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likeminded (the people) and demonizes the Other (the center-ground elite).",1,-1,[],[23971]],["the populist communication style is much more than a mere top-down appeal because, as we have seen so far, it embodies more complex identity affiliations and emotional interplay between populist actors and their publics.",1,-1,[],[23971]],["the specific style of rhetoric used by the populists involves adversarial, emotional, patriotic, and abrasive speech through which they connect with the discontented often via grassroots, community-oriented, communicative practices and spaces.",1,-1,[],[23971]]],"sy":[["populist style of communication",1,12034,[],[23971]]],"rt":[["identity",1,4047,[],[23971]],["political communication",1,26887,[],[23971]],["rhetoric",1,11146,[],[23971]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political communication",1,26887,[],[23971]]],"ex":[["repetition of this routine in pubs, community meetings, and other settings",1,-1,[],[23971]],["to lead by communication through brutally antagonizing the elite and connecting with their publics (the disenfranchised or discontented with middle-ground politics) by skillfully using abrasive but also colloquial, relatable, patriotic rhetoric",1,-1,[],[23971]],["to use and reinvent cultural symbols to construct collective identity",1,-1,[],[23971]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[10300]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["extended exposure to false claims and debunking attempts appears to weaken the belief that there is a nonsubjective, correct answer to how people ought to behave in this situation, which in turn leads to less positive reactions toward masking as the prescribed behavior.",1,-1,[],[16843]],["the belief that there is an objectively correct answer to how people ought to behave in this 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This is a way of associating them directly with their husbands or with their roles as mothers or their relationship with their family, thus suppressing their own identity or individuality.",1,-1,[],[51942]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["father",1,-1,[],[51942]],["mother",1,-1,[],[51942]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["manifest",1,-1,[],[61464]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intertextuality",1,27582,[],[61464]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",2,18278,[["Hate speech",1],["hate speech",1]],[52226,52302]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The peripheral route takes very little energy and cognition.",1,-1,[],[17155]],["This method could be called a heuristic method as it does not ensure to be optimal or even sufficient in achieving its objective of finding correct or truthful information. 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(2016) established vicarious hypocrisy by having participants witness a fellow student make a public pro-attitudinal statement about using sunscreen whenever one goes outdoors. The participants also witnessed the speaker admit that there had been occasions when she failed to follow her own advice -that is, she had forgotten or neglected to use sunscreen in the past.",1,-1,[],[16134]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["once a particular topic, issue, or event has received a critical mass of coverage, it is seen as more newsworthy and will therefore receive even more coverage",1,-1,[],[55923]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["According to Raile et al. (2014), public will \"emphasizes communicative processes that shape understanding, motivation, and intention\" (p. 111).",1,-1,[],[14096]],["emphasizes communicative processes that shape understanding, motivation, and intention",1,-1,[],[14096]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Indicators of public will and collective action on climate change include contacting government officials, public support for mitigation policy, and pro-climate consumer behavior like purchasing energy efficient vehicles.",1,-1,[],[14096]]]},{"nd":72,"df":[["preemptive debunking",2,-1,[],[14579,35989]]],"de":[["\"effective at reducing susceptibility to misinformation at scale\"",1,-1,[["\"effective at reducing susceptibility to misinformation at scale\"",1],["effective at reducing susceptibility to misinformation at scale",1]],[14579]],["However, the effects of prebunking fade over time; regular \"boosters\" may be necessary to maintain resilience to misinformation, along with media and digital literacy 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They can also be used to soften a particular evaluation or Judgment or to moderate the Force of a particular stance or position.",1,-1,[],[16426]],["They can also be used to soften a particular evaluation or Judgment or to moderate the Force of a particular stance or position.",1,-1,[],[16426]],["This can involve accepting the premise of an argument, acknowledging the merits of a particular perspective or stance, or conceding a particular point to the opposing side.",1,-1,[],[16426]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Concur subsystem",1,-1,[],[16426]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Radical Republicans may also be more willing to challenge traditional Republican Party leaders and norms in order to advance their agenda",1,-1,[],[789]],["This can include advocating for more radical policy proposals, such as eliminating certain government programs or departments, or taking a more confrontational approach to issues such as immigration or national security.",1,-1,[],[789]],["This can include advocating for more radical policy proposals, such as eliminating certain government programs or departments, or taking a more confrontational approach to issues such as immigration or national security. Radical Republicans may also be more willing to challenge traditional Republican Party leaders and norms in order to advance their agenda",1,-1,[],[789]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["One way through which a labeled category acquires and keeps its stereotypic associations is determined by what information is shared in communication about category members.",1,-1,[],[39636]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["media presence",1,16998,[],[53359]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Accordingly, antivaccination activists ignore overwhelming statistical evidence while focusing on anecdotes or information that has been shown to be false [49].",1,-1,[],[10335]],["Conspiracist ideation is also typically immune to falsification because contradictory evidence (e.g., climate scientists being exonerated of accusations) can be accommodated by broadening the scope of the conspiracy (exonerations are a whitewash), often with considerable creativity",1,-1,[],[10335]],["Conspiracist ideation is also typically immune to falsification because contradictory evidence (e.g., climate scientists being exonerated of accusations) can be accommodated by broadening the scope of the conspiracy (exonerations are a whitewash), often with considerable creativity [32]",1,-1,[],[10335]],["Finally, in a reversal of conventional scientific reasoning, evidence against conspiracy theories is often construed as evidence for them, because the evidence is interpreted as arising from the conspiracy in question.",1,-1,[],[10335]],["For example, whereas coherence is a hallmark of most scientific theories, the simultaneous belief in mutually contradictory theories-e.g., that Princess Diana was murdered but faked her own death-is a notable aspect of conspiracist ideation [30].",1,-1,[],[10335]],["One cognitive style that has been repeatedly implicated in science denial",1,-1,[],[10335]],["Second, conspiracy theories rely on isolated morsels of evidence inconsistent with an official account [31] (e.g., that Timothy McVeigh fled the Oklahoma City bombing in a car without licence plates) while ignoring overwhelming evidence to the contrary (e.g., the full documented history leading up to the bombing).",1,-1,[],[10335]],["because conspiracist ideation need not conform to the criteria of consistency and coherence that characterize scientific reasoning [30], its explanatory reach is necessarily greater than that of competing (scientific) theories [31]",1,-1,[],[10335]],["conspiracist ideation need not conform to the criteria of consistency and coherence that characterize scientific reasoning",1,-1,[],[10335]],["conspiracy theories rely on isolated morsels of evidence inconsistent with an official account",1,-1,[],[10335]],["evidence against conspiracy theories is often construed as evidence for them, because the evidence is interpreted as arising from the conspiracy in question.",1,-1,[],[10335]],["its analysis can reveal why it is antithetical to scientific reasoning in several ways.",1,-1,[],[10335]],["rejection of science is suffused by conspiracist ideation",1,-1,[],[10335]],["whereas coherence is a hallmark of most scientific theories, the simultaneous belief in mutually contradictory theories-e.g., that Princess Diana was murdered but faked her own death-is a notable aspect of conspiracist ideation",1,-1,[],[10335]]],"sy":[["conspiracist mentality",1,-1,[],[6127]],["conspiracist style",1,-1,[],[10335]],["conspiratorial cognitive style",1,-1,[],[10335]],["conspiratorial ideation",1,18863,[],[6127]],["conspiratorial thinking",1,31796,[],[10335]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["general conspiracies",1,-1,[],[10335]],["specific scientific conspiracies",1,-1,[],[10335]]],"sp":[["attitude roots",1,554,[],[9906]],["cognitive style",1,7517,[],[10335]],["personality attribute",1,-1,[],[10335]]],"ex":[["that Princess Diana was murdered but faked her own death",1,-1,[],[10335]],["that Timothy McVeigh fled the Oklahoma City bombing in a car without licence plates",1,-1,[],[10335]],["the very fact that the no-plane theory was false was weaved into a larger 9/11 conspiracy",1,-1,[],[10335]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["The propositional content and entailments of an utterance are generally taken to be semantic issues",1,-1,[],[21460]],["judging entailment involves a deeper inferential reasoning of the post compared to the other metrics",1,-1,[],[59003]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["entailed : The claim is fully aligned with the post content without any contradictions , hallucinations or unsupported additions .",1,-1,[],[59003]],["not_entailed : The claim contains significant misaligned inferences , exaggerations beyond what 's stated , major contradictions , hallucinations , or completely misaligns with the post content .",1,-1,[],[59003]],["partially_entailed : The claim is partially aligned with the post content but contains minor variations or additional context not stated or implied in the post .",1,-1,[],[59003]]],"sp":[["epistemological bias",1,16997,[],[29663]]],"ex":[["\"Cyprus was invaded by the Ottoman Empire in 1571\" implies the hypothesis \"The Ottomans attacked Cyprus\".",1,-1,[],[20698]],["The most famous examples are the words murdered and killed.",1,-1,[],[29663]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["reclaiming",1,-1,[],[18671]],["transformation",1,3696,[],[18671]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Se trata, como señalan diferentes autores en sus definiciones, de judicializar lo político o de politizar lo judicial, mediante el traslado de los conflictos sociales de la arena política a la arena judicial",1,-1,[],[12855]],["la judicialización se configura como el elemento articulador de una estrategia estatal de control de la protesta social.",1,-1,[],[12855]]],"sy":[["criminalización",1,25003,[],[12855]]],"rt":[["criminalización",1,25003,[],[12855]],["represión",1,16869,[],[12855]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["criminalización",1,25003,[],[12855]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Because privilege is given to information that matches stereotypical expectations, the threshold for noticing, valuing, and retaining counter-stereotypical information is higher than that for information that matches gender stereotypes",1,-1,[],[18943]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["As a definitive part of a longer, complex process, crises attract great public interest",1,-1,[],[47826]],["Crises contain the main ingredients of newsworthinessthey are negative, unambiguous and proximal.",1,-1,[],[43447]],["The concept of crisis is often related to keywords such as \"unrest\", \"conflict\", \"revolution\" and \"uncertainties\" (Koselleck, 2006), \"catastrophic (Filippini, 2017), and \"threat\" (Jacques, 2014).",1,-1,[],[56946]],["The profession and the scientific community interpret crises as events that stand out from everyday routine, as mainly unforeseen, and as potentially endangering the implementation of objectives (Seeger et al. 1998: 233).",1,-1,[],[47826]],["Therefore, it disrupts the normal political processes by calling into question the legitimacy of the political system.",1,-1,[],[55368]],["They are closely related to individual or group behavior, thus they can be considered socially constructed phenomena and may be subjectively interpreted in numerous ways",1,-1,[],[47826]],["They endanger the image, reputation and public relations of organizations",1,-1,[],[47826]],["They induce uncertainty and disturbance, and spur requests to change the former management or communication practices",1,-1,[],[47826]],["both concepts involve a feeling of being tense, threatened, hopeless and lost",1,-1,[],[47826]],["culturally produced global phenomenon, whose cultural construction as a crisis relied mainly on the representational work of media",1,-1,[],[29993]],["often used interchangeably with 'unrest', 'conflict', 'revolution', and to describe vaguely disturbing moods or situations",1,-1,[],[29993]],["reveals the undercurrents of everyday life and its socio-political formations",1,-1,[],[29993]]],"sy":[["conflict",1,23803,[],[29993]],["distress",1,-1,[],[47826]],["revolution",1,-1,[],[29993]],["unrest",1,-1,[],[29993]]],"rt":[["catastrophe",1,-1,[],[4858]],["catastrophic",1,-1,[],[56946]],["conflict",1,23803,[],[56946]],["revolution",1,-1,[],[56946]],["threat",1,10758,[],[56946]],["uncertainties",1,5720,[],[56946]],["uncertainty and disturbance",1,-1,[],[47826]],["unrest",1,-1,[],[56946]]],"sb":[["hard crisis",1,10876,[],[47826]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["an election",1,-1,[],[60669]],["an election or the recent COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[60669]],["the recent COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[60669]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The use of Agentless Passives, as opposed to By Passives, therefore increases the amount of uncertainty in the text.",1,-1,[],[2158]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["By Passives",1,13878,[],[2158]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":110,"df":[["a humorous piece of media, usually an image or GIF, that spreads from person to person on the internet",2,-1,[],[19100,28374]]],"de":[["A meme in the meme pool (much like a gene in the gene pool) can only survive if the represented knowledge evolves.",1,-1,[],[19687]],["A way of describing cultural information being shared.",1,-1,[],[59606]],["According to Shifman (2014), a successful meme can be considered as a representative of shared social norms, world views, and user preferences.",1,-1,[],[22494]],["Because they are easily shared, parodied, and remixed, memes bring together \"popular culture, politics, and participation in unexpected ways\" (Shifman 2014, p. 4).",1,-1,[],[49379]],["Both modified memes and more static elements, such as viral texts, slogans, and images related to the topic, emerged after virus notifications. The wide variety of meme generators makes it easy to quickly produce, use previous prototypes, copy, alter, and share the created content in social media.",1,-1,[],[61704]],["Collective emotional experience and reactions to current events are crystallized in specific phrases, drawings, popular photos and videos, which gain significance for a certain community.",1,-1,[],[20963]],["Covid-19 discourse is memetic in the traditional use of the term: memes are understood as the circulation or viral spread of a concept, idea, or practice across people within a culture.",1,-1,[],[49382]],["Due to its brevity and precision in conveying a particular emotion, value or stereotype, a meme spreads fast among the members of a group…",1,-1,[],[20963]],["Elements of visuality, brevity, and velocity work against detailed contextualization; therefore, impatience is inscribed into the practice of digital sharing.",1,-1,[],[19148]],["Humour, repetitiveness, dialogicity, simplicity, creativity, artistry, playfulness, imagery, unpredictability and the digital context -all these keywords characterise memes",1,-1,[],[57263]],["In Dawkins' original formulation, memes carry information, are replicated and transmitted through people using them, and they can also evolve, transform and mutate, in ways analogous to those of biological genes.",1,-1,[],[19127]],["In other words, a meme is defined by its shape or outline, and not by its informational content.",1,-1,[],[11313]],["In other words, ongoing semantic changes suggest that once a set of ideas becomes the target of a large number of cultural replicators, independent of whether they are or are not supportive of the ideas in question, the suspicion of an absence of substance is raised.",1,-1,[],[11315]],["In this definition, the influence of memes on modern societies is placed front and centre.",1,-1,[],[8218]],["Internet memes are among the latest developments in producing social media content.",1,-1,[],[58439]],["It is difficult for machines to capture these real-life contexts holistically.",1,-1,[],[7418]],["It is spread mostly on social media platforms, in the form of jokes, sarcasm, motivating, etc.",1,-1,[],[37596]],["Just as genes propagate in the gene pool, ideas also propagate.",1,-1,[],[19687]],["Lately, memes have become a part of popular self-expression in online communication.",1,-1,[],[57262]],["Memes are clearly a central driving force of our networked digital culture with \"significant social, cultural and political merit,\" insofar as they function as \"effective communicative devices for alignment building and for stimulating socio-political discussion\" (Zeng and Abidin, 2021, p. 4).",1,-1,[],[49379]],["Memes are neither inherently politically oriented nor socially just. They can be used for any purpose, including to undermine the causes others are spreading memes to promote.",1,-1,[],[54855]],["Memes are not phenomena of language; they are phenomena with language.",1,-1,[],[8218]],["Memes contain a lot of text on them. This category mostly contains memes with false quotes and statistics.",1,-1,[],[53846]],["Memes contribute to the spread of health misinformation",1,-1,[],[11313]],["Memes in particular have grown as a central facet of popular culture and expression.",1,-1,[],[17788]],["Memes shape (and give shape to) political and social discourses",1,-1,[],[54855]],["Memes, as a portmanteau of mimesis and genes",1,-1,[],[40236]],["Such memetic, associative, and purposeful misconnections obscure contextualization while reinforcing stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[19148]],["Such polyphonous image-text interplay allows a multiplication of perspectives and interpretations",1,-1,[],[54855]],["The biologist hypothesised that, just as biological information is passed from one being to another through DNA, a range of socio-cultural attitudes including political and religious views may be transmitted through memes, which also have the potential, as the above quote argues, to affect consumers' minds without reference to their will (see also Way 2021, this issue).",1,-1,[],[24419]],["The representational power of memes comes from the imperfect interplay of image and text.",1,-1,[],[54855]],["The representational power of memes comes from the imperfect interplay of image and text. When words and images provide contrapuntal meanings, the resulting message becomes complicatedly ambiguous-something meme makers operationalize for varying purposes (e.g., irony, absurdism, satire).",1,-1,[],[54855]],["The term 'meme' was adopted by Richard Dawkins for describing small units of cultural transmission as a parallel to biological genes(Dawkins 1976).",1,-1,[],[57262]],["The term largely signifies the transmitting of visual information online, a mix of ideas and images that spread virally.",1,-1,[],[57262,57263]],["Therefore, Reime stresses the formal characteristics of memes, thus distinguishing them from other genres, such as jokes, posters, etc.",1,-1,[],[8218]],["These virtual artifacts produce similar emotions in members of a community and are understood only in this milieu",1,-1,[],[20963]],["This category mostly contains memes with false quotes and statistics.",1,-1,[],[53846]],["To study the diffusion of information on Twitter it is necessary to identify a specific topic as it propagates through the social substrate.",1,-1,[],[22956]],["Via social media, memes are viewed, circulated, and transformed by large networks of individuals",1,-1,[],[54855]],["When words and images provide contrapuntal meanings, the resulting message becomes complicatedly ambiguous-something meme makers operationalize for varying purposes (e.g., irony, absurdism, satire).",1,-1,[],[54855]],["a key instrument of interpersonal and group interaction",1,-1,[],[20963]],["a means of building solidarity instantly ('haha, I can't stand Prince Lemon either', 'right, I also think the mayor of Gotham is a bad man')",1,-1,[],[20964]],["a means of public commentary on the news agenda, a tool of personal and group self-identification, a channel for transmitting views and political values, a mechanism of shaping a collective identity",1,-1,[],[20963]],["a meme appears spontaneously (in the modern context its appearance can be easily tracked on the internet)",1,-1,[],[8218]],["a meme carries more information than appears on the surface (it \"refers\" to a whole situation, the sum total of its constituents is not equal to its meaning)",1,-1,[],[8218]],["a meme is defined by its shape or outline, and not by its informational content",1,-1,[["a meme is defined by its shape or outline, and not by its informational content",1],["a meme is defined by its shape or outline, and not by its informational content.",1]],[11313]],["a modern meme (unlike memes that originated in the pre-internet era) has a particularly short \"period of decomposition\" -it appears instantly, transforms within a few days (sometimes hours), and just as quickly loses its appeal.",1,-1,[],[8218]],["a special technology of communication with users",1,-1,[],[20963]],["an organic means through which citizens can respond in almost real time to contemporary political events with no fear of delay or censorship by mainstream media",1,-1,[],[20963]],["and are often used to express solidarity or derision",1,-1,[],[54855]],["any item of information can become a meme: an apt word, phrase, image or any other verbal/nonverbal symbol",1,-1,[],[8218]],["are frequently employed to insult and harass individuals or groups.",1,-1,[],[52652]],["certain memes with low iconicity are characterized by complex language use, slang, impermanence, and short forms",1,-1,[],[52340]],["due to their modality, memes can be an efficient, high-impact method of spreading a message or idea since users do not need to have strong knowledge of the meme's topic, but they need to have a good understanding of the social dynamics they are living in",1,-1,[],[49825]],["funny, yet misleading images, containing incorrect stats or quotes",1,-1,[],[53846]],["humorous",1,-1,[],[40236]],["intertextual",1,-1,[],[40236]],["intertextual, and humorous",1,-1,[],[40235]],["it is a means of information exchange, a form of cognition and making sense of reality",1,-1,[],[20963]],["limitless and chaotic spreading of witty, brief messages",1,-1,[],[51777]],["memes allow different users to make their meanings for the same content",1,-1,[],[49825]],["memes are complex content, where text and image not only coexist but interact in ways that significantly enhance the message's effectiveness and reach.",1,-1,[],[49825]],["memes are important creators of emotions that determine people to share and comment",1,-1,[],[49825]],["memes are treated as media objects with specific characteristics.",1,-1,[],[49825]],["memes as a source of harmful content",1,-1,[],[7418]],["memes can be an efficient, high-impact method of spreading a message or idea since users do not need to have strong knowledge of the meme's topic, but they need to have a good understanding of the social dynamics they are living in",1,-1,[],[49825]],["memes have high qualities of engaging mass population and create strong opinions that resist long periods through social media platforms.",1,-1,[],[49825]],["memes may contain racist intentions that can be comprehended only by users who precisely interpret the meme's symbol",1,-1,[],[52340]],["memes mostly belong to the culture of laughter, containing a joke or ironical comment",1,-1,[],[20963]],["memes mostly belong to the culture of laughter, containing a joke or ironical comment [Davison, 2009, р. 122]",1,-1,[],[20963]],["memes quickly disappear from the information field",1,-1,[],[8218]],["memes represent an effective mechanism of participatory culture",1,-1,[],[20963]],["memes represent an effective mechanism of participatory culture [see : Jenkins, 2009]",1,-1,[],[20963]],["memes, which are primarily determined by their contour, or the shape that contains the message.",1,-1,[],[11315]],["multimodal",1,-1,[],[40235,40236]],["natural tools of an insurgency; great for blowing things up",1,-1,[],[20964]],["persuasive multimodal genres with a specific political purpose in terms of influencing opinions and behaviour",1,-1,[],[24419]],["photo-based memes act as a kind of hypersignification mechanism, in which the code itself becomes the focus of attention and functions as prospective photography",1,-1,[],[57263]],["polyvocal",1,-1,[],[40235,40236]],["recipients need to evaluate the meaning behind the meme because of its complexity.",1,-1,[],[52340]],["social phenomena. They reproduce through imitation and diffuse through competition and selection.",1,-1,[],[49825]],["succinct, often humorous images, videos, or texts spread rapidly online, offering a unique blend of entertainment and political commentary.",1,-1,[],[49825]],["technology-mediated artifacts",1,-1,[],[40235,40236]],["the internet is currently the best medium for memes, where they spread horizontally, not vertically as was the case before (for example, collocations were passed from generation to generation)",1,-1,[],[8218]],["the memes here mark a kind of intertextual link with falsity and stupidity",1,-1,[],[57263]],["the most common type for Internet meme is in the form of graphics with short phrases.",1,-1,[],[22494]],["the success of a meme depends upon its capacity to have its meaning radically transformed.",1,-1,[],[11313]],["the use of memes becomes a technology of political Public Relations, going far beyond everyday entertaining Internet communication",1,-1,[],[20964]],["these information units are a sort of viral communication and are capable of replication",1,-1,[],[20963]],["they are open to transformation and play (language games, visual puns etc.), they are interactive, intertextual and welcome creativity",1,-1,[],[20963]],["they are open to transformation and play (language games, visual puns etc.), they are interactive, intertextual and welcome creativity [Tay, 2014]",1,-1,[],[20963]],["they function as \"effective communicative devices for alignment building and for stimulating socio-political discussion\" (Zeng and Abidin, 2021, p. 4).",1,-1,[],[49382]],["while virtually anything can be a meme since it is a unit of information",1,-1,[],[49824]]],"sy":[["Internet memes",2,15928,[["Internet memes",1],["internet meme",1]],[19687,58439]],["a unit of cultural transmission",1,-1,[],[40236]],["artifacts",1,4152,[],[40235]],["cultural capital",1,18978,[],[40235]],["cultural hieroglyph",1,12,[],[20963]],["digital artifacts of public opinion",1,-1,[],[49825]],["genres",1,3463,[],[40235]],["signifiers",1,24632,[],[40235]],["viral messages",1,24610,[],[20963]],["virtual artifacts",1,-1,[],[20963]]],"rt":[["Internet meme",2,15928,[["Internet meme",1],["internet memes",1]],[20963,49825]],["Dawkinsian memes",1,23438,[],[49825]],["Remixing",1,30746,[],[54855]],["Visual-Linguistic (VL) multimodal problems",1,-1,[],[37596]],["biological genes",1,-1,[],[57262]],["creolized memes",1,19613,[],[8218]],["images",1,1973,[],[61704]],["media meme",1,-1,[],[20963]],["meme culture",1,-1,[],[49379]],["meme ideologies",1,13267,[],[11313]],["memefication of political discourse",1,-1,[],[40236]],["memefication of politics",1,-1,[],[40236]],["memeplex",1,-1,[],[20964]],["memes classification",1,-1,[],[37596]],["memetic content",1,-1,[],[20964]],["memetic messages",1,-1,[],[20963]],["memetics",1,32465,[],[40236]],["memosphere",1,10616,[],[20963,20964]],["political memes",1,15083,[],[49825]],["slogans",1,1044,[],[61704]],["textual memes",1,-1,[],[8218]],["viral texts",1,2690,[],[61704]],["visual trope",1,-1,[],[49825]]],"sb":[["Internet memes",4,15928,[["Internet memes",2],["internet meme",1],["internet memes",1]],[11268,19687,40236,49825]],["image macro",3,15738,[["image macro",1],["image macros",1],["image-macro",1]],[11313,49379,60123]],["Dawkinsian memes",1,23438,[],[49825]],["Hashtags",1,31122,[],[22956]],["Internet (social media) memes",1,-1,[],[19687]],["Mentions",1,17372,[],[22956]],["Phrases",1,-1,[],[22956]],["URLs",1,17731,[],[22956]],["anchor meme",1,20374,[],[60123]],["audial (melodies, sound imitations)",1,-1,[],[20963]],["audio memes",1,-1,[],[40236]],["founder meme",1,210,[],[60123]],["meme cycle",1,32042,[],[60123]],["mixed (demotivators, coubs, videos etc.)",1,-1,[],[20963]],["modern meme",1,14964,[],[8218]],["political cartoon",1,26014,[],[59606]],["political memes",1,15083,[],[49825]],["verbal (hashtags, speech clichés, abbreviations etc.)",1,-1,[],[20963]],["visual (GIF files, photoshopped images, collages)",1,-1,[],[20963]]],"sp":[["image misinformation",1,-1,[],[53846]],["symbols of content",1,-1,[],[52340]]],"ex":[["An illustrative example is a meme depicting President Joko Widodo as an infant carried by Megawati Soekarnoputri, chair of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P)",1,-1,[],[52652]],["Bert is Evil",1,-1,[],[17788]],["Combine that caption with the image of a skunk, and it became mean.",1,-1,[],[37596]],["Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catchphrases, fashion trends, tool making or architectural techniques.",1,-1,[],[19687]],["I can has cheezburger?",1,-1,[],[17788]],["Instagram posts and reels",1,-1,[],[49379]],["LOLcats",1,-1,[],[17788]],["TikTok videos",1,-1,[],[49379]],["a meme depicting President Joko Widodo as an infant carried by Megawati Soekarnoputri, chair of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P)",1,-1,[],[52652]],["consider a caption \"look how many people love you\" which seems good but adds that with barren land, it also becomes mean.",1,-1,[],[37596]],["hashtags",1,-1,[],[49379]],["image-macro",1,-1,[],[49379]],["mocking particular concepts or events, such as elections.",1,-1,[],[58439]],["social media activists called for branding a new Nike model with \"sweatshop\" and called Monsanto's seeds \"Terminator\"",1,-1,[],[51777]],["such as elections",1,-1,[],[58439]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["pragmatic dimensions",1,30142,[],[11530]]],"sb":[["bystanders, listeners who have access to what the speaker says while this is in fact mutually known by speaker and audience",1,-1,[],[53663]],["eavesdroppers, listeners who have access to what the speaker says without the speaker being aware",1,-1,[],[53663]],["overhearers, namely listeners who are not intended to be included in the conversation by the speaker, but that nevertheless witness the conversation",1,-1,[],[53663]],["participants, to wit, listeners who the speaker intends to include in the conversation",1,-1,[],[53663]]],"sp":[["social roles",1,28392,[],[858]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Finally, at the macro level of digital racism, conspiracy thinking connects immigration to ideas of political secrecy and betrayal.",1,-1,[],[46047]],["The assessment of digital racism at the meso level considers the ways in which sociological, political and socio-technical intersections between different networks, political actors/organizations and social groups become perceptible online.",1,-1,[],[46047]],["digital racism is a part of the \"mediated construction of reality\" (Couldry and Hepp, 2017).",1,-1,[],[46047]],["the online circulation of conspiracy thinking reinforces digital racism and adds a quasi-rational framework of political and systemic critique.",1,-1,[],[46047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural politics of 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when leaders expressed empathy, concern, or reassurance toward affected communities.",1,-1,[],[49089]],["helped bridge the gap between technical policy discussions and public sentiment. This connection encouraged engagement and helped sustain attention toward systemic solutions.",1,-1,[],[49089]],["it is now widely recognised in crisis communication as a strategic framing device that can shape public perception and strengthen persuasive messaging",1,-1,[],[49089]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Terms such as \"support\" or \"together\" often signal unity, while words like \"racism\" or \"discrimination\" point to injustice and exclusion.",1,-1,[],[49089]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["is an assertion one is making of some \"first\" event/action leading to a domino-like chain of events that have some significant negative (positive) effects and consequences that appear to be ludicrous or unwarranted or with each step in the chain more and more improbable.",2,-1,[],[37221,57418]]],"de":[["The core essence behind this fallacy is an assertion one is making of some 'first' event/action leading to a domino-like chain of events that have some significant negative effects and consequences that appear to be ludicrous. This technique is characterized by ignoring and/or understating the likelihood of the sequence of events from the first event leading to the end point (last event).",1,-1,[],[57418]],["This technique has the following logical form: if A will happen then B, C, D, ... will happen. The core essence behind this fallacy is an assertion one is making of some 'first' event/action leading to a domino-like chain of events that have some significant negative effects and consequences that appear to be ludicrous. This technique is characterized by ignoring and/or understating the likelihood of the sequence of events from the first event leading to the end point (last event). In order to take into account symmetric cases, i.e., using Consequential Oversimplification to promote or to support certain action in a similar way, we also consider cases when the sequence of events leads to positive outcomes (i.e., encouraging people to undertake a certain course of action(s), with the promise of a major positive event in the end).",1,-1,[],[57418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Simplification",1,8034,[],[57418]]],"ex":[["Example: If we begin to restrict freedom of speech, this will encourage the government to infringe upon other fundamental rights, and eventually this will result in a totalitarian state where citizens have little to no control of their lives and decisions they make.",1,-1,[],[57418]],["If we begin to restrict freedom of speech, this will encourage the government to infringe upon other fundamental rights, and eventually this will result in a totalitarian state where citizens have little to no control of their lives and decisions they make.",1,-1,[],[57418]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The way religion is portrayed and generally made available to the public via the internet is related to the monetization of religion. Religion is no longer just ideas and rituals but has evolved into a symbolic good that is relevant to modern society's consumption and way of life (Kholis et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[59987]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["monetization of religion",1,-1,[],[59987]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Krueger and Zeiger developed a measure that correlated item endorsements, not with individuals' estimates, but with \"the differences between estimated and actual consensus\" [17], thus indicating a truly false consensus effect.",1,-1,[],[36228]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["false consensus effect",1,25785,[],[36228]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["News overload induces news avoidance by increasing news fatigue and news paralysis",1,-1,[],[5101]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Afecto",1,20151,[],[15149]],["apreciación",1,-1,[],[15149]],["juicio",1,29910,[],[15149]]],"sp":[["sistema de 'actitud'",1,-1,[],[15149]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'Australia's greatest ever medical achievements'",1,-1,[["'Australia's greatest ever medical achievements'",1],["Australia's greatest ever medical achievements",1]],[51957]],["'historic medical breakthrough'",1,-1,[["'historic medical breakthrough'",1],["historic medical breakthrough",1]],[51957]],["'landmark discovery'",1,-1,[["'landmark discovery'",1],["landmark discovery",1]],[51957]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["complete",1,-1,[],[15859]],["complete double forms",1,-1,[],[15859]],["complete forms",1,-1,[],[2517]],["contracted",1,-1,[],[15859]],["contracted double forms",1,30932,[],[15859]],["contracted forms",1,20177,[],[2517]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Implicit Self-Esteem",1,4781,[],[17274]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["These biases can be used to portray a particular opinion in a biased way by criticizing one side more than the other, using inflammatory words, or omitting relevant information.",1,-1,[],[40307]],["Words and statements have the power to alter the article's context, influencing the reader's opinion",1,-1,[],[20744]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["phrasing bias",1,11204,[],[20744]],["spin bias",1,31485,[],[20744]],["statement bias",1,24212,[],[20744]]],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[20744]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The path from u to p and from there to p' is abductive and necessarily indetermined. It depends crucially on the recognition of the inappropriateness of u in C and on the search for relevance (again in C)",1,-1,[],[13254]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in cinemas, colonies or political mass gatherings, where Mussolini showcased the order and hierarchy of a modernised Italy through mass media",1,-1,[],[51359]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cinemas, colonies or political mass gatherings",1,-1,[],[51359]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["taboo words",1,6478,[],[39903]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Variables included: attitude towards website, attitude towards platform.",1,-1,[],[592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["and the predominance of only a limited number of frames.",1,-1,[],[24632]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["It is, therefore, safe to see political marketing as a marketing management strategy directed towards understanding and meeting the needs and wants of electors for the mutual benefit of the party, candidate, electorate, and the society in the long-term.",1,-1,[],[3969]],["Political marketing has been scorned by some scholars while other adjudged it as the best way forward for politics.",1,-1,[],[54229]],["Political marketing is commonly criticised for being about advertising, slogans, sound bites, and spin-doctors, basically, turning voters to consumers.",1,-1,[],[3969]],["Political marketing is suitable for politics to become more responsive to citizens' needs and demands, for that is the very essence of politics itself, and that political marketing has made consumers become more collectively powerful, co-creators of public policies rather than mere consumers",1,-1,[],[54229]],["Political marketing potentially addresses the way politicians, political parties and governments behave, not just how they communicate that behaviour",1,-1,[],[3969]],["To apply marketing principles to a political campaigns means that the campaign will understand the voter's needs as in product marketing and develop a product to satisfy those needs",1,-1,[],[54229]],["While some scholars and practioners