\" of authenticity that are prevalent in mockumentaries clearly have a similar impact in mimic vlogs and are easily manipulated and exploited.",1,-1,[],[56159]],["These \"false signifiers\" have different connotations in an online space than they might in more traditional media formats. A large part of this difference is a result of the platform and the visual homogeneity of its content.",1,-1,[],[56159]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["employing hateful and negative language against critics in contrast to communitarian and positive language to bolster national solidarity",1,-1,[],[19644]],["may speak to strategic intent",1,-1,[],[19644]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information maneuvers",1,7886,[],[19644]],["network maneuvers",1,6615,[],[19644]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["may include constructive procedures such as explaining or enhancing messaging around a topic, or destructive procedures such as dismaying opposed groups or distracting the public conversation from salient aspects of a given topic.",1,-1,[],[19644]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Personalized rankings further complicate these issues.",1,-1,[],[41177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a ranked list of content (e.g., search results) that \"buries\" content found in the lower positions, due to click and sharing bias or users perception of higher ranked content as being more trustworthy",1,-1,[],[41177]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It directly captures the extent of subjective language within an article.",1,-1,[],[51705]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["connected (virtually or in 'real life') by networks of belonging', that share aesthetic norms, are participatory and performative, and seek validation through visibility and approval",1,-1,[],[50902]]],"sy":[["spiritual movements",1,23601,[],[50902]]],"rt":[["spiritual movements",1,23601,[],[50902]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in stakeholders narratives are subtle, often undetected, and therefore problematic in policy development",1,-1,[],[2069]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This second dimension of the concept of populism is built on anti-elitism and anti-establishment stances.",1,-1,[],[3176]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["LLMs trained on data from specific cultural contexts may struggle with accurately understanding or generating text for users from different cultural backgrounds.",1,-1,[],[15808]],["Unlike structural bias, this type of bias cannot be observed through grammatical structure but requires contextual background information and human perception.",1,-1,[],[15621]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["behavioral stereotypes",1,26913,[],[15621]],["societal stereotypes",1,31425,[],[15621]]],"sp":[["gender bias",1,27773,[],[12463]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[54386]]],"ex":[["when we say The refugees were imprisoned in Park Hotel rather than The refugees were detained in Park Hotel, we imbue the message with our moral judgment against the detention, evoking the negative connotations of imprisonment such as the fact that refugees are treated as prisoners (as follows from the semantic frame) who committed some serious crime (as follows from the cognitive frame).",1,-1,[],[54386]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["rasgo léxico característico de la presencia de la modalidad de uso coloquial en los titulares periodísticos",1,-1,[],[47419]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Although suppression can allow individuals to momentarily decrease the expression of prejudicial thought, post-suppression rebound effects ironically increase both the activation of prejudicial thoughts and avoidance behavior [19][20][21][22].",1,-1,[],[10351]],["One intuitively-appealing strategy for navigating one's diverse social world is to suppress prejudicial thoughts.",1,-1,[],[10351]],["suppression can allow individuals to momentarily decrease the expression of prejudicial thought, post-suppression rebound effects ironically increase both the activation of prejudicial thoughts and avoidance behavior [19][20][21][22].",1,-1,[],[10351]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["News styles",1,21695,[],[61723]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[41336]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["crimes and delinquencies",1,-1,[],[51474]]],"sp":[["macro frame",1,3860,[],[51474]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Se pueden realizar a través de procesos mentales como 'destacan', 'sobresalen', 'distinguen', 'representan', 'significan'.",1,-1,[],[15164]],["Se pueden realizar a través de procesos mentales como 'destacan', 'sobresalen', 'distinguen', 'representan', 'significan'. Otra forma de construir estos significados es por medio de sustantivos como 'importancia', 'trascendencia', 'relevancia', entre otros.",1,-1,[],[15164]]],"sy":[["importancia",1,-1,[],[15164]],["relevancia",1,12811,[],[15164]],["trascendencia",1,-1,[],[15164]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Estima Social de Capacidad",1,-1,[],[15164]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Journalisten nehmen -wie alle Menschen -die Realität immer subjektiv -und somit unterschiedlichwahr",1,-1,[],[21227]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake-news images",1,34869,[],[5912]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["general crowds",1,10084,[],[16186]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A delimitação do que seja um argumento é dada pelo cumprimento de ao menos uma combinação das funções de enquadramento de Entman.",1,-1,[],[52020]],["Um argumento é composto pelas combinações AB, AC ou ABC.",1,-1,[],[52020]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["funções de enquadramento de Entman",1,-1,[],[52020]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["unidade de análise",1,-1,[],[52020]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Given the prevalence of malicious users, such as social bots, in the rumor propagation process, the inaccurate modeling of user relationships limits the effectiveness.",1,-1,[],[36951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Rumor detection",1,3268,[],[36951]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Automation is key feature of modern social engineering attacks, allowing attackers to conduct phishing attacks at scale (Ariu et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[28127]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["material",1,-1,[],[53426]],["mental",1,4323,[],[53426]],["relational types",1,-1,[],[53426]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[29655]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Encuadre específico de personificación",1,29519,[],[15972]],["encuadres de personificación",1,-1,[],[15972]],["personificación",1,1596,[],[15972]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["O engajamento social baseado no método da tenacidade tende a ignorar evidências em contrário e a desconsiderar opiniões divergentes",1,-1,[],[7862]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fixação das crenças",1,-1,[],[7862]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These out-groups are perceived as uniform and usually regarded as inferior.",1,-1,[],[3194]],["This is a new contraposition between 'us', 'the people' as a homogenous category, and 'them', an enemy within the people.",1,-1,[],[3194]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Authoritarianism",1,8109,[],[3194]],["Dangerous others",1,23381,[],[3194]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["suggested that pressure and protest can help bring about changes that reflect those higher aspirations",1,-1,[],[2546]],["which attributed decreasing political trust and rising disaffection to citizens' higher democratic expectations",1,-1,[],[2546]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mutual respect",1,7268,[],[18564]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["sharing a post on your profile",1,-1,[],[49336]]],"sy":[["retweeting",1,13918,[],[49336]],["sharing",1,8987,[],[49336]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["One challenge of the RA-MDS problem is how to conduct salience estimation by jointly considering the focus of news reports and the reader interests revealed by comments.",1,-1,[],[34282]],["We investigate this problem known as reader-aware multi-document summarization (RA-MDS).",1,-1,[],[34282]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multi-document summarization (MDS)",1,2582,[],[34282]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["multi-document summarization (MDS)",1,2582,[],[34282]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The final informing science model considered in this paper is referred to as the single client resonance model, shown in Figure 5 (Gill, 2105a, p. 268).",1,-1,[],[52443]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias-filter model",1,-1,[],[52443]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Supreme Court decisions are a form of expository writing",1,-1,[],[6481]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which can preserve, legitimate, and perpetuate the underlying roots of inequity and injustice, creating surface-level repairs that create an illusion of incremental progress but fail to interrogate or disrupt the broader systemic issues.",1,-1,[],[8132]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["corresponds to the interpretation of post-truth populists by Conrad and Hálfdanarson (2023)",1,-1,[],[44926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Metaphorical words, as offered in my guideline, can be subject to further analysis by taking into consideration their 'types' and 'frequencies', which can be used to determine/compare the impact and vividness of metaphorical images.",1,-1,[],[6008]]],"sy":[["metaphor keyword",1,3826,[],[6008]]],"rt":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[6008]],["metaphorical expression",1,19484,[],[6008]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Information Cocoons",1,22172,[],[16971]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["threat",1,10758,[],[38387]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These news prints consisted of a printed image in a broadsheet format combined with a short text or poem that clarified the images for the reader.",1,-1,[],[42571]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["The \"CNN effect\" has been described as the impact of global television on international policy decisions",1,-1,[],[49925]],["The CNN effect predicts that media coverage forces democratic governments to respond to situations of injustice by generating public opinion pressure.",1,-1,[],[52249]],["The term CNN effect was coined to describe the phenomena.",1,-1,[],[3617]],["The term implies that television coverage forces policy makers to take actions they otherwise would not have taken.",1,-1,[],[20756]],["the global news networks play multiple roles in policy-making, diplomacy and international relations, and that rigorous theoretical and methodological frameworks are required to better establish the roles and their effects.",1,-1,[],[60032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["TikTok effect",1,1847,[],[52482]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["prototypically disruptive behaviour included meaningless, irrelevant, or repetitive posts aimed at attention-seeking or response-generating",1,-1,[],[17813]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["spam trolling",1,3047,[],[17813]]],"sp":[["Trolling",1,5891,[],[17813]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["false beliefs",1,14680,[],[46481]]],"sb":[["non-specific memories",1,-1,[],[46482]],["specific memories",1,-1,[],[46482]],["suggestion-induced false memories",1,-1,[],[35372]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Hoy los periodistas desarrollan su trabajo sometidos a una presión constante, deben emitir contenidos en tiempo real y con escasa reportería. El anhelo de elevar la productividad y a la par reducir los costos, perseguido por el taylorismo de los albores del siglo XX, se replica en las redacciones del siglo XXI que buscan propalar la mayor cantidad de noticias en el menor tiempo posible.",1,-1,[],[26257]],["las fuentes aprovechan esta insaciable voracidad informativa para suministrar ingentes cantidades de contenido comercial o propagandístico.",1,-1,[],[26257]],["las rutinas productivas de los medios, marcadas cada vez más por la inmediatez y la escasez de recursos, se asemejan al sistema laboral diseñado por Taylor.",1,-1,[],[26257]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["homogeneización de la noticia",1,-1,[],[26257]],["newsmaking",1,16519,[],[26257]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["taylorismo",1,-1,[],[26257]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["These heuristics act as a powerful tool in decision-making and allow judgements to be made in the absence of systematic and elaborative processing",1,-1,[],[21742]],["but these cues do not necessarily depict relevance",1,-1,[],[16306]],["crucial role of peripheral cues in attracting initial audience attention",1,-1,[],[57753]],["influencers' reputation and appeal, which serve as a strong peripheral cue for the audience",1,-1,[],[57753]],["native ads leveraging strong peripheral cues, such as influencers, clickbait headlines, and rich visual elements",1,-1,[],[57753]],["shape the reach and effectiveness of native advertisements",1,-1,[],[57753]],["visual content provide powerful peripheral cues that quickly capture attention",1,-1,[],[57753]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Photographs and video materials",1,-1,[],[29454]],["color",1,-1,[],[29454]],["humor",1,-1,[],[29454]],["production quality",1,-1,[],[29454]],["sex appeal",1,-1,[],[29454]],["sound",1,-1,[],[29454]],["source citations may act as a heuristic for news consumers when analysing the credibility or veracity of a news story",1,-1,[],[21742]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["memory for other people's behavior",1,-1,[],[6044]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["astroturfing",1,3066,[],[2429]]],"rt":[["astroturfing",1,3066,[],[2429]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This perspective argues that people often care little about the specific policies under evaluation, because these rarely have important implications on people's concrete daily lives. However, their personal positions on these policies or issues have strong consequences for their social identity.",1,-1,[],[2089]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hierarchical Network",1,-1,[],[7155]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Identitarian Movement",1,-1,[],[20161]]],"sb":[["Generation Identity -GI",1,-1,[],[20161]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["A positive value of c reflects a conservative bias",1,-1,[],[56740]],["Positive values indicate a so-called conservative bias",1,-1,[],[55775]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["response bias (c)",1,10676,[],[56740]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["response bias",1,10676,[],[55775]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["background",1,4921,[],[12381]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Claim extraction is a primary argument mining task as the claim is a key argument component.",1,-1,[],[59440]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["primary argument mining task",1,-1,[],[59440]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["consists of an array of practices, including political and cultural exclusion, cultural abuse, legal and street violence, and discrimination.",1,-1,[],[22210]],["the repository of whatever is symbolically expelled from hegemonic masculinity",1,-1,[],[22210]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["homosexual masculinity",1,-1,[],[22210]]],"sp":[["hegemonic masculinity",1,8683,[],[22210]],["masculinities",1,28245,[],[22210]]],"ex":[["homosexual masculinity",1,-1,[],[22210]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, we aim to capture how the audience perceives the news media's credibility and trustworthiness in an information era characterized by the omnipresence of false information and accusations of untruthfulness.",1,-1,[],[8334]],["two proposed dimensions of perceived untruthfulness in the media",1,-1,[],[8334]]],"sy":[["perceived untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[8334]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["related to rumor detection",1,-1,[],[33067]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These conditions help determine whether a speech act is performed successfully, based on the context and intention behind the statement.",1,-1,[],[38372]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In brief, high online information literacy requires that users should possess a high self-efficacy for using digital technologies and essential online information-search skills.",1,-1,[],[1739]],["high online information literacy requires that users should possess a high self-efficacy for using digital technologies and essential online information-search skills.",1,-1,[],[1739]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["eHealth literacy",1,-1,[],[1739]],["health literacy",1,30831,[],[1739]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In case of trending topics, such hashtags emerge due to events like holidays, natural disaster, and news about popular people.",1,-1,[],[52970]],["It is about creating asymmetric power through mediated territories.",1,-1,[],[14865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["organic reach",1,34504,[],[14865]],["paid",1,21628,[],[14865]],["paid reach",1,22927,[],[14865]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This agency is consequential in terms of effects and is the result of a news framing process .",1,-1,[],[15393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The instances of influencing are shaped by the closeness of the audience and streamer, as well as the demands for authenticity that are notable within the game-oriented communities.",1,-1,[],[4548]],["the influence of a streamer cannot simply be calculated by the size of their audience. Although it is clear that a celebrity streamer holds an impressive sway of (potential) influence over their large audience, smaller streamers can also be influential in much more direct ways with a smaller audience.",1,-1,[],[4548]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Illustration",1,13976,[],[7048]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["widely used to explain the relationships between political elites and the media in situations of consensus and political dissent",1,-1,[],[42417]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rhetorical argumentation",1,-1,[],[12805]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Section 373 of the Criminal Code Act, 100 which defines a 'defamatory matter' as a 'published' matter (expression) injurious to the reputation of any person whether 'living or dead', can arguably be used to criminalise social media content.",1,-1,[],[50541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["meaning makers",1,-1,[],[32378]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The labeling process is inherently discriminatory, where those with greater societal power can often avoid social stigma. At the same time, marginalized or vulnerable groups are more easily branded as criminals.",1,-1,[],[47252]],["The theory underscores that crime is not an intrinsic quality of any behavior but rather a socially constructed category shaped by prevailing norms, laws, and power structures.",1,-1,[],[47252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Sources in repressive states operating under government sanction.",2,-1,[],[22649,46609]]],"de":[["The state aimed to impose its will over citizens by changing their belief systems (justifying collectivization with communist ideology) to align with reality (state and collective land ownership).",1,-1,[],[57471]],["built on the communist ideology, which drove both indoctrination and agitation",1,-1,[],[57471]],["characterized the Soviet Union and Maoist China",1,-1,[],[57471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agitprop",1,26657,[],[57471]],["propaganda state 2.0",1,24914,[],[57471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22649,46609]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["In everyday life, storytelling manifests itself most often as 'an exchange between two or more persons during which a past or anticipated experience [is] referenced, recounted, interpreted, or challenged' (Boje 1991, 111).",1,-1,[],[4940]],["It is a process that allows us to pass experiences from human to human through many media: oral tradition, printed word, visual images, radio, cinema, television.",1,-1,[],[6678]],["It is the transition between making sense of a situation and expressing that in a structured way to the outside world.",1,-1,[],[11122]],["Quando os acontecimentos são encadeados em histórias, eles acabam perdendo sua contingência, e isso produz um efeito tranquilizador",1,-1,[],[19432]],["Stories thus can help us to understand the world and to act upon it through policy.",1,-1,[],[4940]],["Storytelling is used by indigenous people to transform traditional knowledge [26] and as a meaning-making activity [53].",1,-1,[],[14652]],["Storytelling, which also has some of its roots in (socio)-linguistics (Labov 1972), has a stronger embedding in organizational studies, where it seems to have replaced previously popular concepts such as organizational culture (Czarniawska 1997).",1,-1,[],[4940]],["Telling stories is not just listing events.",1,-1,[],[4940]],["The political storyteller chooses the angle of the story depending on the situation.",1,-1,[],[11122]],["The selection of events to include in a story and their structuring in a particular sequence is used to endorse a moral standpoint, provide evaluative judgments, present eyewitness evidence as reliable, and contextualize and rationalize claims or counterclaims",1,-1,[],[57603]],["They embed the scientific content in a story about people and try to give the text a clear message.",1,-1,[],[25443]],["Using stories, or storytelling, as an educational tool helps us to deliver knowledge content with a context.",1,-1,[],[14652]],["a storytelling analysis approaches those accounts as wholes and tries to find the overarching structure.",1,-1,[],[11122]],["enquanto esta é uma mentira que se reconhece como mentira, no storytelling a concatenação de fatos numa narrativa tem por efeito a ocultação de seu caráter ficcional; ele consistiria, por isso, numa tentativa de \"reconciliação com o real (e a História) por meio da narrativa (história)\"",1,-1,[],[19432]],["intersubjectivist",1,-1,[],[11122]],["não deve ser pensado como uma ficção: enquanto esta é uma mentira que se reconhece como mentira, no storytelling a concatenação de fatos numa narrativa tem por efeito a ocultação de seu caráter ficcional; ele consistiria, por isso, numa tentativa de \"reconciliação com o real (e a História) por meio da narrativa (história)\"",1,-1,[],[19432]],["online news headlines can be observed as a quintessential contemporary storytelling device because they are designed in such a way to grab readers' attention by using emotional, sensual, or even frightening and disturbing images and language (Harris et al., 2015, p. 137).",1,-1,[],[48764]],["represents the link between the two concepts",1,-1,[],[11122]],["storytellers, through the use of story elements, suggest a certain way to make sense of events and in that way can get things done.",1,-1,[],[4940]],["storytelling as a conduit for remembering, which is at once shaped by the absence of policies and legal frameworks, but also shapes subsequent policies to deal with the past",1,-1,[],[42154]],["storytelling as a social practice anchored in particular contexts and reflecting specific interactional goals",1,-1,[],[57603]],["storytelling has become a prevalent mode of addressing the legacy of violent conflict",1,-1,[],[42154]],["storytelling manifests itself most often as 'an exchange between two or more persons during which a past or anticipated experience [is] referenced, recounted, interpreted, or challenged'",1,-1,[],[4940]],["three important elements -information, experience, and emotion -are integrated into news discourse (Amangeldiyeva et al., 2020, p. 3164)",1,-1,[],[48764]]],"sy":[["meaning-making activity",1,-1,[],[14652]],["story",1,28479,[],[4940]]],"rt":[["frame",1,7860,[],[11122]],["framing",1,22777,[],[11122]],["intersubjectivist",1,-1,[],[11122]],["narrative",1,10497,[],[11122]],["narrative analysis",1,1668,[],[4940]],["oral history",1,20120,[],[42154]],["sense-making",1,17172,[],[27921]],["story",1,28479,[],[4940]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["How was your weekend?",1,-1,[],[4940]],["News reports, policy documents and political speeches",1,-1,[],[4940]],["What happened yesterday at that the meeting?",1,-1,[],[4940]],["academic articles",1,-1,[],[4940]],["interviews",1,-1,[],[4940]]]},{"nd":15,"df":[["journalistic ethics should be understood primarily as the means by which positions of economic or political domination are appropriated and contested",2,-1,[["journalistic ethics should be understood primarily as the means by which positions of economic or political domination are appropriated and contested",2],["journalistic ethics should be understood primarily as the means by which positions of economic or political domination are appropriated and contested.",1]],[17434,47554]]],"de":[["Journalistic ethics are in this sense not a resource or guide, but a constitutive element of professional identity and discourse.",1,-1,[],[17434]],["Media ethics as a symbolic economy are not entirely arbitrary but rather a particular case of the ethical symbolic worlds possible in the context of the generative structures of the journalistic field and its positioning within political and cultural metafields",1,-1,[],[17434]],["This will act as a key determinant of journalistic cultures of practices -meaning not only overtly professional actions but also practices of reflection, distinction, subjectification and so on",1,-1,[],[17434]],["individual journalists will adhere to ethical codes only insofar as they have a strategic interest in doing so",1,-1,[],[47554]],["the use of morality and ethics is vital for journalists in their daily work-life as responsible citizens in which they operate.",1,-1,[],[47554]]],"sy":[["media ethics",1,18955,[],[17434]],["传播责任",1,-1,[],[31905]]],"rt":[["deontological ethical framework",1,7412,[],[17434]],["freedom",1,17357,[],[52778]],["justice",1,709,[],[52778]],["media morality",1,20480,[],[17434]],["responsibility",1,1758,[],[52778]],["truth",1,9596,[],[52778]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["safety adherence",1,13799,[],[31905]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The latter option can also be strengthened through self-actualization mechanisms encouraging user interactions with individualized news feeds (Sullivan et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[38921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":30,"df":[],"de":[["a struggle to control the information activities of an adversary and an attempt to preserve one's own information infrastructure.",1,-1,[],[37044]],["information warfare has its inherent geopolitical dimension.",1,-1,[],[28215]],["we will refer to information warfare in the context of ideologically and politically driven fake news, which seeks to manipulate, deceive, and change behavioral outcomes through disinformation for long-term strategic advantage.",1,-1,[],[55179]]],"sy":[["Black/Grey Propaganda",1,-1,[],[30945]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[48126]],["hybrid war",1,23163,[],[57980]],["information war",1,15478,[],[32464]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[48126]],["psychological operations",1,29788,[],[48126]],["psychological warfare",1,22775,[],[48126]]],"rt":[["Propaganda",2,34203,[["Propaganda",1],["propaganda",1]],[28438,37044]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[30945]],["disinformation campaigns",1,8138,[],[37044]],["information-psychological war",1,-1,[],[48126]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[30945]],["psychological manipulation",1,-1,[],[37044]],["semantic warfare",1,26233,[],[28438]],["the dissemination of propaganda",1,-1,[],[37044]]],"sb":[["operational security, electronic warfare (EW), psychological operations (PSYOPs), deception, physical attack on information processes, and information attack on informational processes",1,-1,[],[28215]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[37044]],["semantic warfare",1,26233,[],[28438]]],"sp":[["hybrid warfare",2,29255,[],[28215,37044]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[40830]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["La amenaza adquiere la categoría de discurso de odio cuando comienza a funcionar como un ritual: cuando en tanto que enunciado, funciona \"repetido en el tiempo, y por consiguiente, presenta un campo de acción que no se limita al momento del enunciado mismo\"",1,-1,[],[11172]],["la amenaza inaugura un horizonte temporal de consecuencias imprevisibles",1,-1,[],[11172]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discurso de odio",1,16417,[],[11172]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[9623]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[50196]]],"ex":[["climate denial",1,-1,[],[50196]],["fossil-fuel companies denying climate science",1,-1,[],[9623]]]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Accordingly, the meanings of different representation techniques and communicational acts are analyzed with due consideration of the social context -hidden or suggested meanings, symbols, etc. -of the analyzed text.",1,-1,[],[58343]],["Central to CDA is the substitution of words in a sentence using predefined word lists.",1,-1,[],[37623]],["relies on adapting the input data and is more generally applicable",1,-1,[],[11743]]],"sy":[["Critical Discourse Analysis",1,23921,[],[61554]]],"rt":[["counterfactual sentences",1,2993,[],[37623]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Word count needs to be balanced in the deceptive scenarios where the descriptiveness of the scenario needs to be balanced and too many words can reveal inaccuracies.",1,-1,[],[26201]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":219,"df":[["Sources that use exaggerated, misleading, or questionable headlines, social media descriptions, and/or images.",2,-1,[],[22638,46599]],["Sources that use exaggerated, misleading, or questionable headlines, social media descriptions, and/or images. These sources may also use sensational language to generate interest, clickthroughs, and shares.",2,-1,[],[22638,46599]]],"de":[["These sources may also use sensational language to generate interest, clickthroughs, and shares.",2,-1,[],[22638,46599]],["Abandon the principles of journalism",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Although they often increase website traffic and generate revenue, they usually fall short of readers' expectations, wasting their time and causing disappointment",1,-1,[],[32392]],["An incomplete or confusing text link, sometimes over exaggerated by the publisher, leaves the web visitors frustrated or disappointed because the reached article does not meet their expectations (as suggested by the text or image link).",1,-1,[],[39772]],["As the use of clickbait often occurs in relation to advertisements and incomplete or even false information, clickbait often collides with the principles of Independence and Truth",1,-1,[],[35655]],["Biyani and colleagues (2016) described several categories of clickbait means, among them exaggeration, teasing, confusion, improper language and graphical material.",1,-1,[],[33227]],["By emphasizing fear and urgency, such ads tap into consumers' emotional responses, fostering a heightened need for products and services that promise relief or protection.",1,-1,[],[57745]],["By using sensational and misleading headlines, especially on social media platforms, clickbait has the objective of attracting and determining online users to click on a given link to generate website traffic",1,-1,[],[57708]],["By using sensational and misleading headlines, especially on social media platforms, clickbait has the objective of attracting and determining online users to click on a given link to generate website traffic (Zhang and Clough, 2020).",1,-1,[],[57708]],["Clickbait appears in different forms, ranging from partial facts, exaggerated headlines, and catchy wordings [2] to enticing advertisements, and misinformation campaigns [3].",1,-1,[],[41789]],["Clickbait articles are often simplified, speculative, negative, and provocative (Blom & Hansen, 2015)",1,-1,[],[29837]],["Clickbait can also take place in nontext cues with pictures that attract attention before headlines or other text is read",1,-1,[],[35655]],["Clickbait has been categorized into demonstrative adjectives, lists, modals, questions, and \"wh\" words such as what, why, and who, positive superlatives, and negative superlatives.",1,-1,[],[27363]],["Clickbait headlines create a so-called \"curiosity gap\", increasing the likelihood that reader will click the target link to satisfy their curiosity.",1,-1,[],[6751]],["Clickbait headlines often make use of curiosity gaps, cliffhangers, or exaggerated claims to pique the reader's interest and encourage them to engage with the content",1,-1,[],[41154]],["Clickbait is a product of the attention economy, as creators seek ways to grab viewers' attention by the methods mentioned earlier.",1,-1,[],[50402]],["Clickbait is deceptive in nature.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Clickbait makes use of peripheral cues that do not require much cognitive capacity but trigger arousal",1,-1,[],[35655]],["Clickbait news often met with superb engagement on all platform, this is mainly due to the nature of clickbait that are dramatic, full of teases, often sexually explicit, and incite over curiosity",1,-1,[],[49757]],["Clickbait posts tend to spread inaccurate or misleading information to manipulate people's attention and emotions, which greatly harms the credibility of social media.",1,-1,[],[35354]],["Clickbait shows characteristic stylistic and lexical features: 'forward-referencing', heavy use of demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, interrogatives, and imperatives (Blom and Hansen, 2015), as well as extensive use of personal pronouns (e.g. 'you'), numbers, and celebrity references (Chen et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[35846]],["Clickbait uses informal language",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Clickbait uses informal language (less formal than standard).",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Clickbaits are purposely implemented to misguide or redirect social media users to increase the views and web traffic of certain websites for online advertising earnings",1,-1,[],[242]],["Clickbaits are used to tempted visitors to click on a particular link either to monetize the landing page or to spread the false news for sensationalization.",1,-1,[],[32002]],["Clickbaits in some cases are designed to disrupt interactions or to lure individuals into arguing in disturbed online interactions or communications",1,-1,[],[242]],["Clicking on the link will generate income to the owner of that link in the form of a pay per click (Alina et al., 2017;Biyani et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[5412]],["Compared to headlines in traditional news media, clickbait headlines tend to be informationally incomplete and exhibit recognisable lexical, semantic, and stylistic differences, typically relying on extensive use of forward-referring expressions and discourse deixis (Blom, Hansen, 2015), hyperbolic and formulaic language (Scott, 2021(Scott, , 2023)), as well as simplification, secularisation, negativity and provocative content (Kuiken et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[48746]],["Contains controversial word and/or buzzword",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Contains emotion-provoking word",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Contains hyperbolic sentence and/or word",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Contains pointing word(s) following images or video",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Contains question for the reader",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Contains teaser message to entice curiosity",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Cuando el bulo no puede ser clasificado en los criterios anteriores, pero se ha compartido ampliamente, se considera que la intención que hay detrás es la de generar una alta actividad en redes sociales denominada Clickbait",1,-1,[],[15224]],["Essentially, all clickbait strategies rely on creating information gaps (Scott, 2021) and phoricity because the reader needs to locate the entities that are being referred to later in the full text or discourse for the headline to make sense (Blom, Hansen, 2015, p. 92).",1,-1,[],[48746]],["Harms the digital ecosystem",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Hides true information about the content",1,-1,[],[60377]],["However, clickbait detection problems are distinguished from misleading headlines as they may exaggerate the content but are not particularly misleading (Chen et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[44433]],["However, the corresponding content is often disappointing, infuriating or even deceitful.",1,-1,[],[889]],["However, the goal behind using clickbait is to increase the traffic to a website (Zannettou et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[994]],["In contrast, non-clickbait articles use a more formal, rigorous language, maybe even specialized, to objectively report a series of events.",1,-1,[],[39772]],["In this experiment, I operationalize clickbait primarily through 'information gap' headlines that signal but ultimately withhold some valuable information.",1,-1,[],[61707]],["Increase the income generated to digital portals.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Instead of providing high-quality content, clickbait employs enticing headlines to persuade users to click.",1,-1,[],[889]],["Instead of providing high-quality content, clickbait employs enticing headlines to persuade users to click. Usually, relatively low-quality content is observed after clicking, which makes users feel disappointed or fooled.",1,-1,[],[889]],["It also encourages them to click",1,-1,[],[37860]],["It also encourages them to click [35].",1,-1,[],[37860]],["It is a sensational headline that encourages clicks to a separate webpage by providing some information",1,-1,[],[19840]],["It is a type of attention-grabbing title that might not reflect the content of the article [34].",1,-1,[],[37860]],["It is a viral strategy",1,-1,[],[60377]],["It is created to advertise, arouse interest, misinform, and create income opportunities.",1,-1,[],[27363]],["It is created to advertise, arouse interest, misinform, and create income opportunities. The creator receives money based on the number of clicks, which makes clickbait commercial.",1,-1,[],[27363]],["It is spam-like content",1,-1,[],[60377]],["It may also contain a message that is controversial but did not disclose complete information about it in the sentence",1,-1,[],[50069]],["Misleading videos and clickbait both have the same goal: to entice more people to click on the underlying content.",1,-1,[],[44433]],["Often attributed to clickbait is the use of questions, numbers, forward referencing, spectacularization, and negativity.",1,-1,[],[4941]],["Open the curiosity gap",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Por lo general, este tipo de noticias suele caracterizarse por la inserción de titulares llamativos y poco rigurosos que pretenden funcionar como \"anzuelos\", pudiendo distorsionar la realidad e incrementar la desinformación, una práctica que queda muy cerca de la manipulación y puede ser considerada un daño colateral en la guerra por conseguir una mayor audiencia.",1,-1,[],[14722]],["Publishers use strategies, such as building suspense, sensation or teasing, to invoke a 'curiosity gap' between the content and reader [25,28]. In the case of clickbait, the curiosity is eased through clicking on a headline to navigate to the linked article 6 .",1,-1,[],[24461]],["Sometimes such links exaggerate the actual content they link to or they point out a shocking title to the web visitor.",1,-1,[],[39772]],["Such stories use sensationalist headlines to grab attention and increase Click-through rates normally at the expense of truth or accuracy.",1,-1,[],[51438]],["The aim of clickbait is to attract people's attention.",1,-1,[],[889]],["The analysed pieces display a wide array of options, including exclamations, rhetorical questions, or direct appeals",1,-1,[],[13884]],["The clickbait PSA primarily tapped into the more familiar digital phenomenon of how news outlets write eye-catchy and sensational headlines to make readers curious about the linked content.",1,-1,[],[5147]],["The content on the landing page is usually of low quality.",1,-1,[],[10898]],["The content the click leads to is of low quality.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["The creator receives money based on the number of clicks, which makes clickbait commercial.",1,-1,[],[27363]],["The information present in these headlines creates suspense and can tease users by containing exaggerate information than actual content.",1,-1,[],[32000]],["The intent behind propaganda and clickbait varies from opinion manipulation and attention redirection to monetization and traffic attraction.",1,-1,[],[51163]],["The links are typically versions of the headline or title of the linked web page.",1,-1,[],[24461]],["The objective is to increase access to the content produced to enhance the increase in advertising.",1,-1,[],[50046]],["The phenomenon is partly attributable to the fact that the news flow on social media has increased commercial competition in an already highly competitive online market for reader attention.",1,-1,[],[59691]],["The purpose of clickbait is to redirect readers to fake websites to increase traffic to websites containing ads.",1,-1,[],[37860]],["The purpose of clickbait is to redirect readers to fake websites to increase traffic to websites containing ads. It is a type of attention-grabbing title that might not reflect the content of the article",1,-1,[],[37860]],["The underlying purpose of clickbait is to encourage users to click the headline (or teaser message), thereby luring people to view the linked article (and generate revenue)",1,-1,[],[24461]],["Their goal is to entice users to click on the title in order to monetize the landing page.",1,-1,[],[10897,10898]],["Their goal is to entice users to click on the title in order to monetize the landing page. The content on the landing page is usually of low quality.",1,-1,[],[10897]],["These kinds of news have a repetitive style.",1,-1,[],[61923]],["They define 8 types of clickbait such as Exaggeration, Teasing, Inflammatory, Graphic, Formatting, Baitand-Switch, ambiguous, Wrong and contend that clickbait articles usually have misleading information in form of gossip with low quality that is usually not related to the headlines",1,-1,[],[5412]],["They purposely withhold the information required to understand what the content of the article is, and often exaggerate the article to create misleading expectations for the reader.",1,-1,[],[17955]],["This differs from other clickbait phenomena, such as those that use exaggerated or shocking claims to elicit a click.",1,-1,[],[61707]],["This is one of the least severe types of false information because if a user reads/views the whole content then he can distinguish if the headline and/or the thumbnail was misleading.",1,-1,[],[7005]],["This kind of news messages is less formal and more readable than professionally written ones.",1,-1,[],[18059]],["This type is not new as it appeared years before, during the \"newspaper era,\" a phenomenon known as yellow journalism [50].",1,-1,[],[7005]],["To increase the reader's curiosity and to draw more attention to the bait, sometimes publishers overuse an informal or colloquial language.",1,-1,[],[39772]],["UNRELIABLE",1,-1,[],[2814]],["Unverified information",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Use of bad words",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Use of falsehood and bias",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Use of keywords",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Use of sensational headlines",1,-1,[],[60377]],["Use of weak fonts",1,-1,[],[60377]],["While clickbait is often viewed as a tool for selling content rather than intentionally deceiving or manipulating the audience, it is hard to ignore the possibility that this marketing activity may contribute to the dissemination of fake news (Alves et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[42756]],["While these baits may trick the readers into clicking, in the longrun, clickbaits usually don't live up to the expectation of the readers, and leave them disappointed.",1,-1,[],[21102]],["a headline that entices users to click, but only presents limited information and fails to convey the essential story, becomes clickbait rather than a useful headline (Bourgonje et al., 2017;Potthast et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[45576]],["a source of media distrust",1,-1,[],[61707]],["a vague headline that induces curiosity, which is then used to lure readers into clicking on the headline.",1,-1,[],[4941]],["appears in different forms, ranging from partial facts, exaggerated headlines, and catchy wordings",1,-1,[],[41789]],["are therefore valuable to news outlets (at least in the short run) because they attract more measurable engagement that can be advertised to advertisers",1,-1,[],[61707]],["as creators seek ways to grab viewers' attention by the methods mentioned earlier.",1,-1,[],[50402]],["assigned a more active role to the media in misinforming the public",1,-1,[],[5147]],["attract website traffic",1,-1,[],[3229]],["attracts the reader to click",1,-1,[],[60377]],["by exploiting the reader and convincing him/her that there is an unexpected thing with negative emotion",1,-1,[],[19604]],["clickbait also has its role, that of taking the reader to the text.",1,-1,[],[44711]],["clickbait and low-quality media articles do use emotion to engage with the readers, trying to monopolize their views and opinions.",1,-1,[],[39772]],["clickbait articles usually have high CTR due to it enticing and appealing nature",1,-1,[],[5412]],["clickbait articles usually have misleading information in form of gossip with low quality that is usually not related to the headlines",1,-1,[],[5412]],["clickbait headlines are often characterized as misleading or disappointing.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["clickbait headlines do not necessarily have to be fake news; they may contain genuine information but in an exaggerated fashion",1,-1,[],[46286]],["clickbait headlines often used non-topic related words and teasing words.",1,-1,[],[50069]],["clickbait headlines tend to be informationally incomplete and exhibit recognisable lexical, semantic, and stylistic differences, typically relying on extensive use of forward-referring expressions and discourse deixis (Blom, Hansen, 2015), hyperbolic and formulaic language (Scott, 2021(Scott, , 2023)), as well as simplification, secularisation, negativity and provocative content (Kuiken et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[48746]],["clickbait in its prevalent meaning is sludge",1,-1,[],[35655]],["clickbait is used as a digital marketing strategy.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["clickbait links take readers to destination sites that present advertisements along with generally low-quality content.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["clickbait which has two ways of detecting it; firstly, it can be easily detected because the content is different from the headline and secondly, based on the fact that the content is of low quality",1,-1,[],[5412]],["clickbait-style by using hyperbolic words like 'craze' and alluring phrases like 'Explore how you can do that too.'",1,-1,[],[46286]],["clickbaits are low quality pages that serve sensational, provoking, gossip-like content.",1,-1,[],[10897]],["clogs up social media and news feeds while also violating journalistic codes of ethics",1,-1,[],[41789]],["complex nature of clickbait and whether it can be objectively determined",1,-1,[],[24461]],["determine the quality and relevance of the linked article",1,-1,[],[24461]],["digital phenomenon",1,-1,[],[5147]],["drama and sensation are used to capture and keep their attention",1,-1,[],[5147]],["emotions in clickbaits play a key role in deceiving the reader",1,-1,[],[19603]],["expressly designed to withhold information to entice the reader to read on, or in most cases, to click.",1,-1,[],[35846]],["fake news is a form of clickbait.",1,-1,[],[35058]],["fake news often uses strong or outrageous content, so-called clickbait",1,-1,[],[35082]],["fake news variants, such as misinformation, rumors, clickbait, and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[20597]],["fenómeno del clickbait que algunos autores entienden como un «subgénero» de las noticias falsas bajo un sello mediático",1,-1,[],[46367]],["focusing on dramatic, attention-grabbing coverage",1,-1,[],[5147]],["intended to attract visitors to engage on the article's site and read the entire story",1,-1,[],[46114]],["is not an objective phenomenon, but rather influenced by people's opinions, values, and emotions, as well as their cultural background as it is presented in [11]",1,-1,[],[39772]],["it attracts the reader to click, that it is presented (as a title or text) to arouse curiosity in the audience, that it is of low quality, that it has a misleading, exaggerated or malicious nature encouraging increasing advertising revenue, using sensational headlines and informal language, and resorting to keywords and/or algorithms.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["it is mainly employed to attract users to access a specific website to increase traffic and, consequently, boost revenue",1,-1,[],[40061]],["it leads to a frustrating user experience in cases where the landing page, i.e., the actual article, is of low quality and significantly under-delivers the content promised in the headline.",1,-1,[],[10897]],["la intención de generar tráfico o un número grande de interacciones",1,-1,[],[15224]],["lo que se traduce en aumento del tráfico web y su respectivo ingreso publicitario",1,-1,[],[32834]],["many users add misleading descriptors to their content with the goal of increasing their traffic for profit or popularity [143]",1,-1,[],[7005]],["may contain genuine information but in an exaggerated fashion",1,-1,[],[46286]],["misleading, exaggerated or malicious nature encouraging increasing advertising revenue",1,-1,[],[60377]],["most annotators considered only the headline or teaser message rather than a deep analysis of the linked content",1,-1,[],[24461]],["most clickbait has misleading information such as gossip and most appealing headlines aimed at enticing the reader to click on the link",1,-1,[["most clickbait has misleading information such as gossip and most appealing headlines aimed at enticing the reader to click on the link",1],["most clickbait has misleading information such as gossip and most appealing headlines aimed at enticing the reader to click on the link.",1]],[5412]],["negative phenomenon",1,-1,[],[39772]],["news media intentionally write eye-catching and sensational headlines to gain more clicks",1,-1,[],[5147]],["not an objective phenomenon, but rather influenced by people's opinions, values, and emotions, as well as their cultural background",1,-1,[],[39772]],["obtener una difusión viral del mensaje",1,-1,[],[15224]],["of low quality",1,-1,[],[60377]],["presented (as a title or text) to arouse curiosity in the audience",1,-1,[],[60377]],["promote and encourage the spread of false and/or low quality information on the web",1,-1,[],[24461]],["recognizes both the textual as well as the non-textual clickbait activity",1,-1,[],[50534]],["resorting to keywords and/or algorithms",1,-1,[],[60377]],["responding to a particular economic model, they thus fulfilled their function of attracting visits and generating reactions by the public",1,-1,[],[37356]],["risk level is lower, and dissemination is slower.",1,-1,[],[61923]],["slang words are often used in clickbait headlines to bring the headline to an \"easier level\" so that the readers can relate to the headline with relative ease",1,-1,[],[50069]],["stimulates the reader's curiosity by creating a cognitive gap that needs to be filled between what we already recognize and what we would like to recognize",1,-1,[],[41789]],["teaser messages which induce curios-ity, or any other kind of strong emotion",1,-1,[],[12361]],["the actual news may contradict the headline or image",1,-1,[],[12888]],["the classification of clickbait is a highly subjective endeavor.",1,-1,[],[46286]],["the clickbait headline caters to the time-pressed internet user.",1,-1,[],[44711]],["the clickbait headline does not necessarily reflect the journalistic content but challenges the reader to determine him/her to access the content.",1,-1,[],[44711]],["the dividend that this fake news pays makes the practice rampant especially in form of clickbait.",1,-1,[],[5412]],["the essence of clickbait is to construct a curiosity gap in the title that cannot be fulfilled by the corresponding content.",1,-1,[],[889]],["the goal behind using clickbait is to increase the traffic to a website (Zannettou et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[994]],["the main stand-out feature of the headlines is sensationalism, manifested in various clickbait and narrativity strategies, which are accumulated across the written text and the accompanying image.",1,-1,[],[48746]],["the misinformation categories that are more similar to reliable news are click bait and junk science.",1,-1,[],[3229]],["the only purpose of clickbait links is to induce a click.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["the quality of the content rarely fulfils the promise of the headline.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["the research is proposed as a systematic literature review with the objective of analyzing the trends in studies on clickbait in the Scopus and Web of Science databases from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2023.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["the use of clickbait could be perceived as a form of spam with unwanted side effects",1,-1,[],[35655]],["the use of headlines that act as clickbait is essential in order to guarantee the rapid dissemination of pieces of news.",1,-1,[],[27689]],["they usually fall short of readers' expectations, wasting their time and causing disappointment",1,-1,[],[32392]],["they would use similar tricks to lure in users.",1,-1,[],[44433]],["this differs from the concept of headline incongruence described here",1,-1,[],[35846]],["this negative phenomenon is being used to arouse interest and suspense to mislead and determine internet users to take any action, as a response to the created \"curiosity gap‖",1,-1,[],[57708]],["to attract readers' attention",1,-1,[],[48746]],["undermining the credibility of media and contributing to the spread of rumours 20 and misinformation online",1,-1,[],[24461]],["using sensational headlines and informal language",1,-1,[],[60377]],["using this kind of content leads to a decrease in the loyalty of regular audiences.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["which can misinform readers if they do not read the full story",1,-1,[],[35655]],["while clickbait generates clicks, it often leads to dissatisfaction when content doesn't meet expectations",1,-1,[],[31382]]],"sy":[["click-fishing mechanisms",1,-1,[],[44711]],["clickbait",1,6382,[],[44711]],["dogmatic and aggressive rhetoric in fake news stories",1,-1,[],[46114]],["sludge",1,-1,[],[35655]]],"rt":[["fake news",8,33960,[["fake news",7],["Fake news",1]],[7097,12361,24461,27363,30032,39772,46286,60377]],["Rumors",2,17712,[["Rumors",1],["rumours",1]],[24461,60377]],["false information",2,20964,[],[19603,60377]],["forward referencing",2,6037,[],[4941,14489]],["number",2,-1,[["number",1],["numbers",1]],[4941,14489]],["sensationalism",2,9105,[],[35846,48746]],["Simplification",1,8034,[],[4941]],["advertising strategy",1,-1,[],[60377]],["click induction",1,-1,[],[889]],["clickbait strategies",1,29351,[],[35655]],["curiosity gap",1,18490,[],[889]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[24461]],["eye-catching breaking news announcements",1,-1,[],[57708]],["false and/or low quality information",1,-1,[],[24461]],["false news",1,34005,[],[7097]],["gossip",1,15638,[],[39772]],["headline",1,21479,[],[24461]],["hoaxes",1,13150,[],[60377]],["hyperpartisan news",1,16223,[],[12361]],["hypothesis/guess",1,-1,[],[14489]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[24461]],["misleading headlines",1,22510,[],[44433]],["misleading video headlines",1,-1,[],[44433]],["narrativity",1,30592,[],[48746]],["negativity",1,2653,[],[4941]],["non-clickbait",1,30463,[],[50069]],["non-factual claims",1,21947,[],[6751]],["objectionable or harmful content",1,-1,[],[60377]],["phishing",1,11941,[],[57708]],["provoking content",1,-1,[],[4941]],["questionable",1,-1,[],[14489]],["questions",1,8040,[],[4941]],["reaction",1,23118,[],[14489]],["reasoning",1,20614,[],[14489]],["revealing",1,-1,[],[14489]],["rhetorical construct",1,-1,[],[60377]],["shocking/unbelievable",1,-1,[],[14489]],["spam",1,30454,[],[57708]],["spectacularization",1,2531,[],[4941]],["teaser message",1,-1,[],[24461]],["thin content",1,-1,[],[39772]],["unfounded rumours",1,-1,[],[39772]]],"sb":[["Graphic",5,7304,[["Graphic",3],["graphic",2]],[5412,10897,14489,24461,60377]],["Inflammatory",5,9354,[["Inflammatory",3],["inflammatory",2]],[5412,10897,14489,24461,60377]],["ambiguous",5,33378,[["ambiguous",3],["Ambiguous",2]],[5412,10897,14489,24461,60377]],["teasing",5,29309,[["teasing",3],["Teasing",2]],[5412,10897,14489,24461,60377]],["Bait-and-Switch",4,387,[["Bait-and-Switch",1],["Bait-and-switch",1],["Baitand-Switch",1],["bait and switch",1],["bait-and-switch",1]],[5412,10897,14489,60377]],["Exaggeration",4,29154,[["Exaggeration",2],["exaggeration",2]],[5412,14489,24461,60377]],["Formatting",4,12556,[["Formatting",2],["formatting",2]],[5412,10897,14489,24461]],["Wrong",4,22525,[["Wrong",3],["wrong",1]],[5412,10897,14489,24461]],["Misleading",2,19203,[["Misleading",1],["misleading",1]],[24461,60377]],["Bait & Switch type titles",1,1143,[],[46286]],["Exaggeration, Teasing, Inflammatory, Graphic, Formatting, Bait-and-Switch, ambiguous, Wrong",1,-1,[],[5412]],["Financial Clickbaits",1,33653,[],[242]],["Forward-reference headlines",1,-1,[],[24461]],["Malicious Clickbaits",1,24228,[],[242]],["Political Clickbaits",1,30372,[],[242]],["ambiguity",1,21439,[],[60377]],["descontextualizaciones dolosas (desinformación generada a costa de sacar expresiones o citas de su contexto para provocar reacciones determinadas)",1,-1,[],[46367]],["exaggeration, jokes, inflammatory, format, graphic, bait and switch, ambiguity, and misleading.",1,-1,[],[60377]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[35058]],["format",1,16505,[],[60377]],["forward referencing",1,6037,[],[14489]],["forward-reference",1,30452,[],[24461]],["graphics",1,18313,[],[60377]],["hypothesis/guess",1,-1,[],[14489]],["incorrect content",1,230,[],[60377]],["inflammatory content",1,18086,[],[60377]],["jokes",1,7230,[],[60377]],["number",1,-1,[],[14489]],["question",1,8040,[],[46286]],["questionable",1,-1,[],[14489]],["reaction",1,23118,[],[14489]],["reasoning",1,20614,[],[14489]],["revealing",1,-1,[],[14489]],["shocking/unbelievable",1,-1,[],[14489]]],"sp":[["fake news",10,33960,[["fake news",8],["Fake news",2]],[5412,19840,20597,23102,37860,40061,44551,51390,51438,61923]],["misinformation",3,10315,[["misinformation",2],["Misinformation",1]],[1477,3229,60377]],["disinformation",2,17423,[],[19603,51163]],["false information",2,20964,[],[19603,33907]],["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22638,46599]],["Intencionalidad",1,6222,[],[15224]],["intent-based fake news",1,23293,[],[994]],["misleading news",1,22858,[],[12888]],["noticias falsas",1,30391,[],[46367]]],"ex":[["\"The Hot New Phone Everybody Is Talking About\"",2,-1,[["\"The Hot New Phone Everybody Is Talking About\"",1],["'The Hot New Phone Everybody Is Talking About!'",1]],[17955,24461]],["Which Real Housewife Are You Based On Your Birth Month",2,-1,[],[21102,35846]],["\". . . will blow your mind\"",1,-1,[],[17324]],["\". . . will change your life\"",1,-1,[],[17324]],["\"Only the people with an IQ above 160 can solve these questions. Are you one of them? Click to find out…\"",1,-1,[],[32000]],["\"This actor fell . . . \"",1,-1,[],[17324]],["\"This city started . . . \"",1,-1,[],[17324]],["\"This fact about . . . \"",1,-1,[],[17324]],["\"You won't believe . . . \"",1,-1,[],[17324]],["\"Youll Never Believe Who Tripped and Fell on the Red Carpet\"",1,-1,[],[17955]],["'10 things Apple didn't tell you about the new iPhone'",1,-1,[],[24461]],["'This guy went to hug an elephant. What happens next will blow your mind'",1,-1,[],[24461]],["-\"The Hot New Phone Everybody Is Talking About\" -\"Youll Never Believe Who Tripped and Fell on the Red Carpet\"",1,-1,[],[17955]],["15 Things That Happen When Your Best Friend Is Obsessed With FIFA",1,-1,[],[21102]],["41.4% of articles produced by Government exhibit clickbaity features",1,-1,[],[24461]],["A woman had stomach pains. Doctors discovered it was something she swallowed-a decade ago",1,-1,[],[35655]],["Emphasis on emotions",1,-1,[],[57745]],["Exaggeration, Teasing, Inflammatory, Graphic, Formatting, Baitand-Switch, ambiguous, Wrong",1,-1,[],[5412]],["Here's What Happens When You Put A Few Little Kids In A Room With 2 Dolls In 2 Different Colors.",1,-1,[],[35846]],["Joaquín Prat, perplexed and speechless before the snow deniers: his face says it all",1,-1,[],[37356]],["Multiple combinations",1,-1,[],[57745]],["Reverse narrative style",1,-1,[],[57745]],["The 10 reasons why everyone should drink coffee",1,-1,[],[35655]],["The publication of clickbait itself can be considered as fake news, as it misleads the audience through headlines that are inconsistent with the actual content.",1,-1,[],[42756]],["They Said She Had Cancer. What Happens Next Will Blow Your Mind",1,-1,[],[21102]],["This 5 Kinds Fruit is Really Good for Your Skin!",1,-1,[],[50069]],["This Rugby Fan's Super-Excited Reaction To Meeting Shane Williams Will Make You Grin Like A Fool",1,-1,[],[21102]],["Typical examples include exaggerated statements, such as \"You won't believe . . . \", \". . . will change your life\", or \". . . will blow your mind\", as well as unnecessary omissions of informative details as in \"This actor fell . . . \", \"This city started . . . \", \"This fact about . . . \".",1,-1,[],[17324]],["Use of numbers",1,-1,[],[57745]],["Use of vague pronouns",1,-1,[],[57745]],["You'll Never Believe Who Tripped and Fell on the Red Carpet.",1,-1,[],[35846]],["a bait link can propagate in a search engine result page (SERP) [1], in a social network news feed or, when shared, in users' posts in social media.",1,-1,[],[39772]],["catchy wordings",1,-1,[],[41789]],["enticing advertisements",1,-1,[],[41789]],["exaggerated headlines",1,-1,[],[41789]],["exaggerated statements, such as \"You won't believe . . . \", \". . . will change your life\", or \". . . will blow your mind\", as well as unnecessary omissions of informative details as in \"This actor fell . . . \", \"This city started . . . \", \"This fact about . . . \".",1,-1,[],[17324]],["headlines in the Croatian Jutarnji list and Lithuanian Lietuvos rytas, i.e. online iterations of established \"quality\" / \"broadsheet\" newspapers are representative examples of sensationalism and clickbait",1,-1,[],[48746]],["holding important information hostage to the click",1,-1,[],[61707]],["investigated features might have caused a click and then disappointment with the content",1,-1,[],[35655]],["misinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[41789]],["misrepresenting the hostage content altogether to 'create misleading expectations for the reader'",1,-1,[],[61707]],["partial facts",1,-1,[],[41789]],["pueden brindar esperanza en tiempos de incertidumbre, o supuestas 'curas milagrosas'",1,-1,[],[15224]],["terms such as \"shocking\" or \"looming\", provocative images",1,-1,[],[12888]],["uncertainty",1,-1,[],[57745]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["More specifically, populist ideas may also frame the deprived people in opposition to culpable others on a horizontal, economic level.",1,-1,[],[4302]],["These others can, for example, be defined as the \"extreme\" rich minority, CEOs of large corporations, or managers of banks.",1,-1,[],[4302]],["populist ideas may also frame the deprived people in opposition to culpable others on a horizontal, economic level.",1,-1,[],[4302]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism",1,20354,[],[4302]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["exclusionism",1,31511,[],[4302]],["populism indicators",1,-1,[],[4302]]],"ex":[["the \"extreme\" rich minority, CEOs of large corporations, or managers of banks",1,-1,[],[4302]],["the wealthy or the extreme-rich",1,-1,[],[4302]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["securitization",1,21176,[],[29016]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Accuracy: The reliability and correctness of the information -Are there citations for the news provided so that you can tell where the news came from? -Has the news been reviewed or referred to? -Is the content of the news free of emotion? -Are there any spelling, grammar, or other typographical errors?",1,-1,[],[44187]],["Authority: The source of the information -Who wrote the news, and what are their qualifications? -Has the author published works in a more traditional format, like books or journal articles? -Is the author associated with an organization? -What does the URL reveal about the author or the source?",1,-1,[],[44187]],["Currency: The timeliness of the information -When was the news posted or published? -Is the news current or out of date on the topic? -Has the information been revised or updated?",1,-1,[],[44187]],["Relevance: The coverage and depth of the content and its importance for your needs -Have you looked at a variety of other sources before determining you will use this one? -Who is the intended audience? -Would you be comfortable using this source for a research paper? -Does the news relate to your topic or answer your question?",1,-1,[],[44187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["accuracy",1,5235,[],[44187]],["authority",1,14203,[],[44187]],["currency",1,13,[],[44187]],["purpose",1,4723,[],[44187]],["relevance",1,33428,[],[44187]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["At its core, critical information literacy is an attempt to render visible the complex workings of information so that we may identify and act upon the power structures that shape our lives",1,-1,[],[30384]],["Critical IL arose to understand how libraries may participate in systems of oppression and imagine how information professionals can intervene.",1,-1,[],[30384]],["Critical information literacy operates to inculcate a \"theoretically informed praxis\" which facilitates a tactical, critical engagement with information",1,-1,[],[30384]],["The approach relies on a variety of perspectives and pedagogies that encourages theoretically informed practice, acknowledging that the breadth of information, learners, and instructors are socially situated entities.",1,-1,[],[13690]],["a critical IL would assume a positionality a priori in an effort to espouse politically and socially engaged information literacies.",1,-1,[],[30384]],["a critical stance on information and the questions it provokes and privileges is what connects information to questions of social justice and meaningful civic engagement.",1,-1,[],[52168]],["no information system is ever neutral as they are always embedded in, and determined by, the existing social, political, and economic power structures",1,-1,[],[52168]],["the critical paradigm took the conversation beyond a more technical discussion about accessibility and usability, and moved it into the epistemological sphere: Who owns this platform? What assumptions or biases could be built into this search algorithm that provided me with these results? Whose knowledge is privileged, and who's not?",1,-1,[],[52168]]],"sy":[["Critical IL",1,-1,[],[30384]]],"rt":[["Freirian and Marxist critical theory",1,-1,[],[30384]],["Marxist critical theory",1,-1,[],[30384]],["critical literacy",1,34457,[],[13690]],["critical theory",1,28128,[],[30384]],["social justice discourse",1,-1,[],[30384]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Information Literacy",1,8985,[],[52168]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, if totalitarian propaganda aims to produce the fascist mass by manufacturing a compelled inclusion, U.S. advertising produces the individual consumer-worker through an opposing route: the threat of exclusion from the illusory collective.",1,-1,[],[33009]],["totalitarian propaganda has three central characteristics that differentiate it from other forms: (1) it is regressive, insofar as it hopes to de-individuate the masses by fostering conformist, irrational (anti-liberal, anti-intellectual) thoughts and feelings; (2) it is totalistic, insofar as it demands \"total power over opinion formation\" (p. 116) and the elimination of competing ideologies; and (3) its only criterion is success in capturing mass adherence, because it does not actually seek to convince the populace of the validity of a particular agenda, but rather to alter their collective psychology.",1,-1,[],[33009]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["meaning that actors made claims primarily defined around the modalities of crisis management (e.g. border control, asylum application processes and the sharing of responsibilities across EU member states)",1,-1,[],[40591]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["crisis management",1,-1,[],[40591]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["I interpret it as a principle.",1,-1,[],[18651]],["The Principle of Neutrality has played and continues to play as significant a role in First Amendment jurisprudence as the Principle of Overbreadth",1,-1,[],[18651]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Nuanced Principle of Autonomy",1,-1,[],[18651]],["Nuanced Principle of Democracy",1,-1,[],[18651]],["Nuanced Principle of Self-Realization",1,34524,[],[18651]],["Principle of Autonomy",1,17442,[],[18651]],["Principle of Civic Dignity",1,-1,[],[18651]],["Principle of Democracy",1,-1,[],[18651]],["Principle of Health",1,18042,[],[18651]],["Principle of Human Excellence",1,-1,[],[18651]],["Principle of Knowledge",1,8213,[],[18651]],["Principle of Legitimacy",1,-1,[],[18651]],["Principle of Non-Oppression",1,31182,[],[18651]],["Principle of Non-Subordination",1,26169,[],[18651]],["Principle of Recognition",1,16164,[],[18651]],["Principle of Security",1,9242,[],[18651]],["Principle of Self-Realization",1,34092,[],[18651]],["Principle of Truth",1,14061,[],[18651]],["content neutrality",1,22920,[],[18651]],["viewpoint neutrality",1,12308,[],[18651]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news avoidance",1,7314,[],[5105]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[25583]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dignitary rights",1,-1,[],[18674]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["right to mental tranquility",1,-1,[],[18674]],["right to reputation",1,23518,[],[18674]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In social media, a deceptive text can happen in the form of a rumor.",1,-1,[],[47896]],["Spam or a phishing email is treated as deceptive content in the personal mail or messaging domain.",1,-1,[],[47896]],["in the news and public media domain, the deceptive text is known as Fake News.",1,-1,[],[47896]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Fake News",2,-1,[["Fake News",1],["Fake news",1]],[44646,47896]],["Spam",1,-1,[],[47896]],["Spam or a phishing email",1,-1,[],[47896]],["fake reviews",1,-1,[],[44646]],["in the news and public media domain, the deceptive text is known as Fake News",1,-1,[],[47896]],["phishing email",1,-1,[],[47896]],["rumor",1,-1,[],[47896]]]},{"nd":10,"df":[["frequency heuristic, which means that consumers may naturally favor information they hear frequently, even if it is fake news",2,-1,[["frequency heuristic, which means that consumers may naturally favor information they hear frequently, even if it is fake news",2],["frequency heuristic, which means that consumers may naturally favor information they hear frequently, even if it is fake news.",1]],[308,6770]]],"de":[["A Frequency heuristic forms when people frequently hear the news, leading to natural approval of the information, even if it is fake news.",1,-1,[],[20623]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chamber effect",1,1437,[],[711]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This is the case if journalists, which are an essential input for news production, are characterised by a common ideological stance, i.e. they are all on average conservatives or liberal.",1,-1,[],[60514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["having had visceral contact with the virus strongly engages the affective experiential system which is known to be more dominant in the processing of risk under these conditions",1,-1,[],[4038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Representational Harms",1,4488,[],[7507]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["A fallacy is an erroneous or invalid way of reasoning.",1,-1,[],[23618]],["Because fallacious arguments can be very close to valid ones sometimes it may be difficult to talk about clear-cut distinctions",1,-1,[],[36381]],["Besides working as indicators of misinformation that could be used as features to build systems for the automatic identification of misinformation, fallacies reveal the roots of misleading claims, being, thus, more informative than truth barometers proposed by current human fact-checking enterprises.",1,-1,[],[36379]],["Fallacies provide support to fake news, misinformation, and disinformation dissemination.",1,-1,[],[29141]],["Hence, false assertions are not, per se, fallacies.",1,-1,[],[23618]],["In this paper, we propose a taxonomy that unifies and consolidates all types of fallacies used in current work on fallacy detection.",1,-1,[],[23618]],["Our categorization of fallacies into logic, emotion, and credibility is based on the primary aspect of the fallacy that leads to an invalid or weak argument.",1,-1,[],[23618]],["They are said to be arguments that seem valid but are not",1,-1,[],[18923]],["arguments that seem correct but are not",1,-1,[],[18924]],["arguments that work as deceptive stratagems",1,-1,[],[18924]],["fallacious reasoning is persuasive because it follows, even if partially, the patterns and tropes of non-fallacious reasoning thereby producing arguments that are not entirely invalid or outrageously unacceptable, at least at first glance.",1,-1,[],[36381]],["indicators of misinformation that could be used as features to build systems for the automatic identification of misinformation",1,-1,[],[36379]],["pointing to flows in the quantity and quality of arguments, the reasoning types at stake and the language used",1,-1,[],[36379]],["reveal the roots of misleading claims",1,-1,[],[36379]],["work as indicators of misinformation and provide more systematic explanations compared to mere labels as to why news might be misleading",1,-1,[],[36379]]],"sy":[["Explicit toxicity",1,24966,[],[29141]],["sophisms",1,27222,[],[18923]]],"rt":[["ad hominem fallacies",1,30251,[],[23618]],["appeal to emotion",1,19980,[],[23618]],["argumentation scheme",1,10389,[["argumentation scheme",1],["argumentation schemes",1]],[18923,18924]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[29141]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[29141]],["false dilemma fallacy",1,20238,[],[23618]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[29141]],["paralogism",1,13217,[],[18924]],["sophism",1,27222,[],[18924]],["textual entailment",1,31620,[],[23618]]],"sb":[["Cherry picking",1,33694,[["Cherry picking",1],["cherry-picking",1]],[36379,36381]],["Evading the burden of proof",1,11562,[],[36379]],["False analogy",1,34440,[],[36379]],["False authority",1,-1,[],[36379]],["False cause",1,21891,[],[36379]],["Hasty generalization",1,6987,[],[36379]],["Language fallacy",1,-1,[["Language fallacy",1],["language fallacies",1]],[36379,36381]],["Post hoc",1,26760,[["Post hoc",1],["post hoc",1]],[36379,36381]],["Red herring",1,31078,[],[36379]],["Straw man",1,4827,[],[36379]],["ad hominem fallacies",1,30251,[],[23618]],["appeal to emotion",1,19980,[],[23618]],["ethos (assuming false credibility)",1,-1,[],[29141]],["fallacies from diversion",1,27814,[],[36381]],["false dilemma fallacy",1,20238,[],[23618]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[36381]],["logos (false logic)",1,-1,[],[29141]],["paralogism",1,13217,[],[18924]],["pathos (appealing to emotions)",1,-1,[],[29141]],["sophism",1,27222,[],[18924]],["structural",1,34391,[],[36381]]],"sp":[["argument",1,2086,[],[23618]],["toxicities",1,34320,[],[29141]]],"ex":[["argumentum ad hominem (argument against the person)",1,-1,[],[18923]],["argumentum ad verecundiam (appeal to authority, especially inappropriate argument from expert opinion)",1,-1,[],[18923]],["fake news can be viewed as news that 'seems to be valid but is not so'.",1,-1,[],[36381]],["hasty generalization",1,-1,[],[18923]],["peititio principii (begging the question)",1,-1,[],[18923]],["post hoc ergo propter hoc (false cause)",1,-1,[],[18923]],["straw man argument",1,-1,[],[18923]],["the argument \"You must either support my presidential candidacy or be against America!