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It gives an account of how complex information in texts is semantically structured, cognitively processed, and discursively represented.",1,-1,[],[53743]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["CDA approaches",1,-1,[],[53743]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["broma",1,6989,[],[58178]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[56612]],["descontextualización",1,1739,[],[58178]],["engaño",1,23654,[],[58178]],["exageración",1,20701,[],[58178]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["criminal tragedy",1,-1,[],[30065]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["modern religions",1,-1,[],[40988]]],"ex":[["the Great Duck's Church (GDC), the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (CFSM), Discordianism, the Church of the SubGenius, Eventualism, the religion of the Invisible Pink Unicorn, Kibology, the Last Thursdayism, the First Church of the Last Laugh, Bokononism, Dudeism, Gadgetology, Googlism, Jediism, Kopimism, the Church of Maradona, the International Church of Cannabis, the United Church of Bacon, Silinism",1,-1,[],[40988]],["the Great Duck's Church (GDC), the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (CFSM), Discordianism, the Church of the SubGenius, Eventualism, the religion of the Invisible Pink Unicorn, Kibology, the Last Thursdayism, the First Church of the Last Laugh, Bokononism, Dudeism, Gadgetology, Googlism, Jediism, Kopimism, the Church of Maradona, the International Church of Cannabis, the United Church of Bacon, Silinism (the official religion of the micronation of the Aerican Empire that worships Forsteri, the Great Penguin)",1,-1,[],[40988]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, subjects were asked four questions: \"Which one is more important for a child to have? (Independence/Respect for Elders, Curiosity/Good Manners, Obedience/Self-Reliance, Being Considerate/Well Behaved).\" Subjects who indicated \"Independence,\" \"Curiosity,\" \"Self-Reliance,\" and \"Being Considerate\" scored a minimum on the scale of zero; while those who indicated \"Respect for Elders,\" \"Good Manners,\" \"Obedience,\" and \"Well Behaved\" scored a maximum of 4.",1,-1,[],[58734]],["authoritarianism -as a property of the individual rather than a feature of political systems",1,-1,[],[35032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["nationalism",1,22205,[],[4666]],["politics of fear",1,11681,[],[20032]],["populism",1,20354,[],[4666]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ostracising the others",1,6287,[],[3177]],["Ostracism",1,6976,[],[3177]],["Ostracism towards out-groups",1,-1,[],[3177]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They present a site where the apparatus for the evaluation of online information is currently being assembled, and in this undertaking not just epistemic but also political and economic normativities come into play.",1,-1,[],[8381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["controversy analysis",1,30749,[],[8381]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The notion of consensus-based authority does not imply that everybody must agree but suggests that authority is established within a particular media circuit in which an authoritative person must be seen to articulate widely appreciated and acceptable views of the world.",1,-1,[],[8395]],["The process of mediatization means that collective uses of media push popularity and consensus above other criteria of cultural authority",1,-1,[],[8395]],["authority is established within a particular media circuit in which an authoritative person must be seen to articulate widely appreciated and acceptable views of the world",1,-1,[],[8395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["individuals feel adept at detecting misinformation, lowering their attention to wrongful information",1,-1,[],[45953]],["individuals tend to overstate their knowledge about some topics, and to perceive their partial information as highly accurate",1,-1,[],[1521]],["is properly considered by Friedkin and Johnsen [96,95] as a generalisation of the basic DeGroot model",1,-1,[],[1521]],["overconfidence in detecting lies could help lies spread.",1,-1,[],[45953]],["self-efficacy is only satisfaction in one's level of performance, and complacency may result, leading to a negative relationship between self-efficacy and performance",1,-1,[],[54774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["illusion of asymmetric insight",1,16498,[],[1521]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Qatar-based Al Jazeera Arabic and Dubai-based Al Arabiya, which broadcast primarily to the Middle East, and the South African Broadcasting Corporation, which serves Africa.",1,-1,[],[20782]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a strategy used to delegitimize enemies abroad",1,-1,[],[9780]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["attribution of causal responsibility",1,17743,[],[9780]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the nature of the Jezebel's political and religious wickedness evolved into a sexual wickedness as a Jezebel became a fallen woman, a sexual woman, a prostitute",1,-1,[["the nature of the Jezebel's political and religious wickedness evolved into a sexual wickedness as a Jezebel became a fallen woman, a sexual woman, a prostitute",1],["the nature of the Jezebel's political and religious wickedness evolved into a sexual wickedness as a Jezebel became a fallen woman, a sexual woman, a prostitute.",1]],[3445]]],"sy":[["fallen woman",1,-1,[],[3445]],["prostitute",1,-1,[],[3445]],["sexual woman",1,-1,[],[3445]]],"rt":[["the black matriarch",1,-1,[],[3445]],["the mammy",1,-1,[],[3445]],["the welfare mother",1,-1,[],[3445]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["controlling images",1,17508,[],[3445]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Catford (1965) initially described shift as a deviation from formal correspondence, highlighting fundamental disparities between languages.",1,-1,[],[58817]],["Recent scholars contend that translation alterations are not merely unavoidable but also endowed with ideological relevance, since they include interpretive choices influenced by cultural and geopolitical contexts Venuti (2017), and Hatim & Munday (2019).",1,-1,[],[58817]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In the context of gender, such adjustments can either reduce or enhance the prominence of sexist language, contingent upon the linguistic attributes of the target language and the translator's stance on gender portrayal.",1,-1,[],[58817]],["Zhang (2018) notes that in the Tok Pisin Bible translation, gender-neutral English phrases are often translated into masculine equivalents, a change that has considerable theological and societal implications.",1,-1,[],[58817]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Rather, it presents science as a subjective, human activity motivated by personal inclinations and thus imbued with subjectivity.",1,-1,[],[42076]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["empiricist repertoire",1,-1,[],[42076]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We can think of a myopic agent as one that only considers how best to answer the single question that you give 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And they are vulnerable to people who have a lot of such power.",1,-1,[],[28785]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["frame in thought",1,31451,[],[15207]],["individual frame",1,13515,[],[15207]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["manipulation",1,148,[],[59736]],["manufacture",1,-1,[],[59736]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["position bias",1,17582,[],[43186]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["connotes a socially constructed state of affairs that draws in and on different actors and dimensions such as public and media attention, scientific knowledge and policy practice.",1,-1,[],[29346]],["risk is conceptualized partly as a social construct and partly as an objective property of a hazard or event",1,-1,[],[29346]],["the amplification process […] starts with either a physical event […] or a report of environmental or technological events…",1,-1,[],[29346]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dispersed risk event",1,3137,[],[29346]]],"sb":[["dispersed risk event",1,3137,[],[29346]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Alongside their impact on polarization, concerns have been voiced about these platforms' role as channels of misinformation and 'fake news', including strategically targeted disinformation campaigns, often linked to Russia, aimed at influencing the electoral process, as well as sowing distrust of democratic institutions.",1,-1,[],[24203]],["By enflaming existing social tensions and introducing mistrust of democratic institutions, disinformation campaigns diminish the base of civil society from which movements can mobilize (169).",1,-1,[],[6502]],["Information channeling strategies, especially covert strategies such as disinformation campaigns where repressors mimic activists, work similarly to damage trust among activists and undermine the institutional capacity of movement organizations to function effectively.",1,-1,[],[6502]],["Such a campaign is thoroughly planned with predetermined intentions and fake news is the means of this influence.",1,-1,[],[44814]],["a social crisis can easily emerge out of nothing via fears based on confusing knowledge with bogus references to \"scientists\" or \"authoritative sources\"",1,-1,[],[27984]],["because they are participatory in nature, disinformation campaigns can involve different degrees of coordination",1,-1,[],[7401]],["disinformation campaigns are more about redirecting blame onto others and lowering the level of trust in governments, elites, and established media within the general public",1,-1,[],[38276]],["disinformation campaigns often promote election boycotts, attack mainstream candidates and promote third-party candidates. They also encourage tribalism to attack other groups",1,-1,[],[34325]],["each characterized by distinct themes, narratives, and objectives.",1,-1,[],[53438]],["must be considered an act of intervention in the domestic affairs of another state",1,-1,[],[51307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Information channeling strategies",1,-1,[],[6502]],["covert strategies",1,-1,[],[6502]],["intervention in the domestic affairs of another state",1,-1,[],[51307]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hybrid threats",1,5863,[],[38276]]],"ex":[["The \"buckwheat crisis\" is a great example of a possible disinformation campaign",1,-1,[],[27984]],["half-truths, exaggerations, or lies",1,-1,[],[15719]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["FIMI is conducted by both state and non-state actors, as well as their proxies.",1,-1,[],[47097]],["FIMI is routinely used to undermine public confidence in the democratic institutions' legitimacy and efficacy.",1,-1,[],[47097]],["Foreign actors trying to manipulate and interfere with the information environment of other states use a variety of constantly evolving tactics, techniques, and procedures, often in combination with cybersecurity and hybrid threats",1,-1,[],[47097]],["Foreign actors trying to manipulate and interfere with the information environment of other states use a variety of constantly evolving tactics, techniques, and procedures, often in combination with cybersecurity and hybrid threats (StratCom, 2021).",1,-1,[],[47097]],["It may contribute to an increased polarisation within the EU and escalate political violence in conflict-prone regions.",1,-1,[],[47097]],["Its subjects may involve state or non-state entities, including their proxies inside and outside of their territory.",1,-1,[],[47097]],["States use FIMI to destabilise foreign countries for their advantage; private companies provide \"disinformation for hire\" to amplify sensationalist content and to get financial gains (Goldstein and Grossman, 2021).",1,-1,[],[47097]],["The activity is manipulative and conducted in an intentional and coordinated manner.",1,-1,[],[47097]],["The activity is manipulative and conducted in an intentional and coordinated manner. Its subjects may involve state or non-state entities, including their proxies inside and outside of their territory.",1,-1,[],[47097]],["The report acknowledges that FIMI is routinely used to undermine public confidence in the democratic institutions' legitimacy and efficacy. It may contribute to an increased polarisation within the EU and escalate political violence in conflict-prone regions.",1,-1,[],[47097]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[47097]]],"sb":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[47097]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Living in a particular social formation (a mix of class, gender, age, race, and so forth)",1,-1,[],[20861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Perpetrator livestreaming, in sum, tests the limits of witnessing by reconfiguring both the norms and forms of this genre.",1,-1,[],[58469]],["challenges the norms of witnessing by undermining the ethos traditionally associated with testimonies; it also challenges the forms of witnessing by being integral to attacks and by being disseminated across media.",1,-1,[],[58469]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["mediation",1,11235,[],[58469]],["pre-mediation",1,18497,[],[58469]],["re-mediation",1,20293,[],[58469]]],"sp":[["witnessing genre",1,-1,[],[58469]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["as well as in its negative connotation as the ways of influencing the discourses that are dumped onto these communicative channels by other agents with intention to dominate, manipulate, etc.",1,-1,[],[51305]],["both in its positive connotation referring to the surveillance activities carried out by public authorities or other social agents to prevent forms of criminality in cyberspace",1,-1,[],[51305]],["state-driven",1,-1,[],[39285]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In a real-world news platform, a news piece is released in a single domain (channel). However, a news piece is a mixture of diverse elements which makes it relate to multiple news domains.",1,-1,[],[43036]],["In other words, it is difficult to discriminate domains by news content.",1,-1,[],[43036]],["a news piece is a mixture of diverse elements which makes it relate to multiple news domains, e.g., the political news (c) is also related to the health news (b), leading to the challenge of domain labeling incompleteness.",1,-1,[],[43036]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["missing label issue",1,-1,[],[43036]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Data colonialism combines the predatory extractive practices of historical colonialism with the abstract quantification methods of computing.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["Data, unlike other historical natural products (in relation to colonialism), is developed through a highly socialized process as it becomes captured, selected, and appropriated",1,-1,[],[1730]],["Data, unlike other historical natural products (in relation to colonialism), is developed through a highly socialized process as it becomes captured, selected, and appropriated (Couldry and Mejias, 2019).",1,-1,[],[1730]],["Human life itself is being progressively capitalized in new ways whose detail, extent and precision go far beyond earlier general predictions of the capitalization of life.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["The process of the Global North appropriating and enabling data extraction for commodification from the Global South creates new human \"data relations\" and a new social order; even social lifecaptured through datacan become a resource that is mined and extracted by those with power and access for capital across the globe.",1,-1,[],[1730]],["The value of those extractive processes depends on the comprehensiveness of the data generated.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["data practices invade the space of the self by making tracking a permanent feature of life, expanding and deepening the basis on which human beings can exploit each other.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["rejecting the form of resource appropriation and accompanying social order that most contemporary data practice represents.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["resource appropriation, ideology, and corporate concentration of profits",1,-1,[],[9529]],["the audacious yet largely disguised corporate attempt to incorporate all of life, whether or not conceived by those doing it as 'production,' into an expanded process for the generation of surplus value",1,-1,[],[9529]],["the claim to absolute universality that Quijano sees as characteristic of European modernity, and which we find reproduced in data colonialism, and its logics of universal data extraction and management of human beings through data.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["the colonial appropriation of life in general and its annexation to capital, through various mechanisms of which one is the digital platform.",1,-1,[],[9529]],["the underlying rationality that enables continuous appropriation to seem natural, necessary and somehow an enhancement of, not a violence to, human development.",1,-1,[],[9529]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data capitalism",1,34405,[],[1101]],["data relations",1,30643,[],[9529]],["platformization",1,27962,[],[36045]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["colonialism",1,12372,[],[9529]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Currently, unreliable socially significant information is usually referred to as fake (bogus, false) news.",1,-1,[],[28105]]],"sy":[["bogus news",1,-1,[],[28105]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[28105]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we use a framework similar to Askell et al. (2021), who define models to be aligned if they are helpful, honest, and harmless.",1,-1,[],[15657]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[21421]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["affordances",1,3089,[],[57737]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["constructed more subtly, for example, through voicing public worries about immigrants being increasingly visible (physically) to the public, altering the physical setting of people in cities and public spaces",1,-1,[],[36202]],["stressing the inability to accommodate refugees",1,-1,[],[36202]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["neo-fascist idea of ethnic cleansing through immigration",1,-1,[],[36202]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["No entanto, tal vontade encobriria um desejo oculto de morte, na medida em que se oporia a tudo aquilo que é próprio da vida: a aparência, o erro, o embuste, a simulação e o cegamento",1,-1,[],[19434]],["a vontade de verdade evidencia a preocupação de cunho moral que move a busca por conhecimento, já que esta seria orientada pela associação da verdade ao bem e da falsidade (ou engano) ao mal.",1,-1,[],[19434]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["temor do engano",1,-1,[],[19434]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A foundation stone for a 'mindful journalism' consideration of the ethical dimensions of a story is the 'Right Intent' of the journalists involved.",1,-1,[],[45713]],["A truly reflective and mindful approach will not resolve all ethical dilemmas to the satisfaction of all stakeholders in a story, particularly if the decision sits on one of Hirst and Patching's (2007) 'fault lines' (p. 3).",1,-1,[],[45713]],["can help guide the ethical decision-making of journalists (and journalism educators) beyond the 'black letter' codes of ethics in the news media and universities",1,-1,[],[45713]],["it is premised on basic Buddhist principles such as the acknowledgement of the inherent suffering in life (particularly in a mental health context), the need for kindness and compassion (metta) in one's dealings with others, and the fact that one's actions inevitably have implications and repercussions both for oneself and others (karma) (Gunaratne, 2015, p. 43).",1,-1,[],[45713]],["the integrity of reporting can be enhanced if journalists take deliberative steps to reflect inwardly upon their understanding, intent, livelihood, thoughts, actions, and speech in mindful concentration",1,-1,[["the integrity of reporting can be enhanced if journalists take deliberative steps to reflect inwardly upon their understanding, intent, livelihood, thoughts, actions, and speech in mindful concentration",1],["the integrity of reporting can be enhanced if journalists take deliberative steps to reflect inwardly upon their understanding, intent, livelihood, thoughts, actions, and speech in mindful concentration.",1]],[45713]],["the principles of 'mindful journalism' (Pearson, 2014) can help guide the ethical decision-making of journalists (and journalism educators) beyond the 'black letter' codes of ethics in the news media and universities.",1,-1,[],[45713]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["inclusive journalism",1,-1,[],[45713]],["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[45713]]],"sb":[["Right Action",1,31664,[],[45713]],["Right Concentration",1,19855,[],[45713]],["Right Intent",1,-1,[],[45713]],["Right Livelihood",1,20272,[],[45713]],["Right Mindfulness",1,17932,[],[45713]],["Right Speech",1,29337,[],[45713]],["Right Thought",1,27994,[],[45713]],["Right Understanding",1,23154,[],[45713]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["monitoring",1,26466,[],[19601]],["sensitisation",1,14212,[],[19601]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Islamophobia",1,13648,[],[29257]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They participate in state-aligned youth projects digitally and in person.",1,-1,[],[53764]],["Yet they are those that are fit, strong, and able-bodied: those that take part are \"heroes\" and can become strong; those that remain on the sidelines are not and cannot.",1,-1,[],[53764]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an active process of making",1,-1,[],[59710]],["entails a sort of legal rebirth",1,-1,[],[59710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["formed by drawing false equivalence between scientific evidence and uninformed opinions and doctored videos of public figures",1,-1,[],[45662]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Absichtlich erzeugte Skandale laufen grundsätzlich im Öffentlichen ab und werden nicht aufgedeckt.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Als Akteure in dieser Skandalform wurden Skandalproduzenten erster und zweiter Stufe identifiziert.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Bewusste Überschreitungen von gesellschaftlichen Grenzen werden im intendierten Skandal gezielt zur Provokation von Teilen der Öffentlichkeit angewandt.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Die Skandalhandlungen betreffen moralische Grenzüberschreitungen. Eine negative Verrechtlichung des Skandalthemas wird von den Skandalisierten nicht gewünscht. Die skandalisierten Grenzüberschreitungen sind moralischer Natur und verstoßen nicht gegen Gesetze, obwohl eine Verrechtlichung der Grenzüberschreitung durch Mitbewerber in der Skandalisierung angestrebt wird.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Im Gegensatz zu normalen medialisierten Politskandalen entwickeln sie keine allzu negative Wirkung für die Skandalisierten, sondern werden mit der nötigen Vorsicht in der politischen Kommunikation eingesetzt.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Intendierte Skandale laufen stets im Öffentlichen ab und werden aus diesem Grund nicht von Skandalisierern aufgedeckt.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Intendierte Skandale sind vor diesem theoretischen Hintergrund den medialisierten und inszenierten Ereignissen zuzurechnen.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Intendierte Skandale verfolgen zwei kommunikative Hauptziele: Die Erringung des kommunikativen Guts Aufmerksamkeit (1) und die damit verbundene Erzeugung von Öffentlichkeit (2) für die politischen Akteure.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Intendierte Skandale werden stets durch medialisierte und inszenierte Ereignisse angestoßen und vorangetrieben.",1,-1,[],[21223]],["Sie werden durch medialisierte und inszenierte Ereignisse von den Skandalisierten begonnen und vorangetrieben.",1,-1,[],[21223]]],"sy":[["Absichtlich erzeugte Skandale",1,-1,[],[21223]]],"rt":[["inszenierte Ereignisse",1,-1,[],[21223]],["intendierte Selbstskandalisierung",1,32206,[],[21223]],["medialisierte Ereignisse",1,-1,[],[21223]],["medialisierte Politskandale",1,-1,[],[21223]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Skandale",1,2209,[],[21223]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["stereotypes are in essence products of collections of individuals, as they become consensually shared across large numbers of people within (sub) cultures",1,-1,[],[39674]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["While reliance on assumed knowledge can help to reduce the numbers of words in a text, it can also constrain understanding to audience members with culturally or contextually related knowledge of those events. Because they are socially and culturally context-dependent, these types of quotations position the writer (and hence audience) intertextually as an insider.",1,-1,[],[47281]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["signifier",1,24632,[],[47281]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["semantic prosody",1,21901,[],[25072]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This problem is rooted not only in economic, instrumental or technological factors related to the certain complexity of ensuring all users' access to the information resources, but also in personal psychological factors: linguistic competence, education, information competence, and motivation to increasing one's knowledge and learning.",1,-1,[],[48599]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["relates to the way facts are treated in news organisations operating in a deadline-driven context, but also amidst risks of libel and their own credibility",1,-1,[],[15931]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Does the post refer to the negative traits of any famous personality(politician/celebrity) which are not factual?",1,-1,[],[56307]],["Personal attacks also include verbal abuse, insults, or threats directed at the individual",1,-1,[],[56307]],["Three dimensions reflected non-substantive news coverage: strategic coverage, personal attacks and incivility.",1,-1,[],[4271]],["style, personality and performance",1,-1,[],[4271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social Bias",1,242,[],[56307]],["conflict framing",1,15836,[],[4271]],["non-substantive conflict coverage",1,-1,[],[4271]],["offensive language",1,31626,[],[16611]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The new generation of Internet filters ... are prediction engines, constantly creating and refining a theory of who you are and what you'll do and want next. Together, these engines create a unique universe of information for each of us-what I've come to call a filter bubble-which fundamentally alters the way we encounter ideas and information.",1,-1,[],[44608]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion climate",1,28180,[],[13381]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it reinforces ideas that if specific work is unpaid or underpaid then we won't need it",1,-1,[],[14834]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hypodermic needle",1,-1,[],[21708]],["magic bullet",1,-1,[],[21708]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["experiencing repeated and severe abuse based on gender, such as race, age, disability, sexuality, profession, or personal beliefs",1,-1,[],[35501]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["accidental",1,31066,[],[46235]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["sharing types",1,-1,[],[46235]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This amplifying effect occurs because visuals are easy to understand, attention-grabbing, and able to establish an emotional connection with recipients",1,-1,[],[60007]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multimodal framing perspective",1,-1,[],[60007]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["8Kun",1,-1,[],[14782]],["Reddit",1,-1,[],[14782]],["Telegram",1,-1,[],[14782]],["Truth Social",1,-1,[],[14782]],["blogs",1,-1,[],[14782]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["topics-centered approach",1,-1,[],[4085]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["self-reflection",1,4570,[],[2300]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Causal Consistency",1,2455,[],[42583]],["Surface Fluency",1,-1,[],[42583]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Textual Features",1,6542,[],[42583]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":249,"df":[["sentiment analysis, which checks the polarity of a piece of text",2,-1,[["sentiment analysis, which checks the polarity of a piece of text",1],["sentiment analysis, which checks the polarity of a piece of text.",1]],[11900,16788]],["which checks the polarity of a piece of text",2,-1,[],[11900,16788]]],"de":[["A score is derived for each piece of text, for example, as the average score over all the relevant words in the text, though modified by natural language analysis to take account of negations and other grammatical constructs.",1,-1,[],[40195]],["A simple type of content analysis is sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[25813]],["According to the algorithm applied to the model, this type of analysis will analyze and retrieve the percentage of positive/negative/neutral sentiment present in a text",1,-1,[],[1045]],["According to this classification, a score of 0,5 indicates a neutral text (without a predominant display of positive or negative sentiments); scores closer to 0 indicate negative sentiment, and scores closer to 1 express positive sentiment.",1,-1,[],[35171]],["Although some tasks are concerned with detecting the existence of emotion in text, others are concerned with finding the polarities of the text, which is classified as positive, negative, or neutral.",1,-1,[],[17577]],["Any opinion or emotion expressed in the form of a text would contain a negative, positive, or neutral element.",1,-1,[],[43410]],["Automatically identifying sentiment expressed in text has a number of applications, including tracking sentiment towards products, movies, politicians, etc., improving customer relation models, detecting happiness and well-being, and improving automatic dialogue systems.",1,-1,[],[11074]],["By analyzing the sentiment expressed in social media posts, researchers can identify patterns and anomalies indicative of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[57987]],["Explicitly stated opinion can reliably be extracted with the help of state-of-the-art NLP methods, such as sentiment analysis.",1,-1,[],[399]],["For instance, companies may use Sentiment Analysis to monitor how customers feel about their products or services by analyzing posts on platforms like Twitter or Facebook.",1,-1,[],[41262]],["Generally, this task could be defined as estimating the users' emotional polarity as positive, negative, or neutral [28,29].",1,-1,[],[62048]],["Hence each essay carried a sentiment score, and the set of scores fell into distinct clusters (from a very low sentiment cluster to a very high sentiment one).",1,-1,[],[14483]],["In the context of media bias, sentiment analysis can detect biases in statements or articles [97,109] and help identify other concepts like hate speech, political ideology, or linguistic bias [3,193].",1,-1,[],[20737]],["It aims to analyze people's sentiments, , attitudes, opinions emotions, etc. towards elements such as, products, individuals, topics ,organizations, and services.",1,-1,[],[15884]],["It identifies the polarity (positive, neutral, negative) of texts and their strength or intensity (how positive/negative).",1,-1,[],[21114]],["It is an effective research area in natural