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It affects the national identity discussion, assuming that it is increasingly shaped through virtual interactions and discourse",1,-1,[],[31686]],["The outrage against Taiwanese singer Chou for waving the ROC flag is as much an expression of online nationalism as angry vitriol against NBA manager Morrey for supporting Hong Kong protesters.",1,-1,[],[18020]],["These concepts are often used interchangeably, and they frequently refer simply to popular nationalism expressed online.",1,-1,[],[18020]],["Unlike traditional nationalism, which relies on state-led narratives and physical boundaries, online nationalism thrives in decentralized, participatory platforms, allowing individuals to construct and amplify exclusionary ideas with unprecedented reach.",1,-1,[],[31686]],["Where online nationalism describes nationalist representations and discourses, cyber-nationalism describes mobilization and practice.",1,-1,[],[18020]],["online nationalism also incorporates the creation and posting of images, emojis, videos, and other digitally native contents that contribute to nationalist discourses.",1,-1,[],[18020]]],"sy":[["cyber-nationalism",1,34636,[],[18020]],["digital nationalism",1,26549,[],[18020]],["internet nationalism",1,-1,[],[18020]],["techno-nationalism",1,-1,[],[18020]]],"rt":[["cyber-nationalism",1,34636,[],[18020]],["digital nationalism",1,26549,[],[18020]],["techno-nationalism",1,-1,[],[18020]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital nationalism",1,26549,[],[18020]],["nationalism",1,22205,[],[24498]]],"ex":[["The memes that Chinese online users created to criticize the Danish broadsheet for its insensitive COVID-satire",1,-1,[],[18020]],["The memes that Chinese online users created to criticize the Danish broadsheet for its insensitive COVID-satire are an example of Chinese online nationalism.",1,-1,[],[18020]],["The outrage against Taiwanese singer Chou for waving the ROC flag",1,-1,[],[18020]],["The outrage against Taiwanese singer Chou for waving the ROC flag is as much an expression of online nationalism as angry vitriol against NBA manager Morrey for supporting Hong Kong protesters.",1,-1,[],[18020]],["angry vitriol against NBA manager Morrey for supporting Hong Kong protesters",1,-1,[],[18020]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["relying on consistent factual reporting and restrained visual language",1,-1,[],[54507]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["tone",1,9331,[],[30177]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[47163]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To protect existing beliefs, individuals tend to seek out reasons to dismiss or avoid engagement with information that is disconfirming of prior beliefs, while seeking out emotionally soothing truths that confirm convictions.",1,-1,[],[2244]]],"sy":[["Disconfirmation bias",1,23314,[],[2244]]],"rt":[["polarization",1,21850,[],[2244]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Deindividuation has in turn been found to be conducive to disinhibition and lack of restraint",1,-1,[],[19757]],["somit antizipieren sie soziale Sanktionen in geringerem Maße und kommunizieren in der Folge enthemmter",1,-1,[],[16286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinhibition",1,30582,[],[19757]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["criminality",1,19930,[],[36420]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["require visas for Venezuelans, Cubans, and Haitians",1,-1,[],[36420]],["the denial of entry at airports",1,-1,[],[36420]],["the instrumentalization of massive deportations",1,-1,[],[36420]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ahram predominantly employs the historic right frame in their news stories. They cite the 1929 and 1959 colonial treaties, as well as mythical claims attributed to ancient philosophers, to support this frame.",1,-1,[],[56409]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Overall, acceptance of fake news is associated with exposure to misleading digital content, social media network amplification, and psychological responses to politically charged information.",1,-1,[],[34285]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a focus for local media award ceremonies, commemorative lunches, and a programme of invited speakers.",1,-1,[],[31089]],["a site from which state guests, officials and other important visitors to Japan-heads of state, prime ministers and other Cabinet ministers-and their views to the Japanese people and workdwide audiences.",1,-1,[],[31089]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["occupational associations",1,-1,[],[31089]],["trade unions",1,-1,[],[31089]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":43,"df":[["-the personal or human-interest aspects of an event.",2,-1,[["-the personal or human-interest aspects of an event.",1],["the personal or human interest aspects of an event",1]],[40118,61811]]],"de":[["A distinction can be made either on the basis of the sphere in which personalization takes place or on the basis of the number of politicians it applies to.",1,-1,[],[18034]],["But such personalisation is also used to incite hate speech.",1,-1,[],[54562]],["It is a communication strategy to reduce complexity of political issues, which resonates well with the brevity of communication on social media.",1,-1,[],[24989]],["Personalisation (The President has informed. . .)",1,-1,[],[8722]],["Personalization is a broad and diffuse concept",1,-1,[],[18034]],["Personalization is constructed when an abstract issue is made more personal via references to ordinary people, their emotions, experiences (e.g., eyewitness accounts) and stories in the news article.",1,-1,[],[58862]],["Personalization is divided into yes and no categories.",1,-1,[],[58862]],["This can be prevented in automatic news generation by selecting facts that are of interest to an individual, while including facts that are collectively viewed as important by the newsroom.",1,-1,[],[25250]],["differentiating humanising representations from dehumanised or abstract ones",1,-1,[],[8722]],["individualisation as measured by references to professional competencies",1,-1,[],[24989]],["personalization as a communication strategy",1,-1,[],[9757]],["personalization, which refers to a shift in attention from collective actors to individuals",1,-1,[],[18034]],["politicians intentionally highlight their personal characteristics rather than their parties'",1,-1,[],[9757]],["privatisation, Figure 2 details the percentages of posts that featured at least one referral to home and family",1,-1,[],[24989]],["recognize the coverage of personal stories as an explicit intention within their newscasts",1,-1,[],[52291]],["recognize the predominance of the everyday struggles of average citizens as part of their editorial personality",1,-1,[],[52291]],["referenced as a major innovation in the media sector in Russia (PWC, 2017) and an influential characteristic of the media market in Ukraine (Ishenko, 2017).",1,-1,[],[38918]],["the many ways in which a human face is given to the news",1,-1,[],[40118]],["the news value is personalization as the text mentions the Palestinian President, Arab leaders and Anthony Blinken while the image shows civilians.",1,-1,[],[61811]],["turning casual, free-website visitors into paying customers requires personalization strategies that are different from those used to generate ad revenues",1,-1,[],[4991]]],"sy":[["News about people",1,-1,[],[52927]]],"rt":[["Impersonalisation",1,24539,[],[8722]],["centralized personalization",1,2188,[],[18034]],["decentralized personalization",1,25428,[],[18034]],["ecommerce",1,-1,[],[60622]],["episodic and thematic framing",1,214,[],[6165]],["human interest framing",1,4100,[],[6165]],["humanisation",1,6696,[],[11239]],["marketing",1,22250,[],[60622]],["melodramatic traits",1,-1,[],[52291]],["news values",1,27917,[],[61811]]],"sb":[["individualisation",2,25009,[["individualisation",1],["individualization",1]],[9757,24989]],["privatisation",2,32163,[["privatisation",1],["privatization",1]],[9757,24989]],["centralized personalization",1,2188,[],[18034]],["decentralized personalization",1,25428,[],[18034]],["pre-selected personalisation",1,21723,[],[18449]],["self-selected personalisation",1,31493,[],[18449]],["yes and no categories",1,-1,[],[58862]]],"sp":[["Concreteness",1,749,[],[10146]],["News values",1,27917,[],[61811]],["melodramatic traits",1,-1,[],[52291]],["newsworthiness (news value)",1,-1,[],[41891]]],"ex":[["Text in sample (a) describes a personal account and situation of a person affected by high rent prices, realizing personalization.",1,-1,[],[58862]],["The President has informed. . .",1,-1,[],[8722]],["The sample in Figure 12C includes a Personalization news value because the image focuses on an ordinary person as a demonstrator.",1,-1,[],[58862]],["detailed description of person's suffering or jubilation",1,-1,[],[58862]],["visual cues like a close-up shot of an individual, focus on emotional response, facial expression, and singling out a person in a group of people (protester and police).",1,-1,[],[58862]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["KL divergence",1,-1,[],[60210]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Hal ini dimaksudkan dari beberapa penulis tagar dapat digunakan sebagai peluang persuasif yang lebih luas lagi.",1,-1,[],[25539]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Internet slang",1,-1,[],[44392]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["btw",1,-1,[],[44392]],["lol",1,-1,[],[44392]],["thx",1,-1,[],[44392]],["thx, btw, lol",1,-1,[],[44392]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["any use of the terms 'pro-' or 'anti-Zionist' could only ever be a political judgment, based on exclusively political criteria.",1,-1,[],[37930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Afro-pessimism appears as deriving from a discourse of measurement standard, which assesses the failures of the continent against standards established by the West, thus ultimately implying the existence of a cultural and essential 'African' problem.",1,-1,[],[18455]],["Afro-pessimism has therefore been referred to as a postcolonial phenomenon that attests of the ongoing impact of colonialism on contemporary discourses",1,-1,[],[18455]],["Afro-pessimism in the Western media has been researched in various studies.",1,-1,[],[60030]],["Afro-pessimism is an amorphous term, but we can understand it as referring to (at least) two different aspects of news content.",1,-1,[],[19028]],["After all, doesn't this discourse also essentialise, racialise, rank, describe selectively and predict (in positive term this time), thus echoing the five components of Afro-pessimism?",1,-1,[],[18455]],["First: stories that focus exclusively on issues or events that are unambiguously negative, for example: famine, disease, conflict, and poverty (e.g. Moeller 1999).",1,-1,[],[19028]],["First: stories that focus exclusively on issues or events that are unambiguously negative, for example: famine, disease, conflict, and poverty (e.g. Moeller 1999). Secondly, we can think of Afro-pessimism as referring to the tone in which stories are reported, and the negative evaluation of events, issues of policy predictions in Africa.",1,-1,[],[19028]],["Secondly, we can think of Afro-pessimism as referring to the tone in which stories are reported, and the negative evaluation of events, issues of policy predictions in Africa.",1,-1,[],[19028]],["The first parameter -in accordance with Bunce (2017), Anju Chaudhary (2001) and Susan Moeller (1999) -is subject matter: stories that focus exclusively on events that are negative in nature, such as famine, disease, wars, poverty and killings.",1,-1,[],[60030]],["The fourth parameter is the negation of positive stories by framing them against an outdated or unrelated contextual background.",1,-1,[],[60030]],["The second parameter is the tone of the reportage, that is, when an event or policy is negatively evaluated on the whole, whilst ignoring positive aspects that are also crucial to the discussion.",1,-1,[],[60030]],["The third parameter is the omission or silence on some parts of a complex reality, either consciously or inadvertently, either because of a lack of native knowledge or because the media or reporting body in question adopts a simplistic posture in reporting complex issues",1,-1,[],[60030]],["The third parameter is the omission or silence on some parts of a complex reality, either consciously or inadvertently, either because of a lack of native knowledge or because the media or reporting body in question adopts a simplistic posture in reporting complex issues (Nyamnjoh, 2017;Mody, 2010;Hawk, 1992).",1,-1,[],[60030]],["This concept will often be summoned in the discussions around Africa's image in Western media, to attack coverage seemingly reductive, negative and grounded in colonial tropes of the continent (e.g. De Klerk and Leridon 2010).",1,-1,[],[18455]],["a discourse about Africa as a whole",1,-1,[],[18455]],["a key component of Afro-pessimism is indeed the idea of actively predicting a dark future for the continent",1,-1,[],[18455]],["discourse of measurement standard, which assesses the failures of the continent against standards established by the West, thus ultimately implying the existence of a cultural and essential 'African' problem.",1,-1,[],[18455]],["echoing the five components of Afro-pessimism",1,-1,[],[18455]],["essentialisation, racialisation, selectivity, ethnocentric ranking and prediction",1,-1,[],[60030]],["humanitarian/disaster stories as the most prominent subject of Afro-pessimism",1,-1,[],[60030]],["it constitutes an ethnocentric framework through which the continent's progress is assessed",1,-1,[],[18455]],["it is a discourse about Africa as a whole",1,-1,[],[18455]],["racialized phenomenon",1,-1,[],[18455]],["referring to the tone in which stories are reported, and the negative evaluation of events, issues of policy predictions in Africa.",1,-1,[],[19028]],["relating to the investigation of Africa's coverage",1,-1,[],[60030]],["selective coverage -scarce and focusing on 'negative' events",1,-1,[],[18455]],["stories that focus exclusively on issues or events that are unambiguously negative, for example: famine, disease, conflict, and poverty",1,-1,[],[19028]],["subject matter: stories that focus exclusively on events that are negative in nature, such as famine, disease, wars, poverty and killings.",1,-1,[],[60030]],["the negation of positive stories by framing them against an outdated or unrelated contextual background.",1,-1,[],[60030]],["the omission or silence on some parts of a complex reality, either consciously or inadvertently, either because of a lack of native knowledge or because the media or reporting body in question adopts a simplistic posture in reporting complex issues",1,-1,[],[60030]],["the tone of the reportage, that is, when an event or policy is negatively evaluated on the whole, whilst ignoring positive aspects that are also crucial to the discussion.",1,-1,[],[60030]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["essentialisation",2,29611,[],[18455,60030]],["ethnocentric ranking",2,-1,[],[18455,60030]],["prediction",2,33879,[],[18455,60030]],["racialisation",2,1593,[],[18455,60030]],["selectivity",2,944,[],[18455,60030]],["essentialism",1,26488,[],[18455]],["negative stories",1,-1,[],[60030]],["ranking framework",1,-1,[],[18455]]],"sb":[["Afro-pessimism as a ranking framework",1,-1,[],[18455]],["describe selectively",1,-1,[],[18455]],["essentialisation",1,29611,[],[18455]],["essentialise",1,-1,[],[18455]],["essentialism",1,26488,[],[18455]],["ethnocentric ranking",1,-1,[],[18455]],["predict",1,-1,[],[18455]],["prediction",1,33879,[],[18455]],["racialisation",1,1593,[],[18455]],["racialise",1,-1,[],[18455]],["rank",1,21759,[],[18455]],["ranking framework",1,-1,[],[18455]],["selectivity",1,944,[],[18455]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["The Economist \"The hopeless continent\"",1,-1,[],[18455]],["all news stories focusing fully on negative or natural disaster on the continent",1,-1,[],[60030]],["conflict",1,-1,[],[19028]],["disease",1,-1,[],[19028]],["famine",1,-1,[],[19028]],["news stories focusing fully on negative or natural disaster on the continent",1,-1,[],[60030]],["omission or silence on some parts of complex reality",1,-1,[],[60030]],["positive stories negated with unrelated contextual and historical background",1,-1,[],[60030]],["poverty",1,-1,[],[19028]],["wholly negative evaluation of policies and events (excluding natural events)",1,-1,[],[60030]]]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["It is made up of three basic elements: a vast corpus of texts-including literary works, political treatises, scientific writings, and personal memoirs-that collectively constructed the East as an exotic, primitive, deceptive, and underdeveloped realm; a systematic and seemingly rational, yet fundamentally ideological, Western hegemony over the peoples of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the so-called Middle East; and a coordinated effort by the major European colonial powers to assert both hard and soft diplomatic control over these regions.",1,-1,[],[32053]],["Orientalism as a theory often denies agency to the colonized, framing them as passive victims of a monolithic imperial gaze rather than as active participants who negotiated, appropriated and subverted these narratives.",1,-1,[],[52475]],["Orientalism critiqued the knowledge that circulated in western literary forms about the Orient. It revealed how Europeans constructed the other-through naturalising a wide range of Oriental stereo types and assumptions.",1,-1,[],[61832]],["Orientalism in action through its narratives of excellence, character and respectability",1,-1,[],[52475]],["Primarily, the aim of this knowledge was to actually get the knowledge of the Eastern people. However, unfortunately, the purpose of this knowledge has become a weakening point for Islam where the Westerns made baseless objections. Such reflections were seen in the writings of the Orientalists.",1,-1,[],[38724]],["Said (1978) argues that the Orient has historically served as both a colonial prize and a cultural counterpoint to Europe, shaping self-definition of the West.",1,-1,[],[42617]],["Said established that the West created a perception about Muslims that was not grounded in reality.",1,-1,[],[56025]],["This discursive framework reduced the Orient to essentialized traits, allowing racialized hierarchies to appear natural and inevitable, thereby framing colonial domination as a moral duty rather than systematic exploitation.",1,-1,[],[52475]],["a geopolitical strategy",1,-1,[],[34081]],["assigning Amritraj a repertoire of mysticism and charm while simultaneously denying him adequate strength and strategic planning",1,-1,[],[52475]],["focused increasingly on the great ages of the past.",1,-1,[],[34081]],["how Orientalism adapted to new contexts, allowing media institutions to maintain Western centrality even as global power dynamics changed.",1,-1,[],[52475]],["initially served as a discursive strategy parallel to European political powers' fight against Ottoman expansionist threats into Europe.",1,-1,[],[34081]],["initially used to justify European political actions against the Ottoman Empire and, later, after its decline, to support their imperialist pursuits in the Muslim world.",1,-1,[],[34081]],["long-standing Orientalist notions that imagined the East as a realm of quiet contemplation, spiritual depth and passivity, which were presumed foreign to the West",1,-1,[],[52475]],["sport has been Orientalism in action through its narratives of excellence, character and respectability.",1,-1,[],[52475]],["sporting commentary became entangled with racial theory, Orientalist fantasy and imperial concerns about the stability of whiteness in a colonial setting.",1,-1,[],[52475]],["the very power and scope of Orientalism produced not only a fair amount of exact positive knowledge about the Orient but also a kind of second-order knowledge-lurking in such places as the \"Oriental\" tale, the mythology of the mysterious East, notions of Asian inscrutability",1,-1,[],[32053]]],"sy":[["Islamophobia",1,13648,[],[34081]]],"rt":[["Islamophobia",1,13648,[],[34081]],["Orientalist fantasy",1,-1,[],[52475]],["Orientalist notions",1,-1,[],[52475]],["Orientalist perspective",1,3510,[],[32053]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["explicit public agenda",1,25316,[],[35921]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["given a textual claim, claim image, text document, and document image",1,-1,[],[34701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["concepts of aggression as an internal drive",1,-1,[],[33297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["Accordingly, people tend to hold tightly to their beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.",1,-1,[],[60710]],["Belief perseverance as it is conceptualized by psychologists differs from belief echoes, primarily because it is concerned with how discredited information affects causal beliefs about the world.",1,-1,[],[53107]],["In belief perseverance, the order that beliefs are formed is important. And if beliefs are formed from observed data, then the order that data is received is important.",1,-1,[],[41630]],["The phenomenon, termed \"belief perseverance\" by psychologists, has obvious implications for the study of political misinformation.",1,-1,[],[53107]],["This cognitive bias implies that impressions, once formed, are difficult to change",1,-1,[],[60710]],["individuals believe the misinformation for a period of time before it was corrected",1,-1,[],[53107]]],"sy":[["continued influence effect",1,26499,[],[23365]]],"rt":[["Schemas",1,34718,[],[4553]],["belief echoes",1,9451,[],[53107]],["primacy effect",1,17390,[],[41630]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[41630]]],"ex":[["This induced participant beliefs that persisted even once the data was revealed to be fictitious.",1,-1,[],[41630]],["causes of a warehouse fire",1,-1,[],[53107]],["feedback on their own task performance",1,-1,[],[53107]],["induced participant beliefs that persisted even once the data was revealed to be fictitious",1,-1,[],[41630]],["interpretation of suicide notes",1,-1,[],[53107]],["participants held onto these opinions even after they were told that the feedback was fictitious",1,-1,[["participants held onto these opinions even after they were told that the feedback was fictitious",1],["participants held onto these opinions even after they were told that the feedback was fictitious.",1]],[41630]],["when subjects are asked to predict their actual performance on the task, those who were originally given positive feedback tend to think they did better than average, and those who were given negative feedback think they did worse",1,-1,[],[53107]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["Allocational harms often arise in domains like employment, finance, and housing.",1,-1,[],[10926]],["Much of the foundational work on the \"fairness\" of machine learning systems has focused on what Barocas et al. (2017) call allocational harms",1,-1,[],[10926]],["This refers to the inequitable allocation of resources to AAE speakers",1,-1,[],[2874]],["We also recognize the distinction between biases leading to representational harms and those leading to allocational harms (Crawford, 2017;Barocas et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[30872]],["biases can be perpetuated to downstream tasks and eventually society in the form of allocational harms",1,-1,[],[15616]],["findings of bias could result in both allocational harms and representational harms posed by the evaluated models",1,-1,[],[28902]],["imagined as downstream effects of stereotypes on résumé filtering",1,-1,[],[11437]],["speakers of AAE are frequently penalized for not adhering to dominant language practices, including in the education system (Alim, 2004;Terry et al., 2010), when seeking housing (Baugh, 2018), and in the judicial system, where their testimony is misunderstood or, worse yet, disbelieved (Rickford and King, 2016;Jones et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[11437]],["there has been far less work exploring allocational harm in downstream NLP prediction tasks",1,-1,[],[11945]],["they may occur when LMs are used in applications that are used to make decisions that affect persons.",1,-1,[],[22431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["representational harms",3,4488,[],[10926,28902,30872]]],"sb":[["direct discrimination",1,15406,[],[8059]],["indirect discrimination",1,15486,[],[8059]]],"sp":[["harms",2,19187,[],[11437,11857]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8059]],["sources of bias",1,8779,[],[22169]]],"ex":[["Allocational harms often arise in domains like employment, finance, and housing.",1,-1,[],[10926]],["automatically downgrading the resumes of female applicants in recruiting",1,-1,[],[57762]],["credit",1,-1,[],[11437]],["if the ordering of images in search results shifts recruiters' perceptions about the real-world suitability of different peoples for different jobs",1,-1,[],[44651]],["if the ordering of images in search results shifts recruiters' perceptions about the real-world suitability of different peoples for different jobs (Kay et al., 2015)",1,-1,[],[44651]],["jobs",1,-1,[],[11437]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Audiences started to be perceived not only as active in the interpretation of journalistic texts and messages but also as active in the sense of production, dissemination of content and public debate in online environments",1,-1,[],[13724]],["The idea of selective exposure also implies a notion of active audiences",1,-1,[],[41233]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame elements",1,2044,[],[45178]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the tone and authoritative style from hallucinated outputs may invite trust or shallow processing and thus call for collaboration with human-computer interaction scholars and practitioners on levels of individuals (microlevel), groups (meso-level), and society (macro-level).",1,-1,[],[37729]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Supply",1,1033,[],[37729]]],"sb":[["Absorbable mobilization demands",1,-1,[],[31934]],["Absorbable settlement demands",1,-1,[],[31934]],["Unabsorbable mobilization demands",1,12325,[],[31934]],["Unabsorbable settlement demands",1,-1,[],[31934]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["a demand for increased wages",1,-1,[],[31934,31935]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["most are a combination of personal, social, political, religious, philosophical, and cultural factors",1,-1,[],[53570]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["vaccine refusal",1,-1,[],[53570]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Como \"citador social\",",1,-1,[],[47405]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["serves as a third component of credibility and has independent effects on persuasion",1,-1,[],[14990]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frame",1,7860,[],[9776]]],"ex":[["one very popular social media post shows an image of a book published in 2008 by the psychic Sylvia Browne in which she predicted the emergence of a \"severe pneumonia-like illness . . . around 2020\"",1,-1,[],[9776]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["loose cultures",1,19286,[],[2835]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Singapore, Japan and China",1,-1,[],[2835]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In the everyday language, the face represents the whole person, for the identity feeling that characterizes it and for the esteem/Prestige that has from others. 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women",1,-1,[],[21874]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["In simpler terms, the mechanism of self-description shows us how stories of ourselves and cultures come to be and what are the central, dominant ones in a given period.",1,-1,[],[40290]],["More simply put, self-description determines the boundary of culture, helps avoid heterogeneity and maintain identity coherence (Lotman 1990: 128).",1,-1,[],[43951]],["Semiotic objects -be it cultures, individuals, or collectives -describe themselves in order to maintain identity coherence and avoid heterogeneity (Lotman 1990: 128).",1,-1,[],[43951]],["it is manifested in the formation of culture-specific regulations, laws, myths, customs, institutions, etc.",1,-1,[],[40290]],["manifested in the formation of culture-specific regulations, laws, myths, customs, institutions, etc.",1,-1,[],[40290]],["the role of self-description for the selected Facebook pages as meaningful semiotic unities (reproducing the idea of Croatianness)",1,-1,[],[40290]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["dictionaries, canons, grammars, institutions, museums, laws, and websites",1,-1,[],[40290]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Retweets",1,7498,[],[4035]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["features that can be used for stress detection",1,-1,[],[1751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["affective",1,31557,[],[1751]],["social",1,1880,[],[1751]],["syntactic",1,29168,[],[1751]],["topic",1,24595,[],[1751]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["May include conflict in society (e.g., strikes, protests).",1,-1,[],[61278]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["strikes, protests",1,-1,[],[61278]],["students, families travelling to their cabins, minority groups, bus drivers",1,-1,[],[61278]],["students, families travelling to their cabins, minority groups, bus drivers, and more",1,-1,[],[61278]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They promote the view that the targeted group is inferior or subordinate and are closely linked and related to Indicator no. 2.",1,-1,[],[18130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Indicator no. 2",1,-1,[],[18130]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Because cognitive empathy requires perspective taking, it has been reserved for individuals who can pass traditional tests of perspective taking, usually humans after the age of two years and sometimes apes (e.g. Gopnik & Meltzoff 1994;Kummer et al. 1996;Povinelli et al. 1992a;1993;Ungerer 1990).",1,-1,[],[2482]],["In other words, cognitive empathy relates to the detection of how someone is feeling.",1,-1,[],[957]],["It implies that the subject has used cognitive perspective taking to project him or herself into the position of the subject to understand, empathize and provide help.",1,-1,[],[2482]],["Likely, because it is more likely to be invoked for familiar/similar objects.",1,-1,[],[2482]],["Recognition of emotional states is what the cognitive empathy component focuses on.",1,-1,[],[957]],["The cognitive capabilities 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'Perspective Taking' and 'Online Simulation' subscales.",1,-1,[],[23070]]],"sy":[["Perspective-taking",1,23348,[],[2482]],["True empathy",1,-1,[],[2482]],["internal state empathy",1,-1,[],[957]],["mentalizing",1,34209,[],[957]],["theory of mind",1,14590,[],[957]]],"rt":[["Perspective Taking",2,23348,[["Perspective Taking",1],["Perspective-taking",1],["perspective taking",1]],[2482,23070]],["Empathic accuracy",1,12292,[],[957]],["Online Simulation",1,-1,[],[23070]],["emotional contagion",1,13912,[],[2482]],["emotional linkage",1,33089,[],[2482]],["empathy",1,31296,[],[2482]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Empathy",3,31296,[["Empathy",2],["empathy",1]],[957,1388,2482]],["Trait-level empathy",1,-1,[],[23070]]],"ex":[["a successful cognitive empathic inference entails an observer recognizing a person's feeling as sad when that person is in fact sad",1,-1,[],[957]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["view from nowhere",1,24825,[],[40725]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["episodic knowledge, which helps them judge difficult samples through background information",1,-1,[],[58797]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse knowledge",1,17803,[],[58797]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["background knowledge",1,27967,[],[58797]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["tailored to the conspiracy communities by addressing the specific insider terms they used.",1,-1,[],[48187]],["used the SAGE method to identify insider language",1,-1,[],[48187]]],"sy":[["specialized terminology",1,-1,[],[48187]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g., \"trace gas,\" \"sea level rise,\" \"temperature measurements,\" etc.",1,-1,[],[48187]],["sea level rise",1,-1,[],[48187]],["temperature measurements",1,-1,[],[48187]],["trace gas",1,-1,[],[48187]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Swearing is like using the horn on your car, which can be used to signify a number of emotions (e.g., anger, frustration, joy, surprise).",1,-1,[],[6260]],["Swearing:",1,-1,[],[35400]],["pragmatic functions of swearing in everyday conversation, such as to express emotion, group solidarity, and aggression.",1,-1,[],[52700]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epithets",1,34696,[],[6260]],["insults",1,21655,[],[6260]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias and Desemanticization: Subjectivity",1,34093,[],[35400]],["Subjectivity",1,5279,[],[35400]]],"ex":[["\"cut the shit\", \"don't know shit\"",1,-1,[],[35400]],["\"prick\", \"turd\", \"crap\", \"bullshit\", \"moron\", \"dumb\"",1,-1,[],[35400]],["\"retarded\", \"psycho\"",1,-1,[],[35400]],["e.g., when ya name gain weight ya ex hoes can't let go",1,-1,[],[12171]],["literal or denotative uses (We fucked)",1,-1,[],[6260]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A key issue lies in the presence of implicit biases in LLM outputs (Xu et al., 2024), which are are not asked directly from the model but can be inferred by seeing how it assigns ethical or unethical actions to different demographic groups.",1,-1,[],[58914]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["theme",1,30079,[],[60037]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["tends to construct overarching narratives about movements or political formations, often overlooking the individual roles of actors.",1,-1,[],[55868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Migrant comedies exploit dichotomous divisions and stereotypes based on pronounced cultural differences to characterize their protagonists as members of specific ethnicities.",1,-1,[],[60633]],["an optimistic tale about the benefits of multicultural integration, the power of immigrants, and their ability to create a multi-ethnic community",1,-1,[],[60633]],["even serious conflicts and problems (like young men's conflicts with the police, their accusations of racial prejudice, unemployment and poverty) are tempered and alleviated",1,-1,[],[60633]],["migrant comedies resolve their primary conflicts through reconciliation and cheerful overcoming.",1,-1,[],[60633]],["the comic relief, provided primarily by immigrants of various age, gender, and backgrounds, is driven by the clash of different lifestyles, customs, traditions, and opinions on the most important spheres of social life, such as communication, sexuality, marriage, cooking, or music",1,-1,[],[60633]],["the humour in migrant comedies derives from the desire to reconcile conflicting requirements imposed by separate cultural formations or appears as a result of their inevitable collision.",1,-1,[],[60633]],["the reaffirmation of the primary role of the family (and, more broadly, of the minority community), which is uniquely capable of surviving all turbulence and absorbing various deviations from the traditional cultural habitus",1,-1,[],[60633]],["these comedies assert that social integration of various minorities is possible, in nearly all possible circumstances",1,-1,[["these comedies assert that social integration of various minorities is possible, in nearly all possible circumstances",1],["these comedies assert that social integration of various minorities is possible, in nearly all possible circumstances.",1]],[60633]],["through the use of common slapstick conventions, self-caricature, and the parodic blending of immigration-related themes with disparate subjects and genres, these films minimize tragedy, focusing instead on the absurdities that sometimes result from immigrant families' efforts to juggle tradition, history, and the desire for acceptance and assimilation fostered by the demands of global popular culture",1,-1,[["through the use of common slapstick conventions, self-caricature, and the parodic blending of immigration-related themes with disparate subjects and genres, these films minimize tragedy, focusing instead on the absurdities that sometimes result from immigrant families' efforts to juggle tradition, history, and the desire for acceptance and assimilation fostered by the demands of global popular culture",1],["through the use of common slapstick conventions, self-caricature, and the parodic blending of immigration-related themes with disparate subjects and genres, these films minimize tragedy, focusing instead on the absurdities that sometimes result from immigrant families' efforts to juggle tradition, history, and the desire for acceptance and assimilation fostered by the demands of global popular culture.",1]],[60633]],["to do so, migrant comedies often use a pair of young characters bound by a strong emotional connection but hailing from different, often hostile, religious, ethnic or racial communities.",1,-1,[],[60633]]],"sy":[["immigrant comedy",1,-1,[],[60633]],["migrant comedies",1,10156,[],[60633]]],"rt":[["coming-of-age dramedies",1,-1,[],[60633]],["family melodrama",1,20629,[],[60633]],["immigrant comedy",1,-1,[],[60633]],["romantic comedy",1,-1,[],[60633]],["screwball comedy",1,-1,[],[60633]],["slapstick",1,-1,[],[60633]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["diasporic cinema",1,-1,[],[60633]]],"ex":[["Bend It like Beckham",1,-1,[],[60633]],["Evet, ich will!",1,-1,[],[60633]],["Kebab Connection",1,-1,[],[60633]],["Salami Aleikum",1,-1,[],[60633]],["Serial (Bad) Weddings and Salami Aleikum",1,-1,[],[60633]],["Vingar av glas (Wings of Glass, dir. by Reza Bagher, 2000)",1,-1,[],[60633]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cadeia equivalencial",1,22090,[],[57196]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The relationship of persons and communities takes priority over either alone.",1,-1,[],[55917]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communitarian political theory",1,-1,[],[55917]],["theology",1,-1,[],[55917]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["facial mimicry",1,30397,[],[60609]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["where the task is to infer the speaker's reaction to a potential rumor or argument, respectively.",1,-1,[],[44660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["While the broadcasting licensing system, to be described below, paved the way for external pluralism where each religious group or political entity would own its own channel, there are a number of successful outlets such as LBCI and Al-Jadeed that have been pluralized internally both in terms of content and staff.",1,-1,[],[33503]],["where each party or religious group is represented",1,-1,[],[33503]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media pluralism",1,16200,[],[43499]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Participants provide an existing article, or a URL, or datasets of real and fake news to instruct the AI in creating a similar but false story. This approach supplies the AI with more contextual information to enhance the accuracy of the generation.",1,-1,[],[56255]],["where fake news mimics the structure and tone of real narratives",1,-1,[],[56255]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Primary Prompting Strategies",1,9744,[],[56255]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["parte del ecosistema político contemporáneo a nivel internacional, centrándose en su estructura y en los componentes narrativos comunes o dispares",1,-1,[],[52988]],["vector de difusión de la propaganda política",1,-1,[],[52988]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["spammy behavior",1,-1,[],[14852]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["spammy behavior",1,-1,[],[14852]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["SDO emphasizes dominance over outgroup",1,-1,[],[46283]],["SDO is a motive for out-group dominance.",1,-1,[],[46283]],["preference for social hierarchy, rigid social structures",1,-1,[],[6125]],["seeing the world as a competitive and dangerous place, and to have a preference for social hierarchies",1,-1,[],[6125]],["someone who score high on SDO would support existing social groupings and suggest that we should not strive for equality.",1,-1,[],[46283]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["DPM",1,-1,[],[6125]],["RWA",1,34479,[],[6125]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hierarchical listening",1,-1,[],[14846]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["rumour detection",2,3268,[],[6840,26819]],["rumour stance classification",1,31945,[],[6840]],["rumour tracking",1,21000,[],[6840]],["rumour veracity classification",1,25403,[],[6840]],["stance categorization",1,-1,[],[26819]],["tracking",1,29841,[],[26819]],["veracity classification",1,25827,[],[26819]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These news gathering routines have become established over decades",1,-1,[],[33083]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["implies that LGBT issues have become intrinsically politicized and frequently collocated in contexts of legislation",1,-1,[],[35463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In addition to contributing to greater speaker visibility in discourse, I-utterances have \"all the reliability of first-hand claim\" (Hodge & Kress, 1993, p. 92).",1,-1,[],[36698]],["The frequent use of this type of stancetaking indicates speaker's attempt to present him/herself as a holder of discourse, thus making the claims more convincing and giving extra importance to them (Kashiha, 2022).",1,-1,[],[36698]],["This can build trust with the audience, making them more receptive to the speaker's message.",1,-1,[],[36698]],["When someone speaks from a place of I, it often feels more genuine and less contrived than a generalized statement.",1,-1,[],[36698]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Also sarcastic or humorous expressions, if they are meant to offend or hurt one or more persons, are included in this category.",1,-1,[],[20277]],["In the literature (Davidson et al., 2017;Founta et al., 2018), it is popular to distinguish between the type of offensive content as either abusive or hateful.",1,-1,[],[38113]],["It includes implicit or direct offensive content that is rude, disrespectful, insulting, threatening, profane, as well as any other toxic content that makes others uncomfortable or provokes further intense offensive feedback.",1,-1,[],[23870]],["The category of Offensive is subdivided into (1) Attack Individuals and (2) Attack Groups according to what is targeted/attacked in the content",1,-1,[],[23870]],["This language can be derogatory on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender.",1,-1,[],[20277]],["This language can be derogatory on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender. Also sarcastic or humorous expressions, if they are meant to offend or hurt one or more persons, are included in this category.",1,-1,[],[20277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[52788]]],"sb":[["Attack Groups",1,29893,[],[23870]],["Attack Individuals",1,20660,[],[23870]],["Attacking groups",1,4825,[["Attacking groups",1],["attacking group",1]],[23870]],["abusive",1,34854,[],[38113]],["attacking individual",1,-1,[],[23870]],["hateful",1,15429,[],[38113]]],"sp":[["Unacceptable",1,24179,[],[55635]],["hate speech classes",1,-1,[],[2930]]],"ex":[["I'm gonna make you fuck me again.",1,-1,[],[18883]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The heart of the problem is developing a method to estimate the counterfactual popularity of an article in a world without bias from observed popularity 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Brazil",1,-1,[],[50347]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The current body of research concerning the propagation of stereotypes by large language models (LLMs) predominantly focuses on single-group stereotypes",1,-1,[],[17620]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["At the individual level, causes include biological and medical factors, genetics, demographics, lifestyle behaviors, and personal traumatic events.",1,-1,[],[59041]],["At the societal level, causes involve broader conditions such as general societal structures and socio-economic factors.",1,-1,[],[59041]],["Social network-level causes encompass issues within interpersonal relationships, environmental stress from work, study, and living conditions, as well as other traumatic events.",1,-1,[],[59041]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["individual",1,12171,[],[59041]],["social 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troops\". The original NYT article had said that officials \"have greater uncertainty about how high in the Russian government the covert operation was authorized\" (Savage et al., 2020) and had thus not identified the Russian president as the figure behind the alleged bounty operation. In the subheading as well, The Times went beyond the original story to present the claim as an undisputed fact by stating that \"[a] secretive Russian intelligence unit has been offering the Taliban bounties to kill British and American soldiers in Afghanistan\" (Evans, 2020).",1,-1,[],[26959]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To capture the effect of parameter perturbations on query results, we need a way to compare results. For example, if a perturbation in Giuliani's claim leads to a lower increase (or even decrease) in the total adoption number, this new result is \"weaker\" than the result of the claim.",1,-1,[],[20470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The source exposure statement highlighted a source's lack of credibility and reliability by proving their bad track record of spreading misinformation, biased reporting, or lack of impartiality",1,-1,[],[48288]],["We argue that by exposing and highlighting misinformation sources' unreliability and debunking their track record to fringe communities, these communities will update their perspective of exposed sources and reduce their consumption to avoid being misled.",1,-1,[],[48288]],["highlighting a source's unreliability can provide a point of reference similar to debunking (Lewandowsky et al., 2020), lower the costs of conducting source criticism (Ahlstrom-Vij, 2016), and activate members' media literacy (Steensen, 2019) and analytical thinking (McKernan et al., 2023).",1,-1,[],[48288]],["present source exposure as a potential strategy, focusing on limiting consumption rather than limiting audience acceptance of misinformation",1,-1,[],[48288]],["propose to activate source criticism by exposing sources' unreliability",1,-1,[],[48288]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["source criticism",1,2284,[],[48288]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["counter-misinformation",1,-1,[],[48288]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Reflective thinking is rule-based reasoning, but the rule itself matters.",1,-1,[],[19183]],["This is independent thinking, but it is not strictly critical, precisely because it is not directed towards precision.",1,-1,[],[50063]]],"sy":[["independent thinking",1,13330,[],[50063]]],"rt":[["motivational reasoning",1,1080,[],[50063]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["design bias",1,29908,[],[9974]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Generally, we use a language inspired by values loaded with positive values, or by good ideals promoted by a certain purpose.",1,-1,[],[1239]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[1239]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["agency/arousal",1,5246,[],[15612]],["power/dominance",1,14561,[],[15612]],["valence",1,19356,[],[15612]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The arguments given in later sections form a basis for the need for a hybrid Web credibility assessment model that leverages both computer-and human-based models to optimize its results.",1,-1,[],[22231]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["I make up my mind without much fuss about the many factors that may affect an issue.