\"",1,-1,[],[23618]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The concepts of multiculturalism and immigration are not identical, although they are closely related.",1,-1,[],[3407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multiculturalism",1,5739,[],[3407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["attacks at the character and word levels, including flipping upper-lower case, using homoglyphs, misspelling words",1,-1,[],[46260]],["character-level attacks involving Cyrillic injection",1,-1,[],[46260]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["word-level attacks",1,15232,[],[46260]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["adversarial attacks",1,16158,[],[46260]]],"ex":[["Cyrillic injection",1,-1,[],[46260]],["flipping upper-lower case",1,-1,[],[46260]],["misspelling words",1,-1,[],[46260]],["using homoglyphs",1,-1,[],[46260]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["We take curation to be the processes through which people are matched with content that appeals to them.",1,-1,[],[32340]],["curation",1,15674,[],[32340]],["news curation",1,4561,[],[40834]]],"ex":[["Examples of these decisions include skimming, muting, and following on social media",1,-1,[],[40834]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Todo ello en un contexto de multialfabetización que implica la comprensión y el análisis de la información proporcionada por los medios, el pensamiento reflexivo destinado a emitir juicios argumentados y el conocimiento de una información en su contexto, así como el manejo de las herramientas digitales",1,-1,[],[51535]],["implica la comprensión y el análisis de la información proporcionada por los medios, el pensamiento reflexivo destinado a emitir juicios argumentados y el conocimiento de una información en su contexto, así como el manejo de las herramientas digitales",1,-1,[],[51535]],["la comprensión y el análisis de la información proporcionada por los medios, el pensamiento reflexivo destinado a emitir juicios argumentados y el conocimiento de una información en su contexto, así como el manejo de las herramientas digitales",1,-1,[],[51535]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["educomunicación",1,34746,[],[51535]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["On digital media, the interaction ritual takes the form of the exchange of messages on a shared topic. In other words, the rituals are conversations.",1,-1,[],[50490]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["dancing together at a club, shouting in unison at a Trump rallyor even something as simple as sharing a cigarette",1,-1,[],[50490]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["involvedness",1,9861,[],[7915]],["normative",1,2969,[],[41386]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["conformity pressures",1,-1,[],[41386]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["data citizenship",1,-1,[],[23190]]],"ex":[["understanding data q collection and data economy",1,-1,[],[23190]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["pushing the idiom of the briefings from information provision to cross-examination",1,-1,[],[52295]],["the classic formulation",1,-1,[],[52295]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Instead of deceit, news parodies rather intend to entertain others and caricature political or public events or fi gures.",1,-1,[],[10618]],["Their essence is to imitate the style, language, and news structure of news media.",1,-1,[],[10618]]],"sy":[["satire",1,9893,[],[10618]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake news",1,33960,[],[32119]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Sometimes it is called a \"working method\"",1,-1,[],[42513]],["Though an imagological approach complies with the classical features of adopting a method (systematicity of investigation, a mode of procedure, etc.), it is never put at a similar level with methods such as discourse analysis, corpus gathering, keystroke logging, eye tracking, interviews or surveys.",1,-1,[],[42513]]],"sy":[["working method",1,-1,[],[42513]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Avoidance behavior has primarily been studied in the context of marketing communications, where researchers have studied the factors that cause individuals to switch channels (zapping), fast forward commercials in recorded programs (zipping), switch off their television, or leave the room to avoid commercial messages (Brodin, 2007).",1,-1,[],[16918]],["Avoidance is perhaps the most straightforward means of protecting oneself from the impact of persuasive messages.",1,-1,[],[16918]],["Avoidance strategies are particularly adopted when people anticipate an unwanted persuasion attempt, whereas the other strategies are used to cope with the actual experience of the persuasion attempt, at which point it is too late to adopt avoidance strategies.",1,-1,[],[16918]],["These strategies are often used when the intensity of the conflict is low or when public institutions feel unable to manage the conflict properly.",1,-1,[],[3570]],["avoidance strategies are proposed to be related to all the identified resistance motives (e.g., freedom threats, reluctance to change, and concerns of deception) because these strategies are assumed to be used upon the anticipated experience of resistance.",1,-1,[],[16918]]],"sy":[["ostrich",1,-1,[],[3570]]],"rt":[["biased processing",1,13701,[],[16918]],["contesting",1,-1,[],[16918]],["empowerment strategies",1,21970,[],[16918]]],"sb":[["cognitive avoidance",1,19610,[],[16918]],["denial strategies",1,11603,[],[3570]],["mechanical avoidance",1,-1,[],[16918]],["physical avoidance",1,744,[],[16918]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[16918]]],"sp":[["resistance strategies",2,-1,[],[16918,60593]],["resistance to persuasion",1,1705,[],[60593]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["čime se potvrđuje marginaliziranost žena u političkoj sferi",1,-1,[],[46258]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":23,"df":[["a socially constructed process through which a person with stigma can experience discrimination and devaluation in society",2,-1,[["a socially constructed process through which a person with stigma can experience discrimination and devaluation in society",1],["a socially constructed process through which a person with stigma can experience discrimination and devaluation in society.",1]],[15290,58731]]],"de":[["Akerlof (1976) provides a model of stigma based on ostracism.",1,-1,[],[5456]],["In other words, stigma first separates, calls attention to, and categorizes a person based upon a negatively-valenced attribute; it then indicates that this attribute is damaging or threatening, and that the individual is responsible for the stigmatized identity.",1,-1,[],[54060]],["Stigma affects a substantial segment of the U.S. population at some point of their lives and encompasses a wide range of highly prevalent personal attributes",1,-1,[],[53305]],["Stigma affects a substantial segment of the U.S. population at some point of their lives and encompasses a wide range of highly prevalent personal attributes (e.g., old age, obesity, depression) as well as identities or health conditions (e.g., minority sexual orientation, physical disabilities, chronic illnesses).",1,-1,[],[53305]],["Stigma also carries with it content cues indicating that (a) belonging to this stigmatized group is linked to some degree of physical and/or social peril and (b) the stigmatized individual is in some way responsible or to blame for it",1,-1,[],[54060]],["Stigma communication works first to distinguish the individual and then to categorize them as a separate social entity.",1,-1,[],[54060]],["Stigma functions to set the stigmatized individual apart from others on a social level, but also carries an inherently negative value.",1,-1,[],[54060]],["Stigma is a socially constructed process through which a person with stigma can experience discrimination and devaluation in society.",1,-1,[],[15290]],["Stigma is discursively enacted, so the stigmatized individual experiences that stigmatization as a result of social discourse, which can be perpetuated through media channels.",1,-1,[],[54060]],["a socially constructed phenomenon through which a person is directly or indirectly labeled by their illness, exposures, travel history, and ethic descents that further led to negative actions and discrimination.",1,-1,[],[15290]],["stigma is local (i.e., group-specific) and is learned by observing the behavior of others such as parents",1,-1,[],[5456]],["stigmas and stigmatisation are thus relative assessments of social attributes.",1,-1,[],[25498,25499]],["stigmas were originally understood as being marks on human bodies such as tattoos, scars from wounds or burns, or injuries, i.e. negative characteristics differing from the social norm.",1,-1,[],[25498,25499]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stigmatisation",2,22663,[["stigmatisation",1],["stigmatization",1]],[25499,54060]],["blame",1,30629,[],[34721]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[15290]],["experience of poverty",1,-1,[],[19188]],["negative images",1,-1,[],[25499]],["social exclusion",1,2928,[],[34721]],["structural discrimination",1,-1,[],[34721]]],"sb":[["actual stigma",1,-1,[],[47665]],["discreditable stigmas",1,13813,[],[54060]],["discredited stigmas",1,1889,[],[54060]],["internal stigma",1,-1,[],[47665]],["layered stigma",1,31641,[],[47665]],["perceived stigma",1,11021,[],[47665]],["self-stigma",1,20757,[],[15290]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["They (community people) said you are infecting the whole of my country; you need to get the hell out.",1,-1,[],[15290]],["a medical health worker with Chinese heritage faced stigmatization in the hospital",1,-1,[],[15290]],["being voluntarily childless",1,-1,[],[53305]],["diseases, socioeconomic status, disabilities, and religion",1,-1,[],[60844]],["facial scars",1,-1,[],[53305]],["having facial scars",1,-1,[],[53305]],["living in a trailer park",1,-1,[],[53305]],["local people blocked on the road and hurled stones at the buses that carried 82 passengers who were evacuated from Wuhan",1,-1,[],[15290]],["minority sexual orientation, physical disabilities, chronic illnesses",1,-1,[],[53305]],["old age, obesity, depression",1,-1,[],[53305]],["people, including healthcare workers, were bullied or physically insulted or faced discrimination from their landlords and neighbors",1,-1,[],[15290]],["stories circulated that people of Asian origin were experiencing stigmatization and blame",1,-1,[],[15290]],["the greeks … originated the term stigma to refer to bodily signs designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of the signifier. the signs were cut or burnt into the body and advertised that the bearer was a slave, a criminal, a traitor-a blemished person, ritually polluted to be avoided, especially in public places",1,-1,[],[25499]],["verbal and physical racial attacks against Chinese people in the earlier part of the pandemic",1,-1,[],[15290]]]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Context collapse is usually understood in terms of actors' personal networks in different social domains, such as the family, the workplace, one's circle of friends, et cetera.",1,-1,[],[38191]],["Such communication across social contexts differs significantly from face-to-face social interactions within a single social situation.",1,-1,[],[38191]],["Twitter folds multiple audiences into a flattened context.",1,-1,[],[8269]],["the collapse of delimited social environments",1,-1,[],[9122]],["the effect of context collapse and online disinhibition on the behaviours of users",1,-1,[],[8269]],["the flattening of multiple audiences into one (Marwick and boyd, 2011)",1,-1,[],[9122]],["the study of 'context collapse' investigates the effects of bringing together otherwise distinct social domains and publics in specific social media uses",1,-1,[],[38191]],["which could be mitigated by organizing content and audiences thematically to delineate spaces where accuracy is (e.g., news) versus is not (e.g., family photos) central (28).",1,-1,[],[6522]]],"sy":[["collapsed context",1,-1,[],[9122]]],"rt":[["online disinhibition",1,7942,[],[8269]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social context-based approaches",1,8918,[],[1001]]],"rt":[["content-based approaches",1,19195,[],[15528]],["mixed approaches",1,9132,[],[15528]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[47166]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Motivation",1,13069,[],[29499]]],"ex":[["Hope/Fear are illustrated, for instance, by the hope of doing something productive in your professional career or the fear of not being able to accomplish something that you want.",1,-1,[],[29499]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["el diseñador es un \"experto en la construcción de espacios, de intercambios entre actores humanos y tecnológicos…\"",1,-1,[],[18753]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The category label can be expressed via a noun (e.g. christian), a pronoun (e.g. she), an adjective (e.g. religious), or a name (e.g. Laura).",1,-1,[],[37622]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a name (e.g. Laura)",1,-1,[],[37622]],["a noun (e.g. christian)",1,-1,[],[37622]],["a pronoun (e.g. she)",1,-1,[],[37622]],["an adjective (e.g. religious)",1,-1,[],[37622]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By establishing the main themes of these news as collateral damages and consequences or even as simple events around it, the media displaces or neutralizes the sexual assault allegation, its perpetrator and its victim.",1,-1,[],[4776]],["the news media can also neutralize sexual victimization in as far as they shift the focus away from sexual assault and prioritize the case details as news events (for example, lawyer's statements or legal details of the case) or the collateral effects and unintended consequences of the sexual assault claim.",1,-1,[],[4776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distraction from the perpetrator and the crime",1,7797,[],[4776]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Twenty articles neutralize sexual victimization by focusing the case events, such as the US legal procedures, actions from the prosecution and from the defence, speculation about missing evidence and other incidents with news value.",1,-1,[],[4776]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This representation allows us to model sentiment detection as a sequence tagging problem, jointly discovering people and organizations along with whether there is sentiment directed towards them.",1,-1,[],[25607]],["targeted sentiment, may be viewed as a span of sentiment expressed across the entity",1,-1,[],[25607]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["targeted subjectivity",1,17450,[],[25607]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias by word choice and labeling (WCL)",1,1222,[],[60783]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Methods like re-sampling, re-weighting, and adjusting the objective function were employed to attain this equilibrium.",1,-1,[],[50366]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The question is whether this baiting is perceived as immoderate or deceptive by the reader-a subjective notion.",1,-1,[],[17325]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The word 'extortion' (in Spanish extorsión or, colloquially, renta) by definition presupposes an element of threat.",1,-1,[],[24071]],["by definition presupposes an element of threat.",1,-1,[],[24071]]],"sy":[["extorsión",1,-1,[],[24071]],["impuesto de guerra",1,-1,[],[24071]],["la renta",1,-1,[],[24071]],["protection racket",1,-1,[],[24071]],["renta",1,-1,[],[24071]]],"rt":[["protection racket",1,-1,[],[24071]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the basic idea is to compare language use in news outlets to language use by members of Congress in the Congressional Record (CR)",1,-1,[],[20749]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["appeared more frequently in the newspaper coverage than in the actual debates.",1,-1,[],[44061]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["horse-race aspects",1,-1,[],[44061]],["non-policy aspects",1,-1,[],[44061]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["personal attacks on the opponent",1,-1,[],[44061]],["scandals",1,-1,[],[44061]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the opinion expressed on the aspect (the third element in the triple) could be described in three types: 1) emotional adjectives are used (e.g.'cool appearance'); 2) two or five star rating (e.g. high rating score means positive opinion); 3). an ordered set of non-numerical labels (e.g. poor, average, good, very good, excellent) is used.",1,-1,[],[25421]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frequency and relation based approaches",1,-1,[],[25421]],["topic model based approaches",1,-1,[],[25421]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Inputs: A review corpus of Mac generated by users Outputs: < Mac, sound, good>, < Mac, CPU, good>, < Mac, price, bad>, < Mac, screen,good>, < Mac, appearance, good>, < Mac, weight, bad>, and . . .",1,-1,[],[25421]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Both selective recall and selective categorization would suggest that partisans perceive and store the content differently (i.e., recall or categorize the arguments differently).",1,-1,[],[47736]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["HME",1,-1,[],[58982]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hostile media effect",1,2410,[],[56671]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The mediatization of religion theory was formulated as a response to some problems regarding the application of a mediation approach in studying and assessing religious change.",1,-1,[],[8211]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hallucinations",1,4995,[],[17845]],["natural hallucinations",1,17851,[],[17845]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["poddelka",1,-1,[],[21970]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[23247]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Egocentricity, on the other hand, was linked to checking their phone during meal times",1,-1,[],[14506]],["egocentricity may be more closely aligned with grandiose narcissism",1,-1,[],[14506]],["egocentricity was negatively associated with concerns about negative remarks",1,-1,[],[14506]],["egocentricity-relating to self-absorption and self-centeredness",1,-1,[],[14506]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["grandiose narcissism",1,30745,[],[14506]],["self-absorption",1,-1,[],[14506]],["self-centeredness",1,-1,[],[14506]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["grandiose narcissism",1,30745,[],[14506]],["vulnerable narcissism",1,16068,[],[14506]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["data",1,22097,[],[20452]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["argumentative bullshit",1,23062,[],[12818]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["including information that disagrees with or challenges existing political attitudes",1,-1,[],[6308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This process usually involves using advanced machine learning algorithms that analyze subtle inconsistencies and anomalies that may indicate the presence of manipulation, and its main approaches focus on the utilization of spatial or temporal features",1,-1,[],[53706]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Pretenders are likely to be created for deception and use different display names to avoid detection.",1,-1,[],[19463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sockpuppet",1,18,[["sockpuppet",1],["sockpuppets",1]],[19463]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interpersonal trust",1,1795,[],[14935]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["All media storytelling occurs within regnant social and discourse practices (Fairclough, 1993(Fairclough, , 1995) ) that include criteria or values that identify events or people as newsworthy, what Hall (2001, p. 338) termed \"regimes of representation\".",1,-1,[],[37592]],["reinforcing power dynamics and inequalities",1,-1,[],[39458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media storytelling",1,-1,[],[37592]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Preferences and values of judges began to be analyzed as elements that informed the decision-making process.",1,-1,[],[54303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Esta autoridad se articula en torno a conceptos centrales como objetividad, verificación y distancia / neutralidad (Schudson, 1978;Kovach y Rosenstiel, 2007;Deuze, 2005).",1,-1,[],[31617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["objetividad, verificación y distancia / neutralidad",1,-1,[],[31617]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To operationalize this principle, we follow the approach used in [40,43] to define extreme opinions as those below the 10th percentile and above the 90th percentile of the opinions of all users in our dataset.",1,-1,[],[55338]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stubborn users",1,18324,[],[55338]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Taboo words are sanctioned or restricted on both institutional and individual levels under the assumption that some harm will occur if a taboo word is spoken.",1,-1,[],[6262]]],"sy":[["swear words",1,833,[],[6262]]],"rt":[["taboo language",1,25357,[],[39925]]],"sb":[["animal names",1,12136,[],[39925]],["ethnic-racial-gender slurs",1,25719,[],[39925]],["insulting references to perceived psychological, physical, or social deviations",1,26018,[],[39925]],["profane or blasphemous",1,8913,[],[39925]],["sexual references",1,11627,[],[39925]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["cunt, nigger",1,-1,[],[6262]],["damn, fart",1,-1,[],[6262]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["In terms of recognitional justice, the literature did acknowledge and note that community and indirect workers, typically those workers who were not fulltime salaried employees of the impacted organization and business, were affected parties and important stakeholder groups.",1,-1,[],[3726]],["Lennon (2020) extends the notion of recognitional justice to include the \"racial grief\" felt by communities of color.",1,-1,[],[3726]],["Sensitivity to the lived experiences of different social groups in diverse spaces and places makes apparent the multiple articulations of sustainability transitions and suggests there is no single, linear roadmap towards decarbonization.",1,-1,[],[4420]],["The contextualization of justice within in a JT borrows heavily from the environmental justice framing of distributional, recognitional and procedural justice, commonly referred to as the \"Triumvirate Tenants.\"",1,-1,[],[3726]],["Whole-systems approaches emphasize that these groups often face multiple, interrelated vulnerabilities and aim to reveal under-recognized sections of society, including those who are misrecognized, their views often distorted in demeaning ways",1,-1,[],[4420]],["whole-systems perspectives are based on the recognition that inequalities are conditioned by inter-scalar, socio-economic interactions that are often deeply embedded in global structures, such as value chains, and tend to systematically disadvantage particular groups",1,-1,[],[4420]]],"sy":[["restorative justice",1,4238,[],[3726]]],"rt":[["distributional justice",2,18645,[],[3726,27881]],["procedural justice",2,2543,[],[3726,27881]],["Triumvirate Tenants",1,-1,[],[3726]],["restorative justice",1,4238,[],[27881]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Environmental Justice",1,3331,[],[3726]],["informational justice",1,5081,[],[35341]],["just transition (JT)",1,3895,[],[27881]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["This process has lead to an unhealthy over-reliance on, and an overuse of, medicines. It also diverts resources and priorities from more significant disease and health problems",1,-1,[],[3018]],["convince people that their usually mild ailment urgently needs drug treatment",1,-1,[],[3018]],["is the most insidious of the various forms that medical advertising, so-called medical education, and information and medical diagnosis can take.",1,-1,[],[3018]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["medicalization of problems",1,6430,[],[59585]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["convince people that their usually mild ailment urgently needs drug treatment",1,-1,[],[3018]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial",1,-1,[],[53401]],["public",1,13463,[],[53401]]],"sb":[["commercial",1,-1,[],[53401]],["public",1,13463,[],[53401]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They often engage in diplomacy, negotiations, and mediation.",1,-1,[],[61253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["protagonist",1,11436,[],[61253]]],"ex":[["Nelson Mandela's efforts to reconcile South Africa post-apartheid, or diplomats working to broker peace deals between conflicting nations.",1,-1,[],[61253]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By this definition, the term crash implies two vehicles or hard objects of equal force colliding and breaking, and not a vulnerable human body being struck by a force much larger and faster than itself.",1,-1,[],[13920]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["collision",1,20096,[],[13920]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["interactive stories",1,-1,[],[25720]],["multimedia presentations",1,-1,[],[25720]],["web-based games",1,-1,[],[25720]]],"sp":[["digital narrative",1,-1,[],[25720]]],"ex":[["interactive stories",1,-1,[],[25720]],["multimedia presentations",1,-1,[],[25720]],["web-based games",1,-1,[],[25720]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["clickbait headlines",1,12248,[],[27376]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["technological interactivity",1,-1,[],[54919]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["interactivity",1,3312,[],[54919]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is not restricted to a specific dissemination medium. However, it may foremost occur on the Internet and social media.",1,-1,[],[9480]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The traditional mental models account regarded causal completeness of the mental model of the event as the driving force behind the CIE.",1,-1,[],[14988]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["can be seen a process of human disempowerment",1,-1,[],[31396]],["learned deception is a third source of AI falsehoods",1,-1,[],[1914]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Jako korektę autorzy proponują myślenie lateralne",1,-1,[],[13479]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["A policy framework is a statement about the role of narrative in the public policy process",1,-1,[],[37270]],["According to Shanahanet al. (2018), the Narrative Policy Framework has five basic assumptions: a) Social construction matters in public policy: Although there is indeed a reality populated by the objects and the processes independent of human perceptions, it is also true that what those objects and processes mean varies in terms of how humans perceive them. b) Bounded relativity: Social constructions of policy-related objects and processes vary to create different policy realities; however, this variation is bounded (e.g., by belief systems, ideologies, norms, normative axioms) and thus is not random. c) Policy narratives have generalizable structural elements: The NPF takes a structuralist stance on narrative, where narratives are defined as having specific generalisable structures such as plots and characters that can be identified in multiple narrative contexts. d) Policy narratives operate simultaneously on three levels: For purposes of analyses, the NPF divides policy narratives into three interacting categories: the microlevel (individual level), meso-level (group and coalitional level), and macro-level (cultural and institutional level). Policy narratives are assumed to operate simultaneously at all three levels. e) Homo narrans model of individuals: Narratives are assumed to play a central role in how individuals process information, communicate, and reason.",1,-1,[],[14021]],["The NPF takes a structuralist stance on narrative, where narratives are defined as having specific generalisable structures such as plots and characters that can be identified in multiple narrative contexts.",1,-1,[],[14021]],["The purpose of this narrative policy framework is to understand how strong a particular narrative or set of narratives is, so this process uses certain narrative elements and strategies that are used as variables to make it easier to understand the components in making decisions",1,-1,[],[37270]],["While the NPF has been widely applied to a variety of public policy domainsclimate change (Jones & Song, 2014), education (Ertas, 2015), disaster management (Crow et al., 2017) finance campaign regulation (Gray & Jones, 2016), public administration reforms (Weiss, 2020), to mention but a few",1,-1,[],[1403]],["a narrative policy framework can also be a person or abstraction such as an economy, environment, city or region",1,-1,[],[37270]],["a relatively new framework, and core concepts continue to be further clarified as the NPF is applied to new fields and contexts",1,-1,[],[921]],["a valuable theoretical framework for advancing knowledge of the policy process",1,-1,[],[921]],["it is a system that analyzes and builds policy narratives that focus on an opinion related to long-term changes and transitions",1,-1,[],[37270]],["it is considered as a medium for compiling a clear narrative analysis.",1,-1,[],[37273]],["the NPF's approach of operationalizing narratives",1,-1,[],[921]],["the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) as a valuable theoretical framework for advancing knowledge of the policy process.",1,-1,[],[37270]],["the advantage of using this narrative policy framework is the integration of various levels of analysis, namely from macro, meso, and micro",1,-1,[],[37270]],["the structural approach of the NPF was designed for this sort of adaptability and for the incorporation of new variations of narrative elements",1,-1,[],[921]],["this narrative policy framework is often considered to be a \"competing narrative\" this is debated because it contains the setting, characters, storyline, and moral of life that will give rise to policy initiatives and make the policy relevant to those who read it",1,-1,[],[37270]]],"sy":[["the science of the story",1,-1,[],[14021]]],"rt":[["Institutional Analysis and Development Framework",1,-1,[],[921]],["Multiple Streams Framework",1,-1,[],[921]],["narrative and policy process",1,-1,[],[37273]],["policy process framework",1,-1,[],[921]]],"sb":[["Causal Mechanism",1,5570,[],[14021]],["Scope of Conflict",1,-1,[],[14021]],["The Devil-Angel Shift",1,28390,[],[14021]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["shuttle diplomacy",1,-1,[],[3762]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["travelling diplomacy variant",1,-1,[],[3762]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["victims of the mosque attacks and their families were given a tight and disrupted timeline to share their stories compared to the panellists",1,-1,[],[44367]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The distinction is needed because the political platforms of these players are not, in fact, anti-establishment, which is the core characteristic of populism",1,-1,[],[51453]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist politicians",1,-1,[],[51453]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["populism",1,20354,[],[51453]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":230,"df":[["a \"unique universe of information for each of us\"",2,-1,[["a \"unique universe of information for each of us\"",1],["a unique universe of information for each of us",1]],[18446,45418]],["ideologically homogeneous filter bubbles, where people are exposed to stories that are congenial to their ideological worldviews",2,-1,[],[19096,28338]]],"de":[["A filter bubble can reduce connections with contradicting viewpoints, causing the user to become intellectually isolated.",1,-1,[],[307]],["A filter bubble will amplify the individual psychological challenges to dispelling fake news.",1,-1,[],[307]],["According to this understanding of the term, filter bubbles present such novelty because \"they leave each of us in our own isolated sphere, as we lose the crossreferencing connections provided by mass media and the early web\" (Van den Bulck and Moe 2018, 879).",1,-1,[],[3942]],["As a result, public debate online is increasingly subject to polarization and misinformation, which undermine democracy's reliance on a well-informed citizenry",1,-1,[],[47627]],["Concerns about pre-selected personalisation are often summarised with the term 'filter bubble'",1,-1,[],[18446]],["Construction of a self-centric content filter is one of the motivations of using social media",1,-1,[],[9183]],["Echo chambers and filter bubbles are the mechanism of modern digital public sphere.",1,-1,[],[37691]],["Eli Pariser discussed how companies such as Facebook and Google were more effectively reflecting user's interests and reinforcing their prejudices, demonstrating its origins in attempts to collaboratively filter the flood of information that was starting to emerge in the digital domain as early as the late 1980s.",1,-1,[],[17063]],["Filter bubbles are personalized algorithms that tailor content to a user's interests and interactions based on their past engagement (Dahlgren, 2021).",1,-1,[],[52599]],["Filter bubbles are therefore not just a state in time, but also a process that evolves into increasingly more personalised information, which ultimately makes it impossible to find challenging information.",1,-1,[],[45418]],["Filter bubbles are therefore perceived as dangerous exactly because they disable dialogue as a critical exchange of views and encourage political polarisation, radicalisation, and the formation of exclusive communities of the like-minded.",1,-1,[],[3942]],["Filter bubbles are therefore thought to increase undesirable affective polarization and ideological segregation, possibly fragmenting political discourse",1,-1,[],[4142]],["Filter bubbles can develop in social networks as a result of users' confirmation bias, the structure of the network, the algorithms incorporated within the network, or a mixture of all the above",1,-1,[],[29611]],["Filter bubbles can develop in social networks as a result of users' confirmation bias, the structure of the network, the algorithms incorporated within the network, or a mixture of all the above (Bozdag et al. 2014;LR et al. 2018).",1,-1,[],[29611]],["Filter bubbles limit exposure to diverse viewpoints, showing individuals only content that aligns with their beliefs",1,-1,[],[52599]],["Filter bubbles limit exposure to diverse viewpoints, showing individuals only content that aligns with their beliefs (Kitchens et al., 2021;Pariser, 2011).",1,-1,[],[52599]],["Filter bubbles place like-minded users in an echo chamber of their own beliefs",1,-1,[],[60718]],["Given these assumptions, the website is more likely to present information that will support the user's past online activities.",1,-1,[],[307]],["In a filter bubble, users are presented with information that aligns with their interests and beliefs while filtering out opposing viewpoints or dissenting opinions",1,-1,[],[53293]],["In most cases the wisdom of the crowd will depend on the filter bubble of the particular group of people",1,-1,[],[32470]],["In such bubbles, there is \"less room for serendipitous encounters with news and less likelihood of encountering diverse content\" (Powers 2017(Powers , 1318)).",1,-1,[],[3942]],["Internet corporations, furthermore, use algorithms that expose users primarily to information which, regardless of its authenticity, reinforces their pre-existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[47627]],["Internet filters looks at the things you seem to like -actual things you've done, or the things people like you like -and tries to extrapolate. They are prediction engines, constantly creating and refining a theory of who you are and what you'll do and want next. Together, these engines create a unique universe of information for each of us -what I've come to call a filter bubble. (Pariser, 2011: 9)",1,-1,[],[45418]],["Social media targets audiences to small segments and directs them according to the interests and proclivities of each user.",1,-1,[],[37280]],["Social media users become friends with people on social media who share the same political choice.",1,-1,[],[37280]],["Social media users live in a closed space with friends who have the same political opinions.",1,-1,[],[37280]],["Studies reveal that algorithmic recommendations slightly diversify news exposure rather than foster ideological isolation 29",1,-1,[],[37690]],["The algorithms make assumptions about user preferences based on the user's historical data, such as former click behavior, browsing history, search history, and location.",1,-1,[],[307]],["The filter bubble in social media limits the information a user sees based on their searches, likes, comments, and engagement.",1,-1,[],[52599]],["The first refers to search engines",1,-1,[],[1201]],["The formation of filter bubbles is a known risk to democracy.",1,-1,[],[29610]],["The formation of filter bubbles is a known risk to democracy. It can bring negative consequences like polarisation of the society, users' tendency to extremist viewpoints and the proliferation of fake news.",1,-1,[],[29610]],["The new generation of Internet filters ... are prediction engines, constantly creating and refining a theory of who you are and what you'll do and want next. Together, these engines create a unique universe of information for each of us-what I've come to call a filter bubble-which fundamentally alters the way we encounter ideas and information.",1,-1,[],[44607]],["The resulting filter bubble (Pariser, 2011)",1,-1,[],[28337]],["The resulting filter bubble (Pariser, 2011) presents largely consistent information that reinforces the user's worldview and presents few challenges, leaving users confident that their own views are correct and the views of others at best mistaken and at worst malevolent (for a discussion, see Schwarz & Jalbert, 2020).",1,-1,[],[28337]],["The social media algorithm with its optimal abilities selects information to be presented to the users and will further enrich the polarization of the community, because it reinforces the opinions and political views of each group.",1,-1,[],[37280]],["The social media algorithm works based on selective exposure.",1,-1,[],[37280]],["The students within the filter bubble might predominantly see content that presents climate change as a less urgent or exaggerated issue.",1,-1,[],[169]],["The term 'filter bubble' implies that users on social media such as Facebook and Twitter interact with individuals who conform to their own political tendencies",1,-1,[],[50172]],["These filter bubbles emerge when users actively seek information and the Internet services learn what users consume. The Internet services then try to provide users with more of the same content during their next visit, based on predictions from past behaviours.",1,-1,[],[45418]],["This level of polarization is reinforced by the emergence of ideologically homogeneous filter bubbles",1,-1,[],[28338]],["This research, however, looks at filter bubbles as not only a product of recommendation algorithms in social networks but also a social issue that considers an active role for users building a filter bubble around them.",1,-1,[],[29611]],["This simplistic meaning probably became popular because it is in accordance with the metaphoric image of a bubble as an isolated chamber.",1,-1,[],[3942]],["When users click on external links, the algorithm interprets this as a signal of interest",1,-1,[],[52599]],["While the ease of finding information tailored to an individual's preferences can lead to the \"filter bubble\" effect, it might also limit people's exposure to diverse options and opinions",1,-1,[],[39768]],["YouTube creates filter bubbles where viewers are exposed to repetitive, homogenous, and often biased content, which further reinforces biases and misconceptions.",1,-1,[],[12700]],["algorithm-driven 'filter bubbles' (Pariser, 2011) or 'echo chambers' (Sunstein, 2017) within which people are selectively exposed to views that conform to their existing political attitudes and beliefs while avoiding information that would challenge them",1,-1,[],[24209]],["algorithmic selections contribute to a situation in which users are essentially exposed to a self-confirming feedback loop",1,-1,[],[4079]],["arising from a critical perspective where the aim is to reveal the inner workings of the algorithm so that they can be resisted and critiqued",1,-1,[],[4111]],["consequential limitation in content diversity",1,-1,[],[39768]],["digital consumers are increasingly living in different informational universes or 'filter bubbles'",1,-1,[],[22103]],["diversification addresses the filter bubble phenomenon by increasing the number of unique news topics in the recommendation lists.",1,-1,[],[44607]],["emotion is not a secondary or peripheral variable but a cross-layer force that shapes what individuals seek, how groups cohere, and what algorithms learn to reinforce.",1,-1,[],[35207]],["filter bubbles appear as a tool for content personalization through invisible algorithms provided by web search engines and social media, creating a personal ecosystem of information",1,-1,[],[15833]],["filter bubbles emerge when users actively seek information and the Internet services learn what users consume. The Internet services then try to provide users with more of the same content during their next visit, based on predictions from past behaviours.",1,-1,[],[45418]],["filter bubbles should be understood as interaction systems rather than as the linear effect of cognition, sociality, or algorithms alone",1,-1,[],[35207]],["filter bubbles that arise mainly or saliently from algorithmic curation",1,-1,[],[4142]],["filter bubbles, in which only stories backing up particular perspectives tended to be shared",1,-1,[],[17064]],["how companies such as Facebook and Google were more effectively reflecting user's interests and reinforcing their prejudices, demonstrating its origins in attempts to collaboratively filter the flood of information that was starting to emerge in the digital domain as early as the late 1980s.",1,-1,[],[17063]],["ideologically separated, homophilous groups that tend to limit the number of perspectives available to the individual",1,-1,[],[52435]],["insulate a particular perception of a topic from opposing or counterarguments",1,-1,[],[52486]],["it might also limit people's exposure to diverse options and opinions (Gao et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[39768]],["not just as any online community of the same-minded, but as such a community that is a product of the use of passive (or implicit) algorithmic personalisation based on a user's previous internet activity, big data, and artificial intelligence.",1,-1,[],[3942]],["one-sided nature of the opinions they enclose",1,-1,[],[169]],["permeates much of our online existence, from helpful purchase suggestions on Amazon to the ads inserted into other websites by Google based on one's recent search history.",1,-1,[],[34854]],["personalisation algorithms that create filter bubbles and both narrow the available content and exclude challenging information over time.",1,-1,[],[45418]],["personalization algorithms create \"filter bubbles,\"",1,-1,[],[32637]],["polarization is in part driven by new media technology that allows us to avoid the discomfort of exposing ourselves to opposing ideas or opinions by choosing what people and information we wish to interact with.",1,-1,[],[17142]],["polarization is strengthened by social media algorithms (filter bubble)",1,-1,[],[37280]],["pushing users into the psychological comfort zone of self-confirmation and risking polarisation on a societal level",1,-1,[],[29610]],["reduce the amount of exposure to multiple viewpoints and might polarize public dialogue",1,-1,[],[56572]],["reducing the individual's ability to find unbiased news.",1,-1,[],[55170]],["risk to a well-functioning democracy in modern society",1,-1,[],[29610]],["self-segregate to avoid the discomfort of having our views challenged",1,-1,[],[17143]],["small, enclosed online communities",1,-1,[],[31405]],["some scholars argue that filter bubbles could facilitate radicalization as they repeatedly expose users who have met such material in the past, thus making them more likely to view similar content 35",1,-1,[],[37690]],["strengthening existing opinions and limiting exposure to various perspectives",1,-1,[],[60566]],["that build on already existing individual confirmatory biases",1,-1,[],[26728]],["the algorithm would feed them news similar to their previous reads",1,-1,[],[22375]],["the existence of filter bubbles cannot be proved by focusing only on the diversity of accessible personalised content.",1,-1,[],[3943]],["the filter bubble discourse warns of several effects, such as a reduction in the diversity of information and opinions that people are exposed to; the formation of echo chambers; the subsequent polarization and fragmentation of the public debate; and the disengagement of certain social groups from the political process.",1,-1,[],[4979]],["the formation of filter bubbles is not the outcome of any single layer, but a recursive system jointly shaped by (1) motivated cognitive processing, (2) interpersonal and identity-based aggregation, and (3) algorithmic amplification of emotionally charged preferences.",1,-1,[],[35206]],["the idea is that democratic society is at risk because personalised content and services limit the diversity of media content people are exposed to",1,-1,[],[18447]],["the negative effects of filter bubbles are caused not by recommenders that recommend self-enforcing information, but by repetitively showing a set of information snippets of which the most cognitive-consonant is most likely selected, which in time will lead to a narrowing of the recommended set",1,-1,[],[4079]],["the role of these platforms in creating filter bubbles could not be totally ignored.",1,-1,[],[29610]],["those that arise mainly or saliently from cognitive features and choices of the user",1,-1,[],[4142]],["ukazuju na tendenciju da se ljude hrani sadržajem koji je ideološki u skladu s njihovim pogledima i koji podržava lažne vijesti",1,-1,[],[50173]],["users are increasingly exposed only to perspectives that align with their pre-existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[36890]],["users mainly follow people who are closer to their own views and that there is a strong tendency of users to believe in content which they find ideologically closer to them",1,-1,[],[50173]],["where companies use algorithms that feed us divergent narratives in order to trigger our persistent interest",1,-1,[],[2225]],["which can limit exposure to different points of view and increase social polarisation",1,-1,[],[10779]],["work to form groups of like-minded members and keeps these groups away from meaningful interactions even among themselves",1,-1,[],[38412]]],"sy":[["echo chambers",14,7363,[["echo chambers",8],["echo chamber",4],["echo-chambers",2]],[382,3942,6969,12634,20703,21178,24209,31405,32524,37129,51844,53293,56572,61003]],["information cocoons",2,22172,[],[18447,29610]],["personal ecosystem of information",2,-1,[["personal ecosystem of information",1],["the personal ecosystem of information",1]],[24349,29610]],["[online] echo chamber",1,30405,[],[29610]],["algorithm bubble",1,-1,[],[168]],["algorithmic filtering",1,31041,[],[52599]],["bubble",1,17997,[["bubble",1],["bubbles",1]],[168]],["echochambers",1,-1,[],[215]],["information bubble",1,11428,[],[29610]],["informational universes",1,-1,[],[22103]],["mjehurići filtri",1,-1,[],[50173]],["partial information blindness",1,-1,[],[29610]],["social bubbles",1,17148,[],[29497]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",39,7363,[["echo chambers",30],["echo chamber",6],["Echo chambers",3],["echo-chambers",3]],[168,169,215,1201,1373,2961,3942,3943,4979,6969,9573,10457,12700,13747,17063,17143,20704,21178,23853,24209,26231,28337,28338,28876,34854,35207,36106,36890,37690,37691,38412,42842,49301,50172,50173,51115,52486,53293,55170,56572,58512,60640,60718,61208]],["selective exposure",4,29176,[],[13747,37280,45418,54593]],["confirmation bias",2,16709,[],[9573,17063]],["algorithmic curation",1,19428,[],[32637]],["algorithmic personalisation",1,18019,[],[3942]],["automated systems",1,-1,[],[42642]],["digital divergence",1,27922,[],[22103]],["digital public sphere",1,26949,[],[37691]],["dis/mal-information device",1,-1,[],[15833]],["epistemic bubbles",1,15440,[],[49301]],["extremism",1,16305,[],[29610]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[29610]],["false-consensus effect",1,25785,[],[168]],["filtering",1,4512,[],[36106]],["homophily",1,12637,[],[3186]],["ideological echo chambers",1,1102,[],[27913]],["media plurality",1,29871,[],[53195]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[29610]],["personalized and customized news sites",1,-1,[],[57571]],["polarisation",1,21850,[],[29610]],["pre-selected personalisation",1,21723,[],[18446]],["recommendation algorithms",1,18290,[],[53195]],["social fragmentation",1,10377,[],[29610]],["social media algorithms",1,29864,[],[37280]],["social recommendation systems",1,-1,[],[29610]],["socio-technical recursion",1,-1,[],[3943]],["web personalisation",1,-1,[],[29610]],["wisdom of the crowd",1,4076,[],[32470]]],"sb":[["filter bubble at the technological (or individual) level",1,5261,[],[45418]],["filter bubbles at the societal level",1,-1,[],[45418]],["filter bubbles that arise mainly or saliently from algorithmic curation",1,-1,[],[4142]],["real-world filter bubbles",1,11423,[],[22103]],["search-driven filter bubbles",1,15812,[],[35207]]],"sp":[["mechanism of modern digital public sphere",1,-1,[],[37690]]],"ex":[["\"I do realize that some topics are purposely shown to me and that they are a certain opinion and from a certain type of people, especially concerning values and things that are important to people. For me that's stuff like climate, feminism and anti-racism.\"",1,-1,[["\"I do realize that some topics are purposely shown to me and that they are a certain opinion and from a certain type of people, especially concerning values and things that are important to people. For me that's stuff like climate, feminism and anti-racism.\"",1],["I do realize that some topics are purposely shown to me and that they are a certain opinion and from a certain type of people, especially concerning values and things that are important to people. For me that's stuff like climate, feminism and anti-racism.",1]],[168]],["AI would recommend the stuff that you would usually watch. You should try something new, so you won't be watching or hearing the same thing over and over. It will be more diverse. And you will see more diverse opinions as well.",1,-1,[],[39768]],["Examples include Google Personalized Search and Facebook's personalized feed.",1,-1,[],[2961]],["Google Personalized Search and Facebook's personalized feed",1,-1,[],[2961]],["I have a TikTok account that is completely filled with my interests, where my algorithm has adapted to me. And I tested the algorithm a bit. I have three different accounts (laughs) with whom I'm testing what happens when you stay longer on videos or like videos that don't really interest you and that's really interesting because the algorithm on these three accounts is completely different. So, one account I created to trick the algorithm because I figured I was in a specific algorithm bubble in terms of my interests. But there's a relatively large algorithm bubble of trending videos and I wasn't in that at all and I tried that out to test it and that's really super interesting.",1,-1,[],[168]],["When filter bubbles provide psychological security and identity affirmation, they can stabilize meaning and belonging; yet, when they become emotionally charged and morally polarized, they intensify outgroup hostility and erode the possibility of shared public reality.",1,-1,[],[35207]],["a personalised news website could give more prominence to conservative media items, based on the inferred political interests of the user. When they form their political ideas, users of such personalised services may encounter fewer opinions or political arguments.",1,-1,[],[18446]],["a skewed picture of the world",1,-1,[],[45418]],["an actual example are the anti-vax versus pro-vax groups",1,-1,[],[32470]],["decreased ability to explore",1,-1,[],[45418]],["decreased creativity and ability to innovate",1,-1,[],[45418]],["decreased curiosity",1,-1,[],[45418]],["decreased diversity of ideas and people",1,-1,[],[45418]],["decreased motivation to learn",1,-1,[],[45418]],["decreased understanding of the world",1,-1,[],[45418]],["dramatically increased confirmation bias",1,-1,[],[45418]],["fewer surprises",1,-1,[],[45418]],["narrower self-interest",1,-1,[],[45418]],["overconfidence",1,-1,[],[45418]],["the fundamental phenomenon these groups use over social media to attract their supporters",1,-1,[],[29610]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Anecdotal Event (D2)",3,29258,[],[11411,26304,61875]],["Evaluation (D3)",3,19890,[],[11411,26304,61875]],["Expectation (D4)",3,16798,[],[11411,26304,61875]],["Historical Event (D1)",3,7547,[],[11411,26304,61875]]],"sp":[["News Discourse Structure",2,29423,[["News Discourse Structure",1],["news discourse structure",1]],[26304,61875]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotional context",1,31518,[],[25967]],["epistemic context",1,30466,[],[25967]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["rationally use the private signals they receive -i.e., (Bayesian) individual learning",1,-1,[],[26322]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social learning",1,25985,[],[26322]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["iterative narrative",1,30244,[],[56978]],["repetitive narrative",1,1387,[],[56978]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In Document level the whole document is classify eitherinto positive or negative class.",1,-1,[],[15870]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["levels of sentimental analysis",1,-1,[],[25994]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[25994]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media strategies",1,5477,[],[48425]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["reported speech",1,30809,[],[24075]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["buried in the terms of service that users habitually click through",1,-1,[],[16836]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Our definition of tech journalism has been about covering the business of tech [...] It is different from the US, where there is a more combative relationship. We don't ask tough questions of the state or tech companies.",1,-1,[],[23897]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Affect becomes the currency of attention, rewarded by algorithms and exploited by actors across the ideological spectrum.",1,-1,[],[29690]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[29690]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["old politics",1,15790,[],[6111]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["modern legend",1,17872,[],[52146]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["folktale genres",1,-1,[],[52146]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Este chequeo ex-post",1,-1,[],[14727]],["busca fuentes primarias y de reputación sólida que puedan confirmar o refutar los contenidos publicados, así como la verificación de comentarios realizados por políticos y otros personajes relevantes.",1,-1,[],[14727]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Hermeneutical injustice is the actualization of unequal hermeneutical opportunity, which can be somewhat mitigated by especially virtuous epistemic and communicative conduct on the part of any individual hearer.",1,-1,[],[20677]],["So ill people tend to be hermeneutically marginalised in the sense that the non-expert terms in which they naturally and effectively understand their experiences of illness are not sufficiently shared across social space as regards the decision-making of the professionals whose judgements they rely on.",1,-1,[],[20677]],["When a resultant failure of shared intelligibility takes place",1,-1,[],[20677]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discriminatory epistemic injustice",1,-1,[],[20677]],["testimonial injustice",1,27224,[],[20677]],["white ignorance",1,-1,[],[20677]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic injustice",2,20171,[],[20677,37573]],["discriminatory epistemic injustice",1,-1,[],[20677]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In short, it is concerned with righting climate injustices such as risks to human rights, cultural loss, burdens of adaptation, and legacies of historical injustices stemming from colonization",1,-1,[],[42097]],["It also highlights the dominant political-economic structures, which reduce resilience and recovery; the lack of acknowledgment when it comes to political decision-making; and the human rights of climate-displaced people.",1,-1,[],[42097]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deception",1,24454,[],[1920]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["always hold the role of moral gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[42576]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mitopoiesis",1,16240,[],[56457]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["closed and hermetic communication of communities",1,-1,[],[10210]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a body that cannot help but be affected, marked, changed, by what is deposited in and across it.",1,-1,[],[32684]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Objectivity-oriented",1,21334,[],[6781]],["Style-based",1,5394,[],[6781]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In information society, communication becomes primarily strategic and identity based. People invest heavily in information groups around identities and meaning, and develop 'information paranoia', embracing an ordering of doubt or suspicion. They tend to become automatically suspicious of other groups, and even of their own 'side', although the suspicion of their own side largely allows them to continue to support the views and alliances they already have.",1,-1,[],[37972]],["They tend to become automatically suspicious of other groups, and even of their own 'side', although the suspicion of their own side largely allows them to continue to support the views and alliances they already have.",1,-1,[],[37972]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["doubt",1,29372,[],[37972]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["According to this traditional view, words are for saying things: we say things with words. As for doings, or actions, those fall into a separate category, which is only indirectly related to the category of sayings. By saying something, I may (sometimes) influence the way others think, and that may (sometimes) influence what they then go on to do. Conversely, the things that I and others do may lead to certain things being said about us. There is thus a causal exchange between the categories of sayings and doings: sayings respond to doings, and vice versa.",1,-1,[],[48238]],["The connection is never direct, however, but mediated through the mental processes of sayer and doer.",1,-1,[],[48238]],["The counter-claim of speech act theorists is that we can do far more with our words than this.",1,-1,[],[48238]],["the dimension of speech as action",1,-1,[],[48238]],["treating sayings as doings",1,-1,[],[48238]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender performativity",1,19093,[],[7437]],["linguistic pragmatics",1,1119,[],[42032]]],"sb":[["illocutionary",1,28018,[],[48238]],["illocutionary act",1,11039,[],[26859]],["locutionary",1,20631,[],[48238]],["locutionary act",1,2641,[],[26859]],["perlocutionary",1,8,[],[48238]],["perlocutionary act",1,22142,[],[26859]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["I now pronounce you married.",1,-1,[],[7437]],["Please close the window.",1,-1,[],[7437]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Notably, anti-rape culture messages increase news consumers' likelihood of believing victims' stories",1,-1,[],[59950]],["Scholars have recently noted the use of anti-rape culture dis-courses in news coverage of sexual abuse and violence, particularly in the wake of the MeToo movement",1,-1,[],[59950]],["counteracting harmful gendered stereotypes about rape",1,-1,[],[59950]],["personalize victims rather than stereotyping them",1,-1,[],[59950]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rape culture",1,25475,[],[59950]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["11 of the editors (all women) stated they try consistently to change how sexual abuse and violence are discussed in newsrooms and covered in news media.",1,-1,[],[59950]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["peripheralization",1,9334,[],[39218]],["periphery",1,384,[],[40279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political leaning",1,31395,[],[61905]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["measures the marginal instrumental benefit.",1,-1,[],[55284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, a user who \"likes\" a fake-news post alleging that a patient died from a COVID-19 vaccination does not necessarily feel positively about the person dying, but does indicate approval that this information about the death is being disseminated.",1,-1,[],[51761]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fairness",1,27748,[],[56335]],["prevention of harm",1,308,[],[56335]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["A number of protests have had a violent outcome, in that they involved clashes with other groups or the police, or have resulted in occupation of public buildings and death.",1,-1,[],[61309]],["Protests not only take many forms and have multiple components, but clearly signal the breakdown of the social contract between the ruled and the rulers.",1,-1,[],[45650]],["We include the latter type of protests, but exclude those featuring armed groups whose main objective was to seize local authority buildings and other government offices and assume power in particular localities.",1,-1,[],[61309]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["description of protesters",1,-1,[],[43331]],["factors responsible for protests",1,-1,[],[43331]],["various types of protests",1,-1,[],[43331]]],"sb":[["protests have had a violent outcome, in that they involved clashes with other groups or the police, or have resulted in occupation of public buildings and death",1,-1,[],[61309]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["demonstrations organized together with football matches played in the cities (such as in Kharkov on 27 April 2014)",1,-1,[],[61309]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["astroturfing",1,3066,[],[37186]]],"sb":[["bots",1,27271,[],[37186]],["cyborgs",1,14811,[],[37186]],["trolls",1,4949,[],[37186]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They employ marketing strategies to entice users with a progression from freely available anti-vaccine content to paid-for products and services, which can range from books to alternative medical treatments.",1,-1,[],[58658]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["decoding",1,22611,[],[31265]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the sensational packaging of an already sensational news topic",1,-1,[],[10135]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Informational-instructive roles",1,-1,[],[9384]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["citizen interests",1,13300,[],[49714]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This is seen most clearly in the area of business news.",1,-1,[],[23903]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[23903]]],"ex":[["business news is subject to 'pro-cyclical' group think which tends to exacerbate market corrections when they do come, as was the case during the financial crisis.",1,-1,[],[23903]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it is more concerned with the legitimacy of the decision, consciously aware of the public and academic debate, and therefore adopting a more open attitude toward more accessible arguments with greater social resonance",1,-1,[],[49880]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["monological",1,19556,[],[49880]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This contradiction produces incorrect polarity of sentiments which lead to poor performance of SA systems",1,-1,[],[5877]],["This contradiction produces incorrect polarity of sentiments which lead to poor performance of SA systems [6], [15], [29], [33], [47], [63], [79].",1,-1,[],[5877]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["media's coverage of the swine flu in the 1970s",1,-1,[],[61267]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["energy justice incorporates aspects of climate, environmental, distributional, recognitional and procedural justice; energy justice is an aggregated form of justice that simply accounts for the particular dynamics of an energy transition.",1,-1,[],[3722]],["energy justice is an aggregated form of justice that simply accounts for the particular dynamics of an energy transition.",1,-1,[],[3722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Just Transition",1,3895,[],[3722]],["climate, environmental, distributional, recognitional and procedural justice",1,-1,[],[3722]],["energy injustice",1,-1,[],[3722]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Familiarity increases automatically with repetition, and its influence on rated truth is unintentional",1,-1,[],[2624]],["Feelings of familiarity are quite useful for distinguishing between events that have and have not been encountered (i.e., Lists 1 and 2 vs. List 3).",1,-1,[],[6046]],["In contrast, familiarity is an illogical basis for rating truth, because statements originally paired with a false source should feel more familiar than new statements.",1,-1,[],[2624]],["In contrast, increased familiarity is an automatic consequence of exposure, and its influence on rated truth is unintentional.",1,-1,[],[2624]],["Subjects do not spontaneously monitor the source of a statement's familiarity or use that information when rating truth",1,-1,[],[2624]],["a trusting familiarity with the account decreases the need for other credibility criteria, such as an indication of sources.",1,-1,[],[134]],["increased familiarity is an automatic consequence of exposure, and its influence on rated truth is unintentional",1,-1,[["increased familiarity is an automatic consequence of exposure, and its influence on rated truth is unintentional",1],["increased familiarity is an automatic consequence of exposure, and its influence on rated truth is unintentional.",1]],[2624]],["it has been found to be a better predictor of verbal performance than frequency",1,-1,[],[10417]],["the unintentional influence of familiarity is an automatic consequence of prior exposure",1,-1,[],[2624]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["recollection",1,29108,[],[2624]],["statement familiarity",1,30738,[],[2624]],["word frequency",1,-1,[],[10417]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Such fallacies can be understood as an argument that appears to be valid, but in fact is not",1,-1,[],[45279]],["Such fallacies can be understood as an argument that appears to be valid, but in fact is not (Hansen, 2010).",1,-1,[],[45279]]],"sy":[["holes in the argument",1,-1,[],[51643]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Formal fallacies",1,24138,[],[45279]],["Formal fallacies pertain to logical flaws committed in deductive arguments, such as syllogistic or propositional arguments (Vleet, 2011).",1,-1,[],[45279]],["ad hominem attacks",1,28717,[],[61191]],["circular reasoning",1,32557,[],[61191]],["informal fallacy",1,5664,[],[45279]],["strawman arguments",1,25905,[],[61191]]],"sp":[["FLICC taxonomy",1,15010,[],[35783]],["techniques of science denial",1,-1,[],[35783]]],"ex":[["ad hominem attacks",1,-1,[],[61191]],["circular reasoning",1,-1,[],[61191]],["strawman arguments",1,-1,[],[61191]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["reframing draws on the insight that media function not only as channels of communication but as environments that shape how the self is experienced",1,-1,[],[38755]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Engaging alternative metaphors",1,502,[],[38755]],["Recognizing metaphors of mind",1,31771,[],[38755]],["Understanding effects on attention",1,1342,[],[38755]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Vague language is a pervasive feature not just of casual conversation.",1,-1,[],[31042]],["the notion of vague words is vague itself and generally, they are in reference to the words with meanings of imprecise or uncertain or indefinite.",1,-1,[],[31042]],["the usages of the vague language promote the expressive effects of the news item and give the readers a lot of things to think and meditate",1,-1,[],[31042]],["the vague languages can make the English news simple and concise.",1,-1,[],[31042]],["vague language in news usually violates the Quality, Quantity, Manner and Relevance Maxim of the Cooperative Principle due to different reasons like special situations",1,-1,[],[31042]],["vague language in the news items can give readers some illustrations or hints that the writer wants them to appreciate.",1,-1,[],[31042]],["vague language would be the best choice",1,-1,[],[31042]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Cooperative Principle",1,27412,[],[31042]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[31042]],["vague implicature",1,5950,[],[31042]],["vague words",1,8068,[],[31042]]],"sb":[["hedges",1,3780,[],[31042]],["vague additives",1,-1,[],[31042]],["vague implicature",1,5950,[],[31042]],["vague words",1,8068,[],[31042]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["about, more, properly, at least, many, nearly, etc.",1,-1,[],[31042]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has combined elements from recent psychological theories on both attention and emotion.",1,-1,[],[51502]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["encoding",1,2777,[],[51502]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[39259]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Because image tagging systems rely on visual characteristics and are intended to apply pre-identified tags, they are especially likely to reify social groups, as well as the idea that there are relationships between social groups and visual appearance",1,-1,[],[10934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["binary gender classification systems rely on the following beliefs: first, that gender can be determined from visual appearance; and second, that there are only two gender identities.",1,-1,[],[10934]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This involves verifying a claim and the skill to look for a second source for a claim.",1,-1,[],[41814]],["skills like skimming an article and identifying the central arguments and statistics worth checking",1,-1,[],[41814]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda narratives",1,21214,[],[39828]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["progressive",1,-1,[],[51419]]],"rt":[["conservatives",1,9133,[],[24675]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["to analyze claims in terms of microstructures",1,-1,[],[53384]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["those who have been subject to the representational regime of celebrity are reprocessed and reinvented by it.",1,-1,[],[17967]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is a reimagination of the notion of the 'Lone Wolf' terrorist, a single deranged individual acting alone, in which the responsibility for the act is borne by the (usually white, christian, male) perpetrator alone.",1,-1,[],[34486]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical errors",1,27875,[],[29784]],["major mistakes",1,13207,[],[29784]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["affordances",1,3089,[],[23494]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["CRT",1,28896,[],[4017]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the ability to access, retrieve and evaluate information should constitute a significant part of today's definition of literacy",1,-1,[],[5768]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["law as concept",1,-1,[],[44461]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a concept deeply investigated in the field of causal inference literature",1,-1,[],[5982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Economic theory and decision science consider the potential bias derived from a preference for the status quo, which has also been defined as inertial bias.",1,-1,[],[44722]],["If mass media frequently address certain issues, an inertial bias means that such issues will be treated again independently of their absolute or relative newsworthiness.",1,-1,[],[44722]]],"sy":[["status quo bias",1,23278,[["status quo bias",1],["status-quo bias",1]],[44722]]],"rt":[["inertial behaviour",1,4521,[],[44722]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulation techniques",1,-1,[],[28107]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["computer science",1,-1,[],[13202]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["act as balanced operators, organized masqueraders, and egalitarian echo-chambers",1,-1,[],[19645]],["may speak to strategic intent",1,-1,[],[19645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information maneuvers",1,7886,[],[19645]],["narrative maneuvers",1,6252,[],[19645]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["are likewise divided into constructive actions that build a group or boost an influencer, and destructive tactics aiming to nuke groups to diminish their size and influence or neglect others from the conversation.",1,-1,[],[19645]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["predigested news",1,-1,[],[47289]]],"rt":[["abstractive summarization",1,978,[],[47289]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Eventually, this push manifested itself in the vitalism movement, which posited that there is a unique quality of human life that no other life has.",1,-1,[],[59063]],["generally rejected scientific inquiry and modernism in favor of arguments about humanity that eschewed evidence.",1,-1,[],[59063]],["posited that there is a unique quality of human life that no other life has.",1,-1,[],[59063]],["the vitalism movement, which generally rejected scientific inquiry and modernism in favor of arguments about humanity that eschewed evidence.",1,-1,[],[59063]],["the vitalism movement, which posited that there is a unique quality of human life that no other life has",1,-1,[],[59063]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-rationalism",1,9501,[],[59063]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["there is a danger that stereotypical biases in the real world are reflected in these models.",1,-1,[],[11637]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a language model may associate certain occupations or descriptors (e.g., person stealing) with a specific gender or race (e.g., Black), even there is no logical or factual basis for doing so",1,-1,[],[51182]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Engagement",1,29662,[],[21818]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The perpetrator or offender may Deny the behaviour, Attack the individual doing the confronting, and Reverse the roles of Victim and Offender such that the perpetrator assumes the victim role and turns the true victim into an alleged offender.",1,-1,[],[32083]],["the perpetrator does two things: denies it and attacks the victim (for example, by bullying, threats, terror), thus attempting to shift blame to the victim.",1,-1,[],[60246]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If someone is called out for racist comments, for example, DARVO enables the perpetrator to deny their racist behaviour, then attack the victim by policing their tone or making counter-accusations, thereby assuming the victim position and often simultaneously revictimising the true victim by further being racist.",1,-1,[],[32083]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["construe",1,14672,[],[31121]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Each crisis type features certain aspects of the crisis.",1,-1,[],[3060]],["These cues indicate how stakeholders should interpret a crisis",1,-1,[],[3060]]],"sy":[["frame",1,7860,[],[3060]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Preventable cluster",1,-1,[],[3060]],["accidental cluster",1,-1,[],[3060]],["intentional cluster",1,-1,[],[3060]],["victim cluster",1,-1,[],[3060]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Behavioral intention is determined by a person's attitudes toward performing the given behavior and the perceived normative pressure to perform that behavior.",1,-1,[],[20864]],["Behavioral intentions have been studied in addition to or instead of behaviors.",1,-1,[],[4689]],["as it is a strong predictor of actual behavior",1,-1,[],[37320]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["theory of reasoned action",1,12301,[],[20864]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Intention",1,8969,[],[23641]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media logic",1,25484,[],[57071]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These digitally-empowered interactive collaborations propose new forms of hybridity that blur boundaries between the normative role distinctions of the diasporic opposition groups introducing novel interchanging and complementary political logics, norms, and practices.",1,-1,[],[17555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lexical allusions",1,10729,[],[43120]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Strong religious systems",1,-1,[],[28414]]],"ex":[["The Boko Haram group in Nigeria is an example of a sect because it defined itself as a dissident group, rejected traditional education, and increased secrecy and reliance on privileged knowledge.",1,-1,[],[28414]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Craig and Choi (2024) further hold that affective involvement occurs independently of cognitive involvement.",1,-1,[],[3260]],["affective involvement is an independent concept that is not interchangeable with cognitive involvement.",1,-1,[],[3260]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Flow experience",1,29549,[],[3260]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Easy problems",1,-1,[],[1130]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Knowledge about media industries",1,-1,[],[12929]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It includes the previous events and other contextual facts that directly explain the circumstances that led to the main event.",1,-1,[],[11417]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Current Context",1,12428,[],[11417]],["Previous Event",1,18139,[],[11417]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As a practise, civic tech is inherently experimental, seeking new ways to bring new communities and expertises into the work of policy-making [72,89], realizing goals of \"building with, not for\" [63], and heralding new a methodological paradigm for public servants [42].",1,-1,[],[7487]],["In brief, civic tech is about realizing that technologies and processes of technology development are civic issues and about finding ways to make decisions around them more democratic and inclusive.",1,-1,[],[7487]],["civic technology that is centered on processes, rather than specific products",1,-1,[],[7487]],["understanding civic tech requires a lens beyond the mere analysis of the production of technical artifacts, but rather signifies a practise or process for making technologies that is social and participatory.",1,-1,[],[7487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Ensure that each topic label communicates its content effectively to avoid confusion.",1,-1,[],[48319]],["This may involve the use of clear and concise language, logical organization and coherence, and the avoidance of jargon and technical terms that may impede understanding",1,-1,[],[41153]],["To assess whether the topic labels are clear, precise, and unambiguous, we evaluate precision, unambiguity, consistency, and accessibility.",1,-1,[],[48319]],["a pressing concern exists for clarity in both sentence length and word choice because the radio listener, unlike the newspaper reader, is unable to stop to review and reconsider the meaning of a sentence.",1,-1,[],[45222]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["accuracy",1,5235,[],[45222]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[45222]]],"sb":[["Accessibility",1,23493,[],[48319]],["Consistency",1,346,[],[48319]],["Contextual information quality",1,22544,[],[41755]],["Intrinsic information quality",1,4351,[],[41755]],["Precision",1,2631,[],[48319]],["Unambiguity",1,702,[],[48319]],["representational information quality",1,33937,[],[41755]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["journalistic duck",1,9173,[],[54667]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["5G wireless technology created the COVID-19 pandemic.",1,-1,[],[52825]],["网络发展 社交网络",1,-1,[],[18387]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Those responses could be visible on the online platform on which the information was presented, e.g., reactions, retweets or likes, or could be more personal, e.g., change in opinion or stronger interpersonal connection.",1,-1,[],[56332]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Sometimes, defense motives can also provoke a devaluation of non-conforming or threatening information",1,-1,[],[42539]],["They strive to protect parts of the self, be it the self-image, attitudes, and opinions (general motives), or the physical integrity (health-specific motives), as a consequence of a potential (health) threat and as a precondition for biased information seeking and/or appraisal",1,-1,[],[42539]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["health-defending motive",1,7766,[],[42539]],["opinion-defending motive",1,12285,[],[42539]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["long legal proceedings against Bihus.Info (Zmina, 2022)",1,-1,[],[53645]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this case, the media cannot be considered guardians of democratic norms and procedures, but a tool for asserting the interests of certain centres of power.",1,-1,[],[33803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["particularly within social media environments where users are both spectators and the observed",1,-1,[],[32647]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["panopticon",1,30380,[],[32647]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, the narrative is about vulnerability, futility, and impotence.",1,-1,[],[42996]],["The chaos is about struggling with the aphasia without seeing any way out.",1,-1,[],[42996]],["While experiencing ongoing chaos, producing a narrative is difficult and therefore chaos narratives are told in retrospect.",1,-1,[],[42996]],["While experiencing ongoing chaos, producing a narrative is difficult and therefore chaos narratives are told in retrospect. However, distance from the chaos does not imply that a happy ending has been achieved. Instead, the narrative is about vulnerability, futility, and impotence.",1,-1,[],[42996]],["While experiencing ongoing chaos, producing a narrative is difficult and therefore chaos narratives are told in retrospect. However, distance from the chaos does not imply that a happy ending has been achieved. Instead, the narrative is about vulnerability, futility, and impotence. While the restitution narrative trusts in medicine, the chaos narrative is about medicine's inability to control the illness, leaving the person with a sense of lost hope and control.",1,-1,[],[42996]],["While the restitution narrative trusts in medicine, the chaos narrative is about medicine's inability to control the illness, leaving the person with a sense of lost hope and control.",1,-1,[],[42996]],["which may be an intent to raise awareness about shortcomings in the rehabilitation systems for people with aphasia.",1,-1,[],[42996]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["restitution narrative",1,28125,[],[42996]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrative types",1,-1,[],[42996]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["'Truths' now have to compete for market share, seeing which one can garner the biggest audiences, the most followers on social media, or the highest TV ratings.",1,-1,[],[10585]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The actor persuades himself, first, and through himself, the audience.",1,-1,[],[59682]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A product-oriented party is known by its policies (ideology); the party's policies will remain irrespective of the electoral result.",1,-1,[],[3970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["market-oriented party",1,23024,[],[3970]],["sales-oriented party",1,30425,[],[3970]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["intentional, misleading by design",1,-1,[],[11265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[11265]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[11265]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["publics",1,13463,[],[8515]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrative frames",1,32804,[],[51283]],["cultural stories",1,9099,[],[51283]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Explicit hate speech is clearly expressed using bad words, leaving no room for doubt.",1,-1,[],[52686]],["Explicit seems to be consistent with the linguistic term denotation, namely the primary signification or reference.",1,-1,[],[52686]],["The findings of this study provide support for previous studies, [22], [39], regarding the explicit typology of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[52686]],["ex-plicit lexicon based hate speech posts collectedfrom popular social media sites like Twitter andGab",1,-1,[],[47321]]],"sy":[["explicit hate",1,23131,[],[47321]]],"rt":[["implicit hate speech",1,16841,[],[47321]]],"sb":[["animal metaphors",1,34596,[],[52686]],["curse words",1,17195,[],[52686]],["epithets",1,34696,[],[52686]],["slur words",1,31970,[],[52686]],["swear words",1,833,[],[52686]]],"sp":[["hate speech",2,18278,[],[34000,52686]],["explicitness",1,22950,[],[52686]]],"ex":[["explicit hate speech was accomplished through the use of curse words, swear words, slur words, animal metaphors, and epithets.",1,-1,[],[52686]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Social influence",1,8485,[],[3034]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This practice draws attention to and attempts to undermine the matrix of domination (Collins 2000), including structures of intersectional oppression, through an ongoing attentiveness in everyday practice to deconstructing power dynamics and instead sharing a relational ethics of care.",1,-1,[],[32099]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["safe space",1,6681,[],[32099]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":133,"df":[],"de":[["Classifications of genres in social media are based on communicative (features of the functioning of these social media) and technological factors.",1,-1,[],[51184]],["Evans reveals that social media is often associated with freedom of information in democracy because it changes a person from a content reader to a content publisher.