associate political marketing with election campaign and political communication, it must be clearly stated that though, political marketing does entail election campaign and political communication, it goes much further than that.",1,-1,[],[3969]],["marketing has made consumers become more collectively powerful, co-creators of public policies rather than mere consumers. It has given the public \"voice\" not only in communication but also in shaping political programs",1,-1,[],[3969]],["methods and techniques, e.g. opinion polling, focus grouping, negative and permanent campaigning, persuasive audio-visual communications, have increasingly been used by social pressure groups to change government policy.",1,-1,[],[58406]],["political marketing will develop both in theory and practice",1,-1,[],[3969]],["political marketing, especially the American negative campaigning variety, is a marketing/propaganda hybrid",1,-1,[],[58406]]],"sy":[["political branding and marketing",1,-1,[],[3969]]],"rt":[["election campaign",1,-1,[],[3969]],["political communication",1,26887,[],[3969]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[54229]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social marketing",1,-1,[],[20566]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["A parallel 'Disinfodemic'-a crisis of communication",1,-1,[],[44832]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["infodemic",1,27460,[],[44832]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformational messages",1,17008,[],[20262]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Transparent stance detection aims to predict the policy and stance of a comment alongside each other.",1,-1,[],[60369]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["explainable stance detection",1,-1,[],[60369]],["stance detection",1,25533,[],[60369]]],"sb":[["policy prediction",1,8261,[],[60369]],["stance detection",1,25533,[],[60369]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Detecting videobased harmful content often relies on capturing indicative features in multiple modalities, such as linguistic features of audio transcription, video sentiment, and flagged harmful objects",1,-1,[],[17914]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The respondent then is not able to refute all claims in the given time, suggesting that the unrefuted claims are valid.",1,-1,[],[59058]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["firehose of falsehood",1,24076,[],[59058]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["sought relief abroad by hitching their wagon and public image to that of Ukraine's heroic resistance",1,-1,[],[27833]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Coherence Errors",1,13334,[],[11839]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political advertising",1,6929,[],[20561]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":23,"df":[["when genuine content is shared with false contextual information",4,-1,[["when genuine content is shared with false contextual information",2],["When Genuine Content Is Shared With False Contextual Information",1],["When genuine content is shared with false contextual information",1]],[6174,32598,49503,61990]],["genuine content is shared with false contextual information",2,-1,[],[13593,42740]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",5,17423,[["disinformation",4],["Disinformation",1]],[27047,31070,42740,50786,61990]],["fake news",3,33960,[["fake news",2],["Fake news",1]],[32598,39223,61990]],["mis-and disinformation",3,1535,[["mis-and disinformation",2],["mis-and dis-information",1]],[6174,54277,61990]],["false information",2,20964,[],[36499,51113]],["mis-information and dis-information",2,25902,[["mis-information and dis-information",1],["misinformation and disinformation",1]],[13593,54678]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[27047,49503]],["information disorders",1,13397,[],[57289]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relational process",1,17907,[],[26647]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Food sovereignty may take shape and be communicated differently across various settler and postcolonial contexts (Grey & Patel, 2015;Peña et al, 2017), both utilizing and rejecting rights-based frameworks (Coté, 2016;LaDuke, 1999;Vía Campesina, 1996; U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance, n.d.).",1,-1,[],[4871]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["does only appear in the latent factor structure of tabloid papers",1,-1,[],[24629]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Justification",1,7321,[],[57408]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conservative layout",1,-1,[],[56597]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["If they choose to return home, they will continue to receive the protection of their government",1,-1,[],[828]],["Unlike refugees who cannot safely return home, migrants face no such impediment to return.",1,-1,[],[828]],["Unlike refugees who cannot safely return home, migrants face no such impediment to return. If they choose to return home, they will continue to receive the protection of their government",1,-1,[],[828]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["asylum seekers",1,3563,[],[828]],["internally displaced people",1,-1,[],[828]],["internally displaced persons (IDP)",1,-1,[],[828]],["refugees",1,4987,[],[828]]],"sb":[["Internally displaced people",1,-1,[],[828]],["asylum seekers",1,3563,[],[828]],["refugees",1,4987,[],[828]]],"sp":[["categories of migration",1,29020,[],[828]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This can be a famous person, a named individual or an unnamed participant in the conversation.",1,-1,[],[12253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["the common world",1,25805,[],[25215]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["An adequate critical thinker is \"habitually inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, fair-minded in evaluation, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, and focused in inquiry\"",1,-1,[],[9986]]],"sy":[["people who have high CT skills and dispositions at the same time",1,-1,[],[9986]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Der charismatische Skandalpolitiker exponiert dabei seine eigene Person und bildet gerade durch diese, für Menschen eher ungewohnte, Handlung einen Mythos aus, indem er sich den bestehenden Verhältnissen und Konventionen entgegenstellt",1,-1,[],[21292]],["Man macht sich selbst zum Skandalisierten",1,-1,[],[21292]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Entity framing focuses on analyzing how a text portrays a specific entity through word choice and narrative structure.",1,-1,[],[61242]],["the complexity of entity framing and the importance of capturing role transitions within our taxonomy",1,-1,[],[61242]],["the goal was to predict the framing of that entity mention",1,-1,[],[61242]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["role portrayal",1,-1,[],[61242]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing",1,22777,[],[12441]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Discrepancies in facts",1,28568,[],[35932]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Semantic differential is believed to be an excellent technique for measuring people's attitude or feelings toward objects, events, or behaviors.",1,-1,[],[25811]],["Semantic differential scale. This is a composite (multi-item) scale where respondents are asked to indicate their opinions or feelings toward a single statement using different pairs of adjectives framed as polar opposites.",1,-1,[],[25811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the construct \"attitude toward national health insurance\" can be measured using four items shown in Table 6.4.",1,-1,[],[25811]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Tradicionalmente se ha observado que la cobertura periodística de las campañas electorales puede estar encuadrada en términos de juego estratégico (strategic game frame), que ofrece una especial importancia y presencia en los medios a las estrategias de los candidatos para obtener el mayor rédito electoral.",1,-1,[],[13971]],["el encuadre de juego estratégico se inserta más en una lógica mediática que política cuyo fin es la atracción de públicos con fines comerciales.",1,-1,[],[42014]],["el encuadre está orientado en hacer disponibles los resultados de encuestas de opinión, así como en publicar historias de drama y conflictos entre actores de élite a partir de metáforas que retratan la contienda a través de una confrontación dramática entre opuestos que están obstinados por la victoria",1,-1,[],[42014]],["la información en este encuadre se centra menos en la sustancia política y más en el proceso político, por lo que los marcos de asunto o temáticos pasan a un segundo plano",1,-1,[],[42014]],["las noticias presentan la información política como un juego en el que quienes aspiran a la elección compiten para obtener la ventaja, a través de estrategias y tácticas diversas",1,-1,[],[42014]],["las noticias presentan la información política como un juego en el que quienes aspiran a la elección compiten para obtener la ventaja, a través de estrategias y tácticas diversas (Cappella y Jamieson, 1997).",1,-1,[],[42014]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["encuadre de estrategia (strategy frame)",1,24177,[],[13971]],["encuadre de juego",1,3550,[],[13971]],["encuadre de juego (game frame)",1,26188,[],[13971]],["encuadre estratégico",1,24233,[],[13971]]],"sb":[["encuadre de conflicto",1,18057,[],[42014]],["encuadre de estrategia (strategy frame)",1,24177,[],[13971]],["encuadre de horse race o carrera de caballos",1,16307,[],[42014]],["encuadre de interés humano",1,21216,[],[42014]],["encuadre de juego (game frame)",1,26188,[],[13971]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["feelings of self-confidence counteract and reduce affective load in an information task.",1,-1,[],[24592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["group fairness (also named statistical parity)",1,33164,[],[5949]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Rhetorical Structure Theory",1,32363,[],[55680]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["presenting authoritarian consolidation as a response to political uncertainty",1,-1,[],[48106]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affirmative logic",1,13221,[],[48106]],["defensive logic",1,13705,[],[48106]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["wu mao dang",1,-1,[],[18015]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Misleading reporting",1,23817,[],[27804]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It encapsulates the \"plot\" element of the NPF, and links into Entman's (Entman, 1993) criteria of framing which state that, among its other functions, a frame can point to the cause of the issue and its underlying conflict, or prescribe a resolution.",1,-1,[],[51279]],["we conceptualize conflict and resolution as a four-way distinction: the characters assigned hero and victim roles in a narrative frame can either fuel conflict (perform actions that cause or exacerbate the issue), fuel resolution (perform actions that help to resolve the issue), prevent conflict (oppose actions that cause or exacerbate the issue), or prevent resolution (oppose actions that help to resolve the issue).",1,-1,[],[51279]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["narrative frame",1,32804,[],[51279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Another way that one can determine media slant is to directly analyze the content of articles.",1,-1,[],[56870]],["For example, a television station's slant might change over time, or a paper's news pages might have a different slant from its editorial pages.",1,-1,[],[56870]],["For reasons such as attracting readers, pursuing commercial interests, or other motives, they may produce biased media sentiment.",1,-1,[],[41954]],["Note that we deliberately use the term \"media slant\" instead of \"media bias\", for the reason that our measures are relative rather than absolute.",1,-1,[],[56870]],["The larger the Slant, the more optimistic the media slant.",1,-1,[],[41954,41955]],["This reflects not only differences in definition, but also the fact that news outlets can differ in the extent of their slant.",1,-1,[],[56870]],["we deliberately use the term \"media slant\" instead of \"media bias\", for the reason that our measures are relative rather than absolute.",1,-1,[],[56870]]],"sy":[["Slant",1,18126,[],[41954]]],"rt":[["editorial slant",1,7699,[],[56870]],["journalistic slant",1,-1,[],[56870]],["media bias",1,3751,[],[56870]],["reporting bias",1,16743,[],[41954]]],"sb":[["content slant",1,-1,[["content slant",1],["slant in content",1]],[56870]],["editorial",1,20853,[],[56870]],["editorial slant",1,7699,[],[56870]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such insouciance is not a deliberate choice.",1,-1,[],[32579]],["This unreflective insouciance is different from the more deliberate bullshit often produced by citizens and other political actors.",1,-1,[],[32579]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Minimising information overload helps stakeholders in their decision making processes by providing them with the appropriate amount of information which is complete for the task at hand.",1,-1,[],[30229]]],"sy":[["inforexia",1,-1,[],[30229]]],"rt":[["infobesity",1,24041,[],[30229]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A customer is in the process of buying a car. They need certain information before they can decide whether to buy a particular car (e.g., the price, the number and amount of instalments, the final calculated price, possible mileage restrictions). If they do not have access to all the information they need and some of their questions remain unanswered, then information starvation will happen, which will impair their decision making.",1,-1,[],[30229]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["high fact-check endorsement associated with greater belief updating.",1,-1,[],[56421]],["lower belief in the false claims",1,-1,[],[56421]],["reliance on misinformation was lower (i.e., greater belief updating)",1,-1,[],[56421]]],"sy":[["reduced CIE",1,-1,[],[56421]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[["non-political online spaces where political talk emerges",2,-1,[],[34512,61130]]],"de":[["The biggest diff erence from Oldenburg's approach is that third space does not privilege place-based communities.",1,-1,[],[61130]],["The third space frames these encounters as sites where categories like legal/illegal are renegotiated in real time.",1,-1,[],[53158]],["Third spaces can, thus, include both geographic and non-geographic communities.",1,-1,[],[61130]],["does not privilege place-based communities",1,-1,[],[61130]],["non-political online spaces where political talk emerges.",1,-1,[],[61130]],["relocates border storytelling to a hybrid arena where the categories legal/illegal and insider/outsider are renegotiated in real time.",1,-1,[],[53158]],["similar to the way Black barber shops and beauty salons allowed private spaces for identity discourses between Black men and women, and also opens these formerly private spaces to non-Blacks, who contribute to the articulation of Black identity online",1,-1,[],[9081]],["the concept itself is deliberately expansive.",1,-1,[],[61130]],["the existence and behaviour of Super-participants is crucial",1,-1,[],[61130]],["the indeterminacy that defines third-space rhetoric.",1,-1,[],[53158]],["the ultimate determination must be made through analysis of the discourse and paĴ erns of participation.",1,-1,[],[61130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alterity",1,18759,[],[39795]],["binaries",1,17298,[],[39795]],["hybrid identity",1,-1,[],[60103]],["third place",1,26452,[],[61130]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["third place",1,26452,[],[61130]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This entails exposing and questioning what is assumed \"as morally or politically obligatory and essential\"",1,-1,[],[8642]],["overpoliticisation in health crises may indicate a crisis of expertise (Bal et al., 2020) and a decline of the authority of science (Gauchat 2012) in providing sufficient legitimacy to professional bureaucracies and expert policymakers.",1,-1,[],[8642]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["regulation spreading function",1,17384,[],[2965]],["social media spreading function",1,-1,[],[2965]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["emancipatory research",1,-1,[],[8050]]],"rt":[["nothing about us without us",1,10221,[],[8050]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Another form of verbal abuse or intimidation is what one respondent has referred to as marking or branding (Markierung in the German original).",1,-1,[],[22682]]],"sy":[["Markierung",1,-1,[],[22682]]],"rt":[["intimidation",1,8617,[],[22682]],["verbal abuse",1,-1,[],[22682]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["verbal abuse or intimidation",1,-1,[],[22682]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["this subjective or 'biased' standpoint works to invite viewers to an immersive experience of 'being-there', as-if audiences were present in the event and seen them with their own eyes",1,-1,[],[29732]],["this subjective or 'biased' standpoint works to invite viewers to an immersive experience of 'being-there', as-if audiences were present in the event and seen them with their own eyes (Zelizer, 2007).",1,-1,[],[29732]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content curation",1,26101,[],[29732]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital story-telling",1,6488,[],[29732]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["knowledge-oriented methods",1,5117,[],[31428]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Intencionalidad",1,6222,[],[15222]]],"ex":[["un supuesto apoyo gubernamental durante la pandemia en el que se busca embaucar incautos que, con USD250 harían parte de un sistema de ingresos \"con Resultados GARANTIZADOS\"",1,-1,[],[15222]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Engels's concept of social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["Engels's concept of social murder contains four elements: a) capitalism creates living and working conditions that kill; b) ruling authorities and the bourgeoisie are responsible for these conditions; and c) since they are aware of these effects, yet do nothing to change them; d) are guilty of social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["Engels's concept of social murder contains four elements: a) capitalism creates living and working conditions that kill; b) ruling authorities and the bourgeoisie are responsible for these conditions; and c) since they are aware of these effects, yet do nothing to change them; d) are guilty of social murder (Engels 1845(Engels /2009)).",1,-1,[],[34775]],["The identification of two primary concepts of social murder paralleled findings of the social murder concept in academic journals (Medvedyuk et al. 2021).",1,-1,[],[34775]],["Two primary concepts of social murder were identified. The first is true to Engels's conception that social murder is driven by the capitalist economic system with its inevitable exploitative social relations. The second sees social murder as resulting from problematic public policy without explicit reference to capitalist exploitation.",1,-1,[],[34775]],["because they already know what will cause these deaths, they do not have any preventative measures",1,-1,[],[34775]],["caused by hunger, starvation and disease, or even the precarious conditions of living that make one prone to various fatal accidents",1,-1,[],[61211]],["changes to disability benefits that increase suicide rates as social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["failure of the ruling elite class to address climate change",1,-1,[],[34775]],["failure to address older persons' needs constitutes social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["generates excess mortality amongst the working class and poor",1,-1,[],[34775]],["government responses to the pandemic as representing social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["loss of work results in social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["preventable deaths that resulted from mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[34775]],["relates current austerity-driven policies in Ontario to social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["resulting from cost-of-living increases, poor living standards, poverty and corruption",1,-1,[],[34775]],["social murder committed under the conditions of digital capitalism, through a withdrawal of necessary social security and increasingly violent instruments of legal coercion",1,-1,[],[61211]],["suicide should be considered 'social murder' in many cases",1,-1,[],[34775]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["capitalist alienation",1,-1,[],[61211]],["capitalist exploitation",1,-1,[],[34775]],["problematic public policy",1,-1,[],[34775]],["rape",1,4295,[],[34775]],["settler colonialism",1,28523,[],[34775]],["structural violence",1,4547,[],[34775]]],"sb":[["capitalist exploitation",1,-1,[],[34775]],["problematic public policy",1,-1,[],[34775]],["problematic public policy concept",1,-1,[],[34775]],["resulting from problematic public policy without explicit reference to capitalist exploitation",1,-1,[],[34775]],["social murder as capitalist exploitation",1,-1,[],[34775]],["true to Engels's conception that social murder is driven by the capitalist economic system with its inevitable exploitative social relations",1,-1,[],[34775]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Grenfell Tower Fire as Social Murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["Rising suicide rates among the poor and underprivileged are a product of the rapid collapse of the middle class due to an economic meltdown",1,-1,[],[34775]],["Spending cuts, deregulation, outsourcing: between them they have turned a state supposedly there to protect and support citizens into a machine to make money for the rich while punishing the poor",1,-1,[],[34775]],["You failed to be honest about your government's level of preparedness, failed to prevent infections coming in from abroad, failed to lead by example by shaking hands and not wearing a mask, failed to provide us with adequate PPE, failed to be transparent and not corrupt by giving PPE contracts worth billions to friends and donors without any experience",1,-1,[],[34775]],["cost-of-living increases, poor living standards, poverty and corruption",1,-1,[],[34775]],["labour and ecological exploitation during the COVID-19 pandemic, austerity measures and benefit cuts in the UK, and growing rates of suicide in Korea due to poor working conditions and labour insecurity",1,-1,[],[34775]],["premature death that can come with poverty",1,-1,[],[34775]],["social murders are not limited to industrial towns or capitalist countries but also extend into the domains of the colonies",1,-1,[],[61211]],["suicide should be considered 'social murder' in many cases",1,-1,[],[34775]],["the GTF deaths constituted social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]],["the death of miners at New Zealand's Pike River disaster was a result of government officials and the trade union bureaucracy colluding with those benefiting from the capitalist economic system, thereby constituting social murder",1,-1,[],[34775]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A personagem jornalística 'representa' idealmente um ser humano, identificado, com 'existência real'",1,-1,[],[39853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Or, put more colloquially, information that accurately represents the real world.",1,-1,[],[53114]],["The definition in journalistic approach",1,-1,[],[29047]],["Wikipedia defines a fact as something that is consistent with objective reality or that can be proven with evidence-if a statement can be demonstrated to correspond to experience, it's a fact.",1,-1,[],[40795]],["everything we call a fact was produced by some artificial process, and that ultimately some person or human system produced it.",1,-1,[],[59713]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contrastive explanations",1,31471,[],[23410]],["fiction",1,21685,[],[59713]],["truth",1,9596,[],[37869]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facts in politics, especially statistical facts, are always fictions made to serve a particular political purpose.",1,-1,[],[59713]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["church-state relations",1,-1,[],[61229]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These methods detect fake news by analyzing the differences in the propagation structures of fake and real news on social media platforms.",1,-1,[],[41730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Dynamic graph-based detection",1,-1,[],[41730]],["Static graph-based detection",1,-1,[],[41730]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["gender influences in journalistic news production act as gatekeepers in the transformation of a political and social reality into a mediated reality.",1,-1,[],[8888]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gendered mediation of politics",1,25652,[],[8888]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, it is not a correspondence idea of truth that Habermas uses but a consensus theory.",1,-1,[],[13434]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[30741]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["supports the fact that audiences, or readers, get only partial information on reality.",1,-1,[],[29287]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The cause of climate change is overconsumption; villains are profit-driven corporations and anyone who supports status quo, and heroes are groups who seek fundamental changes.",1,-1,[],[51282]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrative frames",1,32804,[],[51282]],["cultural stories",1,9099,[],[51282]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake News Detection",1,15605,[],[43047]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a great number and complexity of information leads to information overload, which can exceed information processing capacities",1,-1,[],[32530]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance by effort",1,16674,[],[32530]]],"ex":[["You feel overwhelmed by the amount of info about ChatGPT and you decide to avoid reading any news about it.",1,-1,[],[32530]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Interpretivist research philosophy is based on the principle which states that the researcher performs a specific role in observing the social world.",1,-1,[],[16331]],["The greatest attention here is given to understanding of the ways through which people experience the social world.",1,-1,[],[16331]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":89,"df":[["the quality of being convincing or believable",2,-1,[],[5853,20988]]],"de":[["Assessing content/user credibility helps people to determine whether the given content/user can be trusted for information.",1,-1,[],[22226]],["Compared to other works, credibility has been defined by Flanagin and Metzger as made up of two primary dimensions: trustworthiness and expertise [20].",1,-1,[],[17923]],["Correctness, Trustworthiness, or Credibility is the quality of the information to be trusted and believed in.",1,-1,[],[48669]],["Credibility and legitimation constitute the symbolic capital of journalists. The credibility of journalism and journalists is narratively built. An accurate and, therefore, true journalistic production is assumed, based on \"credibility (authority of those who witnessed/saw/is exempt/objective, etc.)\" (Guazina, 2013, p. 6, our translation).",1,-1,[],[27485]],["Credibility beliefs stem from evaluating the attributes of an attitude object, resulting in perceptive knowledge that guides feelings and actions",1,-1,[],[22226]],["Credibility is central to trust [18], so it is one of the fundamental dimensions of trust.",1,-1,[],[32557]],["Credibility relates to how accurate, trustworthy, fair, and reliable content is taken.",1,-1,[],[25504]],["Credibility would be a feature of what is trustworthy",1,-1,[],[49498]],["Differently put, credibility is a perception, rather than being an intrinsic quality within a particular channel or source",1,-1,[],[35290]],["Does the source have the relevant expertise? Does the source have a vested interest? Is the source trustworthy?",1,-1,[],[28314]],["Furthermore, scholars from information science to cognitive psychology can range in their definition of credibility as a purely objective assessment or a subjective judgment by the information receiver, adding complexity to the primary dimensions [20,22,57].",1,-1,[],[17923]],["Hence, credibility can either refer to the credibility of the content that is communicated-i.e., content credibility-or the credibility of the communicator-i.e., source credibility.",1,-1,[],[34608]],["In this way, credibility is not just a quality residing with the communicator but also within an audience's perception of the communicator at a particular time (Hart, Friedrich et al. 1983, McCroskey andTeven 1999)",1,-1,[],[46530]],["It 'results from evaluating multiple dimensions simultaneously' (Tseng and Fogg, 1999: 40), such as bias and accuracy (Flanagin and Metzger, 2000;Meyer, 1988).",1,-1,[],[9296]],["It is therefore not an inherent, but an ascribed characteristic of a journalistic article (the message), an attributed author (the source), or a newspaper (the medium; Bentele, 1998;Vogel et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[9296]],["Lisboa and Benetti (2015) propose to discuss credibility as justified true belief",1,-1,[],[32710]],["Many researchers have defined credibility, where it depends on two or more credibility categories consisting of one or more credibility factors.",1,-1,[],[5853]],["Oftentimes, credibility is targeted at just the message and/or the source, while some extend it to consider context, such as the channel or medium where the message is published [36,42].",1,-1,[],[17923]],["The concept of credibility is closely related, referring to the believability of a sender [22].",1,-1,[],[25504]],["The quality scale reflects editorial standards and analytical depth and the factual reporting ratings reflect varying levels of perceived accuracy and commitment to verifiable information, which represent key components of credibility.",1,-1,[],[51383]],["The term 'credibility' is often associated with qualities of reliability, trust, believability, accessibility and openness (Kim & Brown, 2015).",1,-1,[],[35290]],["The veracity of the information disseminated, impartiality, the media's independence from external agents, and their commitment to defending the audience's interests are some of the predictor variables of media credibility",1,-1,[],[13907]],["This concept is akin to that of internal validity in functionalistic research.",1,-1,[],[25775]],["This notion encompasses two core dimensions: expertise, namely the extent to which the communicator is perceived to be capable of making correct assertions, and trustworthiness, that is the willingness of the communicator to provide the assertions he or she considers most valid (Hovland et al. 1953).",1,-1,[],[59832]],["Truth was considered a necessary but not sufficient condition for credibility, as credibility also involves reputation and public perception.",1,-1,[],[7218]],["a feature attributed to individuals, institutions or their communicative products […] by somebody [the audience in this case] with regard to something [the news event]",1,-1,[],[54906]],["credibility has an intersubjective nature, since it is formed in the context of a relationship and depends on the perspective of another subject.",1,-1,[],[32710]],["credibility is different from factuality (our focus here) as the former is a subjective perception about whether a statement is credible, rather than verifying it as true or false as a matter of fact",1,-1,[],[16813]],["credibility is narrower in scope than trust",1,-1,[],[45373]],["credibility is not just a quality residing with the communicator but also within an audience's perception of the communicator at a particular time (Hart, Friedrich et al. 1983, McCroskey andTeven 1999)",1,-1,[],[46530]],["credibility is understood as the degree of trust that one has in the content being presented",1,-1,[],[54906]],["has traditionally been understood as stemming from a source's trustworthiness (i.e., the source's honesty) and expertise (i.e., the source's relevant knowledge ;Pornpitakpan, 2004;Wallace et al., 2020), though recent work suggests that perceived source bias (i.e., having a skewed perspective) serves as a third component of credibility and has independent effects on persuasion",1,-1,[],[14986]],["perceived source bias (i.e., having a skewed perspective) serves as a third component of credibility and has independent effects on persuasion",1,-1,[],[14986]],["results from evaluating multiple dimensions simultaneously",1,-1,[],[9296]],["scholars from information science to cognitive psychology can range in their definition of credibility as a purely objective assessment or a subjective judgment by the information receiver, adding complexity to the primary dimensions [20,22,57].",1,-1,[],[17923]],["the degree of trust that one has in the content being presented",1,-1,[],[54906]],["the quality of the information to be trusted and believed in",1,-1,[],[48669]],["they found credibility to be affected by expertise (capable of being believed) as well as trustworthiness (worthy of belief, confidence) (1953).",1,-1,[],[46530]],["traditionally been understood as stemming from a source's trustworthiness (i.e., the source's honesty) and expertise (i.e., the source's relevant knowledge ;Pornpitakpan, 2004;Wallace et al., 2020)",1,-1,[],[14986]],["with high certainty signaling authoritative claims",1,-1,[],[28667]]],"sy":[["trustworthiness",3,26771,[["trustworthiness",2],["Trustworthiness",1]],[22226,47259,48669]],["believability",2,1989,[],[22226,47259]],["reliability",2,18134,[],[47259,49498]],["Correctness",1,16152,[],[48669]],["integrity",1,25360,[],[47259]],["internal validity",1,-1,[],[25775]],["perceived credibility",1,29767,[],[35290]],["trust",1,34511,[],[13907]]],"rt":[["source credibility",4,22078,[],[2016,9296,34608,41371]],["trust",4,34511,[],[13907,22226,41371,45373]],["message credibility",3,3518,[],[2016,9296,41371]],["reliability",3,18134,[],[22226,46530,48669]],["trustworthiness",3,26771,[],[14986,46530,51383]],["accuracy",2,5235,[],[21700,42834]],["expertise",2,24528,[],[14986,46530]],["media credibility",2,17467,[],[2016,41371]],["perceived credibility",2,29767,[],[32710,35290]],["reputation",2,5210,[],[22226,48669]],["believability",1,1989,[],[21700]],["constituted credibility",1,34402,[],[32710]],["content credibility",1,33865,[],[34608]],["credibility categories",1,7355,[],[5853]],["credibility factors",1,26251,[],[5853]],["dependability",1,-1,[],[48669]],["factual reporting",1,26670,[],[51383]],["factuality",1,21606,[],[16813]],["fairness of the electoral process",1,-1,[],[20988]],["integrity",1,25360,[],[48669]],["internal validity in functionalistic research",1,-1,[],[25775]],["knowledge",1,28054,[],[46530]],["legitimacy",1,19405,[],[46530]],["medium credibility",1,15192,[],[9296]],["perceived source bias",1,10125,[],[14986]],["quality",1,10979,[],[51383]]],"sb":[["source credibility",4,22078,[],[2016,9296,34608,35290]],["message credibility",3,3518,[],[2016,9296,35290]],["Member credibility",1,15672,[],[22226]],["Single post credibility",1,14074,[],[22226]],["Topic-level credibility",1,5245,[],[22226]],["constituted credibility",1,34402,[],[32710]],["content credibility",1,33865,[],[34608]],["expertise",1,24528,[],[59832]],["media credibility",1,17467,[],[2016]],["medium credibility",1,15192,[],[9296]],["perceived credibility",1,29767,[],[32710]],["social credibility",1,32898,[],[22226]],["trustworthiness",1,26771,[],[59832]]],"sp":[["content credibility",1,33865,[],[34608]],["source credibility",1,22078,[],[34608]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Corruption is described as a crime committed by and benefiting the \"powerful,\" \"rich,\" \"elite,\" or \"ruling class.\"",1,-1,[],[44630]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[44630]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["basic model",1,-1,[],[20535]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Here, nationalists other those bodies within the nation that resist the national project by using homophobic tropes to undermine political legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["Homophobia as a technology of Othering functions by denying the masculinity of the Other-through projecting despised non-masculine aspects onto the Other-in order to emphasise the masculinity of the Self.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["In other words, by performing or displaying homophobia-and thus rejecting what is non-masculine-men can consolidate their own hegemonic masculinity.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["In short, it can be argued that homophobia is a masculine technology of Othering, 16 in which some men are reduced to an object/abject used for self-valorisation and that can be (violently) cast aside.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["It can also explicitly target homosexuals as a social group, who are depicted as a threat to the (biological) reproduction of nation",1,-1,[],[22197]],["It is a practice that is de-coupled from sexuality, i.e., it does not need to be exercised against homosexual bodies, nor does it need to be explicitly based on sexual language.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["The Other is dehumanised or demasculinised through homophobia as a technology of Othering, or represented as a derided or feared masculine Other",1,-1,[],[22197]],["The de-masculinisation and homosexualisation of Bosniaks in the media representation points to the usage of homophobia as a technology of Othering to exclude them from the Croatian nation",1,-1,[],[22197]],["The use of homophobia does not only create the emasculated Other but also constitute an act of self-production (Nayak and Kehily 1996).",1,-1,[],[22197]],["does not need to be directed to homosexual bodies or use explicit homophobic language, but it ultimately relies on the fear of being associated with the non-masculine.