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["I often have strong opinions about issues I don't know much about.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["I tend to be too confident in my opinions.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["I tend to feel sure about my views even if I don't have much evidence.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["I tend to make decisions based on my gut feeling.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["The Rigidity items were originally drafted under the heading of a number of different epistemic vices. What they have in common is that they express insensitivity to evidence.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["The Rigidity subscale comprises items that pertain to bad evidential dispositions.",1,-1,[],[30807]],["What they have in common is that they express insensitivity to evidence.",1,-1,[],[30807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic vice",1,32772,[],[30807]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The words signal belonging, and to learn this internal language is thus central to becoming part of the community and successfully participating in its discursive rituals.",1,-1,[],[50492]],["This suggests that users who enter the community need to learn this community language, and that learning this culture is necessary to attain the emotional energy that drives users to continue their participation.",1,-1,[],[50492]]],"sy":[["coming to take up the discourse, themes, and stories of the 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This approach allows us to focus on a large but manageable number of accounts that have large influence within the low-credibility content ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[47846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intermedia agenda setting",1,12784,[],[60577]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["individuals rely on clarity, coherence, and perceived informational sufficiency as heuristic cues when assessing credibility",1,-1,[],[34308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These false information campaigns can have dire consequences to the public: mutating their opinions and actions, especially with respect to critical world events like major elections.",1,-1,[],[7010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["rational elaboration",1,-1,[],[46033]]],"rt":[["System 1 thinking",2,22787,[],[31295,46033]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, whilst the form may contain features which a lay-person might consider to be inherently impolite, the function is actually to enhance and reinforce closeness, affect, group cohesion, and so forth between speaker/producer/writer (hereon S or, purely for alliterative convenience, she) and hearer/recipient/reader (hereon H or, again for alliterative convenience, he) (Haugh 2008).",1,-1,[],[17821]],["the form may contain features which a lay-person might consider to be inherently impolite, the function is actually to enhance and reinforce closeness, affect, group cohesion, and so forth",1,-1,[],[17821]],["using highly ritualized insults, usually rhyming and meant to be clearly untrue",1,-1,[],[17821]],["using highly ritualized insults, usually rhyming and meant to be clearly untrue. In other words, whilst the form may contain features which a lay-person might consider to be inherently impolite, the function is actually to enhance and reinforce closeness, affect, group cohesion, and so forth between speaker/producer/writer (hereon S or, purely for alliterative convenience, she) and hearer/recipient/reader (hereon H or, again for alliterative convenience, he)",1,-1,[],[17821]],["which, in Anglo-American culture, can take the form of \"sounding\" or \"playing the dozens\", or in other words, using highly ritualized insults, usually rhyming and meant to be clearly untrue.",1,-1,[],[17821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["This model is characterized by the neutral commercial press, information-oriented journalism, and strong professionalization",1,-1,[],[3624]],["characterized by the neutral commercial press, information-oriented journalism, and strong professionalization",1,-1,[],[3624]]],"sy":[["Liberal Model",1,19549,[],[3624]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["press models",1,-1,[],[38063]]],"ex":[["UK, USA, Canada, and Ireland",1,-1,[],[38063]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This tendency was most evident when students wrote about the sources of the article they were evaluating. Using ritual knowledge, some students held journalistic writing to the same source and citation standards as scholarly research.",1,-1,[],[42471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conceptually difficult knowledge",1,13199,[],[42471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["troublesome knowledge",1,3567,[],[42471]]],"ex":[["I do not think this article is very credible. The author did not cite the information she uses for data which makes me wonder if it was made up. Citing is an element I used to examine its credibility. If there were citations from a scholarly journal or a gov. [sic] website I would think the data used is credible.",1,-1,[],[42471]],["I look to see if any of the information in the article is backed up with any other sources or sightings. [sic] There [are] no footnotes or bibliography, which again leads me to believe in a lack of credibility.",1,-1,[],[42471]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["evaluative language",1,6722,[],[24860]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["semiotic ambiguity",1,-1,[],[43803]]],"rt":[["semiotic ambiguity",1,-1,[],[43803]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media ecology",1,27672,[],[43909]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Click speech provides different measures and indicators of the opinion climate through the number of \"likes\" or \"shares\" that a post receives.",1,-1,[],[1313]],["Not all click speech is the same, as we found different effects for liking as well as commenting.",1,-1,[],[1313]],["These features have been dubbed \"click speech\" (p. 393), because opinion expressions happen with simple clicks, and do not require users to produce their own content (Sklan, 2013).",1,-1,[],[1313]],["click speech as a form of opinion expression",1,-1,[],[1313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion expressions",1,13182,[],[1313]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion expression",1,13182,[],[1313]]],"ex":[["Sharing a post surfaces as a distinct form of click speech",1,-1,[],[1313]],["commenting",1,-1,[],[1313]],["liking",1,-1,[],[1313]],["sharing",1,-1,[],[1313]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It can be seen as the scope of the event or the news, such that the news piece could directly or indirectly impact people who come under this scope.",1,-1,[],[58838]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["global (multiple countries)",1,-1,[],[58838]],["local (a city)",1,-1,[],[58838]],["national (country or multiple states/cities in the country)",1,-1,[],[58838]],["regional (multiple cities in the state/province)",1,-1,[],[58838]]],"sp":[["Proximity",1,17836,[],[58838]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["1. The intension of a category is a summary representation of an entire category of entities. 2. The essential features that comprise the intension of a category are individually necessary and jointly sufficient to determine membership within the category. 3. If a category (A) is nested within the superordinate category (B), the features that define category (B) are contained within the set of features that define category (A).",1,-1,[],[19321]],["because all members of the category are defined by the same set of features, no one bird can be more typical or more representative of the category than any other bird.",1,-1,[],[19321]],["because it requires that intension equals extension-that membership in a category demonstrates possession of the set of essential features that define the category-the classical theory of categories would provide a simple yet elegant explanation for both the internal structure of cognitive representations and the semantic meanings of words.",1,-1,[],[19321]],["categorization is the process of systematically dividing up the world of experience into a formalized and potentially hierarchical structure of categories, each of which is defined by a unique set of essential feature(s).",1,-1,[],[19321]],["it requires that intension equals extension-that membership in a category demonstrates possession of the set of essential features that define the category",1,-1,[],[19321]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["extension",1,-1,[],[19321]],["intension",1,12324,[],[19321]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social dimension of discourse",1,13494,[],[13557]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["instructional films",1,11374,[],[31604]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can be seen as an important contributor to information poverty.",1,-1,[],[20463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance Detection",1,25533,[],[42598]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["attempt to pass herself off as a legitimate member and after developing her false identity, she will set about disrupting the group whilst trying to remain under cover",1,-1,[],[17827]]],"sy":[["troll",1,4949,[],[17827]]],"rt":[["aggression",1,32135,[],[17827]],["deception",1,24454,[],[17827]],["disruption",1,6316,[],[17827]],["success",1,-1,[],[17827]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[17827]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Diakopoulos (2015) identified the algorithmic power as something worthy of scrutiny by computational journalists interested in accountability reporting.",1,-1,[],[1347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["(victims and affected persons)",1,-1,[],[57074]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["official sources",1,33199,[],[57074]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Bahala na can be evidenced through Filipino cultural expectations to endure emotional problems and avoid discussion of personal issues.",1,-1,[],[18206]],["bahala na may combine with religious beliefs to create additional barriers to addressing mental health problems",1,-1,[],[18206]],["bahala na may combine with religious beliefs to create additional barriers to addressing mental health problems (Javier et al., 2014).",1,-1,[],[18206]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["virtuous and religious Filipinos and Filipino Americans may endorse bahala na attitudes by believing their higher power has instilled purposeful challenges that can be overcome by sufficient faith and endurance",1,-1,[],[18206]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["such as large organisations, governments and bodies",1,-1,[],[11614]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. 'the NHS is a badly run and pointless organisation which is the source of so much harm'.",1,-1,[],[11614]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias",1,30859,[],[28011]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["government officials are subject to bounded rationality, preventing them from reacting proportionally to changing circumstances",1,-1,[],[47174]],["is the primary reason explaining why people believe and distribute fake news",1,-1,[],[1787]],["is the underlying cause for fake news consumption and distribution",1,-1,[],[1787]],["studies show that government officials are subject to bounded rationality, preventing them from reacting proportionally to changing circumstances",1,-1,[],[47174]],["used for explaining why people believe and distribute fake news in extant fake news literature.",1,-1,[],[1787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Organisations have a weak level of control over their organisational messages in this DMA and they have moderately strong editorial control over communication moderation features within this DMA.",1,-1,[],[54130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["DMA",1,-1,[],[54130]]],"ex":[["sponsorship of community activities, events, buildings, and other spaces",1,-1,[],[54130]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Dessa forma, a diferença lida como ameaça se constitui como antagonismo.",1,-1,[],[57197]],["Laclau (1990) conceptualiza, através da ideia de deslocamento, o antagonismo como parte do sistema discursivo.",1,-1,[],[57197]],["a diferença lida como ameaça se constitui como antagonismo.",1,-1,[],[57197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cadeias equivalenciais",1,-1,[],[57197]],["hegemonia",1,29870,[],[57197]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The future goods can thus be fairly basic-ensuring that no out-group dare threaten the in-group again, promising that military victory in a campaign will be achieved through extreme violence, or anticipating economic or scientific benefits from atrocities.",1,-1,[],[21909]],["Violence is rarely justified without any reference to its consequences",1,-1,[],[21909]],["a rhetoric of absolute certainty in the future behaviour of others, perhaps in decades hence, key to the reasoning.",1,-1,[],[21909]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["threat-construction",1,31012,[],[21909]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Communism is a tremendous danger for the future. We must get away from the standpoint of soldierly comradeship. The Communist is from first to last no comrade. It is a war of extermination. If we do not regard it as such, we may defeat the enemy, but in thirty years' time we will again be confronted by the Communist enemy.",1,-1,[],[21909]],["Soviet ideology and the justification of massive violence and cruelty in the name of a promised future society of abundance convinced millions in the Stalinist era.",1,-1,[],[21909]],["anticipating economic or scientific benefits from atrocities",1,-1,[],[21909]],["ensuring that no out-group dare threaten the in-group again",1,-1,[],[21909]],["promises that a positive transformation of society will be brought about through a temporary violent transition, or that national unity and prosperity for a long-mistreated people can be obtained.",1,-1,[],[21909]],["promising that military victory in a campaign will be achieved through extreme violence",1,-1,[],[21909]],["the people have never before looked so far ahead, and with such a sense of self-esteem, and with such fine motives, and for such vital and clear-headed reasons.",1,-1,[],[21909]],["…reaching far beyond other scientific discussion and research in the field of psychiatry, at last the most practical and immediate questions affecting the health of the nation can be most comprehensively resolved because thanks to the [euthanasia] programme a rapid anatomical and histological clarification can be achieved.",1,-1,[],[21909]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This leads to fractionation of the information landscape and consequent persistence of misinformation in large sections of the society for a long period of time.",1,-1,[],[24139]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[24139]],["fractionation of the information landscape",1,-1,[],[24139]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["this watermarking scheme withstands benign transformations, such as resizing or compression, when applied to the watermarked images, without triggering false positives, while remaining sensitive enough to detect malicious alterations such as deepfakes",1,-1,[],[28164]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic",1,25648,[],[21573]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["According to this model, there are two ways of communication for media diplomacy. In this communication process, political actors and institutions, and social elites enter the policy-making process to solve the international conflict or problem in the media.",1,-1,[],[42662]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":972,"df":[["false or misleading information",14,-1,[],[2952,8738,22452,23939,24469,27496,34201,37922,38850,42297,46958,48321,57294,59885]],["false and misleading information",8,-1,[["false and misleading information",6],["False and misleading information",2]],[14779,17682,29310,39175,41819,42566,53817,56877]],["Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm",6,-1,[["Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm",2],["Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm.",2],["Information that is false but not created with the intention of causing harm.",1],["information that is false but not created with the intention of causing harm",1],["«Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm»",1]],[26597,29030,33271,37352,43855,51313]],["misinformation (false or misleading information)",5,-1,[],[10805,24469,27496,53415,57294]],["Mis-information is when false information is shared, but no harm is meant",4,-1,[["Mis-information is when false information is shared, but no harm is meant",2],["mis-information is when false information is shared, but no harm is meant",2],["Mis-information is when false information is shared, but no harm is meant.",1],["mis-information is when false information is shared, but no harm is meant.",1]],[10594,10595,31956,42869,42870,54744]],["False and misleading information spread unintentionally",3,-1,[["False and misleading information spread unintentionally",2],["False and misleading information spread unintentionally.",1],["false and misleading information spread unintentionally",1]],[14779,29310,42566]],["constituting a claim that contradicts or distorts common understandings of verifiable facts",3,-1,[],[8190,30509,58737]],["false information",3,-1,[["false information",2],["False information",1]],[1358,14779,55246]],["false information that is spread regardless of whether there is intent to mislead",3,-1,[["false information that is spread regardless of whether there is intent to mislead",1],["false information that is spread, regardless of whether there is intent to mislead",1],["false information that is spread, regardless of whether there is intent to mislead.",1]],[10043,12739,42670]],["misinformation (unintentionally false)",3,-1,[],[11896,16783,44916]],["misleading information",3,-1,[["misleading information",2],["Misleading information",1]],[14779,25161,54979]],["'Misinformation' refers to the inadvertent sharing of false information.",2,-1,[["'Misinformation' refers to the inadvertent sharing of false information.",1],["misinformation refers to the inadvertent sharing of false information",1],["misinformation refers to the inadvertent sharing of false information.",1]],[37824,52904]],["(unintentionally false)",2,-1,[["(unintentionally false)",1],["unintentionally false",1]],[11896,16783]],["False or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive",2,-1,[["False or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive",1],["false or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive.",1]],[24143,56147]],["Mis-information -Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm",2,-1,[["Mis-information -Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm",1],["Mis-information -information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm",1]],[29030,54690]],["Misinformation is inaccurate information",2,-1,[["Misinformation is inaccurate information",1],["misinformation is inaccurate information",1]],[31644,54561]],["On one end of the spectrum we have misinformation, which is simply information that is false or incorrect (and can include human error).",2,-1,[],[19101,28376]],["The unintentional dissemination of false information is known as misinformation.",2,-1,[],[37237,38781]],["Unlike disinformation, misinformation is misleading information shared by people who do not recognize it as such",2,-1,[],[37237,43754]],["any information that is demonstrably false or otherwise misleading, regardless of its source or intention",2,-1,[["any information that is demonstrably false or otherwise misleading, regardless of its source or intention",2],["any information that is demonstrably false or otherwise misleading, regardless of its source or intention.",1]],[2705,51756]],["false or misleading content",2,-1,[],[2789,44415]],["incorrect or misleading information",2,-1,[],[50857,52000]],["misinformation is 'well-formed and meaningful data (i.e. semantic content) that is false",2,-1,[["misinformation is 'well-formed and meaningful data (i.e. semantic content) that is false",1],["misinformation is 'well-formed and meaningful data (i.e. semantic content) that is false.'",1]],[10306,15839]],["misinformation is when false information is shared, but no harm is meant",2,-1,[],[10805,26281]],["misinformation, which is simply information that is false or incorrect (and can include human error).",2,-1,[["misinformation, which is simply information that is false or incorrect (and can include human error).",2],["misinformation, which is simply information that is false or incorrect (and can include human error)",1]],[19101,28376]],["misleading information shared by people who do not recognize it as such",2,-1,[],[37237,43754]],["publishing wrong information without meaning to be wrong or having a political purpose in communicating false information",2,-1,[],[51131,53703]],["the inadvertent sharing of false information",2,-1,[],[40821,41717]],["unintended false information",2,-1,[],[23049,47123]],["unwittingly false information",2,-1,[["unwittingly false information",1],["unwittingly false information?",1]],[12613,50734]],["when false information is shared, but no harm is meant",2,-1,[],[29069,42869]]],"de":[["\"misinformation\" is merely false but not intended to harm.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["\"the sky is red\" contains information that is not in line with the physical reality, that is misinformation.",1,-1,[],[53016]],["A misinformed person firmly holds wrong beliefs, acts politically based on them, and resists facts when they contradict their beliefs",1,-1,[],[49306]],["A misinformed person firmly holds wrong beliefs, acts politically based on them, and resists facts when they contradict their beliefs (Kuklinski et al., 2000). In summary, misinformation arises when individuals accept inaccurate information, leading to the adoption of delusive convictions that can strongly impact their attitudes and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[49306]],["A news article clearly fabricated with the aim of exploiting the logic of online advertising (and thus produced as disinformation) may become a must-read article within a community of like-minded believers of certain conspiracy theories and shared as a legitimate piece of news",1,-1,[],[8246]],["AI has increased the speed at which misinformation can spread, so AI-powered bots can spread false information on social media platforms at a much faster rate than humans can.",1,-1,[],[30649]],["According to IATE, misinformation is \"information that is incorrect or misleading but not intentionally so.\"",1,-1,[],[39977]],["All the false news published with bona fide mistakes are examples of misinformation",1,-1,[],[1513]],["All the false news published with bona fide mistakes are examples of misinformation, as well as news in which the title or a captivating picture are not adequately supported by the body of the article, like click-baiting",1,-1,[],[1513]],["Although misinformation can be misleading, these deviations from facticity are not necessarily intended by the sender.",1,-1,[],[8332]],["Annotating content credibility at the domain (website) level rather than the link level is an established approach in the literature",1,-1,[],[46606]],["Anxiety is one of the primary reasons behind the spread of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[19873]],["As scholars became interested in the origins of this problem, the term also was used to describe information emanating from the mass media and elite debate.",1,-1,[],[7688]],["As with disinformation being labeled misformation because journalists cannot establish with total certainty an actor' s deceptive intent, the ambiguity inherent in irony can be instrumentalized.",1,-1,[],[22510]],["BBC [7] reported that conspiracies and bad information undermine public health messaging and cause potential harm.",1,-1,[],[1940]],["Because intention to harm is often difficult to determine, the term \"misinformation\" is also used for false information in general",1,-1,[],[28376]],["Both misinformation and disinformation consist of false information; the key difference lies in the intent of the person spreading it.",1,-1,[],[28555]],["Both terms refer to information that is inaccurate, incorrect, or misleading.",1,-1,[],[22510]],["But in many studies, the term 'misinformation' is used as an umbrella term for any type of inaccurate or deceptive information, regardless of its motivation (Altay et al., 2023).",1,-1,[],[29310]],["COVID-19 misinformation (i.e., misleading news content) and rumors are also masking other credible healthy behaviors like hand washing, social distancing and promoting incorrect practices that will potentially increase the virus spread.",1,-1,[],[52222]],["Conspiracy theories, false content, click-bait, pseudoscience, satire",1,-1,[],[14800]],["Content containing false or misleading information",1,-1,[],[46317]],["Contributing factors to the breeding and spread of misinformation include a lack of factual experience, emotional fluctuations, and the formation of prejudices.",1,-1,[],[3283]],["Conversely, misinformation involves the sharing of incorrect information without any intention to mislead the public or pursue personal goals.",1,-1,[],[55328]],["Currently, the WHO and other health agencies correct social media misinformation by defining it as myths.",1,-1,[],[15288]],["Different labels, such as misinformation and disinformation, have been used to describe false/incorrect information.",1,-1,[],[1976]],["Disinformation and misinformation are somehow created and remain in the environment.",1,-1,[],[28217]],["Distinguishing information from misinformation requires identifying the veracity of the content.",1,-1,[],[1135]],["During the dissemination process of misinformation, the actor sharing the information does not share the information as false or misleading information intended to cause harm",1,-1,[],[37352]],["During unforeseen circumstances, the affected individual or community experiences nervousness or anxiety.",1,-1,[],[19873]],["English expression misinformation is used in the place of a mistaken information, and/or misleading information.",1,-1,[],[13393]],["Even if it is partially or completely false, misinformation is a species of information since \"informing does not require truth, and information need not be true\" (Fox, 1983, p. 193).",1,-1,[],[29567]],["Even in the absence of malintent, audiences may still perceive claims to be malicious, and perception may matter more than reality when looking at individual-level processing of claims about a deadly risk.",1,-1,[],[9172]],["Even though the content is shared in good faith, it can still cause social harm",1,-1,[],[42768]],["Exposure to misinformation is a critical factor influencing people's perceptions and attitudes towards news and democracy.",1,-1,[],[53973]],["Fails to meet basic standards of credibility and transparency (e.g. publishing false content, not presenting information responsively, not correcting errors, etc.)",1,-1,[],[14800]],["Fake, deceptive, low-quality, or hyperpartisan news.",1,-1,[],[14800]],["False claims spread on social media platforms",1,-1,[],[26221]],["False connections, misleading content, inaccurate visuals, and manipulated texts, to name a few, are all forms of misinformation",1,-1,[],[49771]],["For clarity, in this study, misinformation refers to false rumors irrespective of whether it is deliberate or accidental and has already been falsified by credible sources, such as the government, the scientific community, news media, and journals",1,-1,[],[29861]],["For the purpose of this chapter, misinformation will refer to all instances where information can be verified as containing clear falsehoods.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["For this series, misinformation is incorrect information spread without any intention to mislead.",1,-1,[],[50649]],["Furthermore, in an emergency context, misinformation helps community members to reach a common understanding of the uncertain situation.",1,-1,[],[19873]],["Given that expert knowledge is a primary epistemological mechanism by which \"truth\" is deciphered, our labeling of the ideas we probe as \"misinformation\" is appropriate.",1,-1,[],[770]],["Harmful influences may arise from any false or misleading information ('misinformation') but are of particular concern when such information is generated and circulated with the specific purpose of deceiving people ('disinformation').",1,-1,[],[46958]],["Harms that arise from the language model providing false or misleading information",1,-1,[],[22452]],["Hate speech can also be understood as misinformation or even disinformation.",1,-1,[],[54561]],["Healthy skepticism and awareness of the presence of erroneous information might motivate the search for additional information, potentially without undermining trust in authorities.",1,-1,[],[14775]],["Here, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term covering false claims in general",1,-1,[],[42955]],["Here, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term covering false claims in general (see also Lewandowsky et al., 2020), as it is impossible in this context to know the intention behind them.",1,-1,[],[42955]],["Honest mistake in the spread of inaccurate information is misinformation",1,-1,[],[24143]],["However, even unintentional dissemination of false information without the goal of manipulating recipients can fuel disinformation.",1,-1,[],[37237]],["In addition to intentional fabrication, sensationalism and competition for attention can also produce misinformation",1,-1,[],[49362]],["In contrast to disinformation, misinformation is distorted or falsified information that is not intentionally manipulated (for some purpose or profit). The disseminator of misinformation believes that he or she is disseminating correct, factual information.",1,-1,[],[39977]],["In contrast, misinformation -in what constitutes an unfortunate doubling of the umbrella term, which also includes disinformation -refers to a falsehood that the communicator mistakenly holds to be true and distributes without intent to deceive.",1,-1,[],[61168]],["In most psychological research misinformation is considered a broader category that also includes disinformation, and no differentiation is made between mis-and dis-information.",1,-1,[],[5395]],["In other words, lack of information and knowledge gap cause misinformation.",1,-1,[],[13664]],["In other words, misinformation is the spread of false information, but it is sent or shared without harmful intent.",1,-1,[],[47123]],["In practical applications, disinformation is generally treated as a subset of misinformation, as it is more difficult to ascertain the motives of actors transmitting inaccurate information.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["In summary, misinformation arises when individuals accept inaccurate information, leading to the adoption of delusive convictions that can strongly impact their attitudes and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[49306]],["In the academe, two forms of misinformation are described based on whether the actors in which falsehood originated had the intention to deceive -namely, disinformation and misinformation (Dan, 2021;Egelhofer & Lecheler, 2019).",1,-1,[],[61168]],["In the article, misinformation was used to encompass both terms.",1,-1,[],[52769]],["In the following, the term misinformation is used as an umbrella term to encompass all forms of climate change denial, regardless of intent.",1,-1,[],[35786]],["In this paper, we emphasize what appears in the Google Fact Check Explorer API that was debunked as false, inaccurate or misleading from a fact-checkers point of view without taking intentions into consideration.",1,-1,[],[42692]],["In this paper, we focus on misinformation as perceptions: Citizens' beliefs about the accuracy and truthfulness of depictions of reality.",1,-1,[],[46622]],["In this paper, we use the terms misinformation and disinformation interchangeably; however, it is important to note that the literature sometimes distinguishes between them.",1,-1,[],[49921]],["Inaccurate science reporting is a form of misinformation",1,-1,[],[48848]],["Incomplete understanding, partial or biased interpretation, hearsay, rumor-mongering and inadequate communication are the main ways that give rise to health-related misinformation",1,-1,[],[17645]],["Inconstancies related to the intentionality in misinformation definitions (7 definitions mention \"unintentional,\" while 5 definitions have \"intentional\").",1,-1,[],[12739]],["Information circulating in SMPs",1,-1,[],[54896]],["It aims to intentionally or unintentionally mislead public opinions, influence political elections, and threaten public security and social stability",1,-1,[],[18982]],["It can stem from reporting inaccuracies, misinterpretation of data, or rumors, potentially causing harm by misleading the public",1,-1,[],[45689]],["It could be a false rumour, wrong claim, insult and prank.",1,-1,[],[20323]],["It could spread unintentionally",1,-1,[],[7110]],["It could spread unintentionally [14] due to honest reporting mistakes or incorrect interpretations [22,13]",1,-1,[["It could spread unintentionally [14] due to honest reporting mistakes or incorrect interpretations [22,13]",1],["It could spread unintentionally [14] due to honest reporting mistakes or incorrect interpretations [22,13].",1]],[7110]],["It does not mimic real news.",1,-1,[],[29152]],["It generates feelings of mistrust that subsequently weaken relationships, which is a negative violation of expectations",1,-1,[],[18982]],["It is also referred to as deception, ambiguity, falsehoods, etc.",1,-1,[],[18982]],["It may inhibit effective outbreak communication by amplifying public fear and misleading the public to develop practices that might harm their health",1,-1,[],[28772]],["It recognizes that information about the virus, even when provided by authoritative sources, is subject to disagreements and change.",1,-1,[],[30706]],["It refers to the intentional dissemination of erroneous information and comes in the following forms: false content, misleading intent, and organized action",1,-1,[],[40330]],["It refers to the intentional dissemination of erroneous information and comes in the following forms: false content, misleading intent, and organized action (Yuan, 2022).",1,-1,[],[40330]],["It should become possible -ideally in half-or fully-automated fashion -to assess the propagation of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[33851]],["Li (2020) suggested thinking of misinformation as a cascade in which falsehood ascends, descends, and every so often, re-emerges.",1,-1,[],[61168]],["Many actors of misinformation believe what they are sharing and are not intentionally spreading false information",1,-1,[],[34115]],["Mass misinformation, now also known as fake news, is at the center stage of political and academic discourse because it disrupts the veracity of media coverage and may undermine public opinion.",1,-1,[],[25161]],["Mis-or disinformation may, first of all, lack empirical evidence or expert knowledge",1,-1,[],[18834]],["Misinformation about a business can have financial consequences on the business",1,-1,[],[48252]],["Misinformation also differs from hoaxers in that it is created to influence people's opinions, and the purveyors are not just ordinary people but, for example, the governments of the countries in question.",1,-1,[],[32566]],["Misinformation and disinformation are becoming a big hindrance while dealing with health-related issues, and the matters of informed consent.",1,-1,[],[37874]],["Misinformation and disinformation both refer to fake or inaccurate information.",1,-1,[],[49362]],["Misinformation and disinformation refer to \"sharing incorrect, inaccurate, or misleading content, but they are separated by intentionality.",1,-1,[],[47123]],["Misinformation and fake news have a dramatic effect on public opinion and are likely to move society toward extremism",1,-1,[],[29152]],["Misinformation applies to content that is false (like false rumors), but not necessarily intentionally false",1,-1,[],[26173]],["Misinformation can be broadly defined based on the factual accuracy and intent of the information",1,-1,[],[3283]],["Misinformation can be provided by lying directly (knowingly providing false or inaccurate information; see Fryling, 2016), lying by omission (when one lies by knowingly leaving out information which alters the interpretation of the information), or misrepresenting the truth to suit one's own purposes.",1,-1,[],[16036]],["Misinformation can emerge from many sources, from deliberate campaigns to careless coverage, and even social and work pressures (Thorson, 2016).",1,-1,[],[58199]],["Misinformation can take a range of forms within the varied and complex circumstances propagated by shifting configurations of actors, media channels, and geographies.",1,-1,[],[14413]],["Misinformation can take a range of forms within the varied and complex circumstances propagated by shifting configurations of actors, media channels, and geographies. The source of misinformation-be it a person or social media account-may be unaware that the information is false, whether due to erroneous understanding of causality, incorrect interpretation, a commonly shared but tenuous assumption, or a simple misreading of fact",1,-1,[],[14413]],["Misinformation can therefore be used as an umbrella term for \"any information that turns out to be false\"",1,-1,[],[45701]],["Misinformation carry errors and out-of-date sub jective information. They are not always intentional attempt to convince in the incorrectness, because they express views that can be extremely subjective.",1,-1,[],[13393]],["Misinformation continues to affect behavior, even if people explicitly acknowledge that this information has been retracted, invalidated, or corrected",1,-1,[],[14962]],["Misinformation differs from misinformation in that it is not disseminated intentionally. It is, therefore, a piece of information that is wrong, false, or unbiased, but the purpose of the purveyor was not to deceive the recipient, as is precisely the case with misinformation.",1,-1,[],[32566]],["Misinformation exposure can reduce support for climate change",1,-1,[],[2859]],["Misinformation has a motivational basis if it stems from a person's desire to arrive at a specific conclusion.",1,-1,[],[7688]],["Misinformation has been shown to be associated with forms of intentionality, context and meaning; it is always of an informative natu-re, even when distorted.",1,-1,[],[29567]],["Misinformation has been shown to be suffused with emotions, logical fallacies, and conspiratorial reasoning",1,-1,[],[3255]],["Misinformation has critical role in creating communal polarization.",1,-1,[],[31699]],["Misinformation has prolonged conflicts by perpetuating stereotypes and misconceptions. It becomes challenging to find common ground for resolution when the narrative is distorted",1,-1,[],[41652]],["Misinformation has provoked many people to hoard some vital necessary products (e.g., N95 mask, sanitizers, toilet papers, etc.) causing a shortage of supplies for essential workers",1,-1,[],[45729]],["Misinformation in today's media landscape is growing substantively, where fake news and false or misleading information are disseminated through various media channels, e.g., news websites and online social media platforms that most people frequently use and consume information",1,-1,[],[1217]],["Misinformation is a known problem in relation to other existing language technologies (Allcott et al., 2019;Krittanawong et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2019b) and can accelerate a loss of citizen trust in mainstream media (Ognyanova et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[22452]],["Misinformation is a multidimensional concept (Scheufele and Krause, 2019).",1,-1,[],[9172]],["Misinformation is a multidimensional construct (scheufele and Krause 2019) describing claims that are-intentionally or not-at odds with the best available evidence (Freiling et al. 2023: 141).",1,-1,[],[34016]],["Misinformation is also included here, and it is differentiated from disinformation by intent.",1,-1,[],[42191]],["Misinformation is an umbrella phrase",1,-1,[],[32358]],["Misinformation is characterized by a lack of veracity, that is, the message does not accurately convey information about the target system.",1,-1,[],[1135]],["Misinformation is closely related to the culture of rumours.",1,-1,[],[27309]],["Misinformation is dangerous because it leads to inaccurate beliefs and creates partisan disagreements over basic facts.",1,-1,[],[49443]],["Misinformation is essentially a false rumour that has been debunked.",1,-1,[],[33851]],["Misinformation is even more important in its intersection with social and political communication due to its potential performative character (Austin, 1975(Austin, [1962]]) insofar as it pursues actions that aim to transform reality and has implications for democracy.",1,-1,[],[29567]],["Misinformation is false or misleading content shared without harmful intent though the effects can still be harmful, e.g., when people share false information with friends and family in good faith.",1,-1,[],[50857]],["Misinformation is most dangerous when it is able to exploit the fears and needs of communities.",1,-1,[],[8750]],["Misinformation is not a new phenomenon, it has been around for centuries in the forms of rumors, gossip conspiracy theories, etc.",1,-1,[],[45729]],["Misinformation is often started by someone who genuinely wants to understand a topic and cares about keeping other people safe and well. It is then shared by others who feel the same. Everyone believes they are sharing good information -but unfortunately, they are not. And depending on what is being shared, the misinformation can turn out to be quite harmful",1,-1,[],[42869]],["Misinformation is sometimes used to refer exclusively to inaccuracies that are accidental; however, because it is difficult to ascertain the intentions of the unknown individuals who create falsehoods that spread on the internet, we use misinformation as a broader umbrella term here (i.e., much of the content used in the studies we discuss could be classified as disinformation and/or hyperpartisan news and/or propaganda, etc.).",1,-1,[],[2123]],["Misinformation labelling inherently involves contextual judgment",1,-1,[],[47857]],["Misinformation makes sense and acquires full meaning through the desire to maintain the coherency of the worldview, the use of facts and arguments to keep it intact and a disproportionate outpouring of energy to combat or refute the opposing worldview, that is, by making the own worldview more stable and resistant to contradiction.",1,-1,[],[29567]],["Misinformation may be disseminated with the intention of deceiving people or simply because someone mistakenly believes it to be true.",1,-1,[],[54979]],["Misinformation may thus be seen as an overarching concept of untruthfulness that corresponds to overall distrust in the accuracy of media reporting.",1,-1,[],[8332]],["Misinformation misinforms, with potentially adverse impact on individuals and society.",1,-1,[],[34855]],["Misinformation often surrounds and buttresses conspiracy theories, but this is not a necessary condition.",1,-1,[],[770]],["Misinformation perceptions might stimulate prosocial behavior.",1,-1,[],[14775]],["Misinformation perceptions relate to support for verification (there is erroneous information, so fact-checking is needed)",1,-1,[],[8332]],["Misinformation perceptions, at least to a moderate extent, correspond more to skeptical evaluations of accuracy",1,-1,[],[8332]],["Misinformation refers to the spread of false information perceived to be true by the sender, thereby reflecting falsehood and non-malicious intent.",1,-1,[],[1703]],["Misinformation serves to undermine the foundation for a well-functioning democracy, as citizens' knowledge of facts is central to evaluating public policy and, in turn, informing people's preferences",1,-1,[],[47722]],["Misinformation stands out by being simple. First, claims provide a simple explanation, for instance, by establishing causal links between things that happened in proximity to one another, but that were in fact unrelated.",1,-1,[],[61168]],["Misinformation thus scores 'low' on the facticity dimension (Tandoc Jr. et al., 2018) and refers to statements that are untrue when scrutinised by empirical evidence and/or expert opinion (Nyhan & Reifler, 2010).",1,-1,[],[48717]],["Misinformation's re-posted, incoherent redundancies thus pair with its homogenizing resonance that spreads across the Right's political spectrum, this \"recentres and disempowers the semiological redundancies and empties them of content, but at the same time, machinically super-empowers them by granting them autonomy\"",1,-1,[],[35022]],["Misinformation, in its broadest sense, encompasses \"any information that is demonstrably false or otherwise misleading, regardless of its source or intention\" (van der Linden et al., 2023, p. 7).",1,-1,[],[41928]],["Misinformation, like all information, is piecemeal and subject to revision when newer knowledge becomes available.