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["In this context, social media serves to build social networking as a virtual communication that provides the users with a platform to build and develop social relations and interactions among people with similar interests, whether it be for romantic or social purposes, despite time differences and geographical distance",1,-1,[],[44642]],["It can be seen as a pedagogical tool that stimulates the discovery and sharing of information, supporting the connection between users who share common goals and interests",1,-1,[],[1046]],["It has become a space for the disseminations of opinions and discourses, space to gather and to organize the masses.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["It is a complex social phenomenon covering the construction of social relations and production of communication and information.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["It is a general term for social networking websites and communication platforms on which users share insights, experiences, and opinions.",1,-1,[],[40335]],["It is a web-based platform where individuals emote and react instantly",1,-1,[],[46734]],["People use social media as an alternative source for evidence-based information on health",1,-1,[],[31880]],["SM provides an environment in which individuals can exchange personal, group, or popular interests to build relationships with people that have similar and/or diverging beliefs and values.",1,-1,[],[615]],["Social Media are characterized as the realm of affects, connections and personal sharing.",1,-1,[],[38421]],["Social media allows for interaction in online journal clubs with experts, sharing data on a global open-source platform, bookmarking content in specified web pages, and hosting webinars and video conferences.",1,-1,[],[13605]],["Social media also offers various tools to connect people and a diverse range, such as social networking sites (Facebook and Twitter), photo sharing sites (Instagram and Flickr), and video sharing sites (Youtube and Vimeo)",1,-1,[],[12688]],["Social media are characterized by their interactivity and participatory features, which facilitate a quick dissimilation of a large amount of output.",1,-1,[],[146]],["Social media build on many of the same concepts and technologies of Web 2.0, most basically, the creation and exchange of user generated content (O'Reilly, 2007).",1,-1,[],[19635]],["Social media can be used to broadcast information, but it also allows citizens to comment on and question the information.",1,-1,[],[1673]],["Social media can facilitate two-way communication that allows organizations to personalize content and engage with communities and society.",1,-1,[],[12688]],["Social media has become part of our everyday experience, and its use has a growing impact on our politics, society, and interpersonal relationships",1,-1,[],[44642]],["Social media has become ubiquitous and is often used for crisis management to disseminate information.",1,-1,[],[46734]],["Social media is a digital technology making people's behaviors, decisions, and preferences more visible",1,-1,[],[46734]],["Social media is a platform where all users participate widely due to its advantages such as expressing opinions, commenting, and sharing.",1,-1,[],[16460]],["Social media is akin to the public sphere, due to its pervasiveness and communicative attributes.",1,-1,[],[60907]],["Social media is widely regarded as an essential channel for disseminating news and user-generated material, among other types of information.",1,-1,[],[41754]],["Social media not only facilitates people's daily communication but also has a significant impact on the business world.",1,-1,[],[16460]],["Social media platforms are reshaping how mankind consumes news content, since users may now not only learn about recent events but also share their own stories and advocate for various causes and issues",1,-1,[],[14553]],["Social media platforms, on the other hand, go beyond the informative role, enabling discussions around disseminated information.",1,-1,[],[13575]],["Social media s o defining charac eris ics are Web 2.0 and User Generated Content or UGC",1,-1,[],[25977]],["Social media tools can provide for improvements in government transparency, policy-making, public service delivery, and knowledge management",1,-1,[],[1673]],["Social media usage has been shown to significantly increase in cases of natural disasters and crises (Gottlieb and Dyer, 2020), as information needs to be transferred quickly.",1,-1,[],[13605]],["Social media, which is rapidly becoming more popular in society, offers many conveniences to its users in terms of continuous updating and easy accessibility.",1,-1,[],[16460]],["The difference between social media and other media is that the content is often produced by the users themselves",1,-1,[],[17964]],["The main difference between social media and mainstream media is that social media does not tend to be hegemonized by individuals or entities as it appears for traditional media such as television.",1,-1,[],[41465]],["The predicted flow of information is one way, directed by government to citizens, with little interaction.",1,-1,[],[1673]],["These same social media could also be used to spread myth, misconceptions and misinformation",1,-1,[],[31880]],["They enable agencies to initiate dialogues, promoting the exchange of information, reminiscent of the traditional approach embraced by governmental agencies.",1,-1,[],[13575]],["This mirroring consists of the physical environment being recreated and, in many ways, has it been enhanced through the utilisation of the technical aspects which computers present.",1,-1,[],[39256]],["Undoubtedly, social media has become an effective communication instrument to influence public opinion in democratic atmosphere.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["When government uses social media platforms there are opportunities for democratic participation, coproduction, and crowdsourcing solutions and innovations",1,-1,[],[1673]],["a new form of mediated communication that gives the audience understand how such discourses may shape and limit the ways in which individuals and institutions can think, speak or reinforce their identities and power structures",1,-1,[],[35134]],["collaboration on any text or project;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["concentrating on the abovementioned many-to-many platforms as they encourage content generation by and public interactions between users.",1,-1,[],[34574]],["dissemination of user-friendly interfaces;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["ease of working with content;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["enhancement of the audiovisual format in data transmission and presentation;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["extension of the human body",1,-1,[],[31270]],["fast creation of user-generated content;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["key applications that may thrive during the pandemic",1,-1,[],[48824]],["medium of an extension of human faculties-the new interaction hub that provides spaces for people to share, tell stories and channel ideas, which makes virtual migration inevitable",1,-1,[],[31270]],["mixing of boundaries between public and private on the Internet, when traditional private information or information for a select few becomes public and accessible to everyone",1,-1,[],[51184]],["on the technological level it is a web 2.0 application for sharing content via personal profiles/accounts, but on the behavioural level it is a networking platform for interpersonal exchanges of user generated content between individuals and/or groups.",1,-1,[],[37878]],["online spaces as key sites for the emergence of autistic culture and collective identity, showing how digital communication enables the articulation of shared narratives beyond institutional or clinical frameworks.",1,-1,[],[50671]],["scholars frequently use it to analyze Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok",1,-1,[],[34574]],["social media changes from time to time and continues to grow.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["social media has been identified as a possible place to conduct rumor surveillance in public health which can hinder the uptake and impact of health intervention",1,-1,[],[31880]],["social media involves different social channels; and online is the main channel.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["social media is a digital town square",1,-1,[],[25977]],["social media is a virtual and most common space to get people to express themselves and has become an inevitable part of modern life.",1,-1,[],[44642]],["social media is participatory since creative audience has the right to speak enabling them to comment.",1,-1,[],[51076]],["social media sites are critical communication channels",1,-1,[],[14553]],["social networks, blogs, file exchangers for storing user audio and visual information",1,-1,[],[51184]],["storing large amounts of information directly on the network; and not on electronic media;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["the ability to instantly and simultaneously edit;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["the possibility of almost constant communication;",1,-1,[],[51184]],["the prevalence of affordable and reliable computational devices and ready access to the internet has resulted in a mirroring.",1,-1,[],[39256]],["the primary platform for online social interaction and information dissemination",1,-1,[],[14553]],["un complejo entramado relacional entre prácticas comunicativas y sociales e infraestructura tecnológica dando lugar a un nuevo ecosistema de comunicación interpersonal colectiva",1,-1,[],[13712]]],"sy":[[". Social networking site(s) .",2,32205,[[". Social networking site(s) .",1],["Social networking site(s)",1],["social networking sites",1]],[4401,25317]],[". Facebook .",1,-1,[],[4401]],[". Instagram .",1,-1,[],[4401]],[". New social media .",1,-1,[[". New social media .",1],["New social media",1]],[4401]],[". Snapchat .",1,-1,[],[4401]],[". Social media platform(s) .",1,23309,[],[4401]],[". Social network(s) .",1,32746,[[". Social network(s) .",1],["Social network(s)",1]],[4401]],[". TikTok .",1,19413,[],[4401]],[". Twitter .",1,18944,[],[4401]],["alternative media",1,7423,[],[41465]],["social media networks",1,-1,[],[16092]],["websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking",1,-1,[],[51148]]],"rt":[["Web 2.0",3,13871,[],[16460,17608,19635]],[". Digital media .",1,4526,[[". Digital media .",1],["Digital media",1]],[4401]],[". Online media platforms .",1,-1,[[". Online media platforms .",1],["Online media platforms",1]],[4401]],[". Online performance",1,-1,[[". Online performance",1],["Online performance",1]],[4401]],[". Online practice(s) .",1,-1,[[". Online practice(s) .",1],["Online practice(s)",1]],[4401]],[". Platform communication .",1,-1,[[". Platform communication .",1],["Platform communication",1]],[4401]],[". Social media behavio(u)r .",1,31928,[[". Social media behavio(u)r .",1],["Social media behavio(u)r",1]],[4401]],[". Social web .",1,17249,[[". Social web .",1],["Social web",1]],[4401]],[". Technology use .",1,-1,[[". Technology use .",1],["Technology use",1]],[4401]],["algorithm-based sharing",1,23333,[],[40335]],["digital communication",1,14901,[],[16460]],["e-mail",1,-1,[],[13605]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[41754]],["public sphere",1,3676,[],[60907]],["social media logic",1,25484,[],[57069]],["social networking",1,7551,[],[44642]],["social networking sites (SNS)",1,32205,[],[14553]],["social networks",1,32746,[],[44642]],["social sharing",1,26965,[],[40335]],["social software",1,28342,[],[19635]],["traditional broadcast news",1,-1,[],[13605]],["traditional journals",1,-1,[],[13605]],["traditional media",1,3717,[],[13605]],["user-generated content",1,33858,[],[19635]]],"sb":[["blogs",2,3027,[],[16092,25977]],["Facebook",1,-1,[],[35165]],["Social networking platforms",1,-1,[],[2525]],["Twitter",1,18944,[],[35165]],["business networks",1,-1,[],[16092]],["collaborative project management",1,-1,[],[16092]],["collaborative projects",1,-1,[],[25977]],["community apps such as Facebook and Twitter",1,-1,[],[34118]],["content communities",1,13005,[],[25977]],["enterprise social networking",1,-1,[],[16092]],["forums",1,-1,[],[16092]],["hybrid platforms like Telegram",1,-1,[],[34118]],["media-sharing channels like YouTube and Instagram",1,-1,[],[34118]],["messaging apps such as WhatsApp",1,-1,[],[34118]],["microblogging websites",1,-1,[],[2525]],["microblogs",1,3265,[],[16092]],["photo sharing",1,-1,[],[16092]],["photo-sharing sites",1,-1,[],[23222]],["products/services review",1,-1,[],[16092]],["social bookmarking",1,-1,[],[16092]],["social gaming",1,-1,[],[16092]],["social networking sites",1,32205,[],[25977]],["social networks",1,32746,[],[16092]],["social-network sites",1,576,[],[23222]],["video sharing",1,-1,[],[16092]],["video-sharing sites",1,-1,[],[23222]],["virtual game worlds",1,-1,[],[25977]],["virtual social worlds",1,-1,[],[25977]],["virtual worlds",1,-1,[],[16092]]],"sp":[["digital media",1,4526,[],[38838]]],"ex":[["Facebook",8,-1,[],[1673,2525,4401,13108,13575,31880,34574,48824]],["Twitter",7,-1,[],[1673,2525,4401,13108,13575,31880,48824]],["Instagram",4,-1,[],[4401,13108,34574,48824]],["Snapchat",2,-1,[],[4401,13108]],["TikTok",2,-1,[],[4401,34574]],["WhatsApp",2,-1,[],[31880,48824]],["YouTube",2,-1,[],[34574,48824]],["Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter are the main platforms used for information dissemination.",1,-1,[],[41754]],["Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram",1,-1,[],[31880]],["Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram are popular and broadly used examples of these participative platforms",1,-1,[],[31880]],["Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram",1,-1,[],[25317]],["Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube",1,-1,[],[35134]],["Facebook, Twitter, blogs, foros, agregadores de opiniones, medios de comunicación profesionales sólo online, etc.",1,-1,[],[13712]],["Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram",1,-1,[],[47266]],["Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, etc.",1,-1,[],[47266]],["Forums, chat applications, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other platforms",1,-1,[],[37878]],["Snap Chats",1,-1,[],[48824]],["Telegram",1,-1,[],[31880]],["Twitter and Facebook",1,-1,[],[41465]],["Twitter/X",1,-1,[],[34574]],["Typical examples of social media are services such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and so forth.",1,-1,[],[13108]],["X (formerly Twitter)",1,-1,[],[50671]],["blogs, microblogs, social networks, corporate social networks, business networks, forums, social bookmarking, social gaming, product/service reviews, photo and video sharing, and virtual worlds",1,-1,[],[16460]],["blogs, wikis, ratings, and recommender systems; websites to share videos, music, pictures and podcasts; and social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace.",1,-1,[],[19635]],["bookmarking sites (i.e., Twitter, Pinterest, and Reddit)",1,-1,[],[14553]],["community apps such as Facebook and Twitter, media-sharing channels like YouTube and Instagram, messaging apps such as WhatsApp, and hybrid platforms like Telegram",1,-1,[],[34118]],["content aggregation (YouTube)",1,-1,[],[50562]],["microblogging (Twitter)",1,-1,[],[50562]],["networks (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram)",1,-1,[],[14553]],["networks (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram), wikis (i.e., Wikipedia, Wikitravel, and Wiki-How), video sharing sites (i.e., YouTube, TikTok, and Vimeo), bookmarking sites (i.e., Twitter, Pinterest, and Reddit), virtual worlds (i.e., Second Life, Minecraft, and OurWorld), and rating sites (i.e., Google Customer Reviews, Yelp, and Foursquare)",1,-1,[],[14553]],["online petitions",1,-1,[],[13108]],["photo messaging services (Snapchat)",1,-1,[],[50562]],["photo sharing sites (Instagram and Flickr)",1,-1,[],[12688]],["photo-sharing sites",1,-1,[],[23222]],["rating sites (i.e., Google Customer Reviews, Yelp, and Foursquare)",1,-1,[],[14553]],["reputation systems (Yelp)",1,-1,[],[50562]],["social media platforms include content aggregation (YouTube), social networking (Facebook), microblogging (Twitter), photo messaging services (Snapchat), and reputation systems (Yelp).",1,-1,[],[50562]],["social networking (Facebook)",1,-1,[],[50562]],["social networking sites (Facebook and Twitter)",1,-1,[],[12688]],["social-network sites",1,-1,[],[23222]],["video sharing sites (Youtube and Vimeo)",1,-1,[],[12688]],["video sharing sites (i.e., YouTube, TikTok, and Vimeo)",1,-1,[],[14553]],["video-sharing sites",1,-1,[],[23222]],["virtual worlds (i.e., Second Life, Minecraft, and OurWorld)",1,-1,[],[14553]],["wikis (i.e., Wikipedia, Wikitravel, and Wiki-How)",1,-1,[],[14553]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["markers of persuasion and evaluation",1,-1,[],[16402]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["interpersonal category",1,29377,[],[16402]]],"sb":[["personal asides",1,7352,[],[16402]],["shared knowledge",1,2749,[],[16402]],["signals of textual acts",1,-1,[],[16402]]],"sp":[["self-references",1,-1,[],[16402]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["suggesting that respondents were not receptible to media alone, but may need an opinion leader or interpersonal interaction to influence them",1,-1,[],[39758]]],"sy":[["two-step flows of communication theory",1,32966,[],[39758]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such discussions can be either on an individual level (e.g., \"He admitted that he wanted to kill a 'random white person' after watching the fake news\") or a collective level (e.g., \"COVID-19 disinformation is everywhere. And it's undermining our response in the US\").",1,-1,[],[34432]],["The central concern in this discussion is not political gains or losses, but the verifiable truth itself, and the negative consequences that might flow from not believing the verifiable truth.",1,-1,[],[34432]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["misinformation makes people believe that there is an election fraud",1,-1,[],[34432]],["poisons your mind",1,-1,[],[34432]],["polarizes the public",1,-1,[],[34432]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Promoting a humanizing approach towards individuals entangled in conflicts, encompassing both victims and perpetrators, and discouraging dehumanizing depictions that fuel hostility and bias.",1,-1,[],[42854]],["This shift aligns with social media's preference for relatable, human-centred storytelling.",1,-1,[],[11236]],["create a sense of authenticity",1,-1,[],[11236]],["exposing horrific events is another way to achieve humanization",1,-1,[],[39271]],["humanising communication by displacing some of the artificiality and alienation inherent in mass communication",1,-1,[],[5279]],["it is important to determine if the organisations concerned choose to adopt a more personal and relatable presence on social media, or whether they prefer to maintain a more distant and impersonal representation of themselves.",1,-1,[],[11236]],["previous research has looked at how it can be used to counter negative framing of minoritised groups",1,-1,[],[37666]],["serves to diminish the harmfulness of Le Pen's politics, centring instead her 'good side' built on her own narrative.",1,-1,[],[37666]]],"sy":[["personalisation",1,10101,[],[11236]]],"rt":[["Individualization",1,25009,[],[39271]],["Victimization",1,26227,[],[39271]],["trivialisation",1,934,[],[37666]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[42854]]],"ex":[["A family who is unable to keep their cats with them is thinking about returning to Ukraine. (The Times, August 2022).",1,-1,[],[39271]],["By featuring officers in personal or situational contexts",1,-1,[],[11236]],["Nine-year-old migrant from Ukraine, very shocked by the fighting, she was mute for six weeks. (London Evening Standard, June 2023).",1,-1,[],[39271]],["The UN claims that 75,000 children are compelled to leave their nation every day. (Metro, 25 May 2022).",1,-1,[],[39271]],["collective or impersonal representation-such as groups of people without individual distinction or videos devoid of human presence-or, conversely, whether themes related to the army and interior affairs were personalised through the presence of specific, identifiable characters.",1,-1,[],[11236]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["(in)visibility",1,20662,[],[14864]],["black box",1,5759,[],[14864]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["horizontal perspective",1,31003,[],[20401]],["vertical perspective",1,24178,[],[20401]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The posts are not randomly distributed but, as we show in Figure 2, are highly focused and directed, all with specific intent and content.",1,-1,[],[2413]],["fabricated by the How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument government",1,-1,[],[2413]],["the content of 50c party posts across China is largely about cheerleading, and to a lesser extent nonargumentative praise or suggestions and factual reporting.",1,-1,[],[2413]],["the evidence strongly indicates to the contrary that each was written by a specific, often identifiable, human being under direction from the government",1,-1,[],[2413]],["the focus of these posts is on cheerleading, possibly for purposes of distraction, rather than engaged argumentation and debate",1,-1,[],[2413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The racial formation theory helps to understand social structures established in a certain way that foreign workers may be assigned to lower statuses while Japanese people pursue their promotions in their careers.",1,-1,[],[20504]],["This perspective helps to understand minority groups in Japan as well as racial and ethnic diversity in other countries.",1,-1,[],[20504]],["race signification is made through a social and historical process by which racial categories are created and transformed and destroyed.",1,-1,[],[20504]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["There may be a broader category here, perhaps epistemic hyperbole that includes exaggerating the epistemic value of a claim or source.",1,-1,[],[21600]],["trades on the fact that science proceeds in fits and starts, instead of unanimous agreement from the outset.",1,-1,[],[21600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["appeal to inappropriate authority",1,-1,[],[21600]],["hasty generalization",1,6987,[],[21600]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"These findings that modest alcohol consumption can be beneficial for the heart completely upset all our previous assumptions about the health effects of drinking.\"",1,-1,[],[21600]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mediatization",1,10835,[],[10692]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, the perspective of form and meaning becomes significant and is seen as fundamental in the formalism paradigm.",1,-1,[],[35807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This theory encourages people to criticize the status quo because it is a form of power structure from domination and pressure, hence attitude theory points to problems in the social order and also implies new ways to organize social life so that it becomes more equal and fairer",1,-1,[],[57095]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hard news story",1,16692,[],[24108]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The narrator role places the news of the day into larger narratives that often extend over time, taking into account the past, the present, and the (envisaged) future.",1,-1,[],[18183]]],"sy":[["narrator",1,32262,[],[18183]]],"rt":[["narrator",1,32262,[],[18183]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Informational-instructive roles",1,-1,[],[9394]],["informational-instructive",1,8568,[],[18183]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It includes denying that identity-based atrocities took place (e.g., Genocide).",1,-1,[],[11754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Identity-directed abuse",1,33939,[],[11754]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Alternative journalists with professional backgrounds combine strong media criticism and counterhegemonic discourses, both central characteristics of alternative media (Holt, Ustad Figenschou, and Frischlich 2019), with their credentials.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["Engaged journalists possess the expertise to produce high-quality journalistic work while positioning themselves as politically progressive vis-a-vis their far-right governments.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["Engaged journalists prioritise marginalised actors' perspectives and perform a watchdog function with regard to the powerful.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["Engaged journalists' self-perceptions incorporate journalistic practices in the normative and political dimensions; competence, made evident by their journalistic know-how, and material elements of novel digital infrastructures that are crucial to dissemination, crowdfunding, community building, and mobilisation",1,-1,[],[5200]],["Engaged journalists' self-perceptions incorporate journalistic practices in the normative and political dimensions; competence, made evident by their journalistic know-how, and material elements of novel digital infrastructures that are crucial to dissemination, crowdfunding, community building, and mobilisation (cf. Shove et al. 2012;Medeiros 2019).",1,-1,[],[5200]],["In both countries, engaged journalists oscillated between their positions within and outside the journalistic field. The Intercept Brasil and MadaMasr simultaneously rebelled against and reproduced professional norms and practices, re-establishing and reinventing professional tensions and struggles outside established institutions.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["Instead of seeking objectivity, engaged journalists counter the imbalances in legacy media, which they perceive as favouring those in power.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["The journalists' decisions derive from their desire to position themselves as allies to progressive movements in politically polarised climates with increasing far-right, authoritarian trends.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["The self-proclaimed high normative dimension for engaged journalism, as typical in alternative news media, (Holt, Ustad Figenschou, and Frischlich 2019), results in openly embraced and acknowledged political stances, which engaged journalists do not see as contradictory to journalism.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["This article has developed the concept engaged journalism outside the Global North by focusing on professional journalists outside traditional newsrooms at the margins of the journalistic field.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["This conceptualization concentrates on the work of journalists in authoritarian contexts, who, unlike their colleagues in Western democracies, must routinely pre-empt governmental repression resulting from critical coverage of the authorities.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["a particular form of alternative journalism practiced by professional journalists outside traditional newsrooms",1,-1,[],[5200]],["engaged journalism does not constitute a complete rupture with established journalism, but a professional response that seeks to strengthen the journalistic field from the margins.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["improve the relationship between journalists and audiences, often by seeking to offer communities greater agency in the stories told about them",1,-1,[],[50384]],["radical normative engagement does not contradict established journalistic competence.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["results in openly embraced and acknowledged political stances, which engaged journalists do not see as contradictory to journalism.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["that attempt to include audiences in early stages of the news-making process while aiming to foster relationships rather than track audience metrics",1,-1,[],[9460]],["the degree to which a news organization actively considers and interacts with its audience in furtherance of its journalistic and financial mission",1,-1,[],[5200]],["they propose radical paths for journalism's further engagement, protecting the field's autonomy from politics and the economy.",1,-1,[],[5200]],["to redefine what journalism is about, and expand boundaries of journalism",1,-1,[],[5200]],["trend in latin america, led by professional journalists who see themselves as autonomous from heteronomous forces and with high professional standards",1,-1,[],[36452]]],"sy":[["advocacy or partisan journalism",1,-1,[],[5200]]],"rt":[["advocacy",1,24258,[],[5200]],["alternative media",1,7423,[],[5200]],["alternative news media",1,27782,[],[5200]],["audience turn",1,7979,[],[50384]],["engagement",1,29662,[],[9460]],["legacy journalism",1,-1,[],[5200]],["partisan journalism",1,23223,[],[5200]],["watchdog function",1,9410,[],[5200]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["alternative journalism",1,19931,[],[5200]]],"ex":[["to take readers on a journey to explore possibilities and to reimagine reality",1,-1,[],[5200]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["a new concept of 'information utilities' may be appropriate to capture their increasingly dominant role",1,-1,[],[27752]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook and Google",1,-1,[],[27752]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In response to a question, GPT-3 was found to frequently provide common, but false utterances, rather than providing the less common, correct utterance (Zhao et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[22436]],["One pattern in these errors is that GPT-3 was found to erroneously predict more frequently occurring terms, also termed a 'common token bias'.",1,-1,[],[22436]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the 'model often predicts common entities such as \"America\" when the ground-truth answer is instead a rare entity in the training data', such as Keetmansoop, Namibia (Zhao et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[22436]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["A key element in this definition is that an evaluative expression is always associated with a polarized scale regarding social or moral norms (bad vs. good, love vs. hate, in favor of vs. against, prefer vs. dislike, better vs. worse, etc.).",1,-1,[],[24808]],["Discourse connectives, discourse structure, rhetorical relations, topicality.",1,-1,[],[24808]],["Effects of various pragmatic phenomena such as common-sense knowledge, domain dependency, genre bias, cultural and social constraints, time constraints.",1,-1,[],[24808]],["Interactions with linguistic operators like negation, modality, and intensifiers; or syntactic constraints such as altering the order of constituents in a clause or sentence.",1,-1,[],[24808]],["the interpretation of a given evaluation depends on linguistic and extralinguistic contextual factors.",1,-1,[],[24808]]],"sy":[["evaluation",1,19890,[],[24808]],["evaluative expressions",1,-1,[],[24808]],["polarized evaluation",1,10270,[],[24808]]],"rt":[["affect",1,12652,[],[24808]],["appraisal",1,32170,[],[24808]],["attitude",1,13566,[],[24808]],["belief",1,8928,[],[24808]],["desire",1,26794,[],[24808]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[24808]],["point of view",1,5478,[],[24808]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[24808]],["speculation",1,31028,[],[24808]],["subjectivity",1,5279,[],[24808]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Critics of expert labeling have similarly argued that there is lack of consistency in expert labels [184].",1,-1,[],[16545]],["Despite this approach's lack of scalability and timeliness, its proponents underscored the high accuracy of expert labels and their capacity to correct viewer misperceptions [184].",1,-1,[],[16545]],["Further, fact-checkers may preferentially fact-check certain content over others",1,-1,[],[16545]],["Similarly, fact-checker evaluation procedures are sometimes surprisingly opaque to outsiders, and may even change over time. Additionally, as mentioned previously, this approach also lacks scalability.",1,-1,[],[16545]],["Third-party fact-checkers have high expertise, but they differ in defining and conceptualizing misinformation",1,-1,[],[16545]],["critics have also expressed concerns about bias and transparency issues in expert labeling [184,82].",1,-1,[],[16545]],["high accuracy and high agreement are commonly considered the key strength of expert labeling.",1,-1,[],[16545]],["the preferred approach for small scope detection and high-stake scenarios",1,-1,[],[16545]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation detection",1,27522,[],[16545]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It involves the source domain INSTABILITY, referring here to rapid and often unexpected fluctuations in emotions. The unpredictability and inconsistent nature of INSTABILITY is mapped onto the FLUCTUATING EMOTIONAL STATES caused by hot flashes during menopause. Just as something unstable is prone to sudden changes or lacks a consistent pattern, emotional lability here is characterized by rapid, unpredictable shifts in mood and feelings.",1,-1,[],[39037]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["atributos sustantivos",1,14958,[],[13806]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["El periodismo lento evita la competición extrema por la primicia y pone en entredicho géneros y formatos (como la propia noticia, la prensa gratuita, el periodismo en redes sociales, etc.), que de alguna manera están abocados a una concisión extrema, con lo que esto conlleva de simplificación, descontextualización y fragmentación de realidades más complejas.",1,-1,[],[13719]],["Forman parte del periodismo lento aquellas expresiones que: a) desafían el ciclo 24 horas/7 días a la semana (24/7) y rescatan temporalidades más pausadas como la semana, el mes o el trimestre; b) no toman en cuenta la extensión de la información periodística, sino que, en la búsqueda de la calidad y el rigor, reivindican el periodismo de largo formato (longform journalism) y géneros como el reportaje en profundidad, el ensayo, la crónica o la entrevista; c) censuran la lógica de la novedad, lo inmediato o lo desacostumbrado como principales valores-noticia y, en su lugar, atienden a las necesidades de los ciudadanos como criterio último para definir lo noticioso.",1,-1,[],[13719]],["Nacidos a finales de 2000, estos nativos digitales ejemplifican la revitalización de un periodismo de largo formato y cuidada factura dirigido a clubes de lectores especializados que demandan una recepción periodística más pausada.",1,-1,[],[13719]],["recuperan las historias detalladas y rigurosas, sin que haya límite para la extensión de las piezas",1,-1,[],[13719]]],"sy":[["periodismo slow",1,-1,[],[13719]]],"rt":[["crónica",1,31841,[],[13719]],["periodismo de investigación",1,31617,[],[13719]],["periodismo de largo formato",1,-1,[],[13719]],["periodismo narrativo",1,32234,[],[13719]],["reportaje",1,29294,[],[13719]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Enquadrar, para Entman, é selecionar certos aspectos de um evento e tornálo reconhecível aos olhos do público. O enquadramento introduz e amplia a relevância aparente de certas ideias, ativando esquemas mentais que encorajam o público-alvo a pensar, sentir e decidir de uma maneira particular",1,-1,[],[52026]],["Enquadrar, para Entman, é selecionar certos aspectos de um evento e tornálo reconhecível aos olhos do público. O enquadramento introduz e amplia a relevância aparente de certas ideias, ativando esquemas mentais que encorajam o público-alvo a pensar, sentir e decidir de uma maneira particular (Entman 2010, p. 391).",1,-1,[],[52026]],["O enquadramento introduz e amplia a relevância aparente de certas ideias, ativando esquemas mentais que encorajam o público-alvo a pensar, sentir e decidir de uma maneira particular",1,-1,[],[52026]],["São elementos simbólicos que atuam como mapas compartilhados entre o corpo enunciativo e seu interlocutor, constituindo avaliações sobre a realidade",1,-1,[],[52026]],["a veiculação de ideias passa pelo processo de seleção e definição de um modo de apresentação, cujas ações são diretamente vinculadas a uma perspectiva de enquadramento",1,-1,[],[52026]],["aplicação da análise do enquadramento na política externa",1,-1,[],[52026]],["há também dois aspectos que o enquadramento envolve, a saber, seleção e relevância",1,-1,[],[52026]],["o enquadramento das fotografias privilegia um plano geral das pessoas diante de sua casa, ressaltando uma paisagem geográfica e humana de desolação.",1,-1,[],[36401]],["os enquadramentos podem ser de natureza procedimental e/ou substantiva",1,-1,[],[52026]],["os enquadramentos são de proximidade: os rostos e corpos das crianças e mulheres assumem o primeiro plano e o ambiente doméstico adquire uma nova perspectiva",1,-1,[],[36401]],["possui quatro funções básicas: 1) definição de um problema; 2) delimitar suas causas; 3) estabelecer um julgamento moral; 4) propor soluções",1,-1,[],[52026]],["visão baseada na estrutura de Entman, uma referência na aplicação da análise do enquadramento na política externa",1,-1,[],[52026]]],"sy":[["framing",2,22777,[],[39846,52026]]],"rt":[["1) definição de um problema",1,-1,[],[52026]],["2) delimitar suas causas",1,-1,[],[52026]],["3) estabelecer um julgamento moral",1,-1,[],[52026]],["4) propor soluções",1,-1,[],[52026]],["avaliação moral",1,15623,[],[52026]],["definição de um problema",1,-1,[],[52026]],["delimitar suas causas",1,-1,[],[52026]],["estabelecer um julgamento moral",1,-1,[],[52026]],["interpretação causal",1,-1,[],[52026]],["propor soluções",1,-1,[],[52026]],["tratamento para recomendação",1,-1,[],[52026]]],"sb":[["enquadramento procedimental",1,-1,[],[52026]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["identified with Vox",1,-1,[],[33289]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-feminist faction",1,27885,[],[33289]]],"sb":[["Extreme Right",1,3446,[],[3560]],["Populist Radical Right",1,15297,[],[3560]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["seeking to generate revenue through sensationalist news that prioritizes visual and emotional impact over ethics",1,-1,[],[52197]]],"sy":[["arousing news",1,3713,[],[43174]],["bad news",1,13693,[],[43174]],["infotainment",1,9984,[],[43174]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[43174]],["tabloidization",1,16136,[],[43174]]],"rt":[["arousing news",1,3713,[],[43174]],["bad news",1,13693,[],[43174]],["infotainment",1,9984,[],[43174]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[43174]],["tabloidization",1,16136,[],[43174]]],"sb":[["arousing content",1,-1,[],[43174]],["tabloid packaging",1,17758,[],[43174]]],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[32123]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["usually linked to morally and meaningful charged content",1,-1,[],[52565]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["het globale perspectief",1,-1,[],[19955]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["explicit appraisal",1,22868,[],[43319]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",1,26978,[],[43319]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is the utilisation of social media to amuse oneself as well as ease emotional tension and anxiety",1,-1,[],[2075]],["It is the utilisation of social media to amuse oneself as well as ease emotional tension and anxiety (Lee & Ma, 2012).",1,-1,[],[2075]],["social media offers its users with many exciting features and applications -such as chat and games -which they may rely on to satisfy their entertainment needs.",1,-1,[],[2075]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["motivated by the phenomenon that many sources only provide very few observations. It is not reasonable to give a point estimator for source reliability.",1,-1,[],[6692]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can help to distinguish the fake statements",1,-1,[],[56205]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["long lasting, historical, group-based oppression",1,-1,[],[15318]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance adverbials",1,16111,[],[58094]]],"ex":[["basically and frankly",1,-1,[],[58094]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["When explicitly populist outsider groups gain prominence, parts of the establishment will react by a combined strategy of exclusion and inclusion; while trying to exclude the populist actor(s) from political power, they will include populist themes and rhetoric to try and fight off the challenge. This dynamic will bring about a populist Zeitgeist, like the one we are facing today, which will dissipate as soon as the populist challenger seems to be over its top.",1,-1,[],[6245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["News information in the IP pattern is presented in descending order of importance.",1,-1,[],[30485]],["This is likely due to its normative purchase, being associated with objectivity due to the way it standardizes the presentation of news content as an authoritative account of events (Thomson et al., 2008;Vos, 2002).",1,-1,[],[11324]],["news reports typically are structured along an inverted pyramid",1,-1,[],[4279]],["structure in journalism",1,-1,[],[11590]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse structure",1,8703,[],[51292]],["news format",1,11141,[],[11324]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["storytelling format",1,-1,[],[46262]]],"ex":[["A comparative content analysis of news articles published by The New York Times and Buzzfeed in the United States found that majority of their articles (82% for Buzzfeed, 71% for The New York Times) used the inverted pyramid format",1,-1,[],[53180]],["The first part (feature) is the title (headline). This feature tells what the news is about. The second feature shows who wrote the news (byline). The third feature is the lead (first paragraph). This paragraph summarizes the main and important facts of the news, and based on 5 W's (who, what, when, where, and why) and how. The fourth feature is the body. This part is the core information and details about the news, which supports and amplifies the lead. The fifth feature is the ending which usually gives something to think about.",1,-1,[],[30485]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["model generations that render a group more susceptible to representational or allocational harms",1,-1,[],[11882]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a key building block of the AI Literacy frameworks recently published by the OECD and UNESCO",1,-1,[],[52161]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["AI Literacy",1,23931,[],[52161]],["advanced information literacy competencies",1,-1,[],[52161]]],"ex":[["A marketing professional analyzing why certain products trend on social media, considering the platform's algorithm, not just consumer interest.",1,-1,[],[52161]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["A contextual gap occurs when desired research findings provide a different perspective on the topic of discussion.",2,-1,[],[15439,18049]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Toxicology is the study of how toxins create pathologies by infiltrating the human body",1,-1,[],[32091]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Strategies and means that social subjects and institutions utilize for the sake of achieving certain effects and outcomes.",1,-1,[],[22068]],["Strategies and tactics are always embedded in the historical situation",1,-1,[],[56544]],["This also prompts an epistemological tilt: from plans to practices, and from theoretical models to archival sources.",1,-1,[],[56544]],["While strategies are usually concerned with the destination and direction, tactics handle the bumps along the way.",1,-1,[],[56544]],["knowing where you want to go",1,-1,[],[56545]],["scholars working within the disciplines of advertising, public relations, strategic communications, and marketing have placed a much greater emphasis on strategy than tactics",1,-1,[],[56545]],["strategies and tactics are often deeply entangled",1,-1,[],[56544]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Tactics",2,17608,[["Tactics",1],["tactics",1]],[4574,56544,56545]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["activity",1,1657,[],[22068]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["This approach can help evaluate news sources, assess story consistency, identify manipulated content, and encourage critical thinking",1,-1,[],[45683]],["is a common tool for making causality assessments (Kahneman and Tversky, 1981), which in turn are crucial for model evaluation, error analysis, and explanation (Miller, 2019).",1,-1,[],[11646]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast to noneducative nudges, these interventions are transparent to people, engage their deliberate faculties, and preserve autonomy of choice-which may be why people prefer educative nudges.",1,-1,[],[9562]],["these interventions involve some form of education, for instance in the form of additional information (e.g., the nutritional quality of foods or the risks of smoking; Sunstein, 2016aSunstein, , 2016b))",1,-1,[["these interventions involve some form of education, for instance in the form of additional information (e.g., the nutritional quality of foods or the risks of smoking; Sunstein, 2016aSunstein, , 2016b))",1],["these interventions involve some form of education, for instance in the form of additional information (e.g., the nutritional quality of foods or the risks of smoking; Sunstein, 2016aSunstein, , 2016b)).",1]],[9562]],["these interventions involve some form of education, for instance in the form of additional information (e.g., the nutritional quality of foods or the risks of smoking; Sunstein, 2016aSunstein, , 2016b)). In contrast to noneducative nudges, these interventions are transparent to people, engage their deliberate faculties, and preserve autonomy of choice",1,-1,[],[9562]]],"sy":[["System 2 nudges",1,-1,[],[9562]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["nudging",1,16197,[],[9562]]],"ex":[["educational campaigns demonstrating advantages of green energy",1,-1,[],[9562]],["statistical information about the risks of smoking",1,-1,[],[9562]],["statistical information about the risks of smoking, educational campaigns demonstrating advantages of green energy",1,-1,[],[9562]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Evidence-based citizen responses",1,29409,[],[61949]],["Opinion-based citizen responses",1,9556,[],[61949]]],"sp":[["Counter-Misinformation Tweets",1,9553,[],[61949]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["produces a range of backfire effects, or psychological effects that lead misinformation to actually become more entrenched in the individual.",1,-1,[],[8746]]],"sy":[["affective tallies",1,-1,[],[7687]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the model exhibits a behavior which we call the copying effect.",1,-1,[],[19633]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In relation to this, it is important, for an adequate search while facing a threat, that one has a certain ability to regulate potentially negative emotions that may arise (Das, 2012).",1,-1,[],[42540]],["measured through statements like, \"When I want to feel more positive emotion (such as joy or amusement), I change what I'm thinking about\" or \"When I am feeling positive emotions, I am careful not to express them.\"",1,-1,[],[60601]],["sending an angry or fearful tweet is an attempt to up-or down-regulate positive or negative mental states.",1,-1,[],[38562]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Cognitive reappraisal",1,24304,[],[60601]],["Expressive regulation",1,16145,[],[60601]],["attentional deployment",1,10745,[],[56093]],["cognitive change",1,16036,[],[56093]],["response modulation",1,-1,[],[56093]],["response-focused strategies",1,3335,[],[60601]],["situation modification",1,-1,[],[56093]],["situation selection",1,-1,[],[56093]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["emotional communication surrounding a major health crisis like the Coronavirus pandemic and the protective measures taken by the government have a strong potential to induce the need for emotion regulation and to prompt citizens to express their emotions in tweets.",1,-1,[],[38562]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the term inútil (\"useless\") is a context-dependent offensive term. Note that this last term is classified as context-dependent offensive because it also may be employed in a non-offensive context, such as \"this smartphone is useless\" or \"the process is useless for this task\"",1,-1,[],[35270]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Organisations have a low level of control over their organisational messages in this DMA. However, they have strong editorial control over communication moderation features within this DMA because of the typical financial remuneration involved in such practices.",1,-1,[],[54121]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["DMA",1,-1,[],[54121]],["Digital media-arenas",1,4035,[],[54121]]],"ex":[["product and brand placement in digital games, TV shows and news reports",1,-1,[],[54121]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This critical position requires an awareness of the production processes of media messages and the subjectivity of both the message's author and receiver.",1,-1,[],[12903]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical media literacy",1,13038,[],[12903]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[40140]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["abuse clause",1,32852,[],[35730]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["code-mixing",1,34568,[],[30878]],["homophonic substitution",1,-1,[],[30878]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["NML interventions or messages can be used as a communicative instrument to stimulate NML-related skills and control in a digital setting (Vraga et al. 2021).",1,-1,[],[5162]],["NML interventions typically provide news users with short, easy to comprehend and low-effort suggestions on how to (1) be skeptical toward news coverage, (2) reflect on their personal biases, and (3) recognize biases in the production of information, such as political motivations or biases in the tone of coverage (e.g., Guess et al. 2020;Hameleers 2020).",1,-1,[],[5162]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["NML interventions that highlight either more the creation domain or the content domain of NML knowledge and skills",1,-1,[],[5162]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["alter misinformation perceptions",1,-1,[],[5162]],["lower hostile media perceptions",1,-1,[],[5162]],["reduce the selection of only attitudinal-congruent news",1,-1,[],[5162]],["stimulate cross-cutting news exposure",1,-1,[],[5162]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["range between 0 and 1",1,-1,[],[39841]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["differential media use among social classes",1,-1,[],[53238]],["unequal use and exposure to different communication channels between higher and lower SES groups",1,-1,[],[53238]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication inequality",1,6791,[],[53238]],["communicative inequalities",1,24565,[],[14105]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["they often make inferences to fill in these gaps",1,-1,[],[23981]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["naive theory of exclusivity",1,20683,[["naive theory of exclusivity",1],["the naive theory of exclusivity",1]],[23981]],["naive theory of popularity",1,10028,[["naive theory of popularity",1],["the naive theory of popularity",1]],[23981]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, the type and sensitivity of the communities, actions, and interactions under study but also the expectations of the individuals (e.g., regarding the publicity of their content) evoked by the platform",1,-1,[],[58675]],["Specifically, the type and sensitivity of the communities, actions, and interactions under study but also the expectations of the individuals (e.g., regarding the publicity of their content) evoked by the platform (Ess & Association of Internet Researchers, 2002).",1,-1,[],[58675]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["users might not expect that data from a seemingly more private venue (e.g., a Telegram channel) can be accessed by third parties.",1,-1,[],[58675]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["refusal behavior",1,-1,[],[39323]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Cues for sensationalism could be: dramatic, urgent, exaggerated language",1,-1,[],[48850]],["Cues for sensationalism could be: dramatic, urgent, exaggerated language: life-changing, unparalleled performance, revolutionary, transformative, miracle treatment or use informal or colloquial language: amps up the efficiency,",1,-1,[],[48850]]],"sy":[["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[48850]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["amps up the efficiency",1,-1,[],[48850]],["life-changing",1,-1,[],[48850]],["miracle treatment",1,-1,[],[48850]],["revolutionary",1,-1,[],[48850]],["transformative",1,-1,[],[48850]],["unparalleled performance",1,-1,[],[48850]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["interpersonal relation",1,-1,[],[45453]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["are you satisfied with the hardware and software provided for your work?",1,-1,[],[25779]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["'Attack journalism' first emerged in the USA and is ascribed to an unpredictable dynamic created by a cluster of trends: the decline in deference to institutional authority, conflicting moralities, ideological divisions, the emergence of celebrity culture, an accommodating legal context, and technological developments that have revolutionised the communications marketplace.",1,-1,[],[19485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trial by media",1,10567,[],[19485]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["References to Cleveland fixed an image in many people's minds which placed social workers firmly in the dock, drawing on and contributing to spirals of negative publicity surrounding social workers.",1,-1,[],[23543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the phrase 'another Cleveland' provokes a set of powerful prepackaged associations",1,-1,[],[23543]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social bots",1,20136,[],[7212]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In most cases, the contents of academic blog posts are closely related to the research articles in which they might originate, but with specialised scientific information re-modelled for a new readership and the demands of different communicative purposes.",1,-1,[],[27291]],["In such studies, the recontextualization of semiotic material is broadly understood as a discursive practice through which intertextual (and interdiscursive) relations between two utterances produced at different historical moments are established.",1,-1,[],[14168]],["In the case of OOC misuse, the images are genuine and the real counterpart always exists.",1,-1,[],[15524]],["It is a defining feature of digitally mediated discourse",1,-1,[],[27291]],["Recontextualisation therefore involves, among other changes, writers making decisions regarding how best to restructure lines of argument, set out discourse purposes, signal text directions and manage rhetorical connections",1,-1,[],[27291]],["Recontextualization thus involves both formal and sociopragmatic dimensions.",1,-1,[],[14168]],["has long interested linguists to explain how information can be appropriated and manipulated for different contexts",1,-1,[],[27291]]],"sy":[["out-ofcontext (OOC) misuse",1,28535,[],[15524]]],"rt":[["formal modes of recontextualization",1,566,[],[14168]],["intertextual (and interdiscursive) relations",1,-1,[],[14168]],["intralinguistic translation",1,-1,[],[27291]]],"sb":[["cross-modal recontextualization",1,23951,[],[14168]],["monomodal recontextualization",1,27036,[],[14168]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Developed country newsrooms are preparing for the upcoming wave of data-driven journalism",1,-1,[],[47552]]],"sy":[["computational journalism",1,17057,[],[5248]],["data journalism",1,28520,[],[5248]],["journalism as programming",1,21220,[],[5248]],["robot journalism",1,28725,[],[5248]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["fearful subservience to authority",1,-1,[],[46975]],["hostility toward a wide variety of minority groups",1,-1,[],[46975]],["predisposes individuals to embrace certain ideologies",1,-1,[],[46975]],["suppressed resentment that manifests as hostility toward outgroups",1,-1,[],[46975]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["outgroup hostility",1,-1,[],[46975]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inclusion frames",1,22270,[],[26418]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Prognostic framing",1,11588,[],[26418]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["false presupposition",1,11490,[],[11978]],["presuppositions",1,7854,[],[11978]]],"ex":[["Current is stored in power plants.",1,-1,[["Current is stored in power plants.",1],["current is stored in power plants",1]],[11978]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["people with a stream of messages that hinders learning",1,-1,[],[24315]],["social media overload (information overload, communication overload, and social overload)",1,-1,[],[1697]],["social media overload (information overload, communication overload, social overload)",1,-1,[],[1697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication overload",1,13433,[],[1697]],["information overload",1,18870,[],[1697]],["social media fatigue",1,33631,[],[1697]],["social overload",1,21081,[],[1697]]],"sb":[["communication overload",1,13433,[],[1697]],["information overload",1,18870,[],[1697]],["social overload",1,21081,[],[1697]]],"sp":[["overload",1,1365,[],[1697]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["conceive of transnational journalism as a practice situated beyond traditional forms of journalism and elaborate on how transnational news organizations treat more than one nation as their home audience, which requires thinking about transnational journalism from an interconnectedness perspective as consisting of interdependent units.",1,-1,[],[9450]],["engages with forms of cross-border journalism that might not be located either at the international level, national dimension, or the domain of community neighborhood",1,-1,[],[9450]],["transnational journalism as a practice situated beyond traditional forms of journalism and elaborate on how transnational news organizations treat more than one nation as their home audience",1,-1,[],[9450]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cross-border journalism",1,31927,[],[9450]],["foreign journalism",1,29635,[],[9450]],["global journalism",1,27413,[],[9450]],["international journalism",1,3394,[],[9450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cross-border journalism",1,31927,[],[9450]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Intersectional bias",1,26840,[],[59504]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Explicit sub-populations",1,-1,[],[17513]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["At this stage of channelling the prisoner moves from feeling general guilt to feeling specific guilt.",1,-1,[],[25005]],["The prisoner, rather than feeling general guilt, starts to feel specific guilt for things he has done.",1,-1,[],[25004]],["What up until this point has been unspecific is made to do explicit work for thought reform -the prisoner learns to identify \"proof\" of his wrongdoings. \"What was most prosaic, even generous, must now be viewed as 'criminal'\" (Lifton, 1961, p. 75). Entrenched in this process is that the prisoner is condemned, or condemns himself, more for what he has been than for what he has done.",1,-1,[],[25005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["During the 2010 LGAT the unspecific guilt is generated during the first three hours, guilt which is maintained throughout the course. This occurs through the convincing yet unspecific blame placed on participants.",1,-1,[],[25004]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The interconnected self-construal incorporates connections and identification with external objects, such as the natural environment, animals, and the wider social community. This newly identified form involves both a broadening of the self to incorporate external aspects of the physical and social environments and a narrowing in terms of reduced attachment to and identification with mental states.",1,-1,[],[14472]],["This newly identified form involves both a broadening of the self to incorporate external aspects of the physical and social environments and a narrowing in terms of reduced attachment to and identification with mental states.",1,-1,[],[14472]],["associated with mindful cognitive styles",1,-1,[],[14472]],["broad (i.e., including aspects of the environment), it is also narrow as it does not construe mental states (e.g., thoughts and emotions) as being part of or equated with the self",1,-1,[],[14472]],["incorporates connections and identification with external objects, such as the natural environment, animals, and the wider social community.",1,-1,[],[14472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["allo-inclusive identity",1,-1,[],[14472]],["independent self-construal",1,4248,[],[14472]],["metapersonal self",1,-1,[],[14472]],["quiet ego",1,-1,[],[14472]],["transcendent forms of the self",1,-1,[],[14472]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["self-construal",1,797,[],[14472]]],"ex":[["Chewong of the Malay Peninsula",1,-1,[],[14472]],["Illongot of the Philippines",1,-1,[],[14472]],["Kanak of New Caledonia",1,-1,[],[14472]],["Mbuti of Central Africa",1,-1,[],[14472]],["Mbuti of Central Africa, who exhibit a self-construal deeply connected to the forest, which they view as a living entity and refer to as mother or father",1,-1,[],[14472]],["North American Indigenous groups",1,-1,[],[14472]],["Pintupi of Australia",1,-1,[],[14472]],["Pintupi of Australia, who perceive their identity as deeply entwined with significant others and the natural environment, often referring to places in the first person",1,-1,[],[14472]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this case, the most relevant linguistic means are lexical units with negative semantics, figurative linguistic means, vocabulary explicating emotions of the addresser and launching mechanisms of \"emotional infection\".",1,-1,[],[47782]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["negative qualification of the past",1,9441,[],[47782]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["While fairness and bias are closely related concepts, they differ in important ways, including that fairness is inherently a deliberate and intentional goal, while bias can be unintentional.",1,-1,[],[14605]],["fairness is a social and ethical issue",1,-1,[],[14605]],["fairness is inherently a deliberate and intentional goal",1,-1,[],[14605]],["fairness is only concerned with negative bias or discrimination",1,-1,[],[14605]]],"sy":[["fair-AI",1,27376,[],[568]]],"rt":[["bias",1,30859,[],[14605]]],"sb":[["counterfactual fairness",2,16052,[],[14605,52835]],["group fairness",2,33164,[],[14605,52835]],["individual fairness",2,1616,[],[14605,52835]],["causal fairness",1,20663,[],[14605]],["procedural fairness",1,20027,[],[14605]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["wider narrative",1,14923,[],[52793]]],"rt":[["conspiracy theory",1,1403,[],[52793]],["misleading information",1,2191,[],[52793]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["front running",1,-1,[],[21538]],["insider trading",1,-1,[],[21538]],["market manipulation",1,-1,[],[21538]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a period when areas such as journalism were frequently dominated by a number of colourful and powerful personalities",1,-1,[],[17069]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Object hallucination",1,-1,[],[7467]]],"ex":[["A chest of drawers and a fan on the roof.",1,-1,[],[7467]],["A chest of drawers and letters inside drawers.",1,-1,[],[7467]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The addresser contrasts the negatively valued present or the earlier past in order to form a positive image and decrease the addressee's negative perception. Thus, the content \"nowadays it is not as good as before\" is packed with the idea that \"it used to be good\".",1,-1,[],[47806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["plurality",1,32978,[],[53202]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["detection",1,33431,[],[7236]],["prevention",1,20345,[],[7236]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["TRAIT FOR PERSON metonymy",1,34481,[],[58762]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Journalism's performativity may be better seen through two different layers: as a pragmatic activity, and as an enactment of its discourse.",1,-1,[],[22758]],["functions pragmatically as an action upon the world",1,-1,[],[22758]],["role journalism plays as 'meaning-broker in modern society'",1,-1,[],[22758]],["they are crucial aspects in the respectability and reliability of newspapers.",1,-1,[],[22757]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive conventions of form and style",1,-1,[],[22757]]],"sb":[["an enactment of its discourse",1,-1,[],[22758]],["pragmatic activity",1,-1,[],[22758]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake news",1,33960,[],[38037]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic reading goal",1,21355,[],[3461]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I want to know which theory is correct in the explanation of a certain phenomenon",1,-1,[],[3461]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["infotainment role",1,11234,[],[9493]],["service role",1,20793,[],[9493]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Audience approach",1,-1,[],[9493]],["audience approach domain",1,28034,[],[9493]],["journalistic role",1,28982,[],[9493]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["in-group bias",1,21729,[],[7779]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["interethnic distrust",1,-1,[],[7779]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["approaches to deception detection, in that truthful narratives are concrete, contextually embedded and rich in detail, whereas deceptive narratives lack such information",1,-1,[],[13655]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["specific instantiations of the social relationships and context.",1,-1,[],[21502]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a. Don't misgender my friend b. Don't expose my friend to transphobic retaliation (= don't 'out' friend)",1,-1,[],[21502]],["a. Don't misgender my friend b. Don't surprise/confuse the border guard",1,-1,[],[21502]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["indirect quotations are not",1,-1,[],[43719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct quotes",1,31995,[],[43719]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The decision of the selection policy comprises the description of the context, the intended users, the access mechanisms and the expected uses of the archive.",1,-1,[],[32073]],["The selection policy may comprise the selection process and selection approach.",1,-1,[],[32073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selection approach",1,-1,[],[32073]],["selection process",1,2916,[],[32073]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["establishment of what Yasha Mounk (2018) aptly called 'democracy without rights'",1,-1,[],[24199]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Here group identity is not understood as the sum of constant primordialist characteristics of a social group, but as a socially constructed definition which the group members accept as selfdefinition",1,-1,[],[25828]],["the beneficiaries of welfare services",1,-1,[],[36938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["citizen groups",1,22984,[],[36938]]],"ex":[["Danish Association of the Disabled",1,-1,[],[49717]],["Royal National Institute of Blind People (UK)",1,-1,[],[49717]],["associations of parents as well as students",1,-1,[],[36938]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Cooperative (CP)",1,16580,[],[22771]],["Politeness principle (PP)",1,-1,[],[22771]],["textual rhetoric",1,-1,[],[22771]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As Linder (2006) described in his study of climate change advertising, visual synecdoches may also become subject to parody, inverting and challenging the original reading of the visual.",1,-1,[],[511]],["As these synecdoches become embedded in the visual discourse, they can become clichéd or stereotyped.",1,-1,[],[511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Notable visual synecdoches arising within this dataset are ice imagery and polar bears, smokestacks and wind turbines",1,-1,[],[511]],["represents social actors (e.g. Holocaust victims)",1,-1,[],[39416]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-reflexive journalism",1,-1,[],[24332]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["GFL tries to change these stereotypes by using neutral words, fair character representation, and language that respects individuals' identities",1,-1,[],[34963]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["or by assigning each word a pre-computed bias score.",1,-1,[],[37645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Network Gatekeeping",1,22482,[],[32942]],["network gatekeeping identification",1,-1,[],[32942]],["network gatekeeping salience",1,33015,[],[32942]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Perspective aware modeling",1,-1,[],[50124]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["information security",1,19314,[],[59304]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social privacy",1,20705,[],[11292]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[10362]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Conflict disclosure",1,-1,[],[34798]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fourth Estate",1,15130,[],[51331]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Conflicting viewpoints",1,-1,[],[33103]],["Contrasting findings",1,-1,[],[33103]],["We operationalized this frame with two indicators: contrasting research findings (Zehr, 2000;Ruhrmann et al., 2015;cf. Guenther et al., 2019) or conflicting viewpoints about the topic at hand (cf. Antilla, 2005).",1,-1,[],[33103]],["controversy was conveyed by highlighting conflicting viewpoints within the scientific community, for example, by noting that study findings departed from previous research, or that research studies had produced mixed results",1,-1,[],[33103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[33879]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["journalists' associations",1,6882,[],[53085]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Epistemically suspect beliefs, once formed, are often accompanied by an unwillingness to critically reflect on such beliefs.",1,-1,[],[19665]],["once formed, are often accompanied by an unwillingness to critically reflect on such beliefs.",1,-1,[],[19665]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ontological confusions",1,4359,[],[19665]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the belief in angels (and the corresponding belief that they can move through walls)",1,-1,[],[19665]],["the belief in angels (and the corresponding belief that they can move through walls) conflicts with the common folk-mechanical belief that things cannot pass through solid objects",1,-1,[],[19665]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["linguistic features",1,19033,[],[35496]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake news detection",1,15605,[],[37141]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["la mirada informativa que combina planteamientos cuantitativos y cualitativos",1,-1,[],[13055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Approaching issues via a debunking frame contextualizes terrorists' strategies and may decrease their impact on recipients.",1,-1,[],[45327]],["In the debunking frame, the fact that ISIL's propaganda was directed at Western societies was defined as a problem, but unlike to the other dominant media frames, the debunking frame offered an evaluation that conveyed a completely different meaning than the terrorists' claims.",1,-1,[],[45327]],["This technique cannot be reduced to factual statements, such as highlighting that ISIL's power is exaggerated through staging; rather, authors relativize and sometimes even ridicule the dramatic self-portrayal of terrorists in their propaganda videos.",1,-1,[],[45327]]],"sy":[["countering or contesting frames",1,-1,[],[45327]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["media actors pointed out logical errors in ISIL's ideology or showed that the actual power of and support for this terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria were much lower than what was portrayed in the videos.",1,-1,[],[45327]],["the label \"computer kids\" contests the glorification of fighters and \"fallen warriors,\" an important part of the narrative in ISIL videos that stage terrorist fighters as \"victorious, powerful, cruel, and just.