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["homophobia as a technology of Othering in this scenario is often explicitly linked to notions of homosexuality.",1,-1,[],[22197]],["sexual violence (whether against men or women) can also be conceptualised as a violent and embodied expression of masculine Technologies of Othering, aimed at producing and reinforcing the nation's (masculine) dominance over the enemy",1,-1,[],[22197]],["used to mark the difference between the progressive, homo-tolerant Self and the homophobic immigrant Other",1,-1,[],[22197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Othering",1,13537,[],[22197]],["hegemonic masculinity",1,8683,[],[22197]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Claim phrases do not include the predicate part that does not contribute to it being a claim.",1,-1,[],[44037]],["Ground/Reasoning to justify a claim will not be a part of the claim phrase.",1,-1,[],[44037]],["Mocking/attacking a group or individual is not a part of the claim phrase.",1,-1,[],[44037]]],"sy":[["claim phrase",1,-1,[],[44037]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["@realDonaldTrump A lot of people are saying cocaine cures COVID-19. Claim span: cocaine cures COVID-19.",1,-1,[],[44037]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Inoculation theory",1,18397,[],[3887]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["While the concept originated in the West, it was proclaimed universal in time and space (see e.g., Lerner, 1958) although being nothing more than a \"particular [autocentric] paradigm about a particular narrative of happiness\" (Sabry, 2010, p. 12).",1,-1,[],[20358]],["being nothing more than a \"particular [autocentric] paradigm about a particular narrative of happiness\" (Sabry, 2010, p. 12)",1,-1,[],[20358]],["nothing more than a \"particular [autocentric] paradigm about a particular narrative of happiness\"",1,-1,[],[20358]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["balancing approach",1,27815,[],[21930]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it is reasonable to assume that such persons typically possess a common set of psychological features.",1,-1,[],[14336]]],"sy":[["hater",1,10773,[],[14336]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["private public",1,-1,[],[37960]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["purposefully masquerading themselves as well-known sources",1,-1,[],[16551]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["abcnews.com.go",1,-1,[],[16551]],["times.com.mx",1,-1,[],[16551]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing devices",1,3083,[],[42831]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["At the core of this index is Levenshtein distance (lev), a well-established measure in computer science and information theory that is among others often used in plagiarism detection tools.",1,-1,[],[4278]],["Furthermore, we want to analyse the relative effort a journalist has put into an article so the measure also controls for the length of the journalistic text.",1,-1,[],[4278]],["Therefore, the measure needs to control for difference in length: unlike adding information, deleting information from a press release is not considered a journalistic effort.",1,-1,[],[4278]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Levenshtein distance (lev)",1,-1,[],[4278]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The information present in these headlines creates suspense and can tease users by containing exaggerate information than actual content.",1,-1,[],[32001]],["To increase the number of clicks, several linguistic features are used in the headlines, such as emotionally provoking words or sensational words (Bednarek, 2006;Bednarek & Caple, 2017), anaphora or the technique of substituting words to avoid revealing the real topic, presuppositions, use of questions, negative words, quotes, signal words, pronouns, and numbers (Lee et al., 2019), forward references which are used to trigger presuppositions such as pronouns, adverbs, definite articles, ellipsis of obligatory arguments, imperatives with implicit deictic reference, interrogatives, and general nouns with deictic reference (Blom & Hansen, 2015;Karaca, 2019), and plot organization including organizing the story in a different order or the use of reversal narrative to enhance readers' curiosity.",1,-1,[],[27364]],["clickbait also has its role, that of taking the reader to the text",1,-1,[],[44712]],["clickbait headline caters to the time-pressed internet user",1,-1,[],[44712]],["the clickbait headline does not necessarily reflect the journalistic content but challenges the reader to determine him/her to access the content",1,-1,[],[44712]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-clickbait headlines",1,6491,[],[27364]]],"sb":[["forward referencing",1,6037,[],[14492]],["hypothesis/guess",1,-1,[],[14492]],["number",1,-1,[],[14492]],["questionable",1,-1,[],[14492]],["reaction",1,23118,[],[14492]],["reasoning",1,20614,[],[14492]],["revealing",1,-1,[],[14492]],["shocking/unbelievable",1,-1,[],[14492]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["exaggerating story details with sensational language, using phrases like \"WOW!\", \"It's worth reading\"",1,-1,[],[36764]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["related to hasty generalization but does not fit its description",1,-1,[],[23619]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hasty generalization",1,6987,[],[23619]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23619]]],"ex":[["The team is great, so every player on the team must be great.",1,-1,[],[23619]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["AI-infused affective computing technologies could exacerbate interrogation risks (e.g., [98]): using these technologies, it may be possible to draw inferences about an individual's demeanor from verbal (e.g., language use, tone) and non-verbal (e.g., body language, eye movements) cues.",1,-1,[],[21060]],["Large Language Model-powered chatbots like ChatGPT, for example, could create new interrogation risks by imitating people and interacting with users in natural language, aiming to extract information from users.",1,-1,[],[21060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21060]]],"ex":[["lie detector tests entail interrogation risks -information beyond what an individual is saying is collected to assess the truthfulness of their words.",1,-1,[],[21060]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Simpson's paradox",1,11158,[],[15570]],["technical bias",1,16843,[],[15570]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["technical bias",1,16843,[],[15570]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["causal accountability",1,-1,[],[48144]]],"rt":[["treatment responsibility",1,-1,[],[26369]]],"sb":[["Individual Responsibility",1,18751,[],[48144]],["Societal responsibility",1,-1,[],[48144]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["I argue that some contemporary capitalist practices contribute to dispossession and 'the subjugation of life to the power of death' in a variety of contexts, for example in the organization and management of global violence through the increasing use of privatized military forces and conflicts over resources between transnational corporations and Indigenous communities.",1,-1,[],[8464]],["practices of organizational accumulation that involve violence, dispossession and death",1,-1,[],[8464]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["necroeconomics",1,-1,[],[8464]],["necropolitics",1,12730,[],[8464]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the impact of the resources industry in developing countries",1,-1,[],[8464]],["the privatization of war and the military",1,-1,[],[8464]],["transnational corporations",1,-1,[],[8464]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Media messages about the urban issues are understood through the construction of mental representations, which are induced in the media discourse and dependent on \"the linguistic cues provided by the text\", and \"vitally grounded in the context of the discourse\"",1,-1,[],[57322]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mental representations",1,-1,[],[57322]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["complex emotions",1,19086,[],[15747]],["emotions that need to be concretely analyzed in context",1,-1,[],[15747]],["sarcastic emotions",1,-1,[],[15747]],["sarcastic emotions (such as sarcastic words)",1,-1,[],[15747]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This underscores the diverse manifestations of hate on social media, including aspects of personal identity and appearance.",1,-1,[],[37084]]],"sy":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[37084]]],"rt":[["bullying",1,14915,[],[37084]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[37084]],["harassment",1,30286,[],[37084]],["insults",1,21655,[],[37084]],["racist remarks",1,-1,[],[37084]],["threats",1,10758,[],[37084]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Hateful posts make me feel somewhat anxious. I really worry for the world when I see people being aggressively homophobic or racist.",1,-1,[],[37084]],["I only watch videos on YouTube -those do not give me anxiety. Looking at the comments, however, will give you anxiety. People are just so mean for no reason.",1,-1,[],[37084]],["people talking down to people because of their weight or personal appearance.",1,-1,[],[37084]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Sentimientos Negativos",1,1950,[],[29299]],["Sentimientos Positivos",1,24910,[],[29299]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This process of interpreting reality, or meaning-making, often manifests into the insider language used by conspiracy groups (Leone 2017).",1,-1,[],[18429]],["is a fundamental requirement in the process of radicalization",1,-1,[],[18429]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Citizenship Education not only teaches about one's submission to the government, but also about how to be tolerant citizens, help each other, be independent, and prepare young people to be good citizens",1,-1,[],[12774]],["From this statement, it can be concluded that Citizenship Education focuses on formation of the character of citizens, especially students, to develop values and morals in everyday life.",1,-1,[],[12774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["citizenship character (civic dispositions)",1,-1,[],[12774]],["citizenship skills (civic skills)",1,-1,[],[12774]],["knowledge of citizenship (civic knowledge)",1,-1,[],[12774]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["information poverty",1,24620,[],[20399]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["stance",1,2283,[],[44656]],["support",1,12620,[],[44656]],["viewpoint",1,33516,[],[44656]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the so-called Islamic State",1,-1,[],[27512]]]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["They will make sure that the messages are framed in a way that is consistent with their preferred framing",1,-1,[],[53616]],["actors or claim-makers through series of competition. These actors may include politicians, organizations, and social movements.",1,-1,[],[53616]],["quoted or paraphrased sources contribute to the framing process, even to an extent that the latter are sometimes called 'frame sponsors'",1,-1,[],[28583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a discourse that bridges editorial and programming communities",1,-1,[],[9154]],["reimagines the news story and breaks it into component parts, giving more flexibility to journalist and reader",1,-1,[],[9154]],["structured journalism arguably represents the vanguard of computational practice in the newsroom, proposing to fundamentally redefine newswork in a way that marries journalistic and computational thinking.",1,-1,[],[9154]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data journalism",1,28520,[],[9154]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It provides evidence",1,-1,[],[24070]],["They make the performed words appear close to the historical words, and in so doing, enliven those historical words, giving them an aura of objectivity and authority",1,-1,[],[24070]],["quotation is \"an opportunity to directly verify what the witnesses have previously said,\" so that when the direct reported speech comes after an evaluation, \"the witness has the possibility of objectifying that evaluation, making it seem factual.\"",1,-1,[],[24070]],["speakers use direct reported speech to make their claims more robust.",1,-1,[],[24070]]],"sy":[["constructed dialogue",1,-1,[],[24070]],["direct quotes",1,31995,[],[24070]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["reported speech",1,30809,[],[24070]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the opinion-defending motive is mainly triggered by external feedback (e.g., risk feedback), since such feedback constitutes a strong incentive to defend one's opinion.",1,-1,[],[42543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["defense motives",1,6648,[],[42543]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Most of them are males and they usually experience a social reclusion range from 1 to 4 years. They refuse to communicate even with their own family and spend even more than 12 h a day in front of a screen",1,-1,[],[14568]]],"sy":[["social withdrawal",1,-1,[],[14568]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["half-truth",1,-1,[],[38362]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["crisis misinformation",1,3871,[],[38362]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[38362]]],"ex":[["doing exercise is a correct complementary therapy for depression treatment; however, when it is being communicated as an alternative therapy to the standard medical treatment, such information becomes incomplete, thus misleading and potentially causing harm (Glazer, 2013) such as antidepressant rejection.",1,-1,[],[38362]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["First Nations law originates in the political, economic, spiritual and social values expressed through the teachings and behaviour of knowledgeable and respected individuals and elders.",1,-1,[],[23084]],["First Nations laws are an essential source of appropriate analogies.",1,-1,[],[23084]],["First Nations laws can be received by analogy into the Common law to bridge the gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal laws.",1,-1,[],[23084]],["traditional laws",1,-1,[],[23084]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Aboriginal rights",1,25818,[],[23084]],["Canadian Common law",1,-1,[],[23084]],["Common law",1,-1,[],[23084]],["European legal systems",1,-1,[],[23084]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, it is an indication of how accurate our inferences about others' feelings are.",1,-1,[],[962]],["it is an indication of how accurate our inferences about others' feelings are",1,-1,[],[962]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive empathy",1,10143,[],[962]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["Accuracy motivation in particular has received insufficient attention",1,-1,[],[6394]],["In some areas, they do not have conscious access to their attitudes. Yet this attitude may be assessed using implicit measures",1,-1,[],[16113]],["The basic assumption is that accuracy-motivated readers carefully scrutinize information (systematic processing) or, in situations in which their general motivation is lower, use the best available heuristic.",1,-1,[],[17860]],["The induction of an accuracy motivation, with the goal to arrive at logical and well-founded conclusions",1,-1,[],[17860]],["The motivational states were induced via specific instructions about each participant's goal in the upcoming discussion that emphasized the importance of displaying accurate logic and reasoning (accuracy motivation), justifying one's own opinion (defense motivation), or making a positive impression and demonstrating agreeableness in social situations (impression motivation).",1,-1,[],[17860]],["accuracy motivation can also be understood as a willingness to forgo \"cognitive closure,\" allowing reasoning to take place over a longer period of time.",1,-1,[],[6394]],["accuracy motivation emerging in small group and dyadic discussions, when individuals are held accountable, and when they care about being good citizens.",1,-1,[],[6394]],["accuracy motivation in the political context as the desire to be \"a good citizen;\" desiring to be well-informed and aware of alternative viewpoints",1,-1,[],[6394]],["desiring to be well-informed and aware of alternative viewpoints",1,-1,[],[6394]],["evaluating accuracy: a correspondence between a judgment and a criterion (e.g., the researcher-observer's arbitrary measure of accuracy), interpersonal agreement (i.e., consensus), or the subjective experience of the individual (e.g., I feel that I made an accurate judgment).",1,-1,[],[6394]],["open-minded information processing",1,-1,[],[17860]],["the goal to arrive at logical and well-founded conclusions",1,-1,[],[17860]]],"sy":[["accuracy goals",2,33634,[],[6394,8854]]],"rt":[["Defense motivation",3,4744,[["Defense motivation",1],["defence motivations",1],["defense motivation",1]],[16113,41900,46005]],["concerns of deception",1,6372,[],[16912]],["heuristic processing",1,28094,[],[17860]],["impression motivation",1,3039,[],[41900]],["systematic processing",1,14976,[],[17860]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Motivation",1,13069,[],[6394]],["motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[34420]],["theory of motivated reasoning",1,11281,[],[34420]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which as such can be characterised as politically extreme (Thomas, 2021).",1,-1,[],[50719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it was approached as a dimension of attitudinal advertising literacy.",1,-1,[],[3483]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["supply-side of disinformation",1,2591,[],[40367]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Based on this concept, two main characteristics are identified in targeted killing operations: 1) the execution of the target is the objective, rather than withdrawal, surrender, or incapacitation; 2) they are directed at individuals previously identified by the offender",1,-1,[],[27932]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["According to the theory of reasoned action (see Fishbein and Ajzen 1975) an individual's behavioral intention is an immediate precursor of behavior. Behavioral intention is determined by a person's attitudes toward performing the given behavior and the perceived normative pressure to perform that behavior.",1,-1,[],[20885]],["Behavioral intention is determined by a person's attitudes toward performing the given behavior and the perceived normative pressure to perform that behavior.",1,-1,[],[20885]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["behavioral intention",1,6627,[],[20885]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Through the objectification of minors, pedophilia provides an outlet for sexual desire",1,-1,[],[44600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["heterosexual pedophiles",1,-1,[],[44600]],["homosexual pedophiles",1,-1,[],[44600]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The scores range from -1 (extremely negative sentiment) to +1 (extremely positive sentiment), with 0 values representing neutral messages.",1,-1,[],[19787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["children",1,-1,[],[38188]],["elderly people",1,-1,[],[38188]],["employees",1,-1,[],[38188]],["ethnic minorities",1,-1,[],[38188]],["foetuses",1,-1,[],[38188]],["minors",1,-1,[],[38188]],["physically and intellectually challenged individuals",1,-1,[],[38188]],["pregnant women",1,-1,[],[38188]],["prisoners",1,-1,[],[38188]],["refugees",1,4987,[],[38188]],["the economically and educationally disabled",1,-1,[],[38188]],["the visually or hearing impaired",1,-1,[],[38188]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["children, minors, pregnant women, foetuses, prisoners, employees, physically and intellectually challenged individuals, elderly people, the visually or hearing impaired, ethnic minorities, refugees, and the economically and educationally disabled",1,-1,[],[38188]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["content neutrality",1,22920,[],[824]]],"rt":[["Principle of Neutrality",1,6390,[],[18722]],["freedom of expression",1,34794,[],[824]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Autocracy promotion",1,22359,[],[48117]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Such a taste could result from a preference for self-image, esteem or consistency (it may \"feel good\" or be more entertaining to receive news confirming one's beliefs are correct, and others are wrong), a desire to avoid complexity (updating away from the prior may involve cognitive costs), or other reasons.",1,-1,[],[20301]],["This \"psychological\" utility is a function only of bias and consumers' priors, and is separable from the instrumental value of the information in a news report.",1,-1,[],[20301]],["consumers get direct utility from news whose bias matches their own prior beliefs",1,-1,[],[20301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["In this sense, citizens participate politically to change a status-quo or to stop a status-quo from changing. In other words, activities that count as political participation are means to an end, which leads us to defining political participation as a goal-directed behavior",1,-1,[],[3110]],["Over time, this understanding of political participation has extended to additionally incorporate non-traditional methods of engagement while retaining political expression and engagement as its critical components",1,-1,[],[30986]],["Political participation encompasses traditional and institutionalized forms of participation, such as voting, campaigning, civic engagement, and protest, as well as individualistic forms that are closely linked to the rise of new forms of political expression and engagement on social media, such as political consumerism, digitally networked participation, and creative forms of participation",1,-1,[],[11277]],["While, traditionally, political participation was closely associated with offline activities like voting and campaigning, the emergence and coming into wide use of digital platforms has broadened this definition to include online discussions, digital activism, and other forms of online engagement (Papagiannidis and Manika, 2016;Theocharis and Van Deth, 2017).",1,-1,[],[30986]],["citizens participate politically to change a status-quo or to stop a status-quo from changing.",1,-1,[],[3110]],["or engagement with matters of public interest.",1,-1,[],[13760]]],"sy":[["political engagement",1,27899,[],[51074]]],"rt":[["civic participation",1,27417,[],[4660]],["electoral processes",1,-1,[],[15116]],["engagement with matters of public interest",1,-1,[],[13760]],["goal-directed behavior",1,10754,[],[3110]],["political engagement",1,27899,[],[30986]],["political expression",1,7402,[],[30986]],["signing online petitions, contacting officials on social media platforms, or participating in online political discussions",1,-1,[],[13124]],["visual rhetoric",1,-1,[],[22579]],["voting",1,7622,[],[15116]]],"sb":[["conventional forms",1,27355,[],[4660]],["conventional forms which involve electoral processes (e.g., voting, election campaigning, etc.)",1,-1,[],[4660]],["latent participation",1,4588,[],[21441]],["manifest participation",1,22304,[],[21441]],["mobilization",1,17659,[],[21441]],["nonconventional forms",1,31338,[],[4660]],["nonconventional forms which occur outside electoral processes (e.g., signing petitions, participating in political demonstrations, etc.)",1,-1,[],[4660]],["online participation",1,26826,[],[30986]],["partisan-political participation",1,894,[],[30986]],["political engagement",1,27899,[],[30986]],["political expression",1,7402,[],[30986]],["signing online petitions, contacting officials on social media platforms, or participating in online political discussions",1,-1,[],[13124]],["social-political participation",1,25283,[],[30986]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["attending public hearings",1,-1,[],[15116]],["attending public hearings, putting up signs or using banners to advocate opinions, attending rallies, writing letters to public officials, volunteering and campaigning, as well as online activities such as emailing politicians, participating in political discussion forums and communicating with members of a political party through websites",1,-1,[],[15116]],["attending rallies",1,-1,[],[15116]],["communicating with members of a political party through websites",1,-1,[],[15116]],["emailing politicians",1,-1,[],[15116]],["participating in political discussion forums",1,-1,[],[15116]],["putting up signs or using banners to advocate opinions",1,-1,[],[15116]],["signing offline petitions, contacting officials by letter, or participating in elections",1,-1,[],[13124]],["volunteering and campaigning",1,-1,[],[15116]],["writing letters to public officials",1,-1,[],[15116]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Understanding intersectional stereotypes can pose a significant challenge, particularly for non-experts, due to their complexity and overlap with more general group-based stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[17616]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["bias against African American women",1,-1,[],[17616]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["One of the correlates of positive schizotypy is a tendency to rely on intuitive (as opposed to deliberative) processing. This can be seen in increases in intuitive thinking, decreases in cognitive reflection [26] and the operation of information processing biases [27].",1,-1,[],[27955]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Schizotypy",1,16450,[],[27955]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Feelings of fear and safety shift based on one's social and spatial position",1,-1,[],[4407]],["Feminist geographers have examined geographies of fear for decades, but increasingly urban scholars are noting how fear shapes cities and those within them",1,-1,[],[4407]],["In urban spaces, boundaries can be challenged and unease can occur (Cresswell 1996(Cresswell , 1997;;Douglas 1984;Hubbard 2002;Kristeva 1982;Miller 1997;Sibley 1981Sibley , 1995)).",1,-1,[],[4407]],["Urban space can been seen as a space of fear for many and those fears are not restricted to any one age, class, gender or race, although those social markers can play a role in geographies of fear.",1,-1,[],[4407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mental maps of fear",1,32117,[],[4407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Strikes, for example, are heavily regulated in the current Danish model of bargaining.",1,-1,[],[31945]],["Syndicalist grassroots calling for wildcat strikes may challenge the trade unions' ability to reach a compromise with employers in collective bargaining rounds.",1,-1,[],[31945]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["which in a democratic polity is expressed through the institution of elections",1,-1,[],[27280]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Image framing can be particularly influential on public opinion as images are often accepted as reflective of reality, and news is reportedly better understood by the public through images and videos rather than written or audio content",1,-1,[],[10000]],["Images can also be used to frame issues in a manner which may be deemed too controversial or may not be expressed in textual form, for example racial, gender or demographic profiling",1,-1,[],[10000]],["This can even be the case where a biased image is accompanying otherwise neutral content",1,-1,[],[10000]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news media framing",1,-1,[],[10000]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news media framing",1,-1,[],[10000]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Creating a media out of the information received like memes User-generated content is an essential component of social media (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). The resulting media echoes the narrative of the information trying to enter the gate.",1,-1,[],[25932]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Diffusing Gatekeeping Activities",1,19531,[],[25932]],["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[25932]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Fact verification and fake news detection are the most widely studied tasks in automated fact-checking using LLMs, serving as the foundation for veracity assessment",1,-1,[],[24909]],["The goal of the fact verification task is to help identify misinformation.",1,-1,[],[28660]],["a task that is closely related to natural language inference (NLI) (Conneau et al., 2017;Schick and Schütze, 2020), in which given a premise, the task is to verify whether a hypothesis is an entailment, contradiction, or neutral",1,-1,[],[53853]],["requires the fine-grained reasoning ability to distinguish the subtle differences between truth and false statements",1,-1,[],[11460]]],"sy":[["claim verification",1,13618,[],[24909]],["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[17254]],["misinformation detection",1,27522,[],[24909]],["rumor detection",1,3268,[],[24909]],["truth assessment",1,-1,[],[24909]]],"rt":[["claim detection",1,14574,[],[56560]],["claim verification",1,13618,[],[11460]],["cross-lingual transfer",1,-1,[],[56560]],["evidence gathering",1,-1,[],[56560]],["natural language inference (NLI)",1,9026,[],[53853]],["veracity assessment",1,5271,[],[24909]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[56560]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In positioning themselves as routinizers of web analytics into journalism practice, managers indicated that web analytics companies work within the context of news organization structures and norms and values on a daily basis, relying on a constant stream of web-based data, or feedback",1,-1,[],[4960]],["Such tinkering is part of what managers said was a new form of routinization in newsrooms",1,-1,[],[4960]],["This kind of coordination effort in routinizing web analytics within news production took multiple forms, including: training, support calls, webinars, corporate statements explaining particular processes and metrics, and routine check-ins with news organizations to see if all needs were being met.",1,-1,[],[4960]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["publizistische Konflikte",1,9029,[],[21229]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the large volume of disclosed data often obscures rather than illuminates organizational accountability",1,-1,[],[55534]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["clear transparency",1,3891,[],[30231]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["transparency",1,28207,[],[30231]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["they assume that disinformation is more problematic for those who browse less on the Internet, and thus they perceive themselves to be better protected from falling for false news.",1,-1,[],[38094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["''Climate change'' suggests non-human (natural) agency as the driver for warming, while ''global warming'' positions human activities as the main cause (and comic ''cure'') of rising surface temperatures and their effects (Bolstad, 2007).",1,-1,[],[4850]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["global warming",1,4903,[],[4850]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["evaluating the government's management of the crisis as very positive and the banks' handling as very negative",1,-1,[],[10845]],["evaluative framing of different actors by asking whether the evaluative tone of an actor's management of the crisis was positive, neutral or negative.",1,-1,[],[10844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[["the newsworthiness of a story is always a question of positioning.",2,-1,[],[24100,60293]]],"de":[["How is the story positioned in relation to other stories in circulation that day? How is the journalist proposing or writing the story positioned in relation to other journalists? How is the media positioned in relation to other media?",1,-1,[],[24100]],["In other words, which arguments should be considered for one event to receive media coverage and not the other?",1,-1,[],[38062]],["News factors serve as criteria of sense-making and constitute the newsworthiness of particular reality aspects as observed by journalists.",1,-1,[],[10647]],["Newsworthiness is only one of a vast array of factors that influence what becomes the news and how prominently events are covered",1,-1,[],[60077]],["Newsworthiness therefore indexes the likelihood that a news story will be selected for publication",1,-1,[],[57726]],["The newsworthiness of the incident was affected in this sample by several factors: the criminal nature of the incident, the victim's characteristics and particularly their status as ideal victims, whether or not the victim was named, and similarities between incidents that suggested larger systemic issues.",1,-1,[],[13935]],["The theories of newsworthiness",1,-1,[],[60077]],["This has traditionally included three variables: event, context, and national traits (Atad, 2017;Strömbäck, Karlsson & Hopmann, 2012).",1,-1,[],[38062]],["a formal model of 'newsworthiness,' comprising measures of topicality, outlierness, interestingness, and personalisation",1,-1,[],[7227]],["at its basic level, the theory uses the concept of news factors to trace news selection back to the specific qualities of events, which are suspected as the determinant of the news value of an event and hence the decision of journalists regarding whether or not that event is newsworthy.",1,-1,[],[60077]],["editors and reporters alike have a distinct gut feeling of what a good news story is and what newsworthiness is about.",1,-1,[],[60293]],["the coverage of pedestrian traffic fatalities is affected, like other news stories, by the purported newsworthiness of the incident.",1,-1,[],[13935]],["the theory uses the concept of news factors to trace news selection back to the specific qualities of events, which are suspected as the determinant of the news value of an event and hence the decision of journalists regarding whether or not that event is newsworthy.",1,-1,[],[60077]]],"sy":[["news value",1,27917,[],[41889]]],"rt":[["news value",2,27917,[],[57726,60077]],["news factors",1,9995,[],[60077]],["news selection",1,3796,[],[60077]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["depictions of medical aspects, vulnerability or social pathology",1,-1,[],[42203]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["vigilant visuality",1,17918,[],[23341]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Flüsterpropaganda",1,-1,[],[49267]]],"rt":[["rumour",1,17712,[["rumour",1],["rumours",1]],[49267]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Cookies are part of a new territory where they communicate people's behavior and create a dynamic database with profiles that can be monetised.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["Cookies gave the web a memory; it gave your actions on the web a 'past' which you have no idea about or access to.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["Cookies have introduced new layers of communication whereby websites send dozens or hundreds of cookies that conduct processed listening to people's behaviors across the web.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["Cookies revolutionized the web because instead of treating each time you use the web as a 'new' anonymous-session, it began to remember what you previously did in a particular time and space.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["Cookies revolutionized the web because instead of treating each time you use the web as a 'new' anonymous-session, it began to remember what you previously did in a particular time and space. Cookies gave the web a memory; it gave your actions on the web a 'past' which you have no idea about or access to.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["In both forms of communication, people are not aware of such actions and they are conducted without their consent.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["This new form of communication has turned people's behavior into data-the message-that is communicated between non-human actors operated by multiple actors.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["legitimate and useful tool, for example, in analysing the effectiveness of website design and advertising, and in verifying the identity of users engaged in on-line transactions",1,-1,[],[14827]]],"sy":[["identifiers",1,-1,[],[14827]]],"rt":[["first-party cookies",1,2602,[],[14827]],["state",1,23294,[],[14827]],["third-party cookies",1,11898,[],[14827]],["web bugs",1,14055,[],[14827]]],"sb":[["First-party cookies are sent and operated by the publishers/websites that people request when they type the URL that is displayed on their browser's address bar.