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["Misinformation, like disinformation, is false or misleading and can lead to social polarisation, manipulation and various negative consequences.",1,-1,[],[37352]],["Misinformation, though typically spread without harmful intent, can also resemble the unintended distortions in the Telephone Game.",1,-1,[],[46907]],["Misinformations bring confusion and disorder because they are misrepresented, opposite to the previous information or modified in the communicational process.",1,-1,[],[13393]],["Most experts in our survey also agreed that pseudoscience and conspiracy theories represent forms of misinformation, while satirical and parodical news do not.",1,-1,[],[14779]],["Most of the time, it reveals fabricated information related to fictional issues rather than relevant information",1,-1,[],[18982]],["Negligent, deceptive, little regard for the truth or fake news.",1,-1,[],[14800]],["News items that mentioned the existence of misinformation in passing, without devoting space to the debunking of specific false or misleading claims, were not included.",1,-1,[],[61168]],["Note that much of this content is neither fake nor news.",1,-1,[],[6558]],["Often, the sender shares this information in good faith, such as when they learn something important and want to share it with friends or family.",1,-1,[],[42768]],["Once the information is out there it can be picked up as misinformation by anyone and shared with others almost like a virus.",1,-1,[],[37874]],["One of the many words and ideas used to describe incorrect, inaccurate, or partially truthful information",1,-1,[],[54979]],["Online echo chambers function like all-encompassing feedback loops of misinformation, intensifying the global paranoia of Right-wing theories.",1,-1,[],[35022]],["Only 2 definitions of misinformation included this concept and this is problematic since expert opinion can be considered a form of evidence.",1,-1,[],[12739]],["Other scholars restrict \"misinformation\" to unintentional inaccuracies",1,-1,[],[29463]],["Our conceptual understanding of misinformation, thus, is situational and expert/fact-checker driven.",1,-1,[],[42692]],["Programming cannot treat this as simply a problem of truth-it needs to recognize that misinformation exploits community values, political partisanship, emotion, social well-being, and much more.",1,-1,[],[8750]],["Rather we use this classification to describe either when politicians repeat false information from another source where there is no evidence they are aware it is false, or when they provide statistics which are inaccurate and later apologise.",1,-1,[],[19914]],["Satire articles are grouped with misinformation, as explained in the main text.",1,-1,[],[2789]],["Seven definitions characterized misinformation as unintentional, while 5 definitions characterized it oppositely to be intentional.",1,-1,[],[12739]],["Since the definitions of misinformation are broad, they better serve as an indication of a policy domain rather than a legal category",1,-1,[],[40707]],["Some authors distinguish misinformation and disinformation, where the former may involve an actor spreading inaccurate information that they believe is true, and the latter involves a conscious attempt to deceive.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["Such misinformation changes perceptions of and creates confusion about reality",1,-1,[],[3391]],["Technical error -error in the transfer or error in the data perception.",1,-1,[],[13393]],["The CDU leads the UK government's operational response to disinformation threats online, and ensures the government takes necessary steps to identify and respond to acute misinformation (i.e., incorrect or misleading information) and disinformation (i.e., information which is deliberately created to cause harm) in areas of public interest.",1,-1,[],[50857]],["The acceptance of misinformation or misleading information by the people depends on their prior beliefs and opinions",1,-1,[],[24143]],["The circulation of fake news and misleading information accelerated right after the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak",1,-1,[],[14136]],["The content they produce ranges from high-quality investigative journalism to information that is completely false and misleading, in some cases sponsored by state actors and artificially amplified by bots and other automated accounts",1,-1,[],[12613]],["The defining characteristic of misinformation lies in its (lack of) truth value: Information that is inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, or false information as well as selective and halftruths.",1,-1,[],[41928]],["The difference between misinformation and disinformation would be intentionality",1,-1,[],[10296]],["The difference between the two concepts is that disinformation is done purposely, while misinformation is not",1,-1,[],[33731]],["The dissemination of misinformation distorts the truth.",1,-1,[],[57297]],["The dissemination of misinformation increases societal polarization.",1,-1,[],[57297]],["The dissemination of misinformation results in misperceptions that endanger rational decision making.",1,-1,[],[57297]],["The dissemination of misinformation undermines democracy.",1,-1,[],[57297]],["The disseminator of misinformation believes that he or she is disseminating correct, factual information.",1,-1,[],[39977]],["The fight against misinformation is something beneficial for the whole society",1,-1,[],[54523]],["The findings reveal the prevalence of different forms of misinformation on X, specifically sensationalist reporting and misleading visual representations.",1,-1,[],[49771]],["The first set of challenges centered around the definitional challenges of distinguishing between misinformation and disinformation and why disinformation is ripe for regulation, while misinformation is not.",1,-1,[],[2242]],["The goal of misinformation is to fool the intended recipient of the information.",1,-1,[],[58603]],["The issue of misinformation has become dominant with the rise of social media, attracting scholarly attention, particularly after the 2016 USA Presidential election, when misinformation apparently influenced the election results",1,-1,[],[19873]],["The key aspect of misinformation in this work is not the distorted facts themselves, but rather how they are presented in a misleading narrative.",1,-1,[],[1217]],["The major difference between the concept of misinformation and earlier notions of informationally healthy citizens lies in the fact that the normative standard by which health is understood within information studies is crypto-normative.",1,-1,[],[46398]],["The misinformation consists primarily of unsubstantiated health consequences of the Covid-19 vaccination (both efficacy and side effects), and, less often, of trivialisation or denial of the pandemic.",1,-1,[],[39371]],["The most popular definition of misinformation was \"False and misleading information,\" followed by \"False and misleading information spread unintentionally.\"",1,-1,[],[14779]],["The narratives of misinformation are dominated by personal, negative and opinionated tones, which often induce fear, anxiety and mistrust in institutions",1,-1,[],[2021]],["The problem of misinformation 'in the head,' where individuals struggled to maintain inconsistent facts in memory",1,-1,[],[50193]],["The purpose of misinformation is fake news spread by readers who believe that the news is a fact.",1,-1,[],[45294]],["The rapid nature of the spread of misinformation is something that should not be underestimated because it can completely overturn how information is perceived by people and this can have threatening consequences.",1,-1,[],[14744]],["The source of misinformation-be it a person or social media account-may be unaware that the information is false, whether due to erroneous understanding of causality, incorrect interpretation, a commonly shared but tenuous assumption, or a simple misreading of fact",1,-1,[],[14413]],["The spread of misinformation content is an important and complex problem because not all misleading content is created equal.",1,-1,[],[3241]],["The spread of misinformation poses a significant threat to democratic processes, as it can distort public perceptions and undermine the trustworthiness of information sources",1,-1,[],[53973]],["The spreading of misinformation can cause confusion and unnecessary stress among the public",1,-1,[],[252]],["The technology, particularly social media, has amplified the spread of misinformation and its adverse impacts by providing a fast and free channel to share any information whether true or false",1,-1,[],[45729]],["The term misinformation is more commonly used to refer specifically to when false information is shared accidentally",1,-1,[],[33851]],["The term misinformation is more commonly used to refer specifically to when false information is shared accidentally, whereas disinformation is used to refer to false information shared deliberately [32].",1,-1,[],[33851]],["The term misinformation translates, literally, to false information.",1,-1,[],[26173]],["The two major manifestations of an infodemic are misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[37408]],["The viral nature of content shared via social media has exacerbated the challenge, contributing to misinformed behaviors and distorted perceptions of truth.",1,-1,[],[34201]],["The wide dissemination of misinformation has serious negative impacts on individuals and society",1,-1,[],[3283]],["The widespread misguided COVID-19 related misinformation can spread the disease quickly and can cause xenophobia on the continent",1,-1,[],[52222]],["There also is a cognitive mechanism at work. In particular, misinformation may be part of a mental model",1,-1,[],[7688]],["They both include outright lies and imposter news outlets, but also more benign content like misleading headlines or even satire.",1,-1,[],[6558]],["This category aligns with the notion misinformation is not relayed to deliberately deceive.",1,-1,[],[19914]],["This definition encompasses information that is definitively false (or later revealed to be false) but also claims that are difficult to confirm, such as rumors.",1,-1,[],[47722]],["This includes information reported in error, as when the Chicago Daily Tribune, relying on its political analysts and early poll returns, famously misreported in its early edition that Dewey had defeated Truman in the 1948 U.S. presidential election.",1,-1,[],[22510]],["This information is then spun, twisted, recontextualized, or reworked.",1,-1,[],[53280]],["This may happen because of an honest journalistic mistake or because they simply don't care about accuracy, as in the case of those who write fake news content for a living.",1,-1,[],[1135]],["Those who come across inaccurate or misleading information are more likely to engage in political activities via X, such as expressing support for a political campaign",1,-1,[],[53973]],["Throughout this paper we use employ the term 'misinformation' to represent all forms of incorrect news messaging.",1,-1,[],[45143]],["Thus, common causes of misinformation include misrepresentation or distortion of an original piece of true information by an actor, due to lack of understanding, attention or even cognitive biases [24,93].",1,-1,[],[19215]],["TikTok, which our analysis identifies as increasingly significant vectors for misinformation among youth",1,-1,[],[50337]],["Today's misinformation travels further and faster. It is less traceable and harder for wellmeaning individuals to evaluate on their own.",1,-1,[],[2242]],["Twitter's fast-paced nature makes it vulnerable to the dissemination of false information and conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[57679]],["Ultimately, misinformation is divisive and exacerbates conflict.",1,-1,[],[30967]],["Unlike disinformation, misinformation does not necessarily need to be created deliberately to mislead.",1,-1,[],[2123]],["Unlike disinformation, misinformation does not necessarily need to be created deliberately to mislead. Misinformation is sometimes used to refer exclusively to inaccuracies that are accidental; however, because it is difficult to ascertain the intentions of the unknown individuals who create falsehoods that spread on the internet, we use misinformation as a broader umbrella term here (i.e., much of the content used in the studies we discuss could be classified as disinformation and/or hyperpartisan news and/or propaganda, etc.).",1,-1,[],[2123]],["Unlike disinformation, misinformation is misleading information shared by people who do not recognize it as such",1,-1,[],[38781]],["Unlike terms like \"lie\" and \"disinformation,\" this approach does not require knowledge of a speaker's intent in making claims, which can rarely be established with certainty",1,-1,[],[10175]],["Users post misinformation due to errors of judgment",1,-1,[],[41201]],["Wardle et al. operationalize misinformation as false information, including false connections and misleading content.",1,-1,[],[53280]],["We decided to use misinformation instead of disinformation because the difference between the two concepts is intentionality",1,-1,[],[36533]],["We parenthesize the (mis) because in some control conditions the information is not corrected, meaning that it cannot be considered misinformation from those participants' perspective.",1,-1,[],[15020]],["We use the term misinformation for this dataset as an umbrella term, inclusive of rumors, misinformation, and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[26173]],["We use the term misinformation to refer to any information that later turns out to have been false.",1,-1,[],[8795]],["When disinformation is shared, it is turned into misinformation.",1,-1,[],[44836]],["While both refer to inaccurate or fake information, disinformation is created with malicious intent, whereas this is not necessarily the case with misinformation",1,-1,[],[40075]],["While both refer to inaccurate or fake information, disinformation is created with malicious intent, whereas this is not necessarily the case with misinformation [25][19].",1,-1,[],[40075]],["While misinformation can refer to any publicly accessible erroneous information, the use of the term today generally implies malintent and deception.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["While misinformation entails accidentally sharing inaccurate content, disinformation constitutes deliberate deception, often based on outright fabrications",1,-1,[],[47123]],["While misinformation is always a false post created, shared or circulated with or without an aim of deception",1,-1,[],[42177]],["While some use misinformation as an umbrella term to describe falsehoods and deception broadly (Van Bavel et al., 2021), others use it specifically to capture unintentional forms of false or deceptive content (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017).",1,-1,[],[14779]],["a big difference between them lies in the intention -without the intent misinformation is spread to deceive while disinformation is spread with the intent",1,-1,[],[18982]],["a substantial amount of misinformation is completely fabricated (38%).",1,-1,[],[53280]],["a synonym for a species of fake news",1,-1,[],[59742]],["a tool to manipulate public opinion at domestic and international levels",1,-1,[],[47123]],["a way of contemplating a whole growing number of concepts with a distinct nature and intention (from spam to fake news)",1,-1,[],[45399]],["addressing context when researching misinformation: from digital materialities, institutions, practices, politics, economics, and culture shaping the field of fighting fakes.",1,-1,[],[5193]],["also applies to incorrect information but does not necessarily aim to mislead",1,-1,[],[45701]],["also refers to the spreading of false content, but lacks the underlying intention to do harm.",1,-1,[],[20080]],["an expanding phenomenon caused by information overload that prevents people from making rational decisions",1,-1,[],[30649]],["any false or inaccurate information disseminated on social media.",1,-1,[],[54947]],["any type of false information spreading in social networks.",1,-1,[],[24143]],["appeals to emotion, complexity, supporting visuals, and appeals to values and norms",1,-1,[],[61168]],["as it is impossible in this context to know the intention behind them.",1,-1,[],[42955]],["being uninformed or less critical",1,-1,[],[38363]],["being uninformed or less critical (i.e., actors spreading misinformation or rumors)",1,-1,[],[38363]],["believed and unintended false information that may be corrected during propagation",1,-1,[],[56206]],["can contain outright false messaging, which is easier to spot or fact-check but also uses techniques of manipulation to contort information, make it appear true, and much more difficult to identify",1,-1,[],[22843]],["can have serious negative effects on society and democracy",1,-1,[],[2859]],["can have significant societal consequences",1,-1,[],[30282]],["can originate within the individual (e.g., the desire to hold beliefs that are consistent with one's worldview; Kuklinski et al. 2000) as well as from environmental-level factors such as elite rhetoric or media coverage (Gershkoff & Kushner 2005).",1,-1,[],[7688]],["can rapidly attain popularity and influence public opinion",1,-1,[],[61149]],["can result in significant societal harm when it is spread with malicious or even innocuous intent.",1,-1,[],[40707]],["carry errors and out-of-date sub jective information",1,-1,[],[13393]],["catastrophic and lifethreatening impacts of tremendous amounts of misinformation circulating on social media",1,-1,[],[45729]],["classifying misinformation as such--i.e., determining what is true and what is false--is an inherently tricky endeavor",1,-1,[],[770]],["common causes of misinformation include misrepresentation or distortion of an original piece of true information by an actor, due to lack of understanding, attention or even cognitive biases",1,-1,[],[19215]],["conceived that the misinformation is false information that can be challenged with the best-available evidence pertaining to the COVID-19. Therefore, the current study considered 'misinformation' as 'umbrella term' of general misinformation belief, conspiracy belief, and religious misinformation belief.",1,-1,[],[1940]],["considered \"misinformation\" as a generalized term rather than specifying in a particular category (i.e., fake news, fake reports, false facts)",1,-1,[],[28075]],["content often exhibits similar linguistic characteristics, such as using a sensational style to incite curiosity or strong emotional responses from readers",1,-1,[],[54029]],["currently viewed as an omnipresent societal threat, disrupting audiences' news diets",1,-1,[],[57297]],["depending on whether it is unintentionally created/shared",1,-1,[],[38363]],["descending subcategories 'misinformation' (2nd level)",1,-1,[],[39371]],["disinformation and misinformation are also spread in the environment by carriers.",1,-1,[],[28217]],["disinformation and misinformation may mutate.",1,-1,[],[28217]],["disinformation is generally treated as a subset of misinformation, as it is more difficult to ascertain the motives of actors transmitting inaccurate information.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["dissemination of misinformation that generates dissent or encourages insurgency",1,-1,[],[46958]],["dissemination of various versions of information, including misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda, entails the dissemination of false or misleading information through an information diffusion mechanism, where all users may be unaware of the falsehood in the information.",1,-1,[],[38635]],["diversity of meanings that terms such as misinformation or fake news have for people",1,-1,[],[5193]],["due to honest reporting mistakes or incorrect interpretations",1,-1,[],[7110]],["either just for entertainment or maliciously as well",1,-1,[],[22740]],["entirely fabricated stories (presented as legitimate news)",1,-1,[],[49443]],["even if it is partially or completely false",1,-1,[],[29567]],["explicit misinformation that seeks to manufacture doubt about the scientific consensus by employing the 'fake experts' strategy.",1,-1,[],[30282]],["exposure to COVID-19 misinformation on social media might endanger the health and safety of users",1,-1,[],[25961]],["factually incorrect information without clear political agenda (i.e., misinformation)",1,-1,[],[22387]],["faculty attitudes toward fake news generally fall within the more negative sub-topics of misinformation, propaganda, and rumor",1,-1,[],[1175]],["fake news and false or misleading information are disseminated through various media channels",1,-1,[],[1217]],["fake news and false or misleading information are disseminated through various media channels, e.g., news websites and online social media platforms that most people frequently use and consume information",1,-1,[],[1217]],["fake news variants, such as misinformation, rumors, clickbait, and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[20637]],["fake news, misinformation and disinformation are indeed parts of the larger landscape of online deception.",1,-1,[],[44201]],["false and misleading claims appear alongside accurate information, making it difficult for audiences to discern between the two.",1,-1,[],[61168]],["false and misleading information that is shared intentionally or unintentionally",1,-1,[],[41819]],["false beliefs about COVID-19",1,-1,[],[23081]],["false claims",1,-1,[],[23081]],["false content shared without intent to deceive",1,-1,[],[61194]],["false information about the pandemic",1,-1,[],[29577]],["false information can both be driven by honest mistakes and intentional or planned deception",1,-1,[],[57297]],["false or misleading content -hoaxes, conspiracy theories, fabricated reports, click-bait headlines, and even satire",1,-1,[["false or misleading content -hoaxes, conspiracy theories, fabricated reports, click-bait headlines, and even satire",1],["false or misleading content -hoaxes, conspiracy theories, fabricated reports, click-bait headlines, and even satire.",1]],[2789]],["false or misleading information",1,-1,[],[53415]],["false or misleading information for the time the study took place",1,-1,[],[46317]],["false or misleading stories online",1,-1,[],[3334]],["false, inaccurate, and misleading information in propaganda, news, and social media",1,-1,[],[47448]],["falsehoods, inaccuracies, rumors, decontextualized truths and misleading leaps of logic",1,-1,[],[61956]],["focusing on both false and unsupported claims appropriately encompasses a great deal of dubious information-such as claims of hidden and unobserved conspiracies-that cannot be directly disproven and would be excluded by a strict insistence on falsity.",1,-1,[],[10175]],["for example, by mistake or updating specific knowledge without intentionally misleading",1,-1,[],[40075]],["gain momentum from the desire to find a solution to a particular disease or illness by patients or their relatives, who inadvertently contribute to spreading misleading information.",1,-1,[],[23939]],["generators of false information, from unverified rumours and gossip to poorly written news, intentionally fake content or even conspiracy theories.",1,-1,[],[45399]],["has been proven to have a significantly negative impact on both society and individuals",1,-1,[],[23700]],["has had a widespread harmful impact.",1,-1,[],[40707]],["has often been used in a generalised way to reflect",1,-1,[],[46317]],["has often been used in a generalised way to reflect a collection of false and misleading information",1,-1,[],[46317]],["health and political misinformation are hard to tease apart.",1,-1,[],[6558]],["honest mistake, careless or cognitive bias",1,-1,[],[33913]],["how misinformation does not represent reality, how (mis)representations circulate, and whether they are convincing.",1,-1,[],[9774]],["identified various types of misinformation, such as false claims about treatments, disease origins and conspiracy theories.",1,-1,[],[19847]],["identifying misinformation based on debunked stories from fact-checkers",1,-1,[],[42692]],["if they shared it believing it was actually true, then from an observer's perspective this would be technically categorised as misinformation",1,-1,[],[40821]],["inaccurate communications that primarily function through affect to intervene in the sociopolitical field, with the aim of broader dissemination.",1,-1,[],[35022]],["incites hatred, fear, and violence towards Rohingya refugees",1,-1,[],[61149]],["include both false and misleading information that is shared intentionally or unintentionally",1,-1,[],[41819]],["includes fake news, rumors, satire, etc.",1,-1,[],[52000]],["includes unintentional factual mistakes made by human writers and deliberate disinformation intended to deceive",1,-1,[],[47448]],["including rumors, fake news articles, and spams",1,-1,[],[12066]],["incorporates a broad spectrum of misinformation stories, e.g., political conspiracies to misinterpreted pranks",1,-1,[],[26866]],["incorrect, inaccurate, distorted, would-be information",1,-1,[],[13393]],["information disorders like misinformation",1,-1,[],[25961]],["information shown to respondents-in the form of snippets of social media posts",1,-1,[],[2840]],["information that was inaccurate and misleading",1,-1,[],[32915]],["information whose veracity is often uncertain, as anyone globally can produce it",1,-1,[],[1274]],["intentionality is what differentiates these two concepts.",1,-1,[],[52904]],["intentionally misleading or false content",1,-1,[],[37085]],["intentionally used \"to deceive or secure economic or political gain\"",1,-1,[],[44415]],["is a challenge that impacts many consequential domains, including health, politics, social justice, and climate change",1,-1,[],[14989]],["is enjoying currency as an umbrella term",1,-1,[["is enjoying currency as an umbrella term",1],["is enjoying currency as an umbrella term.",1]],[30706]],["it has a massive and informative impact on citizens with the purpose of moulding their behaviours.",1,-1,[],[27743]],["it is 'contagious', that is, it transfers emotions among people to such an extent that their behaviour is conditioned",1,-1,[],[27743]],["it is disseminated very widely",1,-1,[],[27743]],["it is false, that is, the news item is fake news",1,-1,[],[27743]],["it may even be shared by people trying to be helpful (Wardle, 2018).",1,-1,[],[42955]],["lack of information and knowledge gap cause misinformation.",1,-1,[],[13664]],["leads to inaccurate beliefs and creates partisan disagreements over basic facts",1,-1,[],[49443]],["los procesos comunicativos con frecuencia ocurren confusiones, malentendidos y equívocos no intencionados, que tienen como resultado una información incorrecta.",1,-1,[],[15252]],["lying by omission (when one lies by knowingly leaving out information which alters the interpretation of the information)",1,-1,[],[16036]],["lying directly (knowingly providing false or inaccurate information; see Fryling, 2016)",1,-1,[],[16036]],["made an honest mistake",1,-1,[],[18203]],["malicious or misleading information is rapidly spread",1,-1,[],[5434]],["mis-/dis-information difficult to eradicate",1,-1,[],[1513]],["misinformation (e.g. where the content is not necessarily known to be disinformation)",1,-1,[],[46317]],["misinformation and conspiracy theories are indeed similar, but substantially different, misinformation phenomena, particularly in terms of an individual's susceptibility to these beliefs.",1,-1,[],[53702]],["misinformation and propaganda are certainly not new phenomena",1,-1,[],[3920]],["misinformation are fake news, propaganda, conspiracy theories, hoaxes, biases, rumors, clickbait, and satire.",1,-1,[],[60392]],["misinformation as accidental falsehood",1,-1,[],[13447]],["misinformation as perceptions: Citizens' beliefs about the accuracy and truthfulness of depictions of reality.",1,-1,[],[46622]],["misinformation beliefs are to a lesser extent a question of an individual's level of education or news media literacy.",1,-1,[],[53702]],["misinformation beliefs correspond to media skepticism",1,-1,[],[8332]],["misinformation can affect people's cognitions and attitudes",1,-1,[],[18834]],["misinformation can assume many meanings",1,-1,[],[15839]],["misinformation can be highly country-and context-dependent",1,-1,[],[2840]],["misinformation can cause severe harm, often leading to casualties or even irreversible effects.",1,-1,[],[19873]],["misinformation can either further escalate an existing crisis or spark a new crisis situation.",1,-1,[],[38363]],["misinformation can result in long-term attitudinal and behavioural shifts",1,-1,[],[2840]],["misinformation can spread from the original sources to a large number of users in a very short time, with negative consequences that, in extreme cases, can even put at risk public safety or health.",1,-1,[],[44048]],["misinformation can stymie the efforts for preventive measures",1,-1,[],[48419]],["misinformation contains significantly more negative emotions than nonmanipulative content",1,-1,[],[35438]],["misinformation cultivated an us-versus-them mentality that could easily lead the public to viewing librarians as an enemy.",1,-1,[],[42870]],["misinformation degraded factually accurate beliefs",1,-1,[],[23081]],["misinformation does not necessarily have to be low in complexity, appeal to negative emotions, and so on -although empirical analysis may find that it often exhibits these properties.",1,-1,[],[61168]],["misinformation has been referred to as an 'umbrella category of symptoms'",1,-1,[],[2900]],["misinformation has more recently raised ample concern of more incidental spread of falsehoods that, for example, are (accidentally) picked up by news outlets",1,-1,[],[57297]],["misinformation in the form of 'false balance' media coverage, which misinforms by conveying the impression of evenly balanced discourse in the scientific community regarding climate change.",1,-1,[],[30282]],["misinformation in the guise of truth",1,-1,[],[25961]],["misinformation in the post-truth era can no longer be considered solely an isolated failure of individual cognition that can be corrected with appropriate communication tools.",1,-1,[],[34855]],["misinformation includes well intentioned but misleading headlines.",1,-1,[],[6558]],["misinformation involves the sharing of incorrect information without any intention to mislead the public or pursue personal goals.",1,-1,[],[55328]],["misinformation is a more multifaceted and complex concept than merely fake news or inaccurate information (Karlova; Lee, 2011)",1,-1,[["misinformation is a more multifaceted and complex concept than merely fake news or inaccurate information (Karlova; Lee, 2011)",1],["misinformation is a more multifaceted and complex concept than merely fake news or inaccurate information (Karlova; Lee, 2011).",1]],[29567]],["misinformation is abundant on the internet and is often more popular than accurate information",1,-1,[],[2021]],["misinformation is an appropriate descriptor of false information until it is confirmed as disinformation",1,-1,[],[58455]],["misinformation is categorized into several forms: unintentionally-spread and intentionally spread misinformation, urban legends, fake news, unverified information, rumors, crowdturfing or information backed by falsified supporters, spam, internet trolls, hate speech, and cyberbullying.",1,-1,[],[54947]],["misinformation is characterised not only by specific linguistic properties, but also by structural and behavioural patterns of propagation",1,-1,[],[47857]],["misinformation is consequential because it aggravates preexisting prejudice, rather than because it misinforms a poorly informed but unbiased citizenry",1,-1,[],[47722]],["misinformation is inaccurate information, open to multiple comprehensions and uses, being the prefix mis-, an indication of mistake or something wrong.",1,-1,[],[15839]],["misinformation is intentionally used \"to deceive or secure economic or political gain\"",1,-1,[],[44415]],["misinformation is less cognitively complex and 10 times more likely to rely on negative emotional appeals",1,-1,[],[3255]],["misinformation is not",1,-1,[],[33731]],["misinformation is not necessarily created with the intention of causing harm or exerting influence (e.g. Carmi et al., 2020). In this paper, we emphasize what appears in the Google Fact Check Explorer API that was debunked as false, inaccurate or misleading from a fact-checkers point of view without taking intentions into consideration.",1,-1,[],[42692]],["misinformation is not problematic. It is simply information that is contentious and that therefore will be analysed in a discourse.",1,-1,[],[13447]],["misinformation is presented as the larger category, including both information that is accidentally false and information that is purposely false",1,-1,[],[2180]],["misinformation is spread with the sole intention to deceive and manipulate people.",1,-1,[],[14744]],["misinformation is spread without the intention to mislead the electorate",1,-1,[],[18834]],["misinformation is unintentional",1,-1,[],[26693]],["misinformation itself can exacerbate social cleavages",1,-1,[],[47722]],["misinformation may arise from ignorance or error",1,-1,[],[46907]],["misinformation may be inadvertent or unintentional",1,-1,[],[8190]],["misinformation may be shared without the knowledge of the journalist, precluding the possibility that differences in language structure arise from differences in communicative purpose.",1,-1,[],[2180]],["misinformation may indeed have a wider reach than correct information",1,-1,[],[25161]],["misinformation on social media has been shown to spread faster than factually correct information",1,-1,[],[2840]],["misinformation portraying partisan, ethnic, or religious outgroups in a negative light is widespread, is amplified by politicians, and has been linked to hostile attitudes and behavior",1,-1,[],[47722]],["misinformation poses a serious threat to public health during pandemics such as the COVID-19",1,-1,[],[56147]],["misinformation poses a serious threat to public health during pandemics such as the COVID-19 (Zarocostas, 2020)",1,-1,[],[56147]],["misinformation regarding COVID-19 and the vaccines. They touch upon unfounded claims such as the virus being a bioweapon, and concerns about the vaccine's safety and potential side effects.",1,-1,[],[41225]],["misinformation relating to the threat of the COVID-19 virus",1,-1,[],[46317]],["misinformation represents approximatively 5% of people's news diets",1,-1,[],[14800]],["misinformation that appeared 'favourable' towards the government",1,-1,[],[46317]],["misinformation that is initially presented as true but is later identified as false is shown to have an ongoing influence on inferential reasoning.",1,-1,[],[53817]],["misinformation usually does not fail to follow social norms or rules, requiring little or no critical shortterm thinking and no financial expense to carry out a behavior involving false information.",1,-1,[],[29504]],["misinformation vilifying out-groups activates an emotional response, increasing the salience of social cleavages and hostility against out-groups",1,-1,[],[47722]],["misinformation which involves involuntary errors",1,-1,[],[47123]],["misinformation without factual references is perceived as less accurate in the US than the Netherlands",1,-1,[],[18834]],["misinformation, in any case, has particularly profound political consequences because it (i) by definition can be created and amplified at will, (ii) can be embedded in a language and context that activates social identities, and (iii) has been found to triumph over correct information when it comes to rapid dissemination and spread",1,-1,[],[47722]],["misinformation, which also may be unintentional",1,-1,[],[44870]],["misinformation-i.e., information that is false or deceptive",1,-1,[],[57297]],["misleading information",1,-1,[],[13393]],["misleads people on social networks",1,-1,[],[18982]],["misperceptions resulting from misinformation and political polarization",1,-1,[],[8319]],["misrepresented, opposite to the previous information or modified in the communicational process",1,-1,[],[13393]],["misrepresenting the truth to suit one's own purposes.",1,-1,[],[16036]],["mistaken information",1,-1,[],[13393]],["most prevalent",1,-1,[],[56221]],["no differentiation is made between mis-and dis-information",1,-1,[],[5395]],["often called misinformation or disinformation",1,-1,[],[40103]],["often considered as an \"honest mistake.