\"",1,-1,[],[45327]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["el poco impacto de los procesos de democratización sobre la estructura de propiedad, y los vínculos entre medios tradicionales y elites como factor explicativo de la consolidación de grandes corporaciones mediáticas",1,-1,[],[35612]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["metalingual",1,-1,[],[10223]],["referential",1,-1,[],[10223]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The rabbit hole effect is not only fueled by various cognitive biases, but also by algorithmic mechanisms and social dynamics.",1,-1,[],[62015]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Individuals can fall into the rabbit hole through algorithmic recommender systems, such as those which underlie YouTube, or be directed to rabbit holes by social networks through email or social media (Tang et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[62015]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The content may still discuss COVID-19",1,-1,[],[61955]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[["A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda.",2,-1,[],[11812,11813,56131]],["A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It can be applied to individuals or groups.",2,-1,[],[11813,56131]]],"de":[["It can be applied to individuals or groups.",3,-1,[],[11812,11813,29182,56131]],["this can be only seen when we understand that this is a dialog with a negative propaganda targeting one of the participants",1,-1,[],[11813]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",4,28434,[],[11813,29182,55998,56131]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11813]]],"ex":[["Example for Smears",1,-1,[],[11813]],["I'm not pregnant, I haven't been tested. But the President says if it's not tested it's not real. I think it's gas...",1,-1,[],[29182]],["Malik Riaz is a cult. PPP ke saath mil kar paani ke daamon zamin kharredi hai to make Bahria Town Karachi",1,-1,[],[29182]],["No honor, no integrity, no principles, no morals, ...",1,-1,[],[55998]],["suggest that Joe Biden's campaign is only alive because of mainstream media",1,-1,[],[56131]],["the Clintons are crooks, which is also Smears",1,-1,[],[56131]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["makes the choice of 'dirt' in the current example allude to a contaminated dimension of Croatia's social and political reality.",1,-1,[],[43939]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Karikaturen religiöser Instanzen",1,-1,[],[21314]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Golliwog rag dolls were popular in the early to mid 20 th century, and are characterized by having black skin, frizzy hair, a large red mouth, and white-rimmed eyes; given their close resemblance to minstrel figures, they are now widely considered to be deeply racist (see Pilgrim, 2012).",1,-1,[],[17406]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Los estudios que analizan la cobertura periodística de mujeres políticas suelen revisar los temas en los cuáles las mujeres son representadas. La mayoría de estos trabajos realizan una distinción entre temas relacionados con lo masculino y lo femenino.",1,-1,[],[42008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It encompasses democratic legitimacy principles and rules foreseen in the Constitution, electoral morality and political rights provided by the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet and other specific provisions on electoral propaganda in the General Law of the Elections.",1,-1,[],[61865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["peripheral processing",1,33085,[],[42400]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Unacceptable",1,24179,[],[55641]],["hate speech classes",1,-1,[],[2933]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["commenting",1,3207,[],[23439]],["denying",1,4470,[],[23439]],["querying",1,6266,[],[23439]],["supporting",1,7180,[],[23439]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["sponsored journalism",1,-1,[],[33972]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["sponsored journalism",2,-1,[],[33972,47044]],["different forms of more or less hidden text advertising",1,-1,[],[33972]],["more or less hidden text advertising",1,-1,[],[47044]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Respect for public interest, fairness and non-discrimination uphold the need to ensure equitable and socially acceptable system behavior for all.",1,-1,[],[26048]],["the importance that participants place on the value universalism",1,-1,[],[38130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fairness",1,27748,[],[26048]],["Non-discrimination",1,3097,[],[26048]],["Respect for public interest",1,12014,[],[26048]],["equality",1,28787,[],[38130]],["freedom",1,17357,[],[38130]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["values",1,33193,[],[38130]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this model, gender is binary, immutable, and physiological: there are two categories (man or woman), a person cannot alter their assigned category, and assignment is based on \"externally expressed physical characteristics\" [34].",1,-1,[],[7420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["En los medios, todo lo espectacular es reivindicado como fenómeno informativo, no por su cualidad intrínseca, sino por su capacidad visual.",1,-1,[],[46658]],["resulta una perversión del concepto de verdad. En los medios, todo lo espectacular es reivindicado como fenómeno informativo, no por su cualidad intrínseca, sino por su capacidad visual.",1,-1,[],[46658]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Vosoughi et al. (2018) argue that research into diffusion of science and conspiracy science stories does not allow understanding of factors affecting spread of true versus false news, since by definition, a conspiracy story cannot be verified as false or true.",1,-1,[],[28307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["problem area",1,-1,[],[5788]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["So you make the coffee and he does the work?",1,-1,[],[12210]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-based false information",1,4869,[],[19218]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[19218]]],"ex":[["An example of false information that lies in this category is fake reviews of products on e-commerce websites, where people express their opinions about product quality.",1,-1,[],[19218]],["fake reviews of products on e-commerce websites, where people express their opinions about product quality",1,-1,[["fake reviews of products on e-commerce websites, where people express their opinions about product quality",1],["fake reviews of products on e-commerce websites, where people express their opinions about product quality.",1]],[19218]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["tabloid packaging",1,17758,[],[8291]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Muscularity is often seen as a key indicator of masculinity",1,-1,[],[45521]],["Women's preferences for masculinity and muscularity in men are shaped by various personal factors, including early life experiences, menstrual cycle phases, and pathogen disgust sensitivity",1,-1,[],[45521]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["masculinity",1,28245,[],[45521]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Some of the negative articles suggested that due to its status as a private business, Lush had no right to comment on such cases and was intervening in matters it should not.",1,-1,[],[42391]],["These articles frequently used the terms 'bizarre', 'ridiculous' and 'crazy' in their descriptions of the campaign.",1,-1,[],[42391]],["frequently used the terms 'bizarre', 'ridiculous' and 'crazy' in their descriptions of the campaign.",1,-1,[],[42391]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'Lush's moronic #Spycops campaign is a new low for brand purpose'",1,-1,[],[42391]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["From this definition of political advertisement, the fundamental idea of such a campaign is that it is usually paid for, strongly persuasive and promote either an idea or a politician instead of promoting a product",1,-1,[],[54228]],["From this definition of political advertisement, the fundamental idea of such a campaign is that it is usually paid for, strongly persuasive and promote either an idea or a politician instead of promoting a product (Saleem et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[54228]],["Political advertising could be seen as an aspect of marketing politics",1,-1,[],[20565]],["Political advertising could be seen as an aspect of marketing politics just like orthodox advertising is an aspect of orthodox marketing, promotional or marketing communications tool",1,-1,[],[20565]],["Political advertising is an example of controlled media rather than information subsidies",1,-1,[],[41674]],["a broad concept that operates beyond canvassing votes for a political candidate or selling a candidate to the prospective voters",1,-1,[],[20565]],["a form of advertising used to persuade the electorate to vote for a candidate of their choice during elections.",1,-1,[],[20565]],["a political advertisement could be either of a non-commercial nature or a cross-breed category with some, but not full, overlap with the category of commercial expressions",1,-1,[],[38669]],["communication 'that forms part of the democratic process' requires different rules to traditional advertising",1,-1,[],[38669]],["its primary function is to take the candidate's message directly to the public",1,-1,[],[41674]],["political advertising influences attitude, behavior and acts as a tool for mobilization of the electorate to participate in politics or political processes, for example supporting or voting a particular political candidate during elections",1,-1,[],[20565]],["political advertising is a broad concept that operates beyond canvassing votes for a political candidate or selling a candidate to the prospective voters",1,-1,[],[20565]],["political advertising is a broad concept that operates beyond canvassing votes for a political candidate or selling a candidate to the prospective voters, but extends to employing various forms of advertising techniques and strategies to market government policies, programmes or drums support for governments decisions that impact the entire citizenry.",1,-1,[],[20565]],["political advertising is a tributary of the orthodox advertising",1,-1,[["political advertising is a tributary of the orthodox advertising",1],["political advertising is a tributary of the orthodox advertising.",1]],[20565]],["that form of advertising that creates awareness for a political candidate and the same time canvasses support of the voters during electioneering campaigns or elections.",1,-1,[],[20565]],["the category of political advertising could likely be considered a narrower subset than the more general category of advertisement defined in the dsa",1,-1,[],[38669]],["the central focus of political advertising is the marketing of ideas, motivating voters to guide their choices and influence their attitudes, including political ideologies.",1,-1,[],[54228]],["the fundamental idea of such a campaign is that it is usually paid for, strongly persuasive and promote either an idea or a politician instead of promoting a product",1,-1,[],[54228]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["candidate marketing",1,13317,[],[20565]],["issue-based advertising",1,27151,[],[38669]],["marketing communications tool",1,-1,[],[20565]],["marketing politics",1,-1,[],[20565]],["negative campaigning/ advertisement",1,31964,[],[20565]],["orthodox advertising",1,27892,[],[20565]],["political campaign",1,31672,[],[54228]],["political communication",1,26887,[],[20565]],["political marketing",1,12142,[],[20565]],["promotional or marketing communications tool",1,-1,[],[20565]],["traditional advertising",1,-1,[],[38669]]],"sb":[["Attack Ads/Negative Campaigning Advertisement",1,34071,[],[20565]],["Contrast Adverts (Advertisement)",1,20085,[],[20565]],["Image Advert",1,1859,[],[20565]],["Issues Advert",1,30829,[],[20565]],["Pure and Clean Purpose Advert",1,5541,[],[20565]]],"sp":[["advertisement",1,33113,[],[38669]],["orthodox advertising",1,27892,[],[20565]],["political marketing",1,12142,[],[20565]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Conversational vibrancy consists of four general elements, each of which we operationalize with behavioral features specific to Twitter:",1,-1,[],[20331]],["In summary, hashtags exhibiting higher levels of conversational vibrancy should gratify more users' needs and thus contribute to the success of the hashtag.",1,-1,[],[20331]],["The user-generated and socially-mediated nature of Twitter will create a positive feedback loop through which hashtags with high conversational vibrancy will preferentially recruit more attention from users who in turn increase the vibrancy of the hashtag while also decreasing the communicative vibrancy of competing hashtags.",1,-1,[],[20331]],["These elements should satisfy a confluence of users' needs by providing topical information, interactive sociality, diverse and novel content, and involvement from well-connected users and lead to a feedback loop that reinforces these tendencies.",1,-1,[],[20331]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity",1,22741,[],[20331]],["interactivity",1,3312,[],[20331]],["prominence",1,22450,[],[20331]],["topicality",1,31932,[],[20331]]],"sb":[["Diversity",1,22741,[],[20331]],["Interactivity",1,3312,[],[20331]],["Prominence",1,22450,[],[20331]],["Topicality",1,31932,[],[20331]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Goffman (1967: 14) suggests that S \"may appear to have acted innocently; [her] offence seems to be unintended and unwitting … In our society one calls such threats to face faux pas, gaffes, boners or bricks\".",1,-1,[],[17822]]],"sy":[["boners",1,-1,[],[17822]],["bricks",1,-1,[],[17822]],["faux pas",1,18107,[],[17822]],["gaffes",1,33354,[],[17822]]],"rt":[["impoliteness",1,27621,[],[17541]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This strategy, then, by and large, mirrors what Newman (2022) identifies as the newsroom-led approach to TikTok journalism of broadcasters and established news providers.",1,-1,[],[34569]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["incomplete information",1,12287,[],[49574]],["search frictions",1,-1,[],[49574]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["related to controversial issues in society.",1,-1,[],[53386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Vagueness, uncertainty, change",1,-1,[],[353]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["funda-se em processos sofisticados de engajamento social, os quais se expandem significativamente por experiência colateral",1,-1,[],[7855]],["incidem diferentemente na semiose conforme os métodos de fixação de crenças empregados.",1,-1,[],[7855]],["torna-se preponderante na fase madura da teoria peirceana, quando os conceitos de semiose e pragmatismo se aproximam, porque à medida que os hábitos de ação se aprimoram, mais sofisticada se torna a experiência colateral e, consequentemente, mais acurada será a semiose.",1,-1,[],[7855]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["characterizing the eight centuries as an «extended experience»",1,-1,[],[34516]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",1,10052,[],[38069]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["immediacy",1,21151,[],[56494]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["macroanalysis",1,28997,[],[6278]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["They are concerned with the general notion of altering the presentation of news content before it reaches the consumer.",1,-1,[],[53193]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Search providers",1,-1,[],[53193]],["app stores",1,-1,[],[53193]],["platforms",1,8221,[],[53193]],["social networks",1,32746,[],[53193]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the new service expansion \"arises from a triple need: to verify speeches, evidence deception and lies, and improve the quality of public debate\" (p. 69)",1,-1,[],[30039]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalistic verification practices",1,27585,[],[30039]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["somewhat pedagogic",1,-1,[],[32333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The notion of the façade is particularly noteworthy.",1,-1,[],[8435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["personal façade (personal front)",1,21206,[["personal façade (personal front)",1],["the personal façade (personal front)",1]],[8435]],["the stage",1,-1,[],[8435]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The difference, however, is that framing and epistemological bias refer to the individual words used, whereas bias by semantic properties refers to how the sentence is structured",1,-1,[],[20686]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemological bias",1,16997,[],[20686]],["framing bias",1,7181,[],[20686]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic bias",1,20696,[],[20686]]],"ex":[["\"The gunmen shot the opposition leader\" vs. \"The shooting killed the opposition leader\".",1,-1,[],[20686]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["in which leetspeak encoding is used to bypass safety filters.",1,-1,[],[32162]],["the same model exhibits a behavioral shift under an obfuscation attack",1,-1,[],[32162]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["leetspeak encoding",1,-1,[],[32162]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["научный язык",1,7602,[],[27040]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the frequent use of definite verbs shows a great level of confidence and positivity.",1,-1,[],[23527]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["action verbs",1,-1,[],[23527]],["epistemic verbs",1,30433,[],[23527]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'to do' or 'to make'",1,-1,[],[23527]],["'to know' or 'to understand'",1,-1,[],[23527]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By framing gender-based violence as a structural phenomenon, NUDM expanded the feminist agenda to encompass broader social injustices, including economic precarity, racialized state violence, and climate crises.",1,-1,[],[46929]],["facilitated large-scale participation and transnational solidarity, linking local struggles to global contexts",1,-1,[],[46929]],["unified diverse struggles and enhanced the mobilizing potency of feminist movements",1,-1,[],[46929]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["master frame",1,32601,[],[46929]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["gender-based violence",1,5104,[],[46929]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["IMPB",1,-1,[],[35332]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["misgendering and negative responses to gender disclosure",1,-1,[],[48774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["misgendering",1,4674,[],[48774]],["negative responses to gender disclosure",1,-1,[],[48774]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This tendency matches the general definition of a self-serving bias as a \"cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem\"",1,-1,[],[28418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["covert untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[49332]],["overt autotelic untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[49332]],["overt untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[49332]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social imaginary",1,30922,[],[20826]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A look at the camera symbolises awareness of the presence of the observer/photographer.",1,-1,[],[31846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["It shows how speakers deploy language to imagine their mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them.",1,-1,[],[43845]],["it is the way the clause is used to analyse events and situations as being of certain types",1,-1,[],[43845]],["shows how speakers deploy language to imagine their mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them",1,-1,[],[43845]],["transitivity is the foundation of representation: it is the way the clause is used to analyse events and situations as being of certain types (Fowler, 1991, cited in Zhang, 2017, p. 67).",1,-1,[],[43845]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Transitivity analysis (TA)",1,22065,[],[56719]],["clustering coefficient",1,-1,[],[10375]],["material processes",1,30063,[],[60325]],["process",1,-1,[],[43845]],["textual cohesion",1,-1,[],[14160]],["verbal processes",1,12778,[],[60325]]],"sb":[["behavioral",1,190,[],[53801]],["behavioral process (BP)",1,-1,[],[56719]],["existential",1,-1,[],[53801]],["existential process (EP)",1,-1,[],[56719]],["material",1,-1,[],[53801]],["material process (MP)",1,30063,[],[56719]],["mental",1,4323,[],[53801]],["mental process (Men. P)",1,32845,[],[56719]],["relational",1,-1,[],[53801]],["relational process (RP)",1,17907,[],[56719]],["verbal",1,22144,[],[53801]],["verbal process (VP)",1,12778,[],[56719]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a longstanding traditionalist gender schema: 'men must fight, women must wait.'",1,-1,[],[39497]],["where men engage in warfare and women wait supportively, contrasts sharply with the dynamics of World War II, to which Russian state propaganda and President Putin frequently refer.",1,-1,[],[39497]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fallacy of division",1,12251,[],[23626]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23626]],["fallacies",1,6405,[],[36385]]],"ex":[["I lost my phone in the living room, so it will always be in the living room when it is lost.",1,-1,[],[23626]],["I met two aggressive dogs, so all dogs must be aggressive.",1,-1,[],[23626]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bulo",1,32181,[],[13843]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Although Ganesh pointed to the political groups that produce or tacitly support hateful content, digital hate culture also refers to the complex cultural practice in the digital context; and, therefore, the use of cultures in plural appears to capture the essence of the practice more aptly.",1,-1,[],[19143]],["As Ganesh (2018) argued, digital hate cultures \"exploit the gaps of an interstitial zone\" (p. 37) to escape regulations by adopting coded language and actions, as well as migrating from one platform to another when necessary.",1,-1,[],[19143]],["In this way, digital hate culture acquires new logistical tools that are used to conquer new frontiers of the digital media.",1,-1,[],[19143]],["Moreover, reference to cultures points to a grassroots-oriented approach to investigate hate speech as a cultural practice rather than as an object of legal evaluation.",1,-1,[],[19143]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["As a result of the attribute agenda-setting, \"media may not only tell us what to think about, but also how to think about it, and consequently, what to think\" (McCombs & Shaw, 1993, p. 65).",1,-1,[],[3615]],["While agenda-setting primarily focuses on obtaining attention, attribute agenda-setting concentrates on a subsequent step in communication, which is comprehension (McCombs, 2004).",1,-1,[],[3615]],["attributes and framing -are synonymous concepts that complement each other.",1,-1,[],[59025]]],"sy":[["second level agenda-setting",2,1243,[["second level agenda-setting",1],["second level of agenda setting",1]],[3615,59025]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[3615]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["If politicisation demarcates the field of the struggle over public attention and legitimacy, it follows from this that we do not need a theory of politicisation, we need a theory that describes the contradicting forces of raising attention and its contingent effects on the shaping of public opinion and political legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[3159]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["intensity is measured as the ratio of event posts to all posts",1,-1,[],[58620]],["intensity ratings are useful for ''distinguishing inflammatory messages from reasoned arguments, and for recognizing when rhetoric is ratcheting up or cooling down in a particular forum. In addition, intensity ratings help in distinguishing borderline cases from clear cases of subjectivity and objectivity.''",1,-1,[],[26010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Consensus",1,10856,[],[25150]],["Object",1,2960,[],[25150]],["Reasoning",1,20614,[],[25150]],["Stance",1,2283,[],[25150]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The still preserved antagonistic social relations, however, lead to restrictions in communicative learning at the latest at the point of a group or class becoming the hegemonic force.",1,-1,[],[55830]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["excels in providing context and analysis, indicating a need for Chinese media to explain complex social issues and policies in a manner that aligns with government priorities",1,-1,[],[34410]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Models of journalistic role performance",1,-1,[],[34410]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Informational transparency",1,29902,[],[55530]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["conservative parties trying to emphasize issues related to law and order or defense, while left-wing parties prefer issues such as social justice, welfare and education.",1,-1,[],[17930]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The underlying recommender logic increased reader engagement through the algorithmic identification and satisfaction of user demand.",1,-1,[],[4994]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["inattentive readers will evaluate the information based on the proximate source",1,-1,[],[48640]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["ineffective due to the existence of redundant encodings, ways of predicting protected attributes from other features",1,-1,[],[23635]],["the removal of gender or racial markers from the hiring process",1,-1,[],[42250]],["this idea of \"fairness through unawareness\" is ineffective due to the existence of redundant encodings, ways of predicting protected attributes from other features [PRT08].",1,-1,[],[23635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["collective narcissism",1,33998,[],[1895]]],"ex":[["friendliness, helpfulness, sacrifice",1,-1,[],[1895]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Diverging relation",1,-1,[],[57556]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deception",1,24454,[],[24753]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, we believe that positive and negative opinions (or facts) expressed in the past are typically perceived as less salient than those asserted to exist at this moment.",1,-1,[],[26017]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["modifiers",1,10225,[],[26017]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["We focus on verifiability to maximize the definition's objectivity and clearly delineate facts from opinions.",1,-1,[],[24453]],["are a common vehicle for misinformation",1,-1,[],[48320]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Boris Johnson had an extramarital affair",1,-1,[],[23899]],["Trump is not a US citizen",1,-1,[],[23899]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the broader gist",1,-1,[],[36003]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["verbatim details",1,29688,[],[36003]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Across the dataset, medicalized and de citoriented framings continue to coexist alongside neuroaffirmative narratives that emphasize identity, belonging, and community.",1,-1,[],[50665]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["vaccine skeptics",1,2855,[],[25564]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Content indicators",1,15813,[],[35511]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["exemplification",1,28424,[],[55921]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fragmentation",1,21867,[],[7200]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["unsafe content refers to materials that may not breach legal thresholds but still pose risks to platform integrity, public confidence, or brand reputation.",1,-1,[],[36519]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Illegal content",1,11384,[],[36519]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This designation is an allusion to the brutish humanoid monsters that serve Dark Lords of Middle-earth in the legendarium of J.R.R. Tolkien.",1,-1,[],[27817]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["place branding",1,23672,[],[3080]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Biased assimilation is the tendency to readily accept confirmatory evidence as true but dismiss disconfirmatory evidence as false.",1,-1,[],[43599]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intertextual frame",1,18273,[],[31728]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Individual fairness",1,1616,[],[37618]],["Stereotype",1,2334,[],[37618]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Ethiopians like stew",1,-1,[],[33117]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They combine the practices and logics of legacy media with those characterizing social media (van Dijck et al., 2018) and digital media arenas where chatbots and AI solutions will be predominant also for public sector communication (Badham et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[36750]]],"sy":[["hybrid figures",1,-1,[],[36750]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Explicitly voicing doubts about the merger: → [ANTM_CI] business: JUST IN: Cigna terminates merger agreement with Anthem",1,-1,[],[16794]],["Questioning that the companies want to move forward: → [CI_ESRX] Why would $ESRX want a deal with $CI?",1,-1,[],[16794]],["Talking about potential roadblocks for the merger: → [CI_ESRX] Why DOJ must block the Cigna-Express Scripts merger <URL>",1,-1,[],[16794]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["impunity",1,-1,[],[15948]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["juristic",1,-1,[],[27540]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["SDO-D and SDO-E uniquely predict different types of intergroup beliefs.",1,-1,[],[2745]],["SDO-D would be a stronger predictor (than SDO-E) of intergroup attitudes and behaviors contributing to the overt domination and subjugation of low status groups, such as support for aggression against subordinate groups (e.g., immigrant persecution), support for beliefs legitimizing group dominance and oppression (e.g., old fashioned racism), and heightened attention to group competition (e.g., beliefs about the zero-sum nature of intergroup conflict",1,-1,[],[2745]],["SDO-D's relationship with (relatively low) honesty and Machiavellianism would support this latter possibility.",1,-1,[],[2745]],["constituting support for one's in-group irrespective of one's group position.",1,-1,[],[2745]],["individuals high on SDO-D prefer dominance hierarchies where high power groups oppress and subjugate low power groups, and are willing to achieve this form of inequality by use of very aggressive measures",1,-1,[],[2745]],["the SDO-D dimension, that reflects active and aggressive subordination of groups",1,-1,[],[2745]]],"sy":[["SDO-Dominance",1,4172,[],[2745]],["group justification",1,18692,[],[2745]],["support for intergroup dominance",1,-1,[],[2745]]],"rt":[["SDO-E",1,28267,[],[2745]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["SDO",1,10170,[],[2745]],["social dominance orientation",1,32509,[],[2745]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["A defamatory statement is a false statement of fact about a person which is intended to cause harm to a person's social image.",1,-1,[],[50847]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fair Comment",1,-1,[],[40701]],["Qualified Privilege",1,-1,[],[40701]],["Responsible Communications",1,-1,[],[40701]]],"sb":[["libel",1,4195,[],[50540]],["slander",1,24674,[],[50540]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["allows to track precisely how specific news stories transfer between platforms",1,-1,[],[9716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["deliberative rhetoric (arguments for future political actions)",1,-1,[],[13418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["language rhetoric",1,-1,[],[42629]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["socio-tropic",1,-1,[],[16464]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Because they were fact-checking together online, using a shared screen, our participants were required to make their thinking explicit, as they planned their search, formulated terms, and so on.",1,-1,[],[55965]],["how a participant fact-checked with this particular partner might differ from how they would factcheck with another partner or on their own.",1,-1,[],[55965]],["in the form of peer-review, where colleagues help assess the accuracy of the information by sharing their skills and competencies (e.g. critical thinking, knowledge outside the journalistic field, social media skills)",1,-1,[],[5168]],["making people's deliberations about the credibility of online information visible (audible).",1,-1,[],[55965]],["search jointly for information online to evaluate the credibility of claims disseminated on social media.",1,-1,[],[55965]]],"sy":[["joint fact-checking",1,-1,[],[55965]],["peer-review",1,-1,[],[5168]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["community notes",1,21858,[],[52794]]],"ex":[["critical thinking, knowledge outside the journalistic field, social media skills",1,-1,[],[5168]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Partisan identity encourages individuals to defend the preferred party, even when confronted with negative information, and generates strong emotions driving political actions to preserve and amplify the party's electoral influence",1,-1,[],[54647]],["The valence ranges from -1, indicating a left-leaning audience, to +1, indicating a right-leaning audience.",1,-1,[],[46607]],["conceptualized partisanship as negational, defined by opposition to rather than alignment with a political party",1,-1,[],[45385]],["feeling toward, respectively, the PD, FDI, and M5S on a scale from 0 (completely negative feeling) to 10 (completely positive feeling)",1,-1,[],[54647]],["partisanship can even alter memory, implicit evaluation, and even perceptual judgments.",1,-1,[],[2094]],["recent scholarship has conceptualized partisanship as negational, defined by opposition to rather than alignment with a political party",1,-1,[],[45385]],["shapes political judgments such as voting preferences or support for specific politics",1,-1,[],[2094]]],"sy":[["party identity",1,-1,[],[31368]],["politicized identities",1,-1,[],[2094]]],"rt":[["ideology",1,8315,[],[31368]],["political bias",1,24880,[],[51385]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Overclaim hallucination involves claims that lack universal validity due to subjective biases.",1,-1,[],[7612]],["Unverifiability hallucination pertains to statements that are entirely non-existent or cannot be verified using available sources.",1,-1,[],[7612]],["overclaim hallucination",1,4730,[],[7612]],["unverifiability hallucination",1,3405,[],[7612]]],"sp":[["Factuality hallucination",1,17156,[["Factuality hallucination",1],["factuality hallucinations",1]],[7612]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Distinguishing misinformation from SoM can be difficult because they can have similar interactional consequences, including undermining community trust, coordination, and collaboration.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["Misinformation and sense of misinformation feel similar and can have similar social consequences",1,-1,[],[55247]],["Misinformation involves false information [69], whereas SoM involves the mistaken perception of false information where none exists.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["P7 labeled the 80% poll as false information, not because they identified evidence of misinformation, but because they regard the opposition's moral values as fundamentally flawed and therefore perceived the survey poll as wrong.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["Rather than interpreting disagreements as legitimate differences in values or beliefs, both sides often perceived each other's information as misinformation.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["SoM involves the mistaken perception of false information where none exists.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["SoM was not the result of an intentional act of deception or a deliberate effort to spread falsehoods",1,-1,[],[55247]],["SoM was not the result of an intentional act of deception or a deliberate effort to spread falsehoods [98]. Instead, it arose incidentally within a difficult civic process, as ongoing disagreement, frustration, and confusion led community members to misattribute others' information as misinformation.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["arose incidentally within a difficult civic process, as ongoing disagreement, frustration, and confusion led community members to misattribute others' information as misinformation.",1,-1,[],[55247]],["identifying how the misattribution of misinformation can emerge over time through repeated frustration, confusion, and deteriorating civility",1,-1,[],[55247]],["sense of misinformation rests upon a mistaken perception of someone else's information as false",1,-1,[["sense of misinformation rests upon a mistaken perception of someone else's information as false",1],["sense of misinformation rests upon a mistaken perception of someone else's information as false.",1]],[55247]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["actual misinformation",1,-1,[],[55247]],["misattribution of misinformation",1,-1,[],[55247]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[55247]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["P7 labeled the 80% poll as false information, not because they identified evidence of misinformation, but because they regard the opposition's moral values as fundamentally flawed and therefore perceived the survey poll as wrong.",1,-1,[],[55247]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These reasons, based on stereotypes, prejudices and unreasonable beliefs, have the specificity of being impervious to the evidence, even if the evidence is contrary to what is believed.",1,-1,[],[1228]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the incoherence is not inadvertent but is actively produced and maintained through identifiable discursive operations",1,-1,[],[33695]],["the simultaneous holding of incompatible value positions that are maintained through compartmentalization, selective emphasis, and contextual adjustment rather than logical integration",1,-1,[],[33695]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambivalence",1,14481,[],[33695]],["hybridity",1,23563,[],[33695]],["value pluralism",1,7859,[],[33695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["celebrating individual freedom and simultaneously endorsing collective obligations-without any metadiscursive acknowledgement of the tension or attempt at resolution",1,-1,[],[33695]],["the same influencer publishes mosque attendance content on Friday and party content on Saturday, with neither post referencing the other, thereby producing incoherence through platform-mediated temporal segmentation rather than through explicit ideological argument",1,-1,[],[33695]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["involve associating sets of concepts",1,-1,[],[22657]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["toxification",1,4087,[],[19826]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["language leakage",1,20796,[],[33737]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["literacies",1,2766,[],[50055]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Exposure Diversity",1,31564,[],[5046]],["Supply diversity",1,23255,[],[5046]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[["this is a technique that evokes an emotional response by projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value onto another one in order to make the latter more acceptable or to discredit it.",2,-1,[],[11815,56134]]],"de":[["It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities.",1,-1,[],[11815]],["It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often uses symbols (e.g., the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.",1,-1,[],[56134]],["Often highly visual, this technique often uses symbols (e.g., the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.",1,-1,[],[56134]],["Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (for example, the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.",1,-1,[],[11815]],["This is the use of the word such as providing prayer to create a connection between the audiences\" minds and what the speaker aims, it means when the speaker delivers his aims and he ended it by prayer as if he is in the way of God-Blessing.",1,-1,[],[55272]],["This technique is actually used by the speaker in making some motions that have a great sound; full of something well-respected to draw out enthusiasm from the audiences, even more, including some religious sounds.",1,-1,[],[55272]],["This technique is useful in making false connections of the idea in ways of finding something well-respected.",1,-1,[],[55272]],["provoking images to others",1,-1,[],[55272]],["using symbols (hammer and sickle) and colors (red), that are commonly associated with communism, in relation to the two Republicans shown in the image",1,-1,[],[56134]]],"sy":[["Association",2,19319,[["Association",1],["association",1]],[11815,56134]],["transferencia de prestigio",1,-1,[],[29485]]],"rt":[["association",1,19319,[],[56134]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11815,56134]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11815]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[55272]]],"ex":[["Example for Transfer",1,-1,[],[11815]],["the Transfer technique makes use of a communist symbol (namely, hammer and sickle) on top of the pictures of two targeted politicians, with the aim of depicting them in a negative way.",1,-1,[],[11815]]]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["This process results in a form of cognitive regression characterized by fragmentation of meaning and a weakening of coherent social understanding.",1,-1,[],[51564]],["This study conceptualizes cognitive subversion as the systematic, multi-layered dismantling of the stable cognitive frameworks that organize collective experience, such as conceptual matrices, cognitive habits, collective memory, and rational modes",1,-1,[],[51564]],["Unlike traditional frameworks focused solely on explicit ideological persuasion or propaganda, cognitive subversion emphasizes subtler mechanisms such as fragmentation, emotionalization, and gradual erosion of coherent meaning systems that unfold simultaneously at multiple societal levels",1,-1,[],[51564]],["Within this framework, cognitive subversion is understood as operating through the purposeful engineering of narratives that capitalize on the psychological, social, and emotional dispositions of target audiences, eliciting voluntary acquiescence to outcomes preselected by the narrative initiator",1,-1,[],[51564]],["they unsettle settled meanings, authorize the revision of institutional and collective identities, and re-frame the future as a space open to radical re-invention.",1,-1,[],[51564]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive regression",1,-1,[],[51564]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This term may be especially apt when describing some of the personal damage done by words including inflicting emotional distress, knocking people's confidence or self-esteem, intimidating or shocking people into silence, and causing people medium-to long-term emotional, psychological, and even physiologically harm.",1,-1,[],[43773]],["capture this idea of wounding and to underscore not merely the analogies but also the overlaps between physical and verbal assault.",1,-1,[],[43773]],["especially apt when describing some of the personal damage done by words including inflicting emotional distress, knocking people's confidence or self-esteem, intimidating or shocking people into silence, and causing people medium-to long-term emotional, psychological, and even physiologically harm.",1,-1,[],[43773]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["washing",1,2152,[],[15167]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["белоруссофильства",1,2826,[],[47707]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the latter recognizes its importance and distinct character, but continues with the statements that other Soviet citizens suffered a similar genocide",1,-1,[],[59424]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["symbolic colonialism",1,-1,[],[59424]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Factual statements can never be incorrect.",1,-1,[],[20617]],["Only objective opinions are considered factual statements.",1,-1,[],[20617]],["Subjective opinions are not considered factual statements.",1,-1,[],[20617]],["When a statement is published, it is not a factual statement if it can be disproved",1,-1,[],[20617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To persuade the people to rebel against the ruling elite, the People's Party frequently used a Manichaean discourse of Good versus Evil (us versus them, democracy versus plutocracy, producers versus exploiters), as a result of which the party's language was somewhat polarizing",1,-1,[],[2330]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the third one domestic ones, but by no means exclusively",1,-1,[],[56563]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["strategic narrative",1,10600,[],[56563]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["From studies on this topic, we can conclude that older people are more attentive to and have a better memory for positive information than negative information",1,-1,[],[24698]],["notably for older populations",1,-1,[],[3676]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["It points to a durable structure in which one language comes to stand for mobility, competence, authority, and access, while others are pushed towards the margins.",1,-1,[],[44328]],["Linguistic imperialism helps explain the historical making of unequal language orders; algorithmic dominance helps explain how those orders are now reproduced through infrastructures that appear neutral, efficient, and politically innocent.",1,-1,[],[44328]],["The theory of linguistic imperialism is the best example of how language status shapes society and influences language policy",1,-1,[],[14364]],["applied it mainly to the analysis of the exploitation of the ideological, cultural and elite power of the English language for economic and political gain by dominant English-speaking cultures in the era of globalization",1,-1,[],[49852]],["how imperialist languages, past and present -mainly English, French, and Spanish -were promoted in colonial countries through their dominance in economic, political, social, cultural, educational, and other fields.",1,-1,[],[14364]],["linguistic imperialism emerges as \"a primary component of cultural imperialism\" (Phillipson, 1992, p. 53), given that \"linguistic domination is strongly tied to cultural hegemony\" (Baumgarten, 2021(Baumgarten, , p. 1581)).",1,-1,[],[57484]],["linguistic imperialism is formed by structural and cultural inequality between English and other languages.",1,-1,[],[14364]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic dominance",1,28124,[],[44328]],["linguistic violence",1,-1,[],[57484]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cultural imperialism",2,23395,[],[49852,57484]],["linguicism",1,-1,[],[57484]]],"ex":[["Phillipson (1992) used the term to show how English came to occupy a privileged position through structural and cultural asymmetries, especially in education, administration, and knowledge production.",1,-1,[],[44328]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Epistemic trust refers to an adaptive attitude in relatively benign social circumstances in which the individual is selectively and appropriately open to social learning opportunities in the context of relationships.",1,-1,[],[28454]],["The concept of ET does not just concern an open stance to trust any given information or general trust [16], but rather a more complex process which depends on the individual's (the addressee's) ability to take into account the reliability of the source of information, the information's relevance to the addressee, and the quality of the information itself [7].",1,-1,[],[10479]],["The improved sense of epistemic trust derived from mentalizing enables learning from social experience",1,-1,[],[2677]],["an individual's willingness to consider new knowledge from another person as trustworthy, generalizable, and relevant to the self",1,-1,[],[2677]],["can also reflect a trait-like tendency to trust others, which underpins resilience to psychopathology",1,-1,[],[10479]],["openness to the communication of knowledge could be characterized by the three possible strategies of Trust, Mistrust and Credulity.",1,-1,[],[10479]]],"sy":[["Trust",1,34511,[],[10479]]],"rt":[["Epistemic mistrust",2,13319,[["Epistemic mistrust",1],["epistemic mistrust",1]],[2677,10479]],["Credulity",1,2381,[],[10479]],["Epistemic credulity",1,1309,[],[10479]],["Mistrust",1,9960,[],[10479]],["mentalizing",1,34209,[],[2677]],["social-cognitive processes",1,-1,[],[10479]]],"sb":[["Credulity",1,2381,[],[10479]],["Mistrust",1,9960,[],[10479]]],"sp":[["epistemic stance",1,14609,[],[10479]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["en detrimento del debate político",1,-1,[],[13978]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["empathy",1,31296,[],[49353]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Embracing this role means to act as agent of empowerment (Romano, 2003) by framing the news 'in a way that invites people into civic activity and political conversation' (Rosen, 2000: 680).",1,-1,[],[18174]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["analytical-deliberative",2,4074,[],[9377,18174]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["A person's dignity is not just a matter of her being treated well or poorly; it is a matter of how she is treated in light of the attitudes that prevail in her community, including her own attitudes, about her worth, standing, or esteem, relative to others, and relative to the community as a whole.",1,-1,[],[639]],["An infringement of person A's dignity, for us, does not mean failing to treat A in accordance with the demands of a caste system. On the contrary, it means treating A as though she does belong in a caste system, and thus failing to treat her as a fully-entitled person or member of society.",1,-1,[],[639]],["the contemporary understanding of dignity demands that honour and esteem be portioned out to all in equal measure, insofar as we all occupy an equivalent rank, as members of a shared moral community.",1,-1,[],[639]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["esteem",1,3195,[],[639]],["honour",1,9946,[],[639]],["recognition",1,4371,[],[639]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["(that might fuel polarization, conspiracy, or conflict)",1,-1,[],[30678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-divisive content",1,-1,[],[30678]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook outcry about a company's billboard ads",1,-1,[],[48360]],["Facebook privacy issues",1,-1,[],[48360]],["Korean airlines firestorm",1,-1,[],[48360]],["NFL's CoverGirl ad",1,-1,[],[48360]],["NYPD and McDonalds asking consumers to make positive online posts",1,-1,[],[48360]],["Notebook brand Moleskin asked designers to submit \"free\" designs",1,-1,[],[48360]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["proposed to transfer the personal contact hypothesis to media influences",1,-1,[],[4493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["personal contact hypothesis",1,-1,[],[4493]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["objective, or neutral term",1,-1,[],[62063]],["subjective term",1,17783,[],[62063]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["felicity condition is essential in calculating whether a speech is felicitous or infelicitous on a daily basis",1,-1,[],[38385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["essential condition",1,-1,[],[38385]],["preparatory condition",1,-1,[],[38385]],["propositional content",1,7422,[],[38385]],["sincerity condition",1,13773,[],[38385]]],"sb":[["essential condition",1,-1,[],[38385]],["preparatory condition",1,-1,[],[38385]],["propositional content",1,7422,[],[38385]],["sincerity condition",1,13773,[],[38385]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["relational features",1,-1,[],[23296]],["social features",1,10033,[],[23296]],["structural features",1,4738,[],[23296]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media literacy",1,27668,[],[58410]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bolstering crisis response strategies",1,19557,[],[3071]],["bolstering",1,-1,[],[3071]],["crisis response strategies",1,11813,[],[3071]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["content dimension",1,25720,[],[322]],["social dimension",1,30476,[],[322]],["temporal dimension",1,13762,[],[322]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["topics",1,24595,[],[43217]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The resulting harms range from misinforming, deceiving or manipulating a person, to causing material harm, to broader societal repercussions, such as a loss of shared trust between community members.",1,-1,[],[22453]],["Types of Harm: Potential harms include deception, material harm, or unethical actions by humans who take the LM prediction to be factually correct, as well as wider societal distrust in shared information.",1,-1,[],[22453]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["scenarios",1,13791,[],[58724]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["associated with the ideological stance of the news organization",1,-1,[],[56052]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["parameters of newsworthiness",1,14257,[],[61790]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["War journalism often focuses on the conflicts and divisions between different groups, often emphasizing the differences between them rather than the commonalities. This type of reporting can contribute to a culture of fear and mistrust between different communities, rather than promoting understanding and cooperation.",1,-1,[],[44185]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[44185]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The score of dramatic subject refers to the presence of at least one dramatic category identified in the item",1,-1,[],[10140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["sex, violence, criminality, death, drugs, disasters, riots, fires, famines, and terrorism",1,-1,[],[10140]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By displacing public deliberation and pragmatic policy-making, neoliberal reason imposes a false, contradictory, and irrational unity.",1,-1,[],[39148]],["It identifies rationality exclusively with market processes; instead of intervening directly in the economy, the juridical state actively maintains rules of competition.",1,-1,[],[39148]],["It serves accumulation rather than distribution; severs consumers from common facts and opinions; channels mobilization into populism against the policy state; and makes freedom a burden to escape.",1,-1,[],[39148]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This stage is likely to respond well to any preventative measures taken to stop the onset from turning into violence",1,-1,[],[44179]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["En la noticia predomina el relato meramente descriptivo de los hechos, es decir, el periodista ofrece información desprovista de valoraciones, interpretaciones u opiniones y con un lenguaje lo más neutro/objetivo/aséptico posible",1,-1,[],[45840]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["crónica",1,31841,[],[45840]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["authoritarian (combining both autocracy types)",1,-1,[],[39316]],["we group these into two supercategories: authoritarian (combining both autocracy types)",1,-1,[],[39316]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",1,10052,[],[38051]]],"sb":[["Closed Autocracy",1,-1,[],[39316]],["Electoral Autocracy",1,4798,[],[39316]]],"sp":[["regime types",1,28036,[],[39316]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ein Rücktritt oder irgendwie anders ausgeprägter freiwilliger Ausschluss aus dem betroffenen Feld ist eine mögliche Konsequenz aus dieser Strategie (ebd.: 46).",1,-1,[],[21204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this articulation, informed citizens are rational, detached, and able to make democratic choices.",1,-1,[],[17776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["participants were unwilling to pay more for a set of 10 used Madonna CDs than for a set of five",1,-1,[],[5640]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Analysis Skills",1,-1,[],[12945]],["Critical Analysis Skills",1,-1,[],[12945]],["Evaluating Skills",1,-1,[],[12945]],["Exposure Skills",1,1764,[],[12945]],["General Skills",1,-1,[],[12945]],["Information Processing Skills",1,22931,[],[12945]],["Meaning Construction Skills",1,-1,[],[12945]],["Meaning Matching Skills",1,22940,[],[12945]],["Production Skills",1,-1,[],[12945]],["Reflection Skills",1,12601,[],[12945]],["Social Skills",1,21644,[],[12945]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["creating an alternative meaning",1,-1,[],[12945]],["evaluating the credibility of a news story",1,-1,[],[12945]],["evaluating the credibility of a news story, creating an alternative meaning, producing a media message",1,-1,[],[12945]],["producing a media message",1,-1,[],[12945]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In visual representation, the process of creating a mental picture in one's mind relies on close ties between the visual and the verbal, and knowledge of the political, socio-cultural, and semiotic implications.",1,-1,[],[33772]],["Visual representation creates new meaning, stretches our imagination, and sustains figurative thought",1,-1,[],[33772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Macro worries, which correlate most positively with universalism values and most negatively with power values, cause liberals more distress.",1,-1,[],[24678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["micro worries",1,16044,[],[24678]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Got two pictures on the wall.",1,-1,[],[48613]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political expression",1,7402,[],[6310]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Instant Messaging Apps with the possibility of creating group communication such as WhatsApp and Telegram",1,-1,[],[38422]],["Social Networking Sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and Instagram",1,-1,[],[38422]],["micro/blogging sites e.g. Tumblr and Twitter",1,-1,[],[38422]],["websites which are focused on crowd sourcing content e.g. Wikipedia, electronic forums etc.",1,-1,[],[38422]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This form of freedom allows us to positively express our freedom by means of our activities and the choices we make.",1,-1,[],[20450]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["freedom to",1,-1,[],[20450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["material freedom",1,25293,[],[20450]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["functional phase model",1,3067,[],[40557]],["functional phase model of scandals",1,-1,[],[40557]],["scandal clock",1,19771,[],[40557]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["economic exclusion",1,7158,[],[46756]]],"rt":[["Explicit Exclusion",1,20971,[],[46756]],["Political Exclusion",1,20560,[],[46756]],["Social Exclusion",1,2928,[],[46756]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Pregnant women should not get any promotion at work as they will end up in maternity leave",1,-1,[],[46756]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["consequences",1,33347,[],[3742]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media literacy",1,27668,[],[58047]],["media frames",1,25284,[],[50095]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nuclear discourse",1,26950,[],[55743]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["linguistic style and rhetorical devices",1,-1,[],[36077]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["Fake news mitigation aims to reduce the negative effects brought by fake news.",2,-1,[],[306,5514]]],"de":[["From a network analysis perspective, the goal is to minimize the scope of fake news spreading on social media.",1,-1,[],[306]],["strategies for propagating true news, such as fact-checked content, to mitigate the spread of fake news",1,-1,[],[62002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["individual-level fake news mitigation",1,-1,[],[62002]],["network-level mitigation",1,-1,[],[62002]]],"sb":[["heuristics for one-off selection of debunkers for mitigation",1,-1,[],[62002]],["leverages reinforcement learning to optimize the cumulative effect across multiple stages of fake news mitigation",1,-1,[],[62002]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["For example, process news captures the tendency for the news media to focus on political strategy and its emphasis on winning and losing, campaign tactics and personal battles in the political arena.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["I have defended process news as a necessary element of political journalism due its empowering potential for citizens",1,-1,[],[25519]],["Process news also encapsulates aspects of metacoverage, where journalists turn the spotlight inward and report on themselves, and the communication-related publicity efforts aimed at them, as integral parts of their stories.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["captures the tendency for the news media to focus on political strategy and its emphasis on winning and losing, campaign tactics and personal battles in the political arena.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["draws specific attention to attempts to influence the presentation of politics through news management.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["exposure of media management, personal rivalries, and the inside story of politics can have a public interest function",1,-1,[],[25519]],["its exposure of media management, personal rivalries, and the inside story of politics can have a public interest function",1,-1,[],[25519]],["its focus on political motivations, political PR and presentation",1,-1,[],[25519]],["journalists can relate the day's news to its likely implications for the ongoing saga through process news.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["partly a result of market pressures, which demand that news be presented in a format that has significant entertainment and interest value, even at the expense of civic or educational value.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["process news captures the tendency for the news media to focus on political strategy and its emphasis on winning and losing, campaign tactics and personal battles in the political arena.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["process news is cheap, quick, and in their view attracts larger audiences than news focused on the substance of policies and politics.",1,-1,[],[25519]],["takes the form of an adversarial battleground that does more to encourage public cynicism and distrust",1,-1,[],[25519]],["the belief that it holds more news value and therefore appeals to audiences",1,-1,[],[25519]],["the emergence of a demystificatory, potentially empowering commentary on the nature of the political process; an ongoing deconstruction of the relationship between journalism and the powerful which adds to, rather than detracts from, the stock of useful information available to the average citizen",1,-1,[],[25519]],["the sheer amount of process news and its cynical presentation mean that it often represents an obstacle to democratic empowerment and engagement.",1,-1,[],[25519]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue-based news",1,-1,[],[25519]],["metacoverage",1,7704,[],[25519]],["news values",1,27917,[],[25519]],["self-coverage",1,22730,[],[25519]],["strategic frames",1,30135,[],[25519]]],"sb":[["metacoverage",1,7704,[],[25519]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This requires respect and non-discrimination on a personal level.",1,-1,[],[4460]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distributional inclusion",1,-1,[],[4460]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social inclusion",1,8800,[],[4460]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, this frame could amplify the perception of the power held by ISIL.",1,-1,[],[45343]],["This supposed vulnerability also indicated that governments were powerless against the communication skills of modern terrorists.",1,-1,[],[45343]],["This was interpreted as a threat by journalists because the terrorists' content was seen as highly contagious.",1,-1,[],[45343]],["the subjection frame included the problem definition whereby the West is vulnerable to ISIL propaganda.",1,-1,[],[45343]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"YouTube deleted the video within minutes, Twitter removed all the links, but it had already been copied and was newly linked\" (our translation) (SZ, 23 August 2014).",1,-1,[],[45343]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["It is found to be useful in downstream NLP tasks like hate speech detection [18], text classification [27].",1,-1,[],[51000]],["The top 5 is selected as it is the avg. length of the annotation span in the dataset.",1,-1,[],[35405]],["These rationales, however, may not always contain reasons.",1,-1,[],[13618]],["a neural model that predicts the verdict of a fact-check would also use the misinformation types as rationales",1,-1,[],[26868]],["indicating which tokens are used (i.e., z i = 1) to make the decision",1,-1,[],[26868]],["snippets (rationales) of the text marked by the annotators who support the label",1,-1,[],[35405]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["To justify why a review is negative, highlight words and phrases that would tell someone not to see the movie",1,-1,[],[51000]],["a sentence that mentions that the author likes a product is a rationale, but it does not contain any reason for her liking it.",1,-1,[],[13618]],["highlight words and phrases that would tell someone not to see the movie",1,-1,[],[51000]],["to justify why a review is positive, an annotator can highlight most important words and phrases that would tell someone to see the movie",1,-1,[],[51000]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Having such supporting evidence annotated enables both better learning for supervised systems performing stance detection or fact checking, and also the ability for such systems to learn to explain their decisions to users.",1,-1,[],[12239]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing process model",1,4491,[],[38602]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This may involve political partisanship, unpredictable fluctuation, dissemination of misinformation, and/or hyper-personalized content that can lead to \"echo chambers. \"",1,-1,[],[7288]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["detachment",1,32834,[],[45160]],["non-involvement",1,-1,[],[45160]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opposing",1,495,[],[22327]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[41341]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":31,"df":[],"de":[["Emphasizing a particular aspect can deliver a distorted view toward the issue even without the use of biased expressions.",1,-1,[],[37492]],["Framing bias has become a pervasive problem in modern media, misleading the understanding of what really happened via a skewed selection of information and language",1,-1,[],[46967]],["Framing bias plays a significant role in exacerbating political polarization by distorting the perception of actual events.",1,-1,[],[46967]],["The most notable impact of framing bias is the amplified polarity between conflicting political parties and media outlets.",1,-1,[],[46967]],["This is shown through phrases or words linked to a particular point of view using intensifiers and one-side terms that usually reveal the stance of the author",1,-1,[],[29668]],["While the framing bias is more explicit, the epistemological bias is implicit and subtle.",1,-1,[],[12266]],["framing bias, including subjective language such as praising and perspective-specific words",1,-1,[],[59640]],["our metric approximates the existence of framing bias by quantifying how intensely aroused and sensational the generated summary is in reference to the target neutral reference",1,-1,[],[34039]],["to sway the meaning of a statement.",1,-1,[],[20706]]],"sy":[["framing",1,22777,[],[59640]]],"rt":[["Informational polarization",1,2494,[],[46967]],["Lexical polarization",1,15352,[],[46967]],["One-side terms",1,2900,[],[29668]],["Subjective intensifiers",1,11872,[],[29668]],["demographic bias",1,3427,[],[10909]],["epistemological",1,8420,[],[12266]],["epistemological bias",1,16997,[],[10909]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[46967]]],"sb":[["subjective intensifiers",2,11872,[],[20706,29668]],["content bias",1,5060,[],[33035]],["informational",1,6414,[],[46967]],["lexical",1,-1,[],[46967]],["one-side terms",1,2900,[],[29668]],["one-sided terms",1,32624,[],[20706]],["style bias",1,20825,[],[33035]]],"sp":[["media bias",2,3751,[],[18002,20706]],["bias",1,30859,[],[29668]],["biased language",1,20467,[],[59640]],["informational bias",1,8372,[],[15507]],["linguistic bias",1,20696,[],[20706]],["subjective bias",1,4116,[],[58714]],["subjectivity bias",1,31578,[],[10909]],["two broad classes, namely, epistemological bias and framing bias",1,-1,[],[60942]]],"ex":[["pro-life vs. anti-abortion",1,-1,[],[60942]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This includes opposite themes such as real/unreal, normal/abnormal, possible/impossible.",1,-1,[],[40518]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Knowledge Resources (KRs)",1,-1,[],[40518]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Claimed representation",1,12962,[],[49050]],["Legitimised representation",1,19578,[],[49050]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["communicative representation",1,-1,[],[49050]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[["are inclined to accept information that pleases them",2,-1,[],[45583,48407]],["inclined to accept information that pleases them",2,-1,[],[45583,48407]]],"de":[["are inclined to accept information that pleases them",1,-1,[],[45583]]],"sy":[["desirability bias",1,7184,[],[54273]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public sphere",1,3676,[],[3810]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Celebrities might have fallen ill and become exposed to mental health issues, or their previous experiences of a mental health disorder were mentioned. The story would have no news value without the celebrity focus",1,-1,[],[32009]],["Mental health is also framed as an individual issue through patient/consumer/lifestyle, experience, and celebrity frames.",1,-1,[],[32009]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[32009]],["individual issue",1,1037,[],[32009]],["narrative frames",1,32804,[],[32009]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[60354]],["misinformación",1,27154,[],[60354]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["discursos del odio, el ciberacoso y las filtraciones",1,-1,[],[60354]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The resistance to dialectical engagement that leads to a critique of ideology is fundamental to the bundling of fasces.",1,-1,[],[42639]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Russia's \"Inside Syria Media Center\" (ISMC) news website, a GRU front property whose bylined journalists included fabricated personas, produced content that was republished as contributed content within ideologically aligned, unwitting publications, or incorporated into real news articles in the context of expert quotes.",1,-1,[],[15728]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["accidental exposure, although necessary, is generally associated with low levels of political awareness.",1,-1,[],[13723]],["exposure (which is not the focus of this study) is not viewed as an accident; it can be algorithmic and even capitalistic",1,-1,[],[50917]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[13723]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[["algorithmic processes that convert data into narrative news texts with limited to no human intervention beyond the initial programming",2,-1,[],[9294,17054]]],"de":[["In this precise sense, automated journalism corresponds to the application of algorithmic news judgment and the automation of specific journalistic tasks related to news reporting, writing, curation, data analysis and online social platforms' dissemination",1,-1,[],[32983]],["automation in journalism goes beyond just writing, but also data collection and management, among other news production processes",1,-1,[],[53172]],["some narrowly define as referring to computer-written news with little to no human input beyond initial programming (Carlson, 2015;Linden, 2017)",1,-1,[],[53172]],["the application of computer algorithms programmed to generate news articles",1,-1,[],[9294]],["the successes are clearest when dealing with story generation in limited frameworks",1,-1,[],[17054]]],"sy":[["computational journalism",3,17057,[],[17054,32983,52211]],["algorithmic journalism",2,15888,[],[17054,32983]],["robot journalism",2,28725,[],[9294,32983]],["robotic journalism",1,30789,[],[52211]]],"rt":[["algorithmic journalism",1,15888,[],[53172]],["computational journalism",1,17057,[],[53172]],["news automation",1,4690,[],[25245]]],"sb":[["automated newswriting",1,-1,[],[53172]]],"sp":[["algorithmic journalism",1,15888,[],[53172]],["computational journalism",1,17057,[],[53172]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["may lead individuals to assume news to be credible and allow fake news to prevail",1,-1,[],[45945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["System trust is partially based on the deterring effects of formal or semi-formal systems.",1,-1,[],[48641]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Rosjanie nazywają wojną hybrydową jak najszersze spektrum zjawisk -od operacji specjalnych po zderzenie cywilizacji",1,-1,[],[19117]],["W myśl wciąż rozszerzającej się koncepcji wojny hybrydowej państwo traci monopol na użycie siły, w związku z czym na pole bitwy wkraczają inni aktorzy, np. separatyści, dobrowolcy (ochotnicy) i hakerzy, co z kolei rozmywa odpowiedzialność władz.",1,-1,[],[19117]],["wszystkie strony upolityczniają tę kategorię",1,-1,[],[19117]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["wojny informacyjnej",1,-1,[],[19117]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["justification",1,7321,[],[54700]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["To explain why individuals choose to engage in protective behavior, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), developed by Rogers (1975), provides a relevant theoretical framework.",1,-1,[],[10837]]],"sy":[["PMT",1,19651,[],[32624]]],"rt":[["coping appraisal",1,-1,[],[10837]],["threat appraisal",1,33934,[],[10837]]],"sb":[["coping appraisal",1,-1,[],[10837]],["threat appraisal",1,33934,[],[10837]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It is dependent on the previous stories, and the news by itself constitutes a foundation for other stories to come.",1,-1,[],[40440]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the premise of the racism discourse is that the death was caused by unnecessary police brutality and that Obiora's especially brutal treatment was because of his African background.",1,-1,[],[60957]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["police discourse",1,32103,[],[60957]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["manifests news stories' neutrality, factuality, and objectivity (Zelizer, 1989)",1,-1,[],[40200]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contextomized quote",1,5249,[],[40200]],["contextomy",1,82,[],[40200]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["mis-and disinformation should not be conflated with the absence of factual information and/or verified empirical evidence. Hence, we argue that the circumvention of empirical evidence and expert knowledge may give rise to the reliance of a type of argumentation that relies on experiences and opinions instead of verified information.",1,-1,[],[23053]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist communication",1,31288,[],[23053]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["acuerd paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["justici paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["negoci paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["proces paz",1,-1,[],[35974]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["acuerd paz farc",1,-1,[],[35974]],["acuerd paz gobiern",1,-1,[],[35974]],["especial paz jep",1,-1,[],[35974]],["firm acuerd paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["implement acuerd paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["jurisdiccion especial paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["marc juridic paz",1,-1,[],[35974]],["paz establ durader",1,-1,[],[35974]],["paz gobiern farc",1,-1,[],[35974]],["proces paz farc",1,-1,[],[35974]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The democratic subject is regarded as a rational individual, self-seeking, a maximiser of instrumental utility, who knows his/her own best interests.",1,-1,[],[13751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news piece",1,25355,[],[26845]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Not unlike inoculation theory, the MIP model takes a receiver-oriented, information-processing approach to media effects (Austin et al. 2002).",1,-1,[],[20881]],["Thus, the MIP model proposes that individuals, applying logic to their analysis of media messages, make logical comparisons between their personal experiences and what they see in the media.",1,-1,[],[20881]],["the MIP model proposes that individuals, applying logic to their analysis of media messages, make logical comparisons between their personal experiences and what they see in the media.",1,-1,[],[20881]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Individuals are more likely to learn from a given information, derive new implications from it, and even form attitudes toward an issue the information addresses when they engage in elaborative processing",1,-1,[],[43294]],["Unlike passive information processing, cognitive elaboration represents active mental engagement, requiring people to exert cognitive efforts to evaluate the information they encounter, integrate it with prior knowledge, and deliberate on its effects",1,-1,[],[43294]],["can include tasks such as content discussion.",1,-1,[],[38630]],["individuals may also deliberately reflect on a certain type of message or message addressing a specific issue",1,-1,[],[43294]],["people who devote more mental effort to thinking about fake news are likely to exhibit greater concern about its potential societal harms, such as the erosion of trust in journalism and the broader information ecosystem",1,-1,[],[43294]],["the more individuals mentally engage with fake news, the more likely they are to perceive it as a societal problem that demands attention",1,-1,[],[43294]]],"sy":[["elaborative processing",1,18130,[],[43294]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["some people may exert cognitive effort when processing news overall, while for others, only news stories relevant to them (e.g., immigration) elicit elaboration.",1,-1,[],[43294]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In particular, social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram and Twitter allow access to diverse, intimate and everyday negotiations and performances of identity that students in the West may otherwise be excluded from.",1,-1,[],[20348]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic vice",1,32772,[],[30804]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It aims to record the process and details of the reporter's participation in the news event, and to lead the audiences to enter the news events and behind the scenes from the first-person perspective.",1,-1,[],[56436]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Preprocessing algorithms typically re-weight and repair the training data which captures label bias or historical discrimination",1,-1,[],[22356]],["Preprocessing tries to debias and increase the quality of training set.",1,-1,[],[23694]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["data-agnostic pre-processing transformation techniques",1,-1,[],[23694]],["remove those fairness sensitive features from training data",1,-1,[],[23694]],["replace these fairness sensitive features with alternative values",1,-1,[],[23694]]],"sp":[["Mitigation methods",1,-1,[],[23694]],["fair machine learning solutions",1,-1,[],[22356]]],"ex":[["For instance, surname and ZIP code can be deleted to reduce the discrimination of DNNs towards certain race.",1,-1,[],[23694]],["Take the sentence 'The conversation with Malik was heartbreaking' for example, we can replace 'Malik' with 'IDENTITY' to reduce the possibility that DNN model shows discrimination based on races.",1,-1,[],[23694]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["There is an Asian family that lives down the street",1,-1,[],[33120]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["NGT has a great deal of ramifications on understanding of information dissemination and users behaviour on the internet.",1,-1,[],[27783]],["attempts to offer new definitions of gatekeeping and gatekeepers adapting traditional concepts to a networked society.",1,-1,[],[27783]]],"sy":[["NGT",1,-1,[],[25965]]],"rt":[["Gatekeeping