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["Third-party cookies are a different story. These cookies are sent by other companies, which are unrelated to the website you type.",1,-1,[],[14827]],["first-party cookies",1,2602,[],[14827]],["third-party cookies",1,11898,[],[14827]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":61,"df":[],"de":[["According to Entman (1993), it can \"make a piece of information more noticeable, meaningful, or memorable to audiences\".",1,-1,[],[35051]],["Framing news pattern often be the starting point to the media agenda and the impact of pattern formation will become effective orientation for displaying news reader",1,-1,[],[34144]],["In Malaysia's media setting, news framing is often attributed to the interplay between political and ethical considerations.",1,-1,[],[43138]],["It plays a crucial role in influencing how people interpret and react to information presented in news articles.",1,-1,[],[35051]],["News agencies play a crucial role in shaping public perception through news framing, which influences how material is presented and perceived as news.",1,-1,[],[46709]],["News framing helps to understand dynamic processes that involve frame building (how frames emerge), the presence and development of frames in the media, and frame setting (the interplay between frames and citizens).",1,-1,[],[15403]],["News framing matters in the media field as it has effects on the behavior and mindset of the audiences.",1,-1,[],[48152]],["News framing plays a critical role in shaping public perception and social attitudes. The media exert substantial influence over public opinion through the selection, emphasis, and presentation of information.",1,-1,[],[52091]],["News is therefore not only information gathering and presentation but also a result of accumulated decisions and media framing.",1,-1,[],[43138]],["News must be framed not only to make certain facts and interpretations salient but also to resonate with what writers and readers take to be real and important matters of life",1,-1,[],[58493]],["Or, framing means to select or highlight certain features of events or issues and make connections among them to propagate a specific interpretation, evaluation or solution (Entman, 2003).",1,-1,[],[16232]],["Salma Ghanem gives a broader understanding of news framing by identifying four extensions; storyline, main argument, placement, and tone of the theme",1,-1,[],[48152]],["The media exert substantial influence over public opinion through the selection, emphasis, and presentation of information.",1,-1,[],[52091]],["The news is socially constructed. \"The world of facts\" do not have a \"determinable meaning\"; rather, \"news reporting continuously constructs and reconstructs… problems, crises, enemies, and leaders\" (Edelman, 1988, p. 1). Mass media institutions mediate and powerfully shape the information that reaches the public and directly and indirectly influence what people know about political events (Edelman, 2001;Reese, 2007).",1,-1,[],[50833]],["The process of generating strategic news is done by journalists and editors of a media organization by conducting the franchise process first to enable them to reach the target audience.",1,-1,[],[23663]],["They act as storylines providing meaning to specific events",1,-1,[],[26794]],["They compare it to google trends and demonstrate how news framing influences the public attention.",1,-1,[],[60776]],["converting ambiguous controversies into understandable narratives.",1,-1,[],[26794]],["framing remains a powerful influence, capable of swaying public opinion, informing policies, and ascribing identities to immigrants",1,-1,[],[36904]],["key factor in determining how the population understands the economy, how it views policy effectiveness, and the general socio-economic beliefs",1,-1,[],[31229]],["news frames that journalism apply to emphasize specific perspectives while potentially omitting others.",1,-1,[],[26794]],["news reporting continuously constructs and reconstructs… problems, crises, enemies, and leaders",1,-1,[],[50833]],["specifically, to frame means to promote a problem definition, provide causal interpretation, and suggest moral evaluation or recommendations (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[16232]]],"sy":[["Media Framing",2,29447,[["Media Framing",1],["Media framing",1]],[26794,35051]],["News framing",2,12351,[["News framing",1],["framing of news",1]],[34144,59667]],["framing",1,22777,[],[26440]]],"rt":[["Framing analysis",1,5468,[],[52091]],["affective framing",1,-1,[],[26794]],["audience framing",1,33846,[],[47359]],["frame",1,7860,[],[36660]],["narrative frames",1,32804,[],[31229]],["priming approach",1,-1,[],[34144]],["societal polarization",1,-1,[],[26794]]],"sb":[["a debate frame, which highlights arguments and reasons for the event",1,-1,[],[54920]],["a game frame, which highlights winners and losers as if it were a sporting event",1,-1,[],[54920]],["a morality frame, which emphasizes the normative, ethical, or religious lesson",1,-1,[],[54920]],["a spectacle frame, which underscores drama or entertainment elements",1,-1,[],[54920]],["an attribution-of-responsibility frame, which highlights the party responsible for causing or solving a problem",1,-1,[],[54920]],["an economic consequences frame, which focuses on financial gains or losses",1,-1,[],[54920]],["carnival",1,-1,[],[20958]],["conflict frame, which emphasizes disagreement between people or organizations",1,-1,[],[54920]],["crime story",1,-1,[],[20958]],["debate",1,5257,[],[20958]],["emphasis frames",1,11834,[],[15403]],["equivalency",1,-1,[],[15403]],["generic news frames",1,10074,[],[29821]],["issue-specific frames",1,19702,[],[29821]],["main argument",1,-1,[],[48152]],["placement",1,-1,[],[48152]],["repetitive news framing",1,-1,[],[3662]],["riot",1,13132,[],[20958]],["storyline",1,23487,[],[48152]],["the conflict frame",1,12827,[],[45888]],["the consequence frame",1,26997,[],[45888]],["the human-interest frame",1,26607,[],[45888]],["the morality frame",1,28213,[],[45888]],["the responsibility frame",1,27143,[],[45888]],["tone of the theme",1,-1,[],[48152]]],"sp":[["Frame",2,7860,[["Frame",1],["frame",1]],[36660,59191]],["framing",1,22777,[],[29821]],["protest paradigm",1,2409,[],[20958]]],"ex":[["carnival",1,-1,[],[20958]],["crime story",1,-1,[],[20958]],["debate",1,-1,[],[20958]],["riot",1,-1,[],[20958]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[["perspective identification, which aims to find the pointof-view of the author (e.g., Democrat vs. Republican) and the target is always explicit",2,-1,[],[11897,16784]],["which aims to find the pointof-view of the author (e.g., Democrat vs. Republican) and the target is always explicit",2,-1,[],[11897,16784]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion mining",1,5224,[],[6715]],["stance classification",1,7751,[],[6715]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emergency phase",1,32006,[],[23782]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["methods for detecting verified rumors aim to detect false information at the early stage and thus prevent the hazard of rumors on social media.",1,-1,[],[22317]]],"sy":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[22316]],["false rumor",1,5445,[],[22316]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rumor",1,17712,[],[5824]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["values",1,33193,[],[38120]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["warnings for severe outbreaks are alarming as are updates on the number of patients, hospitalizations and fatalities. The same goes for descriptions of the virus as 'extremely contagious' or 'deadly'.",1,-1,[],[5594]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'NCDC raises pandemic alert level'",1,-1,[],[5594]],["'more Nigerians cases feared'",1,-1,[],[5594]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This position is more associated with historical and cultural analyses and operates in a wider field of technology than computers. It is concerned particularly with how meaning is constructed, by whom and for what purposes and in this sense representational and communicational modes are central.",1,-1,[],[32368]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["The highest-loading items convey response scepticism at the personal, political and general level.",1,-1,[],[1683]],["doubts about personal, collective and political responses to climate change were incorporated into the response scepticism factor together with the notion that it is 'too late' to act on climate change.",1,-1,[],[1683]],["this incorporated doubts about responding to climate change at the individual and societal level, as well as items corresponding to climate change fatigue",1,-1,[],[1683]],["underpinned by an individualistic worldview in which one's preferred social relations (atomistic and characterised by personal autonomy) are anathema to the idea that collective effort is required to address a social dilemma such as climate change",1,-1,[],[1683]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic scepticism",1,18634,[],[1683]],["social/behavioural scepticism",1,2090,[],[1683]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["climate change scepticism",1,11020,[],[1683]],["framing",1,22777,[],[54510]],["social/behavioural scepticism",1,2090,[],[1683]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Symbols are the tools par excellence of 'social integration': as well as tools for knowledge and communication, they make consensus on the meaning of the social world possible, contributing fundamentally to the reproduction of the social order",1,-1,[],[29556]],["This power to name and define issues is linked to economic and social privilege. That is, economically and socially advantaged groups monopolise deliberations regarding issues affecting other peoples' lives and consequently reproduce and maintain their own economic and symbolic privilege",1,-1,[],[37063]]],"sy":[["institutionalized symbolic capital",1,-1,[],[4121]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["English is associated with modernity, knowledge, and education in Pakistan, while Punjabi is not (Rahman, 2001: 57)",1,-1,[],[14384]],["for instance, English is associated with modernity, knowledge, and education in Pakistan, while Punjabi is not (Rahman, 2001: 57)",1,-1,[],[14384]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15995]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deformación",1,-1,[],[15995]],["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15995]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This hypothesis suggests that when individuals and groups are included in the life of the host society, they do not lose touch with their culture.",1,-1,[],[14691]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["System 1 thinking",1,22787,[],[20524]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Figure 2 illustrates the Phase Model of Misinformation Interventions and the three phases: before misinformation is created (Phase 1), before misinformation is identified (Phase 2), and after misinformation is identified (Phase 3).",1,-1,[],[41823]],["The distinction between Phase 2 and Phase 3 is necessary because a lot of misinformation remains undetected [8] and because the identification of misinformation lags behind the creation of misinformation, typically by 10 to 20 hours [55].",1,-1,[],[41823]],["This model can help practitioners decide what solutions against misinformation they should implement.",1,-1,[],[41823]],["we believe that when fighting misinformation, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Interventions against misinformation are like the Swiss cheese model [50]: each intervention has weaknesses, but when layered together, they dramatically cut down on the failure rate.",1,-1,[],[41823]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Phase 1",1,-1,[],[41823]],["Phase 2",1,28014,[],[41823]],["Phase 3",1,22958,[],[41823]],["after misinformation is identified (Phase 3)",1,-1,[],[41823]],["before misinformation is created (Phase 1)",1,-1,[],[41823]],["before misinformation is identified (Phase 2)",1,-1,[],[41823]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Promoting Media Literacy, for instance, is helpful for any of the three phases. However, in practice, we believe it is most effective for the setting right before misinformation is created. We, therefore, assigned it to Phase 1.",1,-1,[],[41823]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["a consequence of imperialism",1,-1,[],[8457]],["domination of physical space, reformation of the natives' minds (particularly in terms of knowledge systems and culture), and incorporation of local economic histories into a western perspective",1,-1,[],[8457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["imperialism",1,2506,[],[8457]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["imperialism",1,2506,[],[8457]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["particularly in the reports on the survivors of tsunami in Aceh, earthquake and volcano eruption in Yogyakarta",1,-1,[],[58125]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Disruption",1,6316,[],[46668]],["Diversification",1,27228,[],[46668]],["Explainability and Interpretation",1,34710,[],[46668]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["it is potentially problematic in its reliance on group opinion as it is subject to crowd behavior and may falsely equate popularity with credibility",1,-1,[],[131]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Advertising literacy gradually develops throughout life, evolving from simple to more sophisticated and nuanced beliefs about persuasion",1,-1,[],[3480]],["Advertising literacy refers to all advertising-related knowledge and skills children have (i.e., dispositional advertising literacy) and their ability to recognize and critically reflect on advertising (i.e., situational advertising literacy).",1,-1,[],[3480]],["advertising literacy is assumed to function as a 'filter' or 'radar', enabling consumers to evaluate the persuasion attempt critically",1,-1,[],[3480]],["enhancing children's comprehension and knowledge of advertising",1,-1,[],[3480]],["how to cope with advertising",1,-1,[],[3480]],["measured on both dispositional and situational levels",1,-1,[],[3480]]],"sy":[["dispositional advertising literacy",1,13998,[],[3480]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["affective and moral advertising literacy",1,-1,[],[3480]],["cognitive advertising literacy",1,-1,[],[3480]],["dispositional advertising literacy",1,13998,[],[3480]],["situational advertising literacy",1,21442,[],[3480]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Fact-checking journalism emerged at the end of the 20th century as a practice to check political discourse during electoral context and to revitalize journalism practice to escape declarative journalism and claim essential attributes of journalism such as rigour or impartiality (Amazeen, 2019).",1,-1,[],[36578]],["Fact-checking journalism's interpretive power within scenarios of false information",1,-1,[],[3124]],["Fact-checking websites verify news stories once they have been published by the media and/or been disseminated by users of social networks (Mantzarlis 2018).",1,-1,[],[3124]],["Su expansión surge por una triple necesidad: verificar los discursos, evidenciar el engaño y la mentira y mejorar la calidad del debate público.",1,-1,[],[11366]],["They therefore correspond to a reactive dynamic: checks are always reactions to what others have said or done.",1,-1,[],[3124]],["Unlike journalists at legacy and new media organization, fact checkers do not have an explicit editorial line.",1,-1,[],[3124]],["When this approach to fact checking is used by legacy media, it is always presented as a specialized practice.",1,-1,[],[3124]],["apparently the only real firewall with the goal of improving the quality of public debate",1,-1,[],[11366]],["el periodismo de verificación se consagra como un desarrollo de los medios de comunicación al evolucionar propositivamente en consonancia con los retos planteados por la revolución digital, móvil y los nuevos hábitos de consumo informativo.",1,-1,[],[13309]],["periodismo de verificación como respuesta periodística para atajar el problema de la desinformación",1,-1,[],[11366]],["the contemporary practice of political fact-checking entails publicly reporting on the accuracy of a claim or text already circulating in the media.",1,-1,[],[43602]],["this journalistic practice is oriented towards a public service promoting education and training the citizenry to make the public both sensitive to misleading content and able to think more critically about informative",1,-1,[],[36578]],["traditional watchdog role performance of fact-checking journalism",1,-1,[],[36578]]],"sy":[["periodismo de verificación",1,18957,[],[13309]],["periodismo de verificación de hechos factuales",1,-1,[],[11366]]],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[11366]],["gatewatchers or gatebouncers",1,26575,[],[36578]],["independent fact-checking and accountability journalism",1,-1,[],[3124]],["interpretative power",1,-1,[],[3124]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["During this process, state propaganda engaged in both agitation (for example, mobilizing nationwide rescue and support, disciplining local state agents, conducting massive reconstruction) and publicity/persuasion (highlighting agitation efforts and achievements to validate propaganda messages).",1,-1,[],[57466]],["In this manner, agitation has the potential to aid democratic debate about extreme climate futures and foster public engagement.",1,-1,[],[23552]],["To encourage climate action.",1,-1,[],[23552]],["mobilizing nationwide rescue and support, disciplining local state agents, conducting massive reconstruction",1,-1,[],[57466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["publicity/persuasion",1,27955,[],[57466]]],"sb":[["millenarianism",1,7712,[],[23552]],["pessimism",1,19144,[],[23552]],["warning",1,7635,[],[23552]]],"sp":[["modes of viewing the worst-case scenarios of climate change",1,-1,[],[23552]],["state 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and public; identifying, articulating and evaluating current or emerging issues, problems, or proposals; transforming ideas and problems into policy issues; serving as an informed and independent voice in policy debates; and providing a constructive forum for exchange of ideas and information between key stakeholders in the policy formulation process",1,-1,[],[24618]],["the majority of Danish think tanks are ideologically committed (Blach-Ørsten and Kristensen 2016).",1,-1,[],[46541]],["think tanks typically underscore their independence in their web-based selfpresentations.",1,-1,[],[46541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["consultancies",1,-1,[],[46541]],["interest groups",1,11479,[],[46541]]],"sb":[["universities without students",2,-1,[],[24618,46541]],["Advocacy think tanks",1,-1,[],[24618]],["advocacy",1,24258,[],[46541]],["party-affiliated",1,-1,[],[46541]],["partyaffiliated think tanks",1,-1,[],[24618]],["policy",1,21749,[],[46541]],["the policy think 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the systemic level",1,-1,[],[4191]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["egalitarianism",1,30668,[],[53375]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["institutional roles",1,9473,[],[4191]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The Papuans are portrayed as victims rather than actors with possibilities of influencing the development in a political process.",1,-1,[],[38718]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["According to ethno-symbolism theory, numerous ethnic groups emerged even in the pre-industrial age, reflecting populations with shared cultural features, historical memories, beliefs about common ancestors, and cohesion degree.",1,-1,[],[30495]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[["a rude, disrespectful, or unreasonable comment that is likely to make you leave a discussion",2,-1,[],[47699,48383]]],"de":[["A toxic comment is defined by the creators of the project as a rude, disrespectful, or unreasonable comment that is likely to make you leave a discussion.",1,-1,[],[47699]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["investigative reporting (such as humanitarian crises)",1,-1,[],[43659]],["live broadcasts of short-term and large-scale events (such as the Olympic Games)",1,-1,[],[43659]],["live footage",1,-1,[],[43659]],["news events (such as artificial and natural disasters)",1,-1,[],[43659]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Language switching in digital forums and commercial discourse often serve rhetorical goals, reflecting the strategic use of the language that best resonates with target audiences",1,-1,[],[34006]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion pieces",1,33590,[],[61527]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interest articulation",1,11615,[],[18871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4245]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["disorganized attachment can create epistemic hypervigilance, the mistrust of both the attachment figure and strangers as a source of information.",1,-1,[],[2675]]],"sy":[["chronic epistemic vigilance",1,-1,[],[2675]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["language technology developers should take a Value Sensitive Design approach (Friedman, 1996)",1,-1,[],[59985]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Defense",1,17250,[],[60513]],["Law & Crime",1,-1,[],[60513]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["passive politicisation",1,26295,[],[3169]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["ABF focuses a different importance to parts or passages of the input text as they match their relevance for fake news detection.",1,-1,[],[30768]]],"sy":[["Attention-based fusion (ABF)",1,12414,[],[30768]]],"rt":[["feature fusion",1,-1,[],[30768]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["feature fusion",1,-1,[],[30768]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["counter-hegemonic acts",1,464,[],[22036]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Both are accomplished by \"instituting credible claims\" that migrants are a \"danger, risk, or threat\" to the survival of political units, and by conveying a sense of urgency or crisis (Huysmans, 2006, pp. 4 & 47).",1,-1,[],[33413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[27570]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This implication factor between claimed values is also considered in [15].",1,-1,[],[6696]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["R(S) rewards diversity since there is more benefit in selecting a textual 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A popular way of ensuring diversity in a summary is to partition the input set into such groups, and then select a representative element from each group [23].",1,-1,[],[19916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["A news framing effect matters when it infuences opinions that, in turn, affect decision-making or when individuals are motivated to choose their behavioral patterns following the information they receive from the news.",1,-1,[],[15404]],["Framing effects has become one of the core foci in communication and media-effects research.",1,-1,[],[15404]],["In other words, news framing effects are the outcome of a process of frame information processing.",1,-1,[],[15404]],["More broadly, we also speak of news framing effects when considering effects beyond \"issue interpretation\"",1,-1,[],[15404]],["News framing effects are important.",1,-1,[],[15404]],["News framing effects are not the same across the board (see also Chapter 3 ). 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las últimas décadas para hacer referencia a conflictos tales como la guerra sucia contra Nicaragua, la represión contra movimientos populares en Colombia, el golpe en Honduras, el golpe parlamentario contra Fernando Lugo en Paraguay, la persecución judicial contra Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva en Brasil, de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner en Argentina o el proceso judicial espurio contra Rafael Correa en Ecuador, el impeachment contra Dilma Roussef en Brasil o la manipulación informativa contra los gobiernos electos en Bolivia y Venezuela",1,-1,[],[49608]],["dan cuenta de una dinámica y aplicación integrada de esfuerzos totalizadores a nivel político, social, económico, comunicativo y psicológico en favor de los intereses económicos y geopolíticos dominantes",1,-1,[],[49608]],["fenómenos de gran complejidad",1,-1,[],[49608]],["los golpes mediáticos en las redes no son más que una amplificación del debate televisivo y periodístico hegemónico",1,-1,[],[49608]],["manifiestan un \"clima de guerra total\", permanente, que afecta al conjunto de la población",1,-1,[],[49608]]],"sy":[["golpe blando",1,-1,[],[49608]]],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[49608]],["guerra sucia",1,-1,[],[49608]],["manipulación informativa",1,8244,[],[49608]],["represión contra movimientos populares",1,-1,[],[49608]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["Expert-based fact-checking relies on domain-experts as fact-checkers to verify the given news contents.",2,-1,[],[7137,32990]]],"de":[["Expert-based fact-checking is often conducted by a small group of highly credible fact-checkers, is easy to manage, and leads to highly accurate results, but is costly and poorly scales with the increase in the volume of the to-be-checked news contents.",2,-1,[],[7137,32990]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fact-checking",1,16098,[],[23117]],["manual fact-checking",1,13952,[],[7137]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Socalled \"god\" words in Western society today could be things like \"democracy\" and \"freedom\", while so-called \"devil\" terms could be things like \"slavery\" and \"totalitarianism\" and even \"fake news\".",1,-1,[],[14144]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-stereotyping",1,13148,[],[11657]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["It is hence different from the rumour's truth value and reflects the view of the author of the source tweets towards the rumour's veracity.",1,-1,[],[40026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Polarity",1,8421,[],[40026]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[52855]],["stance",1,2283,[],[61089]]],"ex":[["Denying, when denying it",1,-1,[],[40026]],["Stating that the deal has been cleared: → [CVS_AET] #Breaking DOJ clears #CVS $69Billion deal for #Aetna.",1,-1,[],[16795]],["Stating that the deal is likely to happen: → [CVS_AET] CVS near deal to buy Aetna (Via Boston Herald) <URL>",1,-1,[],[16795]],["Supporting, when the author of the source tweet supports the content of the statement",1,-1,[],[40026]],["Underspecified, when the author's view is unclear",1,-1,[],[40026]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["simple party cue information (e.g., whether a proposed policy is endorsed by one's own political party versus the opposing political party)",1,-1,[],[9798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Many social media platforms and streaming services utilize AI-based recommendation algorithms to provide content suggestions based on user's previous actions and the material they enjoy.",1,-1,[],[56567]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["different types of documentary",1,-1,[],[43018]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Journalistic online (Online Journalism) is also called cyber journalism, internet journalism, journalism web (web journalism) is a new generation of journalism after conventional journalism (print journalism, as newspapers) and broadcast journalism (broadcast journalism, radio, and television) (Romli, 2012).",1,-1,[],[57099]],["Online journalism, like print journalism, does not have a deadline",1,-1,[],[53255]],["academic research about it lagging far behind",1,-1,[],[27784]]],"sy":[["cyber journalism",1,1952,[],[57097,57099]],["internet journalism",1,-1,[],[57097,57099]],["journalism web",1,-1,[["journalism web",1],["web journalism",1]],[57099]],["journalism web (web journalism)",1,-1,[],[57097,57099]]],"rt":[["conventional journalism",1,29597,[],[57099]],["print journalism",1,-1,[],[53255]],["traditional journalism",1,24225,[],[48064]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalism",1,34243,[],[27784]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[23984]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["abusive content",1,29064,[],[23984]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["People are interested in an activity and a transaction and fully participate in it. After the experience of enjoyment is formed, users will maintain the experience through repeated behaviors, that is, immersion experience",1,-1,[],[14316]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["explicit coherence relations",1,20946,[],[40039]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[["biased language detection, where the existence of an inclination or tendency towards a particular perspective within a text is explored",3,-1,[["biased language detection, where the existence of an inclination or tendency towards a particular perspective within a text is explored",2],["biased language detection where the existence of an inclination or tendency towards a particular perspective within a text is explored",1]],[7074,11889,16774]],["where the existence of an inclination or tendency towards a particular perspective within a text is explored",2,-1,[],[11889,16774]]],"de":[["the existence of an inclination or tendency towards a particular perspective within a text is explored",1,-1,[],[7074]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[7074]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["health news",1,9360,[],[45797]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["collective action potential",1,6817,[],[2419]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["It usually captures an evaluative factor (positive or negative) and potency or strength (degree to which the word, phrase, sentence, or document in question is positive or negative) towards a subject topic, person, or idea (Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum 1957).",1,-1,[],[24295]],["The se-mantic orientation of a given phrase is calculated by comparing its similarity to a positive reference word (\"excellent\") with its similarity to a negative reference word (\"poor\").",1,-1,[],[24387]],["Words that encode a desirable state (e.g., beautiful, awesome) have a positive orientation, while words that represent undesirable states have a negative orientation (e.g., disappointing).",1,-1,[],[6623]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative orientation",1,-1,[],[6623]],["positive orientation",1,-1,[],[6623]],["prior polarity",1,34823,[],[24295]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["analysis of stance",1,-1,[],[24295]],["appraisal",1,32170,[],[24295]],["evidentiality",1,23689,[],[24295]],["opinion mining",1,5224,[],[24295]],["point of view",1,5478,[],[24295]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[24295]],["subjectivity",1,5279,[],[24295]]],"ex":[["\"subtle nuances\"",1,-1,[],[24387]],["\"very cavalier\"",1,-1,[],[24387]],["awesome",1,-1,[],[6623]],["beautiful",1,-1,[],[6623]],["disappointing",1,-1,[],[6623]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":172,"df":[],"de":[["Aymanns et al. (2017) finds that the friends of users in social networks influence their friends' beliefs and their stance towards the news",1,-1,[],[38233]],["Generally, communication is most likely and effective within homophilous or similar social networks where family and community groups share a common understanding based on their cultural environment.",1,-1,[],[14648]],["Homophily and heterophily within networks can indicate whether and how echo chambers are present on social media networks",1,-1,[],[28877]],["Homophily can affect not only the structure of social networks, such as links between friends and friends of friends (Kossinets & Watts, 2009), but also how individuals are exposed to information generally (Bakshy et al., 2015), specifically for health (Centola & van de Rijt, 2015) and political information (Colleoni et al., 2014;Barberá et al., 2015;Halberstam & Knight, 2016), and can lead to echo chambers that reinforce existing beliefs (Garrett, 2009;Flaxman et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[33878]],["Homophily can be at the surface-or deep-level (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954 used the terms ascribed and acquired).",1,-1,[],[27727]],["Homophily is a cornerstone of opinion dynamics models: individuals exert social influence on each other proportional to their ideological similarity.",1,-1,[],[23093]],["Homophily is present in many situations and can be beneficial, as communication with culturally alike people is easier to handle.",1,-1,[],[52535]],["Individual networks tend to be homogeneous in diverse features, such as demographics, socio-economic situation, political beliefs, class and race",1,-1,[],[46470]],["Many attributes were used to measure user similarity.",1,-1,[],[10373]],["Notice though, that the degree of homophily in the long-run is endogenously determined.",1,-1,[],[1603]],["On social media, users are more likely to follow and exchange political information with other users of similar ideology [36,48,49,50,51,52]. These homophilous social networks act as an information filter that further reduces the spectrum of content the user encounters [53].",1,-1,[],[15695]],["Studies of this kind are largely motivated by the notion of homophily (McPherson et al., 2001), that is, the concept of 'similarity breeds connection', and take into account a range of well-known nonlinguistic stance predictors.",1,-1,[],[26970]],["The concept of homophily, which relates to the element of dynamism highlighted earlier, is associated with phrases such as \"similarity breeds connection\" (McPherson et al., 2001) and \"like to associate with like\", meaning that one's demeanor tends to resemble that of family, friends and acquaintances (Kossinets & Watts, 2009).",1,-1,[],[35295]],["The well-established phenomenon of homophily (i.e., the tendency to associate among similar individuals) creates online communities that are strengthened by sharing interests, values, and worldviews, amplifying the pervasiveness of ideas that can thus find fertile ground (e.g., viral ideas and memes) [7,8]",1,-1,[],[56218]],["This has been widely observed in various social networks [55,56].",1,-1,[],[5914]],["While the agents with similar opinions interact frequently and form a metastable phase, agents with strongly diverging opinions hardly communicate.",1,-1,[],[19886]],["a cognitive bias",1,-1,[],[52535]],["a major force behind several pressing social issues including inequality, segregation, and online echo chambers",1,-1,[],[6471]],["a relative conception of homophily. First, an agent i is chosen and then the interaction partner j is drawn from all other agents with a probability that depends in a non-linear way on the opinion similarity between i and j.",1,-1,[],[60209]],["a situation of homophily",1,-1,[],[28877]],["actors interact mainly with others whose arguments will intensify existing tendencies for or against the issue at stake",1,-1,[],[23508]],["an individual is more likely to be connected with individuals of the same type",1,-1,[],[3295]],["applies to many different individual characteristics, including racial identity, gender, age, religion, and education",1,-1,[],[21417]],["as the algorithms follow homophily patterns and suggest more like-minded content",1,-1,[],[36532]],["as the algorithms mostly suggest similar content",1,-1,[],[36532]],["can systematically bias the perceptions of networked users, resulting in under-or over-estimations of the prevalence of user attributes within a population",1,-1,[],[41197]],["creates difficulties for measuring the relative role of strong and weak ties in information diffusion, since people are more similar to those with whom they interact often",1,-1,[],[6642]],["creates online communities that are strengthened by sharing interests, values, and worldviews, amplifying the pervasiveness of ideas that can thus find fertile ground (e.g., viral ideas and memes) [7,8].",1,-1,[],[56218]],["homophily can inhibit people from changing their perspectives.",1,-1,[],[14648]],["homophily captures the tendency of voters to link to voters with the same ideology.",1,-1,[],[21417]],["homophily captures within-group attributes",1,-1,[],[21417]],["homophily fosters the reinforcement of false beliefs, so that interconnections move within closed spaces and echo chambers (Quattrociocchi and Vicini, 2017).",1,-1,[],[34899]],["homophily in social networks is naturally caused by geographic proximity, shared organizational aspects (e.g. school, work), and shared leisure activities",1,-1,[],[4946]],["homophily in social networks is naturally caused by geographic proximity, shared organizational aspects (e.g. school, work), and shared leisure activities (McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook 2001)",1,-1,[],[4946]],["individual preference for similarity",1,-1,[],[6471]],["individuals may be more likely to exhibit the same behavior as their friends because of homophily rather than as a result of peer influence",1,-1,[],[6642]],["interaction networks tend to be homogeneous, providing further evidence for a normalization of Twitter",1,-1,[],[4946]],["is both a part of human nature and an organizing principle underpinning many of our digital social networks.",1,-1,[],[6858]],["is numerically a much more important reason users have limited exposure to political content of opposing ideologies",1,-1,[],[12636]],["journalists prefer to connect with those journalists on Twitter who are like them",1,-1,[],[4946]],["like-minded attitudes",1,-1,[],[35111]],["may lead connected users to post the same content independently in close temporal sequence, leading us to conflate similarity with influence",1,-1,[],[10241]],["more homophily on relevant resources or characteristics, which are correlated with these, tends to increase intergroup inequality",1,-1,[],[13666]],["nodes of the same label are likely to link together regardless of their features or position in the original graph",1,-1,[],[1187]],["people tend to connect with like-minded individuals and do not think of the possible benefits of connecting with people of different (including opposing) opinions in sensitive issues",1,-1,[],[52535]],["people tend to listen and connect only to those of similar beliefs in political and ideological issues, a cognitive bias known as homophily",1,-1,[],[19478]],["pervasive in social networks",1,-1,[],[31059]],["political communities tend to form groups with a high homophily",1,-1,[],[34839]],["selection of interaction partners is shaped by strong homophily",1,-1,[],[23508]],["similarity on demographic variables motivates interaction and social influence",1,-1,[],[23508]],["social phenomenon",1,-1,[],[17042]],["tendency to interact with likeminded others",1,-1,[],[23508]],["the greater the bias in exposure to same-type information due to homophily",1,-1,[],[21417]],["user-follower similarity",1,-1,[],[10241]],["we are witnessing the transformation of social mechanisms of information exchange and sharing that are increasingly based on the concept of homophily: the architectures of online platforms favor communicative exchanges between likeminded people with whom cognitive dissonance is not generated, but on the contrary are more interesting due to social similarity.",1,-1,[],[34899]],["we operationalize legislator homophily by measuring the similarities of their embedded speech Twitter.",1,-1,[],[12013]],["which we extend to media, hypothesizing that similar types of media would be read by similar kinds of users.",1,-1,[],[43592]]],"sy":[["Selective exposure",1,29176,[],[30542]],["assortativity",1,-1,[],[10373]],["autocorrelation",1,-1,[],[5914]],["homophily",1,12637,[],[10241]],["like-mindedness",1,-1,[],[35111]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",6,7363,[["echo chambers",4],["echo chamber",1],["echo-chambers",1]],[17042,18044,28877,33878,54011,56592]],["heterophily",4,3345,[],[1187,4946,10251,28877]],["Selective exposure",2,29176,[["Selective exposure",1],["selective exposure",1]],[30542,46096]],["information diffusion",2,24126,[],[3020,6642]],["social influence",2,8485,[],[1503,23093]],["autocorrelation",1,-1,[],[5914]],["community structure",1,-1,[],[3020]],["content preferences",1,-1,[],[49072]],["cultural tastes and dispositions",1,-1,[],[13666]],["dynamism",1,-1,[],[35295]],["friendship",1,18222,[],[4946]],["geographic proximity",1,-1,[],[50745]],["habitus",1,3997,[],[13666]],["homophily in interactions",1,-1,[],[15479]],["inbreeding homophily",1,17473,[],[21417]],["induction",1,31453,[],[151]],["marriage",1,-1,[],[4946]],["mere contact",1,-1,[],[4946]],["mixing",1,-1,[],[1187]],["online echo chambers",1,30405,[],[6471]],["organizational ties",1,-1,[],[50745]],["peer influence",1,7959,[],[6642]],["relative homophily",1,8152,[],[21417]],["segregation",1,24590,[],[21417]],["selection",1,15321,[],[1503]],["shared interests",1,474,[],[50745]],["social balance",1,11577,[],[31059]],["social identity theories",1,23677,[],[42332]],["social preferences",1,-1,[],[49072]],["strong ties",1,13628,[],[6642]],["weak ties",1,21946,[],[6642]]],"sb":[["Surface-level attributes",1,28044,[],[27727]],["Value homophily",1,28003,[],[4946]],["bounded confidence",1,32508,[],[59309]],["choice homophily",1,27539,[],[6471]],["deep-level attributes",1,22989,[],[27727]],["defined by people's preference when choosing whom to connect with",1,-1,[],[6471]],["inbreeding homophily",1,17473,[],[21417]],["induced homophily",1,30720,[],[6471]],["probabilistic homophily",1,-1,[],[59309]],["rising from the constraints in the opportunities of individuals to make connections",1,-1,[],[6471]],["status-or objective-homophily",1,32912,[],[4946]]],"sp":[["extrinsic motivation",1,26862,[],[944]]],"ex":[["In online social networks, for example, an individual creating her new homepage tends to link it to sites that are close to her interests (i.e., preferences).",1,-1,[],[35548]],["the reciprocal ties are more inclined to occur between users with similar degree popularity.",1,-1,[],[10373]],["users are more likely to follow other users (reciprocally) within closer time zones",1,-1,[],[10373]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They 1) classify content nodes as malicious or not, 2) incorporate information from interacting users in the graph when doing so, and 3) leverage emergent network properties like homophily to boost detection performance",1,-1,[],[59844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the verb \"to bork\" in example (7) represents the concept \"Struggle for power\", actualing the frame slot \"Unfair practices of struggle for power\"",1,-1,[],[31715]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This balanced framing can help mitigate feelings of helplessness and promote public engagement and action.",1,-1,[],[15436]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It 'cares as well as knows;…is aware of its responsibilities; and will not stand neutral between good and evil, right and wrong, the victim and the oppressor'",1,-1,[],[44177]],["It 'cares as well as knows;…is aware of its responsibilities; and will not stand neutral between good and evil, right and wrong, the victim and the oppressor' (Bell, 1997, p. 8).",1,-1,[],[44177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bystanders' journalism",1,32395,[],[20770]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["information that is not related to the situation",1,-1,[],[26770]],["redundant information",1,9239,[],[26770]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["macro aporophobia is lower in those societies that are more developed, richer, more equal and more educated.",1,-1,[],[21580]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["aporophobia",1,7603,[],[21580]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["that encourage deliberation",1,-1,[],[56087]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["distraction nudges",1,24237,[],[56087]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["distraction nudges",1,-1,[],[56087]],["perspective-taking nudges",1,-1,[],[56087]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["media messages vary in the stimulation they provide, or, in terms of the model, in message sensation value.",1,-1,[],[25094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["intense images, the number of cuts, the presence of visual and sound effects, and the category \"acted out of a situation\" (as opposed to being told about the situation by a talking head) as aspects of message sensation value",1,-1,[],[25094]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["understanding the factors influencing fake news identification should be approached multidimensionally from a sociological perspective.",1,-1,[],[40309]]],"sy":[["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[40309]],["fake news recognition",1,-1,[],[40309]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Instead they operate with a business model in which they provide a digital platform on which individuals and institutions can communicate and publish information (e.g., Gillespie, 2018).",1,-1,[],[23925]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The Board ultimately aims at discovering systemic issues and flaws in Meta's content moderation and takes individual cases as a vehicle to advocate for systemic changes.",1,-1,[],[49237]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social media councils",1,8609,[],[49237]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":61,"df":[],"de":[["Affect is something deeply interior but that also has outward manifestations.",2,-1,[],[24580,32779]],["Affect can manifest in either negative or positive polarity.",1,-1,[],[46700]],["Affect's force lies in its ability to exceed the frameworks through which raciality is made legible, disrupting the colonial order that relies on coherent, governable categories",1,-1,[],[39438]],["Affect's force lies in its ability to exceed the frameworks through which raciality is made legible, disrupting the colonial order that relies on coherent, governable categories (Da Silva 2014).",1,-1,[],[39438]],["I draw on insights from scholarship on emotion and more recent theories of affect, and use 'affect' and 'emotion' interchangeably",1,-1,[],[32779]],["I use the terms 'emotion' and 'affect' interchangeably, referring to an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities.",1,-1,[],[32779]],["In short, affect is what emotions enact.",1,-1,[],[39438]],["It is not simply about feeling, but about