\"",1,-1,[],[221]],["often defined as satirical",1,-1,[],[9900]],["online misinformation can have deleterious effects on society by eroding trust in reliable media",1,-1,[],[14800]],["or to stimulate digital media sales",1,-1,[],[54370]],["others use it specifically to capture unintentional forms of false or deceptive content",1,-1,[],[14779]],["our definition is agnostic to intent",1,-1,[],[9172]],["participants are interacting with false material that they have no reason to believe is untrue",1,-1,[],[46317]],["participants knew upfront that their task was to detect unreliable information",1,-1,[],[53280]],["people can unknowingly circulate disinformation.",1,-1,[],[35913]],["people do not expect to receive misinformation from their close friends, relatives, or strangers. Instead, they expect truthful communication.",1,-1,[],[18982]],["people that perceive that information contains 'honest mistakes' (misinformation) may actually look for more information and verify claims to reduce uncertainty (Berger & Calabrese, 1975;Boyle et al., 2004).",1,-1,[],[14775]],["people with more pronounced misinformation perceptions are more likely to comply (i.e., social distancing, stay at home, strict hygiene measures) and actively find new information on the virus and the disease it causes",1,-1,[],[14775]],["perceived inaccurate news reporting (misinformation)",1,-1,[],[8332]],["psychological appeal of misinformation using computational linguistics tools",1,-1,[],[1513]],["qualitative experts being more likely to include intentionality in the definition of misinformation than quantitative researchers",1,-1,[],[14779]],["regarded as a global public-health threat as false information and affects people's preventive behaviors and increases the epidemic and pandemic risk",1,-1,[],[1358]],["regardless of intent",1,-1,[],[2900]],["regardless of spreaders' intention",1,-1,[],[23181]],["regardless of their origins or pathways through the complex information ecosystem",1,-1,[],[54038]],["related to a cognitive effect that leads to inaccurate memories",1,-1,[],[1513]],["related to health",1,-1,[],[23939]],["related to the elements of Motivation by Pleasure/Pain, as it tries to affect certain groups through their feelings, creating triggers for greater commotion.",1,-1,[],[29504]],["research has observed how inaccurate information diffuses faster, farther, and deeper in digital news settings as compared to true news",1,-1,[],[38363]],["roughly",1,-1,[],[32586]],["scepticism in the accuracy of news reporting is more prominent",1,-1,[],[48717]],["short messages, which can be more easily disseminated via social media, for example, are also a promising strategy to combat misinformation and increase vaccination intentions during a pandemic.",1,-1,[],[39175]],["short-format news headlines or claims",1,-1,[],[44681]],["smearing misinformation which is contrary to other people's belief and principles",1,-1,[],[5434]],["some use misinformation as an umbrella term to describe falsehoods and deception broadly",1,-1,[],[14779]],["spreading misinformation does not need to be indicative of a deliberate attempt to deceive nor does spreading misinformation necessarily stem from a person being gullible.",1,-1,[],[30837]],["that is unintentionally spread due to honest reporting mistakes or incorrect interpretations",1,-1,[],[715]],["the \"mis\" prefix indicates that the information is unambiguously false.",1,-1,[],[7688]],["the analysis and understanding of misinformation cannot be reduced merely to the analysis and understanding of falsehoods, lies or inexact and incomplete information",1,-1,[],[29567]],["the authors considered \"misinformation\" as a \"mother-term\" of both (mis and dis) -(i) inaccurate information shared unconsciously by believing that the information is true, and -(ii) inaccurate information shared consciously.",1,-1,[],[1940]],["the authors propose the adoption of a creator and user perspective, along with some solutions, that theoretically include disinformation and misinformation in an information behavior model",1,-1,[],[42870]],["the broader category of misinformation (including biased, misleading, deceptive, or hyperpartisan news)",1,-1,[],[14800]],["the current study considered 'misinformation' as 'umbrella term' of general misinformation belief, conspiracy belief, and religious misinformation belief.",1,-1,[],[1940]],["the deviance can happen on the level of the core information (e.g. a claims or image), the meta-information (e.g. false author information), or through the context (e.g. a quote placed in a misleading context) and can take several forms including text, images, audiovisual and so on (Quandt et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[34016]],["the failure to correct initially believed information that turns out to be false",1,-1,[],[14962]],["the fake news phenomenon has evolved into a specific concept, with its own peculiarities differentiating it from concepts such as misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[1775]],["the former is factually incorrect (a category overlapping with definitions of fake news)",1,-1,[],[55184]],["the inaccuracy and dishonesty of information",1,-1,[],[56877]],["the intentional dissemination of erroneous information",1,-1,[],[40330]],["the key characteristics that define both fake news and misinformation are authenticity of the information and the intent of the spreader",1,-1,[],[42566]],["the main distinction between them lies in the fact that \"misinformation\" is disseminated without intentional deceptive intentions and often arises from innocent mistakes or a lack of verification. In contrast, \"disinformation\" involves deliberate deception and the spread of information with malicious intent to manipulate, deceive, or cause harm.",1,-1,[],[50857]],["the majority of COVID-19 misinformation (59%) includes existing and often true information",1,-1,[],[53280]],["the mere repetition of misinformation can increase belief in it",1,-1,[],[2859]],["the misinformation events seem to have found an adequate breeding ground in the social, economic, political and ethical tensions and uncertainties arising from the effects of globalization.",1,-1,[],[29567]],["the misinformation phenomenon is not exclusive to the pro-independence worldview, but something which has become generalized in the struggle for power to establish power relations of definition based on the events that were happening.",1,-1,[],[29567]],["the nearly instantaneous spread of unverifiable health information",1,-1,[],[9932]],["the personalization capabilities of AI facilitate targeted misinformation campaigns.",1,-1,[],[35319]],["the platforms we examine define the scope of \"misinformation\" in various ways.",1,-1,[],[45203]],["the proliferation of misinformation and hate campaigns has rendered narratives concerning security more significant than those focused on altruism",1,-1,[],[61149]],["the spread of misinformation remains an unresolved challenge. This persistence is attributed to societal engagement, discussion, and even the promotion of such content by users.",1,-1,[],[49921]],["the term \"misinformation\" is also used for false information in general",1,-1,[],[28376]],["the term 'misinformation' is used as an umbrella term for any type of inaccurate or deceptive information, regardless of its motivation",1,-1,[],[29310]],["the use of the term today generally implies malintent and deception.",1,-1,[],[28376]],["there are other types of misinformation in the real world, such as hoaxes, rumors, or false propaganda.",1,-1,[],[47448]],["there is a fraudulent willingness or intention to create a fake news item",1,-1,[],[27743]],["there is an ideological or political or economic motivation in its creation",1,-1,[],[27743]],["there is simply too much misinformation available online, especially on social media.",1,-1,[],[43515]],["thereby reflecting falsehood and non-malicious intent.",1,-1,[],[1703]],["they all point to falsehood in information dissemination.",1,-1,[],[33913]],["this approach does not require knowledge of a speaker's intent in making claims, which can rarely be established with certainty",1,-1,[],[10175]],["to influence public discourse during crises through strategic dissemination",1,-1,[],[54370]],["unintended false information",1,-1,[],[47123]],["unless the intent is clear, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term to include all forms of false information related to health, thereby giving those generating it the benefit of the doubt",1,-1,[["unless the intent is clear, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term to include all forms of false information related to health, thereby giving those generating it the benefit of the doubt",1],["unless the intent is clear, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term to include all forms of false information related to health, thereby giving those generating it the benefit of the doubt.",1]],[2021]],["various forms of misinformation and misconceptions surrounding COVID-19 and its vaccines",1,-1,[],[41225]],["voters may have misleading information.",1,-1,[],[25161]],["we did not code humourous or confusing posts as misinformation",1,-1,[],[40692]],["we pragmatically group false information regardless of intent",1,-1,[],[33851]],["we understand misinformation as an umbrella-term that may capture both \"honest\" mistakes and intentionally misleading information",1,-1,[["we understand misinformation as an umbrella-term that may capture both \"honest\" mistakes and intentionally misleading information",1],["we understand misinformation as an umbrella-term that may capture both \"honest\" mistakes and intentionally misleading information.",1]],[56877]],["we use misinformation for cases when the intent is unknown or irrelevant (as in Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017)",1,-1,[],[9598]],["we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term to include all forms of false information related to health, thereby giving those generating it the benefit of the doubt.",1,-1,[],[2021]],["we use the term misinformation throughout this study to refer broadly to any type of false information -including disinformation",1,-1,[],[40405]],["we use this classification to describe either when politicians repeat false information from another source where there is no evidence they are aware it is false, or when they provide statistics which are inaccurate and later apologise.",1,-1,[],[19914]],["what appears in the Google Fact Check Explorer API that was debunked as false, inaccurate or misleading from a fact-checkers point of view without taking intentions into consideration.",1,-1,[],[42692]],["when False information is perceived as true by the injector and by the propagator",1,-1,[],[8246]],["when a piece of information originally injected as true is shared by a propagator who thinks it is false",1,-1,[],[8246]],["when the aim is to generally assess perceptions of untruthfulness, a one-dimensional measure of misinformation would be fully sufficient",1,-1,[],[8332]],["when there is no intention to cause any harm",1,-1,[],[42670]],["whether a story can be considered disinformation, misinformation, or true information, depends on the observer's perspective.",1,-1,[],[40821]],["which is 'considered incorrect based on the best available evidence from relevant experts at the time'",1,-1,[],[2840]],["which originates with the media, owing to journalists' lack of fact-checking skills",1,-1,[],[36063]],["widespread presence of misinformation and fake news",1,-1,[],[25161]],["without the intent misinformation is spread to deceive while disinformation is spread with the intent",1,-1,[],[18982]],["working definition of misinformation as any content that contradicts the best available evidence",1,-1,[],[37733]]],"sy":[["fake news",47,33960,[["fake news",44],["Fake News",3]],[252,2021,2799,3283,8319,8750,12066,17356,17682,18797,23181,23939,24229,25161,27743,29152,29310,29463,29504,29567,31644,32778,33913,38735,38850,39602,40330,40405,42692,45029,45729,48358,49306,49867,50824,51997,52222,53360,53702,53703,54023,56153,56877,57193,57297,59742,60676,61168]],["disinformation",23,17423,[],[3283,3888,3920,8750,10175,17682,18797,23181,24229,27743,27952,33913,36778,38850,40330,42178,42692,47123,49306,49921,53702,54979,60676]],["false information",13,20964,[],[175,252,3283,9932,15839,25961,27309,40330,43675,44048,48321,49362,56877]],["rumors",11,17712,[["rumors",6],["rumor",5],["rumour",1],["rumours",1]],[1175,3283,6658,18797,19873,22740,33851,33913,39602,49306,54023]],["misleading information",7,2191,[],[3283,6181,10306,13393,22510,25161,48321]],["inaccurate information",4,16652,[["inaccurate information",3],["Inaccurate information",1]],[10306,15839,49362,56877]],["false news",2,34005,[],[3391,29504]],["hoax",2,13150,[["hoax",1],["hoaxes",1]],[18797,31644]],["mal-information",2,22495,[],[42178,49306]],["pseudo-information",2,8090,[["pseudo-information",1],["pseudoinformation",1]],[13393,15839]],["alternative facts",1,31822,[],[29567]],["ambiguity",1,21439,[],[18982]],["any piece of information that is initially processed as valid but is subsequently retracted or corrected",1,-1,[],[37833]],["circumstances when \"people hold inaccurate beliefs, and do so confidently\"",1,-1,[],[37833]],["clickbait",1,6382,[],[39602]],["communicative untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[18834]],["completely false or partially correct",1,-1,[],[38363]],["deception",1,24454,[],[18982]],["erroneous information",1,-1,[],[56574]],["erroneous or inaccurate",1,-1,[],[14775]],["factitious informational blends",1,19274,[],[5338]],["fake information",1,32329,[],[23939]],["fake or inaccurate news",1,-1,[],[44048]],["false claims in general",1,-1,[],[42955]],["false content",1,209,[],[20080]],["false or misleading information",1,18257,[],[48321]],["false rumor",1,5445,[],[29861]],["falsehoods",1,10681,[],[18982]],["honest mistakes",1,-1,[],[14775]],["inauthentic communication",1,-1,[],[24229]],["incorrect information",1,-1,[],[45399]],["incorrect news",1,-1,[],[51432]],["information presented by fictitious or fake sources",1,-1,[],[22843]],["lie",1,11646,[],[10175]],["malicious messages",1,-1,[],[3283]],["misinfomation",1,-1,[],[20673]],["mistaken information",1,-1,[],[13393]],["online propaganda",1,1163,[],[24229]],["partisan-biased news",1,21083,[],[3391]],["perceived inaccurate news reporting",1,-1,[],[8332]],["pogrešna obavijest",1,-1,[],[13393]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[18797]],["quasiinformation",1,-1,[],[13393]],["satire",1,9893,[],[18797]],["spam",1,30454,[],[40330]],["wrong information, or the fact that people are misinformed.",1,-1,[],[50857]],["yellow journalism",1,18136,[],[18797]]],"rt":[["disinformation",187,17423,[["disinformation",174],["Dis-information",6],["Disinformation",5],["dis-information",4]],[627,715,1135,1175,1703,1775,1940,1976,2021,2123,2180,2242,2705,2789,2900,3241,3283,3920,4319,5395,5434,5962,6089,6558,8246,8332,9598,9751,9774,10175,10296,10306,10594,10595,10805,12613,12739,13393,13447,14164,14775,14779,15839,17682,18203,18834,18982,19128,19215,19847,20080,22387,22452,22510,22646,23049,23135,23181,23939,24469,25591,25961,26173,26409,26597,26657,26693,26968,27006,27309,27496,27952,28217,28376,28555,29152,29310,29463,29861,30395,30649,30706,31076,31644,31699,31956,32586,33271,33731,33851,33991,34016,34327,34886,34944,35103,35319,35786,35913,36063,36336,36390,36533,36778,37237,37352,37408,37833,37874,38363,38781,39425,39435,39623,39756,39977,40075,40317,40330,40405,40821,41201,41717,41819,41928,42191,42870,42955,43754,43855,44836,44870,44916,45079,45131,45143,45631,45689,45787,46146,46317,46622,46750,46907,47123,47857,48717,49021,49362,49570,49771,49921,50175,50793,50857,50895,51335,51756,52181,52769,53016,53360,53415,54216,54370,54561,54690,54847,54979,55184,55328,56221,56877,57294,58103,58560,58897,59742,59907,60392,60676,60725,60926,61005,61168,61194,61376,61705]],["fake news",57,33960,[["fake news",56],["Fake news",1]],[1775,2021,2242,3283,5395,5434,7110,10043,12739,14164,14779,17356,17682,18078,18852,18982,19847,19873,23939,25161,27006,28075,29310,29463,29567,30649,33851,34886,35319,35988,37874,38850,39435,40330,41717,41819,42955,43855,45079,45143,45399,45631,45701,45729,48419,49362,52181,53973,54947,55184,56147,56877,57294,58897,61005,61168,61376]],["malinformation",25,22495,[["malinformation",12],["Mal-information",7],["mal-information",7],["mal information",1]],[1940,10594,10595,12739,26597,26657,27006,27952,28555,29310,31956,33991,34886,35319,37352,39623,40317,42870,44836,50175,50793,54690,58560,58897,60392,60676]],["rumors",17,17712,[["rumors",8],["rumor",4],["rumour",3],["rumours",3],["Rumors",1]],[1175,2021,3283,7688,15288,18852,18982,19873,26173,27309,31644,33851,38363,45631,46907,49362,61956]],["information disorder",10,13397,[["information disorder",7],["information disorders",2],["Information Disorder",1]],[2242,26657,28565,29567,31956,45118,47123,48676,50060,50175]],["propaganda",10,34203,[],[2123,3920,12613,15839,26968,28217,34886,40478,47857,60725]],["false information",8,20964,[],[3283,18982,35319,40330,41819,43515,45029,61956]],["conspiracy theories",4,1403,[],[770,12739,15288,44575]],["hate speech",4,18278,[["hate speech",3],["Hate speech",1]],[29684,42297,51363,54561]],["misleading information",4,2191,[],[3283,12739,32915,48252]],["spam",4,30454,[],[18982,40330,45399,49362]],["deception",3,24454,[],[10306,15839,31644]],["false news",3,34005,[],[7110,30706,61956]],["hoaxes",3,13150,[["hoaxes",2],["hoax",1]],[46907,61168,61956]],["infodemic",3,27460,[],[12739,14744,37408]],["lies",3,11646,[["lies",2],["lie",1]],[10175,15839,31644]],["misleading",2,19203,[],[18852,31644]],["misleading content",2,17503,[],[1135,41819]],["(con)spirituality",1,33735,[],[50895]],["(dis)affective polarization",1,-1,[],[29567]],["AI-created misleading content",1,4947,[],[58103]],["ID",1,-1,[],[56221]],["Misinterpretations of facts",1,-1,[],[45729]],["Type I Fake News",1,26190,[],[29214]],["alternative facts",1,31822,[],[29567]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[32586]],["communicative untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[23049]],["concealment",1,23741,[],[15839]],["conspiracy",1,13415,[],[61168]],["conspiracy belief",1,29420,[],[7688]],["correcting misinformation",1,11270,[],[39175]],["correction",1,34305,[],[17356]],["crisis communication",1,27607,[],[49771]],["debunking misinformation",1,-1,[],[39175]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[35319]],["delusion",1,26722,[],[15839]],["digital disinformation",1,33983,[],[56877]],["directional motives",1,22201,[],[7688]],["disinformation campaign",1,8138,[],[8750]],["disinformation is a term used to describe erroneous information that is disseminated with the express purpose of confusing or deceiving people. The phrases are occasionally used interchangeably",1,-1,[],[54979]],["disinformation, hoax, and rumor are all terms used in similar literature to describe fake news",1,-1,[],[58603]],["distinct from disinformation, or the purposeful act of sharing misleading information",1,-1,[],[37833]],["distortion",1,28504,[],[15839]],["embellishment",1,-1,[],[15839]],["fake",1,26274,[],[47857]],["fake reports",1,-1,[],[28075]],["false claims",1,18165,[],[56998]],["false connections",1,26879,[],[41819]],["false facts",1,-1,[],[28075]],["false headlines",1,-1,[],[2799]],["false-balance",1,21812,[],[30282]],["fraud",1,22026,[],[31644]],["gossip",1,15638,[],[15839]],["hallucination",1,4995,[],[15839]],["harassment",1,30286,[],[42297]],["hate campaigns",1,34065,[],[61149]],["hostile misinformation",1,1933,[],[47722]],["hyperpartisan news",1,16223,[],[2123]],["illusion",1,9677,[],[15839]],["inaccurate information",1,16652,[],[12739]],["information",1,18076,[],[42692]],["information desorder",1,-1,[],[10805]],["information war",1,15478,[],[39435]],["informational disorders",1,16581,[],[57297]],["innuendo",1,11798,[],[15839]],["junk news",1,33566,[],[30706]],["low-quality news content",1,-1,[],[2799]],["malinformation, which is true but used to cause harm (Wardle and Derakhshan 2017, 20)",1,-1,[],[39623]],["manufactured news",1,-1,[],[42670]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[54561]],["memes",1,12094,[],[35022]],["misinformation effect",1,24082,[],[1513]],["misrepresentation",1,5976,[],[15839]],["mistake",1,-1,[],[15839]],["narrative manipulation",1,-1,[],[1217]],["online misinformation",1,27751,[],[14800]],["overcon…dence",1,377,[],[25161]],["problematic information",1,28030,[],[30706]],["reliable information",1,19772,[],[14800]],["rumors, \" \"misinformation, \" \"disinformation, \" and \"fake news\" are commonly used interchangeably",1,-1,[],[54023]],["satirical and parodical news",1,-1,[],[14779]],["semantically or technically inauthentic",1,18919,[],[30706]],["sense of misinformation",1,7060,[["sense of misinformation",1],["sense of misinformation (SoM)",1]],[55246]],["slogans",1,1044,[],[35022]],["stigma",1,6427,[],[15288]],["troll",1,4949,[],[49362]],["true information",1,360,[],[40821]],["unreliable information",1,-1,[],[53280]],["unsubstantiated claims",1,9526,[],[6834]],["untruthfulness",1,6975,[],[8332]],["urban legend",1,15904,[],[49362]],["veracity",1,20431,[],[2180]],["verified information",1,-1,[],[47857]]],"sb":[["disinformation",26,17423,[["disinformation",24],["Disinformation",2]],[175,2180,2859,3255,3283,8190,8332,14788,18203,18982,19101,25591,26173,28376,31699,34115,35786,37733,40405,41928,42177,44870,45729,51756,58737,61168]],["fake news",15,33960,[],[2578,3241,3283,14800,17356,18982,20673,27419,28075,32358,45399,51756,54029,54947,60392]],["conspiracy theories",12,1403,[],[2859,3241,6181,14779,19847,20673,32358,37733,44575,45399,49771,60392]],["rumors",10,17712,[["rumors",8],["rumor",2]],[3241,3283,18982,20673,26173,28075,38363,47448,54947,60392]],["clickbait",5,6382,[["clickbait",4],["click-bait",1]],[1513,3241,20673,54029,60392]],["hoaxes",5,13150,[["hoaxes",3],["hoax",2]],[20673,28075,41083,47448,60392]],["false connection",4,26879,[["false connection",3],["false connections",1]],[2789,25961,35319,35518]],["misleading content",4,17503,[],[2789,25961,35319,35518]],["satire",4,9893,[],[2789,35319,49346,60392]],["fabricated content",3,2438,[],[2789,25961,35319]],["false context",3,12161,[],[2789,25961,35319]],["false information",3,20964,[],[3283,18982,35518]],["imposter content",3,28032,[],[2789,25961,35319]],["manipulated content",3,10191,[],[2789,25961,35319]],["conspiracies",2,13415,[["conspiracies",1],["conspiracy",1]],[41083,42692]],["false rumors",2,5445,[["false rumors",1],["false rumours",1]],[2859,54029]],["hyperpartisan news",2,16223,[],[2578,14800]],["propaganda",2,34203,[],[49346,60392]],["spam",2,30454,[],[18982,54947]],["Completely false information",1,17109,[],[38363]],["False or misleading information",1,18257,[],[61194]],["Health misinformation",1,6154,[],[48252]],["Incomplete information",1,12287,[],[38363]],["about climate change",1,-1,[],[28376]],["articles whose claims could not be verified",1,-1,[],[2789]],["biased or partisan news",1,21083,[],[14779]],["biases",1,30859,[],[60392]],["conspiracy belief",1,29420,[],[1940]],["conspiracy theories (which by definition are not verifiable, and tend to be spread by people who believe them to be true)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["conspiracy theories and related phenomena belong to this category",1,-1,[],[44575]],["conspiracy theories as motivated rejections of consensus and attribution of secret intent",1,-1,[],[37733]],["crowdturfing or information backed by falsified supporters",1,-1,[],[54947]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[54947]],["deceptive",1,33845,[],[14800]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[14779]],["dis/misinformation",1,-1,[],[41083]],["disease origins",1,-1,[],[19847]],["disinformation as intentional falsehoods",1,-1,[],[37733]],["disinformation is seen as a type of misinformationpurposeful misinformation",1,-1,[],[2180]],["disinformation posts",1,-1,[],[42177]],["fabricated news stories",1,-1,[],[2859]],["fake reviews",1,29609,[],[28075]],["false claims",1,18165,[],[6181]],["false claims about treatments",1,-1,[],[19847]],["false content",1,209,[],[40330]],["false facts",1,-1,[],[28075]],["false news",1,34005,[],[2578]],["false propaganda",1,-1,[],[47448]],["false trivia facts",1,-1,[],[32358]],["general misinformation belief",1,-1,[],[1940]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[54947]],["hoaxes (which are designed to deceive, may be humorous or malicious, and often involve citing a trusted source)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["hostile misinformation",1,1933,[],[47722]],["intentional",1,2432,[],[3283]],["internet trolls",1,17165,[],[54947]],["junk science",1,34644,[],[3241]],["lies",1,11646,[],[14779]],["low-quality",1,-1,[],[14800]],["mal-information",1,22495,[],[45729]],["manipulated news",1,-1,[],[49346]],["misinformation that is completely and partly false",1,-1,[],[33851]],["misinformation that is shared only in silos",1,-1,[],[33851]],["misinformation that is spread intentionally and by accident (possibly even with good intention, but not knowing better)",1,-1,[],[33851]],["misinformation that leaves such silos and propagates further",1,-1,[],[33851]],["misleading advertising",1,20034,[],[49346]],["misleading information",1,2191,[],[3283]],["misleading intent",1,-1,[],[40330]],["misleading visual representations",1,27098,[],[49771]],["news parody",1,6420,[],[49346]],["news that has been completely fabricated",1,-1,[],[49346]],["organized action",1,-1,[],[40330]],["pseudoscience",1,14895,[],[14779]],["pseudoscientific claims",1,2338,[],[32358]],["pseudoscientific health therapies",1,-1,[],[6181]],["religious misinformation belief",1,-1,[],[1940]],["rumors (pieces of information that have not yet been confirmed as true or false)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["satire & parody",1,31625,[],[25961]],["satirical news",1,32009,[],[20673]],["sensationalist reporting",1,31597,[],[49771]],["unintentional",1,6391,[],[3283]],["unintentionally-spread and intentionally spread misinformation",1,-1,[],[54947]],["unintentionally-spread and intentionally spread misinformation, urban legends, fake news, unverified information, rumors, crowdturfing or information backed by falsified supporters, spam, internet trolls, hate speech, and cyberbullying",1,-1,[],[54947]],["unverified information",1,18888,[],[54947]],["urban legends",1,15904,[],[54947]],["vaccination: unsubstantiated health effects",1,-1,[],[39371]],["virus characteristics",1,-1,[],[42692]]],"sp":[["information disorder",38,13397,[["information disorder",27],["information disorders",12],["Information disorder",1]],[1513,2021,9598,10805,23939,25961,26618,26657,28555,28565,29030,29069,29567,31956,33991,36555,36824,36963,37352,37526,40544,42768,42869,44836,45118,48676,50060,50337,50554,50793,51313,52017,54523,54690,54744,54841,57294,59335]],["fake news",18,33960,[["fake news",13],["Fake news",4],["Fake News",1]],[1703,14164,19847,20637,23135,26968,27006,32915,37864,40075,45294,45631,46907,50937,54370,54896,58199,58603]],["false information",12,20964,[["false information",7],["False information",4],["False Information",1]],[2242,6980,9598,9751,18982,19215,19608,22387,32664,33913,48717,53016]],["information",3,18076,[],[15839,24143,35786]],["disinformation",2,17423,[],[25961,35022]],["infodemic",2,27460,[],[37408,40605]],["problematic information",2,28030,[],[22510,60676]],["pseudoinformation",2,8090,[],[35319,45131]],["ID",1,-1,[],[56221]],["ID types",1,-1,[],[56221]],["Information barrier",1,29011,[],[36078]],["Information harms",1,-1,[],[7527]],["Rumor",1,17712,[],[56206]],["Stereotypes and Misinformation",1,11437,[],[54200]],["a type of information",1,24862,[],[15839]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[32586]],["communication disorder",1,-1,[],[26597]],["fake information",1,32329,[],[5962]],["fake news types",1,-1,[],[42178]],["false news",1,34005,[],[25161]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[29684]],["information desorder",1,-1,[],[10805]],["information problem",1,-1,[],[12613]],["informational disorders",1,16581,[],[15060]],["intention-based",1,-1,[],[13954]],["misinformation and disinformation",1,25902,[],[23135]],["misleading information",1,2191,[],[8246]],["not conducive to containment goals",1,-1,[],[39371]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[35022]]],"ex":[["fake news",7,-1,[],[3283,14800,18982,26221,32898,39602,51221]],["rumors",6,-1,[],[3283,12066,17645,18982,47448,47722]],["conspiracy theories",2,-1,[],[2789,26221]],["hoaxes",2,-1,[],[2789,47448]],["satire",2,-1,[],[2789,19608]],["A fake Biden campaign website that admitted it was a parody on its front page could count as misinformation, for example.",1,-1,[],[6558]],["All the false news published with bona fide mistakes are examples of misinformation, as well as news in which the title or a captivating picture are not adequately supported by the body of the article, like click-baiting",1,-1,[],[1513]],["BBC apologises for a report on Lekki massacre (Facebook, implicating the BBC) Misinformation",1,-1,[],[33913]],["Carbon monoxide poisoning can create same symptoms as H1N1",1,-1,[],[40692]],["Claims that climate change or a global warming does not exist.",1,-1,[],[35786]],["False connections, misleading content, inaccurate visuals, and manipulated texts",1,-1,[],[49771]],["False connections, misleading content, inaccurate visuals, and manipulated texts, to name a few, are all forms of misinformation (Maci et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[49771]],["Misinformation has provoked many people to hoard some vital necessary products (e.g., N95 mask, sanitizers, toilet papers, etc.)",1,-1,[],[45729]],["Ten swine flu lies told by the mainstream media",1,-1,[],[40692]],["The Gates Foundation is going to make huge profits from COVID-19 vaccines.",1,-1,[],[23081]],["WHO and drug companies in collusion",1,-1,[],[40692]],["a journalist might report false information obtained from a source, who the journalist believed was telling the truth. This qualifies as misinformation, but not disinformation, which only occurs when the journalist lies, reporting information they believe to be false.",1,-1,[],[2180]],["a post falsely claiming that COVID-19 vaccine will cause 97% of recipients to become infertile",1,-1,[],[2840]],["a post falsely claiming that a COVID-19 vaccine will alter DNA in humans",1,-1,[],[2840]],["activists concerned about climate change",1,-1,[],[44836]],["alleged curative powers of salt water",1,-1,[],[44048]],["altered facts",1,-1,[],[17645]],["an invented incident involving foreigners and crimes",1,-1,[],[35518]],["anti-vaccine stories",1,-1,[],[25961]],["cheap fakes",1,-1,[],[51221]],["click-bait headlines",1,-1,[],[2789]],["clickbait",1,-1,[],[39602]],["conspiracy",1,-1,[],[41083]],["conspiracy theories (which by definition are not verifiable, and tend to be spread by people who believe them to be true)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["consumption of the Corona brand of beer has an effect on the spread of COVID-19",1,-1,[],[29577]],["cures and preventive measures",1,-1,[],[25961]],["dis/misinformation",1,-1,[],[41083]],["exaggeration of the COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[25961]],["fabricated reports",1,-1,[],[2789]],["fabricated, reconfigured, satire, parody",1,-1,[],[34513]],["fake election news articles",1,-1,[],[18982]],["fake news articles",1,-1,[],[12066]],["fake news, rumours, propagandas",1,-1,[],[12328]],["fake reviews",1,-1,[],[18982]],["false and misleading statements",1,-1,[],[25961]],["false attribution of statements",1,-1,[],[25961]],["false conspiracy theories that the virus was bioengineered in a lab in Wuhan",1,-1,[],[35988]],["false propaganda",1,-1,[],[47448]],["false rumour, wrong claim, insult and prank",1,-1,[],[20323]],["false rumours, insults and pranks",1,-1,[],[44870]],["hoax",1,-1,[],[41083]],["hoaxes (which are designed to deceive, may be humorous or malicious, and often involve citing a trusted source)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["hoaxes, conspiracy theories, fabricated reports, click-bait headlines, and even satire",1,-1,[],[2789]],["imagery used out of context",1,-1,[],[46317]],["incorrect statistics",1,-1,[],[46317]],["isolated audio clips",1,-1,[],[51221]],["low-quality manipulated media, such as cheap fakes",1,-1,[],[51221]],["mRNA vaccines like Moderna permanently alter DNA, according to Moderna executives.",1,-1,[],[23081]],["malicious messages",1,-1,[],[3283]],["members of the same political party",1,-1,[],[44836]],["misinformation about the side-effects of vaccinations",1,-1,[],[44048]],["misinformation has been and is currently being spread online about the COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[44048]],["misinformation identified by our participants after exposure as having the most impact on lowering their vaccination intent was made to have a scientific appeal, such as emphasizing on a direct link between a COVID-19 vaccine and adverse effects while using scientific imagery or links to strengthen their claims.",1,-1,[],[2840]],["myth",1,-1,[],[17645]],["negative observation toward vaccines to treat diseases",1,-1,[],[18982]],["news in which the title or a captivating picture are not adequately supported by the body of the article, like click-baiting [35,50]",1,-1,[],[1513]],["one such example was that consuming alcohol could reduce the coronavirus risk.",1,-1,[],[58199]],["parents who don't vaccinate their children",1,-1,[],[44836]],["potential cures",1,-1,[],[14775]],["pseudoscience",1,-1,[],[17645]],["rumor",1,-1,[],[39602]],["rumors (pieces of information that have not yet been confirmed as true or false)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["rumors spread about the diffusion of the disease in the US",1,-1,[],[44048]],["rumors, fake news articles, and spams",1,-1,[],[12066]],["rumors, fake news, and misleading narratives",1,-1,[],[41009]],["satire news (designed for humor and not intended to deceive)",1,-1,[],[28376]],["satirical",1,-1,[],[9900]],["selective and halftruths",1,-1,[],[41928]],["shortly after a bombing attack at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester, England, the Daily Express tweeted that a gunman was outside a local hospital, information which turned out to be inaccurate.",1,-1,[],[22510]],["some individuals used toxic home remedies resulting in injury and death",1,-1,[],[45729]],["some people were involved in a Facebook discussion on a recently published product where there are both fake users and real users. The real users discuss the product's features honestly. However, fake users praise the product regardless of their true opinion.",1,-1,[],[18982]],["spams",1,-1,[],[12066]],["spread and deaths",1,-1,[],[25961]],["that the 5G cellular network is causing or exacerbating symptoms of COVID-19",1,-1,[],[35988]],["the 5G network has an effect on the spread of COVID-19",1,-1,[],[29577]],["the Bush administration purportedly made 935 false statements about the security risk posed by Iraq in the 2 years following 9/11 (Lewis & Reading-Smith, 2008).",1,-1,[],[20816]],["the Chicago Daily Tribune, relying on its political analysts and early poll returns, famously misreported in its early edition that Dewey had defeated Truman in the 1948 U.S. presidential election.",1,-1,[],[22510]],["the amount of misinformation in audiences' media diets is relatively little, often even below one percent",1,-1,[],[57297]],["the claim that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) included a provision for death panels",1,-1,[],[7688]],["the coronavirus cannot be transmitted in warm countries",1,-1,[],[53702]],["the most common conspiracy theories, which flourish thanks to the content created and shared by members of polarized online communities that firmly believe in what they communicate.",1,-1,[],[8246]],["the scientifically untrue misinformation that the new gene-based Covid-19 vaccines would interfere with the human genome has been a widely circulated message on social media",1,-1,[],[39175]],["the scientifically untrue misinformation that the new gene-based Covid-19 vaccines would interfere with the human genome has been a widely circulated message on social media (Reuters Staff, 2020).",1,-1,[],[39175]],["those who belong to a certain religion, race or ethnic group",1,-1,[],[44836]],["unreliable health information",1,-1,[],[26221]],["vaccine development",1,-1,[],[14775]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["closely related to realization of the value of accountability",1,-1,[],[5128]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["audience-centred values",1,28382,[],[5128]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["salience magnet",1,24408,[],[37580]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Retributive justice therefore deals with the question of how society deals with the victims of injustice as well as with those who are responsible for inflicting harm on the victims.",1,-1,[],[20454]],["This category of justice is also known as punishable or transformation justice. It is based on the principle that any normative mechanisms that are responsible for the application of justice would be hollow without an enforcement/punishment component.",1,-1,[],[20454]],["it aims to restore the position of both the offender and the victim to their appropriate positions in society.",1,-1,[],[20454]]],"sy":[["punishable",1,-1,[],[20454]],["punishable or transformation justice",1,-1,[],[20454]],["transformation justice",1,-1,[],[20454]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A common effect of institutional translation is technocratic drift",1,-1,[],[55580]],["Terms related to inequality, labor exploitation, or ecological injustice may be rendered into abstract nouns that obscure who acts and who benefits.",1,-1,[],[55580]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["event argument extraction",1,17512,[],[38993]],["event detection",1,17962,[],[38993]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["reports on individuals who contemplated suicide but later coped with the adverse circumstances in a constructive way were associated with a short-term decrease in suicide rates.",1,-1,[],[20128]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Mental health is also framed as an individual issue through patient/consumer/lifestyle, experience, and celebrity frames.",1,-1,[],[32012]],["Positive mental health stories give hope or comfort or create empathy and an understanding of mental health issues.",1,-1,[],[32012]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[32012]],["individual issue",1,1037,[],[32012]],["narrative frames",1,32804,[],[32012]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Cognitive inflexibility is not thought to be strongly related to intelligence or memory",1,-1,[],[1881]],["Understanding inflexible thinking is especially relevant in mental health care settings, given its impact on insight and decision-making",1,-1,[],[1881]],["cognitive flexibility can be decomposed into different subcomponents, including attentional inflexibility, which can be assessed through attentional set-shifting tasks, reversal learning deficits, measured through reversal learning tasks, other aspects of behavioural disinhibition, measured via cognitive control paradigms and motor inhibition measures, and excess reliance on habit, measurable on model-based vs model-free decision-making tasks (Gruner and Pittenger, 2017).",1,-1,[],[1881]],["measured as perseveration on the WCST",1,-1,[],[1881]],["measured on an objective task",1,-1,[],[1881]],["the RDoC model, upon which much translational research is currently based, lists inflexibility in the 'working memory' construct",1,-1,[],[1881]]],"sy":[["cognitive flexibility",1,-1,[],[1881]]],"rt":[["attentional set-shifting",1,-1,[],[1881]],["compulsivity",1,10157,[],[1881]],["reversal learning",1,-1,[],[1881]]],"sb":[["attentional inflexibility",1,11892,[],[1881]],["excess reliance on habit",1,-1,[],[1881]],["reversal learning",1,-1,[],[1881]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["referees of facts relevant to politics",1,-1,[],[30819]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["imitate the majority",1,-1,[],[10390]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["passive participant roles",1,24553,[],[50863]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["people skilled at regulating their emotions reacted with less affective intensity to eight malnourished child victims of civil war than to just one (Cameron & Payne, 2011).",1,-1,[],[2770]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["argumentative hyperbole",1,5665,[],[21590]]],"ex":[["\"Climate change is an existential crisis for humanity.\"",1,-1,[["\"Climate change is an existential crisis for humanity.\"",1],["Climate change is an existential crisis for humanity.",1]],[21590]],["\"This is the greatest economy ever.\"",1,-1,[["\"This is the greatest economy ever.\"",1],["This is the greatest economy ever.",1]],[21590]],["An example might be something like: \"Climate change is an existential crisis for humanity.\" Or, \"This is the greatest economy ever.\"",1,-1,[],[21590]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In politics, especially in non-democratic settings, various discourses may join each other in what Laclau and Mouffe call a discursive alliance against a common enemy. When this happens, an agonistic space forms.",1,-1,[],[51393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive alliance",1,12783,[],[51393]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["providing a proxy of users' mindset, i.e., the way users perceive and associate concepts",1,-1,[],[3309]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the progression of the project without reaching an agreement",1,-1,[],[56419]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["right to development frame",1,18066,[],[56419]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["namely, if 'the statement was made with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard of whether it was true or false'",1,-1,[],[18476]]],"sy":[["real malice",1,-1,[],[51090]]],"rt":[["defamation",1,7050,[],[31983]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["spammers may exploit bots to attract regular accounts as their followers, enabling them to hijack search engine results or trending topics, disseminate unsolicited messages, and entice users to visit malicious sites",1,-1,[],[23861]],["suggest that spam bots have highly diverse timings (i.e., high entropy)",1,-1,[],[23861]],["the temporal patterns of spam bots are highly irregular.",1,-1,[],[23861]],["the timing diversities of the url, mention, tweet and hashtag activities are found to be the key signatures of spam bots.",1,-1,[],[23861]],["unlike broadcast and consumption bots, spam bots are active all days/hours, and they exhibit very random timings.",1,-1,[],[23861]]],"sy":[["content polluters",1,26453,[],[23860,23861]]],"rt":[["botnets",1,7306,[],[115]],["chat bots",1,9758,[],[5508]],["social bots",1,20136,[],[5508]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bot",2,27271,[],[115,23860]],["malicious bots",1,5911,[],[23861]],["social bots",1,20136,[],[5508]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Han Chinese",1,-1,[],[40356]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Machado ressalta a influência das redes sociais digitais, os meios de comunicação desempenham um papel vital na organização de rumores e percepções públicas desordenadas, construindo uma interpretação do problema",1,-1,[],[59658]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["etapa inicial, conhecida como \"inventário do problema\"",1,-1,[],[59658]],["fase de ação",1,-1,[],[59658]],["fase de significação",1,-1,[],[59658]],["inventário do problema",1,-1,[],[59658]],["segunda fase, ocorre a interpretação do problema, quando \"[...] a atenção muda do domínio factual para o domínio interpretativo ou do problema em si para suas implicações e consequências\" (Machado, 2004, p. 61)",1,-1,[],[59658]],["terceira fase envolve a mobilização para ação e resolução do problema, encorajando o público a adotar uma postura vigilante para evitar a disseminação do problema e manter as coisas como são (Machado, 2004).",1,-1,[],[59658]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ibang tao (in Tagalog, \"not one of us\")",1,-1,[],[18209]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Polarization",1,21850,[],[28609]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["asks new questions that can potentially destabilize established Eurocentric models of language, media and identity",1,-1,[],[56371]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Candidate aspects are: (i) concepts, which are detected by Shvets and Wanner (2020)'s generic concept extraction algorithm and which precede or follow the target; (ii) adjectival or participle modifiers either preceding or following the target.",1,-1,[],[22395]],["Each category has a set of predefined aspects.",1,-1,[],[34277]],["It can also be a verbal group, as can't cook in ( 7)",1,-1,[],[22395]],["The aspect is often expressed as a modifier(e.g., boring, stupid, lazy, not funny, etc.) of the target in the focus of the author",1,-1,[["The aspect is often expressed as a modifier(e.g., boring, stupid, lazy, not funny, etc.) of the target in the focus of the author",1],["The aspect is often expressed as a modifier(e.g., boring, stupid, lazy, not funny, etc.) of the target in the focus of the author,",1]],[22395]],["an aspect can readily be also a nominal group.",1,-1,[],[22395]],["categorical aspect label",1,-1,[],[32826]],["opinions or feelings expressed by the Internet users about services, healthcare, products, politics, etc.",1,-1,[],[7828]],["we cannot reduce aspect identification to verbal group extraction: an aspect can readily be also a nominal group.",1,-1,[],[22395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["aspect category",1,-1,[],[32826]],["aspect text span",1,-1,[],[32826]],["aspect-oriented sentiment analysis",1,5443,[],[22395]]],"sb":[["adjectival or participle modifiers either preceding or following the target",1,-1,[],[22396]],["aspect category",1,-1,[],[5964]],["aspect term",1,20905,[],[5964]],["concepts, which are detected by Shvets and Wanner (2020)'s generic concept extraction algorithm and which precede or follow the target",1,-1,[],[22396]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["boring, stupid, lazy, not funny, etc.",1,-1,[],[22395]],["can't cook",1,-1,[],[22395]],["can't cook in ( 7)",1,-1,[],[22395]],["fucking stupid",1,-1,[],[22395]],["fucking stupid of (most) girls",1,-1,[],[22395]],["fucking stupid of (most) girls (6)",1,-1,[],[22395]],["not funny",1,-1,[],[22395]],["not funny is the aspect of female comedians",1,-1,[],[22395]],["not funny is the aspect of female comedians (5)",1,-1,[],[22395]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["claim",1,178,[],[57465]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["indexicality relies heavily on ideological structures, for associations between language and identity are rooted in cultural beliefs and values -that is, ideologies -about the sorts of speakers who (can or should) produce particular sorts of language.",1,-1,[],[25296]],["the mechanism whereby identity is constituted",1,-1,[],[25296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["an index is a linguistic form that depends on the interactional context for its meaning",1,-1,[],[25296]],["ideological structures",1,-1,[],[25296]],["ideologies",1,8315,[],[25296]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Isn't that a source of injustice?