theory",1,1004,[],[27783]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["gatekeeping theory",1,1004,[],[27783]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These discourses accept the existence of climate change, but justify inaction or inadequate efforts.",1,-1,[],[2582]],["discourses of delay will disorientate and discourage ambitious climate action.",1,-1,[],[2582]],["they often lead to deadlock or a sense that there are intractable obstacles to taking action",1,-1,[["they often lead to deadlock or a sense that there are intractable obstacles to taking action",1],["they often lead to deadlock or a sense that there are intractable obstacles to taking action.",1]],[2582]]],"sy":[["delay discourses",1,34256,[["delay discourses",1],["discourses of delay",1]],[2582]]],"rt":[["ad hominem attacks",1,28717,[],[2582]],["climate denialism",1,5843,[],[2582]],["climate-impact scepticism",1,-1,[],[2582]]],"sb":[["all talk, little action",1,22022,[],[2582]],["emphasize the downsides",1,-1,[],[2582]],["fossil fuel solutionism",1,24271,[],[2582]],["individualism",1,9469,[],[2582]],["no sticks, just carrots",1,11186,[],[2582]],["push non-transformative solutions",1,-1,[],[2582]],["redirect responsibility",1,-1,[],[2582]],["surrender",1,7356,[],[2582]],["technological optimism",1,-1,[],[2582]],["whataboutism",1,19307,[],[2582]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Kahan and his colleagues highlight several mechanisms of cultural cognition: the selective recall of supportive expert opinion, the selective imputation of knowledge and trust to sympathetic experts, and the biased search of information and assimilation of expert messages.",1,-1,[],[36305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Very often, irregularities came to the ears of churchwardens and constables simply on the basis of communal suspicion, the notion of the ' common fame ', or ' common voice ', which could be sufficient basis for a presentment.",1,-1,[],[50406]]],"sy":[["common voice",1,-1,[],[50406]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Selective approach",1,1981,[],[32069]]],"ex":[["websites that address national or international important events, e.g., disasters, elections, and the football world cup, etc.",1,-1,[],[32069]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Compares the relation degree between genders and occupations based on attention scores to identify bias-contributing modules.",1,-1,[],[23587]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["a central tenet of FTT is that separate cognitive processes operate in parallel on verbatim details and gist, although these processes can influence each other in some situations",1,-1,[],[36002]],["the gist of the fake news story overlaps with other related memories",1,-1,[],[26]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gist",1,7022,[],[36002]],["verbatim details",1,29688,[],[36002]]],"sb":[["gist traces",1,2498,[],[26]],["verbatim traces",1,21427,[],[26]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'COVID vaccines are bad'",1,-1,[],[26]],["'COVID vaccines are good'",1,-1,[],[26]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["encompasses not only the ability to decode and interpret visual messages but also to engage critically with and ethically produce visual content.",1,-1,[],[28764]],["involves a constantly evolving set of skills necessary for full participation in a media-rich society, emphasizing critical thinking and ethical considerations when engaging with visual content.",1,-1,[],[28764]],["teaching students to deconstruct visual content by considering the creator's background, the intended audience, and the socio-political context in which the content is produced",1,-1,[],[28764]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Media Literacy",1,27668,[],[28764]],["visual literacy",1,18775,[],[28764]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical media literacy",1,13038,[],[28764]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[28764]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["variantivity",1,-1,[],[55759]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It reflects a core case of manipulation as to content, inserting false propositions (or casting doubt on true ones) with at least the significant propensity to interfere with the audience's ability to process true information rationally. Political gaslighting may also manipulate an audience as to confidence as well, especially when the false information advanced inaccurately conveys information about a source of yet further information (such as the appropriate level of confidence one should take in objective news reporting).",1,-1,[],[23255]],["a more pronounced pattern of information on discrete subjects will be necessary to qualify as indiscriminate political gaslighting",1,-1,[],[23255]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political gaslighting",1,26229,[],[23255]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[23255]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Mutual respect is a sufficiently abstract ideal to necessitate breaking it down into a series of specific 'communicative virtues' (Rice and Burbules 1993: 35) or 'moral dispositions' (Gutmann and Thompson 1996: 81).",1,-1,[],[18609]],["This ideal goes to the heart of how compromisers, 'who, after deliberation, still fundamentally disagree about an issue should treat one another with regard to that and related issues-even when their deliberations result in legislation that favors one side of the dispute' (80).",1,-1,[],[18609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communicative virtues",1,-1,[],[18609]],["moral dispositions",1,-1,[],[18609]]],"sb":[["good faith or trust",1,22650,[],[18609]],["honesty or fairness",1,6289,[],[18609]],["integrity",1,25360,[],[18609]],["magnanimity",1,-1,[],[18609]],["open-mindedness",1,25094,[],[18609]],["reasonableness",1,27238,[],[18609]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["animator",1,-1,[],[24077]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["virtual backstage",1,8543,[],[8455]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn",1,-1,[],[8456]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Data journalism",1,28520,[],[4840]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Descriptive annotation allows for the surveying and modelling of different beliefs",1,-1,[],[11929]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["descriptive data annotation",1,24569,[],[11929]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["strategic manoeuvring",1,8325,[],[47395]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["outward orientation",1,23432,[],[38195]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The adversarial agents engage in a structured exchange of opposing viewpoints, forcing the system to critically evaluate evidence from different perspectives and refine its reasoning, thus enhancing its ability to detect inconsistencies or biases in the evidence.",1,-1,[],[1542]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The term \"bubble reachers\" grows out of the computer science literature",1,-1,[],[53287]],["The term \"bubble reachers\" grows out of the computer science literature and refers to users on social media platforms who distribute content that reaches users with diverse political opinions, possibly bridging ideological divides and facilitating cross-partisan conversations [20].",1,-1,[],[53287]],["can be seen as performing a form of brokerage between partisan groups in a polarized context. They bridge ideological gaps and act as connectors between users with diverse political opinions, similar to how brokers bridge gaps between different groups or clusters in a network.",1,-1,[],[53287]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["brokerage",1,-1,[],[53287]],["brokers",1,28302,[],[53287]]],"sb":[["neutral bubble reachers-those central nodes that avoid a partisan tilt",1,-1,[],[53287]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Closely associated with Neo--Nazi",1,-1,[],[8524]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["often due to its dependence on static training data that may not be up-to-date or comprehensive.",1,-1,[],[43617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["An individual's lived proximity to something becomes an index of their capacity to truly understand it, care about it, develop valid opinions about it and speak about it with authority.",1,-1,[],[2472]],["Both forms of populism challenge the assumption that politics and political discourse should involve forms of mediated and reflective action, reasoning and communication distinct from those immediate ones which govern life in the private sphere.",1,-1,[],[2472]],["challenges neo-liberal and technocratic tendencies to dismiss the value of political debate in favour of technical expertise.",1,-1,[],[2472]],["commitment to encouraging ordinary individuals to speak and its valorization of lived experience as a form of legitimate knowledge",1,-1,[],[2472]],["epistemological populism tends to elevate individual experience as the only legitimate form and extend that epistemological authority well beyond the realm where the person's immediate experience itself might be seen as relevant.",1,-1,[],[2472]],["knowledge that grows out of an individual's lived experience is knowledge one can trust.",1,-1,[],[2472]],["modelling a renovation of the public sphere in which the value and authority of knowledge, opinion and argument is directly proportional to ~and a reproduction of! the lived experience of the people",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the appeal to \"common sense\" as a discussion-ending trump card",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the assertion that individual opinions based upon firsthand experience are much more reliable as a form of knowledge than those generated by theories and academic studies",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the privileging of emotional intensity as an indicator of the reliability of opinions",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the use of populist-inflected discourse to dismiss other types of knowledge as elitist and therefore illegitimate",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the valorization of specific types of experience as particularly reliable sources of legitimate knowledge and the extension of this knowledge authority to unrelated issues",1,-1,[],[2472]],["uses the other side of the populist trope-the attack on elites-to dismiss contending forms of knowledge and political opinions.",1,-1,[],[2472]]],"sy":[["populist epistemology",1,-1,[],[2472]]],"rt":[["argutainment style",1,-1,[],[2472]],["attack on elites",1,-1,[],[2472]],["common sense",1,28941,[],[2472]],["conservative populism",1,-1,[],[2472]],["political discourses of populism",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the people",1,23425,[],[2472]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["populism",1,20354,[],[2472]]],"ex":[["the appeal to \"common sense\" as a discussion-ending trump card",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the assertion that individual opinions based upon firsthand experience are much more reliable as a form of knowledge than those generated by theories and academic studies",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the privileging of emotional intensity as an indicator of the reliability of opinions",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the use of populist-inflected discourse to dismiss other types of knowledge as elitist and therefore illegitimate",1,-1,[],[2472]],["the valorization of specific types of experience as particularly reliable sources of legitimate knowledge and the extension of this knowledge authority to unrelated issues",1,-1,[],[2472]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["expressive games",1,1082,[],[14635]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["typologies of serious games",1,-1,[],[14635]]],"ex":[["The Weimar Republic, Ending Apartheid, Arrival of Democracy, Slava Ukraini, Femida, Democracy Cat, Socratic Democracy, Some Democracy under shower, God Bless Democracy, Operation: Forklift, Beneath the Surface of Democracy, BrazilianikMakia, Wave of Democracy",1,-1,[],[14635]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["various types of innate mimicry",1,-1,[],[3290]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Due to the interplay of different content types, multi-modal toxicity is challenging to detect and moderate [16].",1,-1,[],[29153]],["It leverages multiple forms of inputs, making toxic and harmful content more engaging and impactful.",1,-1,[],[29153]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The rise of toxic memes, which blend text and imagery to create offensive or toxic content is a perfect example.",1,-1,[],[29153]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultivation effect",1,19591,[],[55498]],["cultivation theory",1,8274,[],[55498]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clickbait",2,6382,[],[14497,24467]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social bots",1,20136,[],[98]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social bots",1,20136,[],[98]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["la libertad de expresión y la independencia de los medios no son un privilegio de los medios ni de los periodistas, sino pilares del Estado de Derecho",1,-1,[],[55067]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["libertad de información",1,29052,[],[55067]],["libertad de pensamiento",1,22612,[],[13995]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["celebrity rape",1,-1,[],[4778]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["research originally investigated why people (or bystanders, respectively) do or do not provide help when they observe emergencies, such as violent attacks and accidents",1,-1,[],[9155]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["precarity activism",1,-1,[],[8485]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["Individuals who are actively trying to avoid news more often (independent of specific news sources)",1,-1,[],[5077]],["News avoidance is a value-laden concept with a normatively negative connotation, and news avoidance can even be demonized",1,-1,[],[5098]],["News avoidance is caused by factors at the levels of the individual citizens, the news coverage, and the broader media environment.",1,-1,[],[37121]],["One way to conceptualize news avoidance and non-use is vis-a-vis degree of motivation and proactivity to not encounter content, with greater motivation, aversion, and action on the avoidance side",1,-1,[],[5098]],["Reasons for news avoidance during a crisis may be a fear of negative information, a more focused consumption of certain news content or sources, and the avoidance of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[10628]],["The reasons for intentional news avoidance can vary from not trusting the news, the overload of information available, or issue fatigue (Gurr and Metag, 2021).",1,-1,[],[10628]],["When news avoidance leads to low levels of general news consumption, it can result in less political knowledge and engagement and thereby a risk of unequal representation in politics",1,-1,[],[37121]],["actions that involved some level of proactivity or change in their media-use behaviours, thus reflecting a high level of intentionality in their news avoidance.",1,-1,[],[5098]],["associated with misperceptions and lower political knowledge and participation",1,-1,[],[46162]],["avoiding news that is negative, repetitive or sensationalist. In line with findings from other studies, this avoidance behavior is a coping mechanism for managing emotional well-being in an environment of information overload",1,-1,[],[46162]],["complete avoidance is relatively rare and usually connected to a lack of trust in media and politics",1,-1,[],[47532]],["if the aggregate amount of news avoidance results in insufficient demand for news it can have negative consequences for news organizations at large, which may be forced to reduce their expenses or close specific publications.",1,-1,[],[37121]],["is key to describing and evaluating the patterns of contemporary news consumption.",1,-1,[],[5098]],["los usuarios se encuentran abrumados por las noticias, bien por las temáticas -guerra de Ucrania, desastres, política -, bien por el volumen",1,-1,[],[34924]],["lower knowledge may also lead to greater susceptibility to misinformation",1,-1,[],[37121]],["news avoidance can lead to better wellbeing by decreasing anxiety and depression",1,-1,[],[37121]],["news avoidance is most often seen as a democratic problem, as limited news consumption is related to lower levels of political knowledge and participation, and hence, greater susceptibility to misinformation",1,-1,[],[37121]],["news avoidance may lead to less political knowledge and engagement and hinder positive externalities, but it also holds potential for improving mental well-being.",1,-1,[],[37121]],["not habitual",1,-1,[],[5098]],["raises serious concerns about uninformed and disengaged citizens -which is definitely detrimental to democracy",1,-1,[],[46162]],["temporary or situational practice",1,-1,[],[5098]],["un fenómeno denominado \"news avoidance\"",1,-1,[],[34924]]],"sy":[["complete avoidance",1,-1,[],[47532]]],"rt":[["news non-use",2,7986,[],[5098,37121]],["information overload",1,18870,[],[31150]],["low news use",1,-1,[],[10628]],["news consumption",1,-1,[],[37121]]],"sb":[["intentional news avoidance",2,33488,[],[37121,46162]],["unintentional news avoidance",2,8089,[],[37121,46162]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["avoidance of news about the coronavirus",1,-1,[],[37121]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["He actively connected scales by framing the national struggle against racism in South Africa as part of a wider global struggle against racism and American imperialism.",1,-1,[],[38160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["because it is closely linked to a change in the consumption of news: from that of a model based on mass audiences to one based more on small connected communities of audiences that share content in different spaces on the internet (Villi, 2012).",1,-1,[],[13734]],["closely linked to a change in the consumption of news: from that of a model based on mass audiences to one based more on small connected communities of audiences that share content in different spaces on the internet",1,-1,[],[13734]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["construction of 'the people'",1,18195,[],[3191]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["For justification, in the grammar of its use, means to provide evidence or support for what is said or what is done",1,-1,[],[54699]],["Justification is also often a discursive act, relying upon explanations to transfer knowledge and support claims made by each party.",1,-1,[],[23063]],["These considerations are normative reasons, which is to say facts that provide rational grounds for the belief or the action.",1,-1,[],[6367,6368]],["These consist of fact-checking articles and other news items, which can be used to train natural language generation models to provide posthoc justifications for the verdicts",1,-1,[],[8187]],["a discursive act, relying upon explanations to transfer knowledge and support claims made by each party.",1,-1,[],[23063]],["see it as a linguistic tool used to substantiate claims or provide reasons, evidence, or explanations for a particular argument",1,-1,[],[54699]],["these justifications have been used as explanations (Atanasova et al., 2020b).",1,-1,[],[8187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["argumentation",1,24615,[],[23063]],["explanation",1,15873,[],[23063]],["normative reasons",1,17496,[],[6367]]],"sb":[["Appeal to Authority",2,23175,[],[37233,57430]],["Appeal to Popularity",2,26848,[],[37233,57430]],["Appeal to Authority [J:AA]",1,12472,[],[57430]],["Appeal to Fear, Prejudice",1,7460,[],[57430]],["Appeal to Fear, Prejudice [J:AF]",1,167,[],[57430]],["Appeal to Popularity [J:AP]",1,12167,[],[57430]],["Appeal to Values",1,14046,[],[57430]],["Appeal to Values [J:AV]",1,12889,[],[57430]],["Flag Waving",1,29045,[],[57430]],["Flag Waving [J:FW]",1,14034,[],[57430]],["Justification by moral arguments",1,7214,[],[54699]],["Justification by moral arguments are all legitimizations of arguments that refer to normative orientations (ideals, values, rules, judgments) that represent ideal behaviors, for example, the right thing to do in specific situations.",1,-1,[],[54699]],["Justification by scientific arguments",1,30276,[],[54699]],["Justification by scientific arguments refers to all legitimizations of arguments that invoke scientific arguments, for example, in the form of references to scientific studies, research results, or medical professionals.",1,-1,[],[54699]],["Justification by theological arguments",1,34015,[],[54699]],["Justification by theological arguments refers to all legitimizations of arguments that explicitly use religious language (for example, God, Jesus, names of concrete saints) or refers to theological concepts (salvation, evil, eschatology, or faith), or reference religious scriptures (direct quotes or paraphrases).",1,-1,[],[54699]]],"sp":[["Persuasion",1,23143,[],[60022]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[57430]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":43,"df":[["The core idea of public diplomacy 'is one of direct communication with foreign peoples, with the aim of affecting their thinking and, ultimately, that of their governments'",2,-1,[["The core idea of public diplomacy 'is one of direct communication with foreign peoples, with the aim of affecting their thinking and, ultimately, that of their governments'",1],["The core idea of public diplomacy 'is one of direct communication with foreign peoples, with the aim of affecting their thinking and, ultimately, that of their governments'.",1]],[3756,59127]]],"de":[["At the centre of these national hegemonic efforts towards spreading a particular model of journalism in the Global South is that of public diplomacy",1,-1,[],[45161]],["Confrontation",1,-1,[],[3756]],["Foreign societies",1,-1,[],[3756]],["General",1,-1,[],[3756]],["Governments across the world use public diplomacy communication and activities to build a positive image with publics of other nations.",1,-1,[],[59127]],["In terms of content, 'it describes activities, directed abroad in the fields of information, education, and culture, whose objective is to influence a foreign government, by influencing its citizens'.",1,-1,[],[3756]],["It involves broad engagement of external audiences, especially young people using technology and the internet, either through learning, student exchanges, art, sports, science, and/or networking which offers young professionals to open up for the opportunities of dialogue and open debates",1,-1,[],[10751]],["It involves the communication of state and non-state actors with foreign audiences in order to inform, influence and realize the general interests that a state has",1,-1,[],[10751]],["Its objective is the exercise of influence by an entity over a foreign public by developing communication strategies that include educational, informative and entertainment programs",1,-1,[],[49954]],["Its objective is the exercise of influence by an entity over a foreign public by developing communication strategies that include educational, informative and entertainment programs (Manfredi, 2011)",1,-1,[],[49954]],["Kosovo has not tried to increase its international image in order to derive commercial benefits, investments, tourist benefits, etc., as public diplomacy aims",1,-1,[],[59073]],["Long range",1,-1,[],[3756]],["Multiple channels",1,-1,[],[3756]],["Officials",1,-1,[],[3756]],["One sided",1,-1,[],[3756]],["Promote favourable image",1,-1,[],[3756]],["Public diplomacy as an element of soft power relies on media communication to inform and influence the public",1,-1,[],[60088]],["Public diplomacy as an expression of soft power is characterized by conveying the interests of different actors through public-private partnerships, international non-profit organisations, Diasporas, educational programmes, and other instruments open to third parties",1,-1,[],[49954]],["Public diplomacy efforts seek to influence foreign publics, so that they may influence their own government's actions toward another nation.",1,-1,[],[59127]],["Public diplomacy has evolved from a focus on mass media to communication efforts to build transnational communication networks of relationships with respected international non-governmental organizations.",1,-1,[],[59127]],["Public diplomacy is an important part of international and intercultural communication (DeMars, 2005;Nye, 2008).",1,-1,[],[59127]],["Public diplomacy is done through direct communication with foreign peoples to influence their thinking and, ultimately, their governments' decisions (Malone, 1985), especially in the formation and execution of foreign policies (Cull, 2006).",1,-1,[],[59073]],["Public diplomacy is mediatized (Golan et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[59073]],["The core idea of public diplomacy 'is one of direct communication with foreign peoples, with the aim of affecting their thinking and, ultimately, that of their governments'.",1,-1,[],[3756]],["The original notion focuses on State activity (Gilboa, 2016), yet reality has shown it to be a common practice among all actors in the global sphere (Melissen, 2005)",1,-1,[["The original notion focuses on State activity (Gilboa, 2016), yet reality has shown it to be a common practice among all actors in the global sphere (Melissen, 2005)",1],["The original notion focuses on State activity (Gilboa, 2016), yet reality has shown it to be a common practice among all actors in the global sphere (Melissen, 2005).",1]],[49954]],["Understood as 'direct communication with foreign publics, with the aim of affecting their thinking, and ultimately, that of their government' (Malone, 1985: 199)",1,-1,[],[31800]],["designed to create a friendly climate within a foreign society towards fundamental political and social issues, such as capitalism versus communism or human rights",1,-1,[],[3756]],["primarily entails one-sided propaganda designed to foster an image abroad",1,-1,[],[3756]],["public diplomacy can be done by either state or non-state actors",1,-1,[],[59073]],["public diplomacy can be seen as a deradicalising form of foreign policy discourse.",1,-1,[],[31800]],["public diplomacy primarily entails one-sided propaganda designed to foster an image abroad",1,-1,[],[3756]],["public diplomacy should be focused on the countries which are most relevant to our interests -not those which are easiest to influence",1,-1,[],[10751]],["public diplomacy, when the sides are engaged in confrontation and primarily employ propaganda",1,-1,[],[3756]],["studies focused on public diplomacy because global tensions had fallen, and the states focused on building images and reputations for economic purposes.",1,-1,[],[59073]],["the attempt to fight misrecognition and gain acceptance through public diplomacy does not necessarily 'smoothen' national characteristics or elude radical differentiations",1,-1,[],[31800]],["the instrument used by states, state associations and some sub-state and non-state actors, to understand culture, attitudes, and behaviors; to establish and manage relationships, to influence opinions as well as to mobilize actions to advance their interests and values",1,-1,[],[10751]],["the messengers are organizations, NGOs, diasporas, and individuals who convey a message directly through activities, such as educational and cultural exchange programs, scholarships, cinematography, language programs, sports, and arts (Golan, 2015;Snow, 2020)",1,-1,[],[59073]]],"sy":[["TV diplomacy",1,-1,[],[3756]],["media diplomacy",1,34141,[],[59073]]],"rt":[["media diplomacy",3,34141,[],[3756,42661,59073]],["soft power",3,9524,[],[45161,49954,60088]],["cultural diplomacy",1,1286,[],[10751]],["intercultural communication",1,19721,[],[59127]],["international communication",1,21764,[],[59127]],["media-brokerdiplomacy",1,11628,[],[59073]],["peer-to-peer public diplomacy",1,-1,[],[31800]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[27603]]],"sb":[["Cultural diplomacy",2,1286,[["Cultural diplomacy",1],["cultural diplomacy",1]],[10751,59073]],["strategic communication",2,17579,[],[10751,59073]],["Daily news management",1,-1,[],[10751]],["The basic variant",1,17895,[],[3756]],["The nonstate transnational variant",1,16781,[],[3756]],["information management",1,4736,[],[59073]]],"sp":[["soft power",1,9524,[],[60088]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political distrust",1,2180,[],[2552]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they manage contracts between the two parties, which often involve clauses that enable the fi rm to control the content of the outlet hosting the advertisement.",1,-1,[],[25703]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["This control is often suff ocating, particularly when banks are advertised",1,-1,[],[25703]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The more of such \"double hybridisation\", the stronger the sustainability discourse in the news.",1,-1,[],[43023]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Halliday's textual metafunction",1,-1,[],[45513]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["spelled this way in North American usage to distinguish it from lead, a strip of that metal used in early printing.",1,-1,[],[22145]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Y tercero, la información maliciosa, que es contenido cierto, pero que se usa con el propósito de causar perjuicio (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2018).",1,-1,[],[32841]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["acciones de acoso",1,-1,[],[32841]],["discursos de odio",1,16417,[],[32841]],["filtraciones",1,-1,[],[32841]]],"sp":[["desorden o ruido informativo",1,-1,[],[32841]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a form of credulity operating in contexts in which information transmission is mediated primarily by behavior rather than language.",1,-1,[],[36298]],["overimitation can plausibly be construed as a form of credulity operating in contexts in which information transmission is mediated primarily by behavior rather than language.",1,-1,[],[36298]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["credulity",1,2381,[],[36298]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inductive or defeasible reasoning",1,-1,[],[54414]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural schemes",1,28242,[],[38326]]],"sb":[["Allusive strategy",1,26464,[],[38326]],["figurative strategy",1,27985,[],[38326]],["logical strategy",1,10008,[],[38326]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a sense of civic responsibility to commit to action in the community",1,-1,[],[38940]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["detect even unknown domains",1,-1,[],[50760]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["could exacerbate the lack of PPE as it might increase a higher demand on PPE from the public and at the same time creates fear by developing an assumption on the spread of the disease.",1,-1,[],[47677]],["highlights the urgency of the lack of PPE in local and national health agencies.",1,-1,[],[47677]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nucleus",1,3733,[],[61]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["La bipolarité laïque doit donc se garder de deux extrêmes : par défaut ou par excès, dans l'un ou l'autre de ses pôles.",1,-1,[],[25409]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Personal asides are considered the main feature of oral language, occurring in real-time and reflecting interlocutors' tendency and ability to directly converse with each other and interrupt each other's utterances based on conversational situations.",1,-1,[],[16390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[16390]],["interactional",1,29905,[],[16390]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["SF",1,-1,[],[1654]],["worlding",1,-1,[],[1654]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Personal news curation practices can be conceptualized as forms of news engagement that have the potential to complement or counteract algorithmic news selection or partisan selective exposure, yet, these practices can also solidify existing divides in news use related to interest and avoidance.",1,-1,[],[5086]],["Users play a decisive role in customizing their information repertoires on social media. Users can subscribe to news organizations or hide user accounts, topics, and pages in their news feed and thereby have a certain kind of leverage in determining its composition.",1,-1,[],[5086]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic filtering",1,31041,[],[5086]],["algorithmic news selection",1,17591,[],[5086]],["partisan selective exposure",1,33605,[],[5086]]],"sb":[["news-boosting curation",1,8472,[],[5086]],["news-limiting curation",1,14911,[],[5086]]],"sp":[["curation",1,15674,[],[5086]]],"ex":[["blocking news content from a Facebook friend",1,-1,[],[5086]],["following a journalistic outlet on Twitter",1,-1,[],[5086]],["following a journalistic outlet on Twitter or blocking news content from a Facebook friend",1,-1,[],[5086]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["authority",1,14203,[],[5854]],["correctness",1,16152,[],[5854]],["currency",1,13,[],[5854]],["impartiality",1,32874,[],[5854]],["popularity",1,14321,[],[5854]],["professionalism",1,14259,[],[5854]],["quality",1,10979,[],[5854]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["authority",1,-1,[],[5854]],["correctness",1,-1,[],[5854]],["currency",1,-1,[],[5854]],["impartiality",1,-1,[],[5854]],["popularity",1,-1,[],[5854]],["professionalism",1,-1,[],[5854]],["quality",1,-1,[],[5854]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the surrender category does not favour the difficult work of building climate engagement and deliberating over effective solutions.",1,-1,[],[2593]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Doomism",1,8502,[],[2593]],["change is impossible",1,22606,[],[2593]]],"sp":[["discourses of delay",1,34256,[],[2593]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is the end result of a process of embellished confession, shaped by the interrogators, assisted by cellmates, and extracted by the captors over many months. Lifton highlights the many confessions of a particular prisoner (representative of almost all prisoners) leading up to the final confession -each marking a step further from his prior identity and closer to his reformed identity.",1,-1,[],[25024]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["gender bias",1,27773,[],[30443]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["#meme",1,12094,[],[12674]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Directionally motivated reasoning necessarily prioritizes one desired conclusion; other (less) desired conclusions may be sacrificed to satisfy that overarching goal.",1,-1,[],[6400]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["accuracy motivated",1,-1,[],[6400]]],"sb":[["partisan motivated reasoning",1,15318,[],[6400]],["partisan or ideological motivated reasoning",1,34801,[],[26910]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":426,"df":[],"de":[["According to group polarization theory [32], an echo chamber can act as a mechanism to reinforce an existing opinion within a group, and as a result move the entire group towards more extreme opinions.",1,-1,[],[15476]],["Amplified by platform algorithms, these chambers constantly reinforce like-minded perspectives and exaggerate how extreme the opposing side is",1,-1,[],[53519]],["Amplified by platform algorithms, these chambers constantly reinforce like-minded perspectives and exaggerate how extreme the opposing side is (Yang et al. 2016;Lu et al. 2020).",1,-1,[],[53519]],["As a result, misinformation becomes more persistent and harder to correct.",1,-1,[],[39962]],["By communicating and repeating beliefs within a closed system or network insulated from rebuttal, echo chambers amplify or reinforce beliefs",1,-1,[],[2955]],["Consumers of disinformation do not just repeat or reverberate it because they do more than passively consume videos. Instead, they cocreate an adversarial fantasy, constructing antagonists to wage culture wars, which is a highly engaging activity.",1,-1,[],[26686]],["Crucially, this means that neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise.",1,-1,[],[49299]],["Echo chambers and filter bubbles are the mechanism of modern digital public sphere.",1,-1,[],[37687]],["Echo chambers are natural consequences of the way Social Media are commercially designed.",1,-1,[],[38411]],["Echo chambers are not about new ideas or (critical) perspectives, they are about how well or effectively the group members reiterate the same idea/belief. Hence, the result is intensification of belief system at best.",1,-1,[],[38411]],["Echo chambers are the trenches in which culture wars are fought as people enlist in identitybased controversies, steering narratives through oppositions against real or imaginary adversaries",1,-1,[],[26686]],["Echo chambers can reinforce ideologies, but they largely form as a result of self-selection instead of technological determinismfoot_5",1,-1,[],[37686]],["Echo chambers can stifle critical thinking and distort a person's perspective, making it harder for them to consider alternative points of view and engage in complex discussions.",1,-1,[],[33464]],["Echo chambers have the potential to reinforce, and in some cases amplify, users' thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors.",1,-1,[],[46094]],["Echo chambers help rumours spread on Twitter because users are connected to a likeminded network that is not isolated from the rest of Twitter",1,-1,[],[37154]],["Echo chambers in online social networks, in which users prefer to interact only with ideologically-aligned peers, are believed to facilitate misinformation spreading and contribute to radicalize political discourse.",1,-1,[],[6588]],["Echo chambers occur when people with the same interests or views interact primarily within their group. They seek and share information that both conforms to the norms of their group and tends to reinforce existing beliefs (Jamieson & Cappella, 2008;Sunstein, 2009).",1,-1,[],[4058]],["Filter bubbles, at their extreme, can turn to echo chambers",1,-1,[],[1367]],["Hence, users are more likely to connect to peers sharing similar opinions, which fosters information exchange among likely-minded individuals.",1,-1,[],[19885]],["In a typical depiction of the phenomenon, a user reads recommended news articles with a specific viewpoint, forming a feedback loop with the recommender which continually reinforces that viewpoint.",1,-1,[],[7289]],["In an echo chamber, information, ideas, and opinions are \"echoed\" and \"amplified\" within a closed network, leading to a reinforcement of existing viewpoints and a lack of exposure to diverse perspectives",1,-1,[],[53290]],["In an echo chamber, information, ideas, and opinions are \"echoed\" and \"amplified\" within a closed network, leading to a reinforcement of existing viewpoints and a lack of exposure to diverse perspectives [11].",1,-1,[],[53290]],["In other words, an echo chamber is a tightly connected set of nodes more inclined to share a common view on a given narrative.",1,-1,[],[33835]],["In relinquishing these epistemic goals, echo chambers entice their members with the allure of unwavering certainty and simplistic consistency (Nguyen, 2020).",1,-1,[],[35409]],["In this study, we defined an echo chamber as a group of users who engaged in retweeting at least two related events (Choi et al., 2020;Gao et al., 2023b), with users who were @-mentioned by echo chamber members also considered part of the same echo chamber (Osterbur and Kiel, 2021).",1,-1,[],[46094]],["In this way, users do not encounter opposing views in the virtual world: by creating homogeneous groups, they only follow accounts and Internet sources that are close and appropriate to their own opinions",1,-1,[],[50167]],["Individuals belonging to these echo chambers tend to select and spread information that confirms their own beliefs (confirmation bias) and which reinforce their position",1,-1,[],[53566]],["Inside these closed communities formed by users having similar preferences and content consumption patterns, the information spreading is often biased [14,[19][20][21][22][23]",1,-1,[],[15476]],["Intense political polarization and the propagation of fake news are often said to be caused or exacerbated by echo chambers",1,-1,[],[60715]],["It is believed that Echo chambers in social media may increase social and political polarization and extremism",1,-1,[],[2956]],["Lack of exposure isn't the problem here -systematic distrust of outsiders is",1,-1,[],[49299]],["Limited media literacy exacerbates echo chambers' impact, leading individuals to accept biased information.",1,-1,[],[41649]],["Members may not realize they are receiving information from low-credibility sources; they are biased to believe that information from other community members is true.",1,-1,[],[28324]],["Membership centers on agreement with a core set of beliefs, including beliefs that support the trust disparity",1,-1,[["Membership centers on agreement with a core set of beliefs, including beliefs that support the trust disparity",1],["Membership centers on agreement with a core set of beliefs, including beliefs that support the trust disparity.",1]],[49299]],["Most of the prior work considered the echo chamber as a group of users who have similar political views",1,-1,[],[2917]],["Online echo chambers are modelled as set of users characterized by opinion and network polarization, i.e. they are clusters of like-minded users, that are (i) more separated from the rest of the network, and (ii) have a lower threshold for being convinced by a given narrative.",1,-1,[],[33835]],["People do not enter an echo chamber like a room, but select communication partners or exchange information in ways that result in selective political exposure.",1,-1,[],[36219]],["People inside this setting will only encounter things they already agree with. Without free movement of ideas and information people inside the echo chamber will believe that this is all there is.",1,-1,[],[4058]],["People with echo chambers often read news or social media information similar to their entrenched beliefs without checking different sources or confirming their information from online and offline media.",1,-1,[],[33936]],["People within the circle of echo chamber can only come across the facts in which they already agree. They also believed that the contents that were fed to them are always true.",1,-1,[],[46468]],["Quattrociocchi et al. [78] demonstrated that such resulting echo-chambers can serve to polarize the user's viewpoints by means of confirmation bias and lead to less diverse exposure and discussion between unaligned users.",1,-1,[],[19206]],["Social media platforms have already been accused of situating people in information ecologies that serve as \"echo chambers\", only showing them content that reinforces their interests or worldviews",1,-1,[],[18952]],["Social media platforms intensify echo chambers, making diverse networks susceptible to false information",1,-1,[],[41649]],["The asymmetry of trust even makes it the case that contrary evidence, sufficient to shatter an epistemic bubble, often actually reinforces an echo chamber",1,-1,[],[49299]],["The echo chamber has rules establishing who is a valid participant (e.g., ulterior motives and purity tests).",1,-1,[],[26686]],["The echo chamber is a closed epistemic space, in which insiders' opinions mainly or exclusively receive affirmation.",1,-1,[],[49298]],["The echo chamber suggests that polarization is in part driven by new media technology that allows us to avoid the discomfort of exposing ourselves to opposing ideas or opinions by choosing what people and information we wish to interact with.",1,-1,[],[17141]],["The formation of social media echo chambers fuels the presence and spread of false information.",1,-1,[],[19208]],["The idea first described by Jamieson and Capella (2008) refers to the process by which people seek information that supports their beliefs while avoiding opposing viewsfoot_3",1,-1,[],[37686]],["The more alike people and their communications are, the more the network resembles an \"echo chamber\" (and vice versa).",1,-1,[],[28874]],["The more fully formed this network is (that is, the more connections are created within the group, and the more connections with outsiders are severed), the more isolated from the introduction of outside views is the group, while the views of its members are able to circulate widely within it",1,-1,[],[36669]],["The resulting echo-chambers can contribute to the spread of false information by lowering the bar for critical fact-checking.",1,-1,[],[19206]],["The rumor echo chambers identified in this paper represent two primary properties (i.e., selective exposure and homophily of members) of echo chambers reported in the previous literature, which implies that our proposed method for identifying rumor echo chambers can be alternatively and easily applied when user information are not available.",1,-1,[],[2917]],["The similarity between production and consumption indicates the users' tendency to consume content that is similar to their own.",1,-1,[],[50959]],["The use of spreading models allows us to characterize the internal structure of echo-chambers, showing that users belonging to the same echo chamber, with different convictions (i.e., the intensity of their attitude to the impeachment issue), can have quite different spreading capabilities.",1,-1,[],[6588]],["The workings of social media mechanisms, such as filter bubbles and echo chambers (Section 2.2), have a significant influence on the epistemic processes that convey and transform scientific information on social media",1,-1,[],[165]],["These chambers are reinforced through social interactions and have a profound impact on information dynamics, especially in ethnically and religiously diverse populations",1,-1,[],[41649]],["These chambers are reinforced through social interactions and have a profound impact on information dynamics, especially in ethnically and religiously diverse populations (Arthur, 2018).",1,-1,[],[41649]],["These groups are usually characterized by extremely polarized opinions as they are insulated from opposite views and contrary perspectives",1,-1,[],[7104]],["These opinions are reinforced by repeated interactions with other users with similar tendencies and attitudes.",1,-1,[],[20614]],["These two clusters of users sharing similar opinions, or echo chambers, can be characterized by looking at the correlations between the in-flow and out-flow of sentiments, as well as between the average sentiments of an individual and his/her nearest neighbors.",1,-1,[],[6588]],["They seek and share information that both conforms to the norms of their group and tends to reinforce existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[4058]],["This echo chamber effect fosters extremism, as individuals within these bubbles become less critical and more unified in their beliefs, even if they are based on false information (Szpunar, 2014).",1,-1,[],[42759]],["This limits their exposure to corrective information.",1,-1,[],[39962]],["This social behavior has been magnified in social media structures wherein certain beliefs are amplified within close circles of communication. Consequently, people are exposed to content in consent with the same opinions that they hold. As a result, this reinforces social media users' view biases and blinds the users from other sides of information.",1,-1,[],[62035]],["This suggests that familiarity with repeatedly shared content (highly common and expected in echo-chambers) increases the perceived accuracy of the content, irrespective of its credibility.",1,-1,[],[19206]],["This translates, at the topological level, into a node i with a given position P i connected with nodes with a position close to P i , and receiving with higher probability messages with similar average sentiment P i .",1,-1,[],[6588]],["W1P12 (computer science) noted that individuals in echo chambers 'only got a partial awareness' and 'tend to only look at news or only hear the views of people that agree with them'.",1,-1,[],[31402]],["We operationalize echo chambers as a function of the identified campaign affiliation.",1,-1,[],[10455]],["When social media users preset specific topics and viewpoints in the interaction process, they will choose the information they trust and agree with and eventually form a small network group with internal environmental consistency, known as an echo chamber",1,-1,[],[46094]],["a group of users consuming content from various questionable sources while avoiding reliable ones",1,-1,[],[44034]],["a phenomenon widely observed in online debates",1,-1,[],[44034]],["actively exclude and discredit dissenting voices",1,-1,[],[49299]],["actively exclude and discredit other relevant voices.",1,-1,[],[49299]],["algorithm-driven 'filter bubbles' (Pariser, 2011) or 'echo chambers' (Sunstein, 2017) within which people are selectively exposed to views that conform to their existing political attitudes and beliefs while avoiding information that would challenge them",1,-1,[],[24206]],["an echo chamber can act as a mechanism to reinforce an existing opinion within a group and, as a result, move the entire group toward more extreme positions.",1,-1,[],[3357]],["an echo chamber is a social network, a community of people with social ties with one another who share a set of opinion(s) while interacting with opinions and viewpoints that would contradict them.",1,-1,[],[43600]],["anyone who disagrees is misinformed at best and willfully ignorant at worst.",1,-1,[],[4058]],["are an increasing concern for the political discourse in many democratic countries",1,-1,[],[18041]],["arise through manipulations of trust, creating a disparity between insiders and outsiders",1,-1,[["arise through manipulations of trust, creating a disparity between insiders and outsiders",1],["arise through manipulations of trust, creating a disparity between insiders and outsiders.",1]],[49299]],["as the platform might turn into a space that provides content for users to reinforce their beliefs and potentially become more radicalized.",1,-1,[],[36531]],["based on a belief that social media inevitably promote echo chambers and filter bubbles as they personalize content to the extent that individuals consume news in isolated ways.",1,-1,[],[30681]],["can be a threat to democracy as they create ideologically-based content where both users and algorithms filter out ideas, thus insulating themselves from rebuttal",1,-1,[],[47082]],["can contribute to the spread of false information by lowering the bar for critical fact-checking.",1,-1,[],[19208]],["can enable mutually-reinforcing opinions to shift individual perspectives towards poles of greater extremity",1,-1,[],[6857]],["can serve to polarize the user's viewpoints by means of confirmation bias and lead to less diverse exposure and discussion between unaligned users.",1,-1,[],[19208]],["censor, disallow, or underrepresent competing views by enforcing social homogeneity much in line with the bandwagon effect predicted by the homophily model",1,-1,[],[10455]],["characterized by the high level of homogeneity inside them",1,-1,[],[23089]],["content is often shared only among people that hold similar beliefs and ideologies, leading to the formation of",1,-1,[],[29203]],["creating an echo chamber in which members \"like\" posts from other users that reinforce their views or opinions, and they act as a dissemination tool, in which members share posts made in the group with their own larger social networks.",1,-1,[],[14740]],["critical speculations and other ways of seeing the situation and critical engagement are normally kept out via the natural operation of Social Media algorithms and the way these platforms nudge users to behave -unless of course, the user makes a conscious and constant effort to reshuffle their membership of networked publics.",1,-1,[],[38411]],["different contents generate different echo chambers, characterized by the high level of homogeneity inside them.",1,-1,[],[23089]],["digital algorithms as its core cause",1,-1,[],[48508]],["echo chamber is a strong cognitive factor that negatively influences the outcome orientation",1,-1,[],[33936]],["echo chambers and filter bubbles created by personalization.",1,-1,[],[18772]],["echo chambers enhance selective exposure and group polarization.",1,-1,[],[46094]],["echo chambers entice their members with the allure of unwavering certainty and simplistic consistency",1,-1,[],[35409]],["echo chambers limit exposure to diverse perspectives and favor and reinforce presupposed narratives and ideologies",1,-1,[],[2955]],["echo chambers tend to be epistemically and politically divisive",1,-1,[],[49299]],["echo chambers where individuals encountered content aligned with their preexisting beliefs, both reinforcing and skewing their perceptions of political opponents",1,-1,[],[53519]],["echo chambers, as a particular instance of polarisation",1,-1,[],[1489]],["echo-chambers are characterized by the coexistence of two elements: (i) opinion polarization with respect to a controversial topic, and (ii) homophily in interactions, i.e. the preference to interact with like-minded peers.",1,-1,[],[15475]],["empirical research into real-life echo chambers, whether in the form of cults or Facebook groups, confirms that the phenomenon Nguyen speaks about is both real and epistemically harmful",1,-1,[],[49299]],["enclosed online communities",1,-1,[],[31402]],["established by creating a trust asymmetry between members and non-members which insulates insider beliefs from rebuttal",1,-1,[],[49299]],["every user is co-related in a graph like structure (not in isolation) to any social media platform like a community",1,-1,[],[687]],["exists in social media data",1,-1,[],[687]],["foreclose deliberation",1,-1,[],[10455]],["foster political polarization as individuals entrench in their beliefs, disinclined to engage with dissenting perspectives",1,-1,[],[50596]],["has been identified based on the similarity of personal traits like political standpoint in the social science literature",1,-1,[],[2917]],["have been a central focus of academic attention and seen as a potential driver in the recent rise of \"sectarian\" political polarization",1,-1,[],[50485]],["have been proposed as one of the determinants for polarization on social media, and as a threat to democracy",1,-1,[],[36806]],["higher scores mean stronger out-group focus and greater polarization.",1,-1,[],[28668]],["highlighted as potential drivers of radicalization",1,-1,[],[50485]],["homogeneous clusters, known as echo chambers",1,-1,[],[46094]],["identifying and exploring two orthogonal dimensions of echo chambers, homophily and modularity",1,-1,[],[18838]],["in echo chambers, nodes tend to connect to nodes in clusters and form homogeneous communities preferentially.",1,-1,[],[46094]],["in which citizens tend to only interact with others who hold similar opinions.",1,-1,[],[13745]],["individuals being confined to informational echo chambers where their views are reinforced back to them",1,-1,[],[48508]],["insulate a particular perception of a topic from opposing or counterarguments",1,-1,[],[52485]],["may be deeply invested in a particular narrative and closed off to other sources of information",1,-1,[],[10408]],["may be related to the spread of misinformation",1,-1,[],[19885]],["neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise",1,-1,[],[49299]],["networks for individuals sharing similar political beliefs so that they tend to interact with others from the same communities and thus their beliefs are reinforced",1,-1,[],[1620]],["networks, where false information is often perceived as \"normal\"",1,-1,[],[28670]],["new media threaten to create homogenous digital echo chambers.",1,-1,[],[14287]],["not only expose individuals to politically biased content but can also contribute to reinforcing pre-existing beliefs and isolating individuals from diverse perspectives",1,-1,[],[33865]],["not only expose individuals to politically biased content but can also contribute to reinforcing pre-existing beliefs and isolating individuals from diverse perspectives, further underscoring their potential impact on the formation of public opinion",1,-1,[],[33865]],["people have a tendency to favour information that reinforces their preexisting views",1,-1,[],[15832]],["people have a tendency to favour information that reinforces their preexisting views\", thus, as a result of this selective exposure, echo chambers can maximize ideological polarization, reinforcing different types of intolerance as well as spreading false information",1,-1,[],[15832]],["people have a tendency to favour information that reinforces their preexisting views\", thus, as a result of this selective exposure, echo chambers can maximize ideological polarization, reinforcing different types of intolerance as well as spreading false information (KUMAR; SHAH, 2018).",1,-1,[],[15832]],["problematic for democracy as they engender political polarization",1,-1,[],[10455]],["produce \"echo chambers\" that degrade the quality, safety, and diversity of discourse online.",1,-1,[],[6857]],["psychological technique",1,-1,[],[44865]],["rather than their typical sketch as solidified ideas bouncing off insular walls",1,-1,[],[28875]],["reducing the individual's ability to find unbiased news.",1,-1,[],[55166]],["referring to the situation in which one's beliefs are reinforced due to repeated interactions with individuals sharing the same points of view",1,-1,[],[6588]],["reinforce individual views and preferences",1,-1,[],[10455]],["reinforce selective exposure and misperception of opposing groups",1,-1,[],[53519]],["reinforced through social interactions and have a profound impact on information dynamics",1,-1,[],[41649]],["resulting in selective narrowing individual perspectives of truth.",1,-1,[],[33936]],["selectivity of the proposed content based on the interests of the users",1,-1,[],[165]],["self-enclosed",1,-1,[],[28875]],["sites of negotiation with varying degrees of openness across and within subcultures, rather than their typical sketch as solidified ideas bouncing off insular walls",1,-1,[],[28875]],["small, enclosed online communities",1,-1,[],[31402]],["social media circles of others who share their identities, beliefs, and opinions",1,-1,[],[31049]],["social media might turn into echo chambers (Quattrociocchi, Scala, and Sunstein 2016), reinforcing their beliefs.",1,-1,[],[18838]],["social media platforms like Twitter could enhance ideological segmentation and make information more fragmented rather than more uniform across people.",1,-1,[],[1620]],["social networking sites allow politically like-minded individuals to cluster and be exposed to ideas that reinforce their viewpoints, leading to extremism.",1,-1,[],[60672]],["strengthening existing opinions and limiting exposure to various perspectives",1,-1,[],[60564]],["substantial reduction in the interactions between citizens, thereby reducing diversity and pluralism and consequently a homogenisation from the point of view of interest and opinions",1,-1,[],[13745]],["surrounded by people whose political perspectives reflect their own",1,-1,[],[6857]],["technologically induced",1,-1,[],[2218]],["the architecture of the media tends to favor and encourages like-mindedness and intensification of feelings and beliefs with little or no critical scrutiny.",1,-1,[],[38411]],["the echo chamber effect is one of the most actively explored topics in political communication",1,-1,[],[48508]],["the echo chamber equips participants with a repertoire of arguments to oppose critics, establishing rules for who is a valid participant in the debate and who is a critic that must be opposed.",1,-1,[],[26685]],["the echo chamber hypothesis suggests that these spaces drive divergence in issue position by isolating individuals from opposing perspectives",1,-1,[],[50485]],["the echo chamber is better thought of as a cocreation site.",1,-1,[],[26686]],["the extent to which people are exposed to different opinions, i.e., the extent to which respondents find themselves in an echo chamber.",1,-1,[],[4058]],["the fact that the accounts the two sides of the vaccination debate choose to follow are so disjoint provides another view of the echo chamber in which they reside.",1,-1,[],[25556]],["the formation of groups that share the same worldview and in which other opinions are excluded",1,-1,[],[164]],["the interaction segregation characteristic of echo chambers",1,-1,[],[25556]],["the internet results in a substantial reduction in the interactions between citizens, thereby reducing diversity and pluralism and consequently a homogenisation from the point of view of interest and opinions, i.e. the echo-chambers discussed above.",1,-1,[],[13745]],["the online news room can be seen as an extension of the existing domain of mainstream media, in which only selected news and opinions are made available and consumed by like-minded audiences",1,-1,[],[27074]],["the platform's algorithms and user behavior are responsible for the formation of echo chambers, reinforcing pre-existing beliefs and polarizing political discourse",1,-1,[],[57674]],["the polarization of users within echo chambers where fake news can thrive",1,-1,[],[1767]],["the selectivity of the proposed content based on the interests of the users",1,-1,[],[164]],["the term echo chamber conveys a spatial notion of what is, in reality, a communicative practice. People do not enter an echo chamber like a room, but select communication partners or exchange information in ways that result in selective political exposure.",1,-1,[],[36219]],["they are closely interconnected phenomena that have been associated with ideological entrenchment and radicalization, especially Islamic polarization, in which digital segmentation leads to exclusionary ideologies 23",1,-1,[],[37686]],["they can drive users to adopt more extreme positions and reduce the chance for building the common ground and legitimacy of political compromises",1,-1,[],[23852]],["thus contributing to driving the public debate in a more enraged direction",1,-1,[],[59551]],["two different algorithmic pathways to opinion fragmentation, both related to the way algorithms filter and rank information",1,-1,[],[1200]],["ukazuju na tendenciju da se ljude hrani sadržajem koji je ideološki u skladu s njihovim pogledima i koji podržava lažne vijesti",1,-1,[],[50167]],["users are increasingly exposed only to perspectives that align with their pre-existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[36889]],["users mainly follow people who are closer to their own views and that there is a strong tendency of users to believe in content which they find ideologically closer to them",1,-1,[],[50167]],["users show the tendency to select information that adheres to their beliefs and join polarized groups formed around a shared narrative, called echo chambers",1,-1,[],[15475]],["we propose an alternative method that identifies echo chambers based on users' participatory behaviors in rumor propagation, which can be relatively easily obtained from social media.",1,-1,[],[2917]],["were developed to caution people about their biased news consumption",1,-1,[],[48508]],["where users predominantly encounter viewpoints aligning with their own",1,-1,[],[50596]],["whether or not they take acts to avoid echo chambers",1,-1,[],[4058]]],"sy":[["filter bubbles",15,6507,[["filter bubbles",11],["filter bubble",4]],[213,378,7103,7104,12633,19208,20695,24206,31402,37127,50485,51842,52485,53290,56571,61001]],["information cocoons",3,22172,[["information cocoons",2],["information cocoon",1]],[33936,44748,54591]],["echo chambers",2,7363,[["echo chambers",1],["echo-chambers",1]],[15475,19208]],["bubbles",1,17997,[],[57778]],["cliques",1,-1,[],[28324]],["digital enclaves",1,29623,[],[44748]],["identity bubble reinforcement",1,25777,[],[31049]],["identity bubbles",1,1594,[],[31049]],["ideological bubbles",1,3398,[],[13745]],["komore odjeka",1,-1,[],[50167]],["media bubbles",1,23608,[],[54484]],["partisan echo chambers",1,-1,[],[53519]],["polarized communities",1,-1,[],[3029,3030]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",30,6507,[["filter bubbles",26],["filter bubble",3],["Filter bubbles",2]],[164,165,213,1367,2955,9561,12699,13745,17141,18772,22374,23850,24206,26230,28874,28875,30681,34852,35205,36889,37686,37687,38411,49298,49299,50167,50485,51105,52485,53290,55166,56571,58509,60639]],["selective exposure",9,29176,[["selective exposure",7],["Selective exposure",2]],[2917,3357,4076,7038,13745,30540,46094,49658,55646]],["homophily",8,12637,[],[2917,15475,18041,30540,46094,54010,55646,56590]],["confirmation bias",7,16709,[["confirmation bias",6],["Confirmation bias",1]],[9561,19206,30540,33464,34628,53566,55646]],["bubble",2,17997,[],[2955,48227]],["information cocoons",2,22172,[],[33937,44748]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[6588,19885]],["opinion polarization",2,14195,[],[15475,33835]],["polarisation",2,21850,[["polarisation",1],["polarization",1]],[1489,18838]],["Political polarisation",1,11048,[],[37154]],["Selective exposure theory",1,25262,[],[18041]],["algorithmic curation",1,19428,[],[29701]],["biased assimilation",1,5622,[],[18041]],["blogs",1,3027,[],[18041]],["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[44011]],["conspiracy mentality",1,13698,[],[33936]],["conspiracy thinking",1,20492,[],[49299]],["contagion",1,23073,[],[3357]],["content of consumption",1,-1,[],[50959]],["content of production",1,-1,[],[50959]],["content sharing",1,11451,[],[35351]],["deepfake interaction",1,-1,[],[33936]],["digital public sphere",1,26949,[],[37687]],["discreditation",1,31061,[],[49299]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[49299]],["echo-systems",1,27645,[],[14287]],["epistemic bubbles",1,15440,[],[49298,49299]],["forums",1,-1,[],[18041]],["group polarization",1,32744,[],[3357]],["homophilia",1,26091,[],[41397]],["homophilic networks",1,-1,[],[29701]],["identity-driven controversies",1,16620,[],[26686]],["ideological radicalism",1,-1,[],[6588]],["information bubbles",1,11428,[],[42759]],["information diet",1,14795,[],[14068]],["misinformation spreading",1,-1,[],[6588]],["network polarization",1,15060,[],[33835]],["personalised news recommendations",1,33394,[],[22374]],["populism",1,20354,[],[49298,49299]],["rabbit holes",1,4916,[],[28874]],["selective political exposure",1,15248,[],[36219]],["selective sharing",1,14357,[],[14068]],["social polarization",1,30837,[],[2955]],["social-media sites",1,-1,[],[18041]]],"sb":[["conspiratorial echo chambers",1,-1,[],[41649]],["partisan echo chambers",1,-1,[],[4058]],["unbalanced echo chamber",1,-1,[],[14068]]],"sp":[["cognitive factor",1,-1,[],[33936]],["mechanism of modern digital public sphere",1,-1,[],[37686]],["polarisation",1,21850,[],[1489]],["political polarization",1,11048,[],[60672]]],"ex":[["\"A video on the earth being flat is shown to people that believe in that. That's why in the comments they will write: 'Yes, the earth is flat and no one thinks the earth is round.' Differing opinion cannot access this bubble, only the one opinion and everyone thinks it's a hundred percent true.\"",1,-1,[["\"A video on the earth being flat is shown to people that believe in that. That's why in the comments they will write: 'Yes, the earth is flat and no one thinks the earth is round.' Differing opinion cannot access this bubble, only the one opinion and everyone thinks it's a hundred percent true.\"",1],["A video on the earth being flat is shown to people that believe in that. That's why in the comments they will write: 'Yes, the earth is flat and no one thinks the earth is round.' Differing opinion cannot access this bubble, only the one opinion and everyone thinks it's a hundred percent true.",1]],[164]],["Based on Twitter analyses of US elections and Brexit, likeminded people tended to form groups together which amplified similar ideas, rejected outside information, and thus influenced their judgment of the reality",1,-1,[],[33936]],["Ecured, Anarchopedia and Conservapedia",1,-1,[],[6645]],["Facebook",1,-1,[],[28324]],["Facebook groups",1,-1,[],[49299]],["Figure 4 visualizes this echo-chamber effect on Twitter on a controversial topic of #beefban, where red and blue nodes represent users with opposing beliefs and edges represent who-retweets-whom, as shown by Garimella et al. [31].",1,-1,[],[19206]],["Such echo chambers have been identified on Twitter (Barberá, Jost, Nagler, Tucker, & Bonneau, 2015;Williams, McMurray, Kurz, & Lambert, 2015), Facebook (Del Vicario, et al., 2016), and various blogs (Suhay, Blackwell, Roche, & Bruggeman, 2015).",1,-1,[],[28324]],["Twitter",1,-1,[],[28324]],["a political liberal might friend more liberals on Facebook, thumbs-up liberal-minded content, and thus constantly be exposed to posts and news which aligns with his worldview.",1,-1,[],[19206]],["blogs",1,-1,[],[3357]],["cults",1,-1,[],[49299]],["forums",1,-1,[],[3357]],["social media sites",1,-1,[],[3357]],["various blogs",1,-1,[],[28324]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It typically denotes repeated and hostile behavior performed by a group or an individual.",1,-1,[],[10961]]],"sy":[["online bullying",1,25134,[],[12775]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["An example of this activity is words that contain physical elements used by internet users to bully people they want to bully.",1,-1,[],[12775]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g., the pharmaceutical industry expedited the spread of COVID-19 for financial gains",1,-1,[],[20792]],["the pharmaceutical industry expedited the spread of COVID-19 for financial gains",1,-1,[],[20792]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["cannot be found in dictionaries or in everyday communication",1,-1,[],[40152]],["novel, vivid, innovative, poetical, creative or living metaphors",1,-1,[],[40152]],["related to creativity",1,-1,[],[40152]]],"sy":[["creative usages of words",1,-1,[],[40152]]],"rt":[["creativity",1,-1,[],[40152]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[40152]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["latent textual features",1,1307,[],[20631]],["latent visual features",1,28082,[],[20631]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["All ideological state apparatuses strive for the same outcome, to reproduce the relations of production.",1,-1,[],[29916]],["Every one of them is partially responsible for this shared goal. However, they have relatively different functions.",1,-1,[],[29916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Users can create their own media diets and eliminate undesired information.",1,-1,[],[12747]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, it also includes the simulation of images imitating official websites or tweets, representing a unique circumstance within the realm of image forgery.",1,-1,[],[37765]],["This can encompass the application of cutting-edge deepfake techniques as well as simpler forms of manipulation such as image splicing or PS.",1,-1,[],[37765]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["As a set of skills, the social media competency of analysis includes the abilities to monitor and observe one's social media use behavior, motivations, and outcomes.",1,-1,[],[9176]],["As a set of skills, the social media competency of analysis includes the abilities to monitor and observe one's social media use behavior, motivations, and outcomes. The target of observation ranges from the frequency and duration of social media use to the abilities to discern, classify, and make connections among the choices of content one makes and the kinds of networks one has, including their composition (e.g. homogeneity, diversity) and ties (strength, weakness).",1,-1,[],[9176]],["As social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997) describes, self-regulation processes necessitate quality (e.g. accuracy, regularity) in the monitoring of one's behavior and pertinent facets.",1,-1,[],[9176]],["It is the skill to home in on a detailed report, a complex issue, or a dense paragraph and break it up into more manageable parts rather than getting overwhelmed by the whole.",1,-1,[],[52163]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["News",1,8218,[],[17922]],["Opinion",1,24152,[],[17922]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical Thinking",1,29451,[],[52163]],["competency dimensions",1,-1,[],[9176]],["news",1,8218,[],[19364]],["social media literacy",1,4202,[],[9176]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["policy challenge",1,24801,[],[1134]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fifth-generation human rights",1,7387,[],[36357]]],"rt":[["right to correct information",1,29816,[],[36357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["gender-neutral forms lack explicit gender-markings that correspond to the referred person's gender.",1,-1,[],[2523]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social agenda",1,-1,[],[27039]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Fake news tends to make use of sensational topics to attract users' interest [6] , such as divorces or pregnancies of celebrities and flight accidents (e.g. \"Flight MH370 lost contact \").",1,-1,[],[18088]],["It is the text feature that has been taken from the complete message collection.",1,-1,[],[35258]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rumor features",1,-1,[],[46842]]],"ex":[["divorces or pregnancies of celebrities and flight accidents (e.g. \"Flight MH370 lost contact \")",1,-1,[],[18088]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["weightlifting ability (strongly correlated with gender)",1,-1,[],[5946]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["negativity bias is a driver of the need for cognitive closure, thus giving negativity bias both a direct impact on political beliefs and an additional indirect impact through cognitive closure.",1,-1,[],[24666]],["what we refer to in our article as the desire for cognitive closure",1,-1,[],[24666]]],"sy":[["closure",1,-1,[],[24666]],["coherence",1,12736,[],[24666]],["desire for constraint",1,-1,[],[24666]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["invoke those values that theories in moral and political philosophy argue to be intrinsically valuable, meaning their value is not derived from something else",1,-1,[],[11029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["autonomy",1,9447,[],[11029]],["beneficence",1,-1,[],[11029]],["justice",1,709,[],[11029]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Said differently, political expression allows individuals to voice their opinions and contribute to public discourse; accordingly, political expression plays a crucial role in maintaining a connection between citizens and their government",1,-1,[],[30985]],["Said differently, political expression allows individuals to voice their opinions and contribute to public discourse; accordingly, political expression plays a crucial role in maintaining a connection between citizens and their government (Bollinger and Callamard, 2021;Lane et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[30985]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political participation",1,12312,[],[30985]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political participation",1,12312,[],[30985]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it appeals to the letter of the law as well as to moral authority. Secondly, it includes the notion that 'homosexuals' intend to influence the public, namely minors, in such a way that observers turn homosexual.",1,-1,[],[37513]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["narrativas descendentes",1,8346,[],[13080]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Sign",1,17808,[],[29510]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Trigger",1,13750,[],[29510]]],"ex":[["using an application that reminds you to drink water",1,-1,[],[29510]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["By pre-emptively forewarning and exposing people to severely weakened doses of misinformation (coupled with strong refutations), people can cultivate cognitive resistance against future misinformation",1,-1,[],[2908]],["Inoculation theory operates via two mechanisms, namely (1) motivational threat (a desire to defend oneself from manipulation attacks) and (2) refutational pre-emption or prebunking (pre-exposure to a weakened example of the attack).",1,-1,[],[2908]],["by (i) raising awareness of possible threats and (ii) exposing people to those threatening strategies",1,-1,[],[142]],["vaccine analogy",1,-1,[],[41143]]],"sy":[["Inoculation theory",1,18397,[],[2908]]],"rt":[["prebunking",1,12061,[],[2908]]],"sb":[["active inoculation",1,28544,[],[2908]],["passive inoculation",1,21835,[],[2908]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["inoculating people against conspiratorial arguments about vaccination before (but not after) exposure to a conspiracy theory effectively raised vaccination intentions",1,-1,[],[2908]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["make-believe",1,-1,[],[1178]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["those disinformation networks",1,-1,[],[2215]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["data protection",1,-1,[],[30023]],["freedom of expression",1,34794,[],[30023]],["privacy protection",1,-1,[],[30023]],["truth",1,9596,[],[30023]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Trata-se de um processo de corrosão das condições públicas de construção da verdade, em que não apenas fatos são negados, mas também instituições produtoras de conhecimento são deslegitimadas, criando um vácuo epistêmico que favorece a emergência de versões alternativas da realidade.",1,-1,[],[50395]],["um processo de corrosão das condições públicas de construção da verdade, em que não apenas fatos são negados, mas também instituições produtoras de conhecimento são deslegitimadas, criando um vácuo epistêmico que favorece a emergência de versões alternativas da realidade",1,-1,[],[50395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The way the speaker draws on the arguments' reservoir and loosely uses familiar clusters of arguments allows him to accommodate his own purposes.",1,-1,[],[12807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Basados en criterios de verificación de hechos y datos independientes y transparentes, los verificadores se presentan como instituciones que defienden un cierto retorno hacia el ideal romántico de los principios fundamentales del periodismo: objetividad y facticidad",1,-1,[],[31621]],["En este punto, se presentan algunos dilemas que enfrenta el verificador: ¿qué parte del mensaje verifico? ¿A quién verifico? ¿Cómo balanceo la calificación al objeto o actor verificado con los imperativos de rigor metodológico que hay que cumplir? ¿A qué datos y fuentes recurro? ¿Cómo un medio de comunicación (de verificación) se legitima y se dota de credibilidad y confianza social en entornos polarizados y escépticos?",1,-1,[],[13317]],["La actividad de los verificadores es objeto de críticas de naturaleza diversa.",1,-1,[],[31621]],["Para ello, es necesario la aceptación social de imparcialidad del fact-checker (Amazeen, 2015).",1,-1,[],[13317]],["el papel que estos desempeñan en sus prácticas informativas y de verificación",1,-1,[],[31621]],["enseñar de qué manera son desacreditadas las noticias falsas por parte de los verificadores",1,-1,[],[31621]],["los verificadores eligen determinadas afirmaciones o hechos cuyo descifrado o verificación se hace improbable",1,-1,[],[31621]]],"sy":[["fact-checker",2,29229,[],[13317,59547]]],"rt":[["fact checking",2,16098,[["fact checking",1],["fact-checking",1]],[13948,59548]],["noticias falsas",1,30391,[],[31621]],["verificación de contenidos",1,-1,[],[31621]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It leads to false beliefs, or to conclusions that do not follow.",1,-1,[],[23260]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulation",1,148,[],[23260]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mamilice",1,32095,[],[35896]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sonic oscillation",1,20435,[],[20026]],["sonic punctuation",1,4096,[],[20026]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For Rowan, the sound design choices represent a form of sonic appropriation in that they seek to deliberately influence the credibility of certain perspectives.",1,-1,[],[20026]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["we think of them as typically few in