power-since affect circulates through bodies, media, institutions, and policies, shaping public perceptions, racial constructions, national boundaries, and ultimately, who is deemed deathworthy.",1,-1,[],[39438]],["So, affect, in short, is the intensity in which we experience emotion.",1,-1,[],[20030]],["They are categorized and analyzed into \"Un/happiness,\" \"In/Security,\" \"Dis/Satisfaction,\" and \"Dis/Inclination\"",1,-1,[],[54063]],["a coarse-grained feature we term affect that estimates how a speaker feels towards the target they mentioned in an interpersonal utterance.",1,-1,[],[45489]],["affect in Appraisal includes descriptions of others' emotional states",1,-1,[],[21806]],["affect is deeply imbricated with the politics of controlling human movement.",1,-1,[],[39438]],["affect is what emotions enact",1,-1,[],[39438]],["affect works as a technology of governance, securing the state's ability to justify deterrence, externalization, and the active abandonment of Black single young men to death at sea.",1,-1,[],[39438]],["an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities",1,-1,[],[32779]],["conceptualizing affect as the actions and effects of emotions through cultural and political practices",1,-1,[],[39438]],["extends beyond feeling as a general way of sensemaking. It informs our general sensibility toward the world surrounding us.",1,-1,[],[4997]],["feelings of achievement and frustration",1,-1,[],[46777]],["feelings of peace and anxiety",1,-1,[],[46777]],["is intimately connected to deceleration since 'there is a specific affect that is a halting … an inhibition of movement [:] anxiety'",1,-1,[],[37776]],["it is essential not to confuse affect with emotion and feeling. While affect contains a particular energy, mood, or movement and may lead to a particular feeling, and possibly the subsequent expression of emotion, it both precedes and sustains or possibly annuls feeling and emotion.",1,-1,[],[32779]],["it is the circulation and reproduction of these intensities through different modes of signification which align embodied experiences with communities and subjectivities.",1,-1,[],[46402]],["it speaks on the one hand to the extent to which emotions, feelings, relationships are 'put to work' in post Fordist capitalism, and on the other to the immanent human co-operative capacities and potentialities that may be set free by such labour",1,-1,[],[8483]],["perceived as transindividual",1,-1,[],[32779]],["pre-representational intensity",1,-1,[],[37776]],["reflect their responses to emerging situations",1,-1,[],[54063]],["the Chinese reports focussed a little more on Affect, that is, on feelings and emotions than did the Australian and Australian Chinese reports.",1,-1,[],[46777]],["the moods of feeling happy or sad",1,-1,[],[46777]],["the predominance of negative affect suggests that the news coverage largely evoked and reflected negative emotions associated with the tragedy",1,-1,[],[46700]],["vital to grasp 'our information-and image-based late capitalist culture … characterized by a surfeit of it'",1,-1,[],[37776]]],"sy":[["emotion",1,22181,[],[32779]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[61904]]],"rt":[["emotion",2,22181,[],[4997,20030]],["Attitude Analysis",1,624,[],[54063]],["Dis/Inclination",1,-1,[],[54063]],["Dis/Satisfaction",1,28219,[],[54063]],["In/Security",1,25045,[],[54063]],["Un/happiness",1,31732,[],[54063]],["Visual appraisal",1,-1,[],[50864]],["affective media",1,30972,[],[32779]],["affective publics",1,18177,[],[32779]],["appreciation",1,28137,[],[21806]],["collective affect",1,25250,[],[32779]],["judgement",1,10634,[],[21806]],["projectilic affect",1,4705,[],[37776]],["social 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Or how should tax schemes be designed so as to equalize opportunities for income?",1,-1,[],[6637]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lógica mediática",1,17687,[],[42019]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Sports and athletes that fit most closely with normative ideals of femininity receive most media attention, so even during a mixed-sex event like the Olympics a feminine appropriate sport like gymnastics receives far more media attention than do team sports which may conform less easily to idealised notions of femininity",1,-1,[],[28136]],["This meant that men can be gay as long as they behave according to the standards of the heterosexual male",1,-1,[],[43569]],["heteronormativity with a corresponding heterosexual dominance, dictating courtship strategies, commitment orientations and sexual goals that differ for men and women.",1,-1,[],[60701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["for instance regarding gender or race",1,-1,[],[50711]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Based on this definition, something is extreme speech merely if enough people believe that it poses a threat to something they hold dear.",1,-1,[],[18542]],["Expressions that do not conform to accepted norms of civility within specific regional/local/national contexts and target persons/groups based on racialized categories or protected characteristics (caste, ethnicity, gender, language group, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation) as well as other groups holding power (state, media, politicians) (Udupa, 2018).",1,-1,[],[9820]],["First, extreme speech recognizes the inherent ambiguity of speech contexts.",1,-1,[],[17487]],["Second, extreme speech signals a spectrum of practices, which push the boundaries of acceptable norms of public culture toward what the mainstream considers a breach within historically constituted normative orders.",1,-1,[],[17487]],["The analysis of extreme speech encompasses digital cultures that challenge the limits of legitimate discourse in terms of truth-falsehood and civility-incivility",1,-1,[],[54616]],["This ambiguity comes from a tension between the rationale of public interest that defines the contours of speech governance and the interests of publicity that constitute practical politics (Mazzarella & Kaur, 2009).",1,-1,[],[17487]],["This approach takes into account the cultural variation of speech acts, the norms associated with them, and the historical contexts that shape them. In this perspective, the distinction between acceptable and unacceptable discourse is not clearly defined by the author, constantly reassessed in public and political discussions, and the boundaries are continually readjusted, employed, and distorted.",1,-1,[],[54616]],["With extreme speech we emphasize practice-that is, what people do that is related to media (Couldry, 2010)-to avoid predetermining the effects of online volatile speech as vilifying, polarizing, or lethal.",1,-1,[],[17487]],["a communicative practice that redefines the boundaries of what is politically acceptable",1,-1,[],[54616]],["extreme speech recognizes the inherent ambiguity of speech contexts.",1,-1,[],[17487]],["extreme speech signals a spectrum of practices, which push the boundaries of acceptable norms of public culture toward what the mainstream considers a breach within historically constituted normative orders.",1,-1,[],[17487]]],"sy":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[54616]]],"rt":[["hate speech",2,18278,[],[17487,54616]],["dangerous speech",1,11873,[],[9820]],["derogatory speech",1,-1,[],[9820]],["exclusionary extreme speech",1,-1,[],[9820]],["online vitriol",1,-1,[],[17487]],["polarized discourse",1,-1,[],[54616]]],"sb":[["Holocaust denial",1,29619,[],[18542]],["blasphemy",1,23650,[],[18542]],["dangerous speech",1,11873,[],[9820]],["exclusionary extreme speech",1,-1,[],[9820]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[18542]],["incitement to and glorification of terrorism",1,-1,[],[18542]],["obscenity",1,12961,[],[18542]],["religious speech that offends secular values",1,-1,[],[18542]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["specific persona",1,27678,[],[20101]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an Asian person",1,-1,[],[20102]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Categories are descriptors of themes.",1,-1,[],[19795]],["Categories are descriptors of themes. [11,27]",1,-1,[],[19795]],["Categories summarise assumed properties of the events, people and objects 'placed in them' and indicate socially and historically relevant similarities and differences.",1,-1,[],[37958]],["Category development helps with the provision of details for analytical theme development.",1,-1,[],[19795]],["Category is the primary product of analytical process, has a descriptive identity and is mainly used at the beginning of the theme development process to classify findings.",1,-1,[],[19795]],["Researchers develop category at the beginning of data analysis process to enter the abstraction process.",1,-1,[],[19795]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["theme",1,30079,[],[19795]]],"sb":[["Stereotypical categories",1,16995,[],[37958]],["social categories",1,15911,[],[37958]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Boundary work provides a second conceptual lens to interpret our results.",1,-1,[],[4812]],["That maintenance often takes a discursive form, such as by calling attention to ways in which outsiders fail to meet journalistic standards or do not share journalism's values or ethics.",1,-1,[],[4758]],["boundary work encompasses expansion to incorporate new actors and practices as well as protection of autonomy from powerful interests outside the field.",1,-1,[],[5233]],["in an attempt to construct a favorable public image for the field by contrasting it with what it is not",1,-1,[],[5385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["research on boundary work is also a useful framework in analysing how journalists respond to critical incidents in journalism.",1,-1,[],[4758]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It is not a biological need in the sense of thirst or hunger.",1,-1,[],[2441]],["Need for Chaos is thus a mindset to gain status by disrupting the established order.",1,-1,[],[2441]],["chaos-seekers strive for status and feel rejected by friends and society as a whole.",1,-1,[],[2441]],["reflecting a desire to upset the established order",1,-1,[],[27954]],["the Need for Chaos is not a stable personality trait, but is expected to emerge in the interplay of environments related to personal status loss and traits related to dominance.",1,-1,[],[2441]],["the underlying evolutionary problem that the desire for chaos expresses relates to status maintenance and acquisition.",1,-1,[],[2441]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["need",1,32755,[],[2441]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["A reader perceives a text to be coherent to the extent that the ideas conveyed in the text hang together in a meaningful and organized manner.",1,-1,[],[18900]],["A reader perceives a text to be coherent to the extent that the ideas conveyed in the text hang together in a meaningful and organized manner. Thus, coherence is an achievement that is a product of psychological representations and processes.",1,-1,[],[18900]],["According to the coherence theory of truth",1,-1,[],[12327]],["Coherence has to do with semantic or pragmatic relations among units to produce the overall meaning of a discourse",1,-1,[],[24787]],["Coherence is established by determining possible structures, propositions, or concepts to which the current information should be attached.",1,-1,[],[14937]],["Coherence is seen as a necessary, but insufficient condition for truth.",1,-1,[],[16755]],["Coherence is used to organize data through the creation and modification of theories, and in reasoning about specific hypotheses.",1,-1,[],[16755]],["Internal consistency and consistency with other beliefs are examples of coherence criteria",1,-1,[],[16755]],["Specifically, cohesion is a characteristic of the text, whereas coherence is a characteristic of the reader's mental representation of the text content.",1,-1,[],[18900]],["The coherence relations are constructed in the mind of the reader and depend on the skills and knowledge that the reader brings to the situation.",1,-1,[],[18900]],["can be processed more deeply and remembered more easily",1,-1,[],[122]],["coherence is portrayed as an important principle when processing information.",1,-1,[],[122]],["portrayed as an important principle when processing information",1,-1,[],[122]],["the coherence of a set of beliefs does not necessitate that the beliefs are true",1,-1,[],[16755]]],"sy":[["coherence theory of truth",1,33626,[],[16755]]],"rt":[["cohesion",1,23510,[],[18900]],["correspondence",1,-1,[],[16755]],["rationalism",1,10326,[],[16755]]],"sb":[["Internal consistency",1,-1,[],[16755]],["Interpersonal coherence",1,26105,[],[16755]],["Intrapersonal coherence",1,2628,[],[16755]],["consistency with other beliefs",1,-1,[],[16755]]],"sp":[["desiderata",1,-1,[],[12094]]],"ex":[["I can say that the probability of heads is .90 and the probability of tails is .10. These two are consistent with each other, but not with the facts",1,-1,[],[16755]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In the marketing of commercial products for consumers, or industrial clients, concealment is characteristically implemented by not disclosing known problems or limitations in products, or adverse side effects the products may produce when used.",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Pertinent examples in the political domain would include instances of adverse policy outcomes, adverse studies or reports on policy outcomes, present or future, being suppressed or not disclosed to the public.",1,-1,[],[24158]],["The attacker hides information which would be unhelpful or deleterious in driving the victim of the deception to a specific misperception of reality",1,-1,[],[24158]],["This technique has become widely adopted across the computer industry, in this author's prior experience as a Chief Engineer, and is not unique to IBM practice of that period.",1,-1,[],[24158]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Degradation or Destruction",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Passive Degradation",1,-1,[],[24158]],["truthful disinformation",1,18099,[],[2164]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Degradation attack",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Degradation or Destruction",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Passive Degradation",1,-1,[],[24158]],["passive Degradation attack",1,-1,[],[24158]],["truthful disinformation",1,18099,[],[2164]]],"ex":[["Avoidance of any detailed discussion of the capabilities of the competing F-22 fighter, despite this information being widely available in the public domain",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Avoidance of any discussion of material risks arising in the Joint Strike Fighter program, despite these attracting a large volume of press globally",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Avoidance of any discussion of the adverse consequences of early retirement of the F-111 aircraft, despite these being extensively documented in the public domain",1,-1,[],[24158]],["Avoidance of any discussion of the capabilities of competing foreign aircraft being acquired across the region and presenting a challenge to the Joint Strike Fighter, thus concealing its weaknesses",1,-1,[],[24158]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Compared to the more intuitive thematic analysis-a related qualitative approach-qualitative content analysis \"allows for more precise definitions and gets closer to the actual text\"",1,-1,[],[43248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["discontinuous behavior",1,13000,[],[55669]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["e-government",1,28660,[],[3806]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In medical texts, military vocabulary clusters around crisis framing and the construction of collective vulnerability and mobilisation.",1,-1,[],[61947]],["pervasiveness of the military metaphors to figuratively frame the discourse about coronavirus and measures to combat it.",1,-1,[],[41494]],["this frame bears a strong negative emotional valence.",1,-1,[],[41494]],["war imagery intensifies perceptions of threat and urgency",1,-1,[],[61947]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["war framing",1,22556,[],[41494]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing metaphor",1,9901,[],[28051]]],"ex":[["campaign",1,-1,[],[61947]],["fight against disease",1,-1,[],[61947]],["struggle",1,-1,[],[61947]],["war on cancer",1,-1,[],[61947]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such segregationist practices include online harassment, lack of inclusion, toxic environments, and outright violence.",1,-1,[],[3444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["measures of professionalism, intended as the belief that others can be politically impartial in key professional roles that intersect politics, including journalism, justice, and science",1,-1,[],[30816]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["journalism",1,-1,[],[30816]],["justice",1,-1,[],[30816]],["science",1,-1,[],[30816]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["consumers move along a continuum between ontological security and insecurity",1,-1,[],[5636]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ontological security",3,3993,[],[5636,16882,47205]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["rumor stance",1,12749,[],[45527]],["stances of public reactions",1,-1,[],[43664]]],"rt":[["rumor veracity",1,11806,[],[43664]]],"sb":[["denies it",1,-1,[],[53206]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[53206]],["support the original tweet",1,-1,[],[53206]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["further questions or simply making comments without supporting or denying",1,-1,[],[53206]],["supporting → querying → denying",1,-1,[],[43664]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The core features of schematic narrative templates are that they are: a) schematic in the sense that they involve generalized knowledge structures; b) organized around the dimensions of temporality and plot; c) template-like because their schematic structure can underlie multiple specific narratives, each of which includes information about a particular dates, actions, and characters; and d) characterized by cognitive narcissism stemming from the tendency to understand the past as our past",1,-1,[],[19252]],["The core features of schematic narrative templates are that they are: a) schematic in the sense that they involve generalized knowledge structures; b) organized around the dimensions of temporality and plot; c) template-like because their schematic structure can underlie multiple specific narratives, each of which includes information about a particular dates, actions, and characters; and d) characterized by cognitive narcissism stemming from the tendency to understand the past as our past (J. Wertsch, personal communication, July 3, 2013).",1,-1,[],[19253]]],"sy":[["schemata",1,18234,[],[19252]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["issue frames",1,27651,[],[9800]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["First, all Orthodox churches have been regularly advancing the notion of defending the nation.",1,-1,[],[46776]],["Orthodox conservatism has acquired an international dimension in which populism and geopolitics play an important role.",1,-1,[],[46776]],["Orthodox conservatism has been characterized by five key elements: defending a mythical past of the country; fostering close relations with state authorities; increasing anti-Westernism; building conservative networks at local, national, and geopolitical levels; and presenting Orthodox churches as alternative governance structures.",1,-1,[],[46776]],["Second, Orthodox churches have been allies of political authorities.",1,-1,[],[46776]],["Third, Orthodox churches in both countries not only have criticized the European Union's response to the refugee crisis but also have refrained from engaging in relations with their Western counterparts.",1,-1,[],[46776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["апологетическая разновидность: цель высказывания -приукрашивание, восхваление предмета, о котором идет речь в сообщении при помощи социально-идеологических мифологем, языковых штампов, имеющих расплывчатую семантику, допускающую множественность толкований",1,-1,[],[11350]],["эвфемистическая разновидность: высказывания используются для сокрытия, маскировки, оправдания неблаговидных или сомнительных фактов, поступков, положений и т.д.",1,-1,[],[11350]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["social media platforms created a context for epistemic populism",1,-1,[],[60004]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dominant frame",1,15566,[],[43695]]],"rt":[["refinamento",1,-1,[],[43695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Words like \"cruel,\" \"brave,\" \"just,\" or, in our examples, \"oppress\" and \"ahead of the times\" have such entangled uses.",1,-1,[],[1138]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"cruel,\" \"brave,\" \"just,\" or, in our examples, \"oppress\" and \"ahead of the times\"",1,-1,[],[1138]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This effect typically appears in cases where a breakthrough has been achieved, but the sides have a long way to go before translating principles into a final peace agreement.",1,-1,[],[3751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, the media may misrepresent key characteristics of protest events by deemphasizing the form of action, the presence of police, and the negative sentiments of the protests.",1,-1,[],[50607]],["The media may be more likely to portray protests as peaceful rather than violent or disruptive, while less likely to mention government agencies in their descriptions of protests.",1,-1,[],[50607]],["we compared the descriptions of protests by individuals with those of the news media or the government accounts along a series of characteristics",1,-1,[],[50607]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["differential framing",1,-1,[],[50607]],["misrepresentation",1,5976,[],[50607]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["monolingual methods for stance detection and adapt them to the cross-lingual stance detection task by replacing the original word embeddings with the hidden vectors of mBERT.",1,-1,[],[60789]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance detection",2,25533,[["Stance detection",1],["stance detection",1]],[52802,60789]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Esta formação tem a tendência de agrupar os sentidos semelhantes no seu interior, por isso a paráfrase se consolida como uma existência necessária.",1,-1,[],[14753]],["Os discursos se movimentam, há agitações nas redes de memória e nas identificações dos sujeitos, numa reconfiguração incessante.",1,-1,[],[10270]],["a instabilidade dessas formações, sua permeabilidade e contradições que se formam em seu interior, que permitem a constituição de novos sentidos.",1,-1,[],[10270]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["condições de produção do discurso",1,9486,[],[44195]],["formações ideológicas",1,-1,[],[44195]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[28272]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism",1,20354,[],[34756]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["populism",1,20354,[],[34756]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["It is a network of communication that emphasises SMCR-'sender, message, channel, and receiver' [44].",1,-1,[],[26653]],["It reveals what an individual tells or describes.",1,-1,[],[26653]],["Sayer is the doer or participant responsible for the verbal process; receiver is the participant to whom the verbal process is directed; while verbiage is a nominalised statement of the verbal process, that is, it sums up what is said in one nominal group or embedded clause.",1,-1,[],[43846]],["Verbal processes are signalled by words such as 'says,' 'suggests,' 'inquire,' 'whisper,' 'scream,' 'inform,' 'cry,' 'tell,' and 'demand.'",1,-1,[],[26653]],["social media posts exploit Verbal processes through selective quoting and removing context. These distortions create disinformation that appears authentic because it is based on real statements, but they mislead the public by altering the original meaning.",1,-1,[],[39588]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cry",1,-1,[],[26653]],["demand",1,10121,[],[26653]],["inform",1,-1,[],[26653]],["inquire",1,-1,[],[26653]],["says",1,-1,[],[26653]],["scream",1,-1,[],[26653]],["suggests",1,-1,[],[26653]],["tell",1,-1,[],[26653]],["whisper",1,-1,[],[26653]]],"sb":[["receiver",1,17563,[],[26653]],["sayer",1,27220,[],[26653]]],"sp":[["transitivity",1,6985,[],[56721]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["legitimacy",1,19405,[],[18359]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Фрейм Проступки",1,-1,[],[11355]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rational discourse",1,-1,[],[60754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["include better and more sympathetic coverage of both Africa and China, exchanges and cooperation of journalists and media representatives, workshops, training, and education (Bailard 2016, 447).",1,-1,[],[10707]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agonistic space",1,10346,[],[51396]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":47,"df":[],"de":[["IMAS has three levels, as the original theory: The first level identifies the transfer of objects-what is being reported; the second discusses the transfer of attributes -how is it being reported; and the third covers the transfer of a network which could be an attribute network or an object network (Guo & McCombs, 2011).",1,-1,[],[32814]],["If there was an explicit reference/ or more explicit references to another news story/ to other news stories, this accounted for the presence of an intermedia agenda-setting effect.",1,-1,[],[59199]],["Intermedia agenda-setting is a persistent feature of hybrid media systems in the 20th and 21st centuries, pointing to the dynamic and reciprocal influences among various media channels in shaping public discourse.",1,-1,[],[44787]],["Intermedia agenda-setting is the broadest approach",1,-1,[],[44787]],["The assertion is that journalists tend to let their reporting decisions be guided by the coverage of their peers at other news outlets",1,-1,[],[9711]],["This phenomenon explains why and when one media's agenda can affect the agendas of other media outlets.",1,-1,[],[32814]],["This phenomenon explains why and when one media's agenda can affect the agendas of other media outlets. Unlike the traditional agenda-setting theory, which explains how the media shape the public's agenda, IMAS examines how media agendas are developed through journalistic coorientation.",1,-1,[],[32814]],["Unlike the traditional agenda-setting theory, which explains how the media shape the public's agenda, IMAS examines how media agendas are developed through journalistic coorientation.",1,-1,[],[32814]],["Virginia newspapers exhibited intermedia agenda setting effects on each other.",1,-1,[],[41670]],["agenda setting effects between various media outlets",1,-1,[],[41670]],["analyzes information flows from local to national media, often focusing on the salience of issues (e.g., economy, education, immigration) on the media agenda rather than on the circulation of specific content and stories (e.g., Guo & Zhang, 2023)",1,-1,[],[44787]],["and thus may contribute to alignments in reporting and horizontal Europeanisation",1,-1,[],[59928]],["how different media platforms in the contemporary media landscape are temporally interrelated",1,-1,[],[9711]],["hypothesis that intermedia agenda setting is present as storms migrate through the media ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[55924]],["intermedia agenda-setting potential",1,-1,[],[56787]],["intermedia agenda-setting preferences between the Ghanaian press and their foreign counterparts",1,-1,[],[60053]],["intermedia agenda-setting process",1,-1,[],[56787]],["intermedia agenda-setting to make sense of news story diffusion in networked media space",1,-1,[],[56787]],["labels intermedia agenda-setting as the fourth phase of agenda-setting theory, which explores the origins of the media agenda",1,-1,[],[60053]],["online news networks do not create fundamentally new channels of intermedia agenda-setting. Instead, online news networks tend to mirror existing power relationships in these two distinct media landscapes.",1,-1,[],[56787]],["pointing out that the appearance of a particular story on their front page renders the topic as newsworthy for the rest of the media as well",1,-1,[],[58574]],["the agenda of different types of media are often homogeneous, highly interdependent and self-referential. As a result, a common national agenda still appears to exist, especially for high salience issues",1,-1,[],[59031]],["the agenda tends to be similar for various media outlets, that print media tend to influence television, and that certain media outlets, especially The New York Times, have particularly strong agenda setting power.",1,-1,[],[41670]],["the agendas between two media may be influenced by each other interactively",1,-1,[],[7815]],["the process of intermedia agenda-setting is moderated by five factors, namely, lag length, medium type, language/institutional barriers and election or non-election context",1,-1,[],[60053]],["we use Intermedia Agenda Setting (IAS) to examine whether media outlets set the agendas for one another while covering news",1,-1,[],[7815]],["workings of intermedia agenda-setting relationships",1,-1,[],[60053]]],"sy":[["intermedia agenda building",1,21578,[],[56787]],["the influences of the news media on each other",1,-1,[],[60053]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",2,425,[],[56787,60785]],["agenda-setting theory",1,6096,[],[60053]],["counter-frames",1,23503,[],[30145]],["direction of news transfer",1,-1,[],[59199]],["information flows",1,15760,[],[44787]],["intermedia agenda building",1,21578,[],[56787]],["interorganisational borrowing",1,-1,[],[60053]],["media storm",1,32257,[],[55924]],["reverse agenda setting",1,10250,[],[60569]]],"sb":[["The first level identifies the transfer of objects-what is being reported",1,-1,[],[32814]],["the second discusses the transfer of attributes -how is it being reported",1,-1,[],[32814]],["the third covers the transfer of a network which could be an attribute network or an object network",1,-1,[],[32814]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting",2,425,[],[56787,60785]],["agenda-setting theory",1,6096,[],[60053]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["deceptive news",1,58,[],[58991]],["fake 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heuristics may play a large role [27].",1,-1,[],[35697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["composite trust",1,27445,[],[22234]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["audience nudges show a random subset of contacts to remind users of who will be able to view a post",1,-1,[],[30998]],["sentiment nudges warn users that their post might be viewed as negative",1,-1,[],[30998]],["timer nudges delay the submission of a post",1,-1,[],[30998]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["high-capacity autocrats are in fact more likely to use subtle manipulation strategies than are low-capacity autocrats",1,-1,[],[57389]],["manipulate the media, prevent domestic election monitors from operating freely, and to stuff ballots 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citizens",1,-1,[],[7202]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["We witness rude language, harsh criticisms, anger, hatred, even threats.",1,-1,[],[5487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["online disinhibition",1,7942,[],[33461]],["online disinhibition effect",1,27686,[],[5487]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In these models individuals express their opinion and react to approval and disapproval by their peers",1,-1,[],[59315]],["Interactions between agents on the same side of the opinion spectrum lead to increased private confidence, while interactions between agents that express opposing opinions decrease it.",1,-1,[],[59315]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["journalism is helpful when it expands and improves people's opportunities.",1,-1,[],[45992]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stance Subject",1,31195,[],[21510]],["interlocutor",1,15002,[],[21510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Covert sexist communication is powerful because it helps speakers shape their worldview as shown in the following two case studies.",1,-1,[],[31415]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["obligation",1,-1,[],[36916]],["permission",1,14998,[],[36916]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Regarding the importance of the worldwide medical research",1,-1,[],[15178]],["characterized the development of health journalism as a subfield situated between the journalism and medical domains during periods of commercialization and politicization in both fields",1,-1,[],[45795]],["health journalism can be seen as the co-production between health and media professionals (Stroobant et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[45795]],["mass media play a leading role in disseminating health news",1,-1,[],[15178]],["the term health journalism encompasses not only health news coverage and stories 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\"threat towards democracy\" (examples occur in Badeli et al. 2017;Dau 2017;Tardell and Grip 2018) instead of a threat to the people they attack.",1,-1,[],[31142]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":81,"df":[],"de":[["Does the story refer to winners and losers?",2,-1,[],[9660,29105]],["According to Neuman, Just, and Crigler (1992), the US news media often employs conflict.",1,-1,[],[59366]],["According to Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), this frame is the second most often employed in the news.",1,-1,[],[59366]],["Based on the study of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), the conflict rate is the second most common framework used in reporting. The more serious the news media, the more frames of conflict are in evidence.",1,-1,[],[50007]],["Does one party-individual-group-country reproach another?",1,-1,[],[29105]],["Does the story refer to fights, riots, and confrontation between two or more parties, individuals, groups, countries?",1,-1,[],[9660]],["Does the story refer to two sides or more than two sides of the problem?",1,-1,[],[9660]],["Does the story refer to two sides or to more than two sides of the problem or issue?",1,-1,[],[29105]],["Does the story reflect disagreement between Bosnian-Serbs' political individuals/parties?",1,-1,[],[29105]],["Does the story reflect disagreement between individuals-ethnic groups-entities?",1,-1,[],[29105]],["Does the story revolve around disagreement between parties, individuals, groups, countries?",1,-1,[],[9660]],["In political news, conflict frames are showcased through critique or attacks from and towards political actors, or the visibility of diverging political views in the media.",1,-1,[],[4259]],["In this sense, this frame emphasizes winners and losers, making it compelling for readers but potentially oversimplifying complex issues.",1,-1,[],[48944]],["The conflict frame is commonly used in news because journalistic practice emphasises telling 'both sides of the story,' and because creating an interesting story with tension requires presenting the good and bad or the right and wrong",1,-1,[],[39517]],["The frame indicates the competition and conflicts among individuals, groups, or institutions, or nations",1,-1,[],[58481]],["The presence of conflict is repeatedly referred to as one important news criteria when selecting which events will be news stories",1,-1,[],[39517]],["These items are often used to measure conflict frames in the news and originate from the work of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000).",1,-1,[],[4259]],["Within a given story, the conflict frame also stresses winning and losing (and winners and losers).",1,-1,[],[37737]],["highlights a conflict between individuals, groups, or organizations with the intent to capture the audience's attention",1,-1,[],[49056]],["international media outlets often portrayed trade union representatives as the main critics of basic income and the experiment, as they usually had reserved or negative attitudes towards both.",1,-1,[],[39518]],["negativity, an aspect strongly linked to the conflict (Berganza, 2008;Lengauer et al., 2012), is one of the news values of informational messages",1,-1,[],[45868]],["portraying Ar-Rawda attack within the framework of a conflict where there are two parties each of which is assumed to have their own 'defensible' case.",1,-1,[],[39697]],["the conflict frame not only constructs reality full of tension and juxtapositions but also, in 'telling both sides of the story', offers different solutions to questions on social policy.",1,-1,[],[39517]],["the confrontation and reproach among the different actors",1,-1,[],[45868]],["the coverage was dominated by political sources (n=191) who, along with the expert sources (n=73), were used in the conflict frame.",1,-1,[],[50421]],["the existence of conflict, which indicates the presence of confronted positions and even dispute between actors",1,-1,[],[45868]],["the journalists explicitly mentioned political corruptions linked to the economic exploitation of rivers.",1,-1,[],[50421]],["the lenses through which disputants view a conflict situation",1,-1,[],[49056]],["the media outlets tried to explain the challenge.",1,-1,[],[58521]],["the news frame was coded by a scale of three items about whether the story was (1) or was not (1) alluded or referred to",1,-1,[],[45868]],["the traditional way to measure the conflict frame in the news stories emphasizes more the disagreement between actors than the agreement they can or should achieve.",1,-1,[],[45868]],["this approach or framing of conflict is consubstantial to politics and it became a prominent ingredient for the political news coverage",1,-1,[],[45868]],["this frame is one of the most used generic news frames",1,-1,[],[45868]],["this kind of coverage makes winning and losing the central concern.",1,-1,[],[52907]],["this news frame should be seen as a political debate and a confrontation of opinions",1,-1,[],[45868]]],"sy":[["Conflict framework",1,27134,[],[45868]],["conflict frame",1,12827,[],[52754]],["conflict framing",1,15836,[],[45868]]],"rt":[["action frame",1,12979,[],[50421]],["commitment",1,23673,[],[45868]],["conflict framing",1,15836,[],[4259]],["conflict news",1,-1,[],[4259]],["confrontation of opinions",1,-1,[],[45868]],["confronted positions",1,-1,[],[45868]],["consensus",1,10856,[],[45868]],["consequence frames",1,26997,[],[45881]],["cooperation",1,-1,[],[45868]],["disagreement",1,33285,[],[4259]],["dispute",1,-1,[],[45868]],["economic frame analysis",1,-1,[],[33422]],["human interest",1,3323,[],[45881]],["incompatibility between viewpoints",1,-1,[],[4259]],["political 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Il vero problema è che il fronte è lungo 1000 km, difficilissimo da difendere tutto. Siamo un piccolo esercito contro un grande grande esercito imperiale",1,-1,[],[45881]],["(6) Sono passato attraverso quella che noi prigionieri chiamavamo \" la prionka\". Sono stato abbattuto con il mio elicottero e i russi mi hanno catturato e portato in un campo di detenzione dove sono stato picchiato per un' intera giornata da tutti i carcerieri e poliziotti che vi lavoravano",1,-1,[],[45881]],["(7) Noi non siamo meno importanti degli abitanti di Tel Aviv, se non ci proteggete da Hezbollah noi lo faremo da soli!",1,-1,[],[45881]],["the article \"Tom Cotton, Kari Lake show how much Trump, Republicans have normalized violent rhetoric\" (USA Today on April 19, 2024) sheds light on the provocative remarks by Sen. Tom Cotton, framing it as a broader political conflict between activists and political figures.",1,-1,[],[48944]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["slums of hope",1,15237,[],[48485]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["promotional tone issue",1,-1,[],[27615]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["interactional",1,29905,[],[16378]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dubbing",1,-1,[],[7238]],["image dubbing",1,-1,[],[7238]],["video or image dubbing",1,-1,[],[7238]]],"rt":[["expression reenactment",1,-1,[],[7238]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["reenactment deepfake",1,15137,[],[7238]]],"ex":[["Benign uses of the technology includes realistic voice dubbing into another language and editing.",1,-1,[],[7238]]]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Epistemic