\"-\"Definitely not\"",1,-1,[],[8012]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fixação de sentido",1,-1,[],[39843]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["There are two aspects of emotions regarding a piece of text, namely, the writer's and the reader's emotion.",1,-1,[],[61547]],["reader-emotions possess a more complex nature, as even common words can evoke different types of reader-emotions depending on personal experiences and knowledge of the readers",1,-1,[],[61547]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["writer-emotion",1,734,[],[61547]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["visual climate change frames",1,-1,[],[496]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This process, based on the principle of compositionality (Dowty et al. 1981), captures how opinion expressions interact with each other and with specific linguistic operators such as intensifiers, negations, or modalities.",1,-1,[],[24872]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the sentiment expressed in the sentence This restaurant is good but expensive is a combination of the prior sentiment orientation of the words good, but, and expensive.",1,-1,[],[24872]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["unigram, bi-gram or tri-gram",1,-1,[],[43407]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The inchoate redundancies are rendered through the face's socio-semiotic physiognomy.",1,-1,[],[35021]],["makes manifest Guattari's insistence on the constant interaction among physiological and semiotic components",1,-1,[],[35021]],["per se [does] not signify and [does] not convey information, although [it] work[s] alongside semiotic elements like signifiers and information\" as a unique mechanism that intensely inscribes language within the body",1,-1,[],[35021]],["prefaces meaning by asserting \"'it's just like that,' an expression of a semiological coup de force establishing that, once and for all, 'that' will always mean something,\" cementing semiotic components in a highly stratified system of signification indicative of \"the reigning socio-semiotic order\"",1,-1,[],[35021]],["the posts re-articulate themselves through Trump's disembodied, mediatized face.",1,-1,[],[35021]],["the posts' dissemination is facilitated through a Right-wing faciality that spreads misinformation through the digitized public and shapes its sociopolitical reality.",1,-1,[],[35021]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fast thinking",2,26697,[["Fast thinking",1],["fast thinking",1]],[31409,36124]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Misinformation is therefore maintained because people prefer a coherent (incorrect) to an incomplete (correct) mental model.",1,-1,[],[1424]],["The selective-retrieval and model-updating accounts tacitly assume that the CIE is an error, or that normatively, a correction should reduce reliance on misinformation to the same level as would be observed if there was no misinformation at all.",1,-1,[],[1424]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["CIE",1,34412,[],[1424]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive explanations for the CIE",1,-1,[],[1424]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Verbal Response Modes (VRMs)",1,-1,[],[11954]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has long been a contested myth rather than a fixed legal 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[61]",1,-1,[],[19863]],["misinformation was widely shared on social media, which claimed that children 'died on the spot' after the mass COVID-19 vaccination program in Senegal, West Africa",1,-1,[],[19863]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["counter-attitudinal",1,-1,[],[5409]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":119,"df":[["a narrative is a public and individual 'story' that people subscribe to, and that conducts their manner and behavior.",2,-1,[["a narrative is a public and individual 'story' that people subscribe to, and that conducts their manner and behavior.",2],["a narrative is a public and individual 'story' that people subscribe to, and that conducts their manner and behavior",1]],[49555,49837]],["a representation of connected events and characters that has an identifiable structure, is bounded in space and time, and contains implicit or explicit messages about the topic being addressed",2,-1,[],[41226,42055]]],"de":[["They are the stories people tell about the world(s) they live in.",2,-1,[["They are the stories people tell about the world(s) they live in.",2],["They are the stories people tell about the world(s) they live in",1]],[49555,49837]],["At its core, narrative is the telling of someone's experience about something.",1,-1,[],[41226]],["Bruner (1991) emphasises that narrative is a way of giving meaning to a story while Whitebrook (2001) establishes that narratives allow us to understand one's political perspective, ideology and identity.",1,-1,[],[11209]],["From a computational perspective, narratives may relate to topic mining, text summarization, machine translation [33], and graph visualization.",1,-1,[],[16821]],["Generally, a narrative is considered a superordinate construct composed of a series of stories or events that could be imaginary or factual.",1,-1,[],[6484]],["Generally, scholars agree with this definition adding that narrative is a story of events experienced by us, and it changes and develops over time; it has a beginning, a plot and an end with temporal and causal sequences (Polkinghorne 1988, Denzin 1989, Abbs & Richardson 1990, Graesser et al. 1991, Champion 1997, Wennerstrom 2001).",1,-1,[],[11209]],["In the context of autocracy promotion, narratives thus serve as discursive devices actors employ to normalise autocratic practices through broader stories of order, stability and development.",1,-1,[],[48115]],["In the current context, the narrative indicates the news stories and articles being disseminated online.",1,-1,[],[1220]],["Instead of leaflets with pictures and movies, it is written text or, more precisely, words and stories (narratives) that are used for these purposes. Attempts to convey emotions and a biased view of the world rely more on manipulative techniques such as blaming, fabrication, labelling, and relativization.",1,-1,[],[17249]],["It is dynamic, incorporating numerous discursive elements (multiple sources, hashtags, hyperlinks, memes, etc.) as well as flexible, adopting and discarding both story elements and participants as time passes",1,-1,[],[16524]],["Narrative is a part of changing ideas when conducting policy analysis",1,-1,[],[37269,37271]],["Narrative is a powerful tool that can enhance engagement and understanding of both truths and falsehoods",1,-1,[],[16524]],["Narrative summaries can be constructed from an ordered chain of individual events with causality relationships amongst events, appeared within a specific topic [18].",1,-1,[],[16821]],["Narratives are the most important part of life because storytelling is closely related to emotional life, it can also shape the process and mobilization of emotions both in groups and individuals (Feldt, 2023a).",1,-1,[],[37269]],["Narratives become the means to push both the individual and the group to action",1,-1,[],[20188]],["Narratives do more than describe events; they construct the way we perceive, remember and communicate them.",1,-1,[],[34524]],["Narratives do more than describe events; they construct the way we perceive, remember and communicate them. They influence our reactions, involvement, demands and -more broadly -how we shape the socio-political environment",1,-1,[],[34524]],["Narratives do not simply reflect governance practices but actively shape perceptions, legitimising certain forms of rule while undermining others",1,-1,[],[48115]],["Narratives include a chronicle, a sequence of events, as well as the interpretation of these events' meaning",1,-1,[],[11120,11121]],["Narratives provide coherence, assign roles and functions (e.g., supportive to a cause, villain), and often carry persuasive power, especially in shaping attitudes and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[27876]],["Narratives, therefore, \"play a significant role in constructing and maintaining identities\" (Brännlund et al. 2013, p. 74).",1,-1,[],[11209]],["Online publications actively use narratives to manipulate public consciousness, reinforcing or distorting certain social or political positions, as well as forming dominant perceptions of current events.",1,-1,[],[56034]],["People exposed to narratives experience transportation, which is known to lower both their capacity to think critically about what is told and their ability to counterargue.",1,-1,[],[61170]],["Reading, processing, and identifying with narratives is a fundamental component of how we organize our interpretations of reality",1,-1,[],[62017]],["So, this narrative is related to what is usually told by a person or party about what they feel or certain issues.",1,-1,[],[37269]],["The crux of the argument is that construction of a particular narrative is an expression of how actors define problems and solutions, and the adoption of a particular narrative could be a means to facilitate mutual learning, build compromises or even undermine policy implications of competing narratives.",1,-1,[],[19019]],["The narrative is not only about what information is being presented, but the style of communication being used (how it is presented).",1,-1,[],[41226]],["The rhetoric of these narratives frequently shares similarities across contexts, generally depict three key elements: the \"glorious past,\" a \"degraded present,\" and the \"utopian future\".",1,-1,[],[28730]],["They are also inherently conceptually ambiguous, which often leads to \"perverse effects\" (Boudon, 1982(Boudon, /1977)): there is conflict in them.",1,-1,[],[20190]],["a way to connect people with climate change",1,-1,[],[53530]],["allows us to understand how individuals use different ways of narrating to attribute meaning and sense to events and experience.",1,-1,[],[20188]],["human thought is organized by storytelling, but this cognitive mechanism is validated and maintained socially.",1,-1,[],[22595]],["interconnect all the actors and elements involved in the various transformation processes of the conceptual structures of society and these transformations, in turn, permeate the individual-society relationship.",1,-1,[],[20188]],["listic characteristics of a narrative, encompassing narrative length, text cohesion and coherence, contextual embeddedness, and elaboration.",1,-1,[],[27102]],["mentalist concepts",1,-1,[],[11120]],["narratives are often considered a summary of the latest observations about evidence, to ensure that the policies issued by the government are well disseminated to the public",1,-1,[],[37269,37271]],["narratives are taken as subjective, and lists are viewed as objective (Schiffrin 1994).",1,-1,[],[59398]],["narratives have evaluative elements in them",1,-1,[],[59398]],["narratives thus serve as discursive devices actors employ to normalise autocratic practices through broader stories of order, stability and development",1,-1,[],[48115]],["narratives-as a cultural product-play a role in reshaping the social world of individuals.",1,-1,[],[20188]],["news narratives illustrate and propagate social values, providing us with a means of organising and comprehending the events of the world around us.",1,-1,[],[58132]],["products of actors' interpretive acts",1,-1,[],[11120]],["research has shown that the construction and dissemination of narratives requires the efforts of numerous participants with differing levels of engagement",1,-1,[],[16524]],["the idea that narratives come in two forms (Czarniawska, 2004): they are both a mode of knowledge and a mode of communication",1,-1,[],[20190]],["the involvement of the self seems to pervade the narrative process underlying experience more deeply than the logical process underlying categorization.",1,-1,[],[59398]],["the tweet must contain (1) At least one specific character (normally is a person) who experiences (2) a series of related events.",1,-1,[],[41226]],["they orient individuals' paths based on the subject's (individual or collective) use of narrative as a tool through which to perceive society, social reality, and the future.",1,-1,[],[20190]],["unlike the narrative, which creates coherent meaning in its structure.",1,-1,[],[59398]]],"sy":[["story",6,28479,[["story",5],["stories",1]],[11209,16821,41226,49555,49837,59398]],["account",1,27682,[],[20188]],["discourse",1,31797,[],[19022]],["storytelling",1,6370,[],[20188]]],"rt":[["framing",2,22777,[],[37035,56058]],["Discourses and narratives have an intersectional and interdependent relationship.",1,-1,[],[58030]],["argument",1,2086,[],[59398]],["causality",1,26693,[],[41226]],["character",1,32873,[],[41226]],["coherence and structure of narratives",1,-1,[],[16821]],["collective memories",1,28433,[],[22595]],["discourses",1,31797,[],[48115]],["discursive 'products'",1,-1,[],[48115]],["discursive devices",1,-1,[],[48115]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[34524]],["frame",1,7860,[],[11120]],["mentalist concepts",1,-1,[],[11120]],["modes of narration",1,-1,[],[20188]],["narrative persuasion",1,33349,[],[62017]],["narrative representation",1,-1,[],[16821]],["plot",1,2190,[],[11209]],["stories",1,28479,[],[37035]],["temporal and causal sequences",1,-1,[],[11209]],["temporality",1,-1,[],[41226]],["the strategies, aim, and functionality of storytelling",1,-1,[],[16821]]],"sb":[["Disciplinary narratives",1,2454,[],[51889]],["Disciplinary narratives are elaborated by scholars for themselves and others, such as the theory of evolution and climate change (Baker, 2006(Baker, , 2010)).",1,-1,[],[51889]],["Factual narrative",1,3056,[["Factual narrative",1],["factual narratives",1]],[37269]],["Meta-narratives",1,27032,[],[51889]],["Meta-narratives are particularly powerful public narratives that endure for long periods and influence people's lives in various settings (Baker, 2010).",1,-1,[],[51889]],["Personal narratives",1,33977,[],[51889]],["Personal narratives are the stories narrated by individuals about themselves (Baker, 2006).",1,-1,[],[51889]],["Public narratives",1,3440,[],[51889]],["Public narratives are elaborated by and shared among social and institutional formations, such as the workplace, religious or educational institutions, the media, the government, and the nation (Baker, 2006).",1,-1,[],[51889]],["a mode of communication",1,20113,[],[20190]],["a mode of knowledge",1,-1,[],[20190]],["breaking news",1,17509,[],[16821]],["chronological narrative",1,30077,[],[14633]],["emotional narrative",1,9324,[["emotional narrative",1],["emotional narratives",1]],[37269]],["false narratives",1,17870,[],[50650]],["gameplay narrative",1,-1,[],[14633]],["long stories of past events",1,-1,[],[16821]],["narratives of nature",1,27818,[],[57600]],["narratives of science",1,-1,[],[57600]]],"sp":[["hybrid threats",1,5863,[],[34524]]],"ex":[["Bill Gates is going to come to my house to get the tracker out of my arm from the covid vaccine.",1,-1,[],[41226]],["I am so happy that I got the covid vaccine",1,-1,[],[41226]],["I have been sick for three days and the medicine didn't have any effect on me. . .",1,-1,[],[41226]],["Me thinks so too! The gov can't say they have been poisoning us for years -imagine the uproar -it affects us all -eating synthetic foods for decades. Why does supermarket meat taste like Rubber? coronvirus smokescreen.. ..but then there is COVID-19 is that the bioweapon?",1,-1,[],[41226]],["describing the Battle of Azovstal",1,-1,[],[41623]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["conversations are the means for gatekeeping",1,-1,[],[4827]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conversational gatekeeping",1,1918,[],[4827]],["correction",1,34305,[],[4827]],["gatekeeping of conversations",1,30011,[],[4827]],["repair",1,-1,[],[4827]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["conversational gatekeeping",1,1918,[],[4827]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Parliamentary activity primarily focuses on how to deal with Muslim radicalism and how to protect the country from terrorist attacks.",1,-1,[],[30898]],["Proponents of this frame fear the 'Islamization' of Dutch society.",1,-1,[],[30898]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[30898]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Finkel and his colleagues identified three core ingredients of political sectarianism, namely othering, aversion and moralization.",1,-1,[],[56059]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["aversion",1,-1,[],[56059]],["moralization",1,12713,[],[56059]],["othering",1,13537,[],[56059]]],"sb":[["aversion",1,-1,[],[56059]],["moralization",1,12713,[],[56059]],["othering",1,13537,[],[56059]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":30,"df":[],"de":[["Die Auseinandersetzung zwischen verschiedenen Parteien und Interessengruppen steht bei Politics-Analysen im Mittelpunkt.",1,-1,[],[21264]],["Fighting between the Democratic and Republican parties, or politicians",1,-1,[],[28838]],["One political party or one politician's stance on gun violence.",1,-1,[],[28838]],["Political campaigns and upcoming elections (e.g., using guns as a wedge issue or motivating force to get people to the polls)",1,-1,[],[28838]],["Political money contributions from gun lobbies (e.g., NRA)",1,-1,[],[28838]],["democracy requires 'politics' (debate, conflict and choice) to decide which 'policies' (legislative output) to implement.",1,-1,[],[20589]],["politics can take place anywhere, at any moment. And hence, any issue can become political, at whatever level and group of society.",1,-1,[],[3156]]],"sy":[["Who gets what?",1,-1,[],[18109]]],"rt":[["policy",1,21749,[],[21264]],["polity",1,19544,[],[21264]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Baltimore students walk out of class to protest gun violence\"",1,-1,[],[28838]],["Wikileaks and Edward Snowden",1,-1,[],[48377]],["defense",1,-1,[],[48377]],["foreign policy",1,-1,[],[48377]],["government inefficiency",1,-1,[],[48377]],["gun rights/gun control",1,-1,[],[48377]],["immigration",1,-1,[],[48377]],["intelligence agencies",1,-1,[],[48377]],["news stories relating to economy",1,-1,[],[48377]],["politicians' personality traits",1,-1,[],[48377]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["insider trading, market manipulation, and front running",1,-1,[],[21539]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Algorithmic filtering",1,31041,[],[21442]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opt-in",1,5984,[],[14863]],["opt-in mechanisms",1,-1,[],[14863]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["pan-media or media-neutral definition of literacy",1,-1,[],[24963]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the contestation cue or, more specifically, the meaning attached to the issue drives framing effects.",1,-1,[],[28470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["moderately contested issues",1,-1,[],[28470]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["the former is associated with a high-polarized opinion landscape in which the size of two contesting parties is roughly equal in size",1,-1,[],[28470]],["the latter refers to an opinion landscape in which public opinion is more scattered",1,-1,[],[28470]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the coverage and evaluation of art and culture",1,-1,[],[4728]]],"sy":[["art reviews",1,-1,[],[4728]],["arts journalism",1,-1,[],[4728]],["literary critiques",1,-1,[],[4728]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[4728]]],"rt":[["art reviews",1,-1,[],[4728]],["literary critiques",1,-1,[],[4728]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[4728]],["the cultural public sphere",1,-1,[],[4728]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["celebrity news",1,-1,[],[4728]],["fashion journalism",1,-1,[],[4728]],["food journalism",1,-1,[],[4728]],["music journalism",1,-1,[],[4728]],["travel journalism",1,-1,[],[4728]],["wine journalism",1,-1,[],[4728]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["a large number of articles, especially those expressing sentiments of content, gratitude, and indebtedness, stress the agency of the Turkish actor instead of the Syrian refugee.",1,-1,[],[37741]],["focusing on ordinary citizens' experiences and emotions",1,-1,[],[60982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human-interest frame",1,26607,[],[37741]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["human interest stories can be associated with journalistic techniques used in commercial, tabloid media that focuses on stories of individuals (usually celebrities) in relation to entertainment, sports, and crime",1,-1,[],[37741]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":23,"df":[],"de":[["Accordingly, engagement in and dedication to journalistic work determine the nature of the journalistic identity.",1,-1,[],[42604]],["Freelance journalists and journalists working for alternative media, ethnic media, and alternative online sites were included in this definition.",1,-1,[],[16908]],["Furthermore, the Jordanian legal definition of a journalist is not limited to those who publish a newspaper or write its articles and news; it also encompasses anyone who contributes their skills and expertise to any section of the journalistic industry, including the production of publications.",1,-1,[],[42604]],["It also indicates that journalism must be their principal occupation, not a secondary or supplementary one.",1,-1,[],[42604]],["Journalists can be described as educators who are often references or examples to all levels of society.",1,-1,[],[23668]],["Not everyone who writes an article or delivers a speech qualifies as a journalist; it is the engagement and dedication to journalistic work that define a journalist's identity.",1,-1,[],[42604]],["The designation of \"journalist\" is not limited to those who publish a newspaper or write its articles and news; it also includes anyone who contributes their skills and expertise to a section of the journalistic industry, helping produce publications.",1,-1,[],[42604]],["The term journalist not only focuses on the individual who goes out to find the news, but the author, editor, reporters, broadcasters and news readers are also journalists.",1,-1,[],[23666,23668]],["This definition clarifies that a journalist is not characterised by the nature of their activity or academic qualifications, but rather by their engagement in media work.",1,-1,[],[42604]],["Wikipedia (2008) says journalists are a career in the mass media industry that includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the internet.",1,-1,[],[23668]],["journalists are regarded as community change agencies that will alter the dimensions of each individual's thinking through reading.",1,-1,[],[23668]],["under Jordanian legislation, a journalist, like their French counterpart, is someone who has taken up journalism as a primary profession, a source of livelihood, and is registered with the Jordanian Journalists Syndicate.",1,-1,[],[42604]]],"sy":[["Those that work in news media",1,-1,[],[25312]],["a writer for a newspaper",1,-1,[],[42604]]],"rt":[["author, editor, reporters, broadcasters and news readers",1,-1,[],[23666]],["journalistic work",1,1815,[],[42604]]],"sb":[["Freelance journalists",1,-1,[],[16908]],["Non-Jordanian journalists who have been authorised to practice the profession under the provisions of this law",1,-1,[],[42604]],["Trainee journalists",1,-1,[],[42604]],["alternative online sites",1,-1,[],[16908]],["ethnic media",1,30770,[],[16908]],["journalists working for alternative media",1,-1,[],[16908]],["non-practising journalists",1,-1,[],[42604]],["practising journalists",1,-1,[],[42604]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[42043]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["The individual's desire for information from the media is the primary variable in explaining why media messages have cognitive, affective, or variable effects.",1,-1,[],[10091]],["The theory postulates that the higher the reliance of people on media, particularly when they have to face some social insecurity in their lives, the higher will be the power of media in affecting their beliefs, attitudes, as well as behaviors",1,-1,[],[44592]],["The theory postulates that the higher the reliance of people on media, particularly when they have to face some social insecurity in their lives, the higher will be the power of media in affecting their beliefs, attitudes, as well as behaviors (Ball-Rokeach, 1998).",1,-1,[],[44592]],["explains the links between production of information in the media system, and individual uses of media audiences.",1,-1,[],[29228]],["people will be relying more on media to obtain information about an issue that they do not experience with one way or the other, while media effects will be weaker for people with a lot of experiences with an issue",1,-1,[],[39727]],["the theory implies that a higher level of media dependency in users increases the chances of being exposed to disinformation and the possibility of feeling distrust toward the digital media.",1,-1,[],[44592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dependency",1,30385,[],[10091]],["media dependency",1,20180,[],[34822]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["dehumanizing concept",1,-1,[],[37462]],["dehumanizing vermin metaphor",1,-1,[],[37462]],["particularly insidious and played a prominent role in the genocide of Jews in Nazi Germany and Tutsis in Rwanda",1,-1,[],[37462]],["the vermin metaphor has been invoked by the media to discuss terrorists and political leaders of majority-Muslim countries after September 11",1,-1,[],[37462]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["dehumanizing nature of these metaphors",1,-1,[],[37462]]],"ex":[["the council had to use real ingenuity to prove that they, too, are vermin",1,-1,[],[37462]],["words that seemed to compare gays to rodents",1,-1,[],[37462]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This can be defined by a certain culture, social similarities, ethics or even ethnicity.",1,-1,[],[50136]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In media logic, elite sources are the most accredited, authoritative and representative",1,-1,[],[28722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Trade union",1,-1,[],[1846]],["academics",1,-1,[],[1846]],["supermarkets",1,-1,[],[1846]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Awareness raising",1,22374,[],[4451]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Members of an (institutionally) racist organization may not be racist in intent, and those who represent the organization may deny that the outcomes were intended, but, if a particular ethnic group is disadvantaged, that is institutional racism.",1,-1,[],[37588]],["We regard institutional racism as both driving the processes of colonisation and as a continuing consequence of those processes.",1,-1,[],[37588]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["ageism",1,31210,[],[33781]],["casteism",1,-1,[],[33781]],["racism",1,28859,[],[33781]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[33781]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["a subtle or direct portrayal of discriminatory attitudes like racism, casteism, ageism, sexism, etc., which could either be used positively or negatively to create bias.",1,-1,[],[33781]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public sphere",1,3676,[],[13759]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This perspective views language as a homogeneous system with a single set of rules that determine its form and 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sides.",1,-1,[],[17768]],["Far from being considered only as neutral tools, communication tech nologies has become a site of struggle in its own right.",1,-1,[],[17768]],["This approach focuses on forms of communication that are experimental and focused on designing alternative realities beyond technological and media infrastructures that bound communication and information exchanges today.",1,-1,[],[17768]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Aesthetic processing",1,15106,[],[12981]],["emotional domain",1,27487,[],[12981]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy understanding",1,-1,[],[12981]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clickbait spoiler",1,17323,[],[32396]],["spoilers",1,20012,[],[32396]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in the news domain, a dataset is homogeneous if all the news items collected are chosen because they are frogman equal or similar news domain",1,-1,[],[16589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The literature dealing with journalistic co-orientation considers these lingering historical and contemporary relationships as cultural affinity, or a form of proximity.",1,-1,[],[60035]]],"sy":[["a form of proximity",1,-1,[],[60035]],["proximity",1,17836,[],[60035]]],"rt":[["lingering historical and contemporary relationships",1,-1,[],[60035]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["identifying check-worthy claims",1,-1,[],[60163]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the core learning material in Jakarta and Lampung",1,-1,[],[56358]]],"sy":[["rights and obligations",1,-1,[],[56358]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["privilege of Internet access, freedom of expression, and personal data protection",1,-1,[],[56358]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dogwhistle 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There are three stages of dramatic irony: installation, exploitation, and resolution.",1,-1,[],[19678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["irony",1,13113,[],[19678]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["spreaders",1,7974,[],[6782]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["a. Avoid obscurity of expression",1,-1,[],[21478]],["b. Avoid ambiguity",1,-1,[],[21478]],["c. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)",1,-1,[],[21478]],["d. Be orderly",1,-1,[],[21478]]],"sp":[["personal façade",1,14380,[],[8440]],["personal façade (personal front)",1,21206,[],[8440]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["objective journalism",1,33896,[],[30866]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["aspect opinion co-extraction (AOCE)",1,29058,[],[5977]],["target-oriented opinion words extraction (TOWE)",1,1773,[],[5977]]],"sb":[["aspect opinion co-extraction (AOCE)",1,29058,[],[5977]],["target-oriented opinion words extraction (TOWE)",1,1773,[],[5977]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["meticulously constructed Q set",1,-1,[],[31350]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Q methodology",1,-1,[],[31350]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":39,"df":[["religious or ethical implications",2,-1,[],[29820,61519]]],"de":[["As such, the morality of the story in the NPF is always equal to a political solution",1,-1,[],[14019]],["Finally, the fifth frame is morality",1,-1,[],[33748]],["Narrative that offers specific social direction on how to act.",1,-1,[],[55861]],["Regarding morality, a governmentalist framing prescribes solidarity and responsible bodily conduct, whereas a populist framing apportions blame to outsiders and dismisses calls for solidarity and responsibility as disingenuous virtue signaling and political correctness.",1,-1,[],[38569]],["This narrative refers to morality, divinity, and the pillars of other religions.",1,-1,[],[55861]]],"sy":[["ethics",1,34741,[],[17898]]],"rt":[["attribution of responsibility",1,7919,[],[29113]],["conflict",1,23803,[],[29113]],["economic consequences",1,26610,[],[29113]],["human interest",1,3323,[],[29113]],["moral evaluation",1,7941,[],[52764]],["morality frame",1,28213,[],[52764]]],"sb":[["Narrative that offers specific social direction on how to act.",1,-1,[],[55861]],["This narrative refers to morality, divinity, and the pillars of other religions.",1,-1,[],[55861]]],"sp":[["frames",5,7860,[["frames",3],["Frames",2]],[30092,33431,35049,38569,55861]],["Generic frame",2,19746,[["Generic frame",1],["generic frames",1]],[28052,55861]],["Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)",1,4884,[],[59964]],["Policy Frames",1,12022,[],[30092]],["emotional evocation",1,10691,[],[3243]],["five conventional frames",1,-1,[],[33748]],["framing",1,22777,[],[32704]],["framing dimensions",1,2822,[],[57346]],["generic",1,9684,[],[39536]]],"ex":[["Same-sex marriage is morally wrong and goes against the teachings of our faith.",1,-1,[],[30092]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["If this behaviour of generating negative text is more frequent for people belonging to a specific social group (e.g., women, African Americans, etc) or an ideology (e.g., Islam, etc) than others then the language generation model is biased.",1,-1,[],[7250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It comprises three major components-variation awareness, explication strategy, and negotiation strategy.",1,-1,[],[57159]],["Metacultural competency is thought to be innate in humans (Noshadi and Dabbagh, 2015).",1,-1,[],[57159]],["we must build and evaluate systems for meta-cultural competency, as defined by Strategy 4.",1,-1,[],[57159]]],"sy":[["metacultural competency",1,10817,[],[57159]]],"rt":[["cultural competency",1,-1,[],[57159]]],"sb":[["Explication and Negotiation ability",1,372,[],[57159]],["Variational Awareness",1,-1,[],[57159]],["explication strategy",1,21384,[],[57159]],["negotiation strategy",1,13002,[],[57159]],["variation awareness",1,2525,[],[57159]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Walter Lippmann set up a distinction between 'actors' (officials and citizens who try to influence politics directly) and 'spectators'",1,-1,[],[59679]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["means of dissemination",1,-1,[],[1168]],["motivation",1,13069,[],[1168]],["spectators",1,23404,[],[59679]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Political state authority; Economic bank; Activist",1,-1,[],[47998]],["e.g. Political state authority; Economic bank; Activist",1,-1,[],[47998]],["for example, the accounts in a conversation may look like Black Lives Matter activists, but in reality may be state-linked actors using fake accounts in active misdirection.",1,-1,[],[15707]],["people, customers, drivers",1,-1,[],[25444]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["realized in terms of a maxim such as: 'If X similar to Y is doing Z, then Y should do Z too'",1,-1,[],[35757]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Imágenes",1,-1,[],[55689]]],"ex":[["comiendo alimentos saludables",1,-1,[],[55689]],["realizando actividad física",1,-1,[],[55689]]]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["His account was learned, as was Analía's, because he cannot arrive at such an account on the basis of his individual experience: Something mediates his access to the distant past.",1,-1,[],[23477]],["Master narratives project present national identities onto the past, thereby naturalizing the nation as an essentialist and timeless entity.",1,-1,[],[56969]],["This means that there are other possible ways of representing the past, related to other collective memories or to different written histories.",1,-1,[],[23477]],["To endow the nation with specific qualities, master narratives connect historical events through simplified, monocausal explanations",1,-1,[],[56969]],["Whereas specific narratives may change frequently, these underlying master narratives rarely change, and they manifest once and again in subsequent revisions of history contents.",1,-1,[],[23478]],["such as 'the working-class hero' or 'the enemy within'",1,-1,[],[42290]],["the master narrative has influenced education and started to frame how the past is represented.",1,-1,[],[23477]],["the master narrative is converted into family memory",1,-1,[],[23477]],["the master narrative predominated overall, suggesting that some aspects of collective memory are difficult to change",1,-1,[],[23477]],["the organizations themselves adopt a discourse which remains within the structures of the master narrative.",1,-1,[],[51917]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["counter-narrative",1,23935,[["counter-narrative",1],["counter-narratives",1]],[51917]],["masterplot",1,-1,[],[51917]],["masterplots",1,-1,[],[56969]],["specific narratives",1,16198,[],[56969]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Progress",1,-1,[],[42290]],["the master narrative of the origin of the Argentine nation",1,-1,[],[23477]],["the nation has always been driven by its search for freedom",1,-1,[],[56969]],["the triumph of Democracy",1,-1,[],[42290]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["matrix of domination",1,14233,[],[35142]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cultural filtering",1,15943,[],[13024]]],"ex":[["swamp, political prostitution, and bull and bear markets",1,-1,[],[13024]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This implies that there is much self-selection and selective exposure, information may be selected subjectively and interpretations may be narrow",1,-1,[],[1317]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Benevolence is the perception of a positive orientation of the trustee toward the trustor.",1,-1,[],[16194]],["Benevolence suggests that the trustee has some specific attachment to the trustor.",1,-1,[],[16194]],["connotes a personal orientation that is integral to the proposed model",1,-1,[],[16194]]],"sy":[["Trustworthy intentions",1,-1,[],[16194]],["altruism",1,32615,[],[16194]],["caring",1,23802,[],[16194]],["goodwill",1,-1,[],[16194]],["intention to produce",1,-1,[],[16194]],["loyalty",1,18797,[],[16194]],["motives",1,34282,[],[16194]]],"rt":[["altruism",1,32615,[],[16194]],["caring",1,23802,[],[16194]],["glory",1,14419,[],[18317]],["goodwill",1,-1,[],[16194]],["truth",1,9596,[],[18317]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust",1,34511,[],[48657]],["values",1,33193,[],[38115]]],"ex":[["post-disaster reconstruction",1,-1,[],[18317]],["the relationship between a mentor (trustee) and a protege (trustor). The mentor wants to help the protege, even though the mentor is not required to be helpful, and there is no extrinsic reward for the mentor.",1,-1,[],[16194]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interest group",1,11479,[],[33317]],["lobby",1,15073,[],[33317]],["while all pressure groups are interest groups, not all interest groups are pressure groups",1,-1,[],[33317]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["interest groups",1,11479,[],[33317]]],"ex":[["when an IG approaches government to call for a specific piece of legislation, or to voice its opposition to an existing one, it becomes a pressure group",1,-1,[],[43235]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["information control",1,20937,[],[2427]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":79,"df":[],"de":[["As a concept it underlines the influence of media on aspects of social, cultural and political spheres in a society.",1,-1,[],[61388,61389]],["As a consequence, social interaction -within the respective institutions, between institutions, and in society at large -take place via the media.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["At heart, mediatization emphasizes a process of social change in which media have become deeply integrated into different levels of society",1,-1,[],[4295]],["Extension, substitution, amalgamation and accommodation are important processes in mediatization; moreover, empirical validation through historical, cultural and sociological analysis is required.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Here, 'mediatization' is used as the central concept in a theory of the both intensified and changing importance of the media in culture and society.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Hjarvard (2013) contends that mediatization is reshaping public discourse by amplifying certain voices and issues while marginalizing others.",1,-1,[],[61388,61389]],["Mediatization goes beyond the notion of mediation-i.e. transmission of communication through media-as a broader and more dynamic concept referring to integrated processes of increasing media importance and influence within modern society (Couldry and Hepp 2013;Esser 2013;Hjarvard 2013;Strömbäck and Esser 2009).",1,-1,[],[4295]],["Mediatization has made such issues more salient within society and corporations' engagement more pressing.",1,-1,[],[1989]],["Mediatization may, however, also be a slow, evolutionary type of change which only becomes visible through historical comparison over a wider stretch of time.",1,-1,[],[8209]],["Mediatization should be viewed as a modernization process on a par with urbanization and individualization, whereby the media, in a similar manner, both contribute to disembedding social relations from existing contexts and re-embedding them in new social contexts.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Mediatization, therefore, does not refer only to communicative mediation, but to the ways that society becomes increasingly dependent on the medias and their logics.",1,-1,[],[51431]],["Only very recently have media researchers sought to develop the concept toward a more coherent and precise understanding of mediatization as a social and cultural process",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Rawolle (2010) suggests 'mediatisation can be conceptualised as a set of identifiable practices' that can systematically impact the practices of individuals, groups, and systems (p. 22).",1,-1,[],[53474]],["Strömbäck's second phase of mediatization sees the incentives for political actors to take media logics into account become stronger, and the actors are encouraged to spend more resources in order to develop their competencies in public relations and news management.",1,-1,[],[51521]],["The integration of mediatization into news not only transform factual narratives and understandings but also redefines the projected realities and ideological constructs associated with the communication.",1,-1,[],[61389]],["The media intervene into, and influence the activity of other institutions, such as the family, politics, organized religion, etc., while they also provide a 'commons' for society as a whole, that is, virtual shared fora for communication that other institutions and actors increasingly use as arenas for their interaction.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["The prime characteristic of the process of mediatization, as conceived of here, is rather an expansion of the opportunities for interaction in virtual spaces and a differentiation of what people perceive to be real.