number",1,-1,[],[18312]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["by means of it, citizens can inform and be informed about propositions, ideas, projects and programs from parties and candidates, allowing the adopting of opinions regarding their choices.",1,-1,[],[32033]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["freedom of speech",1,28733,[],[32033]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["felicity condition",1,7109,[],[38401]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["felicity condition",1,7109,[["felicity condition",1],["felicity conditions",1]],[38401]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":35,"df":[],"de":[["Alternative media differs from mainstream media primarily in its content, mode of production and distribution",1,-1,[],[54555]],["Alternative media may be diverse, pluralistic and heterogeneous, acknowledging the conflictual (rather than consensual) locus of everyday politics and echoing the recurrent and dynamic interface between multiple social actors and different alternative media practices.",1,-1,[],[36741]],["Alternative media\" and \"civil media\" should be discussed in relation to the role they play in capitalism and therefore in the context of capitalism.",1,-1,[],[26090]],["Critical media content should be used as minimum requirement for defining alternative media.",1,-1,[],[26090]],["Definitions of alternative media as participatory media often also include non-commercial financing",1,-1,[],[26090]],["These alt-media sources publish politically motivated articles, often directly challenging the narratives as published by mainstream media.",1,-1,[],[206]],["This ideal-type model of alternative media differs from capitalist mass media respect to the actor as well as to the structural level (see figure 1): a) At the structural level, ideal-typical alternative media differ from capitalist mass media in regard to the economic form of media products: Ideal-typical alternative media provide noncommercial media products instead of commodities. They also differ in regard to media content and form: Ideal-typical alternative media provide critical content and/or complex form instead of ideological content in a standardized form. b) At the actor level, ideal-typical alternative media abolish the distinction between producers and consumers, all consumers of alternative media products can also actively engage in the production process.",1,-1,[],[26090]],["We propose a model of alternative media as critical media that pursue radical criticism at the level of content, but are not necessarily alternative at the level of economic product form and production processes.",1,-1,[],[26090]],["a much broader, encompassing, but also more complex and multi-layered concept",1,-1,[],[17629]],["alternative media are organized in a participatory manner and that every recipient can also become a producer of messages in order to allow exchange and dialogue",1,-1,[],[26090]],["alternative media can assist those who are engaged in their production in becoming active citizens",1,-1,[],[26090]],["alternative media creators strive to transform dominant social relations to be more equitable on an everyday basis, with and within their media projects, typically working in conjunction with transformative social justice movements.",1,-1,[],[32075]],["alternative media in the broadest sense have long and extensive links specifically to leftist or critical thinking",1,-1,[],[54555]],["alternative media need to be situated in the context of visions of an alternative society.",1,-1,[],[26090]],["alternative media should anticipate the idea of a society beyond capitalism in the present.",1,-1,[],[26090]],["alternative media strategically position themselves within the hybrid media system to contest dominant narratives.",1,-1,[],[50314]],["attract and engage news consumers with pre-existing attitudes that are congruent with those of the medium",1,-1,[],[5130]],["commercial and non-participatory media can be understood as alternative as long as they produce and distribute critical media content",1,-1,[],[26090]],["critical media that pursue radical criticism at the level of content, but are not necessarily alternative at the level of economic product form and production processes",1,-1,[],[26090]],["different from traditional and mainstream outlets in organizational and editorial structures, but also in their norms and values, content, and audience",1,-1,[],[5130]],["different kinds of media sources may fulfil the functions of alternative media",1,-1,[],[24432]],["facilitate a counterpublic for people with more radical viewpoints and a heightened sense of skepticism towards mainstream news media",1,-1,[],[5130]],["however, there is a new turn that sees alternative media as non-binary, entering in fluid and contingent dialogue with legacy media",1,-1,[],[36444]],["less incentives to produce news coverage that is diverse and multiperspectival, compared to their mainstream counterparts",1,-1,[],[5130]],["malicious websites that frequently release false or highly biased posts",1,-1,[],[57607]],["more imbedded in ideological communities and hold stronger ties with civil society",1,-1,[],[5130]],["opening up possibilities for experimentation and innovation",1,-1,[],[17629]],["situated in the grey zone between alternative and mainstream, in-between civil society, the market, and the state",1,-1,[],[17629]],["the alternativeness of media can equally lie in alternative modes of production, organization, and distribution, or innovative media styles and genres.",1,-1,[],[17629]],["whose purpose is to explicitly promote different political positions, to criticize elites, and to advocate for change",1,-1,[],[24432]]],"sy":[["anti-media",1,-1,[],[10944]],["blog",1,3027,[],[10944]],["civil media",1,-1,[],[26090]],["community media",1,20053,[],[26090]],["counter-media",1,20161,[],[54555]],["critical media",1,9348,[],[26090]],["grassroots media",1,-1,[],[26090]],["independent",1,16194,[],[10944]],["non-mainstream media",1,26732,[],[36741]],["participatory culture",1,5258,[],[26090]],["participatory media",1,2828,[],[26090]],["radical media",1,11905,[],[26090]]],"rt":[["mainstream media",2,25122,[],[24432,33484]],["anarchic",1,-1,[],[36741]],["capitalist mass media",1,-1,[],[26090]],["citizens' media",1,15193,[],[26090]],["civil media",1,-1,[],[26090]],["critical media",1,9348,[],[26090]],["legacy media",1,26881,[],[50314]],["nomadic",1,-1,[],[36741]],["non-traditional outlets",1,-1,[],[24432]],["participatory media",1,2828,[],[26090]],["professional journalism",1,10390,[],[32743]],["radical media",1,11905,[],[17629]],["subaltern media",1,-1,[],[17629]]],"sb":[["hyper-partisan or radical right-wing alternative media",1,-1,[],[59998]],["hyperpartisan media",1,23545,[],[36529]],["ideal-type alternative media",1,-1,[],[26090]],["independent media",1,1129,[],[36529]],["nontraditional news outlets",1,-1,[],[36529]],["self-proclaimed alternative media",1,31985,[],[24432]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Canadian Adbusters magazine",1,-1,[],[26090]],["DIY fanzines",1,-1,[],[17629]],["DIY fanzines and later e-zines",1,-1,[],[17629]],["LA Weekly",1,-1,[],[26090]],["Mother Jones",1,-1,[],[26090]],["New Times LA",1,-1,[],[26090]],["SF Weekly",1,-1,[],[26090]],["San Francisco Bay Guardian",1,-1,[],[26090]],["e-zines",1,-1,[],[17629]],["photocopy machines",1,-1,[],[17629]],["pirate radio",1,-1,[],[17629]],["the National Rifle Association of America's media sphere",1,-1,[],[28569]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These markers were employed by Obama to guide different audiences through the speeches and refer them to particular information given in different sections of his speech.",1,-1,[],[16373]],["emphasizing and giving special importance or value to an argument through referring backward or forward was likely to establish a more persuasive speech.",1,-1,[],[16373]],["this way of importance marking was considered one of the strategies of building persuasion in political speeches.",1,-1,[],[16373]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Interactive metadiscourse",1,34277,[],[16373]]],"ex":[["I've already talked about",1,-1,[],[16373]],["I've said before",1,-1,[],[16373]],["as I just explained",1,-1,[],[16373]],["as I said",1,-1,[],[16373]],["what I said earlier",1,-1,[],[16373]],["what I've said tonight",1,-1,[],[16373]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["subjective information",1,28102,[],[11956]]],"rt":[["hallucination strategies",1,-1,[],[11956]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Verbal Response Modes (VRMs)",1,-1,[],[11956]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The framework for the uses and gratifications are: a) To explain how people use the media to meet their needs. b) To understand the motives for their dependence on the media. c) To identify the consequences that resulted from the needs, motives and dependence.",1,-1,[],[34976]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",1,23785,[],[17151]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",1,23785,[],[17151]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Extensive templates have been created to assess various biases",1,-1,[],[58268]],["recent advancements in models to automatically generate prompts, reducing manual effort",1,-1,[],[58268]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a social justice orientation in the design of technological artifacts can afford new practices, social habits, and ways of interacting that are informed by experiences and sensitivities of marginalized voices",1,-1,[],[27633]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["exercising control over the data they share, avoiding data-intensive services, or unsubscribing from certain news platforms",1,-1,[],[22373]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["citing a credible source",1,-1,[],[37834]],["debunking",1,-1,[],[37834]],["prebunking",1,-1,[],[37834]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["calls for either the maintenance of the status quo or policy change",1,-1,[],[43468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Se recurre a la observación como herramienta caracterizadora",1,-1,[],[18761]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social capital",1,1018,[],[43458]]],"sb":[["individualised media capital",1,32718,[],[43458]],["institutionalized media capital",1,22884,[],[43458]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformed",1,665,[],[28435]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Phrases and words like \"carted away,\" \"captivity,\" \"continued detention,\" \"abduction,\" \"kidnap,\" and even \"kidnappers,\" \"abductors,\" and \"captors\" were coded for Abduction Frame.",1,-1,[],[20234]],["This frame also appeared regularly in the online sites where in all the stories, issues about the kidnap, continued detainment of the abducted girls, how they were abducted and the condition that led to the abduction were coded for abduction.",1,-1,[],[20234]],["in all the stories, issues about the kidnap, continued detainment of the abducted girls, how they were abducted and the condition that led to the abduction were coded for abduction.",1,-1,[],[20234]],["issues about the kidnap, continued detainment of the abducted girls, how they were abducted and the condition that led to the abduction were coded for abduction.",1,-1,[],[20234]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Phrases and words like \"carted away,\" \"captivity,\" \"continued detention,\" \"abduction,\" \"kidnap,\" and even \"kidnappers,\" \"abductors,\" and \"captors\" were coded for Abduction Frame.",1,-1,[],[20234]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of digital culture distantiation gets expressed in the personalization offered (and demanded) of Web browsers, E-mail applications, and other types of so-called 'user-friendly' software.",1,-1,[],[3586]],["In the context of my argument here it is important to critique the supposed deliberate nature of distantiation; what people do or expect from each other as they engage with digital media is primarily inspired by private interests, and not necessarily an expression of radical, alternative, critical or activist sentiments.",1,-1,[],[3586]],["distantiation refers both to an inevitable social trend -individualization -as to a more or less deliberate social act -deconstructing and/or subverting symbols, images and other mediated products of whatever is perceived as 'mainstream'.",1,-1,[],[3586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["hyperindividualization",1,-1,[],[3586]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It can be seen that women in the UN domain are easy to be hurt by something negative or harmful, which further strengthens women's representation as victims.",1,-1,[],[29850]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["STT",1,-1,[],[413]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["if a girl or woman performs a difficult computer science task while identifying with her gender identity, she feels threatened to confirm a negative stereotype, which affects her actual performance.",1,-1,[],[413]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["evokes words related to KILLING, RELIGION and QUANTITY such as Muslim, Muslims, Jews, Christian, murder, killed, kill, exterminated, and million.",1,-1,[],[10972]],["higher proportion of OTHER in Generalized hate speech, which are primarily religious entities (i.e. Islam, Muslim, Jews, Christians)",1,-1,[],[10972]]],"sy":[["Generalized",1,-1,[],[10972]],["Generalized hate speech",1,25128,[],[10972]]],"rt":[["directed hate speech",1,26462,[],[6915]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",2,18278,[["hate speech",1],["hatespeech",1]],[6915,10972]]],"ex":[["-was born a racist and -will die a racist! -will not rest until every worthless n*gger is rounded up and hung, n*ggers are the scum of the earth!! wPww WHITE America",1,-1,[],[10972]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["generic frames",1,19746,[],[55884]],["journalistic frames",1,10890,[],[55884]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["offer learning opportunities where students engage with an array of differing perspectives on a topic and analyze the merits of competing positions.",1,-1,[],[851]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["anti-mandatory vaccination narratives",1,21588,[],[47006]],["anti-vax conspiracy theories",1,5473,[],[47006]],["anti-vax narratives",1,9796,[],[47006]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["typical of the harsher forms of anti-establishment feelings",1,-1,[],[2347]],["which is typical of the harsher forms of anti-establishment feelings",1,-1,[],[2347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["used in Serbia for the 1971 Croatian Spring movement.",1,-1,[],[55589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["textual deepfakes",1,-1,[],[26572]]],"ex":[["NBC San Diego, CBS Austin, and others published stories about tortillas having health benefits for certain types of cancer.",1,-1,[],[26572]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["A rhetorical perspective on the contextual model emphasizes relationships to moral order and judgment, instead of just description, which are then bases for social action and the development of public understanding.",1,-1,[],[32324]],["Context models are built around language users' mental models that signify their subjective mental representations of experiences and events, opinion structures, and processed knowledge.",1,-1,[],[53719]],["Context models are regarded as \"the cognitive interface between text and context\"",1,-1,[],[53719]],["Furthermore, context models are constructed based on language users' \"shared sociocultural knowledge about language and interaction\" as well as \"ad hoc situational personal properties\" (Van Dijk, 2009a, p. 10) such as goals, interests, attitudes, values, inferences, motivations, intentions, ideologies, and purpose.",1,-1,[],[53719]],["However, unlike mental models, context models are more 'dynamic' as they are strategically preformulated and then tuned and updated ongoingly during discourse processing for more appropriate and competent interaction (Van Dijk, 1997).",1,-1,[],[53719]],["In discourse, context models serve to \"monitor the transformation of information\" into discourse meanings",1,-1,[],[53719]],["In discourse, context models serve to \"monitor the transformation of information\" into discourse meanings (Van Dijk, 1999, p. 134) as they specify which relevant information to be stated, implied, or concealed.",1,-1,[],[53719]],["Moreover, discourse models highlight the relationship between semantic macrostructures, macropropositions, and microstructures, control the level of information description and completeness, and define the ways language users socially self-define themselves and other participants in the present communicative situation",1,-1,[],[53719]],["They are subjectively constructed to link personal experiences with shared group experiences, individual opinions with social attitudes, and individual text and talk with the discourse of a group or institution.",1,-1,[],[53719]],["as they specify which relevant information to be stated, implied, or concealed.",1,-1,[],[53719]],["context models are more 'dynamic' as they are strategically preformulated and then tuned and updated ongoingly during discourse processing for more appropriate and competent interaction",1,-1,[],[53719]],["discourse is said to be motivated by social cognition that is subjectively mediated through the text producer's mental representations referred to as the 'context model'.",1,-1,[],[53719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["situation model",1,28260,[],[53719]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["situation model",1,28260,[],[53719]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cordon sanitaire",1,16321,[],[2363]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[35814]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["(e.g. capital I and lower-case l in \"WeII\", é and e in \"Jéwish\").",1,-1,[],[39396]],["capital I and lower-case l in \"WeII\"",1,-1,[],[39396]],["é and e in \"Jéwish\"",1,-1,[],[39396]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The negative dominance rule reflects the negativity bias phenomenon well studied in social psychology, and matches the common sense that rumors are usually hard to fight with.",1,-1,[],[24000]],["reflects the negativity bias phenomenon well studied in social psychology, and matches the common sense that rumors are usually hard to fight with.",1,-1,[],[24000]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["One particular source credibility facet that seems to have been neglected in misinformation research is source trustworthiness (i.e., the extent to which sources are perceived as honest), which is one of the main pillars of source credibility",1,-1,[],[33587]],["Source trustworthiness is considered an important predictor of the persuasiveness of eWOM communications (Cheung et al. 2009;Hu et al. 2008).",1,-1,[],[607]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["source credibility",1,22078,[],[33587]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Source Credibility",2,22078,[["Source Credibility",1],["source credibility",1]],[31354,33587]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The internet as a digital agora and as a new frontier of democracy",1,-1,[],[61855]],["an idyllic narrative of the global digital village",1,-1,[],[61855]],["meeting democracy demands inspired by the Greek ideal of the Agora",1,-1,[],[61855]],["the ideal of the digital agora as a democratic expression, which includes free public debate and political pluralism",1,-1,[],[61855]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A feminist decolonial reading is sensitive to the ways in which the bodies of the gendered, racialised and classed Other have been manufactured and continue to be produced and reproduced, sometimes in new, imaginative and insidious ways and sometimes in ways that are no different to its colonial production.",1,-1,[],[21879]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[["Seeking to build support for an idea by instilling anxiety and/or panic in the population towards an alternative, possibly based on preconceived judgments.",3,-1,[],[51682,52041,59161]],["Seeking to build support for an idea by instilling anxiety and/or panic in the population towards an alternative.",3,-1,[["Seeking to build support for an idea by instilling anxiety and/or panic in the population towards an alternative.",3],["Seeking to build support for an idea by instilling anxiety and/or panic in the population towards an alternative",1]],[11792,11793,42347,56105,56106]],["promotes or rejects an idea through the repulsion or fear of the audience towards this idea.",2,-1,[],[37211,57403]]],"de":[["In some cases the support is built based on preconceived judgements.",1,-1,[["In some cases the support is built based on preconceived judgements.",1],["In some cases, the support is built based on preconceived judgements.",1]],[56105,56106]],["In some cases, the support is built based on preconceived judgements and acts as a tactic commonly used in marketing, politics, and media.",1,-1,[],[29161]],["In some cases, the support is built based on preconceived judgments.",1,-1,[],[11792,11793]],["In some instances, it leverages prejudices to obtain the desired response.",1,-1,[],[55978]],["Note that, this is also a Black and White fallacy.",1,-1,[],[56106]],["The alternative could be the status quo, in which case the current situation is described in a scary way with Loaded Language.",1,-1,[],[57403]],["The alternative could be the status quo, in which case the current situation is described in a scary way with Loaded Language. If the fear is linked to the consequences of a decision, it is often the case that this technique is used simultaneously with Appeal to Consequences (see Simplification techniques in B.4), and if there are only two alternatives that are stated explicitly, then it is used simultaneously with the False Dilemma technique (see B.4).",1,-1,[],[57403]],["designed to evoke strong emotional responses, which can bypass rational analysis and promote the acceptance of false information",1,-1,[],[7585]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Appeal to Consequences",1,-1,[],[57403]],["False Dilemma technique",1,-1,[],[57403]],["Loaded Language",1,22124,[],[57403]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11793,55978]],["Justification",1,7321,[],[57403]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11793]]],"ex":[["stop those refugees; they are terrorists.",2,-1,[["stop those refugees; they are terrorists.",2],["\"stop those refugees; they are terrorists.\"",1]],[52513,59161]],["\"We must stop those refugees as they are terrorists.\"",1,-1,[["\"We must stop those refugees as they are terrorists.\"",1],["We must stop those refugees as they are terrorists.",1]],[56106]],["A dark, impenetrable and \"irreversible\" winter of persecution of the faithful by their own shepherds will fall.",1,-1,[],[59161]],["According to Bill Gates the COVID-19 RNA vaccine will permanently alter our DNA",1,-1,[],[7585]],["Code-switched example: \"Pakistan ne bankrupt hojana soon. Pack your bags aur nikal lo Canada before it's too late\"",1,-1,[],[29161]],["English example: \"We must stop these refugees; they are terrorists\"",1,-1,[],[29161]],["English translation: \"Pakistan is about to get bankrupt soon. Pack your bags and leave for Canada before it's too late\"",1,-1,[],[29161]],["Example: It is a great disservice to the Church to maintain the pretense that there is nothing problematical about Amoris laetitia. A moral catastrophe is self-evidently underway and it is not possible honestly to deny its cause.",1,-1,[],[57403]],["It is a great disservice to the Church to maintain the pretense that there is nothing problematical about Amoris laetitia. A moral catastrophe is self-evidently underway and it is not possible honestly to deny its cause.",1,-1,[],[57403]],["Wither we go to war or we will perish.",1,-1,[],[56106]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[31167]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[40386]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The original legend concerns a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion and was then cursed to walk the earth until the Second Coming.",1,-1,[],[12491]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future are theorized to develop over time, and thereby evoke and/or maintain depressive symptoms.",1,-1,[],[27758]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["theory from clinical psychology and psychiatry",1,-1,[],[27758]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Arguing on a legal scale, Agamben defmes the exception as a case that cannot be grasped within the regular legal order and thus necessitates an extraordinary response.",1,-1,[],[16870]],["Television dramas that tackle war on terror (e.g., 24, Sleeper Cell, Homeland) have a few things in common: they are built on the discourse of the state of exception (Agamben 2005, 2-3), their narratives use the \"ticking bomb\" scenarios,foot_0 and they create the situation of catastrophe or crisis in order to justify extraordinary measures and suspend ethical/legal norms and regulations.",1,-1,[],[51496]],["The violence, dispossession and death that often follow the imposition of 'open markets', 'land reform' and free trade' in the poorer regions of the world however marks another state of exception that escapes political scrutiny.",1,-1,[],[8470]],["a permanent state of exception",1,-1,[],[8470]],["create the situation of catastrophe or crisis in order to justify extraordinary measures and suspend ethical/legal norms and regulations",1,-1,[],[51496]],["it not only highlights differential conditions of vulnerability in the lead-up to disaster, but instead focuses on the production of social inequality at large.",1,-1,[],[16870]],["narrative strategy in these shows allows for legitimizing violence and anticipating torture as measures to manage and contain catastrophes and crises",1,-1,[],[51496]],["the breakdown of norms creates a situation in which violence [and other unlawful practices] escapes management",1,-1,[],[51496]],["the relation between culture and disaster can be conceptualized as an exposure -an uncovering of the dominant political structure through works of art.",1,-1,[],[16870]],["the state of exception approach mobilizes a powerful critical potential by extending the analytical gaze beyond the immediacy of the disaster, and onto the underlying structures of social and political life.",1,-1,[],[16870]],["the state of exception in the colonies was more the rule resulting in multiple and interrupted sovereignties that were used to govern the natives.",1,-1,[],[8470]],["the state of exception introduces other measures and solutions otherwise unacceptable and limiting people's freedoms, such as racial/political profiling or widely understood processes of surveillance.",1,-1,[],[51496]]],"sy":[["state of emergency",1,30257,[],[16870]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The U.S. Naval Station at Guantánamo Bay",1,-1,[],[8470]],["the Nazi state, the current status of Palestine and 'legal civil wars'",1,-1,[],[8470]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deceptions",1,24454,[],[37910]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["A gatekeeper builds \"network connections\" between the attributes of an issue and transfers those interconnected attributes to the public's minds (see Figure 1).",1,-1,[],[12723]],["Examining networks of related problems and qualities beyond linear salience transfer offers a more complex way to grasp how meaning is created and communicated in networked settings",1,-1,[],[60573]],["In this framework, media establish connections between different attributes of an issue, influencing how the public perceives these connections.",1,-1,[],[32819]],["In this framework, media establish connections between different attributes of an issue, influencing how the public perceives these connections. So, according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness (Tahamtan et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[32819]],["Influences public understanding by structuring interconnected \"issue networks,\" shaping how issues are cognitively linked and perceived as related [4,23].",1,-1,[],[60573]],["It suggests that problems and qualities are linked rather than separate and that the perceived significance of one item affects the relationship with others.",1,-1,[],[60573]],["It suggests that problems and qualities are linked rather than separate and that the perceived significance of one item affects the relationship with others. According to the NAS model, media coverage creates networks of problems and characteristics that can shape the development of comparable networks in the public's perception",1,-1,[],[60573]],["NAS theorizes that the pattern of these relationships in media coverage will reflect the pattern of how the public perceives these concerns.",1,-1,[],[60573]],["So, according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness",1,-1,[],[32819]],["So, according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness (Tahamtan et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[32819]],["The main difference between traditional agenda setting and network agenda setting is that the former assumes an issue and its attributes are separately and discretely transferred to the public agenda, while the latter assumes they are transferred simultaneously as a bundle of networked attributes [12].",1,-1,[],[12723]],["This model posits that issue and attributes are transmitted to the public as networks of interconnected elements.",1,-1,[],[32819]],["This networked perspective reflects the complexity of online communication and provides a stronger foundation for understanding agenda formation in digital contexts.",1,-1,[],[60573]],["While traditional agenda-setting treats issues and attributes as separate entities, network agenda-setting posits that these elements are transmitted simultaneously as a network of interconnected attributes.",1,-1,[],[32819]],["according to network agenda-setting theory, the frequency of association between two elements in news coverage influences the audience's perception of their interconnectedness",1,-1,[],[32819]],["network agenda-setting posits that these elements are transmitted simultaneously as a network of interconnected attributes.",1,-1,[],[32819]]],"sy":[["third level of agenda setting",1,33414,[],[60573]]],"rt":[["intermedia agenda setting",1,12784,[],[60573]],["reverse agenda setting",1,10250,[],[60573]],["third level",1,-1,[],[60573]],["traditional agenda setting",1,13040,[],[32819]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory (AST)",1,6096,[],[60573]],["third level of agenda setting",1,33414,[],[60573]]],"ex":[["Media coverage, for instance, could regularly connect the problem of \"immigration\" with qualities like \"national security\" and \"economic impact,\" while linking \"healthcare reform\" with \"affordability\" and \"access.\"",1,-1,[],[60573]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["being an intermediary",1,-1,[],[9374]],["building connections",1,-1,[],[9374]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Developmental-educative roles",1,-1,[],[9374]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["likelihood",1,-1,[],[5628]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This underlines that there are features common to all [Jews], because in all and every one there emerges something which constitutes a common and exclusive feature of the Jew as the enemy to be defeated (Miccoli, 2003).",1,-1,[],[12510]],["typical of modern antisemitism",1,-1,[],[12510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ideally, it also requires a systemic and in-depth approach that connects the central topic of a story to broader natural and social issues, going beyond a narrow event-driven approach",1,-1,[],[54214]],["The second concerns the causes and potential solutions to environmental problems",1,-1,[],[54214]],["a practice that demands critique and challenges to the status quo.",1,-1,[],[54214]],["environmental journalism must be politically engaged",1,-1,[],[54214]],["must be intrinsically attuned to pluralism and diversity",1,-1,[],[54214]],["the third involves civic mobilization and holding power to account.",1,-1,[],[54214]],["there is now an emphasis on the political function of environmental journalism, understood as its ability to mobilize the public",1,-1,[],[54214]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["science journalism",1,13779,[],[54214]]],"ex":[["O Eco, Conexão Planeta, and #Colabora",1,-1,[],[54214]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The SVO structure allows for the most direct attribution of responsibility, indicating that S is responsible for the action V performed on O.",1,-1,[],[33263]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Following both Social Semiotics and Critical Discourse Analysis, texts are seen to be constitutively multimodal.",1,-1,[],[50798]],["It does have punctuation and grammar to promote voice and tone",1,-1,[],[58912]],["Text is \"the product of the process\" and is manifested in either talking and writing or any other forms.",1,-1,[],[58938]],["They can be used to create false news, impersonate individuals in messages or emails, and spread disinformation. These texts often replicate tone, style, and context to appear authentic.",1,-1,[],[61368]],["They can be used to create false news, impersonate individuals in messages or emails, and spread disinformation. These texts often replicate tone, style, and context to appear authentic. Their realism poses risks to trust, security, and online communication.",1,-1,[],[61368]],["the formal characteristics of a text",1,-1,[],[55751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["STATUS",1,9950,[],[58879]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[61368]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This shift reflects what Tursunaliyevich (Tursunaliyevich, 2025) calls the cognitive awakening phase of MIL development.",1,-1,[],[34198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["One is that women are perceived less favourably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles, and the other is that woman leaders are evaluated less favourably than men when they behave according to the prescriptions of these roles.",1,-1,[],[19726]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By recurrently postulating correlations and causalities, such narratives \"stir up emotions and can help to motivate and mobilize\"",1,-1,[],[40620]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["f*ggot, b*tch, f*ck",1,-1,[],[47604]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["points out six techniques to evade answering a political question. They include ignoring the question \"What you are asking is not important,\" acknowledging the question without answering it, attacking the question, and attacking the questioner \"What are you talking about?\" and \"Don't you have something better to do?\"",1,-1,[],[60252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Further, this would also remove personal chats, opinions and initial misinformation not considered credible.",1,-1,[],[24147]],["Retweets allow Twitter users to forward other users' posts, thus serving a \"broadcast function\" (Russell et al. 2015, 937) that raises the content's visibility (Conover et al. 2011). Consequently, retweets usually refer to the content of the original tweet and indicate the perceived informational value (Cha et al. 2010).",1,-1,[],[4949]],["are often understood as endorsement of the opinion expressed in the retweeted message",1,-1,[],[25562]],["as a retweet always refers to the original sender of a Twitter post it does not only connect a user to another user's content but also builds a relation between the user that retweets and the original sender.",1,-1,[],[4949]],["research mainly points to retweets as a form of endorsement (Bruns and Burgess 2012;Conover et al. 2011), where the opinion expressed in the original tweet is shared (Boutet, Kim, and Yoneki 2013).",1,-1,[],[4949]],["retweets usually refer to the content of the original tweet and indicate the perceived informational value (Cha et al. 2010).",1,-1,[],[4949]],["to boost the visibility of said content",1,-1,[],[8536]],["to corrupt communication",1,-1,[],[8536]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["a form of endorsement (Bruns and Burgess 2012;Conover et al. 2011), where the opinion expressed in the original tweet is shared (Boutet, Kim, and Yoneki 2013).",1,-1,[],[4949]],["mentions",1,17372,[],[4949]]],"sb":[["edited retweets sent",1,-1,[],[4031]],["unedited retweets sent",1,2103,[],[4031]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the management contract solidifies government expectations and resources for PSM.",1,-1,[],[55526]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54098]]],"ex":[["Wikis (e.g. Wikipedia), product and service rating and review sites (e.g. Trustpilot, Amazon, Glassdoor)",1,-1,[],[54098]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cross-target tuning",1,-1,[],[26358]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["Online hate speech influences social relations and civic commitment modalities and forms.",1,-1,[],[39985]],["The exponential growth of the online hate speech phenomenon, linked to global trends due to long-term mutations concerning culture, common meanings and identities, communication processes, and new dominant technological elites, generates concerns and considerations on the need for joint efforts at multiple levels to deal with these dynamics.",1,-1,[],[39985]],["UNESCO cited four significant distinctions between online and face-to-face hate speech. The first is the persistence of online hatred, that is, its potential to stay \"active\" over extended periods and in several mediums. The second distinction is the unexpected recurrence of online hate speech, which might reemerge elsewhere even if it has been deleted from one location. The third distinction is the significance that anonymity acquires online: It is a privilege that permits, under certain situations, the disclosure of information that one would otherwise be reluctant to reveal. The fourth distinction is transnationality, which enhances the impact of hate speech and makes identifying legal measures to address it more difficult",1,-1,[],[33459]],["UNESCO cited four significant distinctions between online and face-to-face hate speech. The first is the persistence of online hatred, that is, its potential to stay \"active\" over extended periods and in several mediums. The second distinction is the unexpected recurrence of online hate speech, which might reemerge elsewhere even if it has been deleted from one location. The third distinction is the significance that anonymity acquires online: It is a privilege that permits, under certain situations, the disclosure of information that one would otherwise be reluctant to reveal. The fourth distinction is transnationality, which enhances the impact of hate speech and makes identifying legal measures to address it more difficult (Gagliardone et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[33459]],["When using the terms 'hate speech' or 'online hate speech', I will be referring to the kind of hate-mongering that takes place on the Internet, if not stated otherwise.",1,-1,[],[31783]],["hate speech promotes extreme socio-cultural behavior patterns and severe limitations on individual freedom",1,-1,[],[39985]],["it influences both public opinion and women's political careers, representing a symbolic obstacle to the full exercise of their rights",1,-1,[],[39985]],["online hate has tangible effects, even if hidden behind a virtual society's multifaceted world.",1,-1,[],[39985]],["online hate speech (OHS), which is a type of speech that attacks a person or a group based on a group characteristic, e.g., gender identity or sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[58305]],["online hate speech has especially harmful effects because it is done in front of larger audiences, thus ramping up the public shame element",1,-1,[],[41988]],["online hate speech may not necessarily be a crime, but still harm people.",1,-1,[],[10941]],["regarded as an extreme form of online incivility",1,-1,[],[52575]],["some parts of the Internet encourage gut reactions, unconsidered judgments, off-the-cuff remarks, unfiltered commentary, and first thoughts, because they encourage instant responses",1,-1,[],[41988]],["the Internet encourages forms of hate speech that are spontaneous in virtue of the combination of qualities that online communication possesses",1,-1,[],[41988]],["the Internet not merely facilitates, but also encourages, instant responses that are by their nature more spontaneous",1,-1,[],[41988]],["the growth of online hate speech limits the sociopolitical participation and enjoyment of fundamental rights of Latin American women social leaders and political candidates",1,-1,[],[39985]]],"sy":[["cyberhate",1,28027,[],[41988]]],"rt":[["cyberhate",1,28027,[],[41988]],["dignity",1,7102,[],[10941]],["equality",1,28787,[],[10941]],["freedom of expression",1,34794,[],[10941]],["group rights",1,31084,[],[10941]],["information disorder",1,13397,[],[39985]],["liberty",1,-1,[],[10941]],["offline hate speech",1,-1,[],[41988]]],"sb":[["Holocaust denial",1,29619,[],[41988]],["group defamation",1,16408,[],[41988]],["negative stereotyping",1,1181,[],[41988]]],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[21660]]],"ex":[["#asesinas (murderesses)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#caprichosas (capricious)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#desenfrenadas (unbridled)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#desquiciadas (unbalanced)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#femilocas (union of feminist + crazy)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#feminazi (from the union of feminists + nazis)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#marimacho (lesbians)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#psicópatas (psychopathic)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#putas (prostitutes)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#rataenferma (diseased rat)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["#retrasadas (retarded)",1,-1,[],[39985]],["race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or gender",1,-1,[],[10941]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which paint the opposing argumentative frame \"as being grounded in unreasonable and rationally indefensible values and goals\"",1,-1,[],[49280]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the use of dialogic-based assessment in education seems to be very helpful. This kind of assessment repeatedly confirms, for example, the improvement in students learning through active settings or collaborative settings, which are understood to be interactive and, at the same time, as group or team education activities (e.g., [115,116]), and where dialog between teacher and students, as well as between students, is the main part of the education process.",1,-1,[],[14571]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dialogic-based assessment",1,-1,[],[14571]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Misinfo Reaction Frames (MRF)",1,20304,[],[45088]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the dominating mitigation strategy turned out to be the political elite's incompetence resolving the refugee crisis (41%).",1,-1,[],[31848]],["through the use of verbs, feelings, sayings, or where one makes use of implicit references instead of explicit ones",1,-1,[],[52881]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[52881]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[52881]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a pragmeme need[s] not be an utterance and sometimes may be equivalent to long, structured, and completed units",1,-1,[],[49327]],["is the situation of acting which both provides the possibilities and creates the restrictions that are inherent in the well-formed act of speaking",1,-1,[],[49327]],["the specific stage of the interaction provides specific affordances to the speakers",1,-1,[],[49327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["People who score low on conscientiousness are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior",1,-1,[],[1322]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Big Five",1,-1,[],[1322]],["Big Five personality model",1,-1,[],[46093]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["linked to specific political ideologies",1,-1,[],[2098]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Automated summarization (e.g. used in Google's information boxes) could erase non-binary persons.",1,-1,[],[11698]],["Machine translation is particularly prone to erasing non-binary gender because \"nonbinary people often create new ways of using language out of necessity, and these usages are rare/new enough to not be reflected in machine translation\".",1,-1,[],[11698]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["chamber",1,14841,[],[2960]],["echo",1,24445,[],[2960]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["signify the presence of a frame",1,-1,[],[30894]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[37316]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Appeal to Authority",1,23175,[],[37316]],["Appeal to Fear-Prejudice",1,7460,[],[37316]],["Appeal to Hypocrisy",1,18976,[],[37316]],["Appeal to Popularity",1,26848,[],[37316]],["Causal Oversimplification",1,29558,[],[37316]],["Conversation Killer",1,25369,[],[37316]],["Doubt",1,29372,[],[37316]],["Exaggeration-Minimisation",1,14678,[],[37316]],["False Dilemma-No Choice",1,32787,[],[37316]],["Flag Waving",1,29045,[],[37316]],["Guilt by Association",1,32512,[],[37316]],["Loaded Language",1,22124,[],[37316]],["Name Calling-Labeling",1,13254,[],[37316]],["Obfuscation-Vagueness-Confusion",1,-1,[],[37316]],["Red Herring",1,31078,[],[37316]],["Repetition",1,33616,[],[37316]],["Slogans",1,1044,[],[37316]],["Straw Man",1,4827,[],[37316]],["Whataboutism",1,19307,[],[37316]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["The news exaggerates the importance of the allegations against the senator and minimizes the evidence supporting them.",1,-1,[],[37316]],["The news presents the audience with a false dilemma by suggesting that the only choice is to support the senator or to believe the allegations against him.",1,-1,[],[37316]],["The news uses the authority of the senator to make the audience believe that he is trustworthy and reliable.",1,-1,[],[37316]],["The news uses the fear of being accused of sexual misconduct to make the audience believe that the senator is innocent and deserves their support.",1,-1,[],[37316]],["The news uses the popularity of the senator to make the audience believe that he is a good person and deserves their support.",1,-1,[],[37316]],["doubt and red herring",1,-1,[],[37316]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Hoax comes from the word hocus which means \"to perpetrate a trick or hoax on\" (Santoso and Wardiana, 2017, p. 30). According to Merriam-Webster, hoax is \"an act intended to trick or dupe\".",1,-1,[],[28651]]],"sy":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[28651,40941]],["hoax",1,13150,[],[28651]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["human behavior is generally motivated by two types of norms (Rhodes, shulman, and Mcclaran 2020)",1,-1,[],[34009]],["when these social norms are aligned-that many people are doing it and it is socially approved-they can strongly facilitate proenvironmental behavior",1,-1,[],[14088]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["injunctive norms",4,8813,[],[6733,14088,34009,46011]],["social norms",1,2565,[],[14088]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social norms",2,2565,[],[14088,58786]],["Social-norm nudges",1,142,[],[2694]],["norms",1,13756,[],[34009]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Post-modernism proposes the chance for something whose existence used to be eliminated by modernism because it was regarded as something un-explanable by reasoning, such as morality, sense, and imagination.",1,-1,[],[13063]],["The presence of post-modernism with its denial on reductionistic of modernism has opened the space and opportunity for reality, either for that of inferior or superior.",1,-1,[],[13063]],["The truth within the thought of post-modernism is problematic, therefore there have to be evaluation and change because the truth is no more regarded absolute.",1,-1,[],[13063]],["This kind of post-modernism mode of thought introduces various kind of absolute denial towards any world view, and then becomes the point of referece for many people.",1,-1,[],[13063]]],"sy":[["constructivism",1,2511,[],[4442]]],"rt":[["cultural pluralism",1,12498,[],[13063]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["textual deepfake",1,-1,[],[26567]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["alternative images",1,688,[],[45930]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The interviewees distinguished between labels for news sources and labels for content.",1,-1,[],[41816]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["labels for content",1,43,[],[41816]],["labels for news articles",1,33482,[],[41816]],["labels for news sources",1,14830,[],[41816]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which include background noises, unnatural frequency profiles, varying levels of perceived audio quality, and inconsistent reverb and echo behavior.",1,-1,[],[28860]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Visibility referred to how individuals' presence, activity, and communication were made noticeable to other users",1,-1,[],[46728]],["visibility of communication is the necessary precondition of the public sphere",1,-1,[],[50778]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["ações de letramento midiático e informacional",1,-1,[],[24749]],["de acessar, analisar e efetivamente desenvolver habilidades de pensamento crítico e de aprendizagem sobre as mídias para a implementação da cidadania ativa",1,-1,[],[24749]]],"sy":[["Alfabetização Midiática e Informacional (MIL)",1,-1,[],[24749]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This is often done as an attempt to divert attention from other issues, or sometimes even as a way to show agreement/disagreement towards some policies or situations.",1,-1,[],[33787]],["attacking or praising an individual/party instead of focusing on policies/actions is the most direct way of introducing bias.",1,-1,[],[33787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Ad Hominem or Personal attack",1,30104,[],[33787]],["Personal praise",1,17863,[],[33787]]],"sb":[["Ad Hominem or Personal attack",1,30104,[],[33787]],["Personal praise",1,17863,[],[33787]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In sustainability and health, this calibration often takes the form of depoliticization (rendering conflict as management) or moralization (rendering structural issues as individual virtue).",1,-1,[],[55575]],["Translation is one such practice because it selects which narratives become widely available, and it calibrates those narratives for particular audiences.",1,-1,[],[55575]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a liminal conception of cinema/memory, where the boundaries between memory and cinema are dissolved in favour of a view of their mutuality and inseparability.",1,-1,[],[13130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This applies to modern top-level sports as well, despite the fact that people know that top-level sports are not the same thing as fitness sports or exercise and despite the negative phenomena sometimes associated with top-level sports.",1,-1,[],[24038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["connected representation",1,28156,[],[26132]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Different from vanilla attention, our personalized attention approach can dynamically attend to important words and news according to user characteristics, which can benefit news and user representation learning.",1,-1,[],[25643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["vanilla attention",1,-1,[],[25643]]],"sb":[["News-level attention",1,-1,[],[25643]],["Word-level attention",1,-1,[],[25643]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hyperbole in argumentation",1,22848,[],[21604]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It constitutes the past events that may have led to the current situation, or indirectly relates to the main event or subjects of the news article.",1,-1,[],[11427,11428]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Additional Supportive Contents",2,6509,[["Additional Supportive Contents",1],["additional supportive contents",1]],[11428,61886]],["distantly-related content",1,20667,[],[11427]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["semantic paradoxes",1,-1,[],[524]]],"ex":[["\"Cretans always lie\"",1,-1,[],[524]]]},{"nd":27,"df":[["Plausibility refers to how convincing the interpretation is to humans",3,-1,[["Plausibility refers to how convincing the interpretation is to humans",2],["\"Plausibility\" refers to how convincing the interpretation is to humans",1]],[11408,35404,49726]]],"de":[["Existing approaches for improving extractive rationale plausibility typically involve supervising LM-based extractors (Bhat et al., 2021) or SPPs (Jain et al., 2020;Paranjape et al., 2020;DeYoung et al., 2019) with gold rationales.",1,-1,[],[23422]],["Psi may fail if the environment never responds to the participant, or if nothing in the environment ever addresses the participant personally, or if there is something that fails to meet expectations.",1,-1,[],[14480]],["contingent references by elements of the environment to the participant",1,-1,[],[14480]],["credibility of expectation-i.e., the environment is constructed based on evidence of what is supposed to happen in real life where this is relevant, so that the application is supposed to be a simulation of events that occur in reality.",1,-1,[],[14480]],["the reactivity of the environment to participant actions",1,-1,[],[14480]],["the three factors that contribute to plausibility are: 1) the reactivity of the environment to participant actions, 2) contingent references by elements of the environment to the participant, and 3) credibility of expectation-i.e., the environment is constructed based on evidence of what is supposed to happen in real life where this is relevant, so that the application is supposed to be a simulation of events that occur in reality.",1,-1,[],[14480]],["the video itself was deliberately designed to heighten plausibility, the illusion that the depicted events were really happening.",1,-1,[],[40192]]],"sy":[["persuasiveness",2,8752,[],[11408,23417]],["Psi",1,15441,[],[14480]]],"rt":[["Faithfulness",2,26691,[["Faithfulness",1],["faithfulness",1]],[23422,49726]],["ERASER benchmark",1,-1,[],[35404]],["body ownership",1,-1,[],[14480]],["copresence",1,-1,[],[14480]],["explainability objectives",1,-1,[],[23422]],["gold rationales",1,-1,[],[23422]],["placeness",1,-1,[],[14480]],["presence",1,33629,[],[14480]],["social presence",1,27438,[],[14480]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Presence",2,33629,[["Presence",1],["presence",1]],[14480,17709]],["interpretability quality",1,-1,[],[49726]],["perceived realism",1,19961,[],[9194]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social networking media",1,-1,[],[24041]],["social networking services",1,2159,[],[24041]]],"rt":[["social media",1,6683,[],[44643]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook",1,-1,[],[24041]],["Instagram",1,-1,[],[24041]],["Twitter",1,-1,[],[24041]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such frauds can be analysed along two lines: whether their purpose is profi t making or entertainment.",1,-1,[],[10612]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[10612]],["hoax",1,13150,[],[10612]],["phishing",1,11941,[],[10612]],["spam",1,30454,[],[10612]],["urban legends",1,15904,[],[10612]]],"sb":[["hoaxes",1,13150,[],[10612]],["phishing",1,11941,[],[10612]],["spam",1,30454,[],[10612]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["an ensemble of bias management capabilities (i.e., data bias, model bias deployment bias management capabilities) can act both on technological resources (e.g., data and models) and organizational resources (e.g., integrity) to develop algorithmic capabilities that enhance customer equity in a fair, transparent, and accountable way.",1,-1,[],[1716]],["can change swiftly to fit the shifting business environment and are conducive to adapting, integrating, and re-configuring resources (Teece & Pisano, 2003) and opportunities brought about by AI and analytics driven changes in dynamic B2B environments.",1,-1,[],[1716]],["contribute to customer equity in terms of value, brand and relationship equity.",1,-1,[],[1717]],["dynamic capabilities that can change swiftly to fit the shifting business environment and are conducive to adapting, integrating, and re-configuring resources (Teece & Pisano, 2003) and opportunities brought about by AI and analytics driven changes in dynamic B2B environments",1,-1,[],[1716]],["the study identifies three major dimensions (data, model, and deployment) and nine subdimensions in algorithmic bias management capabilities",1,-1,[],[1716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic biases",1,11642,[],[1716]],["data bias",1,683,[],[1716]],["deployment bias",1,20800,[],[1716]],["model bias",1,8412,[],[1716]]],"sb":[["data bias",1,683,[],[1716,1717]],["data bias management capability",1,19952,[["data bias management capability",1],["data bias management capability (DABMC)",1]],[1716,1717]],["deployment bias management capabilities",1,16669,[["deployment bias management capabilities",1],["deployment bias management capability",1],["deployment bias management capability (DPBMC)",1]],[1716,1717]],["model bias",1,8412,[],[1716,1717]],["model bias management capability",1,21530,[["model bias management capability",1],["model bias management capability (MOBMC)",1]],[1716,1717]]],"sp":[["DCs",1,-1,[],[1716]],["dynamic capabilities",1,-1,[],[1716]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical-monitorial roles",1,-1,[],[9380]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["forced teaming",1,22257,[],[12214]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Most workplace harassment is an example of women being oversensitive to advances of men",1,-1,[],[12214]],["So were you good enough to get in or did you get in through a women's quota?",1,-1,[],[12214]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Acknowledgements in isolation facilitate a fac ¸ade of impartial citation.",1,-1,[],[21804]],["In this case reporting verbs tend to be employed (e.g. say, report, state, declare, announce, believe or think).",1,-1,[],[21804]],["Nothing in the lexicogrammar of the words by which the quotation is framed indicates where the writer stands with respect to propositions being presented -i.e. there is no overt indication of the writer favouring or disfavouring the attributed material.",1,-1,[],[53857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reporting",1,21886,[],[21805]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["ATTRIBUTION",1,32595,[],[21804,21805]]],"ex":[["say, report, state, declare, announce, believe or think",1,-1,[],[21804]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["optimistic bias",1,15208,[],[36798]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["adversarial challenges",1,32149,[],[46107]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Descriptive polarities enable us to deal quantitatively with the viewpoints of news articles to stakeholders.",1,-1,[],[44610]],["The polarity is represented by two scores, each indicating a degree of positive or negative description of a stakeholder.",1,-1,[],[44610]],["Well assigned descriptive polarity is defined as polarity whose state, whether more positive or more negative, is equivalent to the tendency of an article's point of view.",1,-1,[],[44610]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The suffix -er establishes the association with a quality of being aware, informed, and sophisticated.",1,-1,[],[38333]],["The word \"hipster\" originates from the base \"hip\" or its doublet \"hep\", which means experience and ingenuity in the latest trends of music, fashion, and language",1,-1,[],[38333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mono-constituent NS",1,-1,[],[38333]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This criminal event consists of two elements, the behaviour and the result.",1,-1,[],[14760]],["the general intent is about a common criminal purpose.",1,-1,[],[14760]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intent of the crime",1,10875,[],[14760]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Algorithms have the capacity to provide audiences with information that aligns with their preferences rather than objective reality.",1,-1,[],[12829]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["perceived as 'enemies within' who pose a noticeable threat to society",1,-1,[],[45908]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["otherness",1,14729,[],[45908]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[["the idea that it is not necessary to create a completely fake story in order to get a point across",2,-1,[["the idea that it is not necessary to create a completely fake story in order to get a point across",1],["the idea that it is not necessary to create a completely fake story in order to get a point across.",1]],[19095,28334]]],"de":[["Instead, one can also amplify existing grievances and make them look more popular than they really are",2,-1,[],[19095,28334]],["amplify a defined group of user by aggregating and retweeting content tweeted by seed users, which may conceivably be bots themselves",1,-1,[],[8533]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Polarization",1,21850,[],[19095]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["não são possíveis de serem checadas empiricamente, cabendo, portanto, um processo de argumentação em cima da fala.",1,-1,[],[13286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Spezifische Unterstützung bezieht sich auf die Zufriedenheit der Bürger mit konkreten politischen Outputs (z. B. Gesetzen) bzw. Leistungen der Herrschaftsträger.",1,-1,[],[16280]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["diffuse und spezifische Arten politischer Unterstützung",1,-1,[],[16280]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This all fuels their vaccine hesitancy and/or refusal",1,-1,[],[50905]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Este nuevo concepto pretende englobar a todos aquellos mensajes que no son asumidos por la Academia o las propias plataformas como discurso de odio por ser parte de la disputa entre partidos, pero que se asientan en la misma base: un lenguaje discriminatorio en referencia a una persona o grupo en función de lo que son.",1,-1,[],[37014]],["componentes de confrontación y hostilidad",1,-1,[],[37014]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[["any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people's behaviour in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives",2,-1,[],[46026,54605]]],"de":[["Nudging acts as a kind of middle way between rigid interventions and dogmatic laissez-faire (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, 253). Hence, it involves '[the steering of] people in directions that will make their lives go better while also insisting that the ultimate choice is for individuals', not for any private sector actor or the state (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, 252-53).",1,-1,[],[54605]],["encouraging users to consider accuracy has been shown to improve discernment of false information",1,-1,[],[17362]],["nudges are small changes in the choice architecture that work with cognitive biases in decision making.",1,-1,[],[35703]],["these generally involve presenting options to the intended audience in such a way that they become obvious, default choices",1,-1,[],[42056]]],"sy":[["user nudging",1,5683,[],[30996]]],"rt":[["Accuracy prompts",1,26096,[],[2708]],["Motivational nudges",1,31638,[],[2708]],["Social-norm nudges",1,142,[],[2708]],["actions and policies",1,-1,[],[42056]],["choice architecture",1,11649,[],[35703]],["libertarian paternalism",1,25177,[],[54605]],["norms",1,13756,[],[2831]]],"sb":[["Accuracy prompts",1,26096,[],[2708]],["Motivational nudges",1,31638,[],[2708]],["Social-norm nudges",1,142,[],[2708]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Banning junk food does not.",1,-1,[],[35703]],["Putting fruit at eye level counts as a nudge.",1,-1,[],[35703]],["Putting fruit at eye level counts as a nudge. Banning junk food does not.",1,-1,[],[35703]],["encouraged people to wash their hands, advised them to stop face touching and hand shaking, recommended that individuals stayed at home if they felt ill, and advocated self-isolate if a continuous cough developed",1,-1,[],[42056]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["identification and quantification of subject choice in headlines and photos",1,-1,[],[59676]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing device",1,3083,[],[59676]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing device",1,3083,[["framing device",1],["framing devices",1]],[59676]],["multimodal framing devices",1,22103,[],[59676]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance cues",1,5438,[],[16302]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["slogan",1,1044,[],[55722]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Sin embargo, esta actividad no puede reducirse únicamente a la práctica de redacción y estructuración de la información, sin tener en cuenta el proceso social y los desafíos colectivos en los que se inscribe (Esquenazi, 2014).",1,-1,[],[51177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["propaganda política",1,29666,[],[26252]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Gender inclusive language (GIL) strategies are being increasingly applied by institutions and some companies to show their commitment to gender equality.",1,-1,[],[52153]],["Gender-inclusive language can be used to reduce genderstereotypic images of certain male-typed social roles in a community with a grammatical gender language",1,-1,[],[57046]],["can be effective not only when read or heard, but it can expand and resonate later when reproduced",1,-1,[],[57046]],["may help to present women and men more equally in various social roles",1,-1,[],[57046]],["the language used in the media to describe social roles",1,-1,[],[57046]],["the use of feminine-masculine word pairs tends to increase the visibility of women in various social roles.",1,-1,[],[57046]],["this type of language may help to present women and men more equally in various social roles",1,-1,[],[57046]],["using gender-inclusive language is a powerful way to promote gender equality and eradicate gender bias.",1,-1,[],[29849]]],"sy":[["gender-inclusive forms",1,-1,[],[57046]],["inclusive forms",1,-1,[],[57046]]],"rt":[["gender-inclusive forms",1,-1,[],[57046]],["masculine generics",1,1712,[],[57046]]],"sb":[["gender-neutral forms",1,5240,[],[57046]],["neutralizing words",1,-1,[],[57046]],["word pairs",1,-1,[],[57046]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["firefighters",1,-1,[],[57046]],["firemen and firewomen",1,-1,[],[57046]],["he or she",1,-1,[],[57046]],["heroine or hero",1,-1,[],[57046]],["they",1,-1,[],[57046]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Cartesian model",1,16005,[],[2636]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Habits develop over time in in stable environments, when repeated behavior becomes automatic",1,-1,[],[5632]],["Habits, conceptualised as unthinking routines, are understood as both an inevitable and lamentable part of everyday life.",1,-1,[],[29372]],["in media psychology, habit is often theorised as a subconscious and passive response to stimulus",1,-1,[],[29372]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Habits keep us doing what we have always done, despite our best intentions to act otherwise",1,-1,[],[29372]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Acts of personal news curation can be employed to pull in more content",1,-1,[],[5079]],["adding a user or organization because of the news they have posted",1,-1,[],[5079]],["changing settings for more news content",1,-1,[],[5079]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["personal news curation",1,21084,[],[5079]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["в которых отсутствовали эмоционально окрашенные слова и использовались сдержанные описания глобального потепления",1,-1,[],[27038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["язык журналистов",1,6964,[],[27038]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["такие формулировки, как «неблагоприятные условия», «экстремальные явления», «разбалансировка системы», «угроза» и «риски»",1,-1,[],[27038]]]},{"nd":14,"df":[["rejection, aversion, fear and contempt for the poor",2,-1,[],[12067,40929]]],"de":[["All human beings are aporophobic due to neural, evolutionary and social causes. The non-poor indulge into interpretations of their superiority because this sends a calming message to them",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Aporophobia involves negative sentiments and actions directed at the poor, including rejection, fear, and contempt.",1,-1,[],[40929]],["Aporophobia is a neologism originally created by Cortina (1995) that comes from the union of two Greek words, 'aporos' (the poor) and 'phobia ' (rejection, fear, aversion).",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Aporophobia is rooted in our beliefs and manifests through different degrees of attitudes and actions",1,-1,[],[40929]],["Aporophobia then is the 'insult to injury' to the poor.",1,-1,[],[21571]],["At the meso (institutional) level, policies for poverty reduction can be hindered by societal beliefs that the poor are responsible for their own fate and, therefore, undeserving of social assistance",1,-1,[],[12067]],["At the micro (personal) level, stigmatization of the poor can inflict significant psychological harm, lead to the internalization of the continuous message of one's inferiority, and contribute to a self-fulfilling prophecy of failure",1,-1,[],[12067]],["Finally, at the macro (international) level, aporophobic views are extended to blaming developing countries for their poverty, and prevent reaching fairer deals in international trade and financial markets",1,-1,[],[12067]],["It increases the burden of poverty, impacting the well-being of this vulnerable group, and constitutes an obstacle to poverty mitigation.",1,-1,[],[40929]],["It is a daily issue that manifests itself at several different levels (with considerable gaps between speech and action)",1,-1,[],[21571]],["It is a problem of moral motivation of individuals",1,-1,[],[21571]],["It is a problem that also affects the institutional life of societies, including their habits and cultures that shape their inter-subjective agreements",1,-1,[],[21571]],["It is a social pathology.",1,-1,[],[21571]],["It is not a phobia based on an identity because involuntary poverty is not part of one's identity. With rare exceptions, people do not choose to be poor",1,-1,[],[21571]],["It is the rejection of a group, not of an individual. In other words, it is not the individuality of a poor person that raises the phobia but the fact that there is an understanding by the non-poor that poor people belong to a group that should be avoided or rejected",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Not only does the concept of aporophobia tackle a very important kind of discrimination but it also addresses issues that can change the way that poverty and inequality are considered as separate phenomena.",1,-1,[],[21571]],["a social bias against the poor",1,-1,[],[12067]],["aporophobia can manifest through the different degrees of action resulting from prejudice (Allport, 1954)",1,-1,[],[40929]],["aporophobia depends on the existence of asymmetric relations that are characterised by a certain corruption of our moral sentiments, as Smith (1976Smith ( [1759]]) would put it.",1,-1,[],[21571]],["aporophobia focuses on what the nonpoor think and do about the poor.",1,-1,[],[21571]],["aporophobia has not received the same attention as other types of discrimination (e.g., based on race or gender), and since it often manifests in subtle and implicit rejection or contempt, aporophobic language may not be perceived as hateful or threatening.",1,-1,[],[12067]],["aporophobic views can be expressed very subtly and are deeply rooted in our society so that none of the annotators considered these texts toxic.",1,-1,[],[12067]],["can be psychologically damaging as well as hindering poverty reduction policy measures.",1,-1,[],[12067]],["expressing general feelings of fear and rejection of the group",1,-1,[],[12067]],["in the context of toxic language",1,-1,[],[54231]],["it often manifests in subtle and implicit rejection or contempt",1,-1,[],[12067]],["manifests in subtle and implicit rejection or contempt",1,-1,[],[12067]],["manifests in subtle and implicit rejection or contempt, aporophobic language may not be perceived as hateful or threatening.",1,-1,[],[12067]],["negative action towards people living in poverty",1,-1,[],[40929]],["the pervasive yet under-studied issue of bias against poor people on social media",1,-1,[],[40929]],["the societal bias against people living in poverty",1,-1,[],[40929]]],"sy":[["rejection of the poor",1,-1,[],[21571]]],"rt":[["racism",3,28859,[],[12067,21571,40929]],["xenophobia",3,30438,[],[12067,21571,40929]],["sexism",2,22658,[],[12067,40929]],["Antipathy",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Asymmetric relation",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Aversion",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Contempt",1,33947,[],[21571]],["Degrading treatment",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Disgust",1,11291,[],[21571]],["Disregard",1,31791,[],[21571]],["Fear",1,18412,[],[21571]],["Hate",1,26782,[],[21571]],["Hostility",1,30854,[],[21571]],["Impatience",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Insult",1,21655,[],[21571]],["No reciprocal acknowledgement",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Physical aggression",1,-1,[],[21571]],["Rejection",1,19514,[],[21571]],["normative disruption",1,-1,[],[21571]],["psychosocial implications of poverty",1,-1,[],[21571]],["racism, sexism, and xenophobia",1,-1,[],[12067]],["rejection, aversion, or contempt",1,-1,[],[12067]],["religious and gender discrimination",1,-1,[],[21571]],["social exclusion",1,2928,[],[21571]],["toxic language",1,23357,[],[54231]]],"sb":[["Antilocution",1,18244,[],[40929]],["Avoidance and fear",1,11869,[],[40929]],["Discrimination",1,19636,[],[40929]],["Extermination",1,20358,[],[40929]],["Physical attack",1,25856,[],[40929]],["Reporting: The tweet mentions or critiques aporophobic behaviors or attitudes of others without expressing the author's own negative views.",1,-1,[],[40929]],["aporophobic actions",1,-1,[],[21571]],["aporophobic crime",1,-1,[],[21571]],["macro aporophobia",1,12644,[],[21571]],["macro dimension, based on factors, such as the non-poor's power to appropriate a considerable share of national income and influence the distributive role of governments",1,-1,[],[21571]],["meso aporophobia",1,21370,[],[21571]],["meso dimension, whenever aporophobia is manifested as a result of particular institutions (for instance, schools and hospitals can have aporophobic cultures)",1,-1,[],[21571]],["micro aporophobia",1,24360,[],[21571]],["micro dimension, based on psychological features and actions of non-poor individuals",1,-1,[],[21571]]],"sp":[["discrimination",1,19636,[],[12067]]],"ex":[["portraying the poor, and especially the homeless, as drug addicts, drunkards, criminals, mentally disabled, and expendable",1,-1,[],[12067]],["the homeless are condemned to be insulted or (in the best case scenario) to become invisible to the non-poor",1,-1,[],[21571]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["is an effective persuasion strategy",1,-1,[],[5664]],["is an effective persuasion strategy ( r = 0.17)",1,-1,[],[5664]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["trolling",1,5891,[],[3734]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social norms",1,2565,[],[5891]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["are extremely important for a media representation of the event",1,-1,[],[20970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["flash mobs with toys",1,-1,[],[20970]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This subjective judgment is thought to be independent of notions of descriptive or prescriptive importance (i.e., what attitudes most people attribute significance to or what is the right attitude to attribute significance to).",1,-1,[],[31968]],["attitude importance reflects a belief about the significance of an attitude for oneself and forms part of one's self-concept",1,-1,[],[31968]],["commonly assessed by asking participants how concerned they are about a specific issue, rather than how much they care about their attitudes on this issue",1,-1,[],[31968]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["attitude strength",1,-1,[],[31968]],["prescriptive importance",1,-1,[],[31968]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The victim-hero frame also crowds out more nuanced discussion of rights, (intergenerational) justice, and coloniality",1,-1,[],[2807]],["They reflect objectively disproportionate climate harms experienced by children, and the remarkable moral clarity and courage demonstrated by youth to address the problem.",1,-1,[],[2807]],["this simplistic framing results in a partial understanding of core issues and limits potential responses",1,-1,[],[2807]]],"sy":[["child climate victim and youth climate hero",1,-1,[],[2807]]],"rt":[["(intergenerational) justice",1,-1,[],[2807]],["coloniality",1,32471,[],[2807]],["rights",1,28812,[],[2807]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The child climate victim and youth climate hero",1,-1,[],[2807]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These considerations cover certain notions and emotions when they encounter false information, affecting their decision to publicly rectify such falseness.",1,-1,[],[33336]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["aligning with human-like group polarization patterns",1,-1,[],[28669]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["group polarization",1,32744,[],[28669]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["probably emanating from differences in fearfulness",1,-1,[],[24720]]],"sy":[["constraint",1,21794,[],[24720]],["differential sensitivity to threat",1,-1,[],[24720]]],"rt":[["negativity bias",1,17511,[],[24720]]],"sb":[["non-social threats",1,-1,[],[24720]],["social threats",1,28122,[],[24720]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Creating distrust in the audience",1,-1,[],[50852]],["Presenting truthful information as deception",1,-1,[],[50852]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["dissemination of false messages about the intentions or actions of other countries, including military presence or provocative actions, to persuade the audience that this is untrue and that those reporting it are trying to deceive or harm the country",1,-1,[],[50852]],["the dissemination of false messages about the intentions or actions of other countries, including military presence or provocative actions, to persuade the audience that this is untrue and that those reporting it are trying to deceive or harm the country.",1,-1,[],[50852]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["While low-level construals entail information on how to do something, high-level construals relate to the question of why to do them",1,-1,[],[14276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["high-level construal",1,20263,[],[14276]],["low-level construal",1,33897,[],[14276]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["marco de identidad a través del cual los actores se reconocen a si mismos como un actor colectivo, como un movimiento social",1,-1,[],[16027]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["HUMAN-BASED CREDIBILITY ASSESSMENTS",1,26799,[],[22261]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Graham's Hierarchy of Disagreement",1,-1,[],[33791]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["casi todos los grupos sociales fueron cooptados e integrados en los sectores del pri. Esta práctica corporativa se convertiría en política de Estado.",1,-1,[],[13991]],["el Gobierno crearía y fomentaría instituciones que integrarían a todos los sectores sociales en virtuales aparatos del Estado",1,-1,[],[13991]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["captures the complex intertwinement and dynamic interaction between top-down media design and bottom-up participation in media production and consumption",1,-1,[],[38969]],["constitutive of contemporary popular culture driven by unprecedented technological innovations, industrial shifts, as well as radical sociocultural and economic transformations",1,-1,[],[38969]],["convergence is a boundary-blurring process",1,-1,[],[38969]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A recent extension of explanation generation is the generation of fact-checking articles",1,-1,[],[24915]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It focuses on the patterns of reasoning in human interactions, connecting to the local moral domain through beliefs and the dichotomy of rights and duties",1,-1,[],[60753]],["Positioning involves assigning fluid roles in personal narratives, reflecting a person's moral and personal attributes",1,-1,[],[60753]],["This theory facilitates a transition from individual engagements to interactions among nation-states, with discourse as the primary medium",1,-1,[],[60753]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["describes how traditional news producers are struggling to maintain their audiences and adapt their practices in a changing information space",1,-1,[],[10948]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["identity polarization",1,-1,[],[54412]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The speaker attempted to convince audiences to trust his assertion by backing it up with what other famous people or organizations had stated in relation to it.",1,-1,[],[16375]],["When an author includes phrases such as \"I think,\" \"perhaps,\" or \"maybe,\" they alert their readers that they themselves are not certain of the information that they are sharing and thus that readers should not take the content as certainly true.",1,-1,[],[1128]],["supporting arguments through giving reference to, for example, a known person in the community such as John F. Kennedy in Example 11 or a place that makes important decisions such as the U.S. Congress in Example 12 was one of the constitutive elements of political speeches that can help the speaker build persuasive discourse.",1,-1,[],[16375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Interactive metadiscourse",1,34277,[],[16375]],["Resources",1,16723,[],[1945]]],"ex":[["according to X / (Y, 1990) / Z states",1,-1,[],[1945]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Female athletes' bodies may not be referred to directly very often, as most male journalists now seem to be aware of the backlash they may suffer for overt sexualisation, but women's performances are still judged aesthetically, and consequently",1,-1,[],[28141]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Distinguishing between a well-executed amateur aesthetic and a legitimate amateur piece is difficult, and on a platform such as YouTube, -which hosts a combination of many types of content -mimicking an amateur aesthetic facilitates producers creating misleading media.",1,-1,[],[56160]],["These \"false signifiers\" have different connotations in an online space than they might in more traditional media formats. A large part of this difference is a result of the platform and the visual homogeneity of its content.",1,-1,[],[56160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["replica content",1,32090,[],[56160]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["threat",2,10758,[],[24080,38407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["agitation",1,12381,[],[23568]],["media frames",1,25284,[],[50107]],["speech act",1,28860,[],[24080]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ethics",1,34741,[],[20436]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["campaign",1,-1,[],[55474]],["horse race content",1,-1,[],[55474]],["party strategy",1,-1,[],[55474]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Prejudice",1,23417,[],[21773]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Desire",2,26794,[["Desire",1],["desire",1]],[9280,60471]],["Exchange",2,-1,[["Exchange",1],["exchange",1]],[9280,60471]],["Life",2,-1,[["Life",1],["life",1]],[9280,60471]],["Negotiation",2,17219,[["Negotiation",1],["negotiation",1]],[9280,60471]],["Technology",2,6644,[["Technology",1],["technology",1]],[9280,60471]],["Believing",1,15677,[],[9280]],["Compassion",1,20838,[],[9280]],["belief",1,8928,[],[60471]],["ecologic sustainability",1,-1,[],[9282]],["functionality",1,17740,[],[9282]],["inspired evaluations",1,30626,[],[9282]],["ought",1,21833,[],[60471]]],"sp":[["Interpretative repertoires",1,14285,[],[60471]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["People tend to identify and classify ingroup member behaviors more positively, and to make more positive attributions about them. Others outside the group (including other groups) are identified as having more negative traits and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[22714]],["This group-serving attributional style is often referred to within social psychology as the \"in-group/out-group bias.