authority may justify recommendations in strictly technical matters, but some decisions which are not only technical but also normative must have a shared political, cultural, and perhaps even ethical justification.",1,-1,[],[14396]],["a key element of knowledge justification",1,-1,[],[36453]],["but some decisions which are not only technical but also normative must have a shared political, cultural, and perhaps even ethical justification.",1,-1,[],[14396]],["proposals or decisions made by experts -based on their technical expertise and presumably in good faith, i.e., without explicit cultural, ideological, political or religious views or biases being at play -cannot be justified simply by their epistemic authority",1,-1,[],[14396]],["this epistemic authority is mainly based on the fact that therapies are becoming more and more effective, that some diseases have been eradicated (e.g., smallpox, rinderpest), and that average life expectancy has substantially increased over the last 50 years",1,-1,[],[14396]],["view this authority as a praiseworthy 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exception.",1,-1,[],[26527]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical media studies",1,-1,[],[26527]],["discursive mechanism",1,4015,[],[26527]],["mediating device",1,-1,[],[26527]],["moral panic scholarship",1,-1,[],[26527]],["securitization theory",1,388,[],[26527]],["technology of governance",1,7001,[],[26527]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A notable discourse in this representation political Islam was of particular politicians or political organisations who were presented as being aligned with it.",1,-1,[],[45218]],["Like Islamism, political Islam is also subject to gradation.",1,-1,[],[45218]],["The success of political Islam over secular nationalism in the Arab world has largely been because of the former 's ability to resist the enemies of the community or the state.",1,-1,[],[45218]],["These different kinds of political Islam can be labelled as a particular form, forms, or brand.",1,-1,[],[45218]],["portrayed 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based",1,-1,[],[11138]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["mediação descreve uma teorização mais geral de qualquer processo de comunicação",1,-1,[],[15101]],["processo cultural e político em que esses significados propostos (e não impostos) pela mídia são articulados com a cotidianidade dos consumidores",1,-1,[],[15101]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["midiatização",1,-1,[],[15101]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Forms of interests-based balancing (according to one version of the first challenge) carry with them an implicit assumption that free speech interests are no different than other interests, in the sense that they are so many more interests to be placed onto the balancing scales or into the net interest-realization calculation machine.",1,-1,[],[18590]],["More recently, Peard (2004: 147) envisages a form of nuanced interests-based balancing in which the interests of the targets of hate speech are granted additional weight when placed on the balancing scales insofar as such persons represent an 'innocent party' and hate speakers harm their interests 'intentionally'.",1,-1,[],[18590]],["Sumner's account of interests-based balancing focuses on the individual interests of three constituencies of the population, namely, speakers, audiences, and third parties, and enjoins the maximization of net interests-realization.",1,-1,[],[18590]],["This is encapsulated in what I shall call the Principle of Interests-Based Balancing, that legalistic constraints on uses of hate speech are (N-)warranted only if they achieve an optimum balance between the interests in play, where an optimum balance represents the point at which increasing the degree of constraint on hate speech is likely to enable the realization of interests of a combined extent of realization and value or importance that is no greater than that of the interests the realization of which is likely to be disenabled by this increase, while decreasing the degree of constraint on hate speech is likely to enable the realization of interests of a combined extent of realization and value or importance that is no greater than that of the interests the realization of which is likely to be disenabled by this decrease.",1,-1,[],[18590]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rights-based balancing",1,1520,[],[18590]]],"sb":[["indirect consequentialism",1,4105,[],[18590]],["post-Millian calculus",1,25627,[],[18590]]],"sp":[["balancing principles",1,-1,[],[18590]]],"ex":[["interests of the targets of hate speech are granted additional weight when placed on the balancing scales insofar as such persons represent an 'innocent party' and hate speakers harm their interests 'intentionally'",1,-1,[],[18590]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["There are two different types of discursive sedimentation.",1,-1,[],[22029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["discursive materialization",1,5082,[],[22029]],["forgetting",1,24464,[],[22029]],["reactivation",1,-1,[],[22029]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Critical geopolitics seeks to unpack the rigid territorial assumptions of traditional geopolitical thinking.",1,-1,[],[23881]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["popular geopolitics",1,6211,[],[23881]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":35,"df":[],"de":[["Being critical does not only separate the user from the text, industry, and sender but also detaches the reader from herself and requires her to step aside and think of her choice, interest, motivation, investment, and benefit in light of her personal growth (Potter, 2010).",1,-1,[],[12902]],["CML education plays a critical role in empowering students to identify and analyze information, as well as to engage as active participants in critical thinking about media and technology",1,-1,[],[48967]],["CML instruction is vital to encourage students in critical thinking about media and technology (Hobbs 2011;Kellner & Share 2005) and to cultivate the emergence of empowered and engaged citizens (Bergstrom, Flynn & Craig 2018).",1,-1,[],[48967]],["CML is still seen as a set of critical and analytical abilities in information, media selection, and content interpretation.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["CML provides pre-service social studies teachers with skills to recognize and critique controversial issues that exist in media and extends democratic pedagogical approaches.",1,-1,[],[55355]],["CML represents a modern shift from reactive to proactive (AlNajjar 2019).",1,-1,[],[48967]],["Consequently, students can traverse multiple texts while disputing what the text asserts and its authority (Wardani 2021) and connecting theory to practice (Joanou 2017).",1,-1,[],[48967]],["Critical media literacy also requires validating messages' factuality, asking questions about authors' biases, and consequences (personal and collective, emotional and cognitive) for consumers.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["Critical media literacy comprises \"an education for life\"",1,-1,[],[12902]],["Critical media literacy education steers youth towards informed targeted media usage, recognizing media as an indispensable source of social (Luke, 1999) and academic learning (Grigoryan, & King, 2008), health support (Higgins, & Begoray, 2012) and prosperity.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["Critical media literacy includes the understanding of hegemony, the location of the message sender/composer within existing hierarchies, and the sender's political and social agenda.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["Critical media literacy incorporates three stages that lead to the empowerment of citizens of all ages: (a) becoming aware of the importance of making choices and managing the amount of time spent with various media forms; (b) learning specific skills of critical viewing and surfing -learning to analyse and question what is in the frame/on the screen, how it is constructed, and what may have been left out; and (c) exploring deeper issues of who produces the media that people experience and for what purposes",1,-1,[],[26888]],["Critical media literacy incorporates three stages that lead to the empowerment of citizens of all ages: (a) becoming aware of the importance of making choices and managing the amount of time spent with various media forms; (b) learning specific skills of critical viewing and surfing -learning to analyse and question what is in the frame/on the screen, how it is constructed, and what may have been left out; and (c) exploring deeper issues of who produces the media that people experience and for what purposes (Thoman, 1995;Wan & Gut, 2008).",1,-1,[],[26888]],["Critical media literacy is built on a great deal of self and social awareness necessary to advance the individual's \"critical autonomy\" of the learner",1,-1,[],[12902]],["I think it is how we process information from media.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["In CML, students study how news affects viewers and how they can use the information to form possible perceptions by becoming critically literate.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["In the prevention context of potential negative propaganda effects, we divide critical media literacy into three intertwined sub-dimensions: awareness, reflection, and empowerment.",1,-1,[],[15180]],["It can be argued that critical media literacy places media consumers in a more distant position that is largely inquisitive and skeptical.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["It entails treating learners as active interpreters of media texts with the critical ability to think of alternative, oppositional, or resisting interpretations of media messages.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["It entails treating learners as active interpreters of media texts with the critical ability to think of alternative, oppositional, or resisting interpretations of media messages. This includes dissociating themselves from the message and relating the message to its creators and considering their potential biases that are socially and culturally contextualized.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["The development of these new literacy skills and critical awareness can be fostered through critical media literacy (CML) learning. Hence, learners develop their epistemic awareness, decrease their vulnerability to deception, and focus on facts",1,-1,[],[48967]],["The promotion of, adoption of, and investment in critical media literacy can enable youth in the region to further their learning and engagement, maximize their personal and societal gains, and resist extreme ideologies.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["The role of the learner requires that critical media literacy be taught in an interactive and engaging manner, preferably utilizing participatory approaches and collaborative projects",1,-1,[],[12902]],["The teachers see CML as receptive skills.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["The teachers see CML as receptive skills. They see it as information processing and the capacity to distinguish between factual and fake news.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["These discussions should extend beyond value judgement to include raising questions and inciting inquiry that would uncover and deconstruct the political and social underpinnings of these messages, platforms, networks, and technologies.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["They see it as information processing and the capacity to distinguish between factual and fake news.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["This added layer of awareness, analysis, and critical reflection provided by critical media literacy frameworks, is key to understanding underlying issues of power and information historically and their impacts today.",1,-1,[],[12912]],["This approach embraces the notion of the audience as active in the process of making meaning",1,-1,[],[20347]],["This awareness is cultivated using an emancipatory and open approach to media as a source of opportunities and risks and as a means of learning through active engagement and guided discussions.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["This critical position should enable the learner to question textual meaning, spurring him or her to examine the creator's identity, motivations, and intentions.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["This includes dissociating themselves from the message and relating the message to its creators and considering their potential biases that are socially and culturally contextualized.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["This type of critical media literacy requires the introduction of curricula suitable for adolescents and university students in MENA that aims at cultivating a new set of skills beyond the typical reading, writing, accessing, interpreting, and producing media content.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["To expand upon these tenets and employ a critical media literacy framework is to foster an understanding of media with an awareness of the social, political, and economic contexts in which such texts are produced and disseminated.",1,-1,[],[12881]],["challenging media messages that reproduce oppression and discrimination",1,-1,[],[36608]],["critical media literacy includes the capacity to read, analyze, and interpret information presented through media platforms.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["critical media literacy is \"about creating communities of active readers and writers who can be expected to exercise some degree of agency in deciding what textual positions they will assume or resist as they interact in complex social and cultural contexts\" (pp. 1-2).",1,-1,[],[54853]],["enhancing critical media literacy makes pupils more competent in naming propaganda as such",1,-1,[],[15180]],["expanding their definition of literacy to incorporate various forms of mass communication, popular culture, and new technologies in order to critically examine the relationship between media messages, audiences and ideologies",1,-1,[],[12881]],["fostering critical media literacy to deal with Islamist online propaganda",1,-1,[],[15180]],["gives individuals power over their culture and thus enables people to create their meanings and identities and to shape and transform the material and social conditions of their culture and society",1,-1,[],[12902]],["in order to nurture the growth of empowered and active citizens",1,-1,[],[48967]],["media education interventions that address the injustices of gender, race and other inequalities and also challenge these inequities as they are depicted in media",1,-1,[],[12881]],["media education interventions that address the injustices of gender, race and other inequalities and also challenge these inequities as they are depicted in media are essential in today's multicultural society.",1,-1,[],[12881]],["teaching critical media literacy has more potential when it is localized, participatory, and engaging.",1,-1,[],[12902]],["the ability to engage in critical media literacy",1,-1,[],[15180]],["through critical media literacy, students have access to material that allows them to critically reflect, appraise, and actively participate in discussions or other types of media expression.",1,-1,[],[48967]]],"sy":[["CML",1,-1,[],[48967]],["Media that is used to access the information critically.",1,-1,[],[48967]],["critical media literacy learning",1,-1,[],[48967]]],"rt":[["critical literacy",2,34457,[],[48967,54853]],["media literacy",2,27668,[],[12902,48967]],["democratic learning",1,-1,[],[48967]],["informed targeted media usage",1,-1,[],[12902]],["media access and source selection",1,3426,[],[48967]],["media comprehension and analysis",1,-1,[],[48967]],["media information literacy",1,25540,[],[12912]],["media literacy education",1,15408,[],[12902]],["media production and distribution",1,-1,[],[48967]],["traditional approach to media literacy",1,-1,[],[20347]]],"sb":[["awareness",1,32613,[],[15180]],["empowerment",1,33337,[],[15180]],["reflection",1,11087,[],[15180]]],"sp":[["media 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In order to publish as soon as possible, some journalists choose to set the model of news based on related materials. After doing interviews, and as related events unfold, they supplement the news accordingly. 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Because they are always open to refutation, the arguments that support them need only be defeasible. Inductive inference is therefore indicative of provisionally true claims.",1,-1,[],[5478]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A common example is the claimed link between autism and the MMR vaccine",1,-1,[],[3892]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Viewpoints are more complex than mere endorsement/rejection of a given proposition, or a left-right-continuum, or even partyspecific narratives",1,-1,[],[9285]],["this notion should focus on the content of offered interpretations, which is closest to the construct's theoretical and normative relevance, and able to inform operational measurement and assessment.",1,-1,[],[9285]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["covered topics",1,-1,[],[9285]],["diversity of speakers",1,-1,[],[9285]],["measures based on sources or slant, frames and constrained ideologies",1,-1,[],[9285]],["media formats",1,-1,[],[9285]],["newsrooms composition",1,-1,[],[9285]],["ownership",1,21904,[],[9285]],["political slant",1,-1,[],[9285]],["viewpoint distinctness",1,23200,[],[9285]],["viewpoint variability",1,27822,[],[9285]]],"sb":[["viewpoint distinctness",1,23200,[],[9285]],["viewpoint variability",1,27822,[],[9285]]],"sp":[["content diversity",1,18322,[],[5065]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["GNNs",1,-1,[],[20625]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["process of framing",1,21885,[],[53904]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["author",1,-1,[],[42468]],["date",1,-1,[],[42468]],["publisher",1,-1,[],[42468]],["sources cited",1,-1,[],[42468]],["tone",1,-1,[],[42468]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the end, communicative subalternity is no longer needed to gain agency and all people would be included in the communicative learning process.",1,-1,[],[55841]],["Popular communication is not primarily about invoking 'imaginary' polities but about self-empowerment that advances the formation and refinement of the needs and capacities, including the communicative ones, for self-socialisation.",1,-1,[],[55841]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Attractiveness is another rumor-causing variable.",1,-1,[],[19858]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Stories framed in cultural terms suggested the value of Jasper must be understood in ways that transcend the economic use value of the town as a location of business or tourism.",1,-1,[],[58273]],["cultural frames constitute our pre-scientific belief systems.",1,-1,[],[16857]],["culture impairs our accurate grasp of disasters by placing 'cognitive limits on people and institutions so that they are blind to worst cases'",1,-1,[],[16857]],["they contribute to the social production of disasters by functioning as 'blinders' that prevent social actors from becoming aware of their own risk production.",1,-1,[],[16857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of vaccines, this fallacy takes the form of assuming that because vaccines are man-made, they are unnatural and therefore potentially dangerous or inferior to natural immunity",1,-1,[],[3876]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Credibility",1,-1,[],[23606]]],"ex":[["Herbs are natural, so they are better than synthetic medicines.",1,-1,[],[23606]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["comments are often express implicit support; 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Put yourselves in their terrible situation, you will see that he is guilty.",1,-1,[],[23603]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The holistic cognitive and emotional nature that \"emotional geography\" entails will eventually impel people to some form of tangible action, leading to effective social change.",1,-1,[],[51528]],["This framework aims to shed light on the affective dynamics of immersive media in relation to social change",1,-1,[],[51528]],["the audience ultimately develops a sense of \"emotional geography\", i.e. a connection with a \"storyworld\" through body, emotion and mind.",1,-1,[],[51528]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["an emotional embodiment",1,17127,[],[51528]],["socially-driven immersive media productions",1,-1,[],[51528]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The most characteristic features of a ballad are assigning value to the personal, remarkable and rebellious, emphasis on a democratic sense of justice and its themes, including people in their existential border situations, family topics, etc.",1,-1,[],[46288]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["involves more deliberative reasoning, which is less likely to be conveyed in short-form social media posts",1,-1,[],[11220]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["composite trust",1,27445,[],[22222]],["trust",1,34511,[],[15122]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["O'Neill's typology",1,-1,[],[53590]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Imagining histories in opposition to hegemony can provide space for viewing our contemporary conditions through the lens of values in our past that have been neglected.",1,-1,[],[23578]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["source-indicative signals",1,-1,[],[57696]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The scope of image repurposing was expanded to semantically consistent manipulations which are more likely to fool people.",1,-1,[],[20084]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For the regulars, visiting the third place is \"an ordinary part of a daily routine\" (1999,37).",1,-1,[],[61126]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["affective",1,31557,[],[47528]],["escapist",1,-1,[],[47528]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":40,"df":[],"de":[["All these definitions agree that irony has an intended and unintended meanings.",1,-1,[],[5875]],["In computational linguistics, irony is often used as an umbrella term that includes sarcasm",1,-1,[],[24835]],["Irony and sarcasm can be viewed as forms of metaphorical and figurative language, because they convey more than what is literally expressed.",1,-1,[],[24835]],["Irony does not show its original meaning but expresses the opposite of its true meaning.",1,-1,[],[52692]],["Irony does not show its original meaning but expresses the opposite of its true meaning. This is a subtle satirical language that does not sound hurtful to someone. However, behind it lies its true meaning, namely disapproval.",1,-1,[],[52692]],["Irony is a perceived conceptual space between what is asserted and what is meant.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["Irony is a perceived mismatch between aspects of encyclopaedic knowledge and situational context (with respect to a particular discursive event)",1,-1,[],[19686]],["Irony is considered a discursive strategy or practice to creatively, playfully and implicitly express criticism (Wu & Fitzgerald, 2021).",1,-1,[],[54090]],["Irony is not exempt from our hate speech typology, since it is commonly used by modern online hate groups to mask their hatred and extremism",1,-1,[],[54198]],["Namun tagar digunakan untuk mengumpulkan topik dapat menimbulkan efek tidak sempurna, karena orang sering menggunakan tagar berbeda dengan topik yang sama serta kata kunci dalam bahasa yang berbeda.",1,-1,[],[25541]],["That may be the result of the literal, ostensible meaning of words contradicting their actual meaning (verbal irony) or of a structural incongruity between what is expected and what occurs. It can also be a difference between the surface meaning of something that is sad and the underlying meaning.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["The idea of irony being conceived as a 'perception' is also apt as irony cannot work without some perception of it, and while much irony undoubtedly passes us by in everyday interaction, we also perceive irony which was not planned or intended.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["The irony is conveyed gently but the message behind the utterance is ruthless",1,-1,[],[52692]],["The irony is conveyed gently but the message behind the utterance is ruthless, [18].",1,-1,[],[52692]],["The message achieved is contrary to the spoken utterances.",1,-1,[],[52692]],["This study prefers the idea of a paradox in the definitions, rather than oppositeness, in order to accommodate as many distinctions of the concept as possible.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["a discursive strategy operating at the level of language (verbal) or form (musical, visual, textual)",1,-1,[],[54090]],["counter-censorship linguistic strategy through which Chinese netizens challenge or criticise official discourses.",1,-1,[],[54090]],["discursive strategy in the context of censorship to reconstruct social structure and challenge political authoritarianism.",1,-1,[],[54090]],["discursive strategy or practice to creatively, playfully and implicitly express criticism",1,-1,[],[54090]],["discursive strategy to skilfully circumvent censorship, demonstrate resistance, and deliver criticism.",1,-1,[],[54090]],["irony is always critical",1,-1,[],[54090]],["needs to communicate non-humorous negative evaluation",1,-1,[],[8701]],["sarcasm is not a discrete logical phenomenon unlike irony.",1,-1,[],[11163]],["self-censorship practice, specifically, rhetorical resistance to power and transformative political discourse to deconstruct political and social culture.",1,-1,[],[54090]],["strategy of framing dissident views or delivering political critique in the face of repressive regimes, with the speaker/author being shielded from the penetrating gaze of the state.",1,-1,[],[54090]],["these responses are noninformative at the level of what is said but highly informative at the level of what is implicated.",1,-1,[],[22772]],["to be ironical is, among other things, to pretend (as the etymology suggests)",1,-1,[],[54090]]],"sy":[["counter-censorship linguistic strategy through which Chinese netizens challenge or criticise official discourses",1,-1,[],[54090]],["discursive strategy",1,32171,[],[54090]],["discursive strategy in the context of censorship to reconstruct social structure and challenge political authoritarianism",1,-1,[],[54090]],["discursive strategy or practice to creatively, playfully and implicitly express criticism",1,-1,[],[54090]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[5875]],["self-censorship practice, specifically, rhetorical resistance to power and transformative political discourse to deconstruct political and social culture",1,-1,[],[54090]],["strategy of framing dissident views or delivering political critique in the face of repressive regimes",1,-1,[],[54090]]],"rt":[["sarcasm",2,30601,[],[11163,24835]],["Socratic irony",1,33323,[],[19686]],["cosmic irony",1,-1,[],[19686]],["counter-censorship linguistic strategy",1,-1,[],[54090]],["historical",1,-1,[],[19686]],["irony markers",1,-1,[],[54090]],["parody",1,27482,[],[24835]],["rhetorical resistance",1,-1,[],[54090]],["satire",1,9893,[],[24835]],["self-censorship practice",1,-1,[],[54090]],["transformative political discourse",1,-1,[],[54090]]],"sb":[["Dramatic irony: it occurs when the audience has more information than one or more characters in a work of literature.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["Situational irony: situational irony consists of a situation in which the outcome is very different from what was expected.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["Socratic irony",1,33323,[],[19686]],["Verbal irony: this takes place when the speaker says something in sharp contrast to his or her actual meaning.",1,-1,[],[19686]],["cosmic irony",1,-1,[],[19686]],["dramatic irony",1,10799,[],[19686]],["historical",1,-1,[],[19686]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[5875]],["situational irony",1,22412,[],[19686]],["verbal irony",1,31404,[],[19686]]],"sp":[["Implicit Hate Speech",2,16841,[["Implicit Hate Speech",1],["Implicit hate speech",1]],[52692,54198]],["satire",1,9893,[],[52692]],["verbal irony",1,31404,[],[52692]]],"ex":[["Horrors... Disney will be forced into hiring Americans works to discredit Disney for allegedly hiring only non-citizens or, really, nonwhites.",1,-1,[],[54198]],["Like \"仙女\" (meaning \"fairy\"), what was originally a gentle and kind image is implied to be a rude and impolite \"shrew\".",1,-1,[],[57887]],["hey kids, wanna replace white people",1,-1,[],[54198]],["in the context of one hate group, the tweet Horrors... Disney will be forced into hiring Americans works to discredit Disney for allegedly hiring only non-citizens or, really, nonwhites.",1,-1,[],[54198]],["to express a negative opinion towards a cell phone, one can either use a literal form using a negative opinion word, as in This phone is a disaster, or a non-literal form by using a positive word, as in What an excellent phone!!",1,-1,[],[24835]]]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Kahneman and Tversky noticed that in experiments with lottery choices, participants often do not follow the choices deemed optimal by EUT. They saw a profound asymmetry between losses and gains in gambles: losses were felt much more negatively than gains were experienced positively. Moreover, there is a diminished sensitivity at high gain/loss values, in line with the diminished marginal utility as already observed by Bernoulli in 1738",1,-1,[],[32623]],["Prospect theory thus states that outcomes of a decision are perceived as changes in wealth or welfare from a certain reference point.",1,-1,[],[237]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Expected Utility Theory",1,11520,[],[32623]]],"sb":[["gain-framed information",1,2594,[],[56237]],["loss-framed information",1,22451,[],[56237]]],"sp":[["Dual-Process Theories",1,24434,[],[32623]]],"ex":[["risk aversion among US federal wildfire managers when presented with dilemmas affecting costs, property damage and firefighter fatality risks",1,-1,[],[32623]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["construction of 'the people'",1,18195,[],[3180]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["compelling associations",1,-1,[],[13805]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["delitos relacionados con las drogas e impacto de las drogas sobre los individuos",1,-1,[],[13805]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Journalism cultures that prioritize empirical justification of truth claims emphasize observation, measurement, evidence and experience. Journalists on the other end of the continuum stress the analytical justification of truth claims as they accentuate reason, ideas, values, opinion and analysis.",1,-1,[],[4177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemologies",1,16961,[],[4177]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The combination of textual content and article images is one of the widely used sets of features for multi-modal fake news detection. The intuition behind this cue is that some fake news spreaders use tempting images, such as exaggerated, dramatic, or sarcastic graphics, which are far from the textual content to attract users' attention. Since it is difficult to find both pertinent and pristine images to match these fictions, fake news generators sometimes use manipulated images to support non-factual scenarios.",1,-1,[],[23187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["A newsgame can point out a problem related to a current event and demonstrate or imply a solution by leading the player to enact the proposed solution and thus demonstrating its success.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["A strong newsgame encodes the author's editorial stance in the game design as well as in the imagery and sound.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["In Sicart's discussion of newsgames, he describes how they are to be as \"ephemeral as the news they illustrate\"",1,-1,[],[20662]],["Much like political cartoons, newsgames editorialize and often summarize the news story.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["Newsgames are created in response to a specific current event, released while the story is still relevant in people's minds. Newsgames also are meant to be played and understood in a short period of time. Much like political cartoons, newsgames editorialize and often summarize the news story.",1,-1,[],[20661]],["Newsgames serve as one of the most direct examples of how procedural rhetoric is put into practice.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["While political cartoons communicate solely using imagery and language, newsgames additionally use the methods as well as the rhetorical possibilities made available through gameplay.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["can better represent an editorial stance than political cartoons and newspaper editorials.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["este formato se ha enfrentado con frecuencia a las dudas sobre su eficacia discursiva (Wiehl, 2014), su tendencia a la simplificación informativa (Meier, 2018) o a los riesgos de la trivialización que conlleva la merma de los principios profesionales del periodismo. Incluso, a la falta de credibilidad inherente a un tipo de producto más vinculado al entretenimiento (Wiehl, 2014).",1,-1,[],[46372]],["han destacado por su capacidad para satisfacer intereses informativos como un complemento ludonarrativo a las noticias tradicionales",1,-1,[],[46372]],["newsgames are the video game equivalent to political cartoons.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["serve as a legitimate medium for social commentary, art making and other editorial pursuits.",1,-1,[],[20662]],["the mechanics of a newsgame become more complex, and the procedural rhetoric more sophisticated",1,-1,[],[20661]],["the word \"newsgame\" is currently only quite loosely defined, resulting in the term being applied to many forms of serious, or nonfiction games.",1,-1,[],[20662]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Editorial games",1,13571,[["Editorial games",1],["editorial game",1]],[20661,20662]],["Social Comment cartoons",1,11864,[],[20662]],["game design",1,-1,[],[41141]],["journalism",1,34243,[],[41141]],["political cartoons",1,26014,[],[20661,20662]],["procedural rhetoric",1,34681,[],[20662]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["nonfiction game categories",1,-1,[],[20661,20662]]],"ex":[["Bacteria Salad",1,-1,[],[20662]],["Kabul Kaboom",1,-1,[],[20662]],["Madrid",1,-1,[],[20662]],["September 12 th",1,-1,[],[20662]],["SimCity",1,-1,[],[20662]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Intentional exposure is a form of information acquisition driven by personal intent or motivation (Heiss & Matthes, 2019;Shahin et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[27165]]],"sy":[["intentional mode of exposure",1,2574,[],[3104]]],"rt":[["incidental exposure",2,24999,[],[3104,27165]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["assigned readers to build a justified point of view about the controversial issue",1,-1,[],[3454]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These authors take the view that the reduced size of the sphere and the shared interest in a subject may improve the quality of the deliberation.",1,-1,[],[13765]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public sphere",1,3676,[],[13765]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing",1,22777,[],[47230]],["protest frames",1,26402,[],[47230]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["can include creating content that is not directly tied to the mission at hand to increase the persuasive effect of a campaign",1,-1,[],[54586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["inszenierte Ereignisse",1,-1,[],[21279]]],"rt":[["inszenierte Ereignisse",1,-1,[],[21279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["positively influencing information dissemination",1,-1,[],[13577]],["the role of mentions in enhancing retweets",1,-1,[],[13577]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reflection of interactivity",1,4405,[],[13577]],["transmission model",1,-1,[],[13577]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We analyze the data by relying on the terminological toolkit of cultural semiotics, which emphasizes the meaning-making mechanisms that shape hate speech and influence its online dynamic.",1,-1,[],[40284]],["focus on meaning-making mechanisms that shape hate speech and its online dynamic",1,-1,[],[40284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["Advocate the corporations' standpoint.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["Based on this insight, second, we believe that in its ultimate consequence advocacy manifests itself in the promotion and support of values and ideals that are disconnected from the core business of the company.",1,-1,[],[437]],["Corporations that engage in such political advocacy activities do so not primarily or exclusively in self-interest (Dodd and Supa, 2014;Wettstein and Baur, 2016).",1,-1,[],[1983]],["Explicit stance-taking is a defining point of corporate political advocacy",1,-1,[],[40529]],["First, with reference to the etymological root of advocare as \"summoning assistance\", we could conclude that a company engaging in political advocacy is promoting such issues, causes, or groups of people not primarily or exclusively in its own self-interest, but always also in support for their own sake.",1,-1,[],[437]],["In advocacy the connection to the corporate purpose and activity that characterizes the different types of lobbying described above dissolves further.",1,-1,[],[437]],["In communicating their explicit support for one group or ideal over another, the corporations engage in a public relations approach that can be conceptualized as corporate political advocacy with the aim to maintain their SLO in a society that is characterized by political divides.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["Interest is in the socio-political issue at stake.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["Places for issue advocacy.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["Rather than relying on a holistic approach and trying to balance conflicting stakeholders, the corporation should take a stance on polarized issues based on its own values and moral standpoints.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["SLO is granted on the basis of issue positions and intrinsic values.