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["This is neither a passive nor an inevitably irreversible process, and goes beyond the idea of 'media logic'.",1,-1,[],[56989]],["This perspective is based on the presupposition that media dominates the other logics of the society such as organizational, political, economic logics, etc.",1,-1,[],[51720]],["This process is characterized by a duality in that the media have become integrated into the operations of other social institutions, while they also have acquired the status of social institutions in their own right.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Through processes of mediatization, corporations have become inherently embedded in a media sphere that is more often characterized by political divides on socio-political issues.",1,-1,[],[1989]],["Thus mediatization is a distinct late-modern process that is, to quote John B.Thompson, \"partially constitutive of modern societies, and are partially constitutive of what is 'mod-ern' about the societies in which we live in today\" (Thompson, 1990:15).",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Thus, in the context of business, the notion of mediatization is understood as the way that other institutions adjust to the logic of the media institution.",1,-1,[],[1989]],["Thus, the degree of mediatization may be measured according to how much the respective field's autonomous pole has weakened; eventually, some fields will lose their autonomy entirely.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["Under the conditions of mediatization, certain facets have become more prominent in media coverage, such as a focus on negativity, conflicts, and human-interest exemplars",1,-1,[],[4295]],["Winfried Schulz (2004) identifies four kinds of processes whereby the media change human communication and interaction. First, they extend human communication abilities in both time and space; second, the media substitute social activities that previously took place face-to-face. For example, for many, internet banking has replaced the physical meeting between banks and their clients. Third, media instigate an amalgamation of activities; face-to-face communication combines with mediated communication, and media infiltrate into everyday life. Finally, actors in many different sectors have to adapt their behavior to accommodate the media's valuations, formats and routines.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["a long-term structural shift has taken place in the relationship of government to media since the 1980s, accelerating after 1997, and that this is best understood as a process of mediatization. This may include both permanent and cyclical change but has still not been sufficiently examined or theorised as a long-term historical process.",1,-1,[],[56989]],["a process of social change in which media have become deeply integrated into different levels of society",1,-1,[],[4295]],["accelerated disclosure and circulation of conflicts through digital channels",1,-1,[],[30574]],["an ambiguous term which refers to the increasing cultural and social significance of the mass media and other forms of technically mediated communication",1,-1,[],[10689]],["an inherently dynamic and process-oriented concept that cannot be reduced to the transmission of message or communication through the media",1,-1,[],[43462]],["describe overall developmental trends in society across different contexts and, by means of concrete analysis, demonstrate the impacts of media on various institutions and spheres of human activity.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["digital circulation functions as a mechanism that increases visibility and amplifies moral scrutiny",1,-1,[],[30574]],["here we use the concept to characterize a given phase or situation in the overall development of society and culture in which the logic of the media exerts a particularly predominant influence on other social institutions",1,-1,[],[10689]],["in an effort to expand the framework by incorporating new media and application areas",1,-1,[],[60362]],["in the context of business, the notion of mediatization is understood as the way that other institutions adjust to the logic of the media institution.",1,-1,[],[1989]],["mediatization can become visible through certain ruptures that introduce new ways of acting, or through particular events where accumulated tensions between social actors and institutional domains are released into a full-blown conflict.",1,-1,[],[8209]],["mediatization continues to be a system of axioms subject to extra restrictions on narrative, ideology and associativity.",1,-1,[],[61389]],["mediatization entails a dual process by which the media have developed into a semi-independent societal institution at the same time as they have integrated into the workings of other institutions and become an indispensable part of 'doing family', 'doing politics', 'doing school', etc.",1,-1,[],[8399]],["mediatization refers to a more long-lasting process, whereby social and cultural institutions and modes of interaction are changed as a consequence of the growth of the media's influence.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["mediatization that accelerates digital circulation and moral evaluation.",1,-1,[],[30574]],["mediatization, by its very definition, is always bound in time and to cultural context",1,-1,[],[10689]],["more than a label for a set of phenomena that bear witness to increased media influence and it should also relate to other, central sociological theories.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["overarching theoretical framework to understand a potential increase in the discrepancy between media attention and real-world developments",1,-1,[],[4295]],["provides a macro-level context",1,-1,[],[44755]],["society to an increasing degree is submitted to, or becomes dependent on, the media and their logic",1,-1,[],[51431]],["successive growth in media's influence in contemporary society",1,-1,[],[10689]],["the embedding of media within the governing process",1,-1,[],[56989]],["the growing influence exerted by the media over political processes.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["the illumination of some of the shifting relations between and across multiple actors and the media",1,-1,[],[56989]],["the increasing mediatization of its propaganda policies",1,-1,[],[51521]],["the media's centrality and its importance in making choices about news content.",1,-1,[],[15398]],["the process through which mediated cultural products have gained importance as cultural referents and hence contribute to the development and maintenance of cultural communities.",1,-1,[],[10689]],["the term began to be used to refer to the impact of the media on political communications, and more recently, on the ways that they transform institutions and social processes.",1,-1,[],[51431]],["the third phase of mediatization",1,-1,[],[51521]]],"sy":[["mediation",1,11235,[],[10689]]],"rt":[["media logic",5,18548,[["media logic",4],["media logics",1]],[10689,31215,51720,53474,57250]],["mediation",4,11235,[],[10689,13153,43462,44755]],["accelerated disclosure",1,-1,[],[30574]],["circulation of conflicts through digital channels",1,-1,[],[30574]],["communicative mediation",1,-1,[],[51431]],["conflicts",1,23803,[],[4295]],["feed-forward",1,28464,[],[56989]],["human-interest exemplars",1,-1,[],[4295]],["metacategory of social description",1,-1,[],[61388]],["negativity",1,2653,[],[4295]],["political spin",1,29655,[],[56989]],["softening",1,32057,[],[6162]],["the central concept in a theory of the both intensified and changing importance of the media in culture and 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Some interests gain more coverage than others, which might give them some competitive advantage.",1,-1,[],[3850]]],"sy":[["media prominence",1,16509,[],[3850]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["the true meaning is softened by selecting a specific term and, as a direct effect, the true semantic value is mystified.",1,-1,[],[61429]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dysphemism",1,9881,[],[61429]],["euphemism",1,17910,[],[61429]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulative capability",1,-1,[],[34454]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Each of these styles can involve the application of rules and, as a result, systematic reasoning or can proceed at low-level associative levels; thus, processing style is distinct from cognitive style",1,-1,[],[19180]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["where journalists and ENGO personnel can 'talk 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consciente, distinguiendo entre diferentes tipos de medios y comprendiendo los procesos que hay detrás de la producción mediática",1,-1,[],[52790]],["La alfabetización mediática además tiene un fuerte carácter colectivo por todo lo expuesto y redunda, en última instancia, en formar a ciudadanos en condiciones de poder actuar como microverificadores de hechos en sus propias redes y comunidades hasta el punto de presionar a los medios de comunicación y a las plataformas de redes sociales para que asuman una mayor responsabilidad en la lucha contra la desinformación.",1,-1,[],[10820]],["Poseer un nivel alto de esta habilidad reduce las posibilidades de creer y compartir noticias falsas",1,-1,[],[54552]],["acciones dirigidas a la formación de la sociedad",1,-1,[],[10820]],["comparten el objetivo de formar individuos informados, comprometidos y capacitados. Al transferir a la sociedad los hallazgos de las investigaciones, incluyendo el uso de tecnologías, se conciencia a los ciudadanos y se les capacita para acceder, analizar, evaluar y producir diversos contenidos",1,-1,[],[52790]],["competencias deben ser promovidas mediante estrategias de promoción de una alfabetización no solo digital, sino mediática",1,-1,[],[15248]],["conocimientos y destrezas necesarias para enfrentar la amenaza de la desinformación",1,-1,[],[15248]],["desarrollar su alfabetización mediática y minimizar el impacto de la desinformación en su cotidianidad",1,-1,[],[52790]],["desarrollo de capacidades creativas asociadas a la producción de contenido. Estas actividades ayudan a interiorizar los procesos que llevan a la selección del contenido, de las fuentes y la apariencia final de la información.",1,-1,[],[15248]],["donde analizar el panorama informativo con una actitud crítica es esencial para reforzar y garantizar una buena salud democrática",1,-1,[],[51534]],["en la medida en que está relacionada con la convergencia",1,-1,[],[15248]],["es fundamental para dar herramientas de contrapoder a los usuarios-consumidores",1,-1,[],[30425]],["fortalecer la alfabetización mediática, la participación ciudadana y la resiliencia democrática frente a discursos engañosos",1,-1,[],[52790]],["iniciativas de alfabetización mediática y prácticas responsables que puedan mitigar la propagación de fake news y promover modelos publicitarios más éticos",1,-1,[],[30425]],["la alfabetización mediática facilita que el ciudadano sea capaz de controlar la referencia emocional a la que apelan los contenidos que desinforman; es decir, frente a una decisión impulsiva derivada de una emoción que desprende un contenido informativo, el ciudadano ha de ser capaz de pensar si el contenido informativo es falso o no, ha de discernir si el contenido es información o desinformación.",1,-1,[],[13322]],["la alfabetización mediática necesita ser uno de los focos o tendencias futuras para combatir la desinformación",1,-1,[],[10820]],["la propia ciudadanía la que debe formarse en el buen uso de los medios, para ser capaz de identificar la información rigurosa y distinguirla de las falsedades",1,-1,[],[15248]],["mecanismos que permiten a la sociedad desarrollar su alfabetización mediática y minimizar el impacto de la desinformación en su cotidianidad",1,-1,[],[52790]],["que las personas sean conscientes de los procesos de verificación y de la realidad de las plataformas a través de las que consumen contenido",1,-1,[],[10820]],["se trata de formar a la audiencia en conductas o hábitos para mejorar su consumo informativo.",1,-1,[],[52790]],["un proceso que debe ser abordado desde una perspectiva realista y progresiva",1,-1,[],[10820]],["una estrategia muy a largo plazo y que requiere definir muy claramente cómo se aplica para que sea efectiva",1,-1,[],[10820]],["una herramienta fundamental en la lucha contra la desinformación",1,-1,[],[10820]],["una herramienta vital para combatir la desinformación",1,-1,[],[10820]]],"sy":[["Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional (AMI)",1,6412,[],[10820]],["educación mediática",1,-1,[],[54552]],["formación de ciudadanos preparados para detectar noticias falsas o diferenciarlas de las verdaderas",1,-1,[],[10820]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[15248]]],"rt":[["alfabetismo transmedia",1,-1,[],[15248]],["alfabetización digital",1,-1,[],[15248]],["alfabetización informacional",1,24161,[],[15248]],["alfabetización informativa",1,4342,[],[15248]],["alfabetización mediática e 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that is understood by 'normal' people and differs from the difficult and formal language of the elite.",1,-1,[],[2339]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Although food justice is an orientation to the food system, it is also an orientation to the people, places, non-human animals, and the economic and ecological relations by which the food system is organized.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["Emphasizing not only the need for more just outcomes, but equities in participatory processes of advocacy, food justice posits intersectional thinking about the raced, classed, gendered, anthropocentric, and colonial dimensions of food systems.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["Food justice is as much about grassroots tactics, policy, and action as it is about the cultural and communicative shifts needed to tackle all forms of injustice that intersect with food systems.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["Food justice scholarship straddles orientations of both reform and transformation while challenging the food movement to better center power, history, and positionality in their advocacy.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["Therefore, focusing on the symptoms of these crises alone (food insecurity, nutrition, and affordability) can neglect more structural criticisms of poverty, uneven decision-making, and systemic racism.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["While food justice often invokes a commitment to \"communities exercising their right to grow, sell, and eat healthy food\" that is \"fresh, nutritious, affordable, culturally-appropriate, and grown locally with care for the well-being of land, workers, and animals\" (Just Food, n.d.), it also emphasizes that these tenets should be led by the peoples most marginalized in the food system (Alkon & Agyeman, 2011).",1,-1,[],[4869]],["a \"relatively unformed concept, subject to multiple interpretations\"",1,-1,[],[4869]],["a perspective that critiques the homogeneity and whiteness of AFMs (Alkon & Agyeman, 2011;Guthman, 2008a;Guthman 2008b;Harper, 2010;Slocum, 2007)",1,-1,[],[4869]],["food justice as a concept, orientation, and rallying cry for greater participation, equity, and justice within and beyond the food system.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["takes the position that injustices within the food system continue to disproportionately impact poor and working-class communities of color.",1,-1,[],[4869]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["just sustainabilities",1,-1,[],[4869]],["social and environmental justice",1,-1,[],[4869]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a food justice position advocates for intervention into the food system along four axes: trauma/inequity, exchange, land, and labor.",1,-1,[],[4869]],["labor justice, economic disparities, gentrification, housing, transportation, immigration, and climate change are often essential components of food justice",1,-1,[],[4869]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[57258]],["legends with a sliding truth scale",1,-1,[],[57258]],["memes",1,12094,[],[57258]],["tall tales",1,-1,[],[57258]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Allegiance does not require approval of their methods, but rather a broader sympathy with their cause or well-being. Films can encourage allegiance by highlighting injustices that characters are resisting and the ethical dilemmas they face.",1,-1,[],[39334]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Structures of Sympathy",1,26197,[],[39334]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["including cultural restrictions and religion-based constraints",1,-1,[],[52707]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["censorship",1,14297,[],[52707]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It is a deliberate strategy of 'gaslighting', aimed at the dislocation of our sense of certainty about the world.",1,-1,[],[10583]],["Post-truth politics can adopt racist and libertarian discourses at one time and racist and totalitarian discourses at another.",1,-1,[],[37470]],["The function and effect of post-truth discourse is to create a kind of cognitive dissonance, a general sense of confusion about what is true and false, contributing to an inability to accurately map our political terrain.",1,-1,[],[10583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alternative facts",1,31822,[],[10583]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[37470]],["manipulation",1,148,[],[37470]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[10583]],["othering",1,13537,[],[37470]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[37470]],["racist discourse",1,25131,[],[37470]],["social media",1,6683,[],[37470]],["xenophobia",1,30438,[],[37470]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["state-of-the-art bot detection models still need to deal with generalisation and computational efficiency challenges, that could greatly limit their applications.",1,-1,[],[1473]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["matrix of domination",1,14233,[],[35152]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["cómo, una vez visionado, el consumo del true crime continúa en el espacio virtual al objeto de descubrir nuevas evidencias y aportar conclusiones sobre la inocencia o culpabilidad de los acusados.",1,-1,[],[12662]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of audience research, quality is mostly defined as a subjective appraisal that depends on the user's expectations toward the media content",1,-1,[],[44958]],["It can be understood as a relational value judgment of individuals based on the perception of the existence or lack of features, attributes and stylistic properties inherent to media communication",1,-1,[],[44958]],["It can be understood as a relational value judgment of individuals based on the perception of the existence or lack of features, attributes and stylistic properties inherent to media communication (Wolling, 2002(Wolling, , 2009)).",1,-1,[],[44958]],["QUALITY [is] a supermaxim -'Try to make your contribution one that is true'",1,-1,[],[21499]],["quality is mostly defined as a subjective appraisal that depends on the user's expectations toward the media content and, therefore, focuses on the perspective of the individual and the audience.",1,-1,[],[44958]],["these three classes are very closely related in the Appraisal taxonomy",1,-1,[],[21843]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["IMPACT",1,23216,[],[21843]],["VALUATION",1,33281,[],[21843]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[44958]],["media skepticism",1,11526,[],[44958]],["trust in media",1,14276,[],[44958]]],"sb":[["a. Do not say what you believe to be false. [=Don't lie!]",1,-1,[],[21499]],["b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. [=Don't guess!]",1,-1,[],[21499]]],"sp":[["REACTION",1,23118,[],[21843]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To deal with a range of dynamic embeddings representing individual words, CEAT measures the distribution of effect sizes that are embedded in a neural language model.",1,-1,[],[7356]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["WEAT",1,20859,[],[7356]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Photo shows Italians prostrating themselves and praying to Allah, during the coronavirus crisis.",1,-1,[],[52814]]]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Commentator Stephen Colbert calls this effect \"truthiness,\" a sense that a belief is true without checking the facts (\"Truthiness,\" n.d.).",1,-1,[],[60271]],["When people rapidly judge the truth of claims presented with or without related but nonprobative photos, the photos tend to inflate the subjective truth of those claims-a \"truthiness\" effect (Newman et al., 2012).",1,-1,[],[2780]],["depend on expectations acquired in the experimental context, and occur only when there is a discrepancy in the expected ease of processing",1,-1,[],[2780]],["no sólo va a fungir como antecedente para la posverdad, sino que ayudó a circunscribir el asunto de la influencia de los hechos alternativos en el debate público.",1,-1,[],[13460]],["nonprobative photos that are related to trivia claims can foster belief in those claims, true or false.",1,-1,[],[2780]],["photos tend to inflate the subjective truth of those claims-a \"truthiness\" effect",1,-1,[],[2780]],["related photos produced truthiness",1,-1,[],[2780]],["truthiness and falsiness depend on expectations acquired in the experimental context, and occur only when there is a discrepancy in the expected ease of processing",1,-1,[],[2780]],["truthiness may be driven, in part, by an illusion of evidence created by the photo, rather than changes in the ease of processing produced by the photo.",1,-1,[],[28430]]],"sy":[["truth effect",1,12062,[],[28430]],["verosimilitud",1,-1,[],[13460]]],"rt":[["falsiness",1,31074,[],[2780]],["illusion of evidence",1,3429,[],[28430]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[50198]],["posverdad",1,9327,[],[13460]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[50198]]],"ex":[["Sean Hannity",1,-1,[],[50198]],["nonprobative related photos lead people to believe a claim",1,-1,[],[2780]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["foundational for enhancing democratic processes, promoting citizen participation, public decision-making, and building trust in institutions",1,-1,[],[36755]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Politische Akteure im Mittelpunkt des Skandals",1,-1,[],[21275]],["Politskandale \"usually embrace at least one of the four ingredients -often more than one -which bring joy to a journalist's heart: sex, royalty, religion and money\"",1,-1,[],[21275]]],"sy":[["politischer Skandal",1,31942,[],[21275]]],"rt":[["Machtmissbrauch und Korruption",1,-1,[],[21275]],["Sittenverfall",1,-1,[],[21275]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Skandal",1,-1,[],[21275]]],"ex":[["Barschel-Affäre",1,-1,[],[21275]],["die Theater-Skandale des Kulturlebens, die Doping-Skandale des Sports, die Sex-Skandale der Haute volée",1,-1,[],[21275]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the choice not to have children",1,-1,[],[43357]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["reposting, utilizing hashtags, or updating profile pictures",1,-1,[],[38960]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It centralizes knowledge production and enunciation, perpetuates global inequities, and exploits data and labour from the Global South.",1,-1,[],[41856]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In this scenario, active individuals are perceived to represent inactive ones [18,19]. This notion of representation, for example, is applied when participants are invited by means of newspaper advertisements or via mailing lists or when they are recruited by means of a convenience sample.",1,-1,[],[9964]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pre-selection",1,11528,[],[35554]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["One example of a PIA in BMRI that involved a self-selected group of participants is reported in [36]: this paper reports a set of practical exercises for laypeople that were designed for explaining the value of experiments on Drosophila melanogaster.",1,-1,[],[9964]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":37,"df":[],"de":[["In some cases, it is not so clear whether a word is referring to an event or not. Consider these harder cases to be events.",1,-1,[],[23808]],["The term \"event\" is used as a cover term to refer to any situations that can happen, occur, or hold.",1,-1,[],[12396]],["covering both dynamic and static situations (i.e. events and states).",1,-1,[],[12396]],["their inclusion or omission shapes how a news story is perceived",1,-1,[],[57271]]],"sy":[["eventuality",1,-1,[],[12396]]],"rt":[["action component referring to what happens or holds",1,-1,[],[12396]],["event relations",1,4218,[],[52034]],["location component which links the action component to a place/location",1,-1,[],[12396]],["participant component, which illustrates the \"who\" or \"what\" is involved in the action component",1,-1,[],[12396]],["time slot which is responsible for anchoring the action in time",1,-1,[],[12396]]],"sb":[["Counter-partisan events",1,17919,[],[46174]],["Partisan events",1,24518,[],[46174]],["generic events",1,-1,[],[23808]],["nominal events",1,-1,[],[23808]],["stative events",1,-1,[],[23808]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["earthquake",1,-1,[],[23808]],["earthquake, meeting, jumping, talking",1,-1,[],[23808]],["jumping",1,-1,[],[23808]],["meeting",1,-1,[],[23808]],["talking",1,-1,[],[23808]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the Indian context, 'Islamic feminism' thus poses a dilemma at the theoretical-conceptual level. On the one hand, some women dislike being associated with Islamic feminism.",1,-1,[],[57456]],["In the Indian context, 'Islamic feminism' thus poses a dilemma at the theoretical-conceptual level. On the one hand, some women dislike being associated with Islamic feminism. On the other hand, in actual practice, Muslim feminist organising has been heavily influenced by both Islamic texts as well as texts of modern feminist thought.",1,-1,[],[57456]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["sentences",1,-1,[],[12261]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["proposes that digital devices are in part formative and therefore potentially indicative of controversy dynamics online",1,-1,[],[8365]],["seeks to bring publicity devices that are specific to digital culture within the empirical frame of controversy analysis",1,-1,[],[8365]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["precautionary approach",1,30058,[],[8365]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["When corrective information is difficult to refute, individuals resort to relative weighting",1,-1,[],[41938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The analysis shows that the camera emphasises the theme of isolation in the documentaries by focusing away from the subjects toward the surroundings, such as abandoned hospital rooms and their immediate environment, to provide a more subjective sense of isolation endured by people living with HIV/AIDS.",1,-1,[],[31584]],["The frames of isolation illuminate past events by depicting reality, while also generating meanings that extend beyond mere pictorial representation.",1,-1,[],[31584]],["The frames of isolation in both documentaries reflect the loneliness and social disregard that people with HIV/AIDS endured during the epidemic and continue to face afterwards.",1,-1,[],[31583]],["a film frame can convey both radical and ambiguous meanings.",1,-1,[],[31583]],["a narrative attempt to recall the past through the present, functioning as a nonsubjective flashback",1,-1,[],[31583]],["brings the past into the present as a long-term memory, enabling comprehension of the speakers' emotions",1,-1,[],[31583]],["conveys the socially constructed meanings associated with HIV",1,-1,[],[31583]],["evokes a structure that suggests isolation or an enclosed space through a container schema that generates a sense of psychological boundaries",1,-1,[],[31583]],["the frame of isolation becomes an artistic medium that preserves the collective memory of the AIDS crisis.",1,-1,[],[31584]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame",1,7860,[],[31584]],["isolation",1,-1,[],[31584]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the Palm Springs desert functions as a frame of isolation",1,-1,[],[31583]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, it describes the subjective feeling of 'not knowing'",1,-1,[],[5721]],["In other words, it describes the subjective feeling of 'not knowing' [92,93].",1,-1,[],[5721]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic or scientific uncertainty",1,-1,[],[5721]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[2999]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["constructed between the ordinary public and the controlling elite",1,-1,[],[43260]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["blockage in the collective memory-work of Eastern European, Hungarian filmmaker and audience collectivities",1,-1,[],[13131]],["leave their trace on modes of collective memory-work too, operationalized in the present article at the intersection of communicational generational positioning and -amateur and critical -audience success of historical films.",1,-1,[],[13131]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, when news coverage is often performed by the news media, it stops from making reference to structural issues such as inequality in relation to class struggle; an approach that is still considered to be 'too ideological' in most newsrooms.",1,-1,[],[45157]],["Fox (2013: 270) suggests a Rawlsian view, according to which objectivity \"mandates journalists to proceed in a manner that we can reasonably expect others to accept as reasonable.\"",1,-1,[],[28495]],["Indeed, the concept of journalistic objectivity was historically employed in the newsroom as a way of detaching news coverage from wider structural social and economic issues.",1,-1,[],[45157]],["has been frequently discussed as the polar opposite of emotion",1,-1,[],[5010]],["historically intertwined in the public imagination -and among journalistic values-with freedom and democracy",1,-1,[],[45157]],["one of the key notions in journalism theory and practice",1,-1,[],[45157]],["the concept of journalistic objectivity was historically employed in the newsroom as a way of detaching news coverage from wider structural social and economic issues.",1,-1,[],[45157]],["this adjudicative process can be seen as editorializing, conflicting with the orthodox notion of journalistic objectivity (Cazzamatta, 2025b)",1,-1,[],[54522]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Objectivity (scientific)",1,8366,[],[43160]],["emotion",1,22181,[],[5010]],["news values",1,27917,[],[45157]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[45157]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["this has led to a predominantly individualistic account of poverty and social exclusion that is constructed through the voices of elite sources and that nevertheless reflect market ideology while claiming objectivity and factual analysis",1,-1,[],[45157]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Merton (1973) defined the ethos of science (i.e., the set of norms and values that rule science) in terms of the four basic norms: communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism.",1,-1,[],[25325]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["communism",1,1588,[],[25325]],["disinterestedness",1,25169,[],[25325]],["organized skepticism",1,27161,[],[25325]],["universalism",1,6916,[],[25325]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intertextual similarity",1,-1,[],[28695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["KGs",1,-1,[],[41999]]],"rt":[["domain-specific external knowledge",1,-1,[],[33186]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Freebase (Bollacker et al., 2008)",1,-1,[],[41999]],["Wikidata (Vrandecic and Krötzsch, 2014)",1,-1,[],[41999]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Displaced self-esteem (which has not previously been identified as a distinct class of findings) is a relative of well-known reciprocity and ingratiation effects that involve reciprocal exchange of gifts, favors, or praise (Jones, 1964;Regan, 1971; see Cialdini, 1993, for an overview of reciprocity effects).",1,-1,[],[17268]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ingratiation",1,15361,[],[17268]],["reciprocal exchange phenomena",1,-1,[],[17268]],["reciprocity",1,34803,[],[17268]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attenuating translation",1,32785,[],[37261]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The conduct must be so \"extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.\"",1,-1,[],[20910]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A larger number of web portals and pluralism of media content, more accurately, various topics and styles, create space for a dialogue on the Internet through its transformation.",1,-1,[],[31569]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["forceful Germanisation would not even be necessary, as these small 'splinters of nations' would be unable to withstand the impact of German progress and would in a generation be anyway completely overrun by the settlement of 2 million German-speakers from Russia with their high nativity rates.",1,-1,[],[33471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["denationalisation",1,-1,[],[33471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Scarcity is distinct from absolute deprivation, and abundance, from unbounded and infinite possibility.",1,-1,[],[39510]],["Scarcity traditionally has mapped onto limits on freedom.",1,-1,[],[39510]],["Under the language of scarcity, limits promote outcomes, for example through rights to exclude, deprivation of a benefit, or imposition of a burden.",1,-1,[],[39510]],["scarcity and abundance are rhetorical constructs that inform different regulatory institutions.",1,-1,[],[39510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["abundance",1,31383,[],[39510]],["distinct from absolute deprivation",1,-1,[],[39510]]],"sb":[["High-Demand Message",1,28719,[],[9612]],["Low-Stock Message",1,-1,[],[9612]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["applications of the notion of scepticism in the literature are for the most part not limited to this narrow framing -more commonly being extended to conceptualise doubts about a wider range of societal, political and personal responses to climate change.",1,-1,[],[1675]],["conceptualise doubts about a wider range of societal, political and personal responses to climate change",1,-1,[],[1675]],["shorthand for disengagement or disbelief",1,-1,[],[1675]]],"sy":[["climate denialism",1,5843,[],[1675]],["contrarianism",1,-1,[],[1675]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["epistemic scepticism",1,18634,[],[1675]],["response scepticism",1,12361,[],[1675]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["The bandwagon effect is based on the general rule that beliefs spread and grow when people want to associate themselves with success. Opinions change according to the viewpoint adopted by the majority.",1,-1,[],[36011]],["the bandwagon effect [194], for instance, is the tendency to align to the opinion of what is perceived as a big mass of other individuals",1,-1,[],[1470]],["to be liked and/or accepted by the community, normal users are encouraged to engage in fake news activities when many users have done so (i.e., peer pressure)",1,-1,[],[7122]]],"sy":[["bandwagon effect",1,11022,[],[54270]],["promoting a socially accepted image",1,-1,[],[41792]]],"rt":[["argumentum ad populum",1,-1,[],[36011]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance by effect",1,20733,[],[32509]]],"ex":[["A tweet went viral; thus, it must convey true content.",1,-1,[],[32509]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["ML engages in creating fictions, without awareness. For instance, in the creation of data (Gitelman, 2013) and in the amplification of dominant discourses (Zhao et al., 2017). The predominant function of these fictions has been to imagine a single past that reflect hegemonic trends in our contemporary.",1,-1,[],[23576]],["What the field of historical fiction affords is drawing out marginalized and minoritized histories that have otherwise been forgotten or suppressed",1,-1,[],[23576]],["What the field of historical fiction affords is drawing out marginalized and minoritized histories that have otherwise been forgotten or suppressed (White, 2005).",1,-1,[],[23576]],["can address the difficult question of creating models that embody worlds more closely related to our own and provide NLP practitioners with methods that surface the real, rather than the factual.",1,-1,[],[23576]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["potential histories",1,13107,[],[23576]],["traditional history",1,5694,[],[23576]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hedges",1,3780,[],[42499]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["covering (a) the significance of understanding it, (b) theories surrounding it, and (c) its application in advertisements, news, and movies",1,-1,[],[56887]],["divided into three aspects: to inform, persuade, and entertain.",1,-1,[],[56887]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reasons or purposes behind writing the news",1,-1,[],[56887]]],"sb":[["entertain",1,11368,[],[56887]],["persuade",1,-1,[],[56887]],["to inform",1,-1,[],[56887]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":52,"df":[],"de":[["Although it is mentioned as negativity in journalism studies, we prefer the broader term Sentiment as both negative (e.g., disasters) and positive (e.g., winning a World Cup) events are covered as stories in the news.",1,-1,[],[58874]],["In addition to polarity of the sentiment (positive, negative and neutral), it is further categorized into eight emotions (Mikels et al., 2005) as fear, sadness, disgust, anger, amusement, contentment, awe, and excitement.",1,-1,[],[58874]],["In this case, we evaluate the sentiment of generations when prompted with tokens that encode or represent certain protected categories. We use Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) (Hutto and Gilbert, 2014) to calculate the sentiment score of a text. Using this score, we report the sentiment ratio of the generations, which is the ratio of text generating a positive, negative, or neutral score.",1,-1,[],[36990]],["It is typically measured using computational methods such as dictionary-based approaches or ML models.",1,-1,[],[32043]],["Sentiment analysis techniques have a long history in natural language processing and have become a standard tool in the analysis of political texts, promising a conceptually straightforward automated method of extracting meaning from textual data by scoring documents on a scale from positive to negative.",1,-1,[],[2398]],["Supportive and approving sentiment may suggest affective alignment with trust, while critical and hostile expressions may reflect orientations consistent with distrust (Mohammad & Turney, 2013).",1,-1,[],[11228]],["While sentiment is not equivalent to trust, it may contribute to the erosion of trust over time, especially in high-stakes contexts that demand public cooperation.",1,-1,[],[11228]],["While sentiment is not equivalent to trust, it may reflect the emotional orientations that often accompany trust in political and crisis contexts.",1,-1,[],[11228]],["conceptually tractable",1,-1,[],[2398]],["distinct concepts that, although related, cannot necessarily be treated as interchangeable",1,-1,[],[2398]],["it is possible for both approving and opposing stances towards the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to be expressed using either positive or negative sentiment.",1,-1,[],[2398]],["many words have a recognizable positive or negative valence which can be recorded in a dictionary of term-valence pairs, then applied to any given document to produce an aggregate measure of its overall tone or polarity.",1,-1,[],[2398]],["more specific and nuanced aspects of sentiment such as connotation (Feng et al., 2013), good and bad effects (Choi and Wiebe, 2014), and evoked sentiment (Mohammad and Turney, 2010)",1,-1,[],[35363]],["plays a particularly important role in digital environments where communication is rapid, spontaneous, and often emotionally charged.",1,-1,[],[11228]],["public discourse from this time reflects the high levels of (largely negative) emotions that defined the proceedings.",1,-1,[],[2398]]],"sy":[["belief",1,8928,[],[16363]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[16363]],["view",1,19661,[],[16363]]],"rt":[["affect",1,12652,[],[54290]],["distrust",1,33632,[],[11228]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[48316]],["regard",1,24627,[],[22184]],["stance",1,2283,[],[2398]],["subjectivity",1,5279,[],[48316]],["trust",1,34511,[],[11228]]],"sb":[["connotation",1,19615,[],[35363]],["evoked sentiment",1,-1,[],[35363]],["good and bad effects",1,-1,[],[35363]],["mixed",1,25060,[],[20017]],["negative",1,27826,[],[20017]],["positive",1,26933,[],[20017]],["positive, negative, and neutral",1,-1,[],[58874]]],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[58874]]],"ex":[["expressions of appreciation, support, or confidence that often align with positive orientations toward a communicator",1,-1,[],[11228]],["expressions of criticism or hostility reflect negative evaluations",1,-1,[],[11228]],["her feminist sentiments are well-known",1,-1,[],[16363]],["usage of positive vocabulary (tone/language) (e.g., happy, saved, beautiful) or negative vocabulary (e.g., terrible, bad, worried).",1,-1,[],[58874]],["whether a product review is positive or negative",1,-1,[],[13607]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we aggregate all these resulting words into biased concepts, by clustering the most common biased words based on their embedding similarity.",1,-1,[],[34379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["friendship network",1,9659,[],[20607]],["homogeneous networks",1,32781,[],[301]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Humorous effects created by puns depend upon the ambiguities the words entail.",1,-1,[],[19689]],["Humorous effects created by puns depend upon the ambiguities the words entail. These ambiguities arise mostly in homophones and homonyms (literarydevices.net 2020).",1,-1,[],[19689]],["Puns are usually created when a polysemous word is used to suggest two or more meanings (commonly literal vs figurative) or the use of homonyms",1,-1,[],[33769]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Word Play",1,20032,[],[35393]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Understood thus, social epistemology is essentially stigmergic.",1,-1,[],[1441]],["a new paradigm for discussing journalistic knowledge",1,-1,[],[26675]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stigmergic",1,-1,[],[1441]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Podmiot się nie zmienia, zmienia się kontekst jego działań. Pomimo przeciwności losu podmiot pozostaje wierny sobie, trwanie jest źródłem wartości moralnej",1,-1,[],[13365]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These are communication dynamics and indicate that this response's strategy is more political than personal; there usually is a context with opportunities and constraints.",1,-1,[],[54301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["institutional voice",1,15613,[],[47967]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["locutionary act",2,2641,[],[18568,26853]],["perlocutionary act",2,22142,[],[18568,26853]],["linguistic act",1,24451,[],[26853]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["acts that may be (simultaneously) performed in an utterance",1,-1,[],[645]],["linguistic act",1,24451,[],[26853]],["speech act theory",1,6548,[],[26853]]],"ex":[["I commanded that he must not do that",1,-1,[],[18568]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["intrinsically linked with white supremacist ideology and serves as a dog whistle to those on the far-right.",1,-1,[],[16672]],["suggests being a willful participant in one' s own undoing due to adopting a supposedly corrupted value system",1,-1,[],[16672]]],"sy":[["lemming",1,-1,[],[16672]]],"rt":[["sheeple",1,5074,[],[16672]]],"sb":[["cuckservative",1,20432,[],[16672]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["logic of evaluation",1,30315,[],[60458]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Connectives include coordinators (such as and, or but), subordinators (such as because, or while), as well as linking adverbs (such as therefore, or however; Dorgeloh and Wanner 2022).",1,-1,[],[58242]],["can help to automatically verify if a premise is related to a given claim and, with that, also aid stance detection.",1,-1,[],[58242]]],"sy":[["enunciative markers",1,17767,[],[22794]],["linking words",1,-1,[],[58242]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["coordinators",1,24280,[],[58242]],["coordinators (such as and, or but)",1,-1,[],[58242]],["linking adverbs",1,22119,[],[58242]],["linking adverbs (such as therefore, or however; Dorgeloh and Wanner 2022)",1,-1,[],[58242]],["subordinators",1,32760,[],[58242]],["subordinators (such as because, or while)",1,-1,[],[58242]]],"sp":[["Pragmatic markers (PrMs)",1,31969,[],[22794]]],"ex":[["but",1,-1,[],[58242]],["therefore",1,-1,[],[58242]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["strong relationship",1,31264,[],[16984]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["preferences",1,5427,[],[60741]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["Bishop described a number of characteristics of the political polarization. First, differences between members of the political community are accompanied by groupings of homogeneous people. Second, people with the same political choices gather in one group, and tend not to recognize other groups. Third, these differences are often difficult to put together because political choices are seen not only as winning or losing but also as a life choice.