\"",1,-1,[],[22714]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["in-group love",1,12488,[],[42341]],["out-group hate",1,10055,[],[42341]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While heuristics are generally adaptive and useful for navigating complex environments with limited information, they can introduce biases and errors.",1,-1,[],[34589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Utopian thinking can be understood as fulfilling a twofold function: (1) raising awareness through a critique of dystopian limitations of the present, while (2) promoting contemplation of utopian elements projected into the future",1,-1,[],[47637]],["utopian thinking does not inherently guide civic engagement",1,-1,[],[47637]],["utopian thinking relies dialectically on projecting utopian possibilities for social change while critiquing dystopian limitations of the present",1,-1,[],[47637]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["crean o replican contenidos, eco de informaciones que coinciden con sus creencias y actuaciones preexistentes -lo que se conoce como sesgos cognitivos-",1,-1,[],[32847]],["sesgos cognitivos, que llevan a que las personas sean más críticas ante mensajes que contradicen sus creencias y posturas ideológicas.",1,-1,[],[13084]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They can base their decision on how familiar a belief is with other widely-held beliefs.",1,-1,[],[53677]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["cada acto de diseño es simultáneamente un acto de creación de mundo (Fry, 2012)",1,-1,[],[30600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alfabetización publicitaria crítica",1,-1,[],[30600]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["prior positive polar word",1,-1,[],[60645]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Cues unique to a language and context, such as these, may explain why past studies measuring the effect of language proficiency on belief in misinformation have reported inconsistent results across different languages.",1,-1,[],[26364]],["language may signal credibility or elicit an emotional response, which may, in turn, affect belief in misinformation written in that language.",1,-1,[],[26364]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["adversarialness",1,21956,[],[46104]]],"sb":[["adversarialness",1,21956,[],[46104]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["tutto tempo danaro e sacrificio umano sprecato senza eliminazione fisica dei talebani e dei radicali musulmani e tutto inutile (it's all a waste of time, money and human lives without the extermination of Taliban and radical Muslims it's all useless)",1,-1,[],[472]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["expressions that contain literal insults towards women but are not misogynistic per se",1,-1,[],[32961]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["porca puttana",1,-1,[],[32961]],["porca troia",1,-1,[],[32961]],["puta",1,-1,[],[32961]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The skilled reportage journalist seeks out interesting places, people and environments, she observes and gathers the facts, before writing a story that takes the reader on a journey to the same place, to meet the people there and get to know what they are doing.",1,-1,[],[33206]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Feature journalism",1,192,[],[33206]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the point is that male journalists tend to favor male sources in their networks.",1,-1,[],[32868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["often presenting themselves as nationalism-oriented 'news' channels",1,-1,[],[50713]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["bataafsenieuws",1,-1,[],[50713]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is mainly a matter of mutual respect between people, cultures, religions, and nations, which necessarily requires a rational study of reality, a deep psychological understanding, and a sense of empathy that must be continuous and uninterrupted.",1,-1,[],[39071]],["Ultimately, political correctness implies the attempt to sweeten verbal or non-verbal language, above all by purifying it for the protection of the sensitivity or self-esteem of some.",1,-1,[],[39071]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Equality of opportunity defines an important welfare criterion in political philosophy and policy analysis.",1,-1,[],[6632]],["Essentially this is comparing the true positive rate across different groups.",1,-1,[],[23690]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["presenting LGBTQI activism as harmful towards heteronormativity, which is considered as foundational to (white) society",1,-1,[],[31138]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["When applied to health issues -e.g. violence, alcohol and tobacco use, or self-image -media literacy education aims to help young people to see that the media are in the business of selling them products and behaviors that are not always good for them.",1,-1,[],[20865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media literacy education",1,15408,[],[20865]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Personal relevance in the context of fake news refers to",1,-1,[],[23654]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Citing while applying the Hawthorne Effect in methodological discussions is presumably more frequent than citing it with the intent of criticizing it.",1,-1,[],[31304]],["No matter what the researchers did, productivity went up. Even when work conditions were made worse than they were originally, the women worked harder and more efficiently. The secret ingredient? The attention shown to them by all those concerned with the study was the variable which influenced their behaviour",1,-1,[],[16097]],["The story toldemployees improving their output irrespective of the physical work conditions and pay-is too good to be untrue",1,-1,[],[16097]],["The term, they argue, has come to signify several non-specific outcomes from participating in a study. It is superfluous and truistic, and too vague to be useful",1,-1,[],[31304]],["caused increases in performance",1,-1,[],[16097]],["describing an increase in productivity due to social position and social treatment",1,-1,[],[31304]],["people who are singled out for a study of any kind improve their performance or behavior not because of any specific condition being tested, but simply because of all of the attention they receive.",1,-1,[],[16097]],["the Hawthorne effect has become an urban legend.",1,-1,[],[16097]]],"sy":[["placebo",1,-1,[],[31304]],["urban legend",1,15904,[],[16097]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["It became evident then that the wiring room workers were responding more to the attention given to them by the researchers than to improved working conditions.",1,-1,[],[16097]],["No matter what the researchers did, productivity went up. Even when work conditions were made worse than they were originally, the women worked harder and more efficiently. The secret ingredient? The attention shown to them by all those concerned with the study was the variable which influenced their behaviour",1,-1,[],[16097]],["The highest productivity came with the final change, which took away all breaks, hot lunches, and incentive payment.",1,-1,[],[16097]],["The most famous example of a laboratory effect is the Hawthorne study, in which selected factory workers were so pleased at the experimental attentions of the management that they produced steadily more with each new change, regardless of whether it was an improvement.",1,-1,[],[16097]],["the women produced more and more telephone relays. Although it is hard to pinpoint the reason for this change, since a number of variables were confounded, it seems quite likely that it was largely due to the fact that the women knew they were in an experiment, felt the special attention, and wanted to cooperate.",1,-1,[],[16097]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Approaches under this paradigm emphasize the use of multi agent systems or explicit reasoning pipelines that sequentially analyze multimodal evidence and the claim.",1,-1,[],[1559]],["However, it typically incurs higher inference costs and complexity, requiring more elaborate model architectures and robust reasoning pipelines",1,-1,[],[1559]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["agentbased reasoning",1,-1,[],[1559]],["prompting-based reasoning",1,-1,[],[1559]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["G.Bachelard [1938] was the first to introduce the concept of 'epistemological rupture' to account for the moment an individual moves beyond 'common sense' towards 'science-based thinking'.",1,-1,[],[26079]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By using this frame, journalists can define others both vertically as the corrupt elites and horizontally as the culprit societal out-groups",1,-1,[],[4477]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["where the new affordances and features of social media platforms have modified how digital users evaluate public opinion, perceive source credibility and gauge the opinion climate, leading to the position to speak out",1,-1,[],[55771]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Absent face-to-face cues combined with text communication can alter self-boundaries. People may feel that their mind has merged with the mind of the online companion.",1,-1,[],[5486]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["online disinhibition",1,7942,[],[33460]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["SynthID",1,-1,[],[7888]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["discursive practices",1,29356,[],[12682]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The coverage of touching stories about heroic individuals helps evoke people's positive feelings and alleviate their self-centered anxiety during periods of crisis.",1,-1,[],[26378]],["helped the authorities steer public opinion by framing heroism",1,-1,[],[26378]],["heroic behavior occurs in atypical situations and involves significant personal risk",1,-1,[],[26378]],["heroism framing has always been part of the CCP's playbook",1,-1,[],[26378]]],"sy":[["heroism framing",1,-1,[],[26378]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media framing",1,29447,[],[26378]]],"ex":[["feature frontline medics' sacrifices when saving others in need",1,-1,[],[26378]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Framing boar hunting as a battle means supporting the right of humans to outwit non-human species, and demonstrates pride in defeating nature.",1,-1,[],[44239]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["relations of distrust mean one will avoid being put in a position of vulnerability, and hence will not have the necessary information and experiences to dispel distrust.",1,-1,[],[2554]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["being a movement based on work enthusiasm",1,-1,[],[44099]],["its different strands are brought together by the demand for increased work quotas.",1,-1,[],[44099]],["the movement that was used by post-war governments in an attempt to revive their respective economies, and to leave an impression of placing the worker in the center of the political, economic and cultural spheres.",1,-1,[],[44099]]],"sy":[["shock labor",1,-1,[],[44099]]],"rt":[["shock labor",1,-1,[],[44099]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["shock labor",1,-1,[],[44099]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The observable attention and attitude toward the candidates served as proxies of editorial slant.",1,-1,[],[56667]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This mode is characterized by collective efforts to achieve a shared and predetermined judgmental goal.",1,-1,[],[29588]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["motivated processing",1,-1,[],[29588]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Verbal Response Modes (VRMs)",1,-1,[],[11955]],["collective information processing",1,2585,[],[29588]]],"ex":[["A prime example is confirmation bias in group judgments (Schulz-Hardt et al., 2000), which requires high levels of elaboration while being selectively driven by a specific outcome.",1,-1,[],[29588]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["image as illustration and aesthetic are characterized as having low perceived probability to spark curiosity or emotional affect within readers.",1,-1,[],[61798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["metacoverage, where journalists turn the spotlight inward and report on themselves, and the communication-related publicity efforts aimed at them, as integral parts of their stories.",1,-1,[],[25517]],["where journalists turn the spotlight inward and report on themselves, and the communication-related publicity efforts aimed at them, as integral parts of their stories.",1,-1,[],[25517]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["process news",1,7166,[],[25517]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Process news",1,7166,[],[25517]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["as a rule, the auto-stereotype is characterized by positive modality and considerable detail.",1,-1,[],[50979]],["the auto-stereotype is characterized by positive modality and considerable detail.",1,-1,[],[50979]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ethnic stereotypes",1,24474,[],[50979]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["with the same objective of making people believe that the medical community is divided",1,-1,[],[23942]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["incitement to hatred laws",1,-1,[],[654]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["agitation",1,12381,[],[23563]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A lógica transmídia funda-se nos princípios da narrativa transmídia (Jenkins, 2009;2010): potencial de compartilhamento/profundidade; continuidade/multiplicidade; imersão/extração; construção de universos; serialidade; subjetividade; e performance.",1,-1,[],[7860]],["Adotamos, assim, a definição peirceana de lógica (ou semiótica) para descrever a lógica transmídia como uma dinâmica (semiose) que incorpora desvios resultantes de associações (experiência colateral) à referência (objeto) para expandir continuamente os significados (interpretante).",1,-1,[],[7860]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the pandemic, the front-lines included many different places such as: airports and border gates where there was a high possibility of spreading diseases; quarantines where people returning from epidemic areas temporarily lived waiting for test results; hospitals, clinics where doctors and patients were fighting against the virus.",1,-1,[],[47672]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["System 2",1,2185,[],[2129]],["rational",1,635,[],[17510]],["reflective",1,15686,[],[17510]]],"rt":[["Type 1 response",1,28942,[],[17510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Jogappas of Karnataka",1,-1,[],[11697]],["Mahuwahines of Hawai'i",1,-1,[],[11697]],["Muxes of Oaxaca",1,-1,[],[11697]],["agender individuals do not subscribe to gender at all",1,-1,[],[11697]],["genderfluid persons do not identify with a single gender",1,-1,[],[11697]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["can have significant implications for knowledge acquisition",1,-1,[],[54770]],["in general, longer words are more frequent in registers that prioritise efficient communication because longer words, especially nouns, tend to convey more complex information",1,-1,[],[2177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can help estimate how acceptable the prediction would be to users",1,-1,[],[11926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we can study the various adaptations and modifications to an ideal model as a unified body of cinema.",1,-1,[],[16472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mentalizing",1,34209,[],[1569]],["mindshaping",1,13612,[],[540]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["geographic scope",1,-1,[],[46425]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["periodismo de datos",1,18928,[],[34919]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["health surveillance",1,-1,[],[59451]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Factors such as media owners, capital and media income are considered to be more decisive in how media looks. These factors can determine what events can or cannot be displayed in the news, as well as the direction in which the tendency of media coverage is directed.",1,-1,[],[37396]]],"sy":[["political economy approach",1,-1,[["political economy approach",1],["the political economy approach",1]],[37396]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["an area which gives linguistic objects a predictive power such as predicting voter behavior and election results (Yano et al. 2013;Qiu et al. 2015), predicting deception (Fitzpatrick et al. 2015), or intention to buy (Ding et al. 2015).",1,-1,[],[24830]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The approach is based on the social cognitive theory of mass communication (Bandura 1986(Bandura , 2002)), which provides a conceptual framework for understanding how media influences people's thoughts and behaviours.",1,-1,[],[4459]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Personal-level policies",1,10012,[],[4459]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This organizational setup grants the editorial policy a central place in shaping the news practices in a newsroom",1,-1,[],[57717]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["As suggested by the literature, policy branding and framing are critical aspects of how political actors communicate, influence, and shape public perception and political discourse regarding their approaches and ideologies to specific issues.",1,-1,[],[53034]],["Basu and Wang (2009, pp. 84-86) identify three aspects of brand strategy, which include brand definition (identity of the brand), brand communication (means to identify, express, and share the product), and brand management (promote, protect, and sustain the brand).",1,-1,[],[53034]],["By building resonance and trust among stakeholders, policy branding seeks to improve the legitimacy and perceived worth of the policies while swaying public opinion and garnering support.",1,-1,[],[53034]],["For Raev and Minkman (2020), policy branding increases the legitimacy and visibility of newly implemented or revised policies in order to engender favourable feelings in them and win over important stakeholders and, ultimately, voters, built on the perception and enactment of the experience of the \"product\" and its \"value.\"",1,-1,[],[53034]],["For migration policies, this can encompass humanitarian, economically strategic, or security-oriented angles, depending on their objectives.",1,-1,[],[53034]],["Policy branding, which is a more frivolous way compared to policy framing (as its goal is more superficial), is utilized in order for a specific goal to be achieved.",1,-1,[],[27918]],["The process of",1,-1,[],[27918]],["The ultimate goal, according to Marsh and Fawcett (2011) is to persuade the public about the value and the eminence of the policy (or the political message) promoted.",1,-1,[],[27918]],["Therefore, policy branding is the means to create a convincing narrative by using specific descriptions and ciphers.",1,-1,[],[27918]],["To achieve this, the process revolves around creating a cohesive and consistent brand image that resonates with the target audience, aiming to increase awareness, understanding, and positive perception of the policy.",1,-1,[],[53034]],["a procedure that governance institutions use to promote a deliberate message, even if this is not on track with what the institution is expected to do",1,-1,[],[27918]],["branding has become a tactic utilized at the political level, as well as the policymaking process level, playing an important role in policy framing and-consequently-in policy development.",1,-1,[],[27918]],["branding in policymaking involves crafting a unique and recognisable identity for a policy to promote its objectives and build support.",1,-1,[],[53034]],["branding in policymaking is utilized (mainly) in order to help governments, key stakeholders, and actors to deal with crises.",1,-1,[],[27918]],["branding seems to be \"less a way of improving the quality of a product and more a way of marketing it to consumers\" (Marsh & Fawcett, 2011, p. 516).",1,-1,[],[27918]],["policy branding is the means to create a convincing narrative by using specific descriptions and ciphers.",1,-1,[],[27918]],["the image that branding creates (or the brand that the respective stakeholders develop) aims to mitigate the noise around a topic and the possible tension surrounding it.",1,-1,[],[27918]]],"sy":[["branding in policymaking",1,-1,[],[53034]]],"rt":[["branding",1,16024,[],[27918]],["branding in marketing",1,-1,[],[53034]],["framing",1,22777,[],[53034]],["nation branding",1,7953,[],[27918]],["policy framing",1,28330,[],[27918]],["political branding",1,2523,[],[27918]],["public branding",1,-1,[],[27918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Branding",1,16024,[],[27918]],["policy framing",1,28330,[],[27918]]],"ex":[["the IMO performs a kind of greenwashing of its action.",1,-1,[],[27918]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To our knowledge, IBD is the first algorithmic method to automatically identify individual words that are strongly associated with intersectionality.",1,-1,[],[7366]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Three-Dimensional Model of metaphor",1,20246,[],[36842]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The novelty of Knox et al. 2019's design is that it allows the experimenters to measure the extent to which ex ante stated preferences predict ex post actual treatment choices.",1,-1,[],[57332]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["religion and culture is in-separable",1,-1,[],[17712]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Systemic Functional Linguistic theory of Appraisal",1,-1,[],[21811]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Wrong meanings shape misinformation but also misunderstanding in the social relations.",1,-1,[],[13399]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["interruption of the integrity of information",1,-1,[],[13399]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["binary-race (non-hispanic Whites vs. non-hispanic Blacks), binary-gender (Male vs. Female)foot_1 and binaryage (18-34 vs. 35+)",1,-1,[],[23581]],["factors such as the gender or the race of the individual, or any other factor which we deem to be irrelevant to the decision",1,-1,[["factors such as the gender or the race of the individual, or any other factor which we deem to be irrelevant to the decision",1],["factors such as the gender or the race of the individual, or any other factor which we deem to be irrelevant to the decision.",1]],[23581]]],"sy":[["sensitive attribute",1,22547,[],[19312]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["binary-gender",1,-1,[],[23581]],["binary-race",1,-1,[],[23581]],["binaryage",1,-1,[],[23581]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["ethnicity",1,-1,[],[5945]],["gender",1,-1,[],[5945]],["gender, race, religion, etc.",1,-1,[],[19312]],["sex",1,-1,[],[5945]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In addition to preserving factual consistency-the focus of much prior work (Kryscinski et al., 2020;Goyal and Durrett, 2020;Wang et al., 2020a;Pagnoni et al., 2021;Feng et al., 2023a;Tam et al., 2023)",1,-1,[],[28176]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":40,"df":[["stance classification of individual tweets discussing a rumour within a conversational thread as one of support, deny, query, or comment",2,-1,[],[6848,30316]]],"de":[["In stance classification, a user might agree with another user who is denying a rumour and hence they are denying the rumour as well, irrespective of the pairwise agreement.",1,-1,[],[6848]],["In stance classification, the subject under investigation is generally a person, organization, policy, or opinion",1,-1,[],[38109]],["Stance classification [5,6] shows the position of support or response from public opinion to the news using classification techniques based on data or attitudes toward a particular target [7].",1,-1,[],[29468]],["The approach has been to train a classifier from a labelled set of tweets to categorise the stance observed in new tweets discussing rumours",1,-1,[],[17382]],["This component can be useful to facilitate the task of the subsequent component dealing with veracity classification.",1,-1,[],[6848]],["as there are multiple class labels like support, deny, query, and comment.",1,-1,[],[56044]],["for each article headline we assign a stance label which is one of for, against, or observing, indicating whether the article is supporting, refuting, or just reporting the claim, respectively.",1,-1,[],[61541]],["given a claim and an article",1,-1,[],[12233]],["implies predictions per-tweet",1,-1,[],[22290]],["in stance classification, the orientation of a user toward a rumour has to be determined",1,-1,[],[6848]]],"sy":[["Stance Detection (SD)",3,25533,[["Stance Detection (SD)",1],["Stance detection",1],["stance detection",1]],[13207,30316,33928]],["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[25599]],["incongruent headline detection",1,10651,[],[25599]]],"rt":[["agreement/disagreement detection",1,19266,[],[6848]],["attitude",1,13566,[],[52854]],["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[29468]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[52854]],["rumour analysis",1,26970,[],[30316]],["rumour resolution",1,294,[],[30316]],["rumour stance classification",1,31945,[],[23302]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[21770]],["stance classification in the context of sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[21770]],["textual entailment",1,31620,[],[21770]],["verification",1,13930,[],[12233]]],"sb":[["against",1,24738,[],[29652]],["comment",1,2384,[],[30316]],["commenting",1,3207,[],[29652]],["deny",1,3965,[],[30316]],["denying",1,4470,[],[29652]],["favor",1,22386,[],[29652]],["negative (against)",1,-1,[],[38109]],["neutral (none or neither)",1,-1,[],[38109]],["neutral (observing)",1,-1,[],[29468]],["none",1,15626,[],[29652]],["opposing (against)",1,-1,[],[29468]],["positive (in favor)",1,-1,[],[38109]],["query",1,17088,[],[30316]],["querying",1,6266,[],[29652]],["support",1,12620,[],[30316]],["supporting",1,7180,[],[29652]],["supporting (for)",1,-1,[],[29468]]],"sp":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[29652]],["rumour resolution",1,294,[],[22290]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[38109]],["textual entailment",1,31620,[],[21770]]],"ex":[["neutral (observing)",1,-1,[],[29468]],["opposing (against)",1,-1,[],[29468]],["supporting (for)",1,-1,[],[29468]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It is not merely a semantic phenomenon, but a social structure where meaning is redefined through interaction and conflict.",1,-1,[],[30303]],["The architecture of the platform contributes to the viral nature of discursive drift, amplifying hate speech and discriminatory expressions.",1,-1,[],[30303]],["This discursive drift constitutes a form of collective appropriation of public discourse, where the news ceases to be a point of arrival and becomes a narrative trigger for political, emotional, and moralizing expressions.",1,-1,[],[30303]],["journalistic frames of the political situation are recontextualized by the audience until they lose their informative character and transform into emotional narratives of opposition and contempt.",1,-1,[],[30303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["On YouTube, each comment rewrites the news story from an affective or ideological perspective, transforming communication into a networked and emotionally charged process.",1,-1,[],[30303]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Whereas news waves are identified based on an increase in coverage relative to the number of events, media hypes are defined by a self-reinforcing process of news production resulting in an increased number of articles pertaining to a single issue.",1,-1,[],[55927]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame alignment",1,12005,[],[16088]],["frame amplification",1,7484,[],[16088]],["frame expansion",1,13252,[],[16088]],["news waves",1,32961,[],[55927]],["problematisation",1,2363,[],[16088]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["levels of sentimental analysis",1,-1,[],[25993]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[25993]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an attempt at 'post-ing' that precisely mirrors postfeminist and post-race arguments",1,-1,[],[9016]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the proliferation of TV lesbian weddings, for example, an attempt at 'post-ing'",1,-1,[],[9016]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Among them, the five-stage lifecycle model is the most common, containing the following stages: budding stage, spread stage, outbreak stage, recession stage, and long-tail stage (see Fig 2 for details).",1,-1,[],[31452]],["In existing studies, after induction, the life-cycle model of information is typically divided into four, five, or six stages [20]. Among them, the five-stage lifecycle model is the most common, containing the following stages: budding stage, spread stage, outbreak stage, recession stage, and long-tail stage",1,-1,[],[31452]],["Lifecycle theory was initially applied to product iteration and economic development. In recent years, some scholars have introduced this theory to the field of emergency information management and control of public opinion",1,-1,[],[31452]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["budding stage",1,-1,[],[31452]],["long-tail stage",1,-1,[],[31452]],["outbreak stage",1,-1,[],[31452]],["recession stage",1,-1,[],[31452]],["spread stage",1,-1,[],[31452]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[546]],["motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[546]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These stories can appear months -or years -after the death. Post-judicial stories usually focus on the legal case, and less on the relatives' reaction to the verdict.",1,-1,[],[21561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["court case",1,-1,[],[21561]],["inquest",1,-1,[],[21561]],["legal proceedings",1,-1,[],[21561]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["prompt a health-defending motive (e.g., Greving et al., 2015) in order to protect a healthy self-image",1,-1,[],[42541]],["risk feedback is likely to directly prompt a health-defending motive (e.g., Greving et al., 2015) in order to protect a healthy self-image",1,-1,[],[42541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["defense motives",1,6648,[],[42541]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["novel and direct metaphor",1,-1,[],[41025]]],"sp":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[41025]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender equality",1,24644,[],[60419]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["MPs in later decades rather pursued partisan media tactics to enhance their party's individual visibility.",1,-1,[],[56527]]],"sy":[["partisan tactics",1,-1,[],[56527]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["individuals view sources that affirm their beliefs as more trustworthy and accurate",1,-1,[],[8751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[17110]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["directional biases",1,-1,[],[8751]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["By identifying clusters of related terms, we can better comprehend the complexity of the narratives presented and the dynamics that shape public perception.",1,-1,[],[48251]],["and it plays a crucial role in understanding the nuances of language in news articles.",1,-1,[],[48251]],["it helps to illuminate the underlying themes and issues being addressed",1,-1,[],[48251]],["it plays a crucial role in understanding the nuances of language in news articles",1,-1,[],[48251]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["codeswitching",1,10233,[],[37984]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This creates an important inequality in power over the collective decision-making that violates the fundamental principle of political equality.",1,-1,[],[28794]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conflict of interests and aims",1,-1,[],[28794]],["systematic inequality of political sophistication",1,-1,[],[28794]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The word, \"体系 ti xi\" (system) has the basic meaning of natural organization (e.g., biological system).",1,-1,[],[34795]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["internet memes and gifs",1,-1,[],[20853]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["users indeed interpret flagging as a means to indicate violations of usage policies and as an expression of a need for consistent sanctions.",1,-1,[],[9116]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bystander intervention",1,7309,[],[9116]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["election integrity",1,6339,[],[52370]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["When a problem is simple, intuitive thinking helps us to come to quick decisions, gives us important cognitive shortcuts, and thus reduces endeavor and time.",1,-1,[],[57622]]],"sy":[["System 1",1,16472,[],[57622]]],"rt":[["analytical thinking",1,5108,[],[1459]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["alegria",1,-1,[],[26493]],["tristeza",1,29340,[],[26493]],["vergonha",1,24895,[],[26493]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["sockpuppet",1,18,[],[19223]]],"rt":[["sockpuppets",1,18,[],[19223]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["signifier",1,24632,[],[22066]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["multiple reports about tension in a specific region that do not reflect reality are created. Afterward, a fake story emerges about the outbreak of a conflict, while in reality, the local authorities sought international assistance",1,-1,[],[50860]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["endogenous preference",1,19113,[],[17090]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["engagement",1,29662,[],[43325]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["direkten Meinungsäußerungen",1,-1,[],[21219]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has existed for ages in the West. It started off early in Christian history as a mechanism of self-defence.",1,-1,[],[47977]]],"sy":[["The fear and intolerance of other religions",1,-1,[],[47977]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["co-operative interruption",1,-1,[],[27502]],["overlap",1,12523,[],[27502]]],"sb":[["co-operative interruption",1,-1,[],[27503]],["overlap",1,12523,[],[27503]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["external threats",1,-1,[],[5629]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["First, I examined whether opinion-leading journalists engaged in a rallying-around-the-flag effect, i.e., sided with the government in the initial phase of the crisis.",1,-1,[],[61532]],["opinion-leading journalists engaged in a rallying-around-the-flag effect",1,-1,[],[61532]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["can have a pernicious effect on societies 11 , for example, increasing the spread of disinformation 12 , manipulating political preferences 13,14 , or promoting maladaptive consumer decision-making 15,16 .",1,-1,[],[18955]],["offers tremendous opportunities to promote desired behaviors, including a healthy lifestyle [6][7][8] , financial saving 9 , or support for environmentalism 10",1,-1,[],[18955]],["one of the most effective messaging strategies",1,-1,[],[18955]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-personalized communication",1,-1,[],[18955]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["monologic",1,-1,[],[10687]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Mass media, like newspapers, radio and television",1,-1,[],[10687]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Data mining can aid journalists in revealing past unnoticed associations between statistically significant variables, leading to the verification of composite ideas and theories.",1,-1,[],[54763]],["In news creation, data mining technology can intensely involve news detection, information gathering, editing, and processing",1,-1,[],[54763]],["It can also uncover current social drifts and automatically focus on exact clients who might observe the content as being more pertinent and being applied along with automated content creation",1,-1,[],[54763]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["knowledge discovery",1,-1,[],[54763]]],"sb":[["deep data mining",1,-1,[],[54763]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Quakebot is helpful for data mining and automated content creation since the application can find and use information from more massive datasets.",1,-1,[],[54763]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Episodes show the organization of textual sequences of propositions, outline macropropositions, perform cognitive functions, and highlight coherence relations among propositions.",1,-1,[],[53723]],["that are represented in mental models stored in episodic memory",1,-1,[],[53724]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["in this case the six raters",1,-1,[],[23423]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Terms such as \"wife-battering\" or \"wife basher\" were previously used to describe violence occurring between intimate partners.",1,-1,[],[8913]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["child abuse",1,-1,[],[8913]],["coercive control",1,32790,[],[8913]],["emotional abuse",1,-1,[],[8913]],["financial abuse",1,-1,[],[8913]],["sexual abuse",1,8889,[],[8913]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news literacy",1,14494,[],[12987]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such a framing may considerably affect the way through which people understand the role of a woman in the community, her value and the expectations related to her behavior and appearance.",1,-1,[],[53906]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing",1,22777,[],[53906]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["emerged in military studies in the 1950s and is now gaining momentum in political sciences",1,-1,[],[27814]],["is often applied to propaganda, disinformation, and censorship in both military and non-military confrontations",1,-1,[],[27814]],["often applied to propaganda, disinformation, and censorship in both military and non-military confrontations",1,-1,[],[27814]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["intended to dehumanize minority groups, vilify those seen as disloyal, and shape public beliefs that would render systematic atrocities acceptable",1,-1,[],[27814]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["A weaker version of this hypothesis holds that downstream harms are at least mostly determined by the pretrained model",1,-1,[],[60822]],["holds that stereotypes and other biased associations in a pre-trained model are transferred to post-fine-tuning downstream tasks, where they can cause further, task-specific harms.",1,-1,[],[60822]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["este periodismo independiente tiene sustento en grupos muy importantes de la sociedad civil, los cuales pueden acotar el poder del gobernador",1,-1,[],[14001]],["periodismo independiente y crítico de la clase política y de los poderes fácticos",1,-1,[],[14001]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["informal speech",1,-1,[],[7941]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["tipo de bulo",1,-1,[],[15226]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["A proposition conceptually represents the minimal information unit in discourse.",1,-1,[],[53737,53738]],["Propositions are stated in declarative form and should ideally indicate a cause-effect relationship (e.g., if X occurs, then Y will follow). Note that propositions may be conjectural but MUST be testable, and should be rejected if they are not supported by empirical observations.",1,-1,[],[25803]],["Propositions are stated in declarative form and should ideally indicate a cause-effect relationship (e.g., if X occurs, then Y will follow). Note that propositions may be conjectural but MUST be testable, and should be rejected if they are not supported by empirical observations. However, like constructs, propositions are stated at the theoretical level, and they can only be tested by examining the corresponding relationship between measurable variables of those constructs.",1,-1,[],[25803]],["propositions may be conjectural but MUST be testable, and should be rejected if they are not supported by empirical observations.",1,-1,[],[25803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hypotheses",1,-1,[],[25803]],["textbase",1,22289,[],[53737]]],"sb":[["formulated at the theoretical level",1,-1,[],[25803]],["stated at the theoretical level",1,-1,[],[25803]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'New York City is the capital of New York state' (false)",1,-1,[],[5477]],["'it will rain tomorrow' (unknowable today)",1,-1,[],[5477]],["'over 90% of climate scientists believe in anthropogenic climate change' (true)",1,-1,[],[5477]],["like 'over 90% of climate scientists believe in anthropogenic climate change' (true), 'New York City is the capital of New York state' (false), or 'it will rain tomorrow' (unknowable today).",1,-1,[],[5477]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This reflects the sense in which egalitarianism can be, in Derek Parfit's terms, deontic",1,-1,[],[19057]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["left digital activism",1,-1,[],[32102]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["explicitly linking potentially biased claims (Eagly, Chaiken et al. 1978, Eagly andChaiken 1993) to more authoritative, and presumably objective, documentation",1,-1,[],[46538]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Abuse is a paradigmatic practice in which online users hide and reveal themselves at the same time.",1,-1,[],[17483]]],"sy":[["ABUSIVE",1,34854,[],[59934]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[31028]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Fact-checking using a knowledge graph checks whether the claims in news content can be inferred from existing facts in the knowledge networks",1,-1,[],[317]],["The knowledge network integrates linked open data, such as DBdata and Google Relation Extraction Corpus (GREC), as a heterogeneous network topology.",1,-1,[],[317]]],"sy":[["knowledge graph",1,11013,[],[317]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":30,"df":[],"de":[["A key property of pragmatic presuppositions is that they are backgrounded-a pragmatic property of being a meaning that the speaker presumes to be mutual public knowledge.",1,-1,[],[11983]],["In order to detect and analyze presuppositions in the current headline corpus, we turn to Steven Levinson's pragmatics triggers, i.e. proper names/definite descriptions, quantifiers, temporal clauses, change-of-state verbs, as well as to his elaborated findings on presuppositions shortlisted to a few dozen",1,-1,[],[40442]],["LLMs tended to rely on superficial linguistic forms instead of genuine pragmatic reasoning",1,-1,[],[40775]],["One of the most striking properties of presuppositions in discourse is their resistance to negation; in other words, they persist even if the whole utterance is negated.",1,-1,[],[40775]],["Presupposition is thus, among other things, a highly economical means of avoiding the overt assertion of content that is not intended to fulfill the speaker's informative goal in the ongoing interaction.",1,-1,[],[40775]],["They are effective instruments of manipulation in populist discourses because they are very difficult to contest",1,-1,[],[8647]],["Under a pragmatic point of view",1,-1,[],[11983]],["Unlike semantic presuppositions (Strawson, 1950), pragmatic presuppositions cannot easily be traced to specific words or phrases, but rather depend on the context and the expectations of the discourse participants (Potts, 2015).",1,-1,[],[11983]],["Usually, this is discussed in terms of the presupposed contextual knowledge that a reader draws on to read the news.",1,-1,[],[51819]],["a rhetorical device that may subtly influence audiences by packaging some content as already known at the moment of utterance.",1,-1,[],[40777]],["deals with all the meanings that are assumed as given",1,-1,[],[46513]],["might influence audiences without overtly presenting argumentative claims, which makes them a powerful and potentially manipulative tool in political rhetoric",1,-1,[],[40777]],["more or less pervasively held throughout social domains and organisations",1,-1,[],[8647]],["often employed to naturalise the truth of certain assumptions, even if such truth is not established at all",1,-1,[],[8647]],["often inferable from general knowledge",1,-1,[],[8647]],["one of the most pervasive and manipulative devices in human communication",1,-1,[],[40775]],["pragmatic presuppositions cannot easily be traced to specific words or phrases, but rather depend on the context and the expectations of the discourse participants",1,-1,[],[11983]],["presenting information as already taken for granted and shared in the common ground",1,-1,[],[40777]],["presuppositions have generally been characterized as information that is taken for granted by both the speaker and the receiver at the moment of utterance",1,-1,[],[40775]],["the \"hidden\" dynamics of presuppositions in news writing are linked to power relations and journalism's institutional role in society",1,-1,[],[51819]],["the presuppositions of a sentence determine the class of contexts in which the sentence could be felicitously uttered.",1,-1,[],[23462]]],"sy":[["pre-constructed elements",1,-1,[],[46513]]],"rt":[["implicature",2,27173,[["implicature",1],["implicatures",1]],[40442,40775]],["change-of-state verbs",1,-1,[],[40775]],["definite descriptions",1,-1,[],[40775]],["deixis",1,28202,[],[40775]],["entailment",1,12074,[],[21496]],["key device in constructing the headlines' ideational \"text-worlds\", which can strategically activate readers' \"belief systems knowledge\" and rapidly validate or shape their attitudes regarding social reality",1,-1,[],[51819]],["presupposition triggers",1,27933,[],[40775]],["reference",1,363,[],[40775]],["semantic presuppositions",1,3385,[],[11983]],["syntactic foregrounding",1,-1,[],[51819]]],"sb":[["Semantic Presuppositions",2,3385,[["Semantic Presuppositions",1],["semantic presuppositions",1]],[11983,23462]],["pragmatic presupposition",2,21274,[["pragmatic presupposition",1],["pragmatic presuppositions",1]],[11983,23462]],["change-of-state verbs",1,-1,[],[40777]],["definite descriptions",1,-1,[],[40777]],["existence presuppositions",1,15338,[],[40775]],["potentially manipulative presuppositions",1,29346,[],[40775]],["truth presuppositions",1,14554,[],[40775]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Change-of-state verbs: …commencer à bâtir une Europe-puissance …' (E. Macron). 'start building a European power'",1,-1,[],[40775]],["Definite description: Demoliremo l'Euromostro (G. Meloni). 'We'll smash the Euromonster'",1,-1,[],[40775]],["Iterative adverbs: Make America great again (R. Reagan; D. Trump)",1,-1,[],[40775]],["the adverb 'even' triggers the presupposition that other measures have already been taken to alleviate the overcrowded infrastructure, and that setting up tents was the most unexpected measure",1,-1,[],[31558]],["the statement \"the present king of France is bald\" which presupposes that there is a king of France",1,-1,[],[43381]],["the usage of person names also presupposes the existence of the referred persons",1,-1,[],[31558]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["early fusion",1,-1,[],[32318]],["late fusion",1,-1,[],[32318]]],"sb":[["Early Fusion",1,-1,[],[32318]],["Late Fusion",1,-1,[],[32318]]],"sp":[["Multimodal Fake News Detection",1,3101,[],[32318]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The risk is that a dominant group in society will also dominate the articulation of the values and principles upon which matters of freedom of expression and its limits are determined.",1,-1,[],[18719]],["value pluralism reflects the collective wisdom and experience of a legion of lawmakers, judges, and legal scholars when confronted with dilemmas pertaining to freedom of expression and its limits.",1,-1,[],[18719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Incompatibility",1,15320,[],[25659]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":527,"df":[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",7,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",4],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",2],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/ or treatment recommendation for the item described",1]],[4,11283,35828,36934,36935,54717,59066,59187]],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text",3,-1,[["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text",2],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text",1]],[38074,41583,48996]],["Frames are conceptual structures representing particular areas of knowledge and experience",2,-1,[],[41030,45169]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",2,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",1],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",1]],[16258,43242]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.",2,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.",1],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",1]],[49272,53887]],["a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them",2,-1,[],[31674,58486]],["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",2,-1,[["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",1],["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",1]],[39522,52909]]],"de":[["They are open-ended, encyclopaedic structures that serve as the cognitive 'base' against which semantically associated words are 'profiled ' and understood",2,-1,[["They are open-ended, encyclopaedic structures that serve as the cognitive 'base' against which semantically associated words are 'profiled ' and understood",1],["They are open-ended, encyclopaedic structures that serve as the cognitive 'base' against which semantically associated words are 'profiled' and understood",1]],[41030,45169]],["'framing' as an interpretive act, whether behaviorally or discursively",1,-1,[],[46635]],["A distinctive feature of the linguistic frames are the fact that they fix certain normative way of situation description which is typical for a certain language community, accepted in a definite professional circle for the description of some fragment of the outer world (situations and objects)",1,-1,[],[47939]],["A frame can be a phrase, image, analogy, or metaphor that a journalist uses to communicate the essence of an issue or event.",1,-1,[],[4]],["A frame contains communicative intention even if it does not express authorial intent.",1,-1,[],[47982]],["A frame is considered context-sensitive. It is shaped in four locations: i) communicator, ii) texts, iii) receiver, and iv) culture",1,-1,[],[59187]],["A frame is most effective when it becomes salient, as the frame is ultimately taken for granted as a natural means to think of an issue.",1,-1,[],[42477]],["A frame is, as it were, brought into a story 'from the outside'.",1,-1,[],[4586]],["A specific context reveals a specific vision of a phenomenon. Frames encode that specific information.",1,-1,[],[58928]],["A topic operationalized by topic modelling, in this sense, corresponds to the first of these two components of a frame, that is, a list of semantically coherent words used as framing devices",1,-1,[],[10464]],["According to Entman's approach, frames often emerge as coherent narratives constructed from logically related elements (Matthes and Kohring, 2008).",1,-1,[],[54868]],["According to Reese (2010), frames are always an abstraction; they manifest themselves in various directions, and he argues that the frames tend to be more general and extensive than the journalism's own production of news themes, factual issues and topics (p. 18, 21).",1,-1,[],[38714]],["Among these effects, classification, emphasis, and exclusion are central (Hussein 2017: 84-85).",1,-1,[],[50022]],["Around this core, peripheral concepts form a background that provides relational and nuanced meaning by linking Russia and Ukraine to different roles, events, and topologies.",1,-1,[],[41620]],["As cognitive shortcuts, they enable efficient processing of complex information, often reinforcing existing predispositions.",1,-1,[],[807]],["As per this definition, a frame is largely determined by its outcome effects, such as four functions: a) defining problems, b) diagnosing causes, c) making judgments, and d) suggesting remedies.",1,-1,[],[59187]],["At first 'frame' is intended as a conceptual structure for organizing one's outlook in terms of providing the categories to become a reality.",1,-1,[],[34139]],["Because of this structuring function, a theme is also called a frame",1,-1,[],[26432]],["Branigan continues his discussion on the frame as the rationale for the gaze or the view of the image.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["By defining what the essential issue is and suggesting how to think about it, frames imply what, if anything, should be done.",1,-1,[],[6206]],["Conventional frames can be compelling in the coherent interpretation of discourse by language users",1,-1,[],[39078]],["Depending on both the corpus and the theory, the resulting thematic structures (i.e., probability distribution over words) may either be interpreted as actual topics (e.g., environment versus economy), as issues (e.g., climate change), or as frames (e.g., the emphasis on the scientific consensus), depending on the underlying type of text corpus [71].",1,-1,[],[27131]],["Die Entman-Definition hat den Vorteil, dass sie auf Grund ihrer weiten Verbreitung sozusagen das Bindeglied zwischen verschiedenen Forschungsrichtungen ist und demnach auch als Grundlage für die immer wieder eingeforderten Integrationsbemühungen dienen kann.",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Die hier vorgeschlagene Methode geht davon aus, dass sich die durch eine Inhaltsanalyse erfassten Frame-Elemente in einer charakteristischen Weise gruppieren und so zu einem Muster formen.",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Different topics of public interest relate to different social functions of framing.",1,-1,[],[27224]],["Each frame represents a specific perspective, context, or interpretation.",1,-1,[],[35046]],["Each overarching frame had to include a unique problem definition not covered by any other frame.",1,-1,[],[43242]],["Entman (1993) defined frames through the mechanisms of selection and salience, whereby communicators highlight specific problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations, and action recommendations",1,-1,[["Entman (1993) defined frames through the mechanisms of selection and salience, whereby communicators highlight specific problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations, and action recommendations",1],["Entman (1993) defined frames through the mechanisms of selection and salience, whereby communicators highlight specific problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations, and action recommendations.",1]],[807]],["Entman (1993), in turn, writes that the framing process involves \"select[ing] some aspects of a perceived reality and mak [ing] them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\" (p. 52).",1,-1,[],[61753]],["Entman defined framing as selecting certain aspects of reality and making them more salient to promote a specific interpretation or response.",1,-1,[],[48950]],["Entman's (1993) definition of the four functions (or elements) of a frame -to define an issue, suggest its causes, propose solutions and assign moral evaluations.",1,-1,[],[54001]],["Experimental framing research demonstrates that carefully crafted frames influence people's political viewpoints (Maoz et al. 2007;Zellman 2015).",1,-1,[],[50022]],["For Hussein, \"frames are complex cognitive, perceptual, and meaning structures which individuals impose on [the] information environment and with the help of which they operate in the construction of the meaning of realities\" (2017: 83).",1,-1,[],[50022]],["For this reason, because the frames often being implicit and unnoticed, they often make an impression on an unconscious level (cf. Van Gorp, 2007, p. 63-64).",1,-1,[],[38714]],["Frame analysis assumes that the press not only sets an agenda in terms of what issues are salient or important for the public, but also shapes how readers may define problems, attribute causes, and evaluate solutions",1,-1,[],[4860]],["Frame can be viewed as a neural circuit of a synapse in the brain.",1,-1,[],[41521]],["Frame is a kind of universal scheme for assembling the \"mosaic\" of cognitive images. This is a carcass, basing on which one can quickly \"build\" different mental operations and take appropriate actions, i.e. speed up the response.",1,-1,[],[47939]],["Frame is also a metaphorical mindset with which to make people think and reason in a more logical manner (Ji & Wang, 2019).",1,-1,[],[41521]],["Frame is the psychological structure related to the real world.",1,-1,[],[41521]],["Frame shapes and influences the way we reason and behave (ibid).",1,-1,[],[41521]],["FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010) distinguishes between core elements, which are essential to the meaning of a frame, and non-core elements, which do not uniquely characterise the frame but which nevertheless may be a salient feature of it.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["Frames are Gestalt structures such that any frame-element provides an access point to the rest of the frame which, as a function, is brought to bear in conceptualisation.",1,-1,[],[41030]],["Frames are a way of linking culture and behavior: rather than causing the behavior, which would imply a cause-effect relation, frames condition behavior",1,-1,[],[44626]],["Frames are assumed to be manifested in slots through lexical markers",1,-1,[],[51468]],["Frames are considered constructs through which the audience develops the meaning of their surroundings.",1,-1,[],[48148]],["Frames are knowledge structures containing systems of categories and categorical associations.",1,-1,[],[44533]],["Frames are modelled in terms of a defining set of frame elements, which are constitutive of a general situation-or event-type, as well as frame-relations in which frames enter into different types of relation with one another",1,-1,[],[41030]],["Frames are modelled in terms of a set of defining semantic roles, or frame elements, which are constitutive of a general situation-or event-type.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["Frames are more dialogic, more dynamic and more unstable than ideologies are",1,-1,[],[34496]],["Frames are performed, and are thus vulnerable to \"breaking apart\", reversal and subversion",1,-1,[],[35192]],["Frames are schemas through which individuals make sense of the world through collectively shared ideas, while at the same time negotiating them.",1,-1,[],[46918]],["Frames as shared fi gures are based on the attitudes of the journalist (columnists) who organize the reality and the audience that is able to understand the meaning of the frame",1,-1,[],[57917]],["Frames can be detected within the content of cognitive structures of journalists, news media, in the minds of individuals and strategic communications of political and organisational actors",1,-1,[],[51240]],["Frames can be schemas, global models, scenes, scripts, or frameworks uniting denotative situations or unified constructs of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[43546]],["Frames can be seen as strategic weapons as they may help generate favourable opinions about the preferred policy alternative of an advocate.",1,-1,[],[35828,35829]],["Frames can therefore be seen as strategic weapons that may help generate support for the preferred policy alternative of a group",1,-1,[],[36935]],["Frames consist of metaphors, catchphrases, images, and other symbolic devices that people can use to construct meanings of topics such as emerging technologies",1,-1,[],[61753]],["Frames consist of metaphors, catchphrases, images, and other symbolic devices that people can use to construct meanings of topics such as emerging technologies (Gamson & Modigliani, 1989).",1,-1,[],[61753]],["Frames define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments about causal agents and their effects, and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[44626]],["Frames diagnose the issues and conflicts, determine what are causes of conflict between the opposite parties, identifying the agents that are responsible for creating the conflict, make more judgments regarding effects of the conflicts, present remedies and take necessary steps for the resolution of conflicts.",1,-1,[],[48148]],["Frames emphasize a particular problem definition, its underlying causes, and its consequences.",1,-1,[],[42709]],["Frames emphasize a particular problem definition, its underlying causes, and its consequences. They thus promote a certain interpretation that contributes to the persuasiveness of arguments and suggests a positive or negative evaluation of the issue at stake",1,-1,[],[42709]],["Frames emphasize a particular problem definition, its underlying causes, and its consequences. They thus promote a certain interpretation that contributes to the persuasiveness of arguments and suggests a positive or negative evaluation of the issue at stake (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[42709]],["Frames enable readers to see and recognise religious converts, who are thus made intelligible.",1,-1,[],[35192]],["Frames exist at different levels of generality such that one frame may be seen as a more specific instantiation of another frame, which is therefore included within its meaning.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["Frames exist on multiple levels: in communicative texts, such as news stories, Hollywood films, television dramas, and interpersonal conversations; in the minds of audience members; and as part of a broader culture",1,-1,[],[61753]],["Frames help reporters to cope with large amounts of information and to make it ready for distribution to the public",1,-1,[],[40738]],["Frames implicitly hold evidentiary information that determines what is 'relevant' (Hertog & McLeod, 1995, p. 4) and suggest 'what the issue is' (Tankard Jr., et. al., 1991).",1,-1,[],[44124]],["Frames in moving pictures become rhetorical figures, describing the entire film within a narrative structure that unfolds into a story. It provides the psychic state of the film.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["Frames include both the rhetorical tools fashioned by political elites to advance their ideas and the often-unarticulated rules of selection, emphasis, and presentation that govern the work of journalism.",1,-1,[],[6206]],["Frames of different conceptual precision constitute a hierarchy, within which issue-specific frames nest within a broader category.",1,-1,[],[51468]],["Frames provide a broader definition of an ongoing situation and they are culture specific and socially shared.",1,-1,[],[8613]],["Frames provide the conceptual foundations for people to perceive social realities",1,-1,[["Frames provide the conceptual foundations for people to perceive social realities",1],["Frames provide the conceptual foundations for people to perceive social realities.",1]],[27224]],["Frames rest on the blend of prevailing systems of believes, metaphors and worldviews, knowledge and evidence of facts and trends, power relations as well as organisational culture of specific actors.",1,-1,[],[1632]],["Frames selectively emphasise certain aspects of an issue while omitting others, constructing particular narratives.",1,-1,[],[805]],["Frames serve as the underlying foundations on which narratives are expressed.",1,-1,[],[11117]],["Frames serve to shape agendas, steer public opinion, and inform policy decisions, thereby functioning as powerful tools in political and institutional communication (Riker 1986).",1,-1,[],[807]],["Frames simplify the story-writing process for journalists and help audiences make sense of what they encounter in the news.",1,-1,[],[4]],["Frames structuring media discourse can either support the prevalent cultural understandings of certain phenomena or challenge these dominant perceptions.",1,-1,[],[37508]],["Frames suggest how politics should be thought about, thereby encouraging citizens to understand events and issues in particular ways.",1,-1,[],[6206]],["Frames werden an vier verschiedenen Punkten des Kommunikationsprozesses lokalisiert: beim Kommunikator (1), beim Journalisten (2), beim Medieninhalt/Text (3) und beim Rezipienten (4).",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Frames were defined as recurring themes or perspectives used to present climate change issues.",1,-1,[],[31835]],["Frames, however, are not neutral. Journalists, interest groups, environmentalists, and party elites all compete to elevate frames conducive to their interests and ideologies",1,-1,[],[36308]],["Framing concerns defining a problem in a particular way and linking this problem definition to relevant solutions.",1,-1,[],[36934,36935]],["Framing explains the mechanisms by which language and selected images in the construction of a specific kind of discourse promote a particular interpretation of the presented events (Entman, 1993;Bogetić, 2018;Porto, 2023).",1,-1,[],[39038]],["Framing involves four key steps: \"define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies\"",1,-1,[],[19654]],["Framing is described as how the media packages and presents information or messages to the public",1,-1,[],[34706]],["Framing is described as how the media packages and presents information or messages to the public (30).",1,-1,[],[34706]],["Framing is inherently relational: it forges connections between narrative elements to create meaning, salience, and resonance.",1,-1,[],[807]],["Framing is not about what the audience should think but how the public should think about something",1,-1,[],[36658]],["Framing is thus viewed as essential to the construction of meaning and the process of human communication",1,-1,[],[27150]],["Framing is to focus the attention of those in the field of meaning.",1,-1,[],[34139]],["Framing theory illuminates the process by which communicators strategically highlight specific facets of a perceived reality within a communication text",1,-1,[],[1211]],["Furthermore, he posits that frames serve four functions: to state problems, determine causes, make moral judgements and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[40163]],["Goffman expanded on this concept in 1974, assuming frames as behavioral pieces that guide individuals in reading reality.",1,-1,[],[53249]],["How often a frame appeared in the materials did not matter for defining it as a frame.",1,-1,[],[43242]],["If framing is about selection and salience, it is also about excluding and repressing other aspects",1,-1,[],[27974]],["In FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010), frames are made up of core elements, which are essential to the meaning of a frame, and non-core elements, which do not uniquely characterise the frame but which may nevertheless be a salient feature of it.",1,-1,[],[41027]],["In Gitlin's words, frames can be understood as 'persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse' (Gitlin, 1980).",1,-1,[],[30513]],["In a news text, the frame represents an imprint of power, calling to attention some aspects of reality while obscuring others (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[11283]],["In cinematic language, a frame, through various techniques, can conceal or suggest intended meanings.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["In discourse, frames are accessed or activated by references, explicit or implicit, to the frame or its aspects.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["In doing so, frames refer to widely recognized repertoires (Donati, 1992;Fisher, 1997): a frame's problem definition, causal explanation, and treatment recommendation jointly present a causal sequence that instantiates familiar ways in which issues are caused, and can be addressed (Sibley et al., 2006).",1,-1,[],[9275]],["In knowledge engineering frame means the way of compact storage of information in the conciousness.",1,-1,[],[47939]],["In linguistic discourse, a frame is typically accessed via verbs or nominalisations denoting action elements within it.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["In media research, frames can be used as analytical lenses",1,-1,[],[38001]],["In order to change opinion, a frame must not only be compelling (i.e., fit its subject well), though it must be that, and it must not only induce large numbers of people to think about the subject in a new way, though it must do that as well. To change opinion, a frame must also induce large numbers of people to think about the subject in a way that pushes them in a new direction",1,-1,[],[6205]],["In the context of politics, ideological positions related to the social agents producing public frames, organize the semantics of frames.",1,-1,[],[27224]],["In the functional perspective, the notion of a frame is disclosed in terms of 'central ideas', organizing how people discuss public events and interpret things.",1,-1,[],[51468]],["In this regard, a text can communicate only one frame, which can also be understood as the specific way journalists choose to affect a story's impact and reception.",1,-1,[],[37739]],["In this view, a frame could be better understood and revealed (coded) through identifying clusters of specific aspects which are conceptually pertinent and empirically observable.",1,-1,[],[27149]],["It could be a set of stereotypes working as cognitive \"filters\" for making complex social realities easy to interpret.",1,-1,[],[19654]],["It entails deliberately organising information into structured narratives that resonate with audiences and guide their understanding of the world.",1,-1,[],[807]],["It is a political strategy that used to bias the discussion on an issue toward a specific stance.",1,-1,[],[28619]],["It is through the frame that communication mediums introduce certain ways of looking at a fact scheduled by the media, making it possible to activate reality reading processes that encourage the audience to think, feel and take action on certain frames",1,-1,[],[43564]],["Keeping in mind that frames are dialogic, dynamic and unstable",1,-1,[],[34496]],["Markedly, framing rests on selection, exclusion and emphasis as communicators choose which information to include, which to omit and which to highlight through repetition.",1,-1,[],[31212]],["Matthes and Kohring (2008) specify generic, not case-specific, elements that constitute a frame on public issues and events, including problem definition, moral evaluation (valence), and causal interpretation (attribution of failure/success).",1,-1,[],[27149]],["Media frames are employed to define issues, diagnose causes, induce moral judgments, or propose solutions for the issue being addressed (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[42288]],["More specifically, a frame F is subset of a set of arguments A, F ⊆ A.",1,-1,[],[17658]],["Once a frame is available in a given culture whereby people are familiar with it, it becomes engrained in the memory and may be used to give meaning to specific issues",1,-1,[],[4586]],["Policy actors frame by selecting and highlighting some features of a reality and thus simultaneously call attention to particular aspects of an issue and direct attention away from other aspects",1,-1,[],[35828]],["Policy positions rest on diverse frames, that is, diverse underlying structures of belief, perception and appreciation.",1,-1,[],[22540]],["Put simply, frames explain complex issues by lending more weight to certain considerations and activating schemas that encourage people to think in particular ways (Chong and Druckman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[54001]],["Put simply, the media can be seen to provide the public not only with information about a given thing but also how that thing should be interpreted.",1,-1,[],[37197]],["Research into media frames shows that news coverage relies on a number of identifiable frames to communicate the news to audiences and that different frames can influence readers' or viewers' perceptions of public issues.",1,-1,[],[37739]],["Researchers operating within a framing perspective are looking for cues of how language choices push our thinking in specific directions; in particular, researchers are searching for various framing devices that may have been used: keywords and rhetorical devices",1,-1,[],[43506]],["Scholars in this approach defined a frame in terms of word recurrence in a document.",1,-1,[],[59187]],["Semantically organized linguistic items have one key element around which other elements are grouped.",1,-1,[],[58928]],["Social media studies analyze which frames are prevalent in a discussion to better understand public opinion on the issue.",1,-1,[],[43524]],["Some frames shape which things seem to be related or unrelated, for example (Pain and Staeheli 2014), while others push towards seeing social-political possibilities as (perhaps artificially) binary through either-or categorisation (Mitchell 1990;Jones 2012).",1,-1,[],[50022]],["Such frames have been shown to strongly influence beliefs and attitudes, especially when they are shared across different media sources",1,-1,[],[2140]],["Taken as a noun, the concept of a 'frame' directs critical attention to the substrate of prior norms and commitments through which perception is filtered and sensemaking organized.",1,-1,[],[46548]],["The causal interpretation is about reasons and those who are responsible for the risks or benefits of the problem",1,-1,[],[43242]],["The count of topics in which a frame occurs indicates whether a frame is generic or topic-specific.",1,-1,[],[17660]],["The definition of a frame tends to vary from one study to another, depending on the research interest.",1,-1,[],[35954]],["The film world is created by combining individual frames in sequence to produce continuous motion.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["The frame structures discussions about reality systematically and gives meaning to them by either emphasizing certain information or excluding it.",1,-1,[],[27021]],["The frame, rather than an image, functions as a composition for the psychological interpretation of the spectator in understanding the experience of people in the ward.