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["We believe that a third aspect is characteristic for this new type of political engagement: while it is inherently political in nature, it always at least partially takes place outside formal political channels.",1,-1,[],[437]],["advocacy manifests itself in the promotion and support of values and ideals that are disconnected from the core business of the company.",1,-1,[],[437]],["aims at the exposure of the corporation beyond such processes and at the partial and at times confrontational promotion of certain ideals and causes over others",1,-1,[],[437]],["characterized precisely by its dissolving link to it",1,-1,[],[437]],["corporate actors increasingly take up political roles beyond business goals or actions required by law",1,-1,[],[1983]],["corporate political advocacy is located both beyond the explanatory scope of CPA and beyond the concepts of legitimacy underlying political CSR.",1,-1,[],[437]],["corporate political advocacy manifests itself in the support of values that are not directly associated with the core business of the corporation",1,-1,[],[1983]],["corporate political advocacy which alienates some groups and individuals who have a disagreeing stance",1,-1,[],[40529]],["corporate political advocacy, as analyzed here, crucially denotes corporate political involvement beyond the company's immediate economic interests.",1,-1,[],[437]],["exposes corporations publicly and on issues which are of no direct relevance to their economic interests",1,-1,[],[437]],["guided by their own values and ideals",1,-1,[],[1983]],["potentially in favor of some stakeholders over others",1,-1,[],[1983]],["relative to corporate political lobbying, corporate political advocacy is not for selfserving purposes, and hence the stance it advocates for usually does not have a direct relevance to its core business",1,-1,[],[40529]],["takes a step further than political CSR as it also involves activities that go beyond holistic deliberation processes for balancing of conflicting interests",1,-1,[],[1983]],["taking an explicit stance on controversial issues",1,-1,[],[40529]],["the concept of corporate political advocacy is the most helpful approach to public relations in order to understand how corporations are expected to maneuver in a polarized and mediatized society and to engage in issue arenas for maintaining their license to operate.",1,-1,[],[1983]],["they are promoted based on their own inherent and intrinsic merit, that is, the company understands those values and ideals as worth promoting independently of what its business is and it would do so even if it was engaged in an entirely different sector.",1,-1,[],[437]],["while it is inherently political in nature, it always at least partially takes place outside formal political channels.",1,-1,[],[437]],["while it is inherently political in nature, it always at least partially takes place outside formal political channels. That is, it is always also addressed to and made visible for a larger public, rather than exclusively to formal political institutions and agents.",1,-1,[],[437]]],"sy":[["corporate social advocacy",2,-1,[],[1983,40529]],["CPA",1,-1,[],[1983]],["corporate advocacy",1,-1,[],[1983]],["socio-political involvement",1,-1,[],[1983]]],"rt":[["political CSR",3,17749,[],[437,1983,40529]],["CPA",2,-1,[],[437,1983]],["CSR",1,-1,[],[1983]],["Corporate Political Activity (CPA)",1,2065,[],[437]],["classical lobbying",1,-1,[],[437]],["corporate activism",1,-1,[],[1983]],["corporate advocacy",1,-1,[],[1983]],["corporate philanthropy",1,-1,[],[437]],["corporate political involvement",1,-1,[],[437]],["corporate social advocacy",1,-1,[],[1983]],["ethical lobbying",1,9880,[],[437]],["lobbying",1,20186,[],[437]],["political advocacy",1,21364,[],[437]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["advocacy",1,24258,[],[1983]],["corporate political engagement",1,28834,[],[40529]]],"ex":[["Ben & Jerry's activism for gay rights",1,-1,[],[437]],["Google's statement against Proposition 8 in California in 2008",1,-1,[],[437]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the physical pandemic was quickly complemented by the so-called COVID-19 infodemic",1,-1,[],[21951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Zusätzlich dazu gibt es ja nach Medienform redaktionelle Vorgaben an den Stil der Berichterstattung oder die Länge von Beiträgen",1,-1,[],[21225]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Redaktionsschluss",1,-1,[],[21225]],["verfügbaren Platz und sein Verhältnis zum Umfang von Pressemitteilungen",1,-1,[],[21225]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["linguistically subtle offensive language",1,-1,[],[12211]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["pro-stereotyping",1,12619,[],[11647]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Proactive fake news intervention methods",1,27779,[],[6767]],["proactive intervention methods",1,-1,[],[6767]],["reactive intervention methods",1,-1,[],[6767]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":77,"df":[],"de":[["Content can vary from amusing to a warning. The main thing is to get as much sharing as possible.",1,-1,[],[32561]],["Hoax stories tend to use fewer superlatives and comparatives.",1,-1,[],[51157]],["Hoaxes and propaganda news contain significantly less bias markers (e.g, hedging, implicative and factive verbs) compared to satire.",1,-1,[],[51167]],["Hoaxes and satire are more likely to invent stories",1,-1,[],[51157]],["Hoaxes are messages created with the intention of being spread to a large number of people, to \"persuade or manipulate other people to do or prevent pre-established actions, mostly by using a threat or deception\" (Vuković, Pripužić, & Belani, 2009;Hernandez, Hernandez, Sierra, & Ribagorda, 2002).",1,-1,[],[216]],["Hoaxes depend, at least initially, on some people taking them at face value. Often, hoaxes are a means of challenging authority, custom, or the status quo.",1,-1,[],[22507]],["Hoaxes prototypically exploit people's goodwill and readiness to help.",1,-1,[],[10611]],["Hoaxes typically exploit users' naivety to dupe them into voluntarily forwarding and reposting them to their friends",1,-1,[],[10611]],["It is usually aimed at a public figure",1,-1,[],[5430]],["Kusman (2017) further emphasizes the role of social media in disseminating hoaxes, noting its power to provoke audiences to act in ways that serve the creator's interests.",1,-1,[],[49661]],["Often, hoaxes are a means of challenging authority, custom, or the status quo.",1,-1,[],[22507]],["Popular examples of hoaxes are stories that report the false death of celebrities (Zannettou et al. 2019) and public figures (Collins et al. 2020).",1,-1,[],[1014]],["Similarly, \"hoaxes\" will be used to refer specifically to disinformative content.",1,-1,[],[36581]],["Since they are done deliberately, it is well coined such that at times, the mainstream media report it is believing it to be true.",1,-1,[],[5430]],["So, hoax is the virtual form of gossip",1,-1,[],[10611]],["Some author refers to this type of fake news as large-scale fabrications and alludes that hoaxing has often caused serious material damage to its victim.",1,-1,[],[5430]],["Some author refers to this type of fake news as large-scale fabrications and alludes that hoaxing has often caused serious material damage to its victim. It is usually aimed at a public figure",1,-1,[],[5430]],["The dissemination of hoax information usually has a dual purpose: to persuade or manipulate public opinion.",1,-1,[],[57830]],["The spread of hoaxes is also usually accompanied by fraud and even threats",1,-1,[],[57830]],["They consist of fabricated information that has been purposefully created to appear true, and because they involve highly intricate and large-scale fabrications, they frequently cause substantial material harm to the victim",1,-1,[],[40069]],["This includes defrauding users and losing money",1,-1,[],[37863]],["This includes defrauding users and losing money [34].",1,-1,[],[37863]],["a. Identify the identity (character) that is attacked. b. Identify the content and language used. c. Measure the impact that may arise over the hate speech. d. Prove the causality between the hate speech and the effect it causes. e. Prove the intention of spreading hate speech. f. Measure the extent of the spread of hate speech in the community and the influence of the spread of hate speech in the community.",1,-1,[],[51071]],["aim to mislead, deceive, or confuse readers",1,-1,[],[57830]],["alludes that hoaxing has often caused serious material damage to its victim.",1,-1,[],[5430]],["and forms part of digital folklore",1,-1,[],[10611]],["can also be used as a weapon to bring down and harm certain parties based on issues spread on social media that are irrelevant and intentional",1,-1,[],[28922]],["can cause misunderstandings in receiving information",1,-1,[],[28922]],["fake news can be seen as a form of hoax usually spread through news outlets",1,-1,[],[6972]],["hoax information usually does not have an expiry date on the information alert",1,-1,[],[31642]],["hoax information usually does not include the date of the event or does not have a real-time or can be verified, for example, \"yesterday\" or \"issued by...\" statements that do not show clarity.",1,-1,[],[31642]],["hoax information usually has the characteristics of chain letters by including sentences like \"Spread this to everyone you know; otherwise, something unpleasant will happen.\"",1,-1,[],[31642]],["hoax is often associated with, fake news, lies, disinformation, misinformation, deception, misleading, rumors, fraud",1,-1,[],[31642]],["hoaxes and fake news are, by definition, always false and can be seen as specific types of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[6830]],["no identifiable organization is cited as a source of information or includes the organization but is usually not linked to data.",1,-1,[],[31642]],["qualitatively, they are described as humorous and mischievous (as defined in The Oxford English Dictionary)",1,-1,[],[7108]],["the purpose of a hoax can be as simple as self-interest (as with, for example, hoaxes that aim to generate profit or publicity for the hoaxer).",1,-1,[],[22507]],["they all point to falsehood in information dissemination.",1,-1,[],[33911]]],"sy":[["fake news",7,33960,[["fake news",6],["Fake News",1]],[7833,18795,28650,28922,31642,33911,49901]],["rumors",4,17712,[["rumors",2],["Rumours",1],["rumour",1]],[18795,31642,33911,58601]],["disinformation",3,17423,[],[31642,33911,51071]],["half-truth",2,-1,[["half-truth",2],["half-truth [3]",1]],[1014,7015,7016]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[31642,33911]],["Allcott [6] -Hoax News Defined as a deliberate and verifiable news article that can mislead readers‖",1,-1,[],[31642]],["deception",1,24454,[],[31642]],["factoid",1,25220,[["factoid",1],["factoid [14]",1]],[7015,7016]],["factoid stories",1,-1,[],[1014]],["fraud",1,22026,[],[31642]],["jape",1,-1,[],[689]],["large-scale fabrications",1,-1,[],[5430]],["lies",1,11646,[],[31642]],["misleading",1,19203,[],[31642]],["prank",1,-1,[],[689]],["scam",1,-1,[],[10611]]],"rt":[["fake 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Reform is framed as unnecessary or harmful",1,-1,[],[48102]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["corrective logic",1,12189,[],[48102]],["defensive logic",1,13705,[],[48102]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["autocracy commercialisation",1,5340,[],[48102]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The influence of the media is, in other words, more than the sum of their influence in the respective fields",1,-1,[],[10683]],["because of the generality of these media representations, they can be drawn upon in all fields as actors in specific fields are also likely to be consumers of media messages.",1,-1,[],[4117]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media framing",1,29447,[],[4117]],["metacapital",1,-1,[],[10683]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["in the heat of an argument, critical views are expressed with vigour and strength and as such create face-threatening acts.",1,-1,[],[22766]],["the most characteristic feature of academic digital discourse is interpersonality.",1,-1,[],[22766]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital discourse",1,-1,[],[22766]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["An increase in issue attention makes a topic more salient in peoples' minds.",1,-1,[],[505]],["The amount of coverage of an issue is necessarily limited by the format of the media; for example, the number of pages in a newspaper, or minutes available for a TV broadcast (Schäfer et al. 2014).",1,-1,[],[505]],["we measure the salience of an issue by calculating the average relative daily attention that different groups of the public paid to each political issue.",1,-1,[],[41846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["salience",1,31920,[],[41846]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike the data bias mitigation methods, these methods are very varied.",1,-1,[],[14430]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discurso relatado",1,22636,[],[46871]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Recommendations and judgments provided by LLMs in different languages reveal evidence of nationality bias",1,-1,[],[43849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["divergent",1,-1,[],[57551]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The economic rationale behind the homogenisation thesis is that of mass production and economic rationalisation and this in the context of historically increasing media concentration. Mass production requires mass consumption, among other things, to increase revenue from sales and advertising. This stimulates news providers to use formats and criteria for news selection offering maximum appeal to their audiences, with a reduction of potential diversity as an outcome",1,-1,[],[53073]],["This stimulates news providers to use formats and criteria for news selection offering maximum appeal to their audiences, with a reduction of potential diversity as an outcome",1,-1,[],[53073]],["This stimulates news providers to use formats and criteria for news selection offering maximum appeal to their audiences, with a reduction of potential diversity as an outcome (Burton, 2010: 228-268).",1,-1,[],[53073]],["To reach large audiences, content moreover needs to be articulated around the most common beliefs of audience members, thus stimulating political and ideological mainstreaming (Hardy, 2014;McChesney, 2008: 38-56).",1,-1,[],[53073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["directed response skepticism",1,8482,[],[2992]],["general response skepticism",1,30136,[],[2992]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the concerns raised do not come from real threats, but merely from constructed beliefs about these threats",1,-1,[],[33016]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Aspect or Feature level sentiment classification concerns with identifying and extracting product features from the source data.",1,-1,[],[15867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[34119]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media misinformation (SMM)",1,17402,[],[34119]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["racist discourses at the intersection of user practices, interfaces, and (lack of) policies and business models",1,-1,[],[29846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Factual elaboration, as a corrective communication strategy, is in a form of a detailed debunking message that provides publics with a more elaborated narrative to cognitively counter the crisis misinformation, characterized as \"well argued\" and \"sufficiently detailed to allow recipient to abandon initial information\" (Chan et al., 2017(Chan et al., , p. 1532)).",1,-1,[],[1974]],["The new narrative provided in this form of correction was apparently crucial to mobilize respondents' behavioral intentions.",1,-1,[],[38361]],["a form of a detailed debunking message that provides publics with a more elaborated narrative to cognitively counter the crisis misinformation, characterized as \"well argued\" and \"sufficiently detailed to allow recipient to abandon initial information\" (Chan et al., 2017(Chan et al., , p. 1532))",1,-1,[],[1974]],["factual elaboration (or \"emphasis on facts\") which reinforces the correct facts (p. 122) as recommended by Lewandowsky et al. (2012).",1,-1,[],[1974]],["factual elaboration to correct misinformation",1,-1,[],[1974]],["the post reflecting the factualelaboration strategy provides detailed counterarguments, point by point, based on science-based evidence why it would have been impossible for the contamination to be attributed to the company's manufacturing process",1,-1,[],[1975]]],"sy":[["emphasis on facts",1,-1,[],[1974]]],"rt":[["simple rebuttal",1,8645,[],[38361]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["corrective communication",1,9017,[],[1974]],["corrective communication strategies",1,-1,[["corrective communication strategies",1],["corrective communication strategy",1]],[1974]],["journalistic corrections",1,-1,[],[61161]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["People with different cultures have different traditions, lifestyles or imagine of values and ethics",1,-1,[],[15125]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it may not be regulated as it is entirely protected by the First Amendment.",1,-1,[],[31982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["advocacy",1,24258,[],[31982]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A first type of frame expansion focuses on technology-in-use, and is enabled by technologies like smart energy meters. Here, frame expansion helps to highlight proliferating connections between social and technological entities within a technologically delineated space, say that of energy-in-use. A second type of frame expansion is concerned with societal processes of the problematization of technology, which digital devices of issue analysis and visualisation can help to bring into view. In this case, the deployment of a topological device helps to bring into view dynamics of the 'issuefication' of technology, the unfolding of concerns in an empirical space-time of publicity. Where in the first case frame expansion results in the inclusion of more entities in the technological frame, in the second case it results in the problematization of technology.",1,-1,[],[19938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["A first type of frame expansion focuses on technology-in-use",1,-1,[],[19938]],["A second type of frame expansion is concerned with societal processes of the problematization of technology",1,-1,[],[19938]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[["Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable or otherwise loves or praises.",3,-1,[["Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable or otherwise loves or praises.",2],["Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable or otherwise loves or praises",1]],[51691,52048,59171]],["Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable or loves, praises.",2,-1,[["Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable or loves, praises.",1],["Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable, or loves, praises.",1]],[11806,56122]],["a form of argument in which loaded labels are directed at an individual, group, object or activity, typically in an insulting or demeaning way, but also using labels the target audience finds desirable.",2,-1,[],[37238,57435]]],"de":[["Labelling an object as either something the target audience fears, hates, or on the contrary finds desirable or loves. This technique calls for a qualitative judgement that disregards facts and focuses solely on the essence of the subject being characterized.",1,-1,[],[57435]],["Labelling an object as either something the target audience fears, hates, or on the contrary finds desirable or loves. This technique calls for a qualitative judgement that disregards facts and focuses solely on the essence of the subject being characterized. This technique is in a way also a manipulative wording, as it is used at the level of the nominal group rather than being a full-fledged argument with a premise and a conclusion.",1,-1,[],[57435]],["Primarily they are in the form of an argument where labels are insulting or demeaning.",1,-1,[],[29174]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Loaded Language",1,22124,[],[57435]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11806,29174]],["Attack on reputation",1,24929,[],[57435]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11806]]],"ex":[["\"Republican congressweasels\", \"Bush the Lesser.\"",2,-1,[["\"Republican congressweasels\", \"Bush the Lesser.\"",1],["Republican congressweasels, Bush the Lesser.",1]],[56122,59171]],["Bush the Lesser.",2,-1,[["Bush the Lesser.",2],["\"Bush the Lesser.",1],["\"Bush the Lesser. \"",1]],[52527,59171]],["'Fascist' Anti-Vax Riot Sparks COVID Outbreak in Australia",1,-1,[["'Fascist' Anti-Vax Riot Sparks COVID Outbreak in Australia",1],["'Fascist' Anti-Vax Riot Sparks COVID Outbreak in Australia.",1]],[57435]],["Code-switched example: \"Patwaari aur youthiye larte rehein ge, meanwhile Nawaz and Niyazi will loot the country and leave for England\"",1,-1,[],[29174]],["English example: \"Republican congressweasels\", \"Bush the Lesser\"",1,-1,[],[29174]],["English translation: \" Patwaari and youthiye will keep on fighting, meanwhile Nawaz and Niyazi will loot the country and leave for England\"",1,-1,[],[29174]],["Example: 'Fascist' Anti-Vax Riot Sparks COVID Outbreak in Australia.",1,-1,[],[57435]],["Republican congressweasels",1,-1,[],[59171]],["Republican congressweasels, Bush the Lesser. Note that here lesser does not refer to the second, but it is pejorative.",1,-1,[],[56122]],["dismissing the protesters as \"lefties\" and hugging Barros publicly",1,-1,[],[59171]],["the most corrupt President ever",1,-1,[],[11806]],["the two biggest threats to America",1,-1,[],[11806]],["the two biggest threats to America, the worst senate leader ever, and the most corrupt President ever",1,-1,[["the two biggest threats to America, the worst senate leader ever, and the most corrupt President ever",1],["the two biggest threats to America, the worst senate leader ever, and the most corrupt President ever.",1]],[11806]],["the worst senate leader ever",1,-1,[],[11806]],["warmonger",1,-1,[["warmonger",1],["warmonger.",1]],[11806]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Eles não se põem como arenas «pacíficas» de «consensos», mas tecem-se, antes de tudo, daquilo que é conflituoso e instável.",1,-1,[],[7876]],["pode melhor ser descrita como uma rede para a comunicação de informações e pontos de vista",1,-1,[],[7876]],["É a comunicação que institui o espaço público -jamais o contrário. É a dinâmica dessa comunicação que define o espaço público.",1,-1,[],[7876]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["indirect expressions",1,-1,[],[57883]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["irony",1,-1,[],[57883]],["stereotype",1,-1,[],[57883]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["von Nordheim et al. (2019) differentiate between reactive and autonomous media",1,-1,[],[47185]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["autonomous",1,17792,[],[47185]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The causal narrative it promotes is that employment depends on economic performance; therefore, economic performance must be improved to generate jobs.",1,-1,[],[32305]],["This approach marginalises the possibility of alternative policy choices and precludes the recognition of the EU's role in determining employment policies, thereby depoliticising the EU in daily national political debates.",1,-1,[],[32305]],["This frame conveys a view of employment as a commodity serving the economy.",1,-1,[],[32305]],["This frame conveys a view of employment as a commodity serving the economy. The causal narrative it promotes is that employment depends on economic performance; therefore, economic performance must be improved to generate jobs.",1,-1,[],[32305]],["depoliticising. It highlights that there is no alternative (\"no miracle solution\") to the reduction of employer contributions. In other words, there is no controversy because no alternative course of action is possible.",1,-1,[],[32305]],["identified as or associated with a factor that limits the scope of possible political actions. The EU serves to depoliticise the debates by denying alternative policies.",1,-1,[],[32305]],["tends to depoliticise employment policies",1,-1,[],[32305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Such a gap generates a \"feeling of deprivation labeled curiosity\" and motivates the user to acquire the missing information to alleviate the \"feeling of deprivation\" through clicking the headline (e.g., hyperlink) and reading the content.",1,-1,[],[892]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["plays out through the interplay of choices based on preferences, habits and routines, and structural dynamics of media-derived strategies",1,-1,[],[34645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Past experience has provided me with guidelines for dealing with fake news",1,-1,[],[39194]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the conception of Peirce (1877), to avoid the state of irritation that doubt causes, there is a natural impulse to accommodate human beings to delegate to the authorities the management of what is assumed to be true.",1,-1,[],[57785]],["No institution is able to administer opinions on all matters. Institutions are effective in managing only the issues that are most dear to them.",1,-1,[],[57785]],["The institutions of authority appropriate this impulse to maintain control and regulate opinions.",1,-1,[],[57785]],["Those institutions are supposed to enjoy control of the truth.",1,-1,[],[57785]],["establishing beliefs by the method of authority that tend to disguise or hide social problems.",1,-1,[],[57785]],["when the teacher, the textbook, the answers at the end of the book, and the assessments become authorities that hide the scenario of correction and development of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[57785]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Conceptually a distinction is often made between violence directed at people and damage targeted at property, at things.",1,-1,[],[31282]],["extends to riots and violent clashes with the police as a result of tactical disruptions",1,-1,[],[31282]],["the use of unlawful force with a view to challenge the liberal consensus",1,-1,[],[31282]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["insurrectionary symbolic damage",1,15538,[],[31282]],["propaganda by the deed",1,2023,[],[31282]],["revolutions",1,-1,[],[31282]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["factconveying",1,23290,[],[49321]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Following participants' initial browsing of the posts, they are able to grasp the fundamental viewpoints presented in each post. At this stage, the clicked posts and the time spent on these posts may reflect participants' information preferences.",1,-1,[],[32183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["selective exposure",2,29176,[],[32183,44215]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Assertions, then, are a type of speech act that is inherently connected to truth, even if they can be used for a variety of purposes.",1,-1,[],[12817]],["The assertion detection is used to get better understanding of intention and state of mind of the users behind event posts on Facebook.",1,-1,[],[44827]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Another attempt backfired on them, George Floyd cured Covid-19 and opened up the economy!",1,-1,[],[12160]],["e.g., Another attempt backfired on them, George Floyd cured Covid-19 and opened up the economy!",1,-1,[],[12160]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Higher perceived essentialism then relates to beliefs that these specified characteristics are stable, unchangeable, and dispositional, and have a high repetition likelihood across category members and situations",1,-1,[],[39667]],["One believes that category members possess a set of internal, dispositional and immutable characteristics that are stable across individual members and situations.",1,-1,[],[39667]],["high perceived essentialism means that the properties and characteristics that are associated with a category are perceived to have a high degree of immutability (Kashima, 2004).",1,-1,[],[39667]],["the linguistic form of category labels relates in predictable ways to perceived category entitativity, stereotype content, and essentialism.",1,-1,[],[39667]],["when they are perceived to have unchangeable and true essential characteristics (Yzerbyt et al., 2004)",1,-1,[],[39667]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["perceived immutability",1,-1,[],[39667]],["stereotype content",1,18809,[],[39667]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Decisional privacy provides the necessary breathing space to carry out one's chosen life unhindered in different social contexts, which is important for leading a selfdetermined life and so, for autonomy",1,-1,[],[21427]],["Decisional privacy seems to grasp something particular about the moment that a person decides to choose or do something that he or she wants to choose or do and who is reasonably expected to interfere with one's decision-making process at that moment in that particular social context.",1,-1,[],[21427]],["Roessler argues that decisional privacy protects autonomous authorship with regard to one's own, unique biography: a life free from interpretation and comments, from people whom one does not want to grant this kind of interpretative power",1,-1,[],[21427]],["decisional privacy and informational privacy are often part of a mutually reinforcing dynamic.",1,-1,[],[21427]],["decisional privacy is a precondition for autonomy that enables a person to pursue certain lifestyles and life projects as she pleases without others interfering.",1,-1,[],[21427]],["decisional privacy is not limited to controlling and limiting interference with one's decisions, but also involves controlling and limiting information about those decisions",1,-1,[],[21427]],["decisional privacy regulates the access of others in the form of interpretation, objection, commenting, and other forms of intervention in the way you live your life.",1,-1,[],[21427]],["its explanatory power lies in the fact that it focuses on the contextual justification of interferences with (and influencing of) decision-procedures.",1,-1,[],[21427]],["the fundamental right to privacy has been interpreted as containing a right to 'decisional privacy'",1,-1,[],[4975]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["autonomy",1,9447,[],[21427]],["decisional autonomy",1,-1,[],[21427]],["informational privacy",1,18926,[],[21427]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fundamental right to privacy",1,-1,[],[4975]],["privacy",1,20684,[],[21427]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The mirroring tactic is found on the playground of schools and of politics. Children mirror insults with, \"That's what you are, but what am I?\".",1,-1,[],[60259]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["In computer science, in its most general form, recommendation systems are presented as a sub-technology of artificial intelligence. It is a class of solutions that provides process performance without human input, assistance in choosing decisions, and prediction of objects that will be of interest to the user.",1,-1,[],[49970]],["Modern recommender systems select content based on a variety of information sources such as the content of each item, a user's expressed preferences, their past consumption behavior, the behavior of similar users, user survey responses, fairness considerations, and more",1,-1,[],[19574]],["The main task of a RS is identifying the interests of a user, whom we have identified in the paper as a prosumer, and then providing meaningful recommendations.",1,-1,[],[61210]],["algorithms that determine what users see",1,-1,[],[34117]],["constitute an important approach to closing content gaps.",1,-1,[],[22929]],["recommendation systems are presented as a sub-technology of artificial intelligence. It is a class of solutions that provides process performance without human input, assistance in choosing decisions, and prediction of objects that will be of interest to the user.",1,-1,[],[49970]],["specifically designed to reinforce its role in promoting diversity and reinforce its position as a public service",1,-1,[],[44355]],["tailoring the selection of articles to each individual user",1,-1,[],[60642]]],"sy":[["recommendation systems",1,25594,[],[49970]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["artificial intelligence",1,4518,[],[49970]],["sub-technology of artificial intelligence",1,-1,[],[49970]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["indirect translation",1,10780,[],[20855]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["media background checks (MBC)",1,21152,[],[50799]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Arguably, the justification of informal ideology is a sort of negative approach that attempts to delegitimize alternative political systemsespecially liberal democracy, which legitimates the current political system in reverse.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["It alone cannot replace the value system to justify the party's rulesit neither provides an ideological basis for forming certain policies nor guides the establishment of a political system.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["Thus, informal ideology is a kind of short-term solution that has a shelf life rather than more fundamental thingsit might even be used to go against the CCP's rule in the long run.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["formal ideology and informal ideology play roles in maintaining party cohesion and popular legitimacy respectively.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["increasing production of informal ideology",1,-1,[],[18340]],["informal ideology can only discredit liberal democracy in the short term",1,-1,[],[18340]],["informal ideology can only discredit liberal democracy in the short term; in the long run, the changing political values might still be inevitable without a widely accepted belief system in China.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["informal ideology is a kind of short-term solution that has a shelf life rather than more fundamental things",1,-1,[],[18340]],["informal ideology is for justifying the authoritarian rule to the entire Chinese society including the party.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["informal ideology is significantly constrained by formal ideological discourse and thus has very limited room to do so.",1,-1,[],[18340]],["it might even be used to go against the CCP's rule in the long run",1,-1,[],[18340]],["neither provides an ideological basis for forming certain policies nor guides the establishment of a political system",1,-1,[],[18340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["(In)stability discourse",1,18761,[],[18340]],["Discourse of national rejuvenation and the promotion of patriotism",1,-1,[],[18340]],["National condition discourse",1,31460,[],[18340]],["authoritarian rule",1,-1,[],[18340]],["formal ideology",1,4866,[],[18340]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["ideology",1,8315,[],[18340]]],"ex":[["emphasis on virtue",1,-1,[],[18340]],["promotion of nationalism/patriotism",1,-1,[],[18340]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intertextuality",1,27582,[],[21626]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["relevance argument",1,15019,[],[3528]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By exchanging uninformed knowledge over networks, vulnerable users are considered major contributors to the dissemination of such knowledge.",1,-1,[],[728]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The emphasis on family and friends also serves indirectly to give a voice to the victim and present the victim's story alongside that of the typical factual testimonials from police",1,-1,[],[13931]],["The increased culpability and emphasized violence of the human frame are likely because greater perpetrator culpability is associated with ideal victims",1,-1,[],[13931]],["The positive adjectives (explored in \"Victim Descriptors\" above) further humanize the victims and reinforce their status as ideal victims; 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It organizes the dissemination of messages, establishes a type of relationship between public and private actors, limits or extends individual rights related to information, and promotes propagandistic models, among other features.",1,-1,[],[49927]],["These pillars include infrastructure, states, interstate organisations, the military, market, media, labour, meaning, practices, and users.",1,-1,[],[56481]],["communication functionally constructs reality, exercises power and changes the world.",1,-1,[],[4633]],["communication may be viewed as a form of action: by communicating, people exchange not only information, but they influence one another and their mutual relationship by, for example, promising, confirming, rejecting, deciding, and so forth.",1,-1,[],[10661]],["the actors' interpretations, expectations and media use co-determine the communicative construction of reality and the consequences of information presented in 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and process of collective identity and the invention or imagining of political traditions and practices that forge and enforce those identities^(p.20, emphasis in original).",1,-1,[],[22196]],["It is a disciplining mechanism of masculinity that operates through the fear of being associated with homosexuality and/or an effeminate type of masculinity.",1,-1,[],[22196]],["It is technology of Othering, both on the micro and macro level, that produces and maintains the distinction between the Self and the Other by projecting any undesired (effeminate) element of the Self onto the Other.",1,-1,[],[22196]],["Thus, homophobia here does not relate to the prejudices against homosexuality, but is rather a political phenomenon that organises the hierarchical relations of belonging.",1,-1,[],[22196]],["Thus, homophobia, at conceived in this piece, relates to claims of belonging (Boellstorff 2004) and is to be situated within the Bprocess of […] self-definition and legitimation^which Bhelps to explain how authorities [but also societies more generally] create a 'we' among the majority of citizens, at the cost of framing a minority as outsiders^(p. 20).",1,-1,[],[22196]],["an act of self-production",1,-1,[],[22196]],["de-coupled from sexuality, i.e., it does not need to be exercised against homosexual bodies, nor does it need to be explicitly based on sexual language.",1,-1,[],[22196]],["functions by denying the masculinity of the Other-through projecting despised non-masculine aspects onto the Other-in order to emphasise the masculinity of the Self.",1,-1,[],[22196]],["more than the irrational fear of gay men, more than the fear that we might be perceived as gay. […] Homophobia is the fear that other men will unmask us, emasculate us, reveal to us and the world that we do not measure up, that we are not real men.",1,-1,[],[22196]],["should not just be conceptualised as an individual bias towards homosexuals",1,-1,[],[22196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["othering",1,13537,[],[53318]],["political homophobia",1,4095,[],[22196]],["technology of Othering",1,21581,[],[22196]]],"sb":[["Accommodation: gender role change is accommodated, which is more likely in social settings with flexible masculinities",1,-1,[],[22196]],["Reaction: a reactionary response to change accompanied by a retreat to more secure fundamental versions of masculinity",1,-1,[],[22196]],["Rejection: a refusal to accommodate gender role change and harsh responses to gender transgression",1,-1,[],[22196]]],"sp":[["Hate Speech",2,18278,[["Hate Speech",1],["hate speech",1]],[476,44696]],["Othering",1,13537,[],[53318]]],"ex":[["oltre 2300 miliardi diuro. Il P.D. va a caccia , ora, dei soli voti di ricchioni, omosessuali, trans, naziskin , ... URL (over 2300 billionuros. PD is now hunting only votes from fags, homosexuals, trans, skinheads, ... URL )",1,-1,[],[476]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the rewards capture which form of interaction is used in which situation (e.g., whether a user tends to respond to a retweet by posting new content or by posting a reply)",1,-1,[],[37108]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Requests therefore naturally give rise to the negative po-liteness strategies of Brown and Levinson (1987), which are attempts to mitigate these social threats.",1,-1,[],[21867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Another major way in which fecklessness manifests itself is the inability to establish and maintain functional relationships, leading to promiscuity, broken family life, teenage pregnancy and child neglect",1,-1,[],[38016]],["Consistently blamed for ignoring the basic principles of healthy diet and proper care of the body, they are portrayed as a nation of junk-food gorging, obese TV addicts with a plethora of unhealthy habits such as binge drinking and drug abuse",1,-1,[],[38016]],["The frame most visibly applied to the undeserving poor can be referred to as fecklessness.",1,-1,[],[38016]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["strict father",1,12188,[],[38016]],["undeserving poor",1,5525,[],[38016]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["human-generated misinformation",1,-1,[],[23699]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["speakers of communicative messages",1,-1,[],[2600]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["topic of lie",1,-1,[],[42378]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["positive impoliteness",1,16177,[],[17534]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["impoliteness",1,27621,[],[17534]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Affective Empathy",1,16335,[],[49595]],["Associative Empathy",1,-1,[],[49595]],["Cognitive Empathy",1,10143,[],[49595]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Further, Hitti et al. [2019] note that gender bias can manifest itself structurally, contextually or in both of these