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["First, differences between members of the political community are accompanied by groupings of homogeneous people.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["From the communication network data, it can be concluded that there is political polarization related to the social media users' conversations about Covid-19. Social media users are divided into pro and anti-Jokowi groups.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["More specifically, polarization refers to the point where issue attitudes or ideology become the center of opposite poles in the self-identification of citizens (e.g., Stroud, 2008).",1,-1,[],[1995]],["Political polarization is the motif in this scenario as it is in the time of the establishment of the city that this motif organizes the plot, thematizes as the us versus them.",1,-1,[],[55280]],["Second, people with the same political choices gather in one group, and tend not to recognize other groups.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["Social media users are divided into pro and anti-Jokowi groups. This is proven in the network visualization where the network is divided into pro and anti-Jokowi groups.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["The political polarization is a result of dispute, rivalry, of the fact that one cannot occupy the privileged place of the other.",1,-1,[],[55280]],["The political polarization is a result of dispute, rivalry, of the fact that one cannot occupy the privileged place of the other. Thus, the seed of political polarization is the fight over space, the space of us and them, which is reflected throughout the novel on different levels.",1,-1,[],[55280]],["Third, these differences are often difficult to put together because political choices are seen not only as winning or losing but also as a life choice.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["a result of dispute, rivalry, of the fact that one cannot occupy the privileged place of the other.",1,-1,[],[55280]],["difference in attitudes",1,-1,[],[28396]],["differences between members of the political community are accompanied by groupings of homogeneous people.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["people with the same political choices gather in one group, and tend not to recognize other groups.",1,-1,[],[37283]],["supporters of opposing political camps are reluctant to engage in friendly interactions, for example, in family functions, civic associations, their free time activities and workplaces",1,-1,[],[44576]],["the divergence in people's attitudes regarding political issues such as immigration or climate change",1,-1,[],[8321]],["the seed of political polarization is the fight over space, the space of us and them, which is reflected throughout the novel on different levels.",1,-1,[],[55280]],["these differences are often difficult to put together because political choices are seen not only as winning or losing but also as a life choice.",1,-1,[],[37283]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["confirmation biases",1,16709,[],[8321]],["motif of encounter",1,-1,[],[55280]],["political tribalism",1,10049,[],[37283]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[8321]]],"sb":[["Affective polarization",1,15569,[],[60678]],["affective",1,31557,[],[60678]],["consistency",1,346,[],[60678]],["divergence",1,21483,[],[60678]],["identity-based polarization",1,27495,[],[1995]],["ideological polarization",1,27446,[],[1995]],["perceived",1,-1,[],[60678]],["perceived polarization",1,14963,[],[60678]]],"sp":[["polarization",1,21850,[],[28612]],["static polarization",1,26541,[],[28612]]],"ex":[["issue alignment",1,-1,[],[60678]],["issue partisanship",1,-1,[],[60678]],["partisan sorting",1,-1,[],[60678]],["supporters of opposing political camps are reluctant to engage in friendly interactions, for example, in family functions, civic associations, their free time activities and workplaces",1,-1,[],[44576]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This echo chamber phenomenon encompasses inter-cited news media sources publishing news of similar content or factuality, as well as social friends expressing similar stance with respect to news article(s) of similar content.",1,-1,[],[49904]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Their identity negotiation is constrained by dual pressures from both the government and news organizations leaving limited room for professional autonomy in their daily practices.",1,-1,[],[41348]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["A pastoral letter read in Polish parishes in December 2013 stated that 'gender ideology' originated from Marxism and was being imposed by foreign bodies without knowledge or consent from parents, threatening family values and leading to depravity",1,-1,[],[24210]],["A pastoral letter read in Polish parishes in December 2013 stated that 'gender ideology' originated from Marxism and was being imposed by foreign bodies without knowledge or consent from parents, threatening family values and leading to depravity (Sroczynski, 2016, p. 89).",1,-1,[],[24210]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["LGBTQ ideology",1,-1,[],[24210]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a prominent bishop, Tadeusz Pieronek, stating that this ideology was 'worse than Communism and Nazism put together'",1,-1,[],[24210]],["gender mainstreaming, gendered accounts of violence, gender studies, reproductive rights, and non-normative sexualities",1,-1,[],[47199]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Concrete",1,23896,[],[51839]]],"ex":[["crooked nose",1,-1,[],[51839]],["crooked nose, fat, nonsymmetrical",1,-1,[],[51839]],["fat",1,-1,[],[51839]],["nonsymmetrical",1,-1,[],[51839]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a sense of inferiority or shame at our own insignificance",1,-1,[],[22992]],["guilt over our own role in the creation of the crime problem",1,-1,[],[22992]],["guilt regarding our own sexual desires",1,-1,[],[22992]],["sadistic impulses to humiliate others",1,-1,[],[22992]],["sublimated into jealousy and admiration for the criminal's exploits",1,-1,[],[22992]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["public attitudes to crime and punishment",1,-1,[],[22992]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As autoridades administrativas e militares responsáveis pela ação psicológica desenvolveram e divulgaram os seus instrumentos de cima para baixo. Por meio de banjas, panfletos, cartazes, difusão de informação na rádio, melhoria do nível de vida e assistência à população, caracterizada por habitação (aldeias), apoio à saúde, acesso à educação e atividade econômica, presença militar para garantir a segurança e controle da população, bem como influenciar a imprensa internacional",1,-1,[],[39855]],["Desenvolveu cartazes, panfletos, jornais e radiodifusão em línguas moçambicanas (a Rádio Voz Africana, em ondas curtas e médias, que alcançava todos os distritos da Província, também a Rádio Pax, ligada à Diocese da Beira e a Rádio Aero Clube da Beira), emitindo-se mensagens anti-FRELIMO e que procuravam minar a sua luta.",1,-1,[],[39855]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contra-subversão",1,27810,[],[39855]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["divide and rule",1,9633,[],[60249]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["understands audiences algorithmically, attending to patterns of downstream interaction as input for future editorial decisions.",1,-1,[],[5230]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["rendering broad adjectives more abstract than narrow adjectives.",1,-1,[],[24126]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["narrow adjectives",1,18949,[],[24125,24126]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["talented",1,-1,[],[24125,24126]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender norms",1,21472,[],[60702]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["enquadramento",1,6729,[],[39849]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["where the node at the top position in the ranking is identified as the source",1,-1,[],[27318]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Described as information processes, sociality can be expressed as a threefold interconnected process of cognition (a), communication (b) and cooperation (c, d)",1,-1,[],[25225]],["produces asymmetric power whereby 'sociality' is individual, de-humanized, and raw material for intervention.",1,-1,[],[14893]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["co-operation",1,-1,[],[25225]],["community",1,8945,[],[25225]],["social facts",1,1820,[],[25225]],["social relations",1,25628,[],[25225]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Modalities of audience inclusion not related to the news-making process",1,-1,[],[9472]]],"ex":[["social gatherings (type 6), such as an invitation to brew beer with journalists of the French newspaper L'Union",1,-1,[],[9472]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Easterbrook and Hadden (2021) characterize these psychological barriers as a sense of threat to social identity and a feeling of incongruence between student identity and educational success.",1,-1,[],[412]],["Psychological barriers in the context of online learning include cues in learning environments, such as verbal, visual, or behavioral artifacts, that may unconsciously threaten learners' social identities by signaling the importance of certain social identities, such as majorities, for a given subject",1,-1,[],[412]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["eugenics",1,19844,[],[54049]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["being effective usually depends on the goal that has been set for the communication.",1,-1,[],[50468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["have a healthy lifestyle",1,-1,[],[50468]],["quit smoking",1,-1,[],[50468]],["reduce alcohol drinking",1,-1,[],[50468]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Nonmalicious impoliteness is a by-product of S undertaking the task at hand, requirements of her role, or similar (Goffman 1967: 14;Culpeper et al. 2003Culpeper et al. : 1549;;Culpeper 2005: 36Ϫ37).",1,-1,[],[17820]],["a by-product of S undertaking the task at hand, requirements of her role, or similar",1,-1,[],[17820]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ingroup identification",1,10936,[],[33628]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["ingroup identification",1,10936,[],[33628]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In essence, corporate credibility in this study is the perceived expertise and trustworthiness of an organization in times of crisis.",1,-1,[],[3041]],["In the public sector, organizational credibility is associated with a concept of trust which has usually been viewed from an external environmental or an interorganizational social perspective",1,-1,[],[3041]],["Organizational credibility & additional social media determinants",1,-1,[],[35299]],["Organizational credibility is often related to organizational reputation; some even argue that it is derived from reputation.",1,-1,[],[35299]],["Their perception toward organizational curability reflects the organizational expertise, trustworthiness and essentially its reputation.",1,-1,[],[3041]]],"sy":[["corporate credibility",1,130,[],[3041]]],"rt":[["Organizational Reputation",2,9829,[["Organizational Reputation",1],["organizational reputation",1]],[3041,35299]],["social media determinants",1,-1,[],[35299]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["source credibility",1,22078,[],[35299]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Criticism must be conducted based on professional expertise",1,-1,[],[51661]],["The content typically balances factual reporting with professional observation and interpretation while incorporating personal and subjective insights",1,-1,[],[51661]],["the primary focus is on the commentary, which constitutes the main part of the writing",1,-1,[],[51661]]],"sy":[["reports and comments within the cultural field",1,-1,[],[51661]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["there currently exists a wellestablished Fatosphere",1,-1,[],[54000]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["los derechistas se refieren al individualismo, los mercados libres y una intervención gubernamental limitada para promover el crecimiento económico",1,-1,[],[55936]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As a result, a totemic text becomes profoundly enmeshed as a resource of meaning-making, of self-identity, self-narrative and self-continuity.",1,-1,[],[55464]],["Symbolic threats may emerge that threaten the sanctity of the totemic relationship between self and object, and can induce nostalgic narratives as a method of meaning preservation as a regulatory and restorative balm",1,-1,[],[55464]],["Totemic nostalgia is thus \"a mourning of displacement and temporal irreversibility\"",1,-1,[],[55464]],["non-toxic",1,-1,[],[55464]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fan protectionism",1,-1,[],[55464]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cross-modal correlations",1,9245,[],[57904]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["News organization still set public agendas but social movements, like any group seeking greater attention or publicity, attempt to entice media to prioritize their concerns.",1,-1,[],[57950]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Agenda actions",1,-1,[],[57950]],["Agenda setting",1,425,[],[57950]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda actions",1,-1,[],[57950]]],"ex":[["Southern civil rights protests, for example, were often planned for mornings so footage could be flown to New York in time to air nationally on the evening news",1,-1,[],[57950]],["movement leaders selected Selma, AL, as a site for voting rights protests partly for its proximity to television network affiliates in Montgomery",1,-1,[],[57950]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["\"Where the progressive enlightenment sees political ideals,\" Land argues, \"the dark enlightenment sees appetites. It accepts that governments are made out of people, and that they will eat well. Setting its expectations as low as reasonably possible, it seeks only to spare civilization from frenzied, ruinous, gluttonous debauch ... It consistently finds democratic 'solutions' to this problem risible, at best.\" [11]",1,-1,[],[16042]],["It consistently finds democratic 'solutions' to this problem risible, at best.",1,-1,[],[16042]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["As such, reflection engages the individual's knowledge, skills, and attitudes to critically reflect on (media-communicated) messages in terms of specific criteria (such as credibility, source, and quality).",1,-1,[],[15183]],["As such, reflection includes being able to critically evaluate media content based on various criteria (e.g., according to journalistic quality criteria or legal guidelines) and having a good insight into the technical infrastructure of digital media (e.g., basic reflection of the workings of algorithms or ways to interact).",1,-1,[],[30411]],["In the context of critical media literacy, reflection means applying analytical criteria to online content and considering whether it is extremist and/or 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He is concurrently put through self-betrayal, confession, and the subsequent loss of identity. This increasingly causes a rift within himself, a sense of distancing between his former self and who he is becoming.",1,-1,[],[25002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["bearing witness to injustice",1,-1,[],[31275]],["damage",1,-1,[],[31275]],["numbers",1,-1,[],[31275]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Political refusal",1,27596,[],[47133]],["economic frame",1,16655,[],[47133]],["redefinition of the issue",1,4271,[],[47133]],["scientific approach",1,-1,[],[47133]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["LANCER [2] introduces the concept of news lifetime",1,-1,[],[50455]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["competence",1,11733,[],[53513]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["incoherencia insólita",1,10339,[],[40875]],["incoherencia paradójica",1,25792,[],[40875]],["lo paradójico",1,-1,[],[40875]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["incoherencias",1,-1,[],[40875]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As can be seen in Figs. 4, 5 and 6, polar expressions can take different forms: they can be adjectives, verbal constructions, noun phrases, etc.",1,-1,[],[26019]],["Note that we do not identify polar expressions below word level or above sentence level.",1,-1,[],[26019]],["These expressions are annotated on a sub-sentential level.",1,-1,[],[26019]],["no strict rules were defined about boundary detection or the types of words or phrases to be annotated as polar expressions.",1,-1,[],[26019]],["no strict rules were defined about boundary detection or the types of words or phrases to be annotated as polar expressions. Furthermore, a polar expression can consist of non-consecutive tokens",1,-1,[],[26019]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["objective (polar facts i.e. implicit expressions of sentiment)",1,-1,[],[26019]],["polar fact expressions",1,11357,[],[26019]],["private state expressions",1,15315,[],[26019]],["subjective (private states i.e. explicit expressions of sentiment)",1,-1,[],[26019]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["EUT",1,-1,[],[32616]]],"rt":[["Probability Theory",1,-1,[],[32616]],["Rational Choice Theory",1,16507,[],[32616]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Probability Theory",1,-1,[],[32616]],["Rational Choice Theory",1,16507,[],[32616]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["femonationalism",1,20335,[],[60742]],["freedom of speech",1,28733,[],[60742]],["homonationalism",1,20525,[],[60742]],["individual freedoms",1,-1,[],[60742]],["philosemitism",1,-1,[],[60742]],["secularism",1,21543,[],[60742]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["how climate change discourse constructs Latvia's position. The discourse systematically positions Latvia as a passive recipient of external environmental threats.",1,-1,[],[56850]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["axiological proximization",1,29554,[],[56850]],["temporal proximization",1,34712,[],[56850]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lexicogrammatical Strategy",1,-1,[],[56850]],["Proximization Theory (PT)",1,-1,[],[56850]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["UNRELIABLE",1,-1,[],[2817]],["providing manipulative and fabricated content with the purpose of misleading the public opinion on socially relevant issues and to provoke inflammatory responses",1,-1,[],[2817]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["perennial sources list",1,18486,[],[7459]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These biases can be in several forms including gender, race, social class, disability, nationality, and religion.",1,-1,[],[44028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, media skepticism leads D to make a decision similar to one that D would have made without new information gleaned from news reports.",1,-1,[],[56201]],["D less seriously considers the piece of news (i.e., x) as D becomes more skeptical of the media environment, which results in D's posterior expectation of the incumbent's characteristic being more densely distributed around the initial expectation (i.e., μ).",1,-1,[],[56201]],["citizens are skeptical about news reports as a reliable source of new information about the incumbent.",1,-1,[],[56201]],["misinformation beliefs correspond to media skepticism",1,-1,[],[8331]],["the piece of news from the media environment does not crucially change D's expectation about the incumbent's characteristic when D's media skepticism is strong.",1,-1,[],[56201]],["weak media skepticism of D leads to a meanpreserving spread of D's posterior expectation about the incumbent's characteristic, while strong media skepticism of D leads to a mean-preserving contraction of it.",1,-1,[],[56201]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deception",1,24454,[],[56201]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[56201]],["media cynicism",1,14443,[],[5375]],["mistrust",1,9960,[],[5375]],["news media trust",1,19803,[],[5375]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-selection",1,10989,[],[35553]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["People with low need for cognition are therefore more likely to endorse a Manichean outlook, the simplistic worldview that divides good and evil, which is typical of populist attitudes",1,-1,[],[61319]],["in which the society was seen as ultimately separated between ''us'' and ''them''",1,-1,[],[56623]],["the simplistic worldview that divides good and evil",1,-1,[],[61319]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist attitudes",1,5649,[],[61319]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This imagined public thus becomes an actor with agency and political significance, available to be invoked",1,-1,[],[48477]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Through this process, expression of emotion and its regulation in one individual will affect co-viewers and vice versa.",1,-1,[],[60611]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["when two smiling persons mimic each other, mutual feelings of liking are enhanced",1,-1,[],[60611]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity values",1,11640,[],[46015]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the camp of kufr (disbelief) and hypocrisy",1,-1,[],[27547]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["kuffar",1,20188,[],[27547]],["kuffar (unbeliever)",1,-1,[],[27547]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["capacity cues",1,-1,[],[24727]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["expressed vulnerability",1,-1,[],[24727]],["fear and sadness",1,-1,[],[24727]],["submissive",1,-1,[],[24727]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Los casos 1, 8 y 14 presentan la noticia bajo la categoría de extranjeros; 2, 5, 7, 9, 11 y 13 bajo la de emigrantes o inmigrantes y 3, 10 y 12 bajo la de refugiados -signo denotativo-.",1,-1,[],[53060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This notion of care somehow essentializes non-violences and romanticizes the non-possibility of ferocity in the protests.",1,-1,[],[47226]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[31032]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[14643]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["A \"victim\" may also be a legal person, or a member of the immediate family or household of the direct victim, as well as a person who, in intervening to assist a victim or prevent the occurrence of further violations, has suffered physical, mental, or economic harm.",1,-1,[],[21662]],["Because when the services provided by civil servants are not good, it will affect them.",1,-1,[],[37275]],["Because with this, public trust has decreased due to unsatisfactory services provided.",1,-1,[],[37275]],["Linking victim to sympathy and sympathy to help is the justification for social intervention.",1,-1,[],[12545]],["The Environment and the General Public dominate the Victim role",1,-1,[],[47436]],["The convert's desires and choices are completely determined by others.",1,-1,[],[35200]],["The victim emerges when the convert is repressed and victimised by others; and/or when the conversion itself is presumably the result of the convert's conformation to mechanisms outside of her/his control.",1,-1,[],[35200]],["The victim has little voice of her/his own, because other authorities decide about her/his fate, such as the Dutch immigration service.",1,-1,[],[35200]],["Their experiences evoke sympathy and calls for justice, focusing on either physical or economic suffering.",1,-1,[],[61265]],["converts are referred to as passive, as if they did not themselves decide actively about their conversion. This means that the conversion is narrated as forced, and the convert is represented as 'convinced' , 'manipulated' or 'indoctrinated' , thus as having been converted by others.",1,-1,[],[35200]],["the figure of the victim is assumed to lack any capacity for autonomous action or decision making.",1,-1,[],[35200]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["symbolic code",1,30116,[],[12545]],["symbolic code of victim",1,-1,[],[12545]],["sympathy",1,13856,[],[12545]]],"sb":[["victims of economic harm",1,-1,[],[61265]],["victims of physical harm",1,-1,[],[61265]]],"sp":[["Convert Figure",1,21457,[],[35200]],["Narrative Frame",1,32804,[],[47436]],["Narrative Policy Framework (NFP)",1,6499,[],[51301]],["innocent",1,-1,[],[61265]],["symbolic codes",1,30116,[],[12545]]],"ex":[["For example, when people need a land permit quickly for any administrative process. However, because the services provided by civil servants are slow and convoluted, the targets that have been set are not running well.",1,-1,[],[37275]],["Victims of natural disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes; individuals affected by violent crimes. Victims of economic blockades, sanctions, or boycotts.",1,-1,[],[61265]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical consuming",1,4304,[],[512]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["objectivity/subjectivity concept",1,-1,[],[15926]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Teadvus ei ole võimalik ilma kommunikatsioonita. Ses mõttes saab öelda, et dialoog eelneb keelele ja sünnitab keele.",1,-1,[],[10197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["economic frame",1,16655,[],[14709]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Fox News convinced 3.22 percent of its listeners that were not already voting Republican to do so",1,-1,[],[14062]],["Fox News convinced 8.23 percent of its audience",1,-1,[],[14062]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["memes are a part of 'scroll culture' that metaphorically shouts emotionally-laden viewpoints at us",1,-1,[],[20051]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["These include both characteristics of the post itself-e.g., timing, word count, or if the URL domain is a news website-and how material in a given post relates to other material in that period-e.g., if the URL domain is in the top 25 political domains shared by trolls in the training data-what we term \"meta content.\"",1,-1,[],[23170]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Linguistic-based features",1,33855,[],[40063]],["Visual features",1,25228,[],[40063]],["meta content",1,7958,[],[23170]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Explanation: Chair would be the gender-neutral form of chairman",1,-1,[],[11916]],["Explanation: readers and scholars are gender-neutral, while workpeople or workers would be the gender-neutral form of workmen",1,-1,[],[11916]],["identified as a form of generalization in various settings including political speeches (Atkinson, 1984), health reports (Potter et al., 1991) and broadcast talk (Hutchby, 2006).",1,-1,[],[28867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Linguistic",1,1800,[],[11916]]],"ex":[["Example 1: The chairman of the university was born in 1980.",1,-1,[],[11916]],["Example 2: Readers, scholars, and workmen",1,-1,[],[11916]],["FINDING A: Parent conversations with children about their weight connected to disordered eating Compare that to Finding B: FINDING B: Disordered eating was more prevalent in children whose fathers engaged in weight conversations. → Finding B specifies that it is conversation with fathers which were investigated. Finding A generalizes the statement from fathers to all parents.",1,-1,[],[48844]],["For example, a reporting that generalizes a finding about diabetes type 2 in seniors to all people with diabetes or a generalization from a specified set of medical conditions ('reduced risk of stroke and diabetes') to a general statement ('has health benefits').",1,-1,[],[48843]],["His classes included Anatomy, Practical Anatomy, ... Midwifery and Diseases of Women, Therapeutics, Neurology, ... Public Health, and Diseases of the Skin.",1,-1,[],[11916]],["three-part listing",1,-1,[],[28867]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["locative schema SB/STH is (exists) THERE-place",1,-1,[],[43557]],["mode of existence schema SB/STH exists SO-mode of being",1,-1,[],[43557]],["qualitative schema SB/STH is SUCH-quality",1,-1,[],[43557]]],"sp":[["basic frames",1,-1,[],[43557]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fallacies",1,6405,[],[36374]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they feel that information about the war between Ukraine and Russia is everywhere, overwhelming and invading their lives",1,-1,[],[48272]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It defines the ratio of domains rated as satire, very low, or low to the total number of classified sources.",1,-1,[],[47955]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["denial of subjectivity",1,3798,[],[37458]],["essentialism",1,26488,[],[37458]],["moral exclusion",1,5474,[],[37458]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[37458]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculation theory",1,18397,[],[49158]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These slur, regional expressions may make the task of flagging hateful speech easier compared to comments lacking it.",1,-1,[],[34873]],["regionalisms are likely to be matched with slang slurs which both the BETO and the LLMs (particularly, GPT-3.5) leverage for this detection task.",1,-1,[],[34873]],["regionalisms in form of slurs against WOMEN (trola, yegua, abortera) are also very common.",1,-1,[],[34873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"pelotudo\" for \"asshole\"",1,-1,[],[34873]],["eg. \"pelotudo\" for \"asshole\"",1,-1,[],[34873]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23629]],["informal fallacies",1,5664,[],[44163]]],"ex":[["If we allow kids to play video games, they will see fights, guns, and violence, and then they'll become violent adults.",1,-1,[],[23629]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["pervasive in social networks",1,-1,[],[31060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[31060]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["to mimic the sense of situatedness of a human-produced podcast",1,-1,[],[57948]],["words, phrases and vocalisations that lack the actual situatedness of human podcasts",1,-1,[],[57948]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As the value-laden characteristics of news productions, journalistic role performance is framed under six roles across three conceptual domains active-passive stance of journalists, relationship between journalists and the authorities, and roles to audiences",1,-1,[],[34411]],["In other words, role performance involves looking at the outcome of collective newsroom decisions, representing the level most likely to be observed publicly, that is, in the news story.",1,-1,[],[9500]],["This concept emphasizes how journalists' roles are manifested in the content they create, reflecting their actions and decisions in real-world scenarios.",1,-1,[],[34411]],["This concept emphasizes how journalists' roles are manifested in the content they create, reflecting their actions and decisions in real-world scenarios. As the value-laden characteristics of news productions, journalistic role performance is framed under six roles across three conceptual domains active-passive stance of journalists, relationship between journalists and the authorities, and roles to audiences",1,-1,[],[34411]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["active-passive stance of journalists",1,-1,[],[34411]],["relationship between journalists and the authorities",1,-1,[],[34411]],["roles to audiences",1,-1,[],[34411]]],"sb":[["civic",1,-1,[],[34411]],["infotainment",1,9984,[],[34411]],["interventionist",1,21381,[],[34411]],["interventionist, service, watchdog, loyal-facilitator, infotainment and civic",1,-1,[],[34411]],["loyal-facilitator",1,13023,[],[34411]],["service",1,-1,[],[34411]],["the civic-oriented model, aimed at encouraging civic engagement by fostering public debate and informing citizens of their rights and responsibilities",1,-1,[],[34411]],["the infotainment journalism model, which blends entertainment with news, addressing the public as spectators by prioritizing sensational, emotionally charged, or visually stimulating content",1,-1,[],[34411]],["the interventionist model, which involves the journalist's active participation in shaping public opinion, where news productions take a clear stance or promote particular viewpoints",1,-1,[],[34411]],["the loyal-facilitator model, in which journalists support the government or other powerful institutions by promoting official policies, with a focus on fostering national development and social cohesion",1,-1,[],[34411]],["the service journalism model, which provides practical information and advice, offering content such as consumer tips or lifestyle guidance to help audiences navigate everyday life",1,-1,[],[34411]],["the watchdog model, characterized by monitoring those in power, often through investigative journalism that scrutinizes authority and holds institutions accountable",1,-1,[],[34411]],["watchdog",1,30404,[],[34411]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["contrastive framings",1,10670,[],[44543]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the goal is to constrain engagement by strategically withholding information",1,-1,[],[5241]],["understands audiences algorithmically, attending to patterns of downstream interaction as input for future editorial decisions",1,-1,[],[5241]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["public reason",1,8250,[],[5241]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cultivation rights",1,-1,[],[20393]],["heraldic rights",1,-1,[],[20393]],["model rights",1,-1,[],[20393]],["patent rights",1,-1,[],[20393]],["right of authorship",1,-1,[],[20393]],["trade secrets",1,-1,[],[20393]],["trademarks",1,-1,[],[20393]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Prognostic framing also requires the ability to process and interpret information in a holistic way and to reach out for support to external stakeholders such as trade unions.",1,-1,[],[8620]],["articulating solutions that challenge systemic roots of violence.",1,-1,[],[46927]],["prognostic frame moves beyond abstract theoretical critiques, actively working to reshape economic conditions that sustain gender-based violence.",1,-1,[],[46927]],["requires the ability to process and interpret information in a holistic way and to reach out for support to external stakeholders such as trade unions",1,-1,[],[8620]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diagnostic framing",4,1470,[["diagnostic framing",3],["Diagnostic framing",1]],[8620,22544,26427,40568]]],"sb":[["Assistance",1,-1,[],[29274]],["External assistance",1,100,[],[29274]],["Internal reform",1,-1,[],[29274]],["Nationalisation",1,-1,[],[29274]],["Rejection",1,19514,[],[29274]]],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[8620]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["However, ethical communication is not addressed only to journalists, it is a critical element of any communication process which wants to be successful.",1,-1,[],[33018]],["Josina Makau (2009) defines ethical in communication by using three key elements: \"the ends (what one hopes to achieve through the communication), the means (how one chooses to communicate), and the consequences (the outcomes of communication)\"",1,-1,[],[33018]],["Lack of ethical communication leads others to question one's professional and personal integrity, and the validity of the message.",1,-1,[],[33018]],["Mandelbaum (2019) focuses on fundamental of ethical communication: a) truthfulness and honesty (presenting information in the most reliable and factual way possible and by having professional integrity); b) consistency and responsibility (presenting consistent information to different parties and accepting short-term and longterm consequences of honest communication); objectivity (being as objective as possible when communicating with others).",1,-1,[],[33018]],["Professor Nolan Sundrud from University of Denver argues the principles within ethical communication are autonomy (respecting others freedom), non-maleficence (not causing harm), beneficence, (communicating for good), justice (acting fair), and fidelity (being true to your word).",1,-1,[],[33018]],["Ruth Mayhew (2018) argues in favour of \"principles or foundational elements\" as: \"communicating fact-based messages honestly and accurately; valuing freedom of expression, diversity of perspective and tolerance of dissent; ever offending or provoke listeners; allowing access to the resources and facts that helped formulate an accessible message; being considerate of basic human needs\".",1,-1,[],[33018]],["The author considers that \"ethical communication might extend to the medium or even the language chosen for delivering a message\".",1,-1,[],[33018]],["To communicate ethically it is about being committed to the overarching principle of being true, being open to diversity and sustaining the freedom of speech.",1,-1,[],[33018]],["To practice ethical communication means to be truthful, honest, and accurate in every day professional life.",1,-1,[],[33018]],["a) truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication; b) freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society; c) understanding and respecting other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages; d) access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfil human potential and contribute to the well-being of families, communities, and society; e) communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators; f) condemnation for communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred; g) commitment to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice; h) advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality; i) accepting responsibility for the short-and long-term consequences for our own communication and expect the same of others.",1,-1,[],[33018]],["ethical communication defines \"a framework or set of acceptable communication principles that align with an enterprise's overarching code of conduct or code of ethics\"",1,-1,[],[33018]],["ethical communication is predicated upon certain values, such as \"being truthful, concise, and responsible with one's words and the resulting actions\"",1,-1,[],[33018]],["the principles within ethical communication are autonomy (respecting others freedom), non-maleficence (not causing harm), beneficence, (communicating for good), justice (acting fair), and fidelity (being true to your word).",1,-1,[],[33018]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["autonomy (respecting others freedom), non-maleficence (not causing harm), beneficence, (communicating for good), justice (acting fair), and fidelity (being true to your word)",1,-1,[],[33018]],["the ends (what one hopes to achieve through the communication), the means (how one chooses to communicate), and the consequences (the outcomes of communication)",1,-1,[],[33018]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["to detail the ways in which different stereotypes of national character were visible in media discourse across fifteen European nations",1,-1,[],[28749]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["fluent concepts are generally liked more and believed to be truer (56).",1,-1,[],[3375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Informational cascades can explain how such social conventions and norms arise, are maintained, and change.",1,-1,[],[5449]],["either because they think they are wrong or because it seems easier to go along with the group rather than disagree.",1,-1,[],[5885]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distinctiveness",1,26505,[],[23092]],["social influence",1,8485,[],[41383]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["values",1,33193,[],[38116]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[50195]]],"ex":[["Russian twitter bots",1,-1,[],[50195]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The rationale behind this is that when the organization is not involved in the crisis, they will not suffer any damage from the crisis.",1,-1,[],[34610]],["the denial strategies considered in this study are: presenting comment as fact; distorting genuine evidence; presenting false evidence; presenting false context; presenting conflicting evidence; and impersonating genuine sources.",1,-1,[],[50460]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["climate change disinformation",1,-1,[],[50460]]],"sb":[["distorting genuine evidence",1,-1,[],[50460]],["impersonating genuine sources",1,-1,[],[50460]],["presenting comment as fact",1,-1,[],[50460]],["presenting conflicting evidence",1,-1,[],[50460]],["presenting false context",1,-1,[],[50460]],["presenting false evidence",1,-1,[],[50460]]],"sp":[["avoidance strategies",1,6425,[],[3576]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social Bias",1,242,[],[56311]]],"ex":[["Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, etc.",1,-1,[],[56311]],["such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, etc.",1,-1,[],[56311]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conflict transformation",1,32446,[],[19566]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This involved giving libertarian, top-down policy ideas a populist patina.",1,-1,[],[2203]],["faux grassroots organization",1,-1,[],[2203]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["front groups",1,31332,[],[22826]],["third party spokespeople",1,21497,[],[22826]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Americans for Prosperity (AFP)",1,-1,[],[2203]],["Americans for Prosperity (AFP) offers another example of a faux grassroots organization.",1,-1,[],[2203]],["Center to Protect Patient Rightslater rebranded American Encore",1,-1,[],[2203]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[8554]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["persuasive