language processing (NLP). It is one of the ways of communication between humans and machines through text and conversation.",1,-1,[],[30353]],["It is crucial to get information on whether it supports a particular point of view from the text that is distinct from the traditional text classification that analyzes the objective content of the text.",1,-1,[],[7396]],["It is noteworthy that while stance detection may rely on sentiment analysis, the goal of sentiment analysis is to analyze personal emotions rather than the objective verification of statements.",1,-1,[],[53418]],["It treats the entire body of text related to a topic as a fundamental unit of information, leveraging machine learning and other techniques to identify the emotions expressed by individuals",1,-1,[],[24502]],["Many tools exist for the English language and current debates center on whether it can effectively convey a stance towards a target (Bestvater and Monroe, 2023) or on the merits of translating content to English in order to use these tools (Moritz Laurer et al., 2023).",1,-1,[],[41120]],["Nowadays, sentiment analysis includes more than reviewing products and services. It has expanded to include dealing with politics and technology [24].",1,-1,[],[5879]],["One of these text mining tasks is sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[26029]],["Overlooking sentiment can lead to a misclassification.",1,-1,[],[59631]],["Research on sentiment analysis has increased recently as it provides a summary of the opinions contained in big data instantaneously and quickly.",1,-1,[],[46869]],["SA is a text mining technique that automatically analyzes text for the author's sentiment using NLP techniques",1,-1,[],[17577]],["SA is capable of detecting the presence of propaganda, and anger or hatred embodied in community channels.",1,-1,[],[43410]],["SA was chosen for two main reasons. First, web pages are rich in emotion-related opinions and content. Second, text analysis relates to the use of propaganda on the web because text content contains opinions or directives that could influence public perception in decision making.",1,-1,[],[43410]],["Sentiment Analysis or opinion mining provides the assessment or opinion of a person to the subject, product, or event of the data set.",1,-1,[],[20182]],["Sentiment Analysis, for instance, can evaluate voter sentiment and forecast election results based on social media activity during election seasons",1,-1,[],[41262]],["Sentiment analysis (SA) involves analysing texts that contain opinions and emotions.",1,-1,[],[43410]],["Sentiment analysis (SA) is then used in identifying the positive and negative elements within the propaganda itself, through analysing the related documents, social media, articles or forums.",1,-1,[],[43410]],["Sentiment analysis can import bias of its own, attribute positive or negative sentiment to utterances that human readers would disagree with.",1,-1,[],[36270]],["Sentiment analysis could be performed using different approaches such as Sentiment Identification Algorithm which is Compositional Semantic Rule, Numeric Sentiment Identification, Vector space model, and Bag-of-Word and Rule-based.",1,-1,[],[48553]],["Sentiment analysis has specifically been proposed as a key enabling technology in eRulemaking",1,-1,[],[17190]],["Sentiment analysis in Spanish is in a burgeoning stage though (Osorio Angel et al., 2021), and complexities such as varying regionalization, the difficulty of measuring sarcasm, and word inflections complicate progress towards other debates (del Valle Martín and de la Fuente, 2023).",1,-1,[],[41120]],["Sentiment analysis includes three types of polarity: negative, neutral, and positive.",1,-1,[],[10992]],["Sentiment analysis involves analyzing sentiment polarity through available information",1,-1,[],[15750]],["Sentiment analysis involves classifying opinions in text into categories like \"positive\" or \"negative\" or \"neutral\".",1,-1,[],[15884]],["Sentiment analysis is an interdisciplinary research area that includes computer science, psychology, social science, and other fields",1,-1,[],[15750]],["Sentiment analysis is done on user generated content on the Web which contains opinions, sentiments or views.",1,-1,[],[16364]],["Sentiment analysis is mostly approached as a linguistic agnostic task that focuses on leveraging a given text's linguistic properties to identify the polarity of the text",1,-1,[],[62048]],["Sentiment analysis is not limited to commercial applications; it also plays a crucial role in social and political discourse, helping to gauge public opinion on various issues and inform policy making.",1,-1,[],[58985]],["Sentiment analysis is used, for example, to get insights about sentiments about products and services or to understand voter behavior and has been applied to several domains such as health care, financial services, and politics",1,-1,[],[42693]],["Sentiment analysis methods have been used for a diverse range of tasks within social science and political science research.",1,-1,[],[26361]],["Sentiment analysis studies people's sentiments, opinions, attitudes, evaluations, appraisals and emotions towards services, products, individuals, organizations, issues, topics events and their attributes",1,-1,[],[22127]],["Social media NLP tools may be used for, say, sentiment analysis applications",1,-1,[],[15451]],["Stance detection is related to, but different from, sentiment analysis.",1,-1,[],[12344]],["The ''elements'' in this context can represent individuals, events, services, products, and topics.",1,-1,[],[9903]],["The Microsoft Azure sentiment analysis tool generates a variable that describes the sentiment in each article/headline ranging from 0,0 to 1,0. Numbers close to 0 indicate negative sentiment (e.g., anger, criticism, and sadness, among others), numbers close to 1 indicate positive sentiment (e.g., joy and cheer), and 0.5 indicates neutrality.",1,-1,[],[35171]],["The application assigns polarity scores for each text body as positive, negative, or neutral by comparing derived patterns and pre-examined text structures.",1,-1,[],[54438]],["The approach of extracting emotion and polarization from text is known as Sentiment Analysis (SA).",1,-1,[],[17577]],["The comprehension of user sentiments and source positions is facilitated by methods like Sentiment Analysis and resources like SPARQL and the OWLAPI module.",1,-1,[],[41262]],["The concept of analyzing the audience's feelings, attitudes, and interaction with different topics and issues is related to big data",1,-1,[],[30353]],["The emotion is focused on a specific thing, an object, an incident, or an individual.",1,-1,[],[17577]],["The goal is to discover views of people articulated in the written language (text) in sentiment analysis or opinion mining",1,-1,[],[30112]],["The goal of SA is to identify the emotive direction of user evaluations automatically.",1,-1,[],[17577]],["The goal of sentiment analysis is to computationally extract sentiments, opinions, and emotions expressed in text",1,-1,[],[21040]],["The goal of sentiment analysis is to detect subjective information contained in various sources and determine the mind-set of an author towards an issue or the overall disposition of a document.",1,-1,[],[16364]],["The main goal of sentiment analysis is to understand the general attitude of a text or dataset in relation to a specific topic.",1,-1,[],[31422]],["The practice of sentiment analysis (sometimes called opinion mining) examines such feelings as they pertain to any given entity",1,-1,[],[44842]],["The purpose is to judge the positive, negative, and neutral meaning of the text, making online-generated content easier to process and understand",1,-1,[],[14314]],["The purpose of sentiment is to classify a commentary into a negative, positive, or neutral impression, and the conclusion can describe one's feelings, emotions",1,-1,[],[20182]],["The purpose of sentiment is to classify a commentary into a negative, positive, or neutral impression, and the conclusion can describe one's feelings, emotions [5].",1,-1,[],[20182]],["The quantification can turn text data into a Likert-scale positive-neutral-negative numerical range.",1,-1,[],[38312]],["The sentiment analysis has a minuscule effect on detecting the accurate stance on social media. This is due to the complexity of stance modeling on social media, which can be inferred based on various factors ranging from the textual cues to the social identity of the author.",1,-1,[],[62048]],["The tool returns a range from 0 to 4 with 0 indicating \"very negative\" and 4 \"very positive\".",1,-1,[],[30313]],["These techniques have been used to measure media tone (Boukes et al. 2020), public opinions (Ceron et al. 2014), political polarization (Yarchi, Baden, and Kligler-Vilenchik 2021), politician favorability (Nasukawa and Yi 2003), medical patient experiences (Greaves et al. 2013), disaster relief (Beigi et al. 2016) and mis-and disinformation detection (Alonso et al. 2021;Hardalov et al. 2022).",1,-1,[],[26361]],["This analysis is often applied to social media content to measure opinion and satisfaction with a particular topic, person, or product",1,-1,[],[1045]],["This approach leverages the emotional content of the text, providing a nuanced layer of analysis that can enhance the accuracy of fake news detection systems.",1,-1,[],[57987]],["This feature helps us to further extract the motivation of the hoax which can be for black campaigns or not.",1,-1,[],[10262]],["This includes assessing views, emotions, and attitudes in social media posts.",1,-1,[],[50371]],["This research area comprises multiple applications such as emotion, polarity, and sarcasm detection.",1,-1,[],[47917]],["Two of its uses are in marketing to quantify customer satisfaction (say, from a set of product reviews) and in finance to predict market trends (say, from tweets about companies).",1,-1,[],[38028]],["Unlike rigid multiple-choice formats, it aligns with real-world language use while providing measurable bias assessments",1,-1,[],[47653]],["While these tasks are often grouped under sentiment analysis, we consider them as separate classification tasks due to their distinct and intrinsic characteristics.",1,-1,[],[47917]],["a key function in natural language processing",1,-1,[],[15777]],["a type of natural language processing",1,-1,[],[46869]],["analysis of sentiment can be divided into several levels according to different discourse granularity, such as document, sentence, and aspect or sentiment-and-target levels.",1,-1,[],[21040]],["captures sentimental expressions and their patterns in the Chinese language.",1,-1,[],[54438]],["captures subtle tonal inconsistencies either as stance misalignment or incorrect framing",1,-1,[],[27987]],["currently the problem is considered mostly equivalent to the detection of the sentiment polarity of a text producer and hence a classification output usually as Positive, Negative, or Neutral is expected from the sentiment analysis procedure.",1,-1,[],[7090]],["detecting subjective and objective sentences; classifying sentences as positive, negative, or neutral; detecting the person expressing the sentiment and the target of the sentiment; detecting emotions such as joy, fear, and anger; visualizing sentiment in text; and applying sentiment analysis in health, commerce, and disaster management",1,-1,[],[11074]],["different sentiment analysis methods could be tested on Twitter data also in order to replicate our findings",1,-1,[],[42693]],["enables scalable, real-time insights, it does not reflect the cognitive or behavioral components of trust",1,-1,[],[11229]],["generate various sentiment features, including arousal, valence and dominance scores (Warriner, Kuperman, and Brysbaert 2013), happiness score (Kloumann et al. 2012), polarization and strength (Wilson, Wiebe, and Hoffmann 2005), and emoticon score (Agarwal et al. 2011).",1,-1,[],[26051]],["has emerged as a powerful tool in the fight against fake news.",1,-1,[],[57987]],["in sentiment analysis, systems determine whether a piece of text is positive, negative, or neutral.",1,-1,[],[17668]],["integrating sentiment analysis into the data preprocessing phase enhances the model's ability to understand and leverage sentiment-related information in the input text, making it well-suited for tasks that involve analyzing emotions or sentiments in user-generated content.",1,-1,[],[61576]],["interpret and evaluate sentiments, opinions and emotions",1,-1,[],[51243]],["investigate how people expose their feelings, evaluations, attitudes and emotions.",1,-1,[],[24587]],["is a common method in opinion mining. It helps reveal the emotions hidden in text data",1,-1,[],[44470]],["is among the most active areas of research in natural language processing.",1,-1,[],[54438]],["naturally belonging to data mining",1,-1,[],[1463]],["offering potent tools for discerning the authenticity of online content.",1,-1,[],[38975]],["one of the fastest growing research areas of the previous years",1,-1,[],[1463]],["provides the assessment or opinion of a person to the subject, product, or event of the data set.",1,-1,[],[20182]],["reveal whether users' comments express positive or negative feelings",1,-1,[],[30353]],["sarcasm detection and analysis as a sub-task of Sentiment Analysis (SA)",1,-1,[],[5879]],["sentiment analysis and topic modelling are key techniques currently used for hate speech detection from unstructured textual social media data extracts",1,-1,[],[41661]],["sentiment analysis had used multiple data sources related to or coming from newspapers, tweets, photos, chats for example.",1,-1,[],[1463]],["sentiment analysis to find biased words in captions",1,-1,[],[399]],["sentiment analysis tools via Google apps were applied to analyze news headlines",1,-1,[],[33262]],["social networks has created a wave of interest in sentiment analysis by both academia and businesses.",1,-1,[],[16364]],["the expression and automatic extraction of opinion at three main levels of granularity (Liu 2012): the document, the sentence, and the aspect.",1,-1,[],[24871]],["the sentiment analysis may be carried out with the modification of lexicon-based dictionary using a specific language.",1,-1,[],[30112]],["this research method is now essential to understanding public opinion.",1,-1,[],[54438]],["to capture people's opinions or attitudes towards an object, person, phenomenon",1,-1,[],[26978]],["understanding, measuring and monitoring the sentiment of users towards certain topics or events, expressed in mere texts or through visual and vocal modalities",1,-1,[],[22563]],["useful for understanding consumer perception from reviews, tweets, etc.",1,-1,[],[11877]],["we used a lexicon-based approach for performing sentiment analysis.",1,-1,[],[38639]],["whether a subjective text contains positive or negative sentiments is a common two-class problem that involves classifying sentiments as positive or negative",1,-1,[],[25998]],["which can include social media posts, product reviews, or any other form of user-generated content.",1,-1,[],[41262]]],"sy":[["opinion mining",21,5224,[["opinion mining",19],["Opinion Mining",1],["Opinion mining",1]],[1463,7090,8024,9903,15884,16364,18998,19199,20182,24871,25998,26029,27523,30112,31422,33262,35164,35670,43966,44842,50371]],["subjectivity analysis",3,-1,[],[15884,16364,35164]],["appraisal extraction",2,-1,[],[15884,16364]],["emotion Artificial Intelligence",1,-1,[],[18998]],["emotion analysis",1,13467,[],[31422]],["polarity detection",1,26372,[],[11739]],["sentiment detection",1,-1,[],[58985]],["sentiment evaluation",1,-1,[],[58985]],["sentiment mining",1,4089,[],[58985]]],"rt":[["stance detection",12,25533,[["stance detection",5],["Stance detection",4],["Stance Detection",3],["Stance Detection (SD)",1]],[6718,7090,8053,12344,17668,21652,24587,25425,38527,53418,60774,62048]],["opinion mining",6,5224,[],[1463,15777,20182,24297,31422,33262]],["natural language processing",5,14069,[["natural language processing",3],["natural language processing (NLP)",2]],[1463,10486,18998,19199,30112]],["text mining",3,-1,[["text mining",2],["Text Mining",1]],[1045,18998,30112]],["Sentiment Classification",2,6139,[["Sentiment Classification",1],["sentiment classification",1]],[15884,16364]],["Subjectivity Classification",2,470,[["Subjectivity Classification",1],["subjectivity classification",1]],[15884,16364]],["appraisal",2,32170,[["appraisal",1],["appraisals",1]],[15884,24297]],["emotion analysis",2,13467,[],[31422,41661]],["hate speech",2,18278,[],[9903,20737]],["opinion",2,24152,[["opinion",1],["opinions",1]],[15884,48317]],["sentiment",2,11027,[["sentiment",1],["sentiments",1]],[15884,48317]],["subjectivity",2,5279,[],[24297,48317]],["NLP",1,-1,[],[26412]],["OWLAPI module",1,-1,[],[41262]],["Object Holder Extraction",1,-1,[],[16364]],["Object/ Feature Extraction",1,-1,[["Object/ Feature Extraction",1],["Object/Feature Extraction",1]],[16364]],["Opinion holder extraction",1,19889,[],[16364]],["SPARQL",1,-1,[],[41262]],["Twitter opinion mining",1,-1,[],[58985]],["affective states",1,5594,[],[24307]],["analysis of stance",1,-1,[],[24297]],["analysis of stance (Biber and Finegan 1988;Conrad and Biber 2000)",1,-1,[],[24297]],["appraisal (Martin and White 2005)",1,-1,[],[24297]],["argument mining",1,9379,[],[7090]],["attitudes",1,13566,[],[15884]],["author profiling",1,31962,[],[22563]],["biased language detection",1,12630,[],[7090]],["comment mining",1,-1,[],[30353]],["computational linguistics",1,-1,[],[18998]],["consumer feedback",1,-1,[],[58985]],["content analysis",1,12011,[],[26978]],["controversy detection",1,20508,[],[7090]],["data mining",1,7830,[],[30112]],["emotion and mood recognition",1,-1,[],[16364]],["emotion recognition",1,25749,[],[7090]],["emotions",1,22181,[],[15884]],["evidentiality",1,23689,[],[24297]],["evidentiality (Chafe and Nichols 1986)",1,-1,[],[24297]],["genre distinctions",1,-1,[],[16364]],["irony detection",1,-1,[],[22563]],["linguistic bias",1,20696,[],[20737]],["machine learning",1,-1,[],[1463]],["market sentiment",1,-1,[],[16364]],["one of the dimensions of comment mining",1,-1,[],[30353]],["opinion mining (Pang and Lee 2008)",1,-1,[],[24297]],["opinion spam detection",1,-1,[],[15884]],["personality",1,19690,[],[22563]],["perspective identification",1,12353,[],[7090]],["perspectives in text",1,-1,[],[16364]],["point of view",1,5478,[],[24297]],["point of view (Wiebe 1994;Scheibman 2002)",1,-1,[],[24297]],["polarity",1,8421,[],[24307]],["political ideology",1,30119,[],[20737]],["ranking",1,-1,[],[16364]],["relevance computations",1,-1,[],[16364]],["representational differences",1,-1,[],[48738]],["sarcasm detection",1,3057,[],[5879]],["sarcasm/irony detection",1,5675,[],[7090]],["sentiment analysis specific methods",1,-1,[],[1463]],["sentiment extraction",1,-1,[],[15884]],["social networking information",1,-1,[],[58985]],["social networking sites",1,32205,[],[58985]],["subjective information",1,28102,[],[24307]],["subjectivity (Lyons 1981;Langacker 1985)",1,-1,[],[24297]],["summarization of opinions",1,7500,[],[15884]],["target-based sentiment analysis",1,20259,[],[62048]],["text source identification",1,-1,[],[16364]],["tone",1,9331,[],[61045]]],"sb":[["Aspect based sentiment analysis",2,34288,[["Aspect based sentiment analysis",1],["aspect-based sentiment analysis",1]],[11739,24587]],["sarcasm detection",2,3057,[],[5879,47917]],["Binary SA",1,33887,[],[7396]],["Hate speech analysis",1,29517,[],[46869]],["Multi-class SA",1,-1,[],[7396]],["binary polarity",1,-1,[],[62048]],["detect the sentiment polarity towards specific targets",1,-1,[],[11739]],["document, sentence, word and feature-based",1,-1,[],[48317]],["emotion detection",1,20716,[],[47917]],["lexicon-based method",1,34531,[],[20182]],["machine learning method",1,-1,[],[20182]],["multi-level polarity",1,-1,[],[62048]],["negative",1,27826,[],[10992]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[10992]],["polarity detection",1,26372,[],[47917]],["positive",1,26933,[],[10992]],["regression",1,-1,[],[62048]],["sentence-level classification",1,25990,[],[11739]],["target-based sentiment analysis",1,20259,[],[62048]],["target-directed or aspect-specific sentiment",1,31900,[],[53453]]],"sp":[["Natural Language Processing (NLP)",2,14069,[["Natural Language Processing (NLP)",1],["natural language processing",1]],[32044,46869]],["content analysis",2,12011,[],[25813,26978]],["NLP",1,-1,[],[26412]],["data mining",1,7830,[],[1463]],["emotional evocation",1,10691,[],[3246]],["text classification",1,2154,[],[47917]],["text mining",1,-1,[],[26029]]],"ex":[["For example, a product review can express a positive, negative, or neutral sentiment (or polarity).",1,-1,[],[11074]],["Inferring speaker's emotions/attitudes/sentiment towards a target product, movie, person, idea, policy, entity, etc. (e.g., does Sara like the new phone?)",1,-1,[],[8053]],["Reading online messages about a political candidate posted on an online forum and classifying each message as positive, negative, or neutral is an example of such an analysis.",1,-1,[],[25813]],["a common theme was \"realism,\" where sentiment scores were higher the more that participants mentioned something about the environment that seemed to be very real.",1,-1,[],[14483]],["a method proposed by Van Hee et al. (2015b) used a sentiment lexicon to compute the number of positive, negative, and neutral words that occur in a given comment.",1,-1,[],[44707]],["applying this technique to movie reviews",1,-1,[],[38028]],["criticisms",1,-1,[],[15777]],["identify whether customers used \"positive,\" such as \"good\" and \"durable,\" or \"negative\" words, such as \"poor quality,\" to review a product",1,-1,[],[399]],["movies, travel, health, argumentation, interaction with audience, elections, expertise, sarcasm, spam, dialects and so on",1,-1,[],[1463]],["negative sentiments express opposition or rejection",1,-1,[],[54438]],["positive opinions",1,-1,[],[15777]],["positive sentiments include attitudes of support, consensus, or trust",1,-1,[],[54438]],["predict market trends (say, from tweets about companies)",1,-1,[],[38028]],["quantify customer satisfaction (say, from a set of product reviews)",1,-1,[],[38028]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Catalan nationalism",1,-1,[],[40362]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Catalan nationalism",1,-1,[],[40362]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reliability of the source",1,17521,[],[43979]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",1,-1,[],[43979]],["information quality",1,5092,[],[43979]]],"ex":[["Example (which label is: -2 Completely Disagree): \"Says video shows \"the Chinese are destroying the 5G poles as they are aware that it is the thing triggering the corona symptoms.\"",1,-1,[],[43979]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["long",1,-1,[],[5595]],["medium",1,4434,[],[5595]],["short",1,-1,[],[5595]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":142,"df":[["Newly received or noteworthy information, especially about recent events",2,-1,[["Newly received or noteworthy information, especially about recent events",1],["newly received or noteworthy information, especially about recent events",1]],[14446,21944]]],"de":[["Both the media organisation and audiences consider news as the focus of the media content",1,-1,[],[16229]],["Even so, not all facts are considered newsworthy, and many facts are considered to have no news value because the event or fact is considered to be something that happens on a regular basis.",1,-1,[],[40346]],["Ideas of what constitutes news develop in tandem with journalists' work habits and their efforts to manage audiences' expectations",1,-1,[],[19376]],["If the facts presented do not answer these five questions, the news cannot be called news.",1,-1,[],[31084]],["In journalism, news consists of three main elements: the facts, the sources, and the presentation of the news (Pavlik, 2019).",1,-1,[],[38060]],["It is a selective version of world events with a focus on that which is a new and/or unusal.",1,-1,[],[26389]],["It is determined by values that are reflected in a language used to tell the news.",1,-1,[],[16229]],["McNair sees that journalism is required to be a supplier of information, a resource that participates in public life and political debate, and a medium of education, enlightenment and entertainment.",1,-1,[],[29412]],["Minors perceive as anecdotal their exposure to informative news on social networks compared to other standard uses.",1,-1,[],[38093]],["News as a narrative form relies on various codes of culture to communicate to the audience.",1,-1,[],[30346]],["News is a major language genre in the media.",1,-1,[],[16229]],["News is a major language genre in the media. It frames stories of our day, covers the pages of newspapers and fills out the hours of times on radio and television.",1,-1,[],[16229]],["News is generally regarded as an output of journalism, a discipline deemed to give relevant, independent, and credible information",1,-1,[],[5437]],["News may also be understood as an everyday interpretation of events, considered potentially newsworthy material by newsmen, processed by news organisations",1,-1,[],[16229]],["News output is the primary product of news organisations.",1,-1,[],[16229]],["News reflects social, economic, and ideological values in a way discourse is produced in a particular society through the media with special attention given to social and political elites, elite organisations, and elite countries.",1,-1,[],[16229]],["News stories shape individuals' perceptions of social reality reflect the public's interest, and influence people's understanding of social issues, especially crime",1,-1,[],[29769]],["News, as a symbolic construction, is not a mirror",1,-1,[],[30849]],["News, simply put, is an account of what happened.",1,-1,[],[60195]],["So, even if there are facts, if they are not deemed important, true, and interesting by a large number of people, they cannot be used to create news.",1,-1,[],[53254]],["Such content is typically found via legacy news outlets, such as newspapers, radio, TV, and online news sites, but is also available on social media sites.",1,-1,[],[37120]],["The author comprehensively describes the news as a quick report of events delivered by journalists about facts that are interesting, important, and need to be known by a wide audience.",1,-1,[],[57098]],["The media news in particular can be perceived as a type of news information representing persons or events, and a news text or discourse, which represents recently occurring events made public through the news media.",1,-1,[],[16229]],["Therefore, it excludes verbs that refer to the invisible and the unverifiable, such as thinking, believing, trusting.",1,-1,[],[28566]],["Therefore, the credibility of tweets determines the news credibility altogether.",1,-1,[],[16767]],["This category was further divided based on a rough indication of political and ideological biases, based on an expert list informed by such media and news bias sources as Allsides.com, Media Bias Fact Check and NewsGuard.",1,-1,[],[34729]],["This means that news may be about video games, crafts, or any other topic.",1,-1,[],[38093]],["any authentic information, any development or recent happenings that are not yet known, and such information is brought to the attention of the public.",1,-1,[],[5437]],["but also includes profiles, fact-based articles, and other typical kinds of journalistic output.",1,-1,[],[49040]],["news can be regarded as a selective presentation of recent events that happen in the world and are deemed relevant or interesting for the audience",1,-1,[],[45922]],["news depends on institutional constraints, professional routines, conditions of information accessibility, specific journalistic and discursive choices, and a sense of relevance in relation to the idealized reader and news values",1,-1,[],[45922]],["news is a negotiated process of shared values and ideas, of shared culture",1,-1,[],[30346]],["news is an example of public discourse.",1,-1,[],[40748]],["news is not simply a \"value-free reflection\" of realties and for this reason there exists a strong tendency of bias in the media descriptions of events",1,-1,[],[16229]],["news is the fastest report of fact, new idea, exciting or important for most people through the newspaper, radio, television, and online media",1,-1,[],[42633]],["no longer something exclusively made by journalists: they have to share that role with bloggers, activists and social media users.",1,-1,[],[43705]],["not a mirror reflection of reality but is a product of political, cultural, and economic conditions",1,-1,[],[40748]],["produces a news product that is negative (so it is controversial), detached (so it is objective), technical (so it is standardized) and official (it is dependent on experts and political elites as sources)",1,-1,[],[40167]],["rapid conduit for the dissemination of facts or viewpoints, intentionally designed to captivate and resonate with a varied audience, highlighting news as a meticulously curated presentation of relevant and substantial information to the public.",1,-1,[],[12843]],["report of the latest facts or ideas, selectively crafted by a media outlet's editorial team not merely to inform but to captivate the audience with humor, emotional resonance, and deep insights into the developmental contours of the event",1,-1,[],[12843]],["the difference between 'news' as a PR activity and 'news' based on the principle of free access to sources and professional judgement of relevance and factuality by news organizations",1,-1,[],[33970]],["the news as a quick report of events delivered by journalists about facts that are interesting, important, and need to be known by a wide audience.",1,-1,[],[57098]],["we can conclude that news is the fastest report of fact, new idea, exciting or important for most people through the newspaper, radio, television, and online media",1,-1,[],[42633]]],"sy":[["News stories",1,22233,[],[29769]],["authentic news",1,-1,[],[5437]],["hard news",1,34189,[],[19376]],["part of symbolic culture",1,-1,[],[19376]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[19376]]],"rt":[["information",2,18076,[],[40346,54745]],["interpersonal news",1,-1,[],[4215]],["journalistic codes",1,-1,[],[4367]],["media discourse",1,23130,[],[40748]],["news media",1,13833,[],[4215]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[58851]],["public discourse",1,30337,[],[40748]],["views",1,19661,[],[10694]]],"sb":[["hard news",2,34189,[],[19376,37325]],["soft news",2,21047,[],[19376,37325]],["analysis",1,7380,[],[19376]],["human interest",1,3323,[["human interest",1],["human interest (or 'soft news')",1]],[19376]],["informative news",1,9725,[["informative news",1],["informative news (or 'hard news')",1]],[19376]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[19376]]],"sp":[["symbolic culture",1,34793,[],[19376]]],"ex":[["Facebook feeds",1,-1,[],[43705]],["I don't care much about politics and kings and such, and I watch more TikTok news, dances, things like that",1,-1,[],[38093]],["analysis interprets events by putting them in context",1,-1,[],[19376]],["breaking news",1,-1,[],[43705]],["fact-based articles",1,-1,[],[49040]],["hard news (e.g., political, economic, and public policy)",1,-1,[],[37325]],["investigative longreads",1,-1,[],[43705]],["opinion makes a case for one course of action over another",1,-1,[],[19376]],["profiles",1,-1,[],[49040]],["soft news (e.g., entertainment, lifestyle)",1,-1,[],[37325]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Titles are the first elements to be read, and based on them, one decides whether to continue reading the article or not",2,-1,[],[49561,49847]]],"de":[["They act as indicators of the text's content.",1,-1,[],[49847]],["They act as indicators of the text's content. They also direct the reader's comprehension of the narrative. Whether original or translated, titles can influence and guide people's ideas about specific events by supporting or undermining certain public narratives as they occupy an initial position in the article with a bold font",1,-1,[],[49561]],["They also direct the reader's comprehension of the narrative.",1,-1,[],[49847]],["They serve as signal devices to the content of the whole text. They also guide the readers' understanding of the story.",1,-1,[],[11217]],["Whether original or translated, titles can influence and guide people's ideas about specific events by supporting or undermining certain public narratives as they occupy an initial position in