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["The frames affect the perception of the audience and will influence the decision-making process.",1,-1,[],[46716]],["The frames include the determination of the problem, defining the problem, cause of the problem, and remedies and solutions for the challenge.",1,-1,[],[46716]],["The idea of framing \"problematizes the meanings associated with relevant events, activities, places, and actors, suggesting that those meanings are typically contestable and negotiable and thus open to debate and differential interpretation\"",1,-1,[],[46918]],["The media achieves this through processes such as selection, omission, and emphasis.",1,-1,[],[52909]],["The media can cast a mold of thinking on an issue by a framing technique that highlights or deletes certain aspects of the issue leading the public to understand the issue in certain ways.",1,-1,[],[27021]],["The moral evaluation can be positive, negative, or neutral, and assesses the risks and benefits",1,-1,[],[43242]],["The salience of a frame may be constructed through the regularity of reporting, or the characterisation of an issue",1,-1,[],[42477]],["The shape of an object within the image is considered a frame, similar to a frame line.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["The study of the frames broadly categorized under the titles of oppression of the victims, individuals, blames/allegations, society, casualties, and the choice of the men.",1,-1,[],[46717]],["The term frame is also used to refer to the complete background of the image as a gestalt form.",1,-1,[],[31582]],["The treatment recommendation includes a call to action",1,-1,[],[43242]],["The way facts are communicated can significantly influence an individual's perception and interpretation of the information.",1,-1,[],[1211]],["Their salience and selection are shaped by political orientations, media logics, and audience expectations",1,-1,[],[807]],["Therefore, what each individual considers as real results from how they decode, signify, and interpret the world.",1,-1,[],[54617]],["These frames are employed by journalists for organising \"strips of the everyday world, a strip being an arbitrary slice or cut from the stream of on-going activity\"",1,-1,[],[16219]],["These frames denote the structural coherence of messages, identifying a distinct semantic core that describes relations between the primary agents of the war -Russia and Ukraine.",1,-1,[],[41620]],["These frames serve as cognitive tools that simplify complex realities, define problems, attribute causes, and propose solutions, thus guiding individuals' understanding of social issues and shaping their responses",1,-1,[],[46918]],["These mechanisms include conceptual metaphors, mental schemas and attentional biases that shape how individuals and societies engage with climate issues.",1,-1,[],[31835]],["They also highlighted the ways of editing, interpreting, organizing, and presenting information for particular news content to be framed.",1,-1,[],[59187]],["They compared a frame with a theme.",1,-1,[],[59187]],["They highlight certain aspects of an issue while downplaying others, influencing how audiences understand and respond to news.",1,-1,[],[30086,30089]],["They provide useful analytical lenses to interrogate policy narratives.",1,-1,[],[1632]],["They serve to give meaning and coherence to any text by providing a conceptual schema in terms of which the referential situation may be understood.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["They thus promote a certain interpretation that contributes to the persuasiveness of arguments and suggests a positive or negative evaluation of the issue at stake",1,-1,[],[42709]],["Think of frames as different \"lenses\" that focus attention on specific elements of a story while leaving others in the background.",1,-1,[],[30089]],["This involves giving a believable description of the events happening and suggesting their solutions as well.",1,-1,[],[48148]],["This process occurs through media frames, 'which are manifested by the presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments' (Entman, 1993, p. 52).",1,-1,[],[44124]],["This research extends media framing theory by illustrating that frames act as adaptive mechanisms responding to change rather than static interpretative packages.",1,-1,[],[52758]],["Those frames are often used in news and political texts, where the frame is shaped by inserting information in a certain context, and designing it to serve the ideology of its producer or improve understanding. However, it is sometimes used as knowledge abbreviations to link the small indications with the whole image. Indeed, frames could be in the form of key words, concepts, metaphoric descriptions, visual images and symbols that are more focused within the context (Zibin et al., 2023). Based on repetition, this mechanism aims to demonstrate certain sides and exclude others. Due to adopting certain frames, this process results in a biased view, since it lacks objectivity by not presenting all the concerned frames of a certain topic to the targeted audience (Habes et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[53902]],["Those who create media content 'select some aspect of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described' (Entman, 1993, p. 52).",1,-1,[],[44124]],["Through emphasis and exclusion, frames possess tremendous agenda-setting capacity (Burrett 2014).",1,-1,[],[50022]],["Through frames, therefore, news media may highlight certain points of view and marginalize others",1,-1,[],[35956]],["Thus frames are, as Nisbet [2009] aptly points out, particularly relevant and interesting in communicating science, since science is disassociated from everyday lives and experiences of most laymen.",1,-1,[],[38167]],["Thus, frames function as semantic constructs that shape how events are framed, classified, and conveyed within a given discursive context.",1,-1,[],[807]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/ or treatment recommendation for the item described",1,-1,[],[59066]],["Well-established frames set the terms for what likely will or will not be said in the future about certain issues (Zacher et al. 2014).",1,-1,[],[50022]],["When a situation is 'framed', certain facts are highlighted, connected to each other and together imbued with a specific meaning.",1,-1,[],[35427]],["When interest groups frame their messages, they simultaneously highlight some features of a reality and simultaneously downplay others.",1,-1,[],[36935]],["When interest groups frame their messages, they simultaneously highlight some features of a reality and simultaneously downplay others. Frames can therefore be seen as strategic weapons that may help generate support for the preferred policy alternative of a group (Boräng & Naurin, 2015;Bruycker, 2016).",1,-1,[],[36934]],["Wir nehmen an, dass sich die empirischen Ausprägungen der als Variablen operationalisierten und mittels einer Inhaltsanalyse erfassten Frame-Elemente in einer je charakteristischen Weise gruppieren und so zu verschiedenen Mustern formen können.",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Within the context of media, framing determines how issues are constructed.",1,-1,[],[46680]],["a bounding mechanism (such as a picture frame) that simultaneously limits which aspects are seen in a situation and focuses on/centres some of those elements above others",1,-1,[],[50022]],["a cognitive shortcuta psychological schema, which serves in the perception of individuals-of the public-to interpret events.",1,-1,[],[36238]],["a discursive structure within persuasive messages of political figures and other elites who make appeals within the sociopolitical conversation arena",1,-1,[],[36238]],["a frame is created based on the repertoire's assumptions about what kinds of objects and actors matter, how these primarily interact (as problem definitions, causal explanations, and treatment recommendations) and can be appraised (moral evaluation; Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[9275]],["a frame is measured through content analysis, the clustering of indices such as main topic, controversy, evaluation, etc.",1,-1,[],[53336]],["a frame's problem definition, causal explanation, and treatment recommendation jointly present a causal sequence that instantiates familiar ways in which issues are caused, and can be addressed",1,-1,[],[9275]],["a mechanism for selecting, rearranging, and arranging facts and materials that the media uses to \"represent facts.\"",1,-1,[],[47346]],["a media coverage structure. Within this incarnation, a frame serves to select particular discursive features to accompany the news coverage.",1,-1,[],[36238]],["a presentation format that follows existing conventions",1,-1,[],[48980]],["actors' perspectives",1,-1,[],[11117]],["an influential tool to construct information and alter masses' opinion of constructs around them",1,-1,[],[48148]],["are crucial units of meaning to interrogate both source texts and translated texts in translation studies.",1,-1,[],[44534]],["because they wield discursive power, frames are often strategically constructed to advocate specific political views and agendas",1,-1,[],[9275]],["coded as a specific combination of a problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation",1,-1,[],[42709]],["communicate which aspects of an issue are deemed relevant and how one should express themselves when thinking about or discussing this issue",1,-1,[],[40252]],["communication mediums introduce certain ways of looking at a fact scheduled by the media, making it possible to activate reality reading processes that encourage the audience to think, feel and take action on certain frames",1,-1,[],[43564]],["competing sides in policy debates tend to restrict their attention to very few frames on each side",1,-1,[],[17101]],["comprised of the selection of some aspects of an experience or an issue that make them more salient in a communicative context (Entman, 1993, p.52).",1,-1,[],[53265]],["denote the structural coherence of messages, identifying a distinct semantic core that describes relations between the primary agents of the war",1,-1,[],[41620]],["describing frames as dominant storylines, theme structures that make events clear.",1,-1,[],[40738]],["describing the problem, bringing possible solutions, and digging out responsible individuals, and evaluating morally are the key elements of framing",1,-1,[],[48148]],["discourse and frame work together to suggest a taken-for-granted perspective for how one might approach the problem",1,-1,[],[58535]],["diverse underlying structures of belief, perception and appreciation",1,-1,[],[22540]],["each respresenting one frame",1,-1,[],[17660]],["el frame puede representar un ambiente social en el cual se desarrolla no solo la práctica comunicativa, sino también la interpretación de lo que se transmite con la relativa construcción de significados (Goffman, 1987).",1,-1,[],[10565]],["form the representations of specific events",1,-1,[],[41620]],["frames 'diagnose, evaluate and prescribe'",1,-1,[],[43452]],["frames also live inside the mind; they are cognitive structures that help individual citizens make sense of the issues.",1,-1,[],[15376]],["frames are a kind of 'super theme'.",1,-1,[],[58535]],["frames are contained within the news and are the result of production processes in the communication media",1,-1,[],[58253]],["frames are necessary for the media to explain social phenomena; however, he emphasizes that their use will affect how audiences perceive them. Nonetheless, framing has a negative ramification because it limits the audience's attention to a particular scope (Hall, 1982). Thus, framing necessarily produces a selection effect, giving salience to some aspects of an issue while neglecting others (Entman, 1993). By emphasizing certain aspects of an issue, the media can shape popular perceptions. Using this selection process, the media induce the audience to accept a particular interpretation of a given issue.",1,-1,[],[30972]],["frames are not only about what is being discussed, but also about what is not being discussed.",1,-1,[],[42999]],["frames are often strategically constructed to advocate specific political views and agendas",1,-1,[],[9274]],["frames are thus closely embedded into interpretative repertoires: they apply the assumptions underlying established, coherent ways of interpreting the world to concrete objects.",1,-1,[],[9275]],["frames as such are anchored in the cognitive system of each individual",1,-1,[],[35471]],["frames can be understood as 'persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse'",1,-1,[],[30513]],["frames construct coherent meaning based on a selective representation of social reality",1,-1,[],[9274,9275]],["frames draw upon those interactions recognized as meaningful within a repertoire.",1,-1,[],[9275]],["frames have the ability to give meaning to problems and propose how others should think and interpret them.",1,-1,[],[51240]],["frames in the sense of abstract interpretational lenses",1,-1,[],[24633]],["frames organise cognition such that when certain words are used, the process of interpretation activates whole sets of socially organised knowledge beyond the putative definitions of those words.",1,-1,[],[50022,50024]],["frames organize-or better reorganize-information that citizens already have in mind",1,-1,[],[6206]],["frames orient and guide interpretation and are thus more context dependent than ideologies",1,-1,[],[34496]],["frames represent models of interpretation allowing a change of perspective and representing universal knowledge",1,-1,[],[35471]],["frames serve as specific interpretative tools that help us understand discourses on complex topics, such as water as a resource and the risk of water scarcity or (mis-)management.",1,-1,[],[31734]],["frames tend to make causal claims. By defining problems and identifying remedies for their solution, they present claims about reality and the relations between policy problems and solutions",1,-1,[],[35828]],["frames, which are considered tactical instruments with a structural effect upon narratives",1,-1,[],[28584]],["framing a word will help to clarify specific perspectives that are activated by a word",1,-1,[],[58925]],["framing has a negative ramification because it limits the audience's attention to a particular scope (Hall, 1982).",1,-1,[],[30972]],["framing is an individual psychological process, but it is also an organizational process and product, and a political strategic tool",1,-1,[],[36238]],["function, as Entman, Matthes & Pellicano (2009) state, 'to promote an interpretation of a problematic situation or actor and (implicit or explicit) support of a desirable response, often",1,-1,[],[28584]],["give meaning to problems and propose how others should think and interpret them",1,-1,[],[51240]],["guide the way verbal and visual discourse is organized",1,-1,[],[48950]],["highlighted the ways of editing, interpreting, organizing, and presenting information for particular news content to be framed",1,-1,[],[59187]],["how something is presented (the frame) influences the choices people make",1,-1,[],[42998]],["identifying and specifying actors' frames around an issue through which their narrative can be constructed.",1,-1,[],[19018]],["in journalism frame is sometimes understood as the carcass of a plot or an article.",1,-1,[],[47939]],["in other words, news frames influence audiences' factual judgments, value judgments, and attitude attribution towards news events and news figures.",1,-1,[],[49589]],["in principle, any aspect of the frame invoked in the course of discourse provides an access point to the rest of the frame, information encoded in which may contribute to meaning construction and affect.",1,-1,[],[45169]],["include constructions of problems, affected groups, drivers and solutions",1,-1,[],[6564]],["includes labelling of \"schemata of interpretation\" which in turns give audience the ability \"to locate, perceive, identify, and label\"",1,-1,[],[48148]],["individuals use 'schemas' (internal, cognitive frames) to process the external frames that news media use",1,-1,[],[53887]],["individuals' attempts to persuade using language and paralinguistic messages that describe, identify, and analyse an issue's characteristics and structures",1,-1,[],[34063]],["instruments of emotional arousal as well as edification",1,-1,[],[6206]],["integrating framing as a fundamental part of political communication",1,-1,[],[51240]],["its repetitive use helps the reader, viewer, or listener interpret the meaning and significance of that information",1,-1,[],[45473]],["journalists and media professionals find themselves deconstruct news into frames to make them expressive and comprehensible structures",1,-1,[],[52908,52909]],["journalists are using frames to organise strips out of the everyday world",1,-1,[],[38001]],["journalists often using the noun 'frame' to denote the characterization of an event, individual or group, and the verb 'framing' as a summary term for the characterization process.",1,-1,[],[46635]],["los frames, ofreciendo una imagen precisa de la realidad y organizando los conceptos y los argumentos relacionados con un fenómeno específico, contribuyen a brindar particulares visiones del mundo en las que se insertan las narraciones.",1,-1,[],[10567]],["many frames comprised several moral evaluations, causal interpretations, and/or treatment recommendations.",1,-1,[],[43242]],["media discourse consists of a set of competing interpretative frame packages",1,-1,[],[59208]],["mental \"information packages\", ways of revealing of verbalized knowledge.",1,-1,[],[47939]],["mentalist concepts",1,-1,[],[11117]],["multiple frames can coexist within a single article",1,-1,[],[59208]],["news frames can organize a social reality for audiences by giving meaning to different issues and promoting diverse interpretations.",1,-1,[],[49062]],["news frames give the audience direction on how to conceive of specific issues or events.",1,-1,[],[52909]],["news frames influence audiences' factual judgments, value judgments, and attitude attribution towards news events and news figures.",1,-1,[],[49589]],["news framing behaviors ensure that the representations and interpretations conveyed by the frames are part of an \"ecology of influence\" between the media and the audience",1,-1,[],[36659]],["newsrooms compose a news story within a familiar frame of meaning that the audience already understands, in the process including certain aspects of a story while excluding others, and thus proposing an evaluative paradigm for the audience",1,-1,[],[53887]],["none of the frames is solely used by one side of the debate",1,-1,[],[27131]],["offering a particular perspective",1,-1,[],[6206]],["offers a characterisation of issues being examined",1,-1,[],[42477]],["or rather remain on a highly issue-oriented, topical level.",1,-1,[],[24633]],["play an influential role in conveying political and popular interpretations of ambiguous phenomena and complex political issues such as AI.",1,-1,[],[360]],["present comprehensive knowledge in simpler form so that audience can make meanings from these frames",1,-1,[],[48148]],["presenting some selected aspects of an issue and making them more salient, which aims to promote certain values, interpretations, or solutions",1,-1,[],[59187]],["promote a specific issue definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation or treatment recommendation",1,-1,[],[51240]],["promoting and guiding towards a particular causal interpretation or moral judgement, with a strong ideological footprint",1,-1,[],[39077]],["providing an interpretive 'footing' that aligns schemas that participants to the interaction bring with them.",1,-1,[],[46638]],["psychological devices offering perspectives and manipulating judgments",1,-1,[],[44534]],["significantly affected by super-individual social processes, i.e., individual cognitive experience confronted with the common cognitive experience.",1,-1,[],[35471]],["the absence of certain frame elements and the focus on balanced evaluations and specific topics can be interpreted as a journalistic approach to presenting stories and concise information about events",1,-1,[],[46435]],["the frame is a 'boundary', 'the maker of limits', of how the frame 'defines and gives voice to the image it encloses'",1,-1,[],[46635]],["the frames form the constitutive elements for the overarching 'strategic narratives' telling the reader about both Russian and Chinese worldviews.",1,-1,[],[28584]],["the framing of a problem has a powerful effect on how people […] perceive the world and act in it",1,-1,[],[360]],["the knowledge of a frame allows the manner of the portrayal of an individual, a group or a situation to be predicted; and vice versa, the awareness of the idea of how a 'subject should go through' is related to a particular frame as a repertoire of the means suitable for that",1,-1,[],[35471]],["the meaning constructed by frames is not neutral, but suggests specific evaluations and courses of action that serve some purposes better than others",1,-1,[],[9274,9275]],["the more general 'structures of expectations' (social, cultural, political, ideological) which people draw on in talk and action",1,-1,[],[56320]],["the presence and absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments",1,-1,[],[58253]],["the problem definition contains the main problem in the text",1,-1,[],[43242]],["the researcher determines linguistic elements that signify a frame",1,-1,[],[57917]],["the results of our topic model suggest that some frames are aligned with a specific position (e.g., the denial of weather consequences reflects the skeptical position).",1,-1,[],[27131]],["the sense of a text can be expressed in the form of the filled copy of the previously made frame",1,-1,[],[47939]],["the text can communicate if the frames are the same or similar both in the sender and in the receiver.",1,-1,[],[57917]],["they are not only characteristics of a news discourse itself, but cognitive devices that help structure and process the discourse.",1,-1,[],[24633]],["they equally affect the envisioning of futures in which new technologies are expected to be crucial",1,-1,[],[360]],["they highlighted presenting some selected aspects of an issue and making them more salient, which aims to promote certain values, interpretations, or solutions.",1,-1,[],[59187]],["thus shaping our evaluation and understanding of the environment around us",1,-1,[],[8629]],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendations for the item described. Typically frames diagnose, evaluate, and prescribe",1,-1,[],[27224]],["to identify a frame in a text, a problem definition as well as at least two other frame elements had to be coded.",1,-1,[],[43242]],["to promote a specific issue definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation or treatment recommendation",1,-1,[],[51240]],["units of schematic meaning",1,-1,[],[44534]],["we treat frames as cognitive structures that shape audience interpretation by defining problems, diagnosing causes, making moral judgments, and suggesting remedies.",1,-1,[],[48260]],["were used to highlight the perspectives of the people on the Island to resist the education reform policy while simultaneously presenting a limited narrative of the political elites who described the positive elements of the law, drawing on neoliberal benefits such as economic mobility and increased competition to weed out poor performers.",1,-1,[],[46680]],["what makes a media frame is its ambivalence, i.e. the presence of alternative cognitive frames that can be activated in someone else's mind regarding the same issue or event.",1,-1,[],[54393]],["which includes defining problems, diagnosing causes, making moral judgments, and suggesting remedies",1,-1,[],[45436]]],"sy":[["Framing",4,22777,[["Framing",3],["framing",1]],[6206,19654,38167,58536]],["\"building blocks of cognition\"",1,-1,[["\"building blocks of cognition\"",1],["building blocks of cognition",1]],[50022,50024]],["\"imaginary\"",1,2838,[["\"imaginary\"",1],["imaginary",1]],[50022,50024]],["\"judgment modes\"",1,-1,[["\"judgment modes\"",1],["judgment modes",1]],[50022,50024]],["\"lens\"",1,-1,[["\"lens\"",1],["lens",1]],[50022]],["\"meaning system\"",1,-1,[["\"meaning system\"",1],["meaning system",1]],[50022,50024]],["\"mental filters\"",1,-1,[["\"mental filters\"",1],["mental filters",1]],[50022,50024]],["\"mental model\"",1,16372,[["\"mental model\"",1],["mental model",1]],[50022,50024]],["\"narratives\"",1,10497,[["\"narratives\"",1],["narratives",1]],[50022,50024]],["Frame-Konzept",1,-1,[],[16258]],["encuadre",1,19710,[],[15212]],["interpretation",1,24194,[],[50022,50024]],["interpretational lenses",1,-1,[],[24633]],["interpretative packages",1,-1,[],[27131]],["leiturasenquadramento",1,-1,[],[39847]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[49062]],["perspective",1,23315,[],[50022,50024]],["portray",1,-1,[],[50022,50024]],["primary framework",1,18657,[],[56320]],["represent",1,-1,[],[50022,50024]],["scenario",1,13791,[],[47939]],["script",1,27831,[],[47939]],["the framework of a story",1,-1,[],[27021]],["theme",1,30079,[],[26432]]],"rt":[["framing",8,22777,[["framing",6],["Framing",2]],[6206,17658,27224,38167,44625,47939,53264,57917]],["problem definition",8,19716,[["problem definition",5],["problem definitions",2],["Problemdefinition",1]],[6267,16258,27149,38581,42709,43242,60464,61928]],["causal interpretation",5,24033,[["causal interpretation",3],["causal interpretations",2]],[6267,38581,42709,43242,61928]],["moral evaluation",5,7941,[["moral evaluation",2],["moral evaluations",2],["Moral evaluations",1]],[6267,38581,42709,43242,61928]],["treatment recommendations",5,4269,[["treatment recommendations",3],["treatment recommendation",2]],[6267,42709,43242,60464,61928]],["narrative",3,10497,[["narrative",2],["narratives",1]],[11117,19018,35573]],["News Framing",2,12351,[["News Framing",1],["news framing",1]],[47346,48148]],["discourse",2,31797,[],[46635,58535]],["frame analysis",2,22238,[],[40738,48980]],["framing devices",2,3083,[],[10464,30207]],["ideologies",2,8315,[["ideologies",1],["ideology",1]],[34496,46635]],["media frames",2,25284,[],[37845,57917]],["narrative frames",2,32804,[],[53887,54393]],["reasoning devices",2,25676,[],[10464,30207]],["schema",2,34718,[["schema",1],["schemas",1]],[40163,46635]],["theme",2,30079,[],[26432,59187]],["Frame-Elemente",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Handlungsanweisung",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Medien-Frames",1,10880,[],[16258]],["News styles",1,21695,[],[61713]],["Nosotros-Otros",1,-1,[],[10567]],["Rashomon effect",1,27009,[],[43452]],["Word choice and labelling",1,23066,[],[54393]],["audience frames",1,24119,[],[57917]],["audience framing",1,33846,[],[47346]],["bias",1,30859,[],[45892]],["blames/allegations",1,-1,[],[46717]],["bounding mechanism (such as a picture frame)",1,-1,[],[50024]],["casualties",1,-1,[],[46717]],["causal attribution",1,27231,[],[60464]],["causal interpretation (attribution of failure/success)",1,-1,[],[27149]],["civic and ethnic nationalism",1,-1,[],[38001]],["collective action frames",1,1648,[],[37508]],["collocates",1,20723,[],[42477]],["constructive viewpoint",1,-1,[["constructive viewpoint",1],["the constructive viewpoint",1]],[27021]],["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[50022]],["equivalence frames",1,498,[],[54393]],["evaluation",1,19890,[],[60464]],["external frames",1,-1,[],[53887]],["figurative and literal communicative frames",1,-1,[],[10464]],["frame elements",1,2044,[],[41030]],["frame limit",1,20010,[],[47346]],["frame line",1,-1,[],[31582]],["frame-relations",1,20097,[],[41030]],["frames in communication",1,23953,[],[27150]],["frames in thought",1,31451,[],[27150]],["frames of isolation",1,11000,[],[31582]],["framework",1,32965,[],[47346]],["framing au naturel",1,-1,[],[6205]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[6205,6206]],["framing technique",1,21871,[],[27021]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[42998]],["individuals",1,12171,[],[46717]],["interpretive structures",1,-1,[],[51594]],["issue framing",1,11720,[],[29338]],["issue-specific frames",1,19702,[],[47985]],["kausale Attribution",1,-1,[],[16258]],["keywords",1,22460,[],[42477]],["knowledge structures",1,21567,[],[44533,44534]],["latent attributes",1,-1,[],[24633]],["lens",1,-1,[],[50024]],["manifested by the presence or absence of certain key-words, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments",1,-1,[],[42288]],["mentalist concepts",1,-1,[],[11117]],["moral evaluation (valence)",1,-1,[],[27149]],["multiple interpretations central to the 'Rashomon effect'",1,-1,[],[43452]],["narrative structure",1,390,[],[35954]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[38598]],["oppression of the victims",1,-1,[],[46717]],["package",1,12104,[],[60316]],["problematization",1,2363,[],[31734]],["reframing",1,19175,[],[47939]],["scenario",1,13791,[],[47939]],["script",1,27831,[],[47939]],["selection effect",1,12340,[],[30972]],["society",1,10280,[],[46717]],["solutions",1,143,[],[38581]],["status quo frames",1,-1,[],[37508]],["strategic narratives",1,10600,[],[28584]],["strips",1,11037,[],[52908]],["structural news biases",1,-1,[],[58536]],["the choice of the men",1,-1,[],[46717]],["thematic units",1,-1,[],[58253]],["they define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgements, and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[10848]],["topoi",1,26665,[],[24633]],["unfairness",1,22892,[],[45892]],["valence-framing",1,21458,[],[58641]]],"sb":[["issue-specific frames",6,19702,[["issue-specific frames",5],["Issue-specific frames",1]],[30139,36934,43524,47985,51468,59209]],["collective action frames",5,1648,[["collective action frames",4],["collective actions frames",1]],[8613,16081,34496,37508,42130]],["Morality",4,10813,[["Morality",2],["morality",2]],[30089,35046,37739,38563]],["generic frames",4,19746,[],[30139,35829,47985,59209]],["Security and Defense",3,33346,[["Security and Defense",2],["Security & Defence",1]],[30089,35046,43524]],["conflict",3,23803,[],[37739,38001,53887]],["media frames",3,25284,[["media frames",2],["media frame",1]],[34496,36253,47939]],["Capacity & Resources",2,-1,[["Capacity & Resources",1],["Capacity and Resources",1]],[35046,43524]],["Crime & Punishment",2,29410,[["Crime & Punishment",1],["Crime and Punishment",1]],[35046,43524]],["Cultural Identity",2,15391,[],[30089,35046]],["Diagnostic frames",2,17062,[["Diagnostic frames",1],["diagnostic frames",1]],[16081,46918]],["Economic",2,9191,[],[30089,35046]],["Fairness and Equality",2,31300,[],[30089,35046]],["Health and Safety",2,-1,[],[30089,35046]],["Legality, Constitutionality, Jurisdiction",2,21182,[],[35046,43524]],["framework",2,32965,[["framework",1],["frameworks",1]],[43549,47346]],["generic",2,9684,[],[17658,17660,45892]],["human interest",2,3323,[],[37739,42709]],["issue-specific",2,25718,[],[35829,45892]],["narrative frame",2,32804,[["narrative frame",1],["narrative frames",1]],[11117,54393]],["script",2,27831,[["script",1],["scripts",1]],[43549,57917]],["\"economic-cooperation\"",1,-1,[],[31947]],["\"human-interest/emotion\"",1,-1,[],[31947]],["\"security-politics\"",1,-1,[],[31947]],["Diagnostic frames identify and define the perceived problems or injustices within society, often by attributing blame to certain actors or institutions.",1,-1,[],[46917]],["Episodic news framing",1,21769,[],[5156]],["Episodic news framing primarily concentrates on individual cases and more discrete events",1,-1,[],[5156]],["External Regulation and Reputation",1,18857,[],[35046]],["Issue-generic frames",1,29093,[],[43524]],["Issue-generic frames include frames that emphasize policy-making-oriented aspects such as economics or legal issues.",1,-1,[],[43524]],["Issue-specific frames focus on how the immigrants are depicted, as heroes, victims, or threats.",1,-1,[],[43524]],["Legality and Crime",1,-1,[],[30089]],["Morality & Ethics",1,2276,[],[43524]],["Motivational frames appeal to individuals' values, emotions, and identities, mobilizing support and motivating collective action.",1,-1,[],[46917]],["Other",1,28548,[],[35046]],["Other generic frames",1,19372,[],[43524]],["Other generic frames focus on the text's narrative (thematic or episodic).",1,-1,[],[43524]],["Policy Prescription and Evaluation",1,32594,[],[35046]],["Political",1,759,[],[35046]],["Political and Policies",1,3300,[],[30089]],["Prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[46918]],["Prognostic frames offer solutions or courses of action to address these identified issues, outlining strategies for change.",1,-1,[],[46917]],["Public Opinion",1,31109,[],[30089]],["Public Sentiment",1,33490,[],[35046]],["Quality of Life",1,-1,[],[35046]],["Reacción social o popular",1,26837,[],[44306]],["The high layer refers to the setting of the agenda and the selection of news content",1,-1,[],[47346]],["The second level is \"framework\", that is, the worldview in which people observe objective things.",1,-1,[],[47346]],["Víctima y Villano",1,15878,[],[44306]],["Word choice and labelling",1,23066,[],[54393]],["affective elements",1,27638,[],[35954]],["attribute framing",1,15548,[],[36679]],["attribution of responsibility, conflict, human interest, economic consequences and morality",1,-1,[],[43452]],["audience frames",1,24119,[],[36253]],["authority",1,14203,[],[38563]],["backwardness frame",1,17692,[],[44626]],["causal interpretation",1,24033,[],[42709]],["chronic disease frame",1,16715,[],[44626]],["cognitive elements",1,32905,[],[35954]],["conservative ideological frames",1,33987,[],[36308]],["content frame",1,26772,[],[27021]],["crisis frame",1,27350,[],[31835]],["deep frames",1,23872,[],[41521]],["deproblematizing frames",1,4822,[],[4586]],["economic benefits",1,-1,[],[36308]],["economic consequences",1,26610,[],[37739]],["economic cost",1,-1,[],[36308]],["economics",1,-1,[],[38001]],["economy",1,19594,[],[42709]],["economy frame",1,31660,[],[48980]],["economy-regarding frames",1,1680,[],[36934]],["emphasis framing",1,5946,[],[61516]],["episodic frame",1,15963,[],[4]],["equality frame",1,10865,[],[37508]],["equivalence frames",1,498,[],[54393]],["equivalence framing",1,6088,[],[61516]],["formal frame",1,8064,[],[27021]],["frame limit",1,20010,[],[47346]],["frames culturales",1,13082,[],[10567]],["frames that define an issue as a problem",1,-1,[],[4586]],["framing devices",1,3083,[],[45473]],["generic news frames",1,10074,[],[58775]],["global models",1,-1,[],[43549]],["green transition",1,-1,[],[31835]],["hidden pact frame",1,12835,[],[44626]],["human impact",1,28606,[],[38001]],["individual frames",1,13515,[],[34496]],["inequality frame",1,12233,[],[44626]],["interés humano",1,34135,[],[44306]],["issue-specific news frames",1,27908,[],[58775]],["member-regarding frames",1,11756,[],[36934]],["micro level involves news events, involves linguistic and rhetorical issues in news discourse",1,-1,[],[47346]],["migration as a governance challenge",1,-1,[],[42709]],["migration as a threat",1,-1,[],[42709]],["moral evaluation",1,7941,[],[42709]],["moral values",1,3284,[],[38001]],["morality frame",1,28213,[],[37508]],["motivational frames",1,32735,[],[46918]],["motivational framing",1,18209,[],[8613]],["natural disaster",1,10959,[],[31835]],["natural frameworks, which develop independently of social agents",1,-1,[],[48950]],["news framing",1,12351,[],[59187]],["opportunity frame",1,23207,[],[31835]],["other-regarding frames",1,21321,[],[36934]],["personificación",1,1596,[],[44306]],["powerlessness",1,25589,[],[38001]],["problem definition",1,19716,[],[42709]],["prognostic framing",1,11588,[],[8613]],["public-regarding frames",1,4134,[],[36934]],["recovery frame",1,-1,[],[48980]],["responsibility",1,1758,[],[37739]],["responsibility framing",1,29477,[],[36679]],["revealing wrongdoing",1,-1,[],[53887]],["rhetorical and stylistic choices",1,5252,[],[57917]],["risk",1,2397,[],[38563]],["rule",1,2092,[],[38563]],["scenario",1,13791,[],[47939]],["scenes",1,31989,[],[43549]],["schemas",1,34718,[],[43549]],["sensational frames",1,9885,[],[30139]],["sensationalist frames",1,-1,[],[31835]],["social frameworks, shaped by the motives and actions of individuals",1,-1,[],[48950]],["solution frames",1,31430,[],[16081]],["status quo frames",1,-1,[],[37508]],["stigma frame",1,8578,[],[48980]],["story framing",1,24020,[],[61516]],["strategy and issue framing",1,34450,[],[36679]],["surface frames",1,10009,[],[41521]],["sustainable development",1,-1,[],[31835]],["syntactical",1,12462,[],[57917]],["the first level is the \"frame limit\", how people observe the world, and the scope of observation of objective things and objective objects",1,-1,[],[47346]],["the middle layer is the information material of the reason and influence of the news content",1,-1,[],[47346]],["thematic",1,12425,[],[57917]],["thematic frame",1,17606,[],[4]],["thematic framing",1,28621,[],[5156]],["thematic framing puts emphasis on the broader and general context in which news events are embedded",1,-1,[],[5156]],["topic-specific",1,-1,[],[17658,17660]],["treatment recommendation",1,4269,[],[42709]],["uncertainty frames",1,1916,[],[36308]],["value framing",1,27851,[],[36679]],["victim frame",1,33565,[],[37508]],["winners and losers",1,20110,[],[53887]]],"sp":[["concept",1,10044,[],[47939]],["discourses",1,31797,[],[50024]],["macroframe",1,3860,[],[57312]],["narratives",1,10497,[],[807]]],"ex":[["Authorities",1,-1,[],[57312]],["Culture",1,-1,[],[57312]],["Economy",1,-1,[],[57312]],["Handlungsforderungen richteten sich auf eine schärfere Gesetzgebung",1,-1,[],[16258]],["News with that frame often resulted from the start of new municipal APT projects or the release of a new product.",1,-1,[],[46435]],["Problemdefinition beim Thema Drogen die Zunahme von Beschaffungskriminalität",1,-1,[],[16258]],["Residents",1,-1,[],[57312]],["as a humanitarian crisis in Arab countries or as a political crisis in Germany",1,-1,[],[42709]],["attribution of responsibility",1,-1,[],[43452]],["betrayal",1,-1,[],[35564]],["conflict",1,-1,[],[43452]],["contextual considerations",1,-1,[],[43452]],["contrast, artefacts, catch-phrases, spins, slogans, traditions, metaphors, stories, and jargon.",1,-1,[],[46716]],["counts and comparisons",1,-1,[],[43452]],["counts and comparisons, criticisms, and contextual considerations",1,-1,[],[43452]],["criticisms",1,-1,[],[43452]],["dignity",1,-1,[],[35564]],["economic consequences",1,-1,[],[43452]],["efficacy",1,-1,[],[35564]],["fairness",1,-1,[],[35564]],["frames are like recipes, advice from experts on how citizens should cook up their opinions",1,-1,[],[6206]],["human interest",1,-1,[],[43452]],["injustice",1,-1,[],[35564]],["kausale Attribution beschuldigte die Drogenpolitik der Bundesregierung",1,-1,[],[16258]],["metaphors (e.g. catchphrases, graphics and photographs)",1,-1,[],[45473]],["metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases, visual images, rhetorical flourishes, and justifications through appeals to principle",1,-1,[],[6206]],["moralische Evaluation würde negativ ausfallen",1,-1,[],[16258]],["morality",1,-1,[],[43452]],["news delivery",1,-1,[],[57597]],["shop -components: buy, sell, goods, cost, price etc.",1,-1,[],[47939]],["storytelling",1,-1,[],[57597]],["the frame ATTACK would represent the concept of a person being attacked by an attacker with perhaps a weapon situated at some point in space and time.",1,-1,[],[10971]],["threat",1,-1,[],[35564]],["threat, injustice, betrayal, dignity, efficacy, fairness",1,-1,[],[35564]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Together, the protocol took a holistic approach to evaluating journalistic writing, adherence to journalistic principles, and the capacity to meet editorial directives.",1,-1,[],[31907]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Instruction Fulfillment",1,-1,[],[31907]],["instruction fulfilment",1,-1,[],[31907]],["language fluency",1,-1,[],[31907]],["logical coherence",1,23494,[],[31907]],["style alignment",1,33655,[],[31907]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["transediting",1,14677,[],[42515]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse",1,31797,[],[22024]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["coverage is symbiotic of a mediatization of politics",1,-1,[],[55476]],["shift towards a more media-orientated agenda",1,-1,[],[55476]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Often these functions were designed to explicitly disrupt the quick, heuristic (i.e., System 1) decision-making process",1,-1,[],[7297]],["an umbrella term",1,-1,[],[7297]],["significantly reduced overreliance on AI compared to the simpler approaches of presenting explanations for the AI recommendations to the user",1,-1,[],[7297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["educational strategies",1,33873,[],[7297]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Asking the person to make a decision before seeing the AI's recommendation.",1,-1,[],[7297]],["Letting the person choose whether and when to see the AI recommendation.",1,-1,[],[7297]],["Slowing down the process.",1,-1,[],[7297]],["checklists, diagnostic time-outs, and slow decision-making",1,-1,[],[7297]],["checklists, diagnostic time-outs, or asking the person to explicitly rule out an alternative",1,-1,[["checklists, diagnostic time-outs, or asking the person to explicitly rule out an alternative",1],["checklists, diagnostic time-outs, or asking the person to explicitly rule out an alternative.",1]],[7297]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["portrayed Veloso without an ounce of vengefulness toward her traffickers, looking to higher powers for justice.",1,-1,[],[53888]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["republished story",1,15502,[],[33110]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["articulation of truth claims",1,-1,[],[23922]],["epistemology",1,16961,[],[23922]],["how news is produced, validated and justified by journalists",1,-1,[],[23922]],["how news is received and validated by audiences",1,-1,[],[23922]],["journalism culture",1,20611,[],[23922]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["second order politeness",1,-1,[],[17523]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["m-government",1,-1,[],[17127]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The networked curation processes of social media allows individuals to delegate the task of navigating a functionally infinite amount of information to other users who regularly share information that appeals to their identities and interests.",1,-1,[],[32344]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["exactly these features make them useful.",1,-1,[],[43398]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Indymedia",1,24926,[],[45031]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["betweenness",1,-1,[],[20936]],["broker",1,28302,[],[20936]],["super-mediators",1,-1,[],[20936]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["combine narrative and network maneuvers to achieve interlocking strategic objectives",1,-1,[],[19641]],["we classify the major information maneuvers according to previously well-studied strategic categories of: boosting influencers, building communities, producing dismaying negative messages, producing enhancing positive messages, and distracting publics with irrelevant or misleading content",1,-1,[],[19641]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["boosting influencers",1,-1,[],[19641]],["building communities",1,23965,[],[19641]],["distracting publics with irrelevant or misleading content",1,-1,[],[19641]],["narrative maneuvers",1,6252,[],[19641]],["network maneuvers",1,6615,[],[19641]],["producing dismaying negative messages",1,-1,[],[19641]],["producing enhancing positive messages",1,-1,[],[19641]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["\"Wolf warrior\" contains a serious nationalist sentiment that provides mechanisms and conditions for the Communist Party of China to maintain its dominant power in Chinese society and conquer discursive power on the international stage.",1,-1,[],[3096]],["Western media originally proposed the term \"wolf warrior diplomacy\" in response to Beijing's radical and aggressive media and diplomatic statements during the COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[3096]]],"sy":[["wolf warrior diplomacy",1,3865,[],[3096]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Differences in how people communicate are influenced by shared relationships, norms, and platform affordances.",1,-1,[],[41199]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias",1,30859,[],[14609]],["Bias in AI",1,9111,[],[14609]],["behavioral biases",1,17332,[],[41199]]],"ex":[["A chatbot that responds differently to men and women, resulting in biased communication.",1,-1,[],[14609]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Legality, constitutionality and jurisprudence: rights, freedoms, and authority of individuals, corporations, and government",2,-1,[["Legality, constitutionality and jurisprudence: rights, freedoms, and authority of individuals, corporations, and government",1],["Legality, constitutionality, and jurisprudence. Rights, freedoms, and authority of individuals, corporations, and government;",1]],[45896,57345]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing dimensions",1,2822,[],[57345]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["long distance is represented in headlines by big numbers of refugees treated as a massive crowd -hundreds, thousands, millions, or completely dehumanized when denoted as arrivals, crossings, resettlements, devoluciones 'returns'.",1,-1,[],[59669]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Distance",1,2235,[],[59669]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["network of networked journalistiek",1,22537,[],[19965]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["DIS-ARM treats disinformation as a systemic cyber threat requiring multi-layered intelligence sharing and automated threat hunting.",1,-1,[],[53437]],["Key elements of DISARM include actor profiling (e.g., state-sponsored campaigns, cybercriminals, ideological groups), tactics (e.g., narrative amplification, deepfake propagation, social engineering), and countermeasures (e.g., AI-driven detection, cross-platform attribution, content moderation).",1,-1,[],[53437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["'Incitement to hatred' is the closest law-based concept that has been dealt with in international criminal jurisprudence since the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (imt) considered the cases against Nazi propagandists, Julius Streicher and Hans Fritzsche.",1,-1,[],[61672]],["A key feature of such law is that it permits prosecutions even in cases where no inchoate offense of inciting or encouraging a criminal act has been committed.",1,-1,[],[18577]],["It is needed to convince those carrying out the physical elements of the campaign of its necessity, and of the lesser value and perniciousness of the group to be ostracized. It serves to create a common bond between those carrying out the persecutory campaign in that it creates a barrier between those who are part of the community or 'in-group' and those excluded from the community, the 'out-group'",1,-1,[],[61672]],["It serves to create a common bond between those carrying out the persecutory campaign in that it creates a barrier between those who are part of the community or 'in-group' and those excluded from the community, the 'out-group' .",1,-1,[],[61672]],["The latter does not require a causal link to any subsequent crimes.",1,-1,[],[61672]],["defined also in terms of impact and is thus not an inchoate crime as detailed below.",1,-1,[],[61672]],["does not require a causal link to any subsequent crimes.",1,-1,[],[61672]],["incitement to hatred involves the arousal of hatred in the audience or hearer. But whereas in the case of the first connection the hatred aroused rebounds back toward the speech itself or the speaker, in the case of incitement to hatred the hatred is aroused or stirred up in the audience or hearer toward members of some other group or class of persons.",1,-1,[],[665]],["laws/regulations/codes banning incitement to hatred",1,-1,[],[18577]],["some writers appear to suggest that something is hate speech if and only if it is incitement to hatred.",1,-1,[],[665]],["unlike the offense of incitement to crime, the offense of incitement to hatred constitutes an independent offense, meaning that it is not dependent upon any principal offense.",1,-1,[],[18577]],["we call something 'incitement to hatred' either when the speech is intended to cause emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or hatred or when emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or hatred are its likely effect even if the speaker does not set out to incite hatred but nevertheless does so through recklessness or negligence.",1,-1,[],[665]]],"sy":[["hatred-inciting speech",1,22018,[],[665]]],"rt":[["group defamation law",1,3777,[],[18577]],["incitement to cause harm",1,1957,[],[18577]],["incitement to crime",1,-1,[],[18577]],["incitement to war crimes",1,-1,[],[61672]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[18577]],["persecution",1,14585,[],[61672]],["propaganda narratives",1,21214,[],[39825]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The understanding indicator refers to the ability to perceive the meaning of the accessed media content in its true sense.",1,-1,[],[45251]],["skill refers to the ability to have the necessary skills to consume media content and the ability to perceive the meaning of the accessed media content in its true sense.",1,-1,[],[45251]]],"sy":[["FC",1,-1,[],[45251]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Skill",1,7138,[],[45251]],["Understanding",1,2776,[],[45251]]],"sp":[["New Media Literacy (NML)",1,21230,[],[45251]]],"ex":[["The skill refers to the ability to have the necessary skills to consume media content and the ability to perceive the meaning of the accessed media content in its true sense. The skills of using a search engine can be given as an example.",1,-1,[],[45251]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalism",1,34243,[],[42345]],["police investigations",1,-1,[],[42345]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a lie by omission may be a strange kind of lie-because nothing was actually saidbut it is still a very much the kind of deceit we associate with lying",1,-1,[],[2321]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["5W",1,-1,[],[42367]],["deceit",1,-1,[],[2321]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["take, for example, adultery; if you, my partner, fail to ask about the affair you have no knowledge of, my failing to mention it is deceitful in the same way that denying and thus lying to you about the affair would be",1,-1,[],[2321]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the news merchandise risks losing its market value",1,-1,[],[32716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["while the declarative illocution signals that the proposition is to be understood as conveying a fact 'that' signals that what follows it is a proposition construed as an entity -a situation description with no truth-commitment on the part of the speaker",1,-1,[],[61463]]],"sy":[["indirect discourse",1,-1,[],[61463]],["indirect quotations",1,-1,[],[61463]]],"rt":[["DQs",1,4631,[],[61463]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["reported speech",1,30809,[],[61463]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["socialization in a dangerous environment marked by social instability and the constant presence of threats could foster the belief that the world is dangerous (i.e., DWB). This could in turn make the goals of social control, security, and conformity salient, expressed by high levels of RWA.",1,-1,[],[46986]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["spoke to a different constituency to the elite consumer profile of old fashioned broadsheets like The Irish Times containing long-form articles and more political content",1,-1,[],[44968]],["started focusing on 'soft news' compared to 'hard news', and sensationalization rather than reporting in depth and truthful account of the events",1,-1,[],[21105]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["penny press",1,22325,[],[44968]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Some lexicons (Strauss & Allen 2008;Hinojosa et al. 2016) may also include information about the intensity of the polarity (e.g., high positive sentiment for birth) and/or specific emotions associated with the words (e.g., birth is associated with joy).",1,-1,[],[31418]],["The use of lexicons is an essential and vital approach in the natural language process (NLP) to determine the sentiment of speech.",1,-1,[],[22276]]],"sy":[["specialized dictionaries",1,-1,[],[38819]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the presence of terms from an argumentative lexicon in a piece of text may indicate that the author wanted to convey an argumentative tone",1,-1,[],[30414]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["For 'affective labour' to be a useful concept to think with, it must also include variants of disruptive and negative emotions directed at others.",1,-1,[],[32781]],["My definition is broader than Peterson's (2016), who, building on Massumi (1995), refers to affective labour as the positive feelings of satisfaction and ease that may infuse religious use of social media. Enacting religious conflicts online entails varying degrees of emotional commitment and a range of emotions. For 'affective labour' to be a useful concept to think with, it must also include variants of disruptive and negative emotions directed at others.",1,-1,[],[32781]],["Peterson's (2016), who, building on Massumi (1995), refers to affective labour as the positive feelings of satisfaction and ease that may infuse religious use of social media.",1,-1,[],[32781]],["The notion of affective labour has achieved greater prominence in recent years as autonomous Marxists emphasise the significance to capitalism of the production and manipulation of affect.",1,-1,[],[8484]],["connecting such emotional investments with 'work as play' to wider transformations within capitalism",1,-1,[],[8484]],["it must also include variants of disruptive and negative emotions directed at others.",1,-1,[],[32781]],["the affective labor that livestreamers are performing for the purposes of developing engaging personas, parasocial relationships, and personal brands",1,-1,[],[46401]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective performance",1,20839,[],[32781]],["immaterial labour",1,-1,[],[8484]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["humanists pour an enormous amount of emotional labour into their attempts at deescalating feelings such as anger, outrage, loss, and fear, in order to appease offense and move towards conflict resolution.",1,-1,[],[32781]],["the affective labour of the male ardent atheists cannot be ignored. The goal of ardent atheists is to create more friction, the diametric opposite of the humanists, and ardent atheists seem to gleefully consider their performance of conflict a form of entertainment.",1,-1,[],[32781]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":23,"df":[],"de":[["It encourages people to offer individual-level explanations for social problems.",1,-1,[],[32693]],["It uses a three-point scale to measure the extent to which the reports mention or emphasize the responsibility of either party.",1,-1,[],[59378]],["This attribution is critical to the exercise of civic control and is a key ingredient of all social knowledge",1,-1,[],[50417]],["attributing responsibility to the government or politicians that they can turn to",1,-1,[],[43123]],["individuals tend to attribute positive experiences to internal factors (within themselves) and negative experiences to external factors (outside themselves)",1,-1,[],[33026]],["responsibility attributions are closely linked to emotions such as anger, guilt, and satisfaction",1,-1,[],[29325]],["we consider the results for the attribution of responsibility for the riot.",1,-1,[],[27146]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human interest",2,3323,[],[29103,43123]],["conflict",1,23803,[],[29103]],["economic consequences",1,26610,[],[29103]],["fault and blame",1,-1,[],[33026]],["morality",1,10813,[],[29103]]],"sb":[["individual level",1,10622,[],[29325]],["political",1,759,[],[29325]],["social-societal",1,-1,[],[29325]]],"sp":[["five/frame model",1,-1,[],[29103]],["framing",1,22777,[],[32693]],["framing dimensions",1,2822,[],[43123]],["generic frames",1,19746,[],[55874]],["media frames",1,25284,[],[49054]]],"ex":[["associates 5G technology to the spreading of the virus",1,-1,[],[14701]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["disaster is at the centre of contemporary society, since the emergency regime isolates, stigmatizes and pathologizes certain parts of the population and the environment that are seen as the bearers of danger.",1,-1,[],[16866]],["they function as cognitive .frames, epistemological technologies, embedded in specific social practices and legitimating specific forms of social control.",1,-1,[],[16866]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cultural history",1,30157,[],[16866]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[51593]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["cabecera de sátira mordaz que acompaña a los lectores españoles",1,-1,[],[15980]],["como una gran familia de publicaciones que recurren al humor para hacer crítica social y política con mayor libertad",1,-1,[],[15980]],["ejemplo de periodismo satírico desde el cual se popularizaron sátiras contra aspectos como la Inquisición",1,-1,[],[15980]],["se basa en recursos como la parodia, la caricatura o la hipérbole, «que, en el momento actual, llegan hasta la Red»",1,-1,[],[40898]],["se ha consolidado como el título por excelencia de la prensa satírica de la democracia española",1,-1,[],[15980]]],"sy":[["periodismo satírico",1,-1,[],[15980]]],"rt":[["caricatura",1,-1,[],[15980]],["hipérbole",1,22193,[],[15980]],["parodia",1,-1,[],[15980]],["periodismo satírico",1,-1,[],[15980]],["sátira",1,14479,[],[15980]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Kombinasi ini berfungsi sebagai pesan yang ditautkan karakter tersebut.",1,-1,[],[25553]]],"sy":[["hash",1,-1,[],[25553]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This is an incentive for journalists, who work in an increasingly competitive environment, to apply negativity filters to political news as a way to increase the value of their product (Galtung & Ruge, 1965).",1,-1,[],[5312]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Islam",1,-1,[],[58557]],["Nazism",1,-1,[],[58557]],["Russophobia",1,-1,[],[58557]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["They aim to weaken or destroy targets from within.",1,-1,[],[61256]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["antagonist",1,-1,[],[61256]]],"ex":[["Insiders tampering with critical infrastructure, or activists sabotaging industrial operations.",1,-1,[],[61256]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lurkers",1,21401,[],[12611]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Ad hoc groups are not similarly intuitive, defined instead by machine interpretable correlations (cf. Burrell 2016; Lisboa 2013).",1,-1,[],[1064]],["Ad hoc groups are thus unique insofar as they are externally crafted and lack the intentionality and self-awareness of legally protected groups.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["Ad hoc groups lack both collective identity and agency.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["An identity can be imposed on members unaware that they belong to the group.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["The third party interests in the formation of ad hoc groups also need not be long term: ad hoc groups need last only long enough to answer a question posed by a data processor.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["They are assembled by algorithmic classification systems as types of individuals with common characteristics (Floridi 2014) as opposed to common intentions, which suggests a lack of selfawareness, collective interests or agency.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["ad hoc groups cannot act to protect their interests due to a lack of collective agency and self-awareness.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["the defining features of an ad hoc group are algorithmically determined and, thus, not necessarily observable or interpretable to humans.",1,-1,[],[1064]],["the group does not exist prior to the lawsuit; the lawsuit provides a purpose around which the group is assembled.",1,-1,[],[1064]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["groups and interests protected in class action and anti-discrimination law",1,-1,[],[1064]]],"sb":[["ad hoc groups formed by algorithmic classification",1,-1,[],[1064]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["market segments",1,-1,[],[1064]],["market segments, profiling groups",1,-1,[],[1064]],["profiling groups",1,-1,[],[1064]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["used to counteract the hegemony of large western operators",1,-1,[],[49961]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames in policy debates",1,-1,[],[38173]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["manipulation campaigns",1,-1,[],[24938]],["social movements",1,28306,[],[24938]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["users with high emotional ability are skilled at managing their emotions and regulating their behavior even in an affectively involved context.",1,-1,[],[3265]],["users with higher emotional ability are less likely to rely on emotional cues to make judgments",1,-1,[],[3265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["It appears to be an important factor in the framing of information, indicating that it is often manipulated in the context of misinformation to elicit emotional biases or influence ethical stances.",1,-1,[],[1219]],["the absence of certain framing elements, particularly Problem Definition and Moral Evaluation, leads to a significant decrease in the model's accuracy and precision.",1,-1,[],[1219]],["the model, which is equipped with four elements: problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation.",1,-1,[],[1219]],["three binary variables for moral evaluation (positive, neutral/balanced, negative)",1,-1,[],[46441]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Problem Definition",4,19716,[["Problem Definition",1],["Problem definition",1],["problem definition",1],["problem definitions",1]],[46441,51887,57377,61933]],["Treatment Recommendation",4,4269,[["Treatment Recommendation",1],["Treatment recommendation",1],["treatment recommendation",1],["treatment recommendations",1]],[46441,51887,57377,61933]],["causal interpretation",4,24033,[["causal interpretation",2],["Causal Interpretation",1],["Causal interpretation",1]],[46441,51887,57377,61933]],["discursive construction of legitimation",1,-1,[],[43943]]],"sb":[["Abstraction",1,9362,[],[53499]],["Analogies or comparison (positive or negative)",1,-1,[],[53499]],["Evaluation (esp. through the use of evaluative adjectives)",1,-1,[],[53499]],["No evaluation/neutral",1,-1,[],[46441]],["balanced evaluation",1,-1,[],[46441]],["negative",1,27826,[],[9785]],["negative tendency/lack of acceptance",1,-1,[],[46441]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[9785]],["positive",1,26933,[],[9785]],["positive tendency/acceptance",1,-1,[],[46441]]],"sp":[["Frame Elements",2,2044,[["Frame Elements",1],["frame element",1]],[1219,46441]],["framing functions",2,28120,[["framing functions",1],["functions of framing",1]],[51887,57377]],["legitimation strategies",2,15792,[],[53499,57013]],["Entman's four framing functions",1,33315,[],[57377]],["News frame",1,21144,[],[57377]],["discursive construction of legitimation",1,-1,[],[43943]],["frame",1,7860,[],[61933]],["framework of legitimation",1,-1,[],[57013]],["framing",1,22777,[],[1219]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[1219]],["legitimation",1,8062,[],[53499]],["strategies of (de)legitimation",1,16749,[],[43943]]],"ex":[["their [vaccines] efficacy in children has reached a shamefully low level",1,-1,[],[53499]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["An important theme throughout Suler's analysis is the understanding that the virtual setting of social media platforms fundamentally strips human interaction of socioeconomic behavioral cues (i.e., body language, wealth, authority, etc.) leading to a state where individuals can effectively ignore the limitations of their usual offline identity and interpersonal relationships (Suler 2004).",1,-1,[],[59312]],["the Internet being a free space, lack of punishment, and anonymity",1,-1,[],[33458]],["the virtual setting of social media platforms fundamentally strips human interaction of socioeconomic behavioral cues (i.e., body language, wealth, authority, etc.) leading to a state where individuals can effectively ignore the limitations of their usual offline identity and interpersonal relationships (Suler 2004).",1,-1,[],[59312]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["asynchronicity",1,29021,[],[33458]],["benign disinhibition",1,32424,[],[33458]],["benign online disinhibition",1,-1,[],[33458]],["dissociative anonymity",1,8785,[],[33458]],["dissociative imagination",1,16105,[],[33458]],["invisibility",1,20662,[],[33458]],["minimization of authority",1,3759,[],[33458]],["solipsistic introjection",1,7681,[],[33458]],["toxic disinhibition",1,12803,[],[33458]],["toxic online disinhibition",1,-1,[],[33458]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["content online could be described as equivocal or ambivalent, where the sincerity of the post and the sender is unclear",2,-1,[],[30686,61405]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Dai et al. (2022) proposed a framework to generate fact-checked counterfactual explanations (Byrne, 2016)",1,-1,[],[32777]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["example-based explanations",1,-1,[],[11030]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this application, visuals were de-contextualized and deliberately taken out of their original context to legitimize counter-factual claims.",1,-1,[],[60000]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a decontextualized graph is used as evidence for population replacement in relation to allegedly rising immigration and hidden schemes of the government (see supplemental materials Figure S5).",1,-1,[],[60000]],["one message published by Café Weltschmerz used an image of an ultrasound showing a fetus of an allegedly \"vaccinated pregnant woman\" as evidence that the babies of vaccinated women have a lower likelihood to survive. The ultrasound showed irregularities in the fetus, which were highlighted with a marker. However, no reference was made to the source, date, or origins of the image.",1,-1,[],[60000]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["A nation's image is a strategic asset shaped by diplomacy, media, and culture (Anholt, 2006).",1,-1,[],[31950]],["Place branding is often used to increase the visibility of a geographical place, beyond its own borders. It usually aims at enhancing a territories' reputation regarding a global audience or to attract visitors (e.g. tourists, students, researchers) (Eshuis and Klijn, 2012) 7 .",1,-1,[],[3223]],["takes place through the consumption of popular media and cultural goods",1,-1,[],[10708]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Place branding",1,23672,[],[3223]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Singapore have for the last years used especially higher education policies to improve their countries' image as open and science-oriented.",1,-1,[],[3223]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In these aspects, Scientific Outlook of Development also turns towards society and indicates the quest for popular legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[18379]],["Scientific Outlook of Development presents a vision in which the party notices the problems caused by the current development model and will lead China to develop in a better way.",1,-1,[],[18379]],["unlike Three Represents that focuses on the party, Scientific Outlook of Development is about China as a whole.",1,-1,[],[18379]],["unlike the previous ideology that was narrowly concerned with the justification of communist rule",1,-1,[],[18379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Harmonious Society",1,-1,[],[18379]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These indicators focus on semantic and structural characteristics, ensuring greater resilience against adversarial modifications.",1,-1,[],[53431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["traditional CTI indicators",1,-1,[],[53431]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["is an important complement to primary content",1,-1,[],[23172]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the propensity that user i will adopt the product at time t owing to the aggregated peer influence of i's immediate neighbors at time t",1,-1,[],[19075]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Peer pressure",1,-1,[],[5455]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["tagging systems",1,-1,[],[7407]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["DV is distinguished from conventional vigilantism through its primary reliance on weaponised visibility for social change as well as social harm.",1,-1,[],[1051]],["Digital vigilantism, at its most dangerous, reflects broader hostility to women beyond party lines.",1,-1,[],[56774]],["The offending acts range from mild breaches of social protocol to terrorist acts and participation in riots.",1,-1,[],[1051]],["The visibility produced through DV is unwanted (the target is typically not soliciting publicity), intense (content like blog posts, photos and video evidence can circulate to hundreds of thousands or even millions of users within a few days) and enduring (the vigilantism campaign may be the first item to appear when searching the individual's name, and may become a cultural reference in its own right).",1,-1,[],[1051]],["operates as extralegal punishment of individuals for perceived social or political transgressions",1,-1,[],[56774]]],"sy":[["DV",1,29526,[],[1051]]],"rt":[["conventional vigilantism",1,-1,[],[1051]],["denunciations",1,-1,[],[34967]],["harassment",1,30286,[],[34967]],["sousveillance",1,577,[],[1051]],["surveillance",1,2504,[],[1051]],["surveillant assemblages",1,-1,[],[1051]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["conventional vigilantism",1,-1,[],[1051]]],"ex":[["DV constitutes a severe violation of the targeted individual's privacy and data protection rights, as their personal details are publicly transmitted without their consent.",1,-1,[],[1051]],["In 2013, Gary Cleary hanged himself in Leicestershire, UK after being pursued by Letzgo Hunting, an online group that exposes suspected paedophiles.",1,-1,[],[1051]],["in 2015, Walter James Palmer faced global outrage including numerous death threats after being identified as the killer of a beloved lion in Zimbabwe.",1,-1,[],[1051]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Harmonic influence centrality measures how much a set of nodes shifts the average equilibrium opinion in the network.",1,-1,[],[55342]],["The centrality naturally incorporates activity, network reach, and opinions to measure the impact of nodes in a network because it is based on an opinion dynamics model which utilizes these factors.",1,-1,[],[55342]],["The shift in mean non-stubborn opinion caused by the bots",1,-1,[],[10249]],["This is a network centrality based on a classic model for opinion dynamics [59] which incorporates stubborn users with immutable opinions [60].",1,-1,[],[55342]],["This is also equal to the shift in the mean non-stubborn opinions caused by i changing its opinion from zero to one because all other stubborn nodes have an opinion equal to zero.",1,-1,[],[10249]],["provides one way to assess the impact of a single node in a network in terms of its ability to shift opinions.",1,-1,[],[10249]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["generalized harmonic influence centrality (GHIC)",1,21234,[],[55342]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["explanations",1,15873,[],[46031]],["exploration features",1,-1,[],[46031]],["feedback on news items",1,-1,[],[46031]],["feedback on one's media diet",1,-1,[],[46031]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["created by the internet",1,-1,[],[56431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media context",1,-1,[],[56432]],["reality context",1,-1,[],[56432]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["sees polarization as taking place within the space of opinions",1,-1,[],[17140]],["the echo chamber hypothesis, which sees polarization as taking place within the space of opinions",1,-1,[],[17140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["classical conditioning",1,8165,[],[25036]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["democracia directa",1,-1,[],[10547]]],"sb":[["ONG",1,-1,[],[10547]],["medios de comunicación",1,2613,[],[10547]],["movimientos sociales",1,-1,[],[10547]],["partidos políticos",1,-1,[],[10547]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["rotten apples",1,8305,[],[60953]]],"rt":[["system errors",1,-1,[],[60953]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This validation of information seems to be based on passive processes that co-occur with other comprehension processes and require few cognitive resources.",1,-1,[],[3468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["strategic validation",1,22410,[],[3468]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mitopoiesis",1,16240,[],[56458]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Following the media hype around the 'missing children' stories after the arrest of child murderer Marc Dutroux in 1996 (Van Gorp, 2005;Vasterman, 2005), this is a familiar narrative for Belgian journalists to define the event: Flemish parents see their children suddenly leave home.",1,-1,[],[23796]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["War on Terror frame",1,20398,[],[23796]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["News non-use derives from various constraints that inhibit news consumption, from the management of time and money to technological considerations such as user-friendliness of a news platform.",1,-1,[],[5100]],["One way to conceptualize news avoidance and non-use is vis-a-vis degree of motivation and proactivity to not encounter content, with greater motivation, aversion, and action on the avoidance side, and unintentionality and incidentality on the non-use side of the spectrum.",1,-1,[],[5100]],["individuals do not always intend to actively avoid the news, but instead simply bypass it due to their preference to other types of contents, such as entertainment.",1,-1,[],[5100]],["news non-use implies behaviour that may not simply derive from the consumers' choices in relation to the characteristics of news, but instead could be forced, for example, by a 'technological divide' of class, age, gender, or race",1,-1,[],[5100]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news avoidance",1,7314,[],[5100]],["technology non-use",1,-1,[],[5100]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news avoidance",1,7314,[],[5102]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Rumours that emerge in the context of breaking news are generally ones that have not been observed before.",1,-1,[],[6835]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rumour",1,17712,[["rumour",1],["rumours",1]],[6835]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["astroturf",1,5584,[],[60739]],["e-postcard",1,1000,[],[60739]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They use words and images highly salient in the culture, which is to say noticeable, understandable, memorable, and emotionally charged.",1,-1,[],[3782]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":68,"df":[],"de":[["Frames promote a specific interpretation of the content or highlight certain aspects while overlooking others. In other words, this type subsumes biases resulting from how events and entities are framed in a text",1,-1,[],[20707]],["Frames promote a specific interpretation of the content or highlight certain aspects while overlooking others. In other words, this type subsumes biases resulting from how events and entities are framed in a text [53,65]",1,-1,[],[20707]],["Framing studies can be separated into two distinct types depending on the kind of framing effect studied",1,-1,[],[48424]],["Politicians and activists have to deploy a variety of frames alongside such persuasion tactics as analogies and metaphors in order to attain",1,-1,[],[1330]],["Successful persuasion via issue framing leads to framing effects that in turn impact public attitudes.",1,-1,[],[1330]],["The existence of different responses between versions would suggest that framing effects were activated.",1,-1,[],[50026]],["The framing effect could influence cognitive processing, emphasizing the positive aspects associated with the novelty of deepfakes.",1,-1,[],[51216]],["The people who receive the message will focus their attentions on those factors when forming their opinions and making judgments",1,-1,[],[3067]],["depending on how the information is framed, its salience is different",1,-1,[],[32525]],["frame-related valence information is incorporated into the relative assessment of options to exert control over the apparent risk sensitivity of individual decisions.",1,-1,[],[18864]],["frames have more weight when audiences have the background to easily make sense of and agree with them.",1,-1,[],[50026]],["framing effects in media shape public perceptions by making certain interpretations more salient and thus more cognitively available to readers",1,-1,[],[37164]],["issues or options about which there is higher consensus are less susceptible to framing",1,-1,[],[50026]],["media frames can activate existing cognitive schemas, influencing individuals' interpretation of information, and, in turn, this interaction contributes to the formation of people's beliefs and attitudes.",1,-1,[],[51216]],["pieces of information can be framed through images. Visual stimuli and patterns are elaborated quickly and without a significant conscious effort",1,-1,[],[32525]],["popular susceptibility to framing effects is substantially limited by deeply ingrained societal beliefs and values",1,-1,[],[50026]],["positive framing tends to enhance beliefs in the benefits of technology, while negative framing emphasizes risks and potential drawbacks",1,-1,[],[51216]],["small changes in visual findings can produce changes in opinion",1,-1,[],[6670]],["that may however, induce societal biases in generated text.",1,-1,[],[60943]],["the framing effect is driven by an affect heuristic underwritten by an emotional system.",1,-1,[],[18864]],["the framing effect results from systematic biases in choice behavior arising from an affect heuristic underwritten by an emotional system",1,-1,[],[18864]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["effect of a frame",1,22120,[],[15379]],["framing bias",1,7181,[],[18864]],["issue framing",1,11720,[],[1330]],["message frames",1,9874,[],[6269]],["prospect theory's framing effect",1,-1,[],[232]]],"sb":[["Framing effect (images)",1,12578,[],[32525]],["Framing effect (textual)",1,26249,[],[32525]],["emphasis (or issue) framing",1,5946,[],[54169]],["equivalency framing",1,28843,[],[54169]]],"sp":[["framing",2,22777,[],[1330,59280]],["Framing theory",1,32672,[],[61758]],["bias",1,30859,[],[60943]],["related concepts",1,-1,[],[20707]]],"ex":[["The investments of a company in net-carbon are presented as greenwashing without touching upon positive outcomes.",1,-1,[],[32525]],["if a speaker describes a hate group rally in terms of free speech, then the audience will subsequently base its opinions about the rally on free speech considerations and support the right to rally. In contrast, if the speaker uses a public safety frame, the audience will base its opinions on public safety considerations and oppose the rally",1,-1,[],[17103]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["popularity is directly attached to an entity. Thus, it represents an absolute measure because it allows an entity to be rated as vivid without comparing it to another entity.",1,-1,[],[16295]]],"sy":[["bottom-up signal for attention",1,-1,[],[16295]]],"rt":[["vividness",1,17430,[],[16295]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the media",1,-1,[],[15900]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["operationalized as language use across different contexts.",1,-1,[],[14380]],["which is operationalized as language use across different contexts",1,-1,[],[14380]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]}]