forms.",1,-1,[],[15630]],["Gender bias can manifest itself structurally, contextually or both.",1,-1,[],[12468]],["It can be structural (when the construction of sentences show patterns that are closely tied to the presence of gender bias) or contextual (when the tone, the words use or simply the context of a sentence shows gender bias).",1,-1,[],[12468]],["Moreover, there can be different intensities of biases which can be subtle or explicit.",1,-1,[],[12468]],["gender bias can manifest itself structurally, contextually or in both of these forms.",1,-1,[],[15630]],["when the construction of sentences show patterns that are closely tied to the presence of gender bias",1,-1,[],[12468]],["when the tone, the words use or simply the context of a sentence shows gender bias",1,-1,[],[12468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contextual gender bias",1,33265,[],[12468]],["structural gender bias",1,34302,[],[12468]]],"sb":[["Structural bias arises when the construction of sentences shows patterns that are closely tied to the presence of gender bias.",1,-1,[],[15630]],["contextual",1,4628,[],[12468]],["contextual bias manifests itself in a tone, the words used, or the context of a sentence.",1,-1,[],[15630]],["contextual gender bias",1,33265,[],[12468]],["structural",1,34391,[],[12468]],["structural gender bias",1,34302,[],[12468]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["MIST",1,-1,[],[15033]],["veracity discernment",1,1910,[],[15033]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intentional news avoidance",1,33488,[],[5095]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They identified six distinct message frame types, including emotional, problem/solution, outcome, value-based, distance, and social norm frames.",1,-1,[],[40381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["distance",1,2235,[],[40381]],["emotional",1,22720,[],[40381]],["outcome",1,30568,[],[40381]],["problem/solution",1,-1,[],[40381]],["social norm",1,2565,[],[40381]],["value-based",1,-1,[],[40381]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The theory focuses on the exploitation of the proletariat and the conflicts between them and their controllers, the bourgeoisie: capitalists own the means of production, and thus benefit from the surplus value created by the working class.",1,-1,[],[43864]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["classical and contemporary theory",1,-1,[],[43864]]],"sb":[["classical Marxist theory",1,-1,[],[43864]],["contemporary Marxist theory",1,32619,[],[43864]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["approach system",1,-1,[],[24651]]],"sb":[["proscriptive system",1,9284,[],[24651]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rumor verification",1,27997,[],[45528]],["stance detection",1,25533,[],[45528]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":57,"df":[],"de":[["Clearly delineating what counts as information disorder is difficult. Legislators struggle with content that might be legal in other contexts-incitement to violence or hate speech-but nevertheless harms individuals, organizations, or even the democratic process.",1,-1,[],[42491]],["Clearly delineating what counts as information disorder is difficult. Legislators struggle with content that might be legal in other contexts-incitement to violence or hate speech-but nevertheless harms individuals, organizations, or even the democratic process. The definition of information disorder is not black and white; it's fluid",1,-1,[],[42491]],["In the context of this paper 1 , we focus on fake news in terms of information disorder as defined by Wardle [1]",1,-1,[],[40542]],["Information disorder covers three different phenomena: misinformation, disinformation and mal-information.",1,-1,[],[50789]],["It can be said, though, that the awareness of facticity (whether the distributor knows if the information is true or false) is also relevant in the authors' conception of information disorder, since it is the main aspect distinguishing between misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[50789]],["Simplification of such complex topics as policies of the European Union can lead to belittling and eventually to dangerous \"information disorder\" caused by the misunderstanding by the end user.",1,-1,[],[36551]],["The criteria for their differentiation are similar to Tandoc et al. (2018): level of facticity (whether the information is true or false) and intention to harm (whether the text is oriented towards attacking the image of a social actor, a group or an institution).",1,-1,[],[50789]],["complex, multifaceted challenge that demands continued interdisciplinary investigation and global collaboration",1,-1,[],[50333]],["fake news as a digital-age phenomenon",1,-1,[],[37891]],["forms of disinformation and malinformation sent by ordinary people or someone with an agenda to disseminate false information",1,-1,[],[5175]],["information disorder caused by disinformation creates an environment for conspiracy theories to thrive.",1,-1,[],[47110]],["information disorder which consists of propaganda, disinformation (false information shared intentionally to harm), misinformation (false information shared without harm), malinformation (true information shared to cause harm)",1,-1,[],[50549]],["information disorder, also known as misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation, is an important issue in the era of digital disruption.",1,-1,[],[50333]],["it covers several forms of false and misleading information that journalists need to process.",1,-1,[],[5175]],["its three types such as dis-information, mis-information and mal-information, three phases -creation, production and distribution, as well as three elements -agent, message and interpreter.",1,-1,[],[37891]],["misinformation, disinformation and malinformation",1,-1,[],[37348]],["national consultations contribute to the information disorder by attempting to control political discourse.",1,-1,[],[47110]],["other forms of information disorder used to impact public opinion",1,-1,[],[5175]],["posters can utilize the features to spread information disorders about the pandemic",1,-1,[],[25953]],["the phrase is inherently vulnerable to being politicized and deployed as a weapon against the news industry, as a way of undermining reporting that people in power do not like",1,-1,[],[50789]],["the popular term \"fake news\" is now considered insufficient to represent a broader range of malicious activities.",1,-1,[],[1509]],["where the public sphere is characterized by false information, rumors, hate speech and deception",1,-1,[],[38824]]],"sy":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[50333]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[37524]],["information pollution",1,21393,[],[27263]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[50333]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[50333]]],"rt":[["disinformation",9,17423,[["disinformation",8],["Dis-information",1]],[1509,28550,36551,37524,42765,47110,50789,58226,59334]],["misinformation",9,10315,[["misinformation",8],["mis-information",1]],[1509,28550,36551,37524,42765,47110,50789,58226,59334]],["malinformation",8,22495,[["malinformation",6],["mal-information",2]],[1509,28550,36551,37524,42765,50789,58226,59334]],["Disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation are three perspectives from which we can understand the impact of information disorder.",1,-1,[],[42765]],["agent",1,827,[],[37891]],["creation",1,12515,[],[37891]],["distribution",1,27245,[],[37891]],["fabricated content",1,2438,[],[42491]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[5175]],["false connection",1,26879,[],[42491]],["false context",1,12161,[],[42491]],["imposter content",1,28032,[],[42491]],["interpreter",1,1960,[],[37891]],["manipulated content",1,10191,[],[42491]],["message",1,15351,[],[37891]],["mis-and disinformation",1,1535,[],[28182]],["misleading content",1,17503,[],[42491]],["production",1,19854,[],[37891]],["satire and parody",1,31625,[],[42491]]],"sb":[["misinformation",21,10315,[["misinformation",17],["mis-information",3],["Mis-information",2]],[1509,5175,9585,29026,29065,36551,36960,37348,37524,37891,40542,42765,48674,50333,50789,51122,54520,54837,57035,58226,59334]],["disinformation",19,17423,[["disinformation",16],["Dis-information",2],["dis-information",2]],[1509,5175,9585,29026,36551,36960,37348,37524,37891,40542,42765,48674,50333,50789,51122,54837,57035,58226,59334]],["malinformation",19,22495,[["malinformation",13],["mal-information",5],["Mal-information",1]],[1509,5175,9585,29026,36551,36960,37348,37524,37891,40542,42765,48674,50333,50789,51122,54837,57035,58226,59334]],["disinformation (the unintentional and intentional spread of falsehoods)",1,-1,[],[54520]],["fabricated content",1,2438,[],[42491]],["fabricated contents, when false contents are designed to deceive and do harm",1,-1,[],[57292]],["fake news (imitations of established outlets)",1,-1,[],[54520]],["false connection",1,26879,[],[42491]],["false connection, when headlines, visuals and captions do not support the content",1,-1,[],[57292]],["false context",1,12161,[],[42491]],["false context, when genuine content is presented with false contextual information",1,-1,[],[57292]],["imposter content",1,28032,[],[42491]],["imposter content, when genuine sources are impersonated",1,-1,[],[57292]],["information operations",1,21443,[],[5175]],["manipulated content",1,10191,[],[42491]],["manipulated content, when information is manipulated to deceive",1,-1,[],[57292]],["misleading content",1,17503,[],[42491]],["misleading content, when it is used to frame an issue or an individual",1,-1,[],[57292]],["satire and parody",1,31625,[],[42491]],["satire or parody, when there is no intention to cause harm and is only to fool",1,-1,[],[57292]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Social media and emails in the press list were also mentioned forms of information disorder.",1,-1,[],[5175]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Su grado de precisión puede ser en ocasiones imperceptibles para el ojo humano y pasan como una fotografía real.",1,-1,[],[49151]],["Tiene similitud con el concepto y uso de los deepfakes de video",1,-1,[],[49151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deepfakes de video",1,-1,[],[49151]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[49151]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the findings given high processing motivation were consistent with a relevance override perspective",1,-1,[],[8360]]],"sy":[["relevance override mechanism",1,-1,[],[8360]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["analyzes the history of the manipulation of visual means that were used in psychological warfare",1,-1,[],[48127]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["psychological operations",1,29788,[],[48127]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["estas experimentaciones van más allá de la mera usabilidad o estética para abordar cuestiones fundamentales sobre la agencia, la autonomía y la relacionalidad en el ecosistema publicitario digital.",1,-1,[],[30601]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["ethics are field strategies in journalism in the same way that they are in other fields",1,-1,[],[17431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalistic codes",1,-1,[],[4361]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["English also hosts some marked derivative nouns (actor/actress) and compounds (chairman/chairwoman).",1,-1,[],[8154]]],"sy":[["natural gender languages",1,-1,[],[8154]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Danish",1,-1,[],[8154]],["English",1,-1,[],[8154]],["e.g., Danish, English",1,-1,[],[8154]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This study underscores that agenda-setting in global news extends beyond the question of which issues receive attention to encompass how local media actively engage in negotiating power, morality, and legitimacy within the global public sphere.",1,-1,[],[54250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["crisis response strategies",1,11813,[],[3054]]],"ex":[["the real reaction by John Murtha to the scandal used in our experiment",1,-1,[],[61340]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":42,"df":[["Conspiracies can be defined as the belief that unexplained events are orchestrated by a covert group or organization with sinister intentions",2,-1,[],[19090,28305,28306]],["Sources that are well-known promoters of conspiracy theories.",2,-1,[],[22639,46600]]],"de":[["A common law conspiracy is an agreement, express or implied, between two or more persons to commit a criminal act or series of criminal acts, or to accomplish a legal act by unlawful means.",1,-1,[],[61648]],["Another important characteristic of conspiracy theories is that they try to reduce the complexity of a particular event to monistic and intrinsically deterministic explanations",1,-1,[],[19271]],["Conspiracies typically attempt to usurp political or economic power, violate rights, infringe upon established agreements, withhold vital secrets, or alter bedrock institutions.",1,-1,[],[6420]],["Extremely harmful to people and society.",1,-1,[],[33908]],["New connections can be formed between any dissimilar events given enough data, providing supposed evidence of deeper realities submerged beneath the predominant ideology.",1,-1,[],[16039]],["One important characteristic of such conspiracy theories is that they are unfalsifiable, in that any evidence brought against the narrative is interpreted as another proof of the power of the specific group of people constituting the conspirators",1,-1,[],[19271]],["This definition goes beyond simple criminal conspiracies, such as conspiring to rob a corner shop.",1,-1,[],[6420]],["Though conspiracies accounted for only a tiny proportion of misinformation, they can significantly tarnish the reputations of health authorities and prevent effective health and crisis communication",1,-1,[],[28767]],["conspiracies do not emerge from a particular information need; instead, it serves to provide an immediate and holistic understanding of the situation: why the crisis happened, who benefits from it, and who should be blamed",1,-1,[],[28768]],["conspiracies usually entail the kind of imperfect secrecy which comes from working with and trusting others.",1,-1,[],[2313]],["conspiracies were commonly found during health crises",1,-1,[],[28767]],["conspiring as engaging in a very peculiar kind of secret",1,-1,[],[2313]],["every group studied used conspiracy to demonise 'forces beyond our control, articulating an enemy to hate, sharply dividing the group from the non-group… the frequency of conspiracy theories within all these groups suggests that they play an important social and functional role within extremism itself.'",1,-1,[],[57562]],["it is a degraded figure of the total logic of late capital, a desperate attempt to represent the latter's system",1,-1,[],[46394]],["secrecy is not necessary for something to be considered a conspiracy",1,-1,[],[2313]],["the secrecy involved in conspiring is multifaceted",1,-1,[],[2313]],["when agents collude and then decide that, in order to be successful in their plotting, they must selectively decide to keep their activities secret from someone, you have a conspiracy.",1,-1,[],[2313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["active cover-up",1,-1,[],[2313]],["authority action and policy",1,30084,[],[28768]],["conspiracy mentality",1,13698,[],[14208]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[["conspiracy theories",1],["conspiracy theory",1]],[2313]],["conspiracy-like activity",1,-1,[],[2313]],["conspiratorial activity",1,-1,[],[2313]],["crisis situation updates",1,8620,[],[28768]],["disease information",1,-1,[],[28768]],["lie by omission",1,7906,[],[2313]],["passive secrecy",1,-1,[],[2313]],["prevention and treatment",1,13365,[],[28768]],["radicalisation",1,8929,[],[57562]]],"sb":[["diverse conspiracies",1,1860,[],[2313]],["monolithic conspiracies",1,-1,[],[2313]]],"sp":[["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22639,46600]],["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[35804]],["junk information",1,11321,[],[34726]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[28768]]],"ex":[["9/11 conspiracies, chem-trails, lizard people in the sewer systems, birther rumors, flat earth 'theory,' fluoride as mind control, vaccines as mind control etc.",2,-1,[],[22639,46600]],["Alex and Billie conspire to extort Chris for money, because they know that Chris engaged in some dodgy deal recently, which Alex and Billie are sure Chris would not like to become publicly known.",1,-1,[],[2313]],["Donald Trump was a Democratic plant, who conspired to hand the Presidential election to Hillary Clinton!",1,-1,[],[2313]],["The coronavirus is a human-made, bioengineered disease.",1,-1,[],[28767]],["The promotion of Jeremy Corbyn to leader of the Labour Party of the U.K. was the result of a conspiracy by the unions!",1,-1,[],[2313]],["Watergate scandal",1,-1,[],[6420]],["a conspiracy to overthrow a government",1,-1,[],[24172]],["conspiracy to commit extortion",1,-1,[],[2313]],["having an affair",1,-1,[],[2313]],["organization of a surprise party",1,-1,[],[2313]],["organizing a surprise party",1,-1,[],[2313]],["political conspiracies",1,-1,[],[2313]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The reliance is here based on perfectly rational information (white blouse, people in the waiting room, doctor listed on the official register, etc.), so here again we are facing rational expectations made on limited information.",1,-1,[],[1245]],["an objective indicator of behavior rather than subjective and attitudinal",1,-1,[],[55238]],["considered as a weak degree of trust",1,-1,[],[1245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trust",2,34511,[],[1245,55238]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["they tend to visit sun-and-fun destinations which are consistent with their preference for low activity levels",1,-1,[],[48431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["allocentrics",1,-1,[],[48431]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["tourism consumers",1,-1,[],[48431]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Esta verificación consistiría en comprobar si las declaraciones realizadas por alguien, especialmente responsables políticos, o los contenidos generados por los usuarios, son verdaderos, falsos o imprecisos, a través de la comprobación de datos y hechos.",1,-1,[],[42970]],["Verification is the editorial technique used by journalists -including fact-checkers-to verify the accuracy of a statement",1,-1,[],[42970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[42970]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are designed specifically for the purpose of manipulating and spreading false 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They do not carry the weight of discrimination or oppression.",1,-1,[],[52635]],["They do not carry the weight of discrimination or oppression.",1,-1,[],[52635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias",1,30859,[],[52635]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which must be informed by the first order approach",1,-1,[],[17542]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Communication: Emotional openness, mutual respect, and the \"right to say no\" gain importance.",1,-1,[],[60428]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["matomumo šališkumo",1,26182,[],[47482]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["psychic realm 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fiscais)",1,-1,[],[44632]],["the criminalization of caixa dois (illicit campaign financing) by the Ten Measures against Corruption",1,-1,[],[44632]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The calculation is: 'Do we think that the audience needs to hear the story now or can they wait six to eight weeks. . . for the story to be peer reviewed?'",1,-1,[],[58237]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Another friction point involves many radical right populist movements and parties favoring \"welfare nationalism,\"",1,-1,[],[2293]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["PROPAGATION-BASED APPROACHES",1,25861,[],[22308]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Subjects designated a supportive role vis-à-vis the attainment and maintenance of the ethical values.",1,-1,[],[22038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["subject roles",1,32441,[],[22038]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relational process",1,17907,[],[26637]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["community awareness campaigns (via the TV, etc.) intended to increase the general public's mental health literacy regarding depression",1,-1,[],[29538]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["journalists often perform a hybrid function, balancing normative ideals of press freedom and pragmatic constraints imposed by state and corporate actors",1,-1,[],[41345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The gaps are of similar size, indicating that respondents are indeed not very well informed about parties' positions on EU issues.",1,-1,[],[60858]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["media populism",1,9290,[],[4308]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["doctrinal reasons",1,-1,[],[50150]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Framing theory",1,32672,[],[42935]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":53,"df":[],"de":[["'Othered' individuals thus become 'deportable' or criminalisable",1,-1,[],[30789]],["By dividing into distinct categories of the in-group and out-group, the former then identify themselves as the 'I' who are spared from the marginalisation, disempowerment, and social exclusion imposed on the out-group.",1,-1,[],[42664]],["Constructing oneself as a normal, ordinary person is therefore also a way of appealing for sympathy and understanding",1,-1,[],[22086]],["Fear of the Other can lead to exclusion from public space of those who are seen as threatening (see Herbert and Beckett in this issue).",1,-1,[],[4409]],["In Ahmed's words, the expressed emotions create surfaces or boundaries between 'us' and 'them'. Emotions both circulate and stick; some people may be moved by emotion while others are branded by them",1,-1,[],[31784]],["It describes \"Our\" characteristics as superior to \"Theirs,\" which are inferior, undeserving, and incompatible [17].",1,-1,[],[6879]],["Malaysians may feel more disunited because hate speeches are able to otherize certain races in Malaysia, which eventually dehumanise them.",1,-1,[],[42664]],["Othering at the same time produces difference and problematizes it, in the sense that the group which is othered is also in the process defined as 'morally and/or intellectually inferior'",1,-1,[],[22086]],["Othering has been used as a construct surrounding hate speech",1,-1,[],[6879]],["The 'Other' emerged in this context where they were both a threat to British identity and culture but equally to British trade and industry.",1,-1,[],[45676]],["The origins of othering can be traced all the way back to the colonial era, where colonisers felt that there was a need to set themselves apart from the colonised with them being regarded as the centre while the latter as the marginalised.",1,-1,[],[42664]],["This difference between opposites establishes meaning, which helps us to better understand the world, but often does so in a 'crude and reductionist way' (Hall, 1997: 235).",1,-1,[],[53322]],["This dimension of othering implies that knowledge and technology is the property of the powerful empirical self, not the colonial other.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["This is achieved through underlining the descendancy of a person in the media or in political debates.",1,-1,[],[21686]],["This process identifies desirable traits in the in-group and undesirable traits in the out-group, implicitly establishing superiority",1,-1,[],[60751]],["an analytical starting point for understanding cultural processes of identity formation in everyday life",1,-1,[],[22086]],["associating it with structural patterns located in non-Swedish rather than Swedish contexts",1,-1,[],[8905]],["by othering the colonised, the colonisers were then able to employ that as a means of asserting their power, value, and dominance.",1,-1,[],[42664]],["cast the group as \"monsterous\" outsiders and in some cases beyond help and only worthy of severe sanctions",1,-1,[],[34768]],["contributed to the othering of workers",1,-1,[],[59457]],["devices of othering operate in shaping outsiders and therefore, grateful subjects to the host country.",1,-1,[],[59457]],["discursive constructions of the migrant other occupied problematic assumptions in society",1,-1,[],[59457]],["displacing blame via a process of 'othering'",1,-1,[],[29344]],["highly effective methods that can be employed by the media or other relevant parties to influence the narratives surrounding an issue",1,-1,[],[42664]],["iniquitous media constructions, which implicated Romanians through crude stereotypes, and located the revulsion of eating horsemeat within a particular culture.",1,-1,[],[45676]],["it will always find itself closely intertwined with the notion of excluding certain individuals through the economic, social and legal strategies of those in power",1,-1,[],[42664]],["making up a combined 33.8%",1,-1,[],[30196]],["othering concerns the consequences of racism, sexism, class (or a combination hereof) in terms of symbolic degradation as well as the processes of identity formation related to this degradation.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["othering is not a straightforward process of individuals or groups being interpellated to occupy specific subordinate subject positions.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["othering places groups of people (such as refugees) outside the moral order which marks the boundary between us and them",1,-1,[],[37745]],["othering practices embedded in the ideological construction of these dormitories in peripheral and marginal ways",1,-1,[],[59457]],["othering processes are a usual response to risks and threats",1,-1,[],[30001]],["provide the necessary foundations for bordering",1,-1,[],[30789]],["refusal of othering analysed above can be understood as a specific variant of a common tendency to refuse negative categorizations imposed by others.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["the analysis has shown that othering is not a straightforward process of individuals or groups being interpellated to occupy specific subordinate subject positions.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["the construction of the \"other\" is dependent on specific understandings of the self and that the relationship between self and other is one that is constructed mostly through difference and often through conflict",1,-1,[],[37745]],["the narrative engages in a process of 'othering'. This is achieved through underlining the descendancy of a person in the media or in political debates.",1,-1,[],[21686]],["the othering practices embedded in the ideological construction of these dormitories in peripheral and marginal ways",1,-1,[],[59457]],["the process of identification is not only based on identifying as similar to a particular group, but is also largely built on dis-identifying with the Other, suggesting that identity is always constructed through \"splitting between that which one is, and that which is the other\"",1,-1,[],[21883]],["the theory of identity formation inherent in the concept of othering assumes that subordinate people are offered, and at the same time relegated to, subject positions as others in discourse.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["the tools and techniques of othering about migrants were pivoted in mainstream discourse",1,-1,[],[59457]],["this dimension is about constructing the other as pathological and morally inferior.",1,-1,[],[22086]],["this dimension is about power, making the subordinate aware of who holds the power, and hence about the powerful producing the other as subordinate.",1,-1,[],[22086]]],"sy":[["bias",1,30859,[],[42664]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[42664]],["othering",1,13537,[],[60751]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[42664]],["scapegoating",1,4045,[],[42664]]],"rt":[["Fear of the Other",1,-1,[],[4409]],["bordering",1,6120,[],[30789]],["class",1,19416,[],[22086]],["digital Orientalism",1,19225,[],[37700]],["framing",1,22777,[],[42664]],["in-group",1,15191,[],[42664]],["ingroup-outgroup formation",1,-1,[],[44756]],["interlocking systems of oppression",1,-1,[],[22086]],["intersectionality",1,15439,[],[22086]],["out-group",1,19813,[],[42664]],["racialised dynamics",1,-1,[],[21686]],["racism",1,28859,[],[22086]],["racism(s)/sexism or class",1,-1,[],[22086]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[22086]],["threat narratives",1,29850,[],[21686]]],"sb":[["Generalizes stereotypes",1,14368,[],[30196]],["demarcates and stigmatizes",1,1350,[],[30196]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Expressions like \"send them home\" show this cognitive process.",1,-1,[],[6879]],["Western media is actively painting Muslims in a negative light by othering them as anti-democratic and anti-peace.",1,-1,[],[42664]],["how by constantly portraying them as dirty due to their limited access to healthcare and sanitation systems, the Rohingyas have been othered as the group that could pose a health threat to Malaysians as they are more likely to get infected by the virus due to their poor living conditions.",1,-1,[],[42664]],["painting Muslims in a negative light by othering them as anti-democratic and anti-peace",1,-1,[],[42664]],["portraying them as dirty due to their limited access to healthcare and sanitation systems, the Rohingyas have been othered as the group that could pose a health threat to Malaysians as they are more likely to get infected by the virus due to their poor living conditions",1,-1,[],[42664]],["stating that a Norwegian foreign fighter has Moroccan descendancy and not just stating that the person is Norwegian",1,-1,[],[21686]],["stating that a Norwegian foreign fighter has Moroccan descendancy and not just stating that the person is Norwegian. Emphasising descendancy racialises the narrative because it underlines that a person is not actually 'Norwegian' (read: white).",1,-1,[],[21686]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Information effects encompasses both what Clark and Sikkink (2013) refer to as \"changes in the quality and availability of information\" on human rights violations, and what Fariss (2014) calls the ability to \"look harder for abuse [and] look in more places.\"",1,-1,[],[53214]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Changing norms",1,17043,[],[53214]],["filtering bias",1,-1,[],[20298]],["norms",1,13756,[],[53214]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A factor contributing to this is likely their primary focus on posting in high-brow channels.",1,-1,[],[61174]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Wymienione zostaną również stosowane w różnych dyskursach perswazyjnych (w tym ideologicznych) chwyty retoryczne, które zaobserwowałem także w badanych tekstach i które mogą być przejawem manipulacji, o ile spełniają pozajęzykowe warunki uznania ich za narzędzie manipulacji.",1,-1,[],[40853]],["które mogą być przejawem manipulacji",1,-1,[],[40853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Preserving traditional lifestyles or a pre-existing social order allows one to maintain what is familiar and known, while social change is a potential risk (i.e., a risk of losing something valued; Jost et al., 2003;Jost et al., 2009).",1,-1,[],[56634]],["cultural conservatism should be related to the prevention focus",1,-1,[],[56634]],["cultural conservative individuals strive for security and stability and try to prevent loss.",1,-1,[],[56634]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conservation versus openness to change value dimension",1,33906,[],[56634]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political conservatism",1,28070,[],[56634]],["two dimensions of conservatism",1,-1,[],[56634]]],"ex":[["authoritarian parentchild relationships, traditional work ethics, and conventional female roles",1,-1,[],[56634]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["decoding",1,22611,[],[12934]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["collective ambiguity (Sartori, 1984) that is first of all caused by homonymia",1,-1,[],[9220]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["global critical media literacy",1,5886,[],[20345]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["A view of authenticity based on compromise allows for principles of authentication to be applied, as well as leaving room for subjective interpretations and a certain performance of one's heritage.",1,-1,[],[4602]],["In this paper, a new way to conceptualize authenticity based on compromise is presented.",1,-1,[],[4602]],["It involves consistency between one's actions and values and transparency in communication.",1,-1,[],[14173]],["The word authentic could also paradoxically draw attention to the possibility that some aspects of the culture might be inauthentic and undermine the reader's trust in the cultural portrayal that is presented.",1,-1,[],[4602]],["This perspective on authenticity is a middle ground between historical and cultural accuracy, and individual expression.",1,-1,[],[4602]],["Through authenticity, being true to self, critical health communication methodology turns the lens on the academic, her/his complicity in knowledge production, and the role of embodiment as a way of connecting to struggles for transforming structures that threaten health.",1,-1,[],[14103]],["Today, it is mainly about multiple authenticities, rather than only one.",1,-1,[],[4602]],["When conceptualizing mediated authenticity, the author highlighted that the media is an institution that produces negotiations within a symbolic power, stating that \"the degree of authenticity depends on symbolic negotiations between the main participants in the communication\".",1,-1,[],[27653]],["authenticity a cultural artifact and, thus, an aesthetic construct.",1,-1,[],[27653]],["authenticity related to compromise",1,-1,[],[4602]],["authenticity seen as a compromise",1,-1,[],[4602]],["enli (2015, p. 2) associates the term authenticity with \"the real\" and \"the genuine\" in opposition to whatever is \"fake, unreal, or false\".",1,-1,[],[27653]],["the degree of authenticity depends on symbolic negotiations between the main participants in the communication",1,-1,[],[27653]],["the idea of a visually appealing resource is particularly useful for our paper since it immediately elicits notions of authority, accuracy, and credibility among users.",1,-1,[],[27653]],["the quest for authenticity as a key motivating factor behind tourists' decisions to go on township tours",1,-1,[],[48469]]],"sy":[["perceived authenticity",1,7260,[],[12557]]],"rt":[["Consistency",1,346,[],[1544]],["Intent",1,31019,[],[1544]],["heritage",1,32982,[],[4602]],["otherness",1,14729,[],[4602]],["performance of culture",1,-1,[],[4602]],["sincerity",1,26963,[],[4602]],["tourism",1,-1,[],[4602]],["trust",1,34511,[],[27653]]],"sb":[["Authenticity as compromise",1,16407,[],[4602]],["constructive (authentic is what the visitor perceives as such)",1,-1,[],[4602]],["existential authenticity",1,-1,[],[4602]],["objective (something is either authentic or not)",1,-1,[],[4602]],["originality",1,22685,[],[20133]],["performative",1,29658,[],[4602]],["spontaneity",1,24806,[],[20133]],["staged authenticity",1,1152,[],[4602]],["trustworthiness",1,26771,[],[20133]]],"sp":[["multimodal deception",1,-1,[],[1544]]],"ex":[["A great experience of real South Africa",1,-1,[],[48469]],["no visit to South Africa is complete without a tour like this",1,-1,[],[48469]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["traders perceive investment instability caused by scandal; then, other traders and algorithms pick up on these market tendencies, media report on those movements, and the market goes down en bloc, along with the currency",1,-1,[],[44903]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["two key practices of user engagement with information which are postulated by the gatewatching model",1,-1,[],[4025]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing process model",1,4491,[],[38601]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["I argued that contributive justice must be concerned with the production and dissemination processes of information, particularly essential information, to address the information needs of all.",1,-1,[],[20417]],["In economic terms it deals with the common good as well as the private good and centres on the selection of",1,-1,[],[20417]],["contributive justice must be concerned with the production and dissemination processes of information, particularly essential information, to address the information needs of all.",1,-1,[],[20417]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distributive justice",1,2038,[],[20417]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["people restrict themselves to their own points of view-liberals watching and reading mostly or only liberals; moderates, moderates; conservatives, conservatives; Neo-Nazis, Neo-Nazis",1,-1,[],[20929]]],"sy":[["segregation",1,24590,[],[21418]]],"rt":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[21418]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Includes stories about enforcement and interpretation of laws by individuals and law enforcement, breaking laws, loopholes, fines, sentencing and punishment. Increases or reductions in crime.",1,-1,[],[29819]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["perceived personalization",1,27823,[],[47512]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The term draws from the manipulation of hand puppets using a sock and refers to the remote management of online identities to spread misinformation, promote the work of one individual, endorse a given opinion, target individuals, and challenge a community of users (Zheng, Lai, Chow, Hui, & Yiu, 2011).",1,-1,[],[8537]],["refers to the remote management of online identities to spread misinformation, promote the work of one individual, endorse a given opinion, target individuals, and challenge a community of users",1,-1,[],[8537]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["automatic posting protocols (i.e., bots)",1,-1,[],[8537]]],"sb":[["automatic posting protocols (i.e., bots)",1,-1,[],[8537]]],"sp":[["inauthentic entities",1,31978,[],[52552]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":86,"df":[],"de":[["All types of attitude can also be analysed according to their Polarity, be it positive or negative.",1,-1,[],[21809]],["Attitude could be influenced by a set of utilitarian and hedonic factors",1,-1,[],[15120]],["Attitude was operationalized via two statements that Asian immigrants who are allowed to stay in the United States should be grateful for that and not complain about their situation",1,-1,[],[42973]],["Attitudes include three areas of meaning: affect, judgment, and appreciation.",1,-1,[],[39547]],["Attitudes influence and are manifest through an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[14266]],["Attitudes represent a tendency to \"evaluate a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor\" (Eagly and Chaiken, 2007, pp. 598-599).",1,-1,[],[60592]],["Attitudes serve as a mental heuristic that help us navigate our environment effectively and efficiently by removing the need for us to evaluate and make decisions about each new object encountered.",1,-1,[],[14266]],["Attitudes towards people with disability can be positive or negative, but even when they are positive, there can be a disjunction between perceptions.",1,-1,[],[4447]],["Attitudes, another common dependent variable in framing research",1,-1,[],[21081]],["Eagly and Chaiken (2007) distinguish three evaluative components in attitudes: cognition, affect, and behavior.",1,-1,[],[60592]],["For attitude as systematized in this paper, the content is a piece of text, the target is an issue under discussion, and, like ideal points, the polar variable is continuous.",1,-1,[],[48706]],["In this work, the attitude is narrowed as real values in [-1, 1] indicating negative, neutral or positive attitude.",1,-1,[],[25903]],["Instances of ATTITUDE tend to be easier to identify than those of ENGAGEMENT or GRADUATION",1,-1,[],[21809]],["It is the attitude which brings forth behavioral intention to use or not to use a social media platform for information sharing and communication",1,-1,[],[15120]],["The basis of such heuristics would be the positivity or negativity of instances of ATTITUDE.",1,-1,[],[21809]],["The components that contribute to