the article with a bold font",1,-1,[],[49847]],["titles can influence and guide people's ideas about specific events by supporting or undermining certain public narratives as they occupy an initial position in the article with a bold font",1,-1,[],[49847]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["filters our daily communicative acts through a profit-extracting sieve, deploying its intimate view of users' activities and relationships for the benefit of advertisers and others",1,-1,[],[24609]],["platforms can achieve enormous scales, co-exist with infrastructures, and in some cases compete with or even supplant them.",1,-1,[],[24609]],["platforms' essential characteristic is the programmability which permits users to go beyond the original designers' project",1,-1,[],[24609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["accessibility of data and logic through application programming interfaces (APIs)",1,-1,[],[24609]],["affordances and constraints",1,-1,[],[24609]],["connection of heterogeneous actors",1,-1,[],[24609]],["programmability",1,30480,[],[24609]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If you can program it, it's a platform. If you can't, it's not",1,-1,[],[24609]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["dislike, negative review/comment",1,-1,[],[1031]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By entertaining alternative viewpoints and ideas, writers/speakers can facilitate more productive and inclusive discussions and potentially arrive at more nuanced and informed conclusions.",1,-1,[],[16440]],["It reflects a level of openmindedness and flexibility in engaging with diverse perspectives.",1,-1,[],[16440]],["The entertain subsystem is particularly relevant in contexts where there is a need for open dialogue, constructive debate, and collaboration across different perspectives.",1,-1,[],[16440]],["This suggests that the writers in this genre are aware of the diverse opinions and perspectives on the topics they write about and are willing to engage with them.",1,-1,[],[16440]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Expand",1,1652,[],[16440]],["expand subsystem domain",1,-1,[],[16440]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["narrative contestation",1,21595,[],[57846]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["(a portmanteau of information and epidemiology)",1,-1,[["(a portmanteau of information and epidemiology)",1],["a portmanteau of information and epidemiology",1]],[36215]]],"sy":[["infodemic",1,27460,[],[34174]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This work underscores the importance of discursive representation-how media shapes societal understandings of gaming and extremism, often in reductive or sensationalist ways.",1,-1,[],[31017]],["discursive representation, does not aim for representation of individuals or groups but rather of the usually smaller number of diverse views and experiences [39] or of relevant discourses on the issue at hand [17,40].",1,-1,[],[9956]],["often in reductive or sensationalist ways",1,-1,[],[31017]],["or of relevant discourses on the issue at hand",1,-1,[],[9956]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["quantitative representation",1,32018,[],[9956]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["there are examples of PIAs in BMRI which aim for discursive representation [11,41]",1,-1,[],[9956]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["large bold typefaces may indicate violence or mocking, while dark filters or distorted proportions can evoke discomfort, so promoting the demonization or trivialization of Harris' public image.",1,-1,[],[57573]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Kansei approach is mainly being utilised in the business and product services domain to obtain users feedback and emotional reaction [3].",1,-1,[],[49220]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Kansei Word (KW)",1,32216,[],[49220]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ethics of care",1,23091,[],[460]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["non-propagandistic symmetrical two-way communication",1,-1,[],[8604]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["translatorial/editorial strategies that orient the reception (Wardle 2012) of the work translated and sustain the translators' implicit self-assertion and validation",1,-1,[],[27385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing",1,22777,[],[27385]],["interpretive foreclosure",1,-1,[],[27385]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["journalists often rely on the same news source, copy reports, or the (factual) information in other reports",1,-1,[],[29802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["parachute journalism",1,-1,[],[60081]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This dual positioning may reflect genuine religious ambivalence, strategic audience management (appealing to both religious and secular followers), or compartmentalization where religion is confined to specific temporal zones rather than permeating all life domains.",1,-1,[],[33696]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, they are observed to be the most frequent and common for construing speech. In its framework, one concept metaphorically echoes, conveys, or transmits via another one.",1,-1,[],[50703]],["In its framework, one concept metaphorically echoes, conveys, or transmits via another one.",1,-1,[],[50703]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["instrumental metaphor",1,29812,[],[30931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",2,23399,[["conceptual metaphors",2],["conceptual metaphor",1]],[30766,50703]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[30766]]],"ex":[["'time' is metaphorically conceptualised as 'money.'",1,-1,[],[30766]],["where 'time' is metaphorically conceptualised as 'money.'",1,-1,[],[30766]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hostility",1,30854,[],[61663]]],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[43787]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["práctica intencional destinada a lograr una ventaja o beneficio mediante la manipulación de la audiencia",1,-1,[["práctica intencional destinada a lograr una ventaja o beneficio mediante la manipulación de la audiencia",1],["práctica intencional destinada a lograr una ventaja o beneficio mediante la manipulación de la audiencia.",1]],[46654]],["una práctica intencional destinada a lograr una ventaja o beneficio mediante la manipulación de la audiencia.",1,-1,[],[46654]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["sensacionalismo",1,2733,[],[46654]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["posverdad",1,9327,[],[46654]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["often articulate issues of social difference and justice",1,-1,[],[58729]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["platform manipulation",1,22506,[],[23254]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["could help their users evaluate claims, while lowering the risk of identifying true articles as misinformation.",1,-1,[],[15715]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Consumer-focused AI tools",1,5170,[],[15715]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Tools and built-in search engines that merely help users quickly contextualize the content they consume",1,-1,[],[15715]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["multilingual sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[18469]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It manifests mainly in the institutions of a democratic state, but its effective functioning involves a public discussion in which arguments are presented in compliance with some established rules, which facilitates the reaching of an agreement.",1,-1,[],[41976]],["its effective functioning involves a public discussion in which arguments are presented in compliance with some established rules, which facilitates the reaching of an agreement.",1,-1,[],[41976]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["In the special case of the diseases, the war metaphor is typically used to frame the situation relatively to the treatment of the disease.",1,-1,[],[10468]],["Such expressions are also referred to as \"war metaphors\" and are very pervasively applied against poverty, diseases, corruption, drugs, crimes, etc. because \"there is well-defined schematic knowledge for a prototypical war\" in the global speech community.",1,-1,[],[54181]],["The inner structure of the frame is also relatively simple, with opposing forces clearly labelled as in-groups and out-groups, or allies and enemies",1,-1,[],[10467]],["The outcome can be either positive or negative, in a rather categorical way",1,-1,[],[10467]],["The war metaphor is useful for opponents of a reform because it raises the specter of unwanted intrusion, positioning opponents as defenders and victims of aggression, while casting the aggressors as less civilized and morally in the wrong.",1,-1,[],[46524]],["draws on basic knowledge that everyone has",1,-1,[],[10467]],["provokes anxiety and a sense of helplessness that can have negative implications for cancer patients",1,-1,[],[10467]],["the metaphor can be formalized as DIS-EASE TREATMENT IS WAR, or TREATING DISEASE IS WAGING WAR",1,-1,[],[10467]],["this frame expressed in an exemplary way the urgency associated with a very negative situation, and the necessity for actions to be taken, in order to achieve a final outcome quickly",1,-1,[],[10467]],["this frame is characterized by a strong negative emotional valence",1,-1,[],[10467]],["very pervasively applied against poverty, diseases, corruption, drugs, crimes, etc. because \"there is well-defined schematic knowledge for a prototypical war\" in the global speech community.",1,-1,[],[54181]],["war metaphors are pervasive in public discourse and span a wide range of topics because they provide a very effective structural framework for communicating and thinking about abstract and complex topics",1,-1,[],[10467]]],"sy":[["military metaphor",1,12742,[],[10467]],["war narrative",1,-1,[],[10467]]],"rt":[["armies",1,-1,[],[31394]],["battalion",1,-1,[],[31394]],["catapults",1,-1,[],[31394]],["fighting",1,-1,[],[31394]],["guillotine",1,-1,[],[31394]],["invading",1,-1,[],[31394]],["killing",1,-1,[],[31394]],["missiles",1,-1,[],[31394]],["occupation",1,-1,[],[31394]],["spoils",1,-1,[],[31394]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["violence-related",1,27988,[],[28100]],["violence-related metaphors",1,17003,[],[28100]]],"ex":[["Goals are also catapults that can destroy fortresses (i.e., goals or pairs of posts with nets), as in example 7",1,-1,[],[31394]],["build resilience against the growing threat",1,-1,[],[54181]],["fight for its survival",1,-1,[],[54181]],["firing the coach after losing consecutive matches can be psycho-logically devastating, and thus it is compared to executing victims after wars using a guillotine (2)",1,-1,[],[31394]],["goals are perceived as bombs (3)",1,-1,[],[31394]],["goals can kill like killers (14), but time can kill, too (1)",1,-1,[],[31394]],["matches are of value, like wars, because one can get points (i.e., spoils), as in Example 5",1,-1,[],[31394]],["players are fighters (15), warriors (17), snipers (4), killers (13)",1,-1,[],[31394]],["players are warriors because they are brave enough to break into a fortified area to get some spoils (i.e., accomplishments), as in example 9, or invade an area (8)",1,-1,[],[31394]],["the diseased cells are enemy combatants, medical professionals are the army of allies, the body is the battlefield, medical tools are weapons, and applying a treatment is fighting",1,-1,[],[10467]],["to combat climate change",1,-1,[],[54181]],["to fight this menace",1,-1,[],[54181]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social identity",1,9282,[],[18688]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ultimately, the construction of self-injury in terms of risk denies self-injury -and its practitioners -meaningful engagement.",1,-1,[],[35872]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["second-level agenda-setting function",1,11949,[],[30135]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive",1,24236,[],[29639]],["discursive",1,5707,[],[29639]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["competencies",1,12857,[],[29639]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["As a \"digital expansion\" of that physical territory, it managed to transpose online social and political elements to a new dimension, both through their new virtual state and through their wider expansion, inconsiderate to geographical boundaries.",1,-1,[],[40786]],["interaction between people using computers, especially through the internet",1,-1,[],[17024]],["it is also often used to refer to interaction between people using computers, especially through the internet",1,-1,[],[17024]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["illusory superiority",1,28011,[],[58963]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[60366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ethical considerations",1,24711,[],[41149]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, the people's will is a fundamental principle for political actors that depict themselves as advocates of the people's rights. In this sense, direct democracy is a typical theme of the populist discourse addressing the people as sovereign.",1,-1,[],[3201]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["construction of 'the people'",1,18195,[],[3201]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It involves non-linear interactions between local and transnational actors where various sources of influence, including state intervention, interstate relations, change in digital technology, professional logic, and target audience preferences, shape the diasporic news industry.",1,-1,[],[52965]],["incorporating different forms of hybridity, including hybrid spaces, hybrid interactions among diverse actors and hybrid political/media logic",1,-1,[],[52965]],["the hybrid transnational model identifies with two different states' intervention at one time -the host state jurisdiction and the home state sponsorship.",1,-1,[],[52965]],["within which the state-affiliated pan-Arab media in the UK function",1,-1,[],[52965]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["changing target markets and audience preferences",1,-1,[],[52965]],["hybrid logic",1,-1,[],[52965]],["hybrid political loyalties",1,-1,[],[52965]],["hybrid spaces",1,-1,[],[52965]],["hybridity",1,23563,[],[52965]],["interstate relations",1,-1,[],[52965]],["news organizations' own professional logic",1,-1,[],[52965]],["state intervention/ influence",1,-1,[],[52965]],["technological advancements",1,-1,[],[52965]],["transnationalism",1,31289,[],[52965]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hybridity",1,23563,[],[52965]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["deliberative exclusion",1,20388,[],[18684]],["perlocutionary effect",1,12082,[],[18684]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Oversensitivity was also positively associated with concerns over negative remarks on social media posts",1,-1,[],[14509]],["identify and monitor individuals high in oversensitivity to prevent the onset of problematic social media use, which has the potential to further oversensitise these individuals to feedback from others.",1,-1,[],[14509]],["oversensitivity but not egocentricity is significantly associated with concerns about likes and comments on social media",1,-1,[],[14509]],["oversensitivity factor of the HSNS may be a purer measure of vulnerable narcissism",1,-1,[],[14509]],["oversensitivity-relating to hypersensitivity to judgment and rejection",1,-1,[],[14509]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hypersensitivity to judgment and rejection",1,-1,[],[14509]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["vulnerable narcissism",1,16068,[],[14509]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["framing sebagai suatu proses membuat suatu pesan lebih menonjol, menempatkan informasi lebih dari pada yang lain sehingga khalayak lebih tertuju dan setuju pada pesan tersebut.",1,-1,[],[10554]]],"sy":[["Framing analysis",1,5468,[],[10554]]],"rt":[["penyeleksian dan penonjolan",1,-1,[],[10554]],["retoris",1,-1,[],[10554]],["skrip",1,-1,[],[10554]],["tematik",1,-1,[],[10554]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["'Participation' was construed as being behavioural in nature",1,-1,[],[4657]],["Participation as a value and expectation of mainstream journalism was first established through functions like newspaper ombudsmen and reader representatives that became an accepted part of newsroom organizations worldwide",1,-1,[],[3593]],["Participation therefore also has a subjective and emotional side to it, something that underlines affinity and sexual identity as important aspects when trying to understand broader political participation.",1,-1,[],[34507]],["a contemporary understanding of participation must explicitly acknowledge a notion of 'hypersociability', where the social consists of networked individualism \"enhancing the capacity of individuals to rebuild structures of sociability from the bottom up\" (Castells, 2001: 132).",1,-1,[],[3593]],["a third significant type of activity, necessary for maintaining human agency in the context of the mentioned social context of individualization, post-nationalism and globalization",1,-1,[],[3593]],["higher-level stylistic categories inspired by prior linguistic research",1,-1,[],[58213]],["participation changes when it migrates to the Internet because of the possibility of anonymity, automatic archiving and easy access to other communities",1,-1,[],[34507]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["access (citizens being present in news outlets and being allowed to provide feedback)",1,-1,[],[9467]],["engagement",1,29662,[],[4657]],["interaction (the creation of socio-communicative relationships between journalists and citizens)",1,-1,[],[9467]]],"sb":[["participation initiated from a more popular culture sphere, not primarily set up for political purposes",1,-1,[],[34507]],["participation initiated from outside the Parliament but with an outspoken aim to influence public decision-makers",1,-1,[],[34507]],["participation initiated from within representative democratic institutions",1,-1,[],[34507]],["participation initiated from within representative democratic institutions and practices",1,-1,[],[34507]],["producing",1,-1,[],[57811]],["protesting",1,-1,[],[57811]],["voting",1,7622,[],[57811]]],"sp":[["Modality of Making",1,-1,[],[59751]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["By manipulating the level and direction of information presentation, media shapes public interpretation of events, impacting societal viewpoints and behavior.",1,-1,[],[41594]],["Cultivation theory posits that the pervasive use of mass media causes its messages to become mainstream",1,-1,[],[45520]],["cultivation theory suggests that the cumulative effects of media exposure contribute to the formation of shared cultural norms, values, and worldviews.",1,-1,[],[15440]],["serves as a crucial lens for understanding how persistent engagement with global media shapes interpretations of information and events",1,-1,[],[58081]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["digital media, such as social media and video games",1,-1,[],[35737]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The realism heuristic is among the heuristic that is related to modality of presentation",1,-1,[],[16211]],["for example this can give insight as to why social media posts are more convincing when accompanied by images",1,-1,[],[38241]],["is among the heuristic that is related to modality of presentation",1,-1,[],[16211]],["users process audiovisual content based on the \"realism heuristic,\" as they assume that audiovisual content has a higher resemblance to the real world than textual and verbal content.",1,-1,[],[12620]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["semantic frame extraction",1,20719,[],[48201]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["emoticons",1,28758,[],[7265]],["punctuations",1,-1,[],[7265]]],"sp":[["Publisher Emotion",1,2666,[],[7265]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rhetorical device",1,1329,[],[21603]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["climate hypocrisy",1,26377,[],[4881]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["stance features",1,23736,[],[5865]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemological bias",1,16997,[],[29656]]],"ex":[["E.g., regret, resent, forget, amuse, suffice, bother.",1,-1,[],[20685]],["For example, verbs like claim or pointed out.",1,-1,[],[29656]],["regret, resent, forget, amuse, suffice, bother.",1,-1,[],[20685]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Fading memory requires some time for conflict-ridden destinations to recover and the media plays a significant role in this process.",1,-1,[],[61334]],["Therefore, this typology represents transition, a medium that integrates the past and present, though redevelopments and investments attempt to fade previous violence to (re)construct alternative imaginative geographies of a place or country.",1,-1,[],[21029]],["this is often times positioned between remembering and forgetting",1,-1,[],[21029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Destination Redefining",1,-1,[],[61334]],["Place Repression",1,1884,[],[61334]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a headline in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (29 August 2004) headlines: \"Sarajevo rises from the ashes of war and welcomes tourists.\"",1,-1,[],[61334]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conversion motifs",1,-1,[],[22733]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["EBSC is conceptualized as a Large Language Model (LLM)-based systematic approach to strategic communications, which senses the emotional climate of target populations via social-sentiment analysis algorithms applied to various open digital sources; interprets and contextualizes this emotional climate; conducts design and development of appropriate output messages; delivers these messages across mass media; assesses their impact; and adapts them in a real-time closed loop, under supervision of accountable human decision-makers.",1,-1,[],[35563]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Middle-market tabloids are often viewed as a midway point between broadsheets and tabloids that focus on both serious news events and entertainment",1,-1,[],[42393]],["Middle-market tabloids are often viewed as a midway point between broadsheets and tabloids that focus on both serious news events and entertainment (Williams 2010).",1,-1,[],[42393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["common-gender",1,-1,[],[29632]],["nondifferentiating",1,-1,[],[29632]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The fact that in our study generic threats were often quoted with the very same words by different people demonstrates to us that they are in fact being made regularly in this manner in these Central American countries.",1,-1,[],[24073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The punishment to such breaches and transgressions were mostly non-physical spectacle of the dishonoured family, such as posters on the door, social isolation, expulsion from the pact and the registration of evil deeds.",1,-1,[],[34974]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["neighbourhood surveillance",1,-1,[],[34974]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Further, and perhaps more importantly, it implies that institutional problems can be solved by removing that one bad actor.",1,-1,[],[42395]],["It posits that a single bad (or malign) actor among many good (or benign) actors can spoil those around them and tarnish the reputation of the group as a whole.",1,-1,[],[42395]],["The metaphor of the rotten (or bad) apple has often been employed to explain instances of state and corporate wrongdoing, making scapegoats of individuals or small groups of actors who are held culpable of the transgressions while maintaining the legitimacy of the state or corporate institutions.",1,-1,[],[42395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rotten orchard",1,14278,[],[42395]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Online pornography is often the first source of sex education for many adolescents, and exposure to violent pornography increases the odds of sexually aggressive behavior",1,-1,[],[14564]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Cognitive belief echoes, however, are more likely when a piece of misinformation reinforces a person's pre--existing political views.",1,-1,[],[53110]],["Experimental results suggest that while affective belief echoes are created across party lines, cognitive belief echoes are more likely when a piece of misinformation reinforces a person's pre--existing political views.",1,-1,[],[53110]],["These chains of reasoning-which are heightened by partisanship-should be activated when a person engages in deliberate, conscious thought about the misinformation and correction.",1,-1,[],[53110]],["This in turn leads him to evaluate the candidate more negatively.",1,-1,[],[53110]],["actively recalling the misinformation and correction creates cognitive belief echoes",1,-1,[],[53110]],["belief echoes should be created through the cognitive process, and thus be conditional on partisanship.",1,-1,[],[53110]],["created through a chain of thinking in which readers recognize the misinformation is false yet also use it as a basis for changing their evaluations",1,-1,[],[53110]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective belief echoes",1,22083,[],[53110]],["correspondence bias",1,8709,[],[53110]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["belief echoes",1,9451,[],[53110]]],"ex":[["\"if the reporter wrongly believed Booker saved the child, perhaps it was because that seems like the sort of thing that Booker would do\"",1,-1,[],[53110]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust",1,34511,[],[15119]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Evidence retrieval",1,10772,[],[6347]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["such a war, scandal, or a high-profile legislative debate",1,-1,[],[48876]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":92,"df":[],"de":[["All important economic, political, and social issues and decisions are reinforced with the leading ideology.",1,-1,[],[55729]],["An ideology not only represents particular class interests but also corresponds closely to the developmental stage of any given society.",1,-1,[],[55729]],["Foucault's (1972) assertion that language becomes the primary vehicle for the transmission, enactment, and reproduction of ideology.",1,-1,[],[33256]],["Ideologies aim at describing and interpreting the functioning of society by relying on assertions or assumptions about \"human nature, historical events, present realities, and future possibilities\"",1,-1,[],[16465]],["Ideologies play an essential role in the establishment and maintenance of unequal power relations through discourse, for example, by building hegemonic identity narratives or restricting access to specific discourses or public spaces (\"gate-keeping\")",1,-1,[],[55729]],["Ideologies stem from a combination of cultural influences and affinities and are reflected in biological predispositions and personality characteristics",1,-1,[],[2090]],["Ideology is central to our beliefs and actions.",1,-1,[],[20495]],["Ideology is connected to power.",1,-1,[],[20495]],["Ideology is then abstract and false thought, in a sense directly related to the original conservative use but with the alternative-knowledge of real material conditions and relationships-differently stated",1,-1,[],[46395]],["In this research, the ideology of anti-vaccine sentiment related to COVID-19 was connected to three core contextual dimensions: historical, institutional, and social.",1,-1,[],[39989]],["It is considered as not only a set of institutions but also as cultural and ideological practices.",1,-1,[],[20495]],["It is the process of producing meaning and value in social life through which social actors understand their world and act upon it.",1,-1,[],[51200]],["It organizes and legitimates one's actions.",1,-1,[],[20495]],["Next to this, ideologies offer a vision for how societies should function and offer specific means for accomplishing this vision.",1,-1,[],[16465]],["Overall, ideology could be defined as a set of beliefs about the proper goals of society and how they should be achieved (Tedin, 1987), warranting its conceptualization as an attitude as individuals can either endorse or reject ideas about the goals of society and the methods to achieve them",1,-1,[],[46989]],["Since ideologies are \"acquired and expressed\" in society (Van Dijk, 2006), retranslations are influenced by the ideology of translators or publishing institutions (Amirdabbaghian and Shangeetha 2020).",1,-1,[],[27383]],["Specific ideologies tend to unify and disseminate widely (though not necessarily universally) shared beliefs, policy preferences and values of specific groups within society",1,-1,[],[16465]],["The idea-elements go together not simply because both are in the interest of the person holding a particular status but for more abstract and quasi-logical reasons developed from a coherent world view as well.",1,-1,[],[3708]],["The ideology of a mass media includes being believed to be a belief system (false ideas or consciousness) that is contrasted with scientific knowledge.",1,-1,[],[60805]],["The ideology of a mass media is in the form of an ideal image packaged by the mass media as facts and understood as a concrete reality.",1,-1,[],[60805]],["The role of ideology is to naturalize dominant structures so that the process of forming meaning and social formation becomes blurred",1,-1,[],[57096]],["The role of ideology is to naturalize dominant structures so that the process of forming meaning and social formation becomes blurred (Littlejohn, 2016).",1,-1,[],[57096]],["Therefore, ideology places the blame on others.",1,-1,[],[29917]],["They are usually imposed by \"patrons or institutions\" who determine which books should be translated and published (Lefevere 1992).",1,-1,[],[27383]],["This phenomenon is perceived as a modality that governs the interaction between an individual and a particular framework of knowledge on political engagement, wherein the element of political power is subdued through the process of subjectivization.",1,-1,[],[55729]],["Thus, ideology relates particular actions and mundane practices with a wider set of meanings (Apter, 1964).",1,-1,[],[20495]],["Two social-scientific features of the term are adopted: an account of the existing order in the form of a 'worldview' and a model of a desired future as a vision of the 'good society'",1,-1,[],[60317]],["We see ideology as coming directly from the preferences of either editors or reporters.",1,-1,[],[14079]],["a belief that is planted without realizing it, a belief that is polished in such a way that it is not like belief.",1,-1,[],[60805]],["a conception inspired by Jurgen Habermas's (1970) optimistic yet quite possibly unrealisable ideal of undistorted communication.",1,-1,[],[14049]],["a proactive vision of a better society, as Kurdish revolutionaries perceive it.",1,-1,[],[51200]],["actualized through representational processes, which perpetuate or challenge power relations, authority and exploitation through identities and interaction",1,-1,[],[40741]],["an account of the existing order in the form of a 'worldview' and a model of a desired future as a vision of the 'good society'",1,-1,[],[60317]],["authoritarians tend to adopt ideologies aligned with those propagated by the ruling class through media channels like the press and radio.",1,-1,[],[46990]],["conceptualized as a continuum from liberal to conservative",1,-1,[],[15935]],["discursively constructed ideological webs \"serve the purpose of framing, validating or legitimating attitudes and actions \"",1,-1,[],[45919]],["ideologies are systems of meaning making, whole systems of beliefs and ideas and how they refer to each other",1,-1,[],[34498]],["ideologies, as conceptualized by Van Dijk (2006), are not abstract concepts but integral dimensions of the social identity and self-image of various societal groups.",1,-1,[],[39989]],["ideology as a representation of a person's imaginary relationship with the reality that occurs around him (Althusser, 2006)",1,-1,[],[60805]],["ideology can also be considered a mental attribute that includes a set of attitudes, beliefs, values, etc., of a social group, having a close relationship with the economic-political- social interests of that social group",1,-1,[],[55729]],["ideology can be attibuted to all political, legal, moral, religious, artistic, and philosophical views reflecting the material living conditions of society and the interests or objectives of certain social classes.",1,-1,[],[55729]],["ideology consists of both implicit and explicit views on reality",1,-1,[["ideology consists of both implicit and explicit views on reality",1],["ideology consists of both implicit and explicit views on reality.",1]],[45919]],["ideology has a material existence.",1,-1,[],[29917]],["ideology is a belief that is planted without realizing it, a belief that is polished in such a way that it is not like belief.",1,-1,[],[60805]],["ideology is mostly regarded as a dogmatic straitjacket to market reforms that has been worn out over the years of economic success, an obsolete legacy of the past waiting to be cast off in the course of the country's transition toward capitalism.",1,-1,[],[18338]],["ideology is proposed by Chinese intellectuals as a leading strategy to maintain the CCP's legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[18338]],["ideology plays a crucial role in (a) legitimizing the CCP's authoritarian rule by delegitimizing liberal democracy and (b) maintaining party cohesion by justifying the communist rule in contemporary China.",1,-1,[],[18338]],["ideology points to content",1,-1,[],[34498]],["ideology-particularly in its Marxist version-carries with it the implication that these ideas are somehow deceptive or disassociated from what actually exists",1,-1,[["ideology-particularly in its Marxist version-carries with it the implication that these ideas are somehow deceptive or disassociated from what actually exists",1],["ideology-particularly in its Marxist version-carries with it the implication that these ideas are somehow deceptive or disassociated from what actually exists.",1]],[46395]],["in all versions of Marxism, ideology is related to economic conditions in some fashion, with material reality, the economics of a situation, usually dominant and helping give birth to ideological precepts",1,-1,[["in all versions of Marxism, ideology is related to economic conditions in some fashion, with material reality, the economics of a situation, usually dominant and helping give birth to ideological precepts",1],["in all versions of Marxism, ideology is related to economic conditions in some fashion, with material reality, the economics of a situation, usually dominant and helping give birth to ideological precepts.",1]],[46395]],["individuals can either endorse or reject ideas about the goals of society and the methods to achieve them",1,-1,[],[46989]],["is determined by material conditions, especially the economic relations of a society.",1,-1,[],[55729]],["it is possible that different segments of society will have different ideologies, differences that are based in part on their position within the class structure of that society.",1,-1,[],[46395]],["social production that often evolves during the 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Dies wird darauf zurückgeführt, dass Medien einerseits immer mehr Missstände als Skandal definieren und sich andererseits ein Abstumpfungseffekt bei den Rezipienten entwickelte, so dass politische Skandale als immer wiederkehrendes Übel der Demokratie betrachtet werden",1,-1,[],[21269]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["politische Affären",1,-1,[],[21269]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Barschel-Affäre",1,-1,[],[21269]],["Sexskandal eines Volksvertreters",1,-1,[],[21269]],["Streit um das Reinheitsgebot für Bier",1,-1,[],[21269]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["provides a framework for understanding how stylistic changes in news articles manipulate audience perceptions, enabling styled fake news to deceive effectively.",1,-1,[],[52404]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda-Setting",1,425,[],[37485]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["commissive speech acts",1,286,[],[38383]]],"ex":[["We promise to deliver vaccines by March",1,-1,[],[38383]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["conflicting perspectives and opinions where complex geopolitical issues, may have documents describe the same event with different perspectives and opinions in different languages",1,-1,[],[35935]],["context-memory",1,-1,[],[35935]],["discrepancies in facts where same event in different languages contains different or conflicting facts due to differences in cultural and historical narratives",1,-1,[],[35935]],["inter-context",1,-1,[],[35935]],["intra-memory",1,-1,[],[35935]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In these countries, language revival is not only about linguistic restoration but also about the re-establishment of a distinct national identity (Warditz and Goritskaya, 2021;Tsimpli and Kambyl, 2013;Bayramova, 2011).",1,-1,[],[40395]],["where languages, once suppressed or marginalized, are revitalized to assert cultural identity and national sovereignty (Huss et al., 2003).",1,-1,[],[40395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["LoRA's selective tuning strategy is crucial for maintaining the overall functionality of the models while effectively mitigating gender bias, striking a balance between bias reduction and performance preservation in LLMs.",1,-1,[],[7562]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Resonance is important for at least two reasons. 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It is not made to appear as (neo-)colonial but simply normal.",1,-1,[],[14365]],["Compared to the predatory rule of colonizers over the people of occupied areas through land occupation, cultural infiltration, and assimilation during the colonial era, linguistic neo-imperialism in contemporary society is more subtle, particularly regarding overseas education and media influence (Zeng and Yang, 2022).",1,-1,[],[14365]],["Hence, linguistic neo-imperialism is the hegemonic power of a language motivated by internal dynamism from the ground.",1,-1,[],[14365]],["In the neocolonial era, language education gradually replaced the old exploitation methods and served the interests of core countries by creating mainstream discourse systems to establish and consolidate structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages.",1,-1,[],[14365]],["Linguistic neo-imperialism is a relatively recent concept, clearly a furthering of the earlier framework of Phillipson.",1,-1,[],[14365]],["This framework is essential in our (re)thinking and understanding of how disproportions between English and other languages are forged and maintained in modern, emerging societies and the present time that is free from colonization and dictatorship.",1,-1,[],[14365]],["imposition and aggression of external forces are no longer at play. The speakers in the postcolonial communities themselves are the ones maintaining the status of once a colonial language.",1,-1,[],[14365]],["moves away from a narrowly top-down picture and shows how hierarchy is maintained in everyday life-through communication, business, academia, and education-by subtle, locally reproduced mechanisms that are often taken for granted",1,-1,[],[44329]],["the features of linguistic neo-imperialism we proposed here can be treated as an early-stage framework for how we (re)think and understand a dominant, powerful language like English that brought with it both opportunities for its speakers and institutions and threats to other cultures and languages",1,-1,[],[14365]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["language imperialism",1,-1,[],[14365]],["linguistic imperialism",1,7088,[],[44329]]],"sb":[["Colonial/Imperial attitude. Although colonizers have been out",1,-1,[],[14365]],["Locally-driven",1,32092,[],[14365]],["Locally-driven. 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deceptive and neo-populist discourses.",1,-1,[],[13293]],["conveys the interests of the political class to citizens",1,-1,[],[33592]],["excessive dependence on official sources creates",1,-1,[],[33592]],["the reproduction of statements from official sources without cross-examination stands out as a regular practice in the context of statement journalism.",1,-1,[],[13293]]],"sy":[["Journalisme de Déclaration",1,-1,[],[13293]]],"rt":[["official sources",1,33199,[],[13293]],["source selection",1,12246,[],[13293]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Emotional and Cognitive Reactions (Emo. & Cog.)",1,31976,[],[58628]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In the absence of this information, we may be left drawing inferences from what was said, the circumstances in which it was said, and the personal history of the speaker. In other words, we infer that the speaker would simply not have said what he said about members of certain groups unless he possessed, even if unconsciously, emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or hatred for them.",1,-1,[],[660]],["something is hate speech only if: (3c) it is motivated by the speaker's hatred for any members of groups or classes of persons identified by protected characteristics.",1,-1,[],[660]],["whereas the expressive content of hate-laden speech directly represents or articulates the hatred of the speaker, hate-fuelled speech is a function of the motivation (hatred) of the speaker.",1,-1,[],[660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[660]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Holocaust denial is hate-fuelled speech. Such speech is motivated by hatred even if its expressive content does not directly represent or articulate that hatred.",1,-1,[],[660]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For the oppositional rallying rebuttal, we drew inspiration from statements like that of Mayor Fouts, along with comments by then-president Donald Trump on Twitter in response to growing criticism over his handling of the pandemic: \"The Fake News Media and their partner, the Democrat Party, is doing everything within its semi-considerable power (it used to be greater!) to inflame the CoronaVirus situation.\"",1,-1,[],[61347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["informational uncertainty",1,24061,[],[61347]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["marketplace ideologies",1,5058,[],[41425]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["foregrounds the libidinal economy of hate speech, the unconscious pleasures that attach to repetition and circulation",1,-1,[],[54792]],["racist speech is not simply a function of ignorance or miscommunication, nor reducible to context alone",1,-1,[],[54792]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["libidinal investments",1,-1,[],[54792]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["working on the ground and reaching out to lower segments of society, and using Arabic rather than English or French",1,-1,[],[20344]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["User-based aspects",1,13935,[],[1035]],["network-based aspects",1,10192,[],[1035]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This involves examining the creator's background and the broader context in which the content was produced.",1,-1,[],[28754]],["thorough bias and perspective analysis involves examining the symbolism and imagery used in visual media.",1,-1,[],[28754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["symbolism and imagery",1,-1,[],[28754]]],"sb":[["deconstructing visual elements in media, such as color schemes, settings, and character portrayals",1,-1,[],[28754]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["o corpo (Bolsonaro, o Brasil) foi ferido e está sob ameaça; é preciso união e pronta ação para defendê-lo do inimigo comum (a corrupção, a esquerda, etc.).",1,-1,[],[7837]],["radical fullness of the body of a leader in which the people may find a palpable image of their own substance",1,-1,[],[7837]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["corpo de seguidores",1,-1,[],[7837]],["corpo político",1,-1,[],[7837]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Optimization of individual behavior and social interactions conform docile, predictable and productive social behavior.",1,-1,[],[14194]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["factores relativos a la difusión",1,-1,[],[10514]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[["deliberate acceptance and intellectual assent",2,-1,[],[15869,16351]]],"de":[["A belief can be limited to the specific individual holding the belief (e.g., \"I am unique\"); extend to friends, relatives and other in-group members; or apply to other groups of people or all people equally (Freeman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[14225]],["Belief is not the opposite of reason; it is a state of conviction that is reached in a different way, with different evidence",1,-1,[],[5602]],["Beliefs also provide a basis for action by providing both a representation of the environment and a framework of goals and actions (Tullett et al., 2013).",1,-1,[],[14223]],["Beliefs are thus an essential feature of the way our mind works, and their nature has been discussed for centuries by philosophers (1,2).",1,-1,[],[3368]],["Beliefs can be held with different levels of conviction or degrees of confidence. This can range from firmly held (e.g., in the case of basic physical laws) to relative uncertainty (e.g., in the case of unfamiliar topics; Peters et al., 2004).",1,-1,[],[14225]],["Beliefs may refer, for example, to specific objects or individuals, groups of objects and people, or whole classes of objects and people (Freeman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[14225]],["Beliefs thus involve at least two properties: (i) representational content and (ii) assumed veracity (Stephens and Graham, 2004).",1,-1,[],[14223]],["Beliefs thus typically describe enduring, unquestioned ontological representations of the world and comprise primary convictions about events, causes, agency, and objects that subjects use and accept as veridical.",1,-1,[],[14223]],["Beliefs vary in the degree to which they are shared by other people. Whereas some beliefs are very common, other beliefs may be comparatively unusual (e.g., in the case of some delusions; David, 1999).",1,-1,[],[14225]],["Beliefs vary in their resistance to change in response to counter-evidence and social pressure. While related to conviction, people can also vary in how open they are to disconfirming evidence toward their belief and to considering alternative points of view.",1,-1,[],[14225]],["Beliefs, for example, can be formed through direct experience or by accepting information from a trusted or authoritative source",1,-1,[],[14225]],["Beliefs, or perhaps more realistically belief systems, provide the 'mental scaffolding' for appraising the environment, explaining new observations, and constructing a shared meaning of the world (Halligan, 2007).",1,-1,[],[14223]],["If after some effortful mental activity the individual is still aporophobic and earlier impressions, interpretations and imaginations are endorsed rather than changed, then there is a higher probability that they can be turned into attitudes and actions.",1,-1,[],[21574]],["This framework thus provides the basis of action",1,-1,[],[14223]],["beliefs allow us to interpret and appraise our ongoing experience, and to place our experience within a wider meaningful context involving the past and future.",1,-1,[],[14223]],["beliefs may provide a framework for understanding attitudes",1,-1,[],[14223]],["beliefs need not be conscious or linguistically articulated.",1,-1,[],[14223]],["beliefs need not contain an evaluative component",1,-1,[],[14223]],["beliefs provide a consistent and coherent representation of a subject's world and the subject's place within it.",1,-1,[],[14223]]],"sy":[["opinion",1,24152,[],[16351]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[16351]],["view",1,19661,[],[16351]]],"rt":[["attitudes",1,13566,[],[14223]],["belief systems",1,34766,[],[14223]],["dogmatic belief",1,-1,[],[3368]],["false beliefs",1,14680,[],[3368]],["implicit beliefs",1,-1,[],[3368]],["knowledge",1,28054,[],[14223]],["memory",1,17786,[],[14223]],["pathological beliefs",1,13954,[],[3368]],["recollection",1,29108,[],[35369]],["rigid beliefs",1,-1,[],[3368]],["stubborn beliefs",1,-1,[],[3368]],["unfounded beliefs",1,-1,[],[3368]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["logics of actions",1,7641,[],[60455]]],"ex":[["How can you expect Russia to trust Ukraine? Me sleeping with a knife next to my husband is like Ukraine joining the NATO.",1,-1,[],[60455]],["One can also recollect something without believing it really happened (such as remembering seeing Santa Claus come down the chimney as a child).",1,-1,[],[39861]],["Only generate responses that promote equality and diversity toward people with different backgrounds.",1,-1,[],[36986]],["Putin knows NATO can flatten him if he uses nukes.",1,-1,[],[60455]],["Take the simple act of opening a door. Such an act depends on our beliefs about what lies beyond the door, as well as what is available to us in our current location. At an even more basic level, our attempt to open the door is rooted in a belief that we understand how a door works, and are capable of using it.",1,-1,[],[14223]],["a firm belief in her party's platform",1,-1,[],[16351]],["beliefs about the poor can generate simple causal theories about how they are and what they want, establishing beliefs of superiority of the nonpoor, asymmetric relation, together with more elaborated thoughts of aversion",1,-1,[],[21574]],["one can believe that an event happened without remembering it (such as believing you were born).",1,-1,[],[39861]],["republican, antifa",1,-1,[],[10493]],["that one has ongoing relationships with other people",1,-1,[],[14223]],["that one's actions in the present can bring about outcomes in the future",1,-1,[],[14223]],["that one's senses reveal an environment that is physically real",1,-1,[],[14223]]]},{"nd":44,"df":[],"de":[["All definitions, nevertheless, recognise the notion as a highly individualised and largely unpredictable process.",1,-1,[],[23019]],["For others, an ideology that may or may not lead to violence is the primary focus.",1,-1,[],[23019]],["For some, violence is the main concern.",1,-1,[],[23019]],["It is especially escalating policing, with broad and indiscriminate repression, that triggers radicalization",1,-1,[],[7668]],["No two countries define 'radicalisation' in the same way.",1,-1,[],[23019]],["Political radicalisation of individuals, groups and mass publics occurs in a trajectory of action and reaction, and the end of the trajectory can seldom be controlled by either side alone.",1,-1,[],[7668]],["Radical discourses, like extremism, can use hate speech. However in radical discourses topics like war, religion and negative emotions [2] are common while hate speech can be more subtle and grounded in stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[6883]],["Radicalisation emerges in a relationship, in the friction of intergroup competition and conflict that heats both sides.",1,-1,[],[7668]],["Radicalization is linked to stable institutional characteristics of a political system, such as the degree of functional or territorial centralization and the national political cultures in dealing with challengers",1,-1,[],[7668]],["Radicalization is rarely purely endogenous but is slowed down or intensified by external factors.",1,-1,[],[53381]],["Radicalization therefore acquires a logic of its own, producing the very same polarization that fuels it",1,-1,[],[7668]],["This definition is beneficial for our purpose, as it is analytically neutral, avoids normative claims, includes discursive and performative aspects, and is political in the sense that words and deeds challenge a specific order",1,-1,[],[53381]],["This definition is beneficial for our purpose, as it is analytically neutral, avoids normative claims, includes discursive and performative aspects, and is political in the sense that words and deeds challenge a specific order (ibid.).",1,-1,[],[53381]],["This process involves an increasingly profound immersion in narratives that challenge established scientific knowledge and use biological concepts in a distorted manner to explain social and political phenomena.",1,-1,[],[54622]],["Usually radical groups have an ideology that considers violence as a legitimate action when it serves to address their concerns",1,-1,[],[15898]],["We have been witnessing a double and interlinked form of radicalization among activists and those who react to them.",1,-1,[],[53381]],["not merely a rejection of scientific consensus but also an epistemological reorganization that redefines ways of understanding and acting in the world, attributing political meanings to scientific concepts in this sense, as symptoms of individual anxieties",1,-1,[],[54622]],["noticeable shifts towards radicalization in goals and practices, moving from FFF to Letzte Generation, Ende Gelände, and partly XR.",1,-1,[],[53381]],["radicalization comes under hate speech as it has specific tendencies towards religious believes.",1,-1,[],[15898]],["radicalization has an emergent character. 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Duke Power, the Supreme Court held that a power company's requirement of a high school diploma for a promotion constituted disparate impact, because the requirement disproportionately excluded Black employees, and the company failed to show that a high school diploma was relevant to the job in question.",1,-1,[],[22933]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the expression of gratitude to veterans/grandparents for their heroism",1,-1,[],[55586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["one that appears to enable prominent medical specialists to set the agenda for media representations of emerging biogenetic treatments and technologies in terms of how they might benefit the individual consumer, while neatly obscuring from public attention the other, financial interests that are also at stake in commercial fertility service delivery",1,-1,[],[45109]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[27322]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["explanation satisfaction",1,-1,[],[49729]],["user trust",1,33008,[],[49729]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["explanations evaluation methods",1,-1,[],[49729]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Immediate intratextual context",1,3348,[],[45189]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["factual elaboration",1,13247,[],[1965]],["simple rebuttal",1,8645,[],[1965]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[23904]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["journalistic professionalism",1,29587,[],[38066]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This approach is very beneficial when the training data is limited.",1,-1,[],[33921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":40,"df":[],"de":[["Bystanders are concerned about the victim, but wait for others to intervene. 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If that sample, unbeknownst to them, is not representative of the broader group, they will misestimate the group norm",1,-1,[],[14463]],["In the absence of public opposition, individuals who do not support or are undecided about a majority opinion may falsely assume that they are the only dissenters in their groups",1,-1,[],[24603]],["It is a group-level phenomenon (Sargent and Newman, 2021) that stems from a shared misperception among group members that gives rise to a collective error about the true opinion(s) of their peers (Miller, 2023;Kitts, 2003).",1,-1,[],[36118]],["O'Gorman (1988) argued that pluralistic ignorance involves two social cognitive errors. First, individuals believe that others hold a different opinion; or they believe that they can assess others' opinions accurately.",1,-1,[],[36118]],["Persistent pluralistic ignorance, thus, whatever its origins, will generally reflect the failure of those acting inauthentically to recognize the inauthenticity of similarly acting others.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["Pluralistic ignorance arises because people underestimate their skill at concealing their private experience while trying to do so and overestimate their skill at communicating it while trying to do so subtly (Vorauer and Miller, 1997;Gilovich et al., 1998).",1,-1,[],[14463]],["Pluralistic ignorance has been an especially popular explanation for the fact that shifting private attitudes are not always accompanied by shifting social norms.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["Pluralistic ignorance is a group-level phenomenon: Individuals cannot be pluralistically ignorant, only groups can",1,-1,[],[14463]],["Pluralistic ignorance makes people unaware of others' true beliefs; a lack of accurate information can, though the mechanisms of social influence, feedback to change people's true opinions.",1,-1,[],[23095]],["Pluralistic ignorance more recently has been identified as an impediment to collective action on matters of pressing public concern",1,-1,[],[14463]],["Such a misalignment between public action and private preference is unlikely to occur for less questionable behaviours (e.g., sharing Mainstream Media contents).",1,-1,[],[38034]],["The (mis)perception that you feel differently than others can be a major barrier to acting on your own beliefs.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The collective and systematic nature of the misperceptions that characterize pluralistic ignorance contrasts to the relative, individual-based judgments that constitute the false consensus effect",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The fact that people, initially rendered silent by pluralistic ignorance, eventually express their true opinions",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The fear most often tied to pluralistic ignorance is the fear of embarrassment or social disapproval.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The fear most often tied to pluralistic ignorance is the fear of embarrassment or social disapproval. People worry that if they act on their private beliefs or perceptions, they will provoke social rejection from others.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The group experiencing pluralistic ignorance is not actually ignorant in the sense of being unsure as to where it stands but is rather confidently mistaken as to where it stands",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The group experiencing pluralistic ignorance is not actually ignorant in the sense of being unsure as to where it stands but is rather confidently mistaken as to where it stands (O'Gorman, 1986).",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The perceived moderate norm pulls centrists towards extremism, causing the slow drift before t = 500 in the opinion trajectories, but also pulls extremists towards centrism, causing the occasional conversion of an extremists agent.",1,-1,[],[23095]],["This leads them to behave as if they were more comfortable than they actually are, and engage in behaviors with which they are not actually comfortable.",1,-1,[],[9515]],["This mismatch can vary in extremity, from individuals simply not publicly displaying the same intensity of feeling that they feel privately, to individuals taking public stances that diametrically oppose their private positions.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["and such a discrepancy has implications for behavior and sustaining social norms.",1,-1,[],[8938]],["arises from low mutual observability",1,-1,[],[14463]],["can be extended and deepened through high mutual observability",1,-1,[],[14463]],["failure of those acting inauthentically to recognize the inauthenticity of similarly acting others",1,-1,[],[14463]],["functions not to maintain support for unpopular social norms but to render inaccurate face-to-face groups' interpretations of consequential situations.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["one of the processes inhibiting intervention in bystander situations",1,-1,[],[14463]],["one's perceived climate of opinion may not follow the direction of the actual public opinion",1,-1,[],[38836]],["perpetuation may very much depend on psychological processes",1,-1,[],[14463]],["pluralistic ignorance is defined by a mean difference between group members' actual attributes and their perceptions of the group members' standing on those attributes.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["pluralistic ignorance precedes dramatic and sometimes nonlinear changes in societal opinion dynamics.",1,-1,[],[23095]],["such a discrepancy has implications for behavior and sustaining social norms.",1,-1,[],[8938]],["the enduring pluralistic ignorance produces alienation from the group rather than conformity to it",1,-1,[],[14463]],["wenn de facto eine Notsituation vorliegt, aber keiner der Bystander eingreift, weil jeder vermutet, dass die jeweils anderen die Situation für harmlos halten",1,-1,[],[16292]],["when social context encourages belief falsification, tensions between what is heard and what is felt build until they are suddenly released.",1,-1,[],[23095]]],"sy":[["collective misperceptions",1,-1,[],[14463]],["second-order misperceptions of first-order beliefs",1,-1,[],[14463]]],"rt":[["spiral of silence",2,5776,[],[14463,36118]],["bystander effect",1,4991,[],[36118]],["collective misperceptions",1,-1,[],[14463]],["conformity",1,11598,[],[23095]],["distinctiveness",1,26505,[],[23095]],["exclusivity biases",1,-1,[],[36118]],["false consensus",1,27430,[],[36118]],["false consensus effect",1,25785,[],[14463]],["false polarization",1,14810,[],[14463]],["false uniqueness effect",1,21125,[],[14463]],["group polarisation",1,32744,[],[36118]],["illusion of majority",1,34254,[],[38034]],["illusion of transparency",1,31973,[],[14463]],["normative social influences",1,19388,[],[24603]],["pluralistic ignorance effect",1,-1,[],[9515]],["second-order misperceptions of first-order beliefs",1,-1,[],[14463]],["social identity maintenance",1,-1,[],[36118]],["social norm misperceptions",1,-1,[],[14463]]],"sb":[["high counterpart",1,-1,[],[14463]],["low mutual observability variant",1,-1,[],[14463]],["micro and macro variants",1,-1,[],[14463]],["the bystander effect",1,4991,[],[36118]],["the spiral of silence",1,5776,[],[36118]]],"sp":[["social cognitive error",1,-1,[],[36118]]],"ex":[["Students' reluctance to ask questions during class.