genres that demand different types of critical reading practices than texts whose purpose is primarily informational",2,-1,[],[25572,52715]]],"de":[["To interpret persuasive genres, learners must be attentive to the emotional dimensions of messages as they make inferences about audience interpretation and authorial intent.",1,-1,[],[52715]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interest aggregation",1,12401,[],[18872]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["systemic crisis-explanations",1,26266,[],[48569]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It introduces toxicity indirectly, which often targets one or more individuals, races, or genders in context.",1,-1,[],[29149]],["It introduces toxicity indirectly, which often targets one or more individuals, races, or genders in context. [26]. It often involves use of figures-of-speech like metaphor, simile, irony or sarcasm.",1,-1,[],[29149]],["includes caps lock and repetition as aggressive speech; irony, metaphor, circumlocution, hyperbole, rhetorical questions, (re)interpretation, euphemism, simile, contrast, and name-calling are fine-grained in discrediting, insulting, dehumanization, derogation, and discriminatory speech.",1,-1,[],[29149]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["irony",1,13113,[],[29149]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[29149]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[29149]],["simile",1,9747,[],[29149]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Toxicity",1,34320,[],[29149]]],"ex":[["metaphor, simile, irony or sarcasm",1,-1,[],[29149]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In our view, the rules examined above are better understood as restrictions on the rights of platforms in order to recognise a special treatment privilege for some categories of speakers and their expression.",1,-1,[],[58395]],["They aim to bring more balance in the relationship between platforms, speakers and the audience in the digital information ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[58395]],["effort to recalibrate the relationship between platforms of significant influence and their users by limiting the former's capacity to exercise disproportionate control over particular categories of speakers and their expression",1,-1,[],[58395]],["intended to safeguard pluralism and access to trustworthy information, such rules risk creating a two-tier system of expression in which established voices receive disproportionate protection while ordinary users remain vulnerable",1,-1,[],[58395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["must-carry obligations",1,5562,[],[58395]]],"sb":[["special treatment rules for politicians",1,-1,[],[58395]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["discursivists' primary aim is to facilitate the exploration of controversy",1,-1,[],[8375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["adds important research space to the existing national-level focus of media's influence on policy outcomes.",1,-1,[],[30453]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["taboo languages",1,25357,[],[39922]],["taboo words",1,6478,[],[39922]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["media-broker diplomacy, where journalists temporarily assume the role of diplomats and serve as mediators in international negotiations.",2,-1,[["media-broker diplomacy, where journalists temporarily assume the role of diplomats and serve as mediators in international negotiations.",2],["media-broker diplomacy, where journalists temporarily assume the role of diplomats and serve as mediators in international negotiations",1]],[3754,59071]]],"de":[["Action refers to the specific measures taken by a reporter in order to promote a diplomatic move",1,-1,[],[3754]],["All sides",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Awareness refers to the correspondents' own knowledge and understanding of their actions.",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Immediate",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Initiation and motivation refer to the identity of those who initiate media-broker diplomacy: the journalists themselves, policymakers, or other interested parties.",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Journalists",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Mass media",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Media-broker diplomacy is somewhat different from media diplomacy in context, time frame, goals and medium but is very different in initiators, method, sides and target.",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Mediation",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Negotiations",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Officials/public opinion",1,-1,[],[3754]],["The differences lie in the actual activities of the journalists in the two models and in the source of that activity. In media diplomacy reporters pursue their profession and follow moves initiated by policymakers, who in effect use the media in ways outlined above. But in media-broker diplomacy, journalists act more as diplomats initiating and conducting critical diplomatic moves.",1,-1,[],[3754]],["Very specific",1,-1,[],[3754]],["consequences are the results of these measures.",1,-1,[],[3754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media diplomacy",2,34141,[],[3754,59071]]],"sb":[["The direct intervention variant.",1,4660,[],[3754]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Deception by Spin",1,6052,[],[24165]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["Kahn-Harris caracteriza o negacionismo como uma \"mistura entre dúvida e credulidade corrosivas\"",1,-1,[],[19421]],["O intuito de Rousso era ressaltar o caráter ideológico dessa negação, o que a diferenciaria do revisionismo histórico motivado por razões científicas legítimas",1,-1,[],[19421]],["O negacionismo promovido pelo governo Bolsonaro não se limitou a um fenômeno discursivo, mas configurou uma política de comunicação institucional que visou desorientar a opinião pública.",1,-1,[],[50393]],["O negacionismo visa substituir um tipo de ciência por outro -ela não visa substituir a própria ciência.",1,-1,[],[19421]],["Para Cohen, o negacionismo ultrapassa a simples recusa de evidências, trata-se de uma estratégia retórica orientada à corrosão das condições públicas de construção da verdade.",1,-1,[],[50393]],["a busca de produção de uma verdade pura quando as fronteiras entre ciência e sociedade já se mostram por demais porosas",1,-1,[],[44083]],["funciona como dispositivo de legitimação de políticas autoritárias, ao mesmo tempo em que desorganiza a base epistêmica da democracia representativa, baseada no debate informado e na deliberação racional.",1,-1,[],[50393]],["ideologia e discurso legitimador de práticas autoritárias",1,-1,[],[50393]],["instrumento importante de sua política de informação conservadora",1,-1,[],[50393]],["negacionismo ultrapassa a simples recusa de evidências, trata-se de uma estratégia retórica orientada à corrosão das condições públicas de construção da verdade",1,-1,[],[50393]],["negacionismo é uma \"tentativa sistemática de evitar a confrontação e a aceitação\" de verdades indigestas",1,-1,[],[19421]],["não apenas fatos são suprimidos ou distorcidos, mas as instituições produtoras de conhecimento são sistematicamente desacreditadas, gerando um vácuo epistêmico que favorece a emergência de versões alternativas da realidade.",1,-1,[],[50393]],["o negacionismo expressa a vontade de uma ciência hipercientífica e de uma verdade hiperverdadeira que protejam contra a imprevisibilidade do mundo.",1,-1,[],[19421]],["remete a uma ideia de ciência unificada, a qual seria o meio privilegiado de materialização da verdade",1,-1,[],[19421]]],"sy":[["negacionismo científico",1,30846,[],[44083]]],"rt":[["conspiracionismo",1,17704,[],[19421]],["delírio epistemológico",1,-1,[],[19421]],["populismo científico",1,-1,[],[44083]],["pós-verdade",1,31946,[],[44083]],["revisionismo histórico",1,34802,[],[19421]]],"sb":[["negacionismo climático",1,-1,[],[19421]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["contestação da teoria da evolução",1,-1,[],[19421]],["desconfiança quanto à eficácia das vacinas",1,-1,[],[19421]],["negação do aquecimento global",1,-1,[],[19421]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The ways in which routes to content are negotiated extends beyond household dynamics to the user tactics adopted to navigate industrial limits on access to TV (usually because of licencing regimes).",1,-1,[],[20831]],["This encompasses a wide range of activities and multiple forms of 'television'. It involves the use of television-viewing technologies including smart TVs, mobile devices and add-on devices (such as set-top-boxes (STBs), connected devices and games consoles) to both find and watch television (Johnson, 2019: 7). It also involves the activities that take place around that technology use, such as the negotiations between household members about what, when and where to watch (Lull, 1982;Morley, 1986).",1,-1,[],[20831]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pathfinding",1,-1,[],[20831]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["a determinant of healthy eating",1,-1,[],[16052]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["perceived benefit",1,587,[],[16052]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"How important is it for you to eat a diet high in nutrition?\"",1,-1,[["\"How important is it for you to eat a diet high in nutrition?\"",1],["How important is it for you to eat a diet high in nutrition?",1]],[16052]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["information operation",1,21443,[],[47094]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["DEI",1,22052,[],[56895]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity traits",1,11534,[],[46016]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Term such as Islamist rap serve to discredit dissent proving that when it comes to reporting on Moroccan rap, journalists and academics disregard local expressions of grievance more related to class issues than to modes of governance.",1,-1,[],[61482]],["biased perception of his music, in tune with secular liberal narratives that demonise Islam, and depoliticise cultural production these groups perceive as too religious",1,-1,[],[61482]],["idea of some rappers aligning with self-declared Islamist political groups",1,-1,[],[61482]],["trend of Islamist rappers",1,-1,[],[61482]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Tunisian rapper Psyco M according to Aidi (2011: 260)",1,-1,[],[61482]]]},{"nd":48,"df":[],"de":[["A particular focus is on algorithmic bias which is a direct function of the quality of the data that the AI algorithms are trained on, and that are effective only for those populations where there is access to training data.",1,-1,[],[1729]],["Algorithmic bias can influence how marketing messages are disseminated, who sees them, and how they respond. This bias can arise from various sources, including unrepresentative data, algorithms designed with inappropriate assumptions, or the influence of existing social and cultural systems",1,-1,[],[27737]],["Algorithmic bias is systematic and repeatable error in an AI system that creates discriminated outcome, e.g., privileging wealthy users over others.",1,-1,[],[11026]],["Algorithmic bias is systematic and repeatable error in an AI system that creates discriminated outcome, e.g., privileging wealthy users over others. It can amplify, operationalize, and even legitimize institutional bias",1,-1,[],[11026]],["Algorithmic bias manifests as systematic and unfair discrimination when algorithms are employed to make decisions or disseminate information.",1,-1,[],[52831]],["Algorithmic bias often occurs because the data used does not adequately represent cultural diversity, making the resulting messages irrelevant to local values.",1,-1,[],[27737]],["Algorithmic bias that does not consider cultural diversity can affect the relevance of marketing to consumers from different cultural backgrounds",1,-1,[],[27737]],["Algorithms follow what they learn from the designer, input, and programmer, and therefore many negative effects can impact the news market and make it negatively influenced",1,-1,[],[52595]],["Algorithms not trained on diverse datasets often reinforce stereotypes or marginalize minority cultural identities.",1,-1,[],[27737]],["Algorithms used to target and deliver marketing messages are often influenced by unrepresentative data and design assumptions that need to consider cultural differences",1,-1,[],[27737]],["Biased models can reinforce dominant narratives, marginalizing underrepresented groups and exacerbating social inequities",1,-1,[],[52110]],["Biased models can reinforce dominant narratives, marginalizing underrepresented groups and exacerbating social inequities (O'Neil, 2016).",1,-1,[],[52110]],["It can be divided in two categories. One is when Social Bias, as explained earlier, influences the training dataset and generates the same bias in outputs [42]. The second is an intentional bias built into the platforms to gear the users' engagement and revenue generation.",1,-1,[],[29131]],["Scholars reported how algorithmic bias has a significant influence on reshaping diversity, inclusion, and marginalization addressing \"the potential harm experienced by those largely invisible workers in the Global South who clean up data and refine algorithm development for the benefit of those using algorithms in the Global North\"",1,-1,[],[28684]],["Some algorithms are inadvertently taught prejudices and unethical biases by societal patterns hidden in the data. Typically, models fit better to features that frequently appear in the data.",1,-1,[],[11026]],["Some posit that these algorithmic biases, just like data curation biases, can arise due to personal biases from their creators (AI Now Institute, 2019).",1,-1,[],[782]],["The algorithmic design choices, such as use of certain optimization functions, regularizations, choices in applying regression models on the data as a whole or considering subgroups, and the general use of statistically biased estimators in algorithms",1,-1,[],[7308]],["This bias can arise from various sources, including unrepresentative data, algorithms designed with inappropriate assumptions, or the influence of existing social and cultural systems",1,-1,[],[27737]],["This can happen when algorithms are based on biased assumptions or when they use biased criteria to make decisions.",1,-1,[],[14591]],["This impact may be due to training AI-based systems using massive datasets, which possess biases that the algorithms might unintentionally absorb and preserve",1,-1,[],[54760]],["This includes biases in model architecture, optimization criteria, and training procedures.",1,-1,[],[15803]],["algorithmic bias in content creation and curation.",1,-1,[],[56568]],["biases stem both from the training data as well as filtering algorithms",1,-1,[],[51416]],["social media algorithms that reinforce echo chambers, where users primarily see content that aligns with their pre-existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[40488]],["this is another major ethical problem presented by algorithms",1,-1,[],[52773]]],"sy":[["algorithm bias",2,33244,[],[27737,52831]],["AI bias",1,9111,[],[52831]],["Model Architecture Bias",1,-1,[],[15803]]],"rt":[["algorithm-driven content delivery",1,-1,[],[27737]],["amplification of harmful news",1,-1,[],[52595]],["data curation biases",1,-1,[],[782]],["influence on public opinion",1,-1,[],[52595]],["unfair news distribution",1,-1,[],[52595]]],"sb":[["One is when Social Bias, as explained earlier, influences the training dataset and generates the same bias in outputs",1,-1,[],[29131]],["Social Bias, as explained earlier, influences the training dataset and generates the same bias in outputs",1,-1,[],[29131]],["The second is an intentional bias built into the platforms to gear the users' engagement and revenue generation.",1,-1,[],[29131]],["an intentional bias built into the platforms to gear the users' engagement and revenue generation",1,-1,[],[29131]],["content moderation biases",1,-1,[],[28684]],["cultural",1,13115,[],[28684]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[52831]],["historical",1,-1,[],[28684]]],"sp":[["Bias",3,30859,[],[11026,14591,29131]],["Bias in AI",1,9111,[],[14591]],["Model Architecture Bias",1,-1,[],[15803]],["technical biases",1,16843,[],[15566]]],"ex":[["An algorithm that prioritizes age or gender, leading to unfair outcomes in hiring decisions.",1,-1,[],[14591]],["For example, algorithmic bias has been well-described in the context of ophthalmological care, which already exhibits social injustice, based on geography within and between countries as well as by socioeconomic status and ethnicity (Campbell et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[1729]],["For instance, algorithms that prioritize accuracy might inadvertently favor certain groups if the training data is imbalanced.",1,-1,[],[15803]],["in Myanmar, Facebook's AI-driven recommendation algorithm reportedly exacerbated ethnic tensions by amplifying divisive content, contributing to violence against the Rohingya minority",1,-1,[],[52110]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["At least with lying, one purports to provide evidence.",1,-1,[],[23256]],["Despite being wholly inappropriate within a democratic society, studies have boldly claimed blatant lies have been employed to court public support for specific political projects, parties or candidates.",1,-1,[],[19913]],["However, lies can be the most poisonous to the information environment and for public trust in institutions, although all forms of falsehood can be perceived by the public as evidence politicians are dishonest and out for themselves.",1,-1,[],[19913]],["The lie surrounds us at work, on the road, at free time, in everything we see, hear and read.",1,-1,[],[33295]],["Therefore, it is this intention that serves as the differentiating factor between veracity and falsehood within the realm of journalism's discourse.",1,-1,[],[28562]],["deliberate acts of deception lead to the erosion of the public sphere, consequently rupturing the symbolic agreement that designates certain knowledge domains, including journalism, as integral components of this shared space",1,-1,[],[28562]],["does not 'reflect upon personal truthfulness'",1,-1,[],[42743]],["some may interpret outright lies simply as alternative facts due to them employing confirmation bias because they are claims made by the candidate they feel closest to (Anstead 2021;Lilleker and Ozgul 2021).",1,-1,[],[19913]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alternative facts",1,31822,[],[19913]],["black propaganda",1,31599,[],[19913]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[12822]],["bullshitting",1,9038,[],[32584]],["deception",1,24454,[],[10614]],["falsehood",1,10681,[],[28562]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[23256]],["veracity",1,20431,[],[28562]]],"sb":[["black propaganda",1,31599,[],[19913]],["blatant lies",1,-1,[],[19913]],["outright lies",1,-1,[],[19913]]],"sp":[["deception",1,24454,[],[10614]],["falsehood",1,10681,[],[19912,19913]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Affirmative style thus reflects an agreement or general positive reaction towards the content by audiences.",1,-1,[],[34525]],["This style refers to the audience members' affirmative reaction to the post: to the content, the action of publishing the post, or the connotations it provides for the viewer. 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Get lost.",1,-1,[],[40048]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, environmental issues are traditionally associated with specific parties and not others (e.g. in U.S. politics, environmental issues are mostly associated with the Democratic party (Dunlap et al., 2001)).",1,-1,[],[17642]],["environmental issues are traditionally associated with specific parties and not others (e.g. in U.S. politics, environmental issues are mostly associated with the Democratic party (Dunlap et al., 2001))",1,-1,[],[17642]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Euroscepticism",1,29815,[],[41393]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which only reinforces a cognitive bias that is present in everyday reasoning: the misinformation bias.",1,-1,[],[42164]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[42164]],["misinformation 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but also a qualitative change in our understanding of agenda-setting processes from separate, hierarchical transfers to intricate, interrelated webs of influence.",1,-1,[],[60574]],["a qualitative change in our understanding of agenda-setting processes from separate, hierarchical transfers to intricate, interrelated webs of influence",1,-1,[],[60574]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["networks of related problems and qualities beyond linear salience transfer",1,-1,[],[60574]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["agenda-setting processes",1,24432,[],[60574]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["production of truth",1,32306,[],[15284]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["alternative terminology with the aim to be more precise and inclusive than traditional medical model language.",1,-1,[],[5488]],["neuro-affirming language replaces terms that may presume incapability with more affirming alternatives.",1,-1,[],[5488]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The word 'people' is a catch-all expression that politicians use, irrespective of their political affiliation, to unite the electorate.",1,-1,[],[3175]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["construction of 'the people'",1,18195,[],[3175]]],"sp":[["populist ideology",1,5122,[],[3175]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["member-regarding frames, where groups point to the benefits or costs of their own membership",2,-1,[],[35836,36942]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["economy-regarding frames",1,1680,[],[36942]],["other-regarding frames",1,21321,[],[36942]],["public-regarding frames",1,4134,[],[36942]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[36942]],["framing references",1,21233,[],[36942]],["generic frames",1,19746,[],[35836]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attitude markers",1,6099,[],[1815]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Their involvement in the political process, even in wars and large-scale economic experiments, is superficial.",1,-1,[],[39485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deep state",1,-1,[],[39485]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This defamiliarization within familiarity was what Benjamin suggested produced potent political reflection on the part of the audience.",1,-1,[],[13203]],["the effect equivalent to that of defamiliarization that occurs in belle letters",1,-1,[],[40431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[395]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Digital culture, in other words, can be characterized by participation, remediation and bricolage as its key elements, sustained through ongoing self-production which gets expressed particularly in online (blogging, Indymedia, radical online journalism) phenomena.",1,-1,[],[3585]],["I consider digital culture in the context of this essay as an emerging value-system and set of expectations as particularly expressed in the activities of news and information media makers and users online",1,-1,[],[3585]],["In the context of this essay digital culture can be seen as an emerging set of values, practices and expectations regarding the way people (should) act and interact within the contemporary network society.",1,-1,[],[3585]]],"sy":[["Internet culture",1,-1,[],[3585]],["cyberculture",1,-1,[],[3585]],["information culture",1,19555,[],[3585]],["interface culture",1,-1,[],[3585]],["virtual culture",1,-1,[],[3585]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["blogging, Indymedia, radical online journalism",1,-1,[],[3585]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Recently, personalized headline generation [11], i.e., generating a user-specific headline based on the user's reading interest, was proposed to produce eye-attracting headlines rather than potential clickbait.",1,-1,[],[49169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["News headline generation",1,23064,[],[49169]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Em vez disso, o autor não está agindo de boa fé e é motivado por motivações econômicas ou políticas",1,-1,[],[19999]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["This is how both the victory in the Great Patriotic War and the Great Purge can be represented in the same text;",1,-1,[],[31673]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The idea of Russia as a Great Power, which implies that Russia has a special mission in the world",1,-1,[],[22541]],["The roots of the Great Power ideology stem from the sixteenth century myth of the 'third Rome'.",1,-1,[],[22541]],["implies that Russia has a special mission in the world",1,-1,[],[22541]]],"sy":[["Great Powervelikaya derzhava",1,-1,[],[22541]],["velikaya derzhava",1,-1,[],[22541]]],"rt":[["Great Ecological Power",1,-1,[],[22541]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Bruter (2003) has argued that we should differentiate between two aspects of political identities, a 'cultural' one and a 'civic' one.",1,-1,[],[50140]],["understanding political identities implies a need to understand what those formalised communities might predominantly represent in the imaginary of an individual.",1,-1,[],[50140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing",1,22777,[],[20242]]],"sb":[["civic identity",1,10002,[],[50141]],["cultural identity",1,15391,[],[50141]]],"sp":[["identity",1,4047,[],[50141]],["national identity",1,33148,[],[54431]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["By normalizing, journalists adapt technologies that otherwise challenge their primacy to fit within extant professional norms.",1,-1,[],[49485]],["From this vantage, normalization reflects an ability of traditional and legacy media to maintain their societal power by nullifying emergent voices.",1,-1,[],[49485]],["It is a reaction to change when that change originates outside the traditional news media realm.",1,-1,[],[49485]],["This is because these perspectives present the topic from both bottom-up and top-down perspectives, which allows for different arguments, subjective feelings, personal experience, and logical arguments.",1,-1,[],[32018]],["This positive vision could be interpreted in two ways: as a moral model, the \"good migrant,\" of how newcomers must behave in the country or as an attempt to mitigate hate towards migrants.",1,-1,[],[36421]],["an extension of paradigm repair",1,-1,[],[49485]],["even though the normalisation of mental health is not defined, research has shown that for mental health to become more normalised in the news, the aforementioned qualities should be present. The number of stories connecting crime to mental health and other negative portrayals should be lower, and people with mental health issues should be present in news stories and define their own experiences. However, mental health should not be presented solely as an individual responsibility.",1,-1,[],[32018]],["joining this concept with paradigm repair sees the routinization of non-traditional newswork as part and parcel of traditional journalism.",1,-1,[],[49485]],["the discursive reinforcement of a traditional portrait of the journalistic field at moments when that is challenged by external factors",1,-1,[],[49485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive shifts",1,16969,[],[21614]],["just plain normal",1,10957,[],[25397]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital spam",1,17769,[],[6945]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Headline Generation (HG)",1,22569,[],[10924]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Headline Generation (HG)",1,22569,[],[10924]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Dabiq itself states the magazine is for the objectives of Unitarianism, truth-seeking, migration, holy war and community -tawhid, manhaj, hijrah, jihad, and jama'ahrespectively",1,-1,[],[29420]],["It was first issued in July 2014 in various languages.",1,-1,[],[29420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["gendering",1,23377,[],[17949]],["racialization",1,1593,[],[17949]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["LLMs often appear to adopt a looser interpretation, treating it as a proxy for historical significance or leadership stature",1,-1,[["LLMs often appear to adopt a looser interpretation, treating it as a proxy for historical significance or leadership stature",1],["LLMs often appear to adopt a looser interpretation, treating it as a proxy for historical significance or leadership stature.",1]],[39322]],["can also be understood merely as an influential or famous person rather than someone worthy of emulation",1,-1,[],[39322]]],"sy":[["inspirational and exemplar",1,-1,[],[39322]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["DELINQUENCIES BY MIGRANTS",1,21648,[],[51457]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it was coined in 1996 by Dzhokhar Dudayev, the first President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, who meant by it an anti-human ideology grounded on the Russian chauvinistic worldview and the world domination complex",1,-1,[],[27823]]],"sy":[["rashism",1,-1,[],[27823]],["русизм (russism)",1,-1,[],[27823]]],"rt":[["дерашизація (the English equivalent would be deruscization / derashization)",1,-1,[],[27823]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Black PR también es empleado por los profesionales afroamericanos que buscan dar visibilidad a su trabajo en Estados Unidos.",1,-1,[],[27060]],["describe las campañas políticas creadas en periodos electorales con el ánimo de afectar la imagen de opositores o rivales políticos",1,-1,[],[27060]],["el término es utilizado en ocasiones para difundir propaganda o prácticas poco éticas",1,-1,[],[27060]],["se utiliza en mayor grado para describir estas acciones",1,-1,[],[27060]],["también es empleado por los profesionales afroamericanos que buscan dar visibilidad a su trabajo en Estados Unidos.",1,-1,[],[27060]],["utilizan estrategias y tácticas de engaño con mentiras sobre las propuestas de otros candidatos.",1,-1,[],[27060]]],"sy":[["Dark PR",1,21658,[],[27060]],["la práctica Rusa",1,-1,[],[27060]],["relaciones públicas negras",1,16017,[],[27060]]],"rt":[["Dark PR",1,21658,[],[27060]],["white PR",1,29741,[],[39219]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["relaciones públicas",1,-1,[],[27060]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["symbolic value",1,2015,[],[14381]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news frames",1,21144,[],[59119]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news detection methods",1,18968,[],[23125]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Lifton acknowledges that this language exists in all cultural, or organisational groups -stating \"It is in part an expression of unity and exclusiveness\" (p. 429) -but argues that in a totalist environment it is more extreme.",1,-1,[],[25029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["thought-terminating cliché (TTC)",1,25074,[],[25029]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["describing ''likelihood'' rather than ''risk'' of being autistic,",1,-1,[],[5494]],["other conditions being ''co-occurring'' versus ''co-morbid.",1,-1,[],[5494]],["using wording such as ''non-speaking'' or ''nonvocal'' instead of ''minimally verbal'' or ''nonverbal,''",1,-1,[],[5494]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["directly expresses the speaker's attitude towards what is communicated",1,-1,[],[24522]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":57,"df":[["Politicisation, in general terms, means the demand for, or the act of, transporting an issue or an institution into the field or sphere of politics -making previously unpolitical matters political.",2,-1,[["Politicisation, in general terms, means the demand for, or the act of, transporting an issue or an institution into the field or sphere of politics -making previously unpolitical matters political.",1],["Politicisation, in general terms, means the demand for, or the act of, transporting an issue or an institution into the field or sphere of politics-making previously unpolitical matters political",1]],[3152,16534]]],"de":[["At the maximum, politicisation means to extend the borders of the area, for example in the relationship to other areas, such as culture, law, economy, or religion.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["Conceptualising politicisation as a process implies that it is necessarily linked to depoliticisation",1,-1,[],[32309]],["First, an issue is named as political. A second stage is a first degree of public resonance or salience. The issue enters public or semi-public arenas, by media, social media, protests, or campaigns. Social media in this context are a kind of limited and preselected public. Third, and linked by different channels to those public or semi-public arenas, there is the political system in an Eastonian sense, and the ways issues enter into it from the different arenas -because taken up by party or other actors, or by new parties forming and entering the system, new issues become a matter of institutionalised political conflict and finally decisions are taken on them.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["Heath interprets politicisation as the activity of 'taking an attitude', for example, by participating in a debate on human rights or putting a question onto the agenda.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["It allows us to understand that what is political is in itself a historical phenomenon and that politicisation is the action or the process responsible for all the historical forms of politics.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["It cannot set the agenda, but only build on it.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["It crucially involves political contestation and protest, citizen and NGO activity, and in a general sense the development of political awareness, the marking of issues as political, and the opening up of new political opportunities and arenas through creative political action.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["Most students of politicisation refer to a component of importance (societal actors consider EU issues more important for their interests or values), a behavioural component (societal actors spend more resources on contesting or influencing EU issues), a preference component (opinions diverge about what the EU should be and do) and a socialisation component (more societal actors become attentive and/or engaged in EU affairs).",1,-1,[],[20588]],["Politicisation can be either a claim or an experience. The passive form of politisation, either as an improper activity of political adversaries or as the unintended result of some processes of change, has been the most common dimension in the meaning of the concept.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["Politicisation further relies on a public agenda of issues that are already made visible. It cannot set the agenda, but only build on it. Politicisation is triggered when agenda-setting has been successful and when issues that have become salient are debated further in the public realm of politics.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["Politicisation is then not something new to EU integration but rather it is constitutive of EU integration itself.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["Politicisation refers to different perceptions of the political that different agents have.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["Politicisation thus brings to the fore a certain -and mostly public -discontent with the ways how corresponding governmental or inter-governmental regulation operates (or does not operate).",1,-1,[],[3152]],["Politicisation thus creates times, spaces and issues for political action as well as alternative power resources. It aims to transform so far uncontested assumptions, identities and principles into objects of political controversies.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["Politicisation was more frequently understood as provoking disorder than as a chance to thinking and acting",1,-1,[],[3152]],["The transformation of something not political into something political can assume two distinct but interrelated meanings (1) making something publicly visible, and (2) making something debatable and open to conflict.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["This understanding implies that a multitude of actors engages with issues of European governance via direct participation, public debate or protest.",1,-1,[],[20588]],["This view is based on the nominalistic view of concepts, inspired by the work of among others Max Weber and Ludwig Wittgenstein",1,-1,[],[16534]],["This, importantly, is not an extension of the margins of the activity of politics itself, but rather is constitutive of politics. In this sense politicisation constitutes politics, not vice versa, and all politics is a result of politicising moves",1,-1,[],[3152]],["Within this horizon we can define 'politicisation' as an active use of contingency, of rendering something contested or controversial.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["alludes to claims that a political aspect can be identified in phenomena or situations, which were previously not marked as political.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["an issue could be politicized for a variety of reasons, including political scandals or bipartisan policy making",1,-1,[],[8816]],["as a mediator in the dispute between competing actors.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["becomes, for example, objectified in the language which workers use",1,-1,[],[8619]],["bringing unfamiliar problematics to the agenda for debates",1,-1,[],[3152]],["deviation from the 'ordinary meaning' of politics",1,-1,[],[3152]],["distinguish politicisation as processes, their (intermediate) outcomes, and a normative judgement of their effects",1,-1,[],[3152]],["if the politicisation of the EU is understood as its integration-along with its institutions and policies-into daily political debates",1,-1,[],[32309]],["its consolidation on the political agenda",1,-1,[],[17934]],["journalistic choices that may have political implications, such as how an issue is framed, are not captured.",1,-1,[],[8816]],["multilevel concept, linking a macro-or theoretical and normative level to a meso-level of conceptualisation and operationalisation and a micro-level of empirical analysis.",1,-1,[],[3152]],["politicisation as the force or the dynamic of turning something political",1,-1,[],[3152]],["politicisation can be empirically observed in (a) the growing salience of European governance, involving (b) a polarisation of opinion, and (c) an expansion of actors and audiences engaged in monitoring EU affairs",1,-1,[],[20588]],["politicisation is an \"either or\" matter. A phenomenon is political or not, tertium non datur.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["politicisation is perceived as a form of political or civic engagement",1,-1,[],[32309]],["politicisation of EU policies and frameworks tends to occur predominantly in cases of high salience, such as the war in Ukraine, the Covid-19 pandemic (Rauh & Parizek, 2024), or trade agreements like Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (Gheyle, 2020).",1,-1,[],[32309]],["politicisation often emerges only when discursive opportunities arise-such as institutional crises or contentious EU-level decisions-rather than from the EU's structural authority alone",1,-1,[],[32309]],["politicisation reflects the political sensibilities of actors and the foundations upon which they act",1,-1,[],[32309]],["politicisation to the extension of the borders of this order, for example in the relationship to other sphere concepts, such as culture, law, economy or religion.",1,-1,[],[16534]],["provoking disorder than as a chance to thinking and acting",1,-1,[],[3152]],["risks polluting public response and behaviour towards the pandemic and may as well lead to escalation of tension while dissipating energy and resources that would have been employed to fight the virus",1,-1,[],[14718]],["signals democratic vitality by rendering political choices visible and contestable.",1,-1,[],[32309]],["which becomes, for example, objectified in the language which workers use",1,-1,[],[8619]],["while our measure of politicization captures mentions of partisan actors, it is not able to speak to reasons why an issue may be politicized",1,-1,[],[8816]]],"sy":[["politicising actions",1,-1,[],[3152]],["politisation",1,-1,[],[16534]]],"rt":[["depoliticisation",3,27325,[],[3152,16534,32309]],["politics",2,10504,[],[3152,16534]],["Verpolitisierung",1,12411,[],[3152]],["actor and audience expansion",1,10051,[],[20588]],["agenda-setting",1,425,[["agenda-setting",1],["agendasetting",1]],[3152]],["attention politics",1,25451,[],[3152]],["constraining dissensus",1,29907,[],[3152]],["contingency",1,27051,[],[32309]],["controversy",1,10840,[],[32309]],["deep politicisation",1,26910,[],[32309]],["how an issue is framed",1,-1,[],[8816]],["issue competition",1,7003,[],[17934]],["juridification",1,4094,[],[3152]],["partisanisation",1,-1,[],[16534]],["passive politicisation",1,26295,[],[3152]],["permissive consensus",1,6366,[],[3152]],["polarisation",1,21850,[],[20588]],["polemicisation",1,-1,[],[16534]],["political",1,759,[],[16534]],["politicise",1,-1,[],[16534]],["politicising actions",1,-1,[],[3152]],["politicising moves",1,-1,[],[3152]],["politification",1,14336,[],[16534]],["politisation",1,-1,[],[16534]],["politise",1,-1,[],[16534]],["populism",1,20354,[],[3152]],["pre-politicisation",1,-1,[],[16534]],["salience",1,31920,[],[20588]],["status politics",1,25227,[],[3152]],["turning something political",1,14559,[],[3152]]],"sb":[["politicisation as attention politics",1,731,[],[3152]],["politicisation as status politics",1,31902,[],[3152]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["proposing a new perspective on a phenomenon marks always a politicisation through a marking of a new type of power share",1,-1,[],[16534]],["the women ´s movement's famous claim that 'the personal is political'. This act of naming 'the personal' political in reality aimed at a major questioning of traditional marriage and family, and hence a potential shift in power relations by questioning structures and institutions that were not to be questioned beforehand because they had been considered as 'private', and hence as nondebatable, by a dominant social discourse.",1,-1,[],[3152]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Union leaders' competency, wages, combative personalities and inconsistent statements were brought up. 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exclusion (distancing from out-groups), as well as the filtering, interpretation, and sharing of religious information. Drawing on mediatization theory (Hjarvard, 2016;Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020), this process examines how religious groups establish and reinforce doctrinal and community boundaries in digital spaces. It considers how social media affordances may both challenge and strengthen existing religious demarcations. Our findings reveal that exposure to other religions on social media often strengthened users' identification with their own religious tradition, reinforcing in-group boundaries rather than fostering open dialogue across religious divides (Tsuria, 2020). We observed a tendency to impose categories and norms to groups classified as \"others\" and to see the difference through modes of perception specific to one's own religion.",1,-1,[],[44749]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital enclaves",1,29623,[],[44749]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]}]