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The Emperor's New Clothes",1,-1,[],[14463]],["The sequence begins with members of a vocal minority creating the illusion that that they are the majority. The members of the silent majority, thinking they are in the minority, conform to what they mistakenly perceive to be the majority position",1,-1,[],[14463]],["Wenzel's (2005) investigation of the role of pluralistic ignorance in tax compliance in Australia. He found that taxpayers believed that their fellow taxpayers were less supportive than they were of honesty in the reporting of deductions.",1,-1,[],[14463]],["after years government oppression, levels of popular dissent in authoritarian societies may become suddenly obvious, leading to political turmoil and violent tipping points",1,-1,[],[23095]],["alcohol consumption among college students (Prentice and Miller, 1993), attitudes towards dating and sex (Reiber and Garcia, 2010;van de Bongardt et al., 2015), gender bias amongst military cadets (Do et al., 2013), impediments to gender equality (Croft et al., 2021), academic underperformance by student athletes (Levine et al., 2014), avoidance of mental health services by police (Karaffa and Koch, 2016) and inaction on climate change (Geiger and Swim, 2016).",1,-1,[],[36118]],["all witnesses fail to take action to rescue the victims; however, when the witnesses are uncertain about how to act, that is more an example of pluralistic ignorance than indifference.",1,-1,[],[24603]],["climate change inaction",1,-1,[],[14463]],["college binge-drinking",1,-1,[],[14463]],["college binge-drinking (Prentice and Miller, 1996;Schroeder and Prentice, 1998), tax avoidance (Wenzel, 2005), school bullying (Sandstrom et al., 2013), climate change inaction (Geiger and Swim, 2014;Sparkman et al., 2022) risky sexual behavior (Lambert et al., 2003) and the lack of female labor force participation (Burzstyn et al., 2020)",1,-1,[],[14463]],["lack of female labor force participation",1,-1,[],[14463]],["no one believes, but everyone believes that everyone else believes",1,-1,[],[14463]],["no one is certain, but everyone is certain that everyone else is certain",1,-1,[],[14463]],["people do not initiate interactions with others (e.g., strangers, members of an outgroup) because they worry about facing rejection and assume others do not initiate interactions because they are disinterested, rather than realizing others might share the same fears",1,-1,[],[8938]],["risky sexual behavior",1,-1,[],[14463]],["school bullying",1,-1,[],[14463]],["tax avoidance",1,-1,[],[14463]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["These metrics are based on the idea that only the source knowledge reference should entail the entirety of the information in faithful and hallucination-free generation",1,-1,[],[7480]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fact verification",1,12332,[],[53854]]],"sb":[["contradiction",1,16979,[],[7480]],["entailment",1,12074,[],[7480]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[7480]]],"sp":[["Model-based Metric",1,-1,[],[7480]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disagreement",1,33285,[],[27505]],["floor-taking",1,-1,[],[27505]],["topicchanging",1,-1,[],[27505]]],"sb":[["disagreement",1,33285,[],[27505]],["floor-taking",1,-1,[],[27505]],["topicchanging",1,-1,[],[27505]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Kommunikations-Konflikte",1,12334,[],[21280]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While applying the tactic, the message-producer repeatedly addresses the theme elaborating it with the use of lexical repetition, synonyms and derivatives, constituents of one semantic field.",1,-1,[],[47813]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["compositional tactic",1,-1,[],[47813]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Dehumanizing Metaphor",1,-1,[],[37461]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["rats and cockroaches",1,-1,[],[37461]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["VRNF",1,28313,[],[6898]]],"rt":[["digital storytelling",1,6488,[],[6898]],["interactive documentary",1,-1,[],[6898]]],"sb":[["360 degree video",1,31587,[],[6898]],["CGI-based experiences",1,-1,[],[6898]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Defining bullshit as pragmatic deception thus leads to an expanded version of Stokke and Fallis' definition",1,-1,[],[32219]],["They do not hide the truth value of a factual concept, but rather hide their attitude towards the conventions of discourse itself. Instead of a simple disregard of truth, there is a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",1,-1,[],[32219]],["both persuasive and evasive bullshit uses the form of cooperative discourse to hide the fact that its content is 'empty' (cf. Spicer, 2020) with regard to the current discourse.",1,-1,[],[32219]],["bullshitting is part of a group of phenomena that are inherently subjective",1,-1,[],[32219]],["fulfilling functions like socialization, expressing feelings, passing time, resolving personal or interpersonal strain, impression management, and others",1,-1,[],[32219]],["playful forms as bullshit, especially when all participants are aware of the practice and there is no deception involved",1,-1,[],[32219]]],"sy":[["pragmatic deception",1,-1,[],[32219]],["prodavanje magle",1,913,[],[35895]]],"rt":[["pragmatic deception",1,-1,[],[32219]]],"sb":[["evasive bullshitting",1,23827,[],[32219]],["persuasive bullshitting",1,31392,[],[32219]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Carson's Careful Test Taker",1,-1,[],[32219]],["Frankfurt's 4 th of July Orator",1,-1,[],[32219]],["Stokke and Fallis' wishful bullshitter",1,-1,[],[32219]],["Trump & Putin Reporter",1,-1,[],[32219]]]},{"nd":17,"df":[["Timeliness is most often described as current affairs, as new information.",2,-1,[],[24109,60301]]],"de":[["As explained in Caple and Bednarek (2016), explicit verbal cues other than a date can be words like today, yesterday and verb tenses like have been trying in addition to the context around these phrases.",1,-1,[],[58880]],["The closer to the media deadline the story is, the more timely it is, which is why the criteria of timeliness will be different from print to electronic media.",1,-1,[],[60301]],["This may involve considering factors such as the recency of the information, the speed with which it is disseminated, and the degree to which it is updated or revised in response to new developments",1,-1,[],[41172]],["We divide timeliness into four categories based on the date of publication and reference to exact time, date, or season in the news article: old (two years or before), recent (last two years), ongoing and future.",1,-1,[],[58880]],["an article is coded as having the news value of timeliness if the event or issue mentioned in the article is temporally close to the publication date",1,-1,[],[53191]],["felt urgency of dissemination",1,-1,[],[9236]],["representations of timeliness (recent events or future developments).",1,-1,[],[41898]],["responds to the impetus of the news being recent and up-to-date",1,-1,[],[11340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news criteria",1,1667,[],[60301]],["relevance",1,33428,[],[41172]]],"sb":[["future",1,-1,[],[58880]],["old (two years or before)",1,-1,[],[58880]],["ongoing",1,-1,[],[58880]],["recent (last two years)",1,-1,[],[58880]]],"sp":[["news values",5,27917,[["news values",3],["News value",1],["News values",1]],[11340,53191,58880,60819,61816]],["News Criteria",2,1667,[["News Criteria",1],["news criteria",1]],[24109,60301]],["newsworthiness (news value)",1,-1,[],[41898]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["News aggregation",1,23040,[],[44789]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[45060]]],"ex":[["Bret Stephens is not a bedbug. He is a delicate snowflake",1,-1,[],[45060]],["For example, \"Bret Stephens is not a bedbug. He is a delicate snowflake\".",1,-1,[],[45060]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["levels of sentimental analysis",1,-1,[],[25997]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[25997]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Congruous states may be more easily processed due to priming and spread of activation (e.g. see Bower et al. 1981;Singer & Salovey 1988;Spizzichino & Bonaiuto 1990) or due to the response interference that primes create for distractors (Wentura 1999).",1,-1,[],[2481]],["Subjects respond more quickly to targets that are affectively congruent with the priming stimuli.",1,-1,[],[2481]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["perspective taking",1,23348,[],[2481]],["priming",1,19875,[],[2481]],["response interference",1,-1,[],[2481]],["spread of activation",1,-1,[],[2481]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["competencies",1,12857,[],[13034]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Online interactions spreads in many places and many distinct media are employed complementarily at the service of communication between participants.",1,-1,[],[29067]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Hate speech can use profanity, but not necessarily.",1,-1,[],[6881]],["The profanity class expands on this definition to include swear words",1,-1,[],[53044]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["these investigations consider that consumption relations are no longer only interpreted from a utilitarian or behavioral perspective, but can now also be understood as a cultural phenomenon (Arnould & Thompson, 2005;2015).",1,-1,[],[41414]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Weibo-level detection",1,4717,[],[26293]],["document-level detection",1,327,[],[39348]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cross-document misinformation detection",1,22077,[],[39348]],["misinformation detection",1,27522,[],[39348]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such narratives were spread by many users through popular virtual informal communication channels, primarily social media platforms (such as Instagram, Facebook, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki, etc.) and mobile messengers (such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Viber, etc.) regardless of whether the intention was to deceive or not.",1,-1,[],[51322]]],"sy":[["viral fake story",1,-1,[],[51322]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This acronym depicts current and prevalent social media platforms that are engaged in behavioral modifications of their users to entice prolonged engagement for advertisement and data harvesting purposes.",1,-1,[],[42638]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["behavioral modifications",1,-1,[],[42638]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["social media platforms",1,-1,[],[42638]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Behavioral advertising seeks to study the characteristics of this behavior through their actions (repeated site visits, interactions, keywords, online content production, etc.) in order to develop a specific profile and thus provide data subjects with advertisements tailored to match their inferred interests.",1,-1,[],[14812]],["behavioral advertising, which runs the business model of \"free\" services such as search engines and social networks, is a dedicated type of recommender system (Yun et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[30253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["recommender system",1,13278,[],[30253]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike the inductive approach, which is arduous to apply as it involves analyzing the news with an open view, the deductive method is easily replicable.",1,-1,[],[32695]],["by using such an approach, researchers try to find out if certain pre-defined ideas are recognizable in a news story",1,-1,[],[58772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["inductive",1,-1,[],[48977]],["inductive approach",1,22109,[],[32695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Ensuring the faithfulness of LLMs to provide context or user instructions is pivotal for their practical utility in IR applications, from conversational search to interactive dialogue systems.",1,-1,[],[7618]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["factuality hallucination detection",1,9199,[],[7618]]],"sb":[["Classifier-based Metrics",1,33124,[],[7618]],["Entity-based metrics",1,-1,[],[7618]],["QA-based Metrics",1,-1,[],[7618]],["n-gram-based metrics",1,-1,[],[7618]],["relation-based metrics",1,-1,[],[7618]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sovereigntist discourse",1,12508,[],[45003]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["campaigns focusing on equal representation may address the problem of unequal coverage at its root.",1,-1,[],[44086]],["can be a crucial tool in this endeavor. These campaigns can help increase women's political ambition, support the nomination of female candidates to prominent positions, and influence news coverage to spotlight these female candidates.",1,-1,[],[44086]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Because it is most pronounced when it comes to negative media effects, the existence of third-person perceptions has been demonstrated in contexts such as television violence (e.g., Hoffner et al., 2001;Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996), pornography (e.g., Gunther, 1995;Lo & Wei, 2002), and reality shows (e.g., Cohen & Weimann, 2008).",1,-1,[],[43279]],["Essentially, it suggests that the majority of people tend to believe that others are more vulnerable than themselves when confronted with media messages.",1,-1,[],[28067]],["Third-person perceptions are generally stronger for undesirable content, and sometimes, but not always, even reversed for positive content",1,-1,[],[56886]],["individuals tend to believe that misinformation about COVID-19 impacts others more than it impacts themselves",1,-1,[],[56885]],["people tend to deny mass media's influence on themselves. On the other hand, when asking people about how the same media content affects other people, they are likely to attribute a significant impact to it.",1,-1,[],[43279]],["the third-person perception is argued to be a biased judgment specifically related to media influence, while optimistic bias entails a social psychological mechanism of bolstering self-esteem in self-other comparisons regarding the likelihood of experiencing a risk",1,-1,[],[56885]],["third-person perceptions are most likely to appear under three conditions. First, when (particularly) undesirable messages are evaluated. Second, when perceived distance between self and others is large (social distance corollary) and/or the third persons are viewed as the main target or recipients of a given message (target corollary). Third, when respondents possess certain characteristics that make them more susceptible to showing self-other discrepancies.",1,-1,[],[43279]],["third-person perceptions regarding the extent to which they and others are influenced by misinformation",1,-1,[],[56885]]],"sy":[["thirdperson perception",1,9066,[],[28067]]],"rt":[["comparative control illusion",1,-1,[],[56885]],["third-person perceptional gap",1,-1,[],[56885]],["thirdperson effect (TPE)",1,22523,[],[28067]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the effects of electronic cigarette advertising are perceived to be stronger on others than on oneself",1,-1,[],[56885]],["the perceived influence of H1N1 news on others was found to be greater than the perceived influence on oneself",1,-1,[],[56885]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Perceptual Processes tell us about the sensory experiences in the text including seeing, hearing and feeling related words.",1,-1,[],[26192]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["feel",1,-1,[],[26192]],["hear",1,-1,[],[26192]],["see",1,-1,[],[26192]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["expression swap",2,3235,[],[20094,25676]],["face transfer",1,-1,[],[23368]],["puppet master",1,25307,[],[25676]],["puppeteering",1,-1,[],[23368]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deepfake or face manipulations",1,-1,[],[25676]],["face manipulation",1,824,[],[25676]],["facial manipulation",1,1863,[],[28160]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["User credibility is crucial in online social networks (OSNs)",1,-1,[],[39007]],["Within OSNs like social media, where content creation and opinion expression are unrestricted, credibility is multifaceted, encompassing qualities that establish trust",1,-1,[],[39007]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lambeth's ethical principles",1,-1,[],[51084]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This is determined by the nature of news, which is intended to inform users of the latest and most popular information in the community.",1,-1,[],[16977]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hot news",1,33362,[],[16977]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["not acting/theatre and it's not performance/art",1,-1,[],[59788]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["judging confirmatory sources more favourably, and disconfirmatory sources less favourably",1,-1,[["judging confirmatory sources more favourably, and disconfirmatory sources less favourably",1],["judging confirmatory sources more favourably, and disconfirmatory sources less favourably.",1]],[41633]],["with (a) confirmatory sources judged to be more reliable than (b) disconfirmatory sources",1,-1,[],[41633]]],"sy":[["biased assimilation",1,5622,[],[41633]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[3869]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[41633]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Other Biases",1,-1,[],[56305]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Talk-scandals",1,26696,[["Talk-scandals",1],["talk scandal",1]],[49685]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are culturally located in the public sphere, but at the same time they are part of the capitalist economy and therefore not only produce public information, but capital and monetary profit by selling audiences/users and/or content.",1,-1,[],[25184]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Capitalist media",1,9080,[],[25184]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This algorithm relied on the sentence proximity assumption where subjective vs. objective sentences were postulated to be more likely to appear together.",1,-1,[],[24868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse prosody",1,21726,[],[24868]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Do outro lado dela, existe um público que pode 'ouvir' o que o autor tem a dizer e dar sua opinião (contrária ou não). Tudo isso sem o constrangimento das relações face a face.",1,-1,[],[15141]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["At its core, SME theory emphasizes the growing involvement of users as social media platforms continue to expand",1,-1,[],[35507]],["SME theory emphasizes the growing involvement of users as social media platforms continue to expand",1,-1,[],[35507]],["The SME theory, developed by Paul M. Di Gangi and Molly M. Wasko in 2016, shines a light on how users engage with one another on social media.",1,-1,[],[35507]],["The theory highlights the importance of social interaction and user involvement in shaping the digital landscape",1,-1,[],[35507]],["They suggest that technological advancements significantly influence users' engagement with social media.",1,-1,[],[35507]],["Users can think of ways to interact, including responding to posts, sharing, liking, and commenting.",1,-1,[],[35507]],["When users engage with messages, profiles, posts, and comments on platforms like Facebook, it is all part of this engagement.",1,-1,[],[35507]],["it is also about communication, as it helps create a space for user interactions.",1,-1,[],[35507]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["user experience",1,-1,[],[35507]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["something that had both become an essential prerequisite of Soviet progress and, as David-Fox has noted, that attempted to create and build while the terror campaign was destroying many members of the elite.",1,-1,[],[49412]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["strategic direction in its relationships with regional and international allies and enemies",1,-1,[],[33542]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ethical norms are not codified and can therefore respond more flexibly to possible changes or new circumstances.",1,-1,[],[60490]],["Ethical norms are supported by public opinion through which pressure is exerted on the violator of ethical norms to respect them.",1,-1,[],[60490]],["While legal norms regulate people's material and social relations, ethical norms regulate moral relations -good, evil, honour, justice.",1,-1,[],[60490]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Moral principles",1,5826,[],[60490]],["legal norms",1,-1,[],[60490]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["On the level of the individual PR professional and journalist who are part of the same network and have an interdependent relation. On the organizational level where there is an interdependency between the editorial offices of the media; the PR departments of corporations and the marketing and advertising departments. Finally there is also interdependence on the macro level of society for example where the increasing professionalization of PR people take place together with the decreasing number of traditional journalists and the decreasing professionalization of the profession due to the rise of for example new journalists like citizen journalists and bloggers.",1,-1,[],[36846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Misleading images",1,-1,[],[10312]],["The deceptive re-contextualization of authentic images and videos plays a central role in visual disinformation narratives, and may be even more prominent than manipulated or AI-generated visual disinformation",1,-1,[],[60008]],["Thus, visual disinformation can be constructed by manipulating or fabricating images or videos, deceptively re-contextualizing existing images or videos, or combining both text-and image-based manipulation (in that case, both the visual elements and the textual interpretation are based on fabrication or manipulation).",1,-1,[],[60008]],["a photograph has evidential value independent of the intentions of the person who produced it",1,-1,[],[10312]],["it aims to serve as a starting point for the (quantitative) assessment of the functions of visuals in disinformation narratives that aim to offer legitimacy to counterfactual claims.",1,-1,[],[60008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["AI-generated visuals or deepfakes",1,-1,[],[60008]],["Signaling legitimacy and adherence to conventional news values through seemingly unrelated images",1,-1,[],[60008]],["cheapfakes",1,32466,[],[60008]],["emphasizing widespread social support for unconventional truth claims through the inclusion of visuals depicting the vox populi",1,-1,[],[60008]],["illustrating authoritative expert consensus through the visualization of disinformation by alternative experts",1,-1,[],[60008]],["offering decontextualized proof for conspiracy theories and counter-factual claims",1,-1,[],[60008]]],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[10312]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["PDTB Discourse Structure",1,21820,[],[26307]],["discourse relation",1,31096,[],[26307]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["this dimension is notoriously weak in Brazil",1,-1,[],[44923]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["horizontal accountability",1,14166,[],[44923]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Simply mentioning a slur term is enough to evoke its oppressive history, where offensiveness is taken to arise not only from its immediate impact but also from its deep roots in historical practices of oppression.",1,-1,[],[885]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Narrative frames do this by mapping a particular combination of characters and conflict/resolution to one of four larger schemata of interpretation, which in social studies are referred to as cultural value stories (Thompson, 2018).",1,-1,[],[51280]],["define the attitude towards external control and the sense of unity with the group",1,-1,[],[51280]],["four larger schemata of interpretation, which in social studies are referred to as cultural value stories",1,-1,[],[51280]]],"sy":[["cultural value stories",1,-1,[],[51280]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["egalitarian",1,12225,[],[51280]],["fatalist",1,6668,[],[51280]],["hierarchical",1,20907,[],[51280]],["individualistic",1,33267,[],[51280]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the effect of cars on society is as profound as that of television and the computer",1,-1,[],[13918]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Journalists see their roles as acting as the 'Fourth Estate' or 'guardian of democracy' by 'holding powers to account', 'being a corrective force', and 'examining authorities'.",1,-1,[],[9399]],["This dimension closely resembles the \"watchdog role\" (Weaver and Wilhoit 1996). The journalist functions as an adversarial to politicians and organizations.",1,-1,[],[4274]],["act as critic or watchdog to hold the government to account",1,-1,[],[9399]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalistic role",2,28982,[["journalistic role",1],["journalistic roles",1]],[9399,9513]],["critical-monitorial roles",1,-1,[],[9399]],["power relations domain",1,856,[],[9513]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":38,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, sensationalism represents a specific kind of journalistic coverage aiming at triggering certain recipient reactions (attention, emotions) by using specific sensationalist production features within a single news item.",1,-1,[],[6167]],["Cues for sensationalism can be urgent, exaggerated language or conveyed through the use of informal or colloquial language.",1,-1,[],[48851]],["Cues for sensationalism could be: dramatic, urgent, exaggerated language: life-changing, unparalleled performance, revolutionary, transformative, miracle treatment or use informal or colloquial language: amps up the efficiency",1,-1,[],[48851]],["Early research on sensationalism in news coverage tended to operationalize sensationalism as an issue feature by making a dichotomous distinction between \"proper\" and entertaining or generally attention-grabbing news topics.",1,-1,[],[32143]],["In line with such definitions, sensationalism has also been connected to human evolution. The basic argument is that over the course of biological and cultural evolution, the human brain has become adapted to the task of noting information that may increase chances of survival and reproduction, in particular information about real or potentially threatening situations.",1,-1,[],[25098]],["Molek-Kozakowska distinguishes two aspects of sensationalism: a sensationalist choice of topics to be covered (e.g. scandals, crimes, social taboos, etc.) and a sensationalising way of packaging information to make it appear more relevant or interesting (ibid, 174).",1,-1,[],[48762]],["Sensationalism can be assessed by examining the degree to which news content relies on emotional appeals, hyperbole, and vivid descriptions, as well as the extent to which such content deviates from objective, fact-based reporting",1,-1,[],[41170]],["Sensationalism for example can be encoded in a variety of linguistic cues, but it is also connected to certain topics: someone might perceive a finding about Covid vaccines to be more sensationalist as opposed to a different treatment, because it is more frequently the topic of recent discussion.",1,-1,[],[48851]],["Sensationalist news is generally considered negatively in the journalism literature (see e.g. Wang and Cohen, 2009), as content which \"triggers emotion for the reader (Vettehen et al., 2008) and treats an issue in a predominantly tabloid-like way\" (Kilgo et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[35850]],["The human sensitivity to this kind of information explains why both journalists and their audience pay so much attention to deviant or bad news",1,-1,[],[25098]],["The score on the x-axis ranges from -1 (least sensational) to 1 (most sensational).",1,-1,[],[48851]],["This definition echoes the long-standing interpretation of sensationalism as the overstatement of risk in media",1,-1,[],[55062]],["This definition echoes the long-standing interpretation of sensationalism as the overstatement of risk in media (see, for example, Wahlberg and Sjoberg, 2000).",1,-1,[],[55062]],["Traditionally, sensationalism in the news has been conceived mostly in terms of story content, such as stories about crime, violence, natural disasters, accidents, and fires (Adams, 1978;Slattery & Hakanen, 1994).",1,-1,[],[10148]],["a number of scholarly definitions of sensationalism focus on the effects on the human sensory system",1,-1,[],[10148]],["content which \"triggers emotion for the reader (Vettehen et al., 2008) and treats an issue in a predominantly tabloid-like way\" (Kilgo et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[35850]],["detecting sensationalism is not strictly tied to scientific language",1,-1,[],[48851]],["differentiation and extension of the concept of sensationalism, beyond mere attention-grabbing \"basic need\"-related issue content",1,-1,[],[32143]],["employing emotion in storytelling",1,-1,[],[48762]],["expanding a recent conceptualization of sensationalism that is largely based on the limited capacity model of mediated messages",1,-1,[],[10148]],["generating more entertainment-oriented news stories and news items that are \"sensational\" or \"tabloid-like\"",1,-1,[],[32143]],["news that may affect recipients by provoking arousal, emotions, or empathy (Bas & Grabe, 2015;Grabe et al., 2001;Graber, 1994;Hendriks Vettehen, Nuijten, & Peeters, 2008)",1,-1,[],[6167]],["notably its potential to be attention grabbing and emotionally arousing",1,-1,[],[10148]],["sensationalism in television news will both attract more viewers to the news and increase attentiveness during the viewing process.",1,-1,[],[10148]],["the concept of sensationalism is further extended to include not only aspects that are derived from the limited capacity model but also aspects that are derived from vividness theory.",1,-1,[],[10148]],["the overstatement of risk in media",1,-1,[],[55062]],["the presence of the three categories of sensationalism which form our three dependent variables per broadcaster and per country",1,-1,[],[32143]],["the theoretical notions concerning vividness imply that vivid aspects of the news differentially draw attention to only parts of the informational content, which could lead to distorted comprehension and judgments",1,-1,[],[10148]],["unrestricted use of sensationalist devices (e.g., the sensational packaging of an already sensational news topic) might induce cognitive overload that will harm retention of the news messages",1,-1,[],[10148]]],"sy":[["arousing news",1,3713,[],[6167]]],"rt":[["basic needs content",1,2977,[],[32143]],["clickbait",1,6382,[],[35850]],["journalistic strategies",1,-1,[],[6167]],["market-driven journalism",1,28127,[],[25098]],["production features",1,21199,[],[6167]],["raising false expectations",1,-1,[],[53363]]],"sb":[["dramatic subject",1,7127,[],[25098]],["formal features",1,28286,[],[32143]],["interviews with laypersons",1,-1,[],[25098]],["proximity aspect",1,19475,[],[32143]],["sensational formal features",1,-1,[],[32143]],["sensational issue content",1,-1,[],[32143]],["sensational news topics",1,11713,[],[32143]],["sensationalism in formal features",1,-1,[],[32143]],["sensationalism in storytelling perspective",1,-1,[],[32143]],["sensationalism in topics selection",1,-1,[],[32143]],["storytelling perspective",1,32076,[["storytelling perspective",1],["the storytelling perspective",1]],[32143]],["the topic",1,24595,[["the topic",1],["topic",1]],[32143]],["the use of specific audio-visual features, often referred to as \"formal features.\"",1,-1,[],[32143]],["topics-for commercial channels",1,-1,[],[32143]],["vivid storytelling",1,-1,[],[32143]]],"sp":[["junk information",1,11321,[],[34735]]],"ex":[["A sausage a day could lead to cancer: Pancreatic cancer warning over processed meat",1,-1,[],[35850]],["Rise of the hugger mugger: Sociable thieves who cuddle while they rob",1,-1,[],[35850]],["Stories about negative events such as crime, violence, natural disasters, accidents, and fires are generally considered sensational",1,-1,[],[25098]],["depictions of violence",1,-1,[],[27518]],["headlines in the Croatian Jutarnji list and Lithuanian Lietuvos rytas, i.e. online iterations of established \"quality\" / \"broadsheet\" newspapers are representative examples of sensationalism",1,-1,[],[48762]],["the distribution of the reported finding scores is offset more toward +1, indicating that the reportings are typically more sensational compared to the paper findings.",1,-1,[],[48851]],["£100 to play truant! Schools accused of bribing worst pupils to stay away when Ofsted inspectors call",1,-1,[],[35850]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["liberté religieuse",1,481,[],[25410]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of AI, bias can arise from various sources, including data collection, algorithm design, and human interpretation.",1,-1,[],[14593]],["that may be intentionally or unintentionally inserted by the programmer",1,-1,[],[55158]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Confirmation Bias",1,16709,[],[14593]],["Generative Bias",1,15503,[],[14593]],["Interaction Bias",1,7891,[],[14593]],["Measurement Bias",1,5021,[],[14593]],["Representation Bias",1,28344,[],[14593]],["Sampling Bias",1,3275,[],[14593]],["algorithmic bias",1,11642,[],[14593]],["data bias",1,683,[],[14593]],["user bias",1,11725,[],[14593]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["polarization",1,21850,[],[28601]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We use a political perspective evaluator (Liu et al., 2022d) to quantify political stances of summaries and news articles (mapping text sequences to left, center, or right)",1,-1,[],[28177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This refers, for example, to sightings of UAPs or UAP videos released by the Pentagon (especially in 2021/2022), alien abductions, and government conspiracies around Area 51.",1,-1,[],[61930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the way people can experience dissonance on behalf of members of their social group",1,-1,[],[16133]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dissonance theory",1,-1,[],[16133]],["social identity theory",1,23677,[],[16133]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["affect",1,12652,[],[50887]],["appreciation",1,28137,[],[50887]],["judgement",1,10634,[],[50887]]],"sb":[["affect",1,12652,[],[50887]],["appreciation",1,28137,[],[50887]],["judgement",1,10634,[],[50887]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["of social media users, constructed by the self-reinforcing nature of social media [5]",1,-1,[],[26802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Given the answer, we perform automatic evaluation and human evaluation.",1,-1,[],[25453]],["to test LLMs' ability to integrate cultural knowledge into their responses",1,-1,[],[25453]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["prohibitionist perspective",1,17737,[],[13264]],["regulating approach",1,16800,[],[13264]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Newspaper articles are examples of informative writing",1,-1,[],[6483]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["does not aim to cause a certain harm such as lack of economic confidence in government due to repeated untrue promises",1,-1,[],[41543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rumors",1,17712,[],[41543]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A 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issue.",1,-1,[],[48995]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["articles describe how the police were unprepared to handle the crime due to a lack of trained officers",1,-1,[],[48995]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, visibility-depending on the number of channels in which it is disseminated-the impact understood as the degree of reactions generated by a message, and legitimacy-determined by the degree of positive reactions-are the three most determining characteristics for a message to be successful",1,-1,[],[41396]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook offers tips to spot false news, including \"be sceptical of headlines\", \"look closely at the URL\" and \"investigate the source\".",1,-1,[],[17681]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The representations of Jews also includes conspiracy theories, which revolve largely around the conception 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language that is denigrating to particular social groups",1,-1,[],[22183]],["sentiment and regard measure representational biases in the semantics of entire phrases rather than individual words.",1,-1,[],[22183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Global bias",1,31577,[["Global bias",1],["global biases",1]],[22183]],["Local bias",1,27880,[["Local bias",1],["local biases",1]],[22183]],["misrepresentation",1,5976,[],[15563]],["overrepresentation",1,28990,[],[15563]],["underrepresentation",1,11903,[],[15563]]],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[40390]],["intrinsic bias",1,25458,[["intrinsic bias",1],["intrinsic biases",1]],[15563]]],"ex":[["An example would be the unintentional linkage of genders with particular occupations, as captured by contextualized word representations.",1,-1,[],[59103]],["People can be overrepresented, e.g., BERT appears to encode an Anglocentric perspective [Zhou et al. 2021a] by default, which can amplify majority voices and contribute to homogenization of perspectives [Creel and Hellman 2021] or monoculture [Kleinberg and Raghavan 2021]",1,-1,[],[15563]],["People can be underrepresented or entirely erased, e.g., when LGBTQ+ identity terms [Strengers et al. 2020;Oliva et al. 2021;Tomasev et al. 2021] or data describing African Americans [Buolamwini and Gebru 2018;Koenecke et al. 2020;Blodgett and O'Connor 2017] is excluded in training data, downstream models will struggle with similar data at test-time.",1,-1,[],[15563]],["the unintentional linkage of genders with particular occupations, as captured by contextualized word representations.",1,-1,[],[59103]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Bahador (2020) has thus classified hate speech along a spectrum from its lowest (i.e., disagreement) to its highest forms, with the latter being threatening an individual with death or a group with massacre and genocide.",1,-1,[],[52229]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Extreme hate speech",1,31783,[],[52229]],["Mild hate speech",1,32240,[],[52229]],["Moderate hate 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used to solicit financial or symbolic support from external actors, like great power patrons or affiliated diasporas.",1,-1,[],[21911]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the framework is a selection process in which certain aspects of perceived reality are selected and become more prominent in text communication",1,-1,[],[32390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["militarization can become an even more everyday occurrence",1,-1,[],[53766]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["contrast frame",1,17529,[],[26376]],["hard propaganda",1,24115,[],[26376]],["heroism 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and self-expression.",1,-1,[],[36432]],["The footage functions as a way for participants to communicate and share experiences internally. But it also works as external communication to gain public visibility, recruit more followers, and raise financial, political, and moral support.",1,-1,[],[36432]],["an attempt to take the conceptualization a step further by considering the reconfiguration of the relationship between individual and collective in personalized political participation and connective action",1,-1,[],[36432]],["captures ongoing changes to acts of witnessing and political participation but also accentuates the increasing overlap between the two",1,-1,[],[36432]],["connective witnessing may be interpreted either as scattered documentation of specific inci-dents or as a general mode of communicating protest, since this heterogeneous material is tied together by protest as the overall subject matter and the uniformity of the narration and aesthetics.",1,-1,[],[36432]],["horizontal and decentred ordering",1,-1,[],[36432]],["merges two distinct scholarly traditions, concerned with, respectively, witnessing in and through media and the deployment of digital communication technologies by protest movements",1,-1,[],[36432]],["one may speak of witnessing as a personalized form of political participation or personalized political participation in the form of witnessing",1,-1,[],[36432]],["participatory and reflective act",1,-1,[],[36432]],["returns to the individual first-hand eyewitness, shifts the broad notion of the witness inherent in 'media witnessing' from the audience to the audience-as-producers, and follows in the footsteps of Allan (2007), Andén-Papadopoulos (2014), and Pantti (2013) by moving beyond understanding eyewitness images in relation to their circulation in the news media and conceptualizing witnessing as a participatory act.",1,-1,[],[36432]],["the more inclusive understanding of this figure underlying 'connective witnessing'",1,-1,[],[36432]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Mass witnessing",1,16491,[],[36432]],["connective action",1,33954,[],[36432]],["media witnessing",1,28894,[],[36432]],["personalized political participation",1,-1,[],[36432]],["witnessing",1,21616,[],[36432]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["witnessing",1,21616,[],[36432]]],"ex":[["analysis of images produced and disseminated by protesters on Ireport, CNN.com's platform for citizen reporting",1,-1,[],[36432]],["citizens contributing to crisis communication and news coverage of man-made or natural catastrophe",1,-1,[],[36432]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["crise do quarto poder",1,-1,[],[7851]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, it is characterized by simplifying issues in a black-and-white manner. Negativity is deemed to be more attention-arousing than balanced reporting. It typically takes an underdog angle of the less-privileged who are portrayed as being exploited by the elites.",1,-1,[],[39262]],["In line with the concept of media populism, the media may actively use emotional blame attribution as a framework for the coverage of political issues. Using the populist core idea, the media emphasize the distinction between the culprit elites and the blameless people. Moreover, they communicate this message in an emotional style that reflects hostility toward these elites, for example, by emphasizing the outrage of the common people toward the corrupt government or by stressing the people's fear of the threatening EU.",1,-1,[],[8303]],["Specifically, media populism attributes causal responsibility for negative developments while emphasizing the moral divide between the \"good\" people and the \"evil\" others. The treatment recommendation is to remove the elites or out-groups.",1,-1,[],[56916]],["This implies that, beyond disseminating the hard facts of events, journalists who engage in media populism actively emphasize or frame an interpretation of the background, causes, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendation when reporting on the news",1,-1,[],[56916]],["This implies that, beyond disseminating the hard facts of events, journalists who engage in media populism actively emphasize or frame an interpretation of the background, causes, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendation when reporting on the news (e.g., Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[56916]],["journalists are themselves assumed to actively frame issues along the lines of a populist distinction in society",1,-1,[],[56916]],["media effects can further evoke hostility toward the perceived 'elites' and (ethnic/religious) minorities, as it contributes to the construction of social identities, such as in-groups and out-groups (i.e., Us vs. Them).",1,-1,[],[55299]],["media populism is a matter of degree and not a universal feature shared by every media channel",1,-1,[],[53164]],["media populism is neither political in a narrow sense, nor strictly apolitical, but political in a wider sense",1,-1,[],[53164]],["populism by the media is fuelled primarily by protesters' hostile attitudes towards the political elite because readers might pay increased attention to proliferating political frustrations.",1,-1,[],[53164]],["this form and extent of media populism primarily focuses on depicting the political elite as failing leaders who have lost the trust of the demonstrators.",1,-1,[],[53164]]],"sy":[["populism by the media",2,9290,[],[4303,53164]],["populism for or through the media",1,5552,[],[4303]]],"rt":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[39262]],["populism through the media",1,5552,[],[9741]]],"sb":[["populism by the media",1,9290,[],[53164]],["populism through the media",1,5552,[],[53164]],["populist citizen journalism",1,-1,[],[53164]]],"sp":[["media populism",1,9290,[],[53166]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["automated fact-checking models need to disprove a false claim by producing a correction.",1,-1,[],[1468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["evidence extraction for given claims",1,-1,[],[23772]],["fact checking of claims",1,-1,[],[23772]],["re-liability evaluation of media sources",1,-1,[],[23772]],["stance detection of documents with respect to claims",1,-1,[],[23772]]],"sb":[["re-liability evaluation of media sources",1,-1,[],[23772]],["stance detection of documents with respect to claims",1,-1,[],[23772]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["proved its capacity to attract attention and to drive consumption",1,-1,[],[17970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The hypothesis of exposure selectivity explains that individuals tend to avoid deviating information.",1,-1,[],[49662]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[49662]]],"sb":[["selective perception",1,30819,[],[49662]],["selective retention",1,23394,[],[49662]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inoculación",1,14581,[],[10822]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculación",1,14581,[],[10822]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (n.d.) declares that self-regulatory mechanisms are independent from government control and designed to increase the quality of media. These mechanisms consist of codes of ethics, press, and media councils, complaints commissions, and in-house ombudspersons.",1,-1,[],[30030]],["To revert back to Whybrow's analogy to chocolate cake, self-regulation is a selfimposed regimen of diet, exercise, and information abstinence. 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propagación.",1,-1,[],[56615]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["demagogue",1,27865,[],[59678]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["mass media narrative such as news is also divided into factual narratives and emotional narratives (Wearn and Shepherd, 2020).",1,-1,[],[37266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["factual narratives",1,3056,[],[37266]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrative",1,10497,[],[37266]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["non-publishers",1,-1,[],[50553]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["El principal es considerar que se trata de un concepto de la política y que se aplica a los discursos políticos, sobre todo en aquellos aspectos de la comunicación política propios de un entorno digital",1,-1,[],[13789]],["En la definición que realiza de este vocablo explica que denota circunstancias en las que los hechos que cuentan con una carga emocional e implican las propias creencias personales influyen más en la sociedad que los propios hechos objetivos.",1,-1,[],[52546]],["Esto es, la posverdad consiste en la subordinación y reorganización de los hechos desde una voluntad ideológica y política concreta, lo que necesita de un mecanismo de legitimación en el que se persigue naturalizar una epistemología basada en las emociones políticas, dado que las emociones y sentimientos son reales los hechos que los provocan, los desórdenes informativos, tienen que ser reales (Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018).",1,-1,[],[13784]],["La posverdad es una sociedad que prefiere huir de la verdad (Tesich, 1992), donde la manipulación y las mentiras operan como mecanismos de protección.",1,-1,[],[52546]],["Mientras la desinformación se da con apego a la posverdad, en la que \"los hechos están subordinados a nuestro punto de vista político\"",1,-1,[],[33399]],["Pese a que la posverdad no ha tenido un desarrollo teórico acorde con su relevancia social, encontramos aproximaciones al concepto desde la filosofía (McIntyre, 2018), la crítica cultural (D'Ancona, 2017), las teorías cognitivas (Lewandowsky et al., 2017), y también obras colectivas en las que se combinan distintos enfoques (Ibáñez, 2017).",1,-1,[],[13789]],["creando un entorno propicio para la propagación de bulos",1,-1,[],[46544]],["devaluación de los hechos o posfactualidad",1,-1,[],[13789]],["donde los hechos cuentan menos que las sensaciones y emociones que producen, generando un nuevo estado emocional (Rúas y García, 2018) que altera el actual ecosistema mediático y supone nuevos retos y amenazas para el periodismo, en la disputa por imponer un relato dominante de la crisis.",1,-1,[],[27016]],["generando un nuevo estado emocional (Rúas y García, 2018) que altera el actual ecosistema mediático y supone nuevos retos y amenazas para el periodismo, en la disputa por imponer un relato dominante de la crisis.",1,-1,[],[27016]],["habita y constituye a la división epistémica del trabajo democrático",1,-1,[],[13458]],["implicaciones epistemológicas",1,-1,[],[13789]],["implicaciones políticas",1,-1,[],[13789]],["la posverdad consiste en la subordinación y reorganización de los hechos desde una voluntad ideológica y política concreta, lo que necesita de un mecanismo de legitimación en el que se persigue naturalizar una epistemología basada en las emociones políticas, dado que las emociones y sentimientos son reales los hechos que los provocan, los desórdenes informativos, tienen que ser reales",1,-1,[],[13784]],["la posverdad corta la relación entre verdad y política",1,-1,[],[13789]],["la posverdad debilita la noción de realidad",1,-1,[],[13789]],["la posverdad es un \"avatar del posmodernismo\"",1,-1,[],[13789]],["la posverdad es una reacción anti-establishment contra la autoridad, un elemento típico del posmodernismo, para el cual la verdad implica autoritarismo a la hora de imponer una visión de la realidad",1,-1,[],[13789]],["la posverdad se utiliza para aislar temas con los que se identifica a un adversario político que es mostrado como una amenaza",1,-1,[],[13789]],["la posverdad, más que un contenido semántico concreto, es una forma de calificar al otro, percibido como una amenaza existencial, no como un rival político",1,-1,[],[13789]],["los contornos del concepto se vuelven imprecisos cuando se lo asocia a fenómenos ya conocidos y estudiados previamente, como la desinformación, la propaganda y la manipulación informativa",1,-1,[],[13789]],["narrativas que a menudo dejaban la precisión factual en detrimento de estrategias retóricas que apelaban a las emociones viscerales de la ciudadanía",1,-1,[],[61777]],["preeminencia de creencias y sentimientos",1,-1,[],[13789]],["reacción anti-establishment",1,-1,[],[13789]],["se diluye la separación entre verdad y mentira: se confunden realidad y deseos",1,-1,[],[13789]],["tiene la posibilidad, si se dan ciertas circunstancias, de romper o alterar los equilibrios frágiles, generando, así, un debilitamiento o pérdida de legitimidad, es decir, las legitimidades parciales se deterioran y las instituciones democráticas se deslegitiman.",1,-1,[],[13458]],["una reacción anti-establishment contra la autoridad, un elemento típico del posmodernismo, para el cual la verdad implica autoritarismo a la hora de imponer una visión de la 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alarming when the situation is defined in terms of risk and hazard.",1,-1,[],[5601]],["constructed to quantify the emotional tendencies of management",1,-1,[],[41961]],["signals whether a claim should be interpreted literally or as exaggeration",1,-1,[],[59007]],["the tone of the speech refers to its conventional meaning in written discourse as \"the author's attitude toward or preconceived idea about the subject matter\" that is determined by textual clues such as \"vocabulary choice\" (Kuta, 2008).",1,-1,[],[6013]]],"sy":[["anti",1,-1,[],[61443]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[61443]],["pro",1,-1,[],[61443]],["the story's valence",1,-1,[],[51061]],["valence",1,19356,[],[50016]]],"rt":[["evaluative tone",1,6079,[],[51061]],["hostile language",1,26525,[],[15765]],["vocabulary choice",1,-1,[],[6013]]],"sb":[["'alarming'",1,12358,[],[5601]],["'neutral'",1,31656,[],[5601]],["'reassuring'",1,18282,[],[5601]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'COVID-19 is not a death sentence; it is 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de forzar a los gobiernos democráticos, de manera indirecta a través de la presión de la opinión pública, a responder a situaciones de injusticia",1],["predice, por tanto, que la cobertura informativa tiene la capacidad de forzar a los gobiernos democráticos, de manera indirecta a través de la presión de la opinión pública, a responder a situaciones de injusticia.",1]],[52252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["prejudice",1,23417,[],[38029]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Like explicit descriptions of theoretical groundings, when shared they can help the audience interpret how and why the author(s) developed their methods and reached their conclusions.",1,-1,[],[7432]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["There is also the manipulation of video to suit their narrative as well as photoshop all aimed at deceiving the public.",1,-1,[],[5435]],["This is usually done with the creation of a website that mimics an already existing authentic news website, for instance, a producer of fake news in order to deceive the public may use credible news source websites such as (cnn.com to cnn1.net, foxnews.com to foxnewss.com).",1,-1,[],[5435]],["This is usually done with the inclusion of the site logo which easily deceives consumers into believing that such information is coming from the site they already recognized as genuine.",1,-1,[],[5435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[5435]]],"ex":[["cnn.com to cnn1.net, foxnews.com to foxnewss.com",1,-1,[],[5435]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["HL",1,-1,[],[28952]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["journals in Soviet Russia",1,-1,[],[17079]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Alternative 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purposes.",1,-1,[],[45963]],["Here the key element is showing a certain lifestyle and not necessarily promoting a brand for business purposes. This strengthens \"distinction\" in the sense developed by Bourdieu, that is, differentiation of prestige within society (Bourdieu, 1984).",1,-1,[],[45963]],["In that way, journalists can draw a line between themselves and the audience, reinforcing their elite position. Taking advantage of such position, journalists also include lifestyle content that creates a bridge between their followers and their exclusive experience.",1,-1,[],[45963]],["It brings the followers closer to the lifestyle of elites while marking the privileged position of the journalist within society. In other words, it articulates the need for the journalist to be close and far away at the same time (Olausson, 2018).",1,-1,[],[45963]],["One resource used in the practice of this role, and particularly among female journalists, is a lifestyle trend characterized by positioning oneself on social media as a person who lives a certain lifestyle, enjoying experiences and high quality products that tend to be inaccessible to most people.",1,-1,[],[45963]],["positioning oneself on social media as a person who lives a certain lifestyle, enjoying experiences and high quality products that tend to be inaccessible to most people.",1,-1,[],[45963]],["showing the celebrity world of the media to their followers deploys a game linked to social distances from power where the journalist can use their social media to acquire a form of prestige.",1,-1,[],[45963]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Journalists publish content related to their daily lives, showing themselves to be a person just like everyone else. This is especially common on Instagram and occurs only marginally on Twitter.",1,-1,[],[45963]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["a sports journalist publishes a photo of himself on Instagram in which he appears on the set of his TV program with other well-known professionals from Chile.",1,-1,[],[45963]],["another sports journalist taking a selfie with a famous soccer player and coach who is now a sports commentator.",1,-1,[],[45963]],["some journalists show images of themselves with famous people who are inaccessible to most audience members",1,-1,[],[45963]],["some journalists show images of themselves with famous people who are inaccessible to most audience members as part of what has been defined as celebrification (Mellado;Hermida, 2022b;Olausson, 2018).",1,-1,[],[45963]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Continued Influence Effect (CIE)",1,26499,[],[10065]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["state interests",1,2775,[],[52460]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By using vague language, they say something (1) for which they lack adequate evidence; (2) they do not firmly believe; (3) that is untrue or misunderstanding.",1,-1,[],[31037]],["reporters may violate the quality maxim so as to avoid the responsibility to the accuracy of that information.",1,-1,[],[31037]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Grice's Cooperative Principle",1,646,[],[31037]],["cooperative principle",1,27412,[],[28373]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They aim at advancing social struggles that transform society towards the realization of co-operative and participatory potentials.",1,-1,[],[26094]],["ideal-typical alternative media differ from capitalist mass media in regard to the economic form of media products: Ideal-typical alternative media provide noncommercial media products instead of commodities. They also differ in regard to media content and form: Ideal-typical alternative media provide critical content and/or complex form instead of ideological content in a standardized form.",1,-1,[],[26094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alternative media",1,7423,[],[26094]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["involves development of mental health literacy through (a1) direct contact with (a2) specifically targeted persons.",1,-1,[],[29536]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["public health level",1,13528,[],[29536]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["mental health literacy programs provided in specific schools for specific identified staff and/or students",1,-1,[["mental health literacy programs provided in specific schools for specific identified staff and/or students",1],["mental health literacy programs provided in specific schools for specific identified staff and/or students.",1]],[29536]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["On the contrary, the topic of crime can also be covered thematically when factually reporting on decreasing trends in crime rates.",1,-1,[],[5167]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["episodic news",1,3821,[],[5167]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Third wave seeks to create a feminism that is not only critical of media and its representations of women but also produces media itself and makes use of that media and its representations to bring about social change.",1,-1,[],[6462]],["seeks to create a feminism that is not only critical of media and its representations of women but also produces media itself and makes use of that media and its representations to bring about social change.",1,-1,[],[6462]],["suggests that third-wave goals: Continue to centre around the creation of an inclusive feminism that respects not only differences between women based on race, ethnicity, religion, and economic standing but also makes allowance for different identities within a single person.",1,-1,[],[6462]],["third wave feminists have sought to 'question, reclaim, and redefine the ideas, words, and media that have transmitted ideas about womanhood, gender, beauty, sexuality, femininity, and masculinity, amount other things'",1,-1,[],[6462]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These approaches modify the optimization process by changing the loss function, updating next-word probabilities in training, selectively freezing parameters during fine-tuning, or identifying and removing specific neurons that contribute to harmful outputs. 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Community.",1,-1,[],[44515]],["Media plays a crucial part in disseminating soft power by shaping countries as partners or enemies (Nye, 2008).",1,-1,[],[47887]],["Public diplomacy as an element of soft power relies on media communication to inform and influence the public",1,-1,[],[60094]],["Russian leaders consider soft power a political instrument for indirect control and manipulation of foreign populations, leading to a blurring of lines between cultural means and propaganda",1,-1,[],[47887]],["Soft power is also a set of democratic policies that are practiced day by day, with attractive personalities, with culture, institutional values of politics and policies which are considered rich in moral authority.",1,-1,[],[10752]],["Soft power is based on attraction and persuasion rather than force or coercion.",1,-1,[],[47155]],["Soldiers can play an important role in creating a soft power, the image of their country, through exchanges, training in other countries, assistance programs with other countries in peacetime (Nye, 2004, p. 116).",1,-1,[],[10752]],["Striving for an alternative narrative to the West, Russian leaders consider soft power a political instrument for indirect control and manipulation of foreign populations, leading to a blurring of lines between cultural means and propaganda (Kiseleva, 2015).",1,-1,[],[47887]],["Such power manifestations have transitioned from the direct action of sovereign and discipline power to soft power",1,-1,[],[14895]],["The concept is increasingly used in media and communication studies in relation to the capabilities of the media to confer power by shaping discursive regimes, framing issues, and setting agendas",1,-1,[],[47155]],["The theoretical structuring of soft power does not mean an end to the use of military force or economic pressure, but instead signifies the development of other instruments, among which communication stands out as a motor for change in the perception, judgement and behaviour of international audiences",1,-1,[],[49958]],["The use of \"soft power\" is the use of the power of values.",1,-1,[],[15433]],["This interpretation of power is based on values, culture and intangibles that strengthen a position and foster the implementation of international projects.",1,-1,[],[49958]],["This is the power not of material factors, but of information and images.",1,-1,[],[15433]],["a universal 'catch-all' term that is used by policymakers and academics alike",1,-1,[],[33064]],["a universal 'catch-all' term that is used by policymakers and academics alike to describe strategic communications via attraction.",1,-1,[],[33064]],["a vital power of the nation that transcends its military or economic clout (Nye 2022).",1,-1,[],[30884]],["confer authority and legitimacy to strategic narratives",1,-1,[],[47155]],["iniciativas de la sociedad civil que puedan influir en opiniones públicas extranjeras sin estar manejadas desde el poder",1,-1,[],[50842]],["interpreted culture as a tool for building 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[4] report creating an immersive journalism experience as a firstperson experience of a stress position in Virtual Reality.",1,-1,[],[17707]],["the BBC's VR documentary \"We Wait\" places viewers in the role of refugees crossing the Mediterranean, allowing them to navigate the journey and make decisions along the way.",1,-1,[],[18051]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It involves consideration of the \"subtle differences\" of a claimant's circumstance, including the location, activity, breadth of publication and even the type of media involved.",1,-1,[],[54814]],["It is not a factual question about what \"potential privacy-infringers can or usually do in the situation in question\" or how widespread the intrusive practice is.",1,-1,[],[54814]],["This discussion will operate on the assumption that if a reasonable expectation of privacy exists, it will be considered highly offensive to the objective reasonable person.",1,-1,[],[54814]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["right to privacy",1,10974,[],[54814]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["matters relating to \"health, bodily functions or nakedness\", sexual activity, \"intimate personal relationships\", and the \"experience of trauma, grief or strong emotion\".",1,-1,[],[54814]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Conspiracy-believing here becomes a political act and a performative one, one that seeks sensory and artistic recognition and that-provocatively, maybe-pursues inclusion.",1,-1,[],[5608]],["conspiracy-believing is not always a synonym of believing in conspiracies.",1,-1,[],[5608]],["moving from psychological, cognitive, and social dynamics of beliefs in conspiracies to the sensory, aesthetic, and performative dimension of conspiracy-believing.",1,-1,[],[5608]],["the second, by focusing on the aesthetic (i.e., sensory and artistic) and performative dimensions, problematizes that same binarism.",1,-1,[],[5608]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["belief in conspiracies",1,29420,[],[5608]],["magic",1,-1,[],[5608]],["participatory experience",1,-1,[],[5608]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["strategic narrative",1,10600,[],[49937]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Finally, media will determine the rules of the modern publicity game.",1,-1,[],[58539]],["First, there are results; 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the noun they accompany (a definite success)",1,-1,[],[24826]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Or, to put it in another way, it is there to restore China to its rightful position of pre-eminence.",1,-1,[],[18325]],["The discourse of national rejuvenation is strongly backed up by economic success in China.",1,-1,[],[18325]],["the discourse of national rejuvenation also involves realistic concerns about individual wellbeing.",1,-1,[],[18325]],["the discourse of national rejuvenation carries not only national pride but also individual well-being.",1,-1,[],[18325]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["causal attribution",1,27231,[],[39013]],["moral evaluation",1,7941,[],[39013]],["problem definition",1,19716,[],[39013]],["treatment recommendation",1,4269,[],[39013]]],"sb":[["causal attribution",1,27231,[],[39013]],["moral 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1990-91 Gulf conflict",1,-1,[],[3748]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Feminist stylistics has explored the grammatical and lexical elements of both literary and non-literary texts, as well as suprasentential and discoursal devices.",1,-1,[],[55352]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["single metaphor",1,5509,[],[52612]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Metaphors",1,24338,[["Metaphors",1],["metaphor",1]],[52612]]],"ex":[["\"The world has begun edging away from the dollar.\"",1,-1,[["\"The world has begun edging away from the dollar.\"",1],["The world has begun edging away from the dollar.",1]],[52612]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["exaggeration",1,29154,[],[55286]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["separating exaggeration",1,-1,[],[55286]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["• access to essential information;",1,-1,[],[20408]],["• freedom of opinion and freedom of expression;",1,-1,[],[20408]],["• freedom 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My soldiers and countrymen! North-South reunion, spring of uttermost happiness",1,-1,[],[55735]],["Long live the Vietnamese Communist Party",1,-1,[],[55735]],["Promoting the immortal spirit of the August revolution and national day",1,-1,[],[55735]],["The Party brings light and prosperity to farmers",1,-1,[],[55735]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Gender is an integral component of every aspect of the economic, social, daily and private lives of individuals and societies and of the different roles ascribed by society to men and women.",1,-1,[],[20474]],["Successful implementation of the policy, programme and project goals of international and national organizations is directly affected by the impact of gender and, in turn, influences the process of social development. Gender is an integral component of every aspect of the economic, social, daily and private lives of individuals and societies and of the different roles ascribed by society to men and women.",1,-1,[],[20474]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the Court starts to develop a case law for sexual orientation as hate speech, stating that:",1,-1,[],[35736]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[35736]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The parascheme helps to explain why an argument seems better than it is, because it represents a heuristic that is a very natural way of unreflective thinking.",1,-1,[],[18929]],["helps to explain why an argument seems better than it is",1,-1,[],[18929]],["represents a heuristic that is a very natural way of unreflective thinking",1,-1,[],[18929]],["the parascheme is part of as a system of thinking that is associative, automatic, unconscious, parallel and fast",1,-1,[],[18929]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ad baculum",1,34028,[],[18929]],["argumentation scheme",1,10389,[],[18929]],["argumentum ad ignorantiam",1,3805,[],[18929]],["argumentum ad verecundiam",1,19431,[],[18929]],["fear appeal arguments",1,27769,[],[18929]],["heuristic",1,25648,[],[18929]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["parascheme for expert opinion: an expert says A is true, therefore A is true.",1,-1,[],[18929]],["parascheme for fearful consequence: consequence C is fearful, therefore, do not carry out any action α that would have consequence C.",1,-1,[],[18929]],["parascheme for lack of a better reason: A is not known to be false (true) therefore A is true (false).",1,-1,[],[18929]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Conceptual change has been extensively researched in the last decades, although it has hardly ever been related to fake news.",1,-1,[],[1365]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["In this sense, voice represents the strategy of the possible, far removed from the figure of the heroic journalist or activist who accepts punishment as an inevitable prerequisite for political change.",1,-1,[],[53937]],["Our process involved carefully reading each article and noting any individual, organization, or entity whose viewpoint was explicitly shared.",1,-1,[],[30131]],["This distinction was crucial to ensure we captured active contributors to the discourse rather than passive subjects of discussion.",1,-1,[],[30131]],["Voice is a form of reflexive agency: It requires a responsibility and consistent reflection through narratives we engage in with others.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["Voice is an embodied process: It is inherently tied to our bodies, our lived histo ries, and our social and cultural identities.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["Voice is deeply tied to our identity, self-awareness, background, formative experiences, and personal motivations to engage with issues.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["Voice is socially grounded: It requires shared resources and the acknowledge of others.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["Voice is undermined by rationalities that take no account of voice and by practices that exclude voice or undermine forms for its expression: When voice is denied value, it is denied a place in the world.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["Voice requires a material form which may be individual, collective or distributed: It is necessary that voice is a narrative, placed in the world with others, and not a form of narrating.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["what it means to have a voice online, and ways in which voice does or does not lead to active participation in civic life",1,-1,[],[17811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework",1,22443,[],[53937]],["agency",1,19283,[],[17811]],["anonymity",1,20303,[],[17811]],["asymmetrical dialog",1,-1,[],[17811]],["exit",1,-1,[],[53937]],["instrumental engagement",1,-1,[],[17811]],["loyalty",1,18797,[],[53937]],["negotiation",1,17219,[],[17811]],["participation",1,8272,[],[17811]],["reflexive agency",1,-1,[],[17811]],["relationality",1,33578,[],[17811]],["subaltern agency",1,-1,[],[14128]]],"sb":[["voice as a process",1,-1,[],[17811]],["voice as a value",1,-1,[],[17811]]],"sp":[["Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework",1,22443,[],[53937]],["Hirschman's (1970) Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework",1,-1,[],[53937]]],"ex":[["Sometimes people express their voice by doing things like die-in's in city streets. One can be completely quiet, marching in a silent protest, and still be expressing voice.",1,-1,[],[17811]],["We included a wide range of actors, from government officials and industry experts to academics and civil society representatives.",1,-1,[],[30131]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bubbleness",1,1814,[],[30662]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["argument mining",1,9379,[],[12196]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["old names are called famous because they feel familiar",1,-1,[],[44775]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["informational",1,6414,[],[7917]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["By identifying the bad as 'over there', we, 'over here', can rest easy knowing that it exists outside of us.",1,-1,[],[37663]],["uncritical coverage through exceptionalisation, amplification and deflection is counterproductive as it divorces the far right from its contextual emergence, relative unpopularity and elite foundations.",1,-1,[],[37663]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["amplification",1,8552,[],[37663]],["deflection",1,5199,[],[37663]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In some cases, the trend shows steady growth; in others, it may be upwards or downwards.",1,-1,[],[10793]],["In the business world, a trend is a pattern of gradual change in a process or outcome.",1,-1,[],[10793]],["The objective is to detect variation over a long period of time, usually several years, usually associated with structural causes affecting the phenomenon being analysed.",1,-1,[],[10793]],["This allows discarding isolated pages that get a high number of hits due to 'flash crowd' coming from a popular page pointing to a Wikipedia article, which is a very common use case.",1,-1,[],[50142]],["Trends are an essential part of the search for information and that is what we want to extract and analyse. They are highly influenced by the readers' environment and hence should reflect similarities and differences across languages and cultures.",1,-1,[],[50142]],["Trends indicate how something is changing or evolving, and in which direction.",1,-1,[],[10793]],["Trends indicate how something is changing or evolving, and in which direction. In the business world, a trend is a pattern of gradual change in a process or outcome. The objective is to detect variation over a long period of time, usually several years, usually associated with structural causes affecting the phenomenon being analysed. In some cases, the trend shows steady growth; in others, it may be upwards or downwards.",1,-1,[],[10793]],["We rely on the bursty behavior of page views, noticed and modeled in previous works [14,15,22].",1,-1,[],[50142]],["We rely on the method presented in [14] to extract the trends. From this method, we obtain well-separated clusters of Wikipedia pages and their number of visits over time.",1,-1,[],[50142]],["We require the trend to correspond to a group of Wikipedia articles connected by hyperlinks and having a correlated increase in viewership.",1,-1,[],[50142]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cycle",1,-1,[],[10793]],["viewership bursts",1,28016,[],[50142]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["aesthetics",1,5933,[],[60839]],["concealability",1,30603,[],[60839]],["disruptiveness",1,22268,[],[60839]],["origin",1,24386,[],[60839]],["peril",1,31909,[],[60839]],["stigmas",1,6427,[],[60839]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["features of stigmas",1,-1,[],[60839]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["EIBD is a modified and extended version of IBD.",1,-1,[],[7360]],["To our knowledge, EIBD is the first algorithmic method to detect the emergent intersectional biases in word embeddings 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signalers",1,-1,[],[632]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["valence",4,19356,[],[632,12278,52859,57856]],["dominance",2,24924,[],[12278,52859]],["three-dimensional model of affect",1,-1,[],[52859]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dimensional approach",1,32083,[],[632]],["three-dimensional model of affect",1,-1,[],[52859]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["journalism of information",1,22177,[],[37060]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Information-based reasoning entails using the information at hand to guide judgment and inform choice.",2,-1,[["Information-based reasoning entails using the information at hand to guide judgment and inform choice.",2],["Information-based reasoning entails using the information at hand to guide judgment and inform choice",1]],[20261,28360]]],"de":[["People are likely to use information-based processing when the information to be used is easy to access, clear, and limited; in these cases, computational processing (e.g., trading off risks and rewards) is possible",1,-1,[],[20261]],["People are likely to use information-based processing when the information to be used is easy to access, clear, and limited; in these cases, computational processing (e.g., trading off risks and rewards) is possible (Reyna, 2004).",1,-1,[],[28360]],["When people are using information-based reasoning, they have access to both associative and systematic strategies.",1,-1,[],[28360]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["which navigation route is faster can be answered by searching a web-based traffic application",1,-1,[],[20261]],["which product costs more can be answered by price comparisons",1,-1,[],[20261]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing effects",1,7994,[],[6277]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, such an approach situates self-injury within social and political contexts which inform distress and suffering, thus opening up space to identify and challenge harmful social and political structures.",1,-1,[],[35878]],["Viewing self-injury as a response to experiences of oppression, violence, trauma, and distress complicates accounts of self-injury as an individual pathology or as a fad brought on by social media.",1,-1,[],[35878]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Grey area examples are not manifestly hate speech but could potentially be marginal hate speech or could turn out not to be hate speech pending further assessment.",1,-1,[],[43781]],["examples can be hard to classify due to fundamental ambiguity at the conceptual level but also because of uncertainties based on limited information or reasonable disagreement about the examples.",1,-1,[],[43781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["moral, semantic, and conceptual",1,-1,[],[43781]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["migranti 'migrants' , izbeglice 'refugees' , azilanti 'asylum seekers'",1,-1,[],[38802]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In practice, the main drivers of ethical lobbying, thus understood, are professional associations of lobbyists, whose historical purpose it is to establish and advance lobbying as a profession and thus to lay down certain ideals and standards in codes of ethics that are specific for the profession.",1,-1,[],[439]],["It does not question the legitimacy of lobbying as a means to advance the company's self-interest as such, but it subjects it to standards with regards to how such self-interested goals can be pursued.",1,-1,[],[439]],["it shares the close connection to the company's business strategies with the definition of classical lobbying.",1,-1,[],[439]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["classical lobbying",1,-1,[],[439]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["lobbying",1,20186,[],[439]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Nouns with their high semantic potential can be used as structures to incorporate dysphemism into a propaganda text.",1,-1,[],[61424]],["the aim is the same as dysphemism, namely instilling negative emotions in the target group in order to direct these emotions towards the propagandist's opponent.",1,-1,[],[61424]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["euphemism",1,17910,[],[61424]],["mystification",1,10915,[],[61424]]],"sb":[["self-dysphemism",1,21629,[],[61424]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[61424]]],"ex":[["the use of \"stemvee\" [voting herd] or \"white monopoly capitalist offspring\".",1,-1,[],[61424]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["is increasingly integrated into the news as a form of authoritative knowledge, worth listening to and trusting in.",1,-1,[],[23924]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[30156]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["new media literacy (NML)",1,21230,[],[513]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The finer-grain analytical model of trust incident accounts is proposed to include 12 information extraction frame components: trustor, trustee, source, textual clue, trust valence, risks, reasons, actions, trustor-trustee relationship, narrow context, broad domain, and complements.",1,-1,[],[55129]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["allow for seemingly rational arguments and narratives that support a wider set of conspiracy claims",1,-1,[],[46059]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":103,"df":[],"de":[["Both social and political satire may be seen to have a constructive purpose in drawing attention to, and provoking discussion around, problems that need to be addressed.",1,-1,[],[50883]],["It uses laughter as a weapon and against the vices which exist outside of the work itself.",1,-1,[],[48283]],["Most satire articles are designed to mislead and instruct certain individuals",1,-1,[],[253]],["People who create satires and parodies typically do not expect their works to be taken at face value. Rather, they assume that the audience will be in on the joke.",1,-1,[],[22518]],["Satire has very minimal intent to deceive the public; on the contrary, it is used to discuss political well-being or other critical issues",1,-1,[],[38050]],["Satire is a form of implicit communication.",1,-1,[],[48283]],["Satire is most effective not when it brutally lambasts its object, but when it expresses itself with seeming disinterest",1,-1,[],[38449]],["Satire is often used to raise awareness of social issues or criticise political misconduct.",1,-1,[],[27344]],["Satire makes use of opposing scripts, text that is compatible with two different readings (Simpson, 2003: 30), to achieve this effect.",1,-1,[],[12374]],["Satire, in forms such as memes, provocative videos, or even deepfakes portraying politicians, can be part of humorous political debate and exaggeration.",1,-1,[],[42193]],["Satire, irony, and sarcasm are techniques typically used to express humor and critique, rather than deceive; however, they can occasionally be mistaken for factual reporting, akin to fake news.",1,-1,[],[27926]],["Satirical news are the most different from propaganda and hoaxes",1,-1,[],[51171]],["Satirical news contains more loyalty and less betrayal morals compared to propaganda, hoaxes and clickbait news.",1,-1,[],[51171]],["Satirical news highlights current events and news stories by mixing them with fictional and often absurd events.",1,-1,[],[27344]],["Satirical news highlights current events and news stories by mixing them with fictional and often absurd events. Satire is often used to raise awareness of social issues or criticise political misconduct. However, there is always the risk that the humorous components go unnoticed, and the satirical pieces are taken as factual.",1,-1,[],[27344]],["Satirical news is sometimes associated with fake news.",1,-1,[],[27926]],["Satirical news use significantly more subjective terms compared to other news",1,-1,[],[51171]],["Satirical writing employs rhetorical devices such as irony and sarcasm",1,-1,[],[28084]],["Such performances consist of correct information, adding up extra layers, adjusting the layout, and making the news appear more comical for the general public.",1,-1,[],[38050]],["The difference with a satirical form of fake news is that the authors or the host present themselves as a comedian or as an entertainer rather than a journalist informing the public",1,-1,[],[1033]],["The difference with a satirical form of fake news is that the authors or the host present themselves as a comedian or as an entertainer rather than a journalist informing the public (Collins et al. 2020).",1,-1,[],[1033]],["The truthfulness (facticity) of satire depends on which definition we adopt.",1,-1,[],[23148]],["These satire articles consist of jokes or forms of sarcasm that can be written by everyday social media users",1,-1,[],[253]],["These traits make satire especially challenging for algorithms to identify, as the language often mimics legitimate news while embedding subtle cues such as absurd scenarios or sarcastic tone that signal its true intent",1,-1,[],[28084]],["This \"element of censoriousness\" or \"ethically critical edge\" (Condren, 2012: 378) supplies the social commentary that separates satire from mere invective.",1,-1,[],[12374]],["This form of discourse often incorporates a substantial amount of irony",1,-1,[],[40080]],["This satire implicitly has the intention to harm others using a metaphor of opposites with analytical intent.",1,-1,[],[52696]],["UNRELIABLE",1,-1,[],[2821]],["Unlike hoaxes and propaganda, satire is intended to be notably different from real news so that audiences will recognize the humorous intent.",1,-1,[],[51161]],["Unlike traditional news, which claims an epistemological certainty, satire is a discourse of inquiry, a rhetoric of challenge that seeks through the asking of unanswered questions to clarify the underlying morality of a situation.",1,-1,[],[3844]],["We think of it as a literary genre, but a glance through this handbook suggests that it works more like cultural virus, a 1 See",1,-1,[],[5647]],["Where satirical memes or deepfakes are aimed at entertaining and provoking the recipient, this is simply satire",1,-1,[],[42193]],["Yet, satire is a way of criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way.",1,-1,[],[48283]],["a genre-, medium-, and form-transcending, defying, and occupying mode",1,-1,[],[38449]],["and can be misused as a propaganda practice",1,-1,[],[1528]],["any interference with the right to this type of expression must be examined with due care",1,-1,[],[31959]],["can be misused as a propaganda practice",1,-1,[],[1528]],["comedy evokes laughter mainly as an end in itself, while satire mocks. It uses laughter as a weapon and against the vices which exist outside of the work itself.",1,-1,[],[48283]],["genre that is less aligned with the traditional routines of journalism, such as striving for balance and facticity",1,-1,[],[22393]],["irony and exaggeration are used for social commentary",1,-1,[],[28084]],["it clearly has an aggressive and social function, and often expresses an intellectual aspect as well.",1,-1,[],[12374]],["it might be better to note a tension within satire between enforcing norms and violating them, between restraint and license.",1,-1,[],[38449]],["it must aspire \"to cure folly and to punish evil\" (Highet, 1972: 156).",1,-1,[],[12374]],["it works more like cultural virus",1,-1,[],[5647]],["mimics news style while differing in intent",1,-1,[],[28084]],["not a liberal antidote to authoritarianism, nor is it reducible to a conservative weapon of cultural reaction.",1,-1,[],[38449]],["one distinctive feature of satire compared to other types of untrusted news is its prominent use of adverbs.",1,-1,[],[51161]],["os sites de matriz humorística não pretendem manipular os seus consumidores.",1,-1,[],[10806]],["parody, satire, and the more obscure kayfabe, which we believe are essential aspects to the concept of fake news",1,-1,[],[1184]],["political satire is apt to awaken the viewer's political affiliations, so that an attack on a politician's private morals may be interpreted in political terms, as an attack on their partyfoot_3 .",1,-1,[],[24425]],["politicians are expected to endure criticism, especially in the form of mockery, parody and satire.",1,-1,[],[42193]],["satire aims for humor and critique rather than deception",1,-1,[],[28084]],["satire as a mobile mode rather than a fixed genre",1,-1,[],[38449]],["satire does not speak its message plainly, and hides its critique in irony and double-meanings.",1,-1,[],[12374]],["satire encourages audiences to engage central information processing routes rather than peripheral information processing routes",1,-1,[],[45543]],["satire is a discourse of inquiry, a rhetoric of challenge that seeks through the asking of unanswered questions to clarify the underlying morality of a situation.",1,-1,[],[3844]],["satire is both entertainment and political criticism",1,-1,[],[24425]],["satire is intended to entertain a target audience",1,-1,[],[59888]],["satire is itself a phenomenon that resists definition and description.",1,-1,[],[5647]],["satire limits the motivation as well as the ability to counter-argue the correcting information from people's existing ideological pre-dispositions.",1,-1,[],[22393]],["satire may confront people with the truth without appearing too confrontational (Paletz, 1990) and, therefore, could be more effective than regular factcheckers to also convince partisan citizens of \"the truth.\"",1,-1,[],[22393]],["satire relies on an audience recognizing the use of irony in order to expose or criticize something",1,-1,[],[45543]],["satire uses irony to critique those in power and expose disinformation",1,-1,[],[45543]],["satire's moral ambivalence made it such a good topic for the conventionalized discourse of the periodicals and, at a personal level, for commonplace books.",1,-1,[],[5647]],["satire's primary objective is to make a humorous appeal.",1,-1,[],[22393]],["social description and moral anatomization",1,-1,[],[5647]],["supplies the social commentary that separates satire from mere invective.",1,-1,[],[12374]],["the Court confirmed satire to be a protected form of expression",1,-1,[],[50558]],["the authors or the host present themselves as a comedian or as an entertainer rather than a journalist informing the public.",1,-1,[],[5441]],["the transgressive, anti-authoritarian impulses of satire can just as easily make it appear a progressive force that criticises the powerful and fosters rebellion against the status quo.",1,-1,[],[38449]],["thinking of satire as a literary genre has outlived whatever usefulness it might have once had",1,-1,[],[38449]],["verbal violence in the political discourse in social media was dominated by the use of sarcasm, cynicism, and irony.",1,-1,[],[52696]]],"sy":[["Parody",2,27482,[["Parody",1],["parody",1]],[18802,42193]],["de absurdo",1,-1,[],[10806]],["genuine satire",1,-1,[],[21946]],["publicações satíricas",1,-1,[],[10806]],["sarcasms",1,30601,[],[19692]],["sarcásticas",1,-1,[],[10806]],["satiric",1,-1,[],[38449]]],"rt":[["fake news",4,33960,[],[10806,17158,27926,30623]],["parody",4,27482,[["parody",3],["Parody",1]],[5441,8255,38449,42193]],["humor",3,33710,[],[10806,12374,27926]],["irony",3,13113,[],[19610,27926,38449]],["sarcasm",3,30601,[],[19610,27926,38449]],["Wit",1,-1,[],[5647]],["absurdity",1,33109,[],[38449]],["allegory",1,26507,[],[38449]],["artistic expression",1,18311,[],[42193]],["benign fabrications",1,-1,[],[12374]],["burlesque",1,-1,[],[5647]],["comedy",1,8493,[],[48283]],["critique",1,30654,[],[27926]],["dialogical interaction",1,-1,[],[3844]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[42193]],["distortion",1,28504,[],[38449]],["exaggeration",1,29154,[],[27926]],["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[22393]],["humor detection",1,-1,[],[27926]],["humorous expression",1,-1,[],[42193]],["incongruity",1,11983,[],[38449]],["libel",1,4195,[],[5647]],["literary genre",1,-1,[],[5647]],["mockery",1,23481,[],[42193]],["paleocomedy",1,-1,[],[38449]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[1528]],["raillery",1,29772,[],[5647]],["reduction",1,24614,[],[38449]],["religiorational satire",1,-1,[],[38449]],["reversal",1,-1,[],[38449]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[27926]],["social commentary",1,-1,[],[42193]],["verbal-art definitions",1,-1,[],[38449]]],"sb":[["Horatian",1,-1,[],[12374]],["Juvenalian",1,-1,[],[12374]],["Parody",1,27482,[],[22518]],["cynicism",1,128,[],[52696]],["far-right internet trolling",1,-1,[],[38449]],["irony",1,13113,[],[52696]],["parodic news",1,-1,[],[38449]],["political satire",1,22091,[],[42193]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[52696]]],"sp":[["fake news",10,33960,[["fake news",9],["Fake news",1]],[1033,5441,15453,17158,38050,40080,44557,46911,51443,58218]],["misinformation",3,10315,[],[19610,46118,50180]],["Frame",1,7860,[],[9777]],["arte",1,-1,[],[10806]],["artistic expression",1,18311,[["artistic expression",1],["artistic expressions",1]],[42193]],["deception",1,24454,[],[12374]],["fake news articles",1,15499,[],[16597]],["ficção",1,-1,[],[10806]],["implicit hate speech",1,16841,[],[52696]],["intent-based fake news",1,23293,[],[1033]],["literary genre",1,-1,[],[5647]],["misleading news",1,22858,[],[12899]],["problematic information",1,28030,[],[8255]],["untrusted news",1,-1,[],[51161]]],"ex":[["@TheOnion",1,-1,[],[51171]],["Daily Show-style news programme parodies",1,-1,[],[38449]],["Far-right memes exemplify this doubleness in especially vivid ways: they ridicule and exclude while simultaneously building emotional communities; they normalise extreme views while insisting on their own triviality.",1,-1,[],[38449]],["Gulliver's Travels",1,-1,[],[5647]],["Mock news programs, which typically use humor or exaggeration to present audiences with news updates",1,-1,[],[23148]],["Onion-style newspaper parodies",1,-1,[],[38449]],["The Beggars Opera",1,-1,[],[5647]],["The Daily Mash",1,-1,[],[51443]],["The Daily Show with Trevor Noah",1,-1,[],[5441]],["The Daily Show, Mad Magazine",1,-1,[],[12899]],["The Dunciad",1,-1,[],[5647]],["The John Stewart Show",1,-1,[],[5441]],["The John Stewart Show and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah",1,-1,[],[5441]],["The depiction of thirty-four public figures in sexual positions and situations was described by the Court as \"unrealistic and exaggerated,\" and the painting of the applicant, one of the thirty-four depicted, \"obviously did not aim to reflect or even to suggest reality.\"",1,-1,[],[42193]],["a politician was portrayed as corrupt in a puppet show during a festival",1,-1,[],[42193]],["deepfakes portraying politicians",1,-1,[],[42193]],["memes",1,-1,[],[42193]],["provocative videos",1,-1,[],[42193]],["putting a t-shirt on his three-year-old nephew with terrorism slogans on it, to wear to nursery school. The applicant said it was done in a humorous manner",1,-1,[],[42193]],["the Onion",1,-1,[],[51443]],["the Onion, The Daily Mash",1,-1,[],[51443]],["the paintings were satirical in nature",1,-1,[],[42193]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["as opposed to Intellectual Vanity",1,-1,[],[10442]],["negative pole: Intellectual Vanity",1,-1,[],[10442]],["reflects the extent to which one is preoccupied with how one is perceived by others",1,-1,[],[10442]],["the Intellectual Modesty scale reflects the extent to which one is preoccupied with how one is perceived by others",1,-1,[],[10442]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Intellectual Vanity",1,-1,[],[10442]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[10442]]],"ex":[["I like to be the smartest person in the room",1,-1,[],[10442]],["I want people to know I am an unusually intelligent person",1,-1,[],[10442]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A score of 0 indicated by the vertical line is perfectly balanced coverage.",1,-1,[],[25375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["sources with higher scores report more about the Russia collusion than the Clinton email scandal (lower score is vice-versa).",1,-1,[],[25375]],["sources with higher scores report more about what the players are protesting (police brutality) than the disrespect for the flag and military (lower score is vice-versa).",1,-1,[],[25375]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic vice",1,32772,[],[30797]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Perceiving the HARMOFHATESPEECH: the belief that hate speech or offensive language can be harmful for the targets of that speech (Soral et al., 2018;Nadal, 2018).",1,-1,[],[46859]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["new politics",1,33863,[],[6110]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis",1,23921,[],[55907]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[12449]],["hate speech categories",1,-1,[],[12449]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["democratic socialism",1,-1,[],[47634]],["sustainable development",1,-1,[],[47634]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It can also involve posting and sharing, through ICT means, violent content that consists of portraying women and girls as sexual objects or targets of violence.",1,-1,[],[17728]],["the distinguishing criterion between gender-based online hate speech and other forms of violence is mainly the use of ICT to send demeaning, unwanted, cruel remarks, citing the victim's gender and spreading hateful language targeted at women and girls.",1,-1,[],[17728]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["social, cultural, or spatial proximity between the source and targets is one of the defining factors for the relevance of an event to an audience",1,-1,[],[43623]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["credibility of the source",1,22078,[],[56822]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A certain number of newspaper pages and minutes per hour on television must be devoted to ads, and the size of the ''news hole''-the remaining amount of time or space set aside for news items-is usually invariant over the short run regardless of what's happening on a given day.",1,-1,[],[48881]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this sense, personal love is mobilized by revolution, and individual love stories necessarily unfold in the grand narrative of class, nation, and revolution.",1,-1,[],[44854]],["Liu (2003: 212) sees the revolution-plus-love formula as an attempt on the part of leftist writers, who are committed to proletarian literature, to \"mix utopian desires with reality anxiety.\"",1,-1,[],[44854]],["revolution presents itself as both a motivation and a social milieu in which lovers relate to each other while participating in revolutionary activities. In this sense, personal love is mobilized by revolution, and individual love stories necessarily unfold in the grand narrative of class, nation, and revolution.",1,-1,[],[44854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["consumption plus love",1,30758,[],[44854]],["proletarian literature",1,-1,[],[44854]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media trust",1,14276,[],[39431]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["may lead to various outcomes relevant to consumers, including increased indulgence (Ferraro et al. 2005), increased purchase and consumption (Mandel and Smeesters 2008), and materialism (Rindfleisch et al. 2009)",1,-1,[],[5635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Crony capitalism also affected the media landscape of the country where newspaper companies, radio stations, and television networks were \"put under strict government supervision and owned by either his (President Marcos) relatives or friends\"",1,-1,[],[59852]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["may indicate dissatisfaction with particular institutions but not necessarily a delegimisation of the integration project as a whole.",1,-1,[],[5323]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["'diffuse' negativity",2,27745,[["'diffuse' negativity",1],["diffuse negativity",1]],[5323,27072]],["negativity that fosters distrust in the EU",1,-1,[],[5323]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["negativity",1,2653,[],[5323]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The concept of semiosphere is linked to a definite semiotic homogeneity and individuality.",1,-1,[],[10199]],["The ensemble of semiotic formations functionally precedes the singular isolated language and becomes a condition for the existence of the latter. Without the semiosphere, language not only does not function, it does not exist.",1,-1,[],[10199]],["Without the semiosphere, language not only does not function, it does not exist.",1,-1,[],[10199]],["all semiotic space may be regarded as a unified mechanism (if not organism)",1,-1,[],[10199]],["the semiosphere has a \"semiotic personality\" and combines within this property of personality both the empirically indisputable and intuitive manifestation of the concept and the difficulty of its formal definition.",1,-1,[],[10199]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["The division between the core and the periphery is a law of the internal organisation of the semiosphere.",1,-1,[],[10199]],["The levels of the semiosphere comprise an inter-connected group of semiospheres, each of them being simultaneously both participant in the dialogue (as part of the semiosphere) and the space of dialogue (the semiosphere as a whole).",1,-1,[],[10199]],["semiotic space",1,-1,[],[10199]],["semiotic universe",1,31536,[],[10199]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Such a continuum we, by analogy with the concept of \"biosphere\" introduced by V. I. Vernadsky, will call the 'semiosphere'.",1,-1,[],[10199]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Im Unterschied zu allgemeinem Hilfeverhalten (z. B. jemandem die Türe aufhalten) spricht man von Zivilcourage, wenn eine Person in eine für Dritte bedrohliche Situation eingreift, obwohl sie mit physischen, psychischen oder sozialen Konsequenzen für das Eingreifen rechnen muss",1,-1,[],[1196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["So kann beispielsweise das öffentliche Widersprechen gegen rassistische Aussagen in einer konkreten Situation dadurch motiviert sein, dass man nicht in einer Gesellschaft le-K ben möchte, in der solche Äußerungen unwidersprochen bleiben oder gar akzeptiert werden (Fischer et al. 2013).",1,-1,[],[1196]],["das öffentliche Widersprechen gegen rassistische Aussagen in einer konkreten Situation dadurch motiviert sein, dass man nicht in einer Gesellschaft le-K ben möchte, in der solche Äußerungen unwidersprochen bleiben oder gar akzeptiert werden",1,-1,[],[1196]]]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["I classify a given topic as being owned by the Republican or the Democratic party if a majority of citizens believes that such party is better at handling problems related to it than the opponent.",1,-1,[],[60506]],["any story regarding an issue owned by a given candidate or party, no matter how negative, would not induce readers to change their perception about the ownership of the issue itself.",1,-1,[],[60506]],["candidates tend to emphasize owned issues in their political speeches.",1,-1,[],[60506]],["given that issues owned by the Democratic (Republican) party are salient, turnout of Republicans (Democrats) tends to decrease, while the opposite holds for Democrats (Republicans). Moreover, Independents vote more for the Democratic (Republican) candidate.",1,-1,[],[60506]],["it was shown that the salience of an issue determined corporate reputation.",1,-1,[],[38867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue competition",1,7003,[],[17932]]],"sb":[["Competence represents a party's perceived problem-solving capacity",1,-1,[],[17932]],["associative dimension",1,30763,[],[17932]],["competence",1,11733,[],[17932]],["the associative dimension includes the feeling of intuitively linking a party to an issue.",1,-1,[],[17932]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["the Republican party owns the issues of crime and defense",1,-1,[],[60506]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This perspective highlights the extent to which masculinity is bound up with popular expectations about leadership since both newspapers, regardless of their politics, couch their attacks using the lexis of emasculation.",1,-1,[],[42549]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["This crude pun links effective leadership with sexual virility, in the most palpable way of emasculating Miliband that emerged from the coverage.",1,-1,[],[42549]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["people may simply know whether a story is reliable or not because they remember it",1,-1,[],[3213]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["mappings are partial, which means that only a part of the source domain is mapped onto the target domain, and mapping all source features onto the target would be at the risk of over-interpretation",1,-1,[],[6005]],["metaphor mapping includes both 'the features of the source that could be mapped onto the target' as well as 'the attributed qualities to the target by the source'",1,-1,[],[6005]],["metaphor mapping is unidirectional",1,-1,[],[6005]],["metaphor mapping refers to a one-to-one mapping of the respective elements of the target and source domains",1,-1,[],[6005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["If a woman acts contrary to the rules of sexual abstinence determined by custom, her honor is tarnished.",1,-1,[],[29767]],["The concept of honor, especially in patriarchal societies, represents values that men use to control women, in particular female sexuality",1,-1,[],[29767]],["group-based differences, typically individualism (independence), collectivism (interdependence), or honor (face); most common psychological way of describing culture differences between and within groups imply differences in the accessibility (what is usually activated) or in the availability (what can be activated) of cultural values, norms, and meaning-making schemas.",1,-1,[],[19171]]],"sy":[["face",1,10134,[],[19171]]],"rt":[["face",1,10134,[],[19171]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["attributional biases",1,22323,[],[14230]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news media",1,13833,[],[53691]],["social media",1,6683,[],[53691]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Millennials",1,-1,[],[46160]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[["Status can be conferred by physical stature, by the perspective of the portrayer (in this case usually a photographer), by accessorization (clothing, desks, etc.), and by the degree to which others serve",2,-1,[["Status can be conferred by physical stature, by the perspective of the portrayer (in this case usually a photographer), by accessorization (clothing, desks, etc.), and by the degree to which others serve",1],["Status can be conferred by physical stature, by the perspective of the portrayer (in this case usually a photographer), by accessorization (clothing, desks, etc.), and by the degree to which others serve.",1]],[12555,38263]]],"de":[["Either the image is \"subordinate to the text\" (stat = T ), implying an exchangeable image which plays the minor role in conveying the overall message of the image-text pair, or the text is \"subordinate to the image\" (stat = I ), usually characterizing text with additional information (e.g., a caption) for an image that is the center of attention. An equal status (stat = 0) describes the situation where image and text are equally important for the overall message.",1,-1,[],[7055]],["It portrays how two modalities can relate to one another in a hierarchical way reflecting their relative importance.",1,-1,[],[7055]],["Relative importance is in terms of meaning and the modality central to the overall message of an imagetext pair, in contrast to extension, which operates in terms of individual concepts. The STATUS relation describes the hierarchical relation between image and text to signify whether they are equally important for the overall message or one modality is subordinate (provides additional information while the main message exists in the other modality) to the other.",1,-1,[],[58875]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["status theory",1,27371,[],[16719]]],"sb":[["Equal: Both parts are equally important for the overall message.",1,-1,[],[58875]],["Image: Here, the image is the center of attention and provides additional information or context not present in the text.",1,-1,[],[58875]],["Text: In this case, the image plays a minor role or is exchangeable with another image. The text provides the main context and other unique and important details relevant to the main message.",1,-1,[],[58875]],["equal status (stat = 0)",1,-1,[],[7055]],["image subordinate to text (stat = T )",1,-1,[],[7055]],["text subordinate to image (stat = I )",1,-1,[],[7055]]],"sp":[["Semantic relations",1,22739,[],[58875]],["Semantic relations include three different aspects of capturing relationships on the meaning level: Semantic Correlation captures whether image and text belong together, STATUS signifies modality importance in terms of context and information, and Modification indicates whether one modality changes or strengthens certain aspects provided in the other modality.",1,-1,[],[58875]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["technologies by some governments to surveil and target activists",1,-1,[],[17557]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["capacity",1,17067,[],[9880]],["tenacity",1,29335,[],[9880]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["normative attitude towards the epistemic value of statements",1,-1,[],[39358]],["symmetry",1,3347,[],[39358]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Epistemic trust",1,7096,[],[10484]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["often driven by needs such as maintaining self-worth or reducing cognitive dissonance.",1,-1,[],[29584]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["open processing",1,17957,[],[29584]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["mass media combine two processes: the communication process between different actors in society on the one hand, and the mediation of this communication by journalists via mass media on the other.",1,-1,[],[49037]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["this opens up for audiences to care for and act on lives outside their own communities.",1,-1,[],[5003]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distant suffering",1,5819,[],[5003]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":47,"df":[],"de":[["Applied to political environmental disinformation, greenwashing creates the impression of environmentally friendly activity (Naderer et al., 2017) when the opposite is the reality (López, 2022), allowing political actors to maintain external recognition while at the same time refrain from pro-environmental actions (Cislak et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[42435]],["From a marketing perspective, it is a form of deceptive advertising that exploits the growing consumer demand for sustainable products",1,-1,[],[52664]],["From a marketing perspective, it is a form of deceptive advertising that exploits the growing consumer demand for sustainable products (Parguel et al., 2015;Parguel and Johnson, 2021).",1,-1,[],[52664]],["Greenwashing can be attributed to corporations' environmental claims about green products that are ambiguous and misleading to create a positive \"green\" image without delivering on green promises, Blome et al. (2017).",1,-1,[],[15171]],["Greenwashing does not require financial investment from companies, and can be fairly simple (Spack et al., 2012).",1,-1,[],[1820]],["Greenwashing is a topic that is gaining more attention in recent years due to the confusion that companies or corporations create as part of their marketing to add value to their brand.",1,-1,[],[15171]],["Greenwashing is appealing to those high in national narcissism, as it allows them to maintain external recognition while at the same time refrain from proenvironmental actions.",1,-1,[],[1820]],["In the hospitality and tourism industry, this manifests through vague or unsubstantiated claims, fraudulent eco-certifications, or emphasizing minor green initiatives while overshadowing larger unsustainable practices",1,-1,[],[52664]],["In the hospitality and tourism industry, this manifests through vague or unsubstantiated claims, fraudulent eco-certifications, or emphasizing minor green initiatives while overshadowing larger unsustainable practices (Abeyratne and Arachchi, 2022;Garcia and Vargas, 2024).",1,-1,[],[52664]],["It is an act of commission and deception.",1,-1,[],[52664]],["It is understood that this will affect the company, denoting a better image at an institutional level; fatal consequences for society, as well as probable financial falls due to the discovery of these practices by clients.",1,-1,[],[15171]],["It tends to be effective in boosting the reputation of a given company and in increasing customers' perceived value of the greenwashed products (Parguel, Benoit-Moreau, & Russell, 2015;Tateishi, 2018).",1,-1,[],[1820]],["Such communication may or may not be deliberate (Bowen, 2014) and encompasses a variety of techniques, including selective information disclosure, hollow green claims and policies, dubious certifications and labels, co-opted NGO endorsements and partnerships, ineffective government-sponsored voluntary programs, misleading narrative and discourse, and misleading visual imagery",1,-1,[],[38889]],["Such communication may or may not be deliberate (Bowen, 2014) and encompasses a variety of techniques, including selective information disclosure, hollow green claims and policies, dubious certifications and labels, co-opted NGO endorsements and partnerships, ineffective government-sponsored voluntary programs, misleading narrative and discourse, and misleading visual imagery (Lyon and Wren Montgomery, 2015).",1,-1,[],[38889]],["a widespread phenomenon among business organizations aimed at influencing consumers' choices",1,-1,[],[1820]],["choosing image enhancement over proenvironmental actions",1,-1,[],[1820]],["corporations are accused of greenwashing and being hypocritical, building on the idea that they loosen or decouple their rhetoric from the real societal change",1,-1,[],[17014]],["demonstrating it might be a way to manage identity needs.",1,-1,[],[1820]],["disinformation aimed at improving the green reputation of the parties",1,-1,[],[42435]],["disinformation aimed at improving the green reputation of the parties, such as the claims of PSOE (Newtral, 20/05/2022) and PP (Newtral, 11/09/2019) to be pioneers in taking environmental measures.",1,-1,[],[42435]],["greenwashing as a political strategy",1,-1,[],[1820]],["greenwashing represents a significant challenge that companies in this sector must face with transparency and coherence, in order to preserve its credibility and contribute effectively to its sustainability.",1,-1,[],[15171]],["image as proenvironmental, but not actions actually beneficial to the natural environment",1,-1,[],[1820]],["is a widespread phenomenon among business organizations aimed at influencing consumers' choices (TerraChoice, 2010).",1,-1,[],[1820]],["measured support for greenwashing explicitly as a political strategy",1,-1,[],[1820]],["support for greenwashing as a replacement for the proenvironmental action",1,-1,[],[1820]],["support for pretending to be green just to impress others",1,-1,[],[1820]],["supporting campaigns that possibly could make the nation's image (but not necessarily the country itself) greener.",1,-1,[],[1820]],["there is a danger of greenwashing",1,-1,[],[15171]],["una estrategia que podría interpretarse como una forma de lavar su imagen (greenwashing) y fortalecer su reputación corporativa en materia de sostenibilidad",1,-1,[],[32191]],["using this narrative to reinforce the ingroup image",1,-1,[],[1820]]],"sy":[["green finery",1,-1,[],[15171]],["green perspective washing",1,-1,[],[15171]],["political strategy",1,-1,[],[1820]],["whitewashing",1,-1,[],[15171]]],"rt":[["CSR-washing",1,-1,[],[30171]],["Green Fantasy",1,29474,[],[52664]],["corporate social responsibility (CSR)",1,32003,[],[15171]],["deceptive business practice",1,-1,[],[15171]],["green marketing",1,15660,[],[15171]],["misleading marketing strategy",1,-1,[],[15171]],["political strategy",1,-1,[],[1820]],["proenvironmental actions",1,-1,[],[1820]]],"sb":[["bluewashing",1,7076,[],[15171]],["pinkwashing",1,23550,[],[15171]]],"sp":[["washing",2,2152,[],[15171,42762]],["anti-environmental disinformation",1,32016,[],[42435]],["deceptive business practice",1,-1,[],[15171]]],"ex":[["BP's campaign to rebrand its name British Petroleum as Beyond Petroleum",1,-1,[],[53268]],["Change of Poland's image as a country of smog",1,-1,[],[1820]],["greenwashing governmental campaign aimed at promoting the national group image as proenvironmental",1,-1,[],[1820]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Comparing (What do other sources say?)",1,-1,[],[27991]],["What do other sources say?",1,-1,[],[27991]],["assess the credibility of a balanced text from public service on the government's new policies regarding hate crime with a biased right-wing text on the same matter from an online newspaper described as junk news",1,-1,[],[27991]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["corroboration",1,12116,[],[27991]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["civic online reasoning",1,19816,[],[27991]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Check-worthy Claim",1,11957,[],[1873]],["verifiable claim",1,3438,[],[1873]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["promotional paratexts",1,14383,[],[20837]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a perplexity-based bias measure meant to quantify the amount of bias in generative language models along several bias dimensions",1,-1,[],[36442]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["emotion of non-forgiveness",1,-1,[],[36662]],["rhetoric that reflects characteristics of an attitude of non-forgiveness",1,-1,[],[36662]],["the logic of non-forgiveness is a powerful tool used by the opposition to damage the candidate.",1,-1,[],[36662]],["try to use these as a justification to delegitimize the aspirations of a politician",1,-1,[],[36662]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social forgiveness",1,3775,[],[36662]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["It is when new signifiers (i.e., elements) are drawn into the meaning making network of competing discourses, and become another node in the network (i.e., moments).",1,-1,[],[51394]],["a we/they relation in which the two sides are enemies who do not share any common ground",1,-1,[],[40610]],["discourses are in a constant struggle to ascribe their own meanings to signifiers and achieve a stable and fixed state of meaning making.",1,-1,[],[51394]],["the political as a dimension of antagonism that can take many forms and can emerge in diverse social relations",1,-1,[],[40610]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agonism",3,10911,[],[839,40610,51394]],["Populist attitudes",1,5649,[],[8295]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I would rather want to be represented by an ordinary citizen than by a specialized politician.",1,-1,[],[8295]],["Politicians are corrupt.",1,-1,[],[8295]],["Politics is a struggle between the good and the evil.",1,-1,[],[8295]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[34426]],["theory of motivated reasoning",1,11281,[],[34426]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Dangerous dissent is instead about creating alternatives that in the long run can threaten vested interests and the status quo in unconventional ways.",1,-1,[],[25613]],["Dangerous dissent refers to the degree of threat that these alternatives present to established power elites and investments over the medium and long term.",1,-1,[],[25613]],["It may emerge as part of social activism, but it goes beyond the critiques associated with disruptive dissent.",1,-1,[],[25613]],["Nor is not to be confused with the dangerous methods sometimes used to display dissent, such as violent riots of rage and extreme or fundamentalist attacks.",1,-1,[],[25613]],["These transformations can undermine current systems by advocating alternatives that challenge the status quo, such as how degrowth movements advocate for reducing production and consumption, which is against a central tenet of capitalism",1,-1,[],[31961]],["What makes this type of dissent dangerous is that it generates new and alternative systems, new ways of doing things, new types of economic relationships, and new ways of organizing society.",1,-1,[],[25613]],["not merely about withdrawal from the system, subversion, or practices that stay \"under the radar.\"",1,-1,[],[25613]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disruptive dissent",1,31009,[],[25613]]],"sb":[["postdevelopment and anticonsumerist philosophies of degrowth movements",1,-1,[],[25613]],["the climate justice and just transition movements",1,-1,[],[25613]]],"sp":[["dissent",1,30389,[],[31961]]],"ex":[["Bringing together new, seemingly unrelated actors and issues and experimenting with economic models that prioritize human relationships or with plant-based diets that respect the rights of animals while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions",1,-1,[],[25613]],["The degrowth movement, presented previously as an example of dangerous dissent",1,-1,[],[25613]],["alternative market relationships, such as direct farmerto-consumer exchanges",1,-1,[],[25613]],["degrowth movements advocate for reducing production and consumption, which is against a central tenet of capitalism",1,-1,[],[31961]],["how degrowth movements advocate for reducing production and consumption, which is against a central tenet of capitalism",1,-1,[],[31961]],["postdevelopment and anticonsumerist philosophies of degrowth movements",1,-1,[],[25613]],["the climate justice and just transition movements",1,-1,[],[25613]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the article emphasises the vital concepts of husn al-khuluq (beautiful manners) and al-kalim al-tayyib (good words), framing digital communication not merely as casual interaction, but as a highly accountable moral act.",1,-1,[],[45015]]],"sy":[["good words",1,-1,[],[45015]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["Infotainment draws sizable numbers of people and is cheap to produce, and it creates a superficial, disloyal audience because it does not rely on substance.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Infotainment drives viewership numbers and keeps production costs down.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Infotainment is associated with the commercialization of news broadcasting.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Infotainment is associated with the commercialization of news broadcasting. The growth of 24-hour television news channels, the benefits of broadcasting to a global audience, and the reliance on advertising revenue have encouraged newsrooms to step away from hard-hitting news to more market-friendly \"soft news,\" highlighting scandals, sports, and entertainment.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Infotainment is thus located as the genre level of investigation, and can be used to categorize media outlets, such as television programs, newspaper, print magazines, or radio shows.",1,-1,[],[6160]],["Instead, it redirects people's attention away from the harsh realities of neoliberal capitalism and supplies television news programs with a slew of soft news and other light-hearted content.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["It teaches people how to behave while reaffirming cultural values and answering complex questions, but it also makes the important appear unimportant.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Several researchers warn of the negative consequences generated by infotainment, such as the risk of using it as a way of disguising disinformation",1,-1,[],[47114]],["Several researchers warn of the negative consequences generated by infotainment, such as the risk of using it as a way of disguising disinformation (Prior, 2003;Nguyen, 2012;Jebril et al., 2013).",1,-1,[],[47114]],["This changing media ecology forces journalists and reporters to produce infotainment.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Ultimately, the infotainment approach is problematic because news organizations cannot compete with mass media companies specializing in entertainment.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["Young people are interested in infotainment",1,-1,[],[61897]],["a concept in political communication that is located on the genre level.",1,-1,[],[6160]],["all of this comes together to form a syndrome that works to depoliticize public communication.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["associated with the commercialization of news broadcasting",1,-1,[],[29918]],["describe \"a cluster of program types that blur traditional distinctions between information-oriented and entertainment-based genres of television programming\" (Baym, 2008, para. 1).",1,-1,[],[6160]],["describes a development where the dualism of entertainment and information is dissolved, leading to a new hybrid media genre that represents a mix of formats.",1,-1,[],[6160]],["diverts their attention from important social and political issues",1,-1,[],[29918]],["features from entertainment media, such as narrative content or humorous punch-lines, and elements from information media, such as anchormen or the focus on purely political topics, can be found in infotainment shows.",1,-1,[],[6160]],["incorporating elements of infotainment-including dramatic background music, live-event coverage techniques drawn from sports journalism, and the thematic blending of politics, crime, and spectacle",1,-1,[],[60225]],["make news more entertaining and reflective of popular culture",1,-1,[],[43113]],["news coverage often leans more in the direction of 'infotainment' centered around actors, events and intrigues that happen to be situated in the realm of business and finance.",1,-1,[],[9209]],["redirects people's attention away from the harsh realities of neoliberal capitalism and supplies television news programs with a slew of soft news and other light-hearted content.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["reporting facts as human-interest stories, mixing information with entertainment, arranging material episodically, and breaking down complex relationships into smaller fragments -all of this comes together to form a syndrome that works to depoliticize public communication.",1,-1,[],[29918]],["the multidimensional concept of infotainment describes a particular genre of media outlets (mostly TV programs, and rarely print media) that is the result of mixing elements from information outlets and entertainment-oriented outlets.",1,-1,[],[6160]]],"sy":[["Market-centered journalism",1,15755,[],[9221]],["Soft news",1,21047,[],[9221]]],"rt":[["sensationalism",3,9105,[],[6160,9221,29918]],["hard news",2,34189,[],[9221,29918]],["soft news",2,21047,[],[9221,29918]],["tabloidization",2,16136,[],[6160,9221]],["HSN",1,-1,[],[6160]],["age of hyper-commercialism",1,-1,[],[29918]],["commodification of news and information",1,-1,[],[29918]],["elements from information media, such as anchormen or the focus on purely political topics",1,-1,[],[6160]],["features from entertainment media, such as narrative content or humorous punch-lines",1,-1,[],[6160]],["irony",1,13113,[],[47114]],["mockery",1,23481,[],[47114]],["rampant infotainment",1,-1,[],[29918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["television programs, newspaper, print magazines, or radio 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minorities HS and sexual/gender (male and female) HS",1,-1,[],[22567]],["the target are groups discriminated against on the grounds of ethnicity (e.g., immigrants [5], ethnic minorities [125, 133], religious communities [128], Jewish communities [145], etc.).",1,-1,[],[22567]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["allows greater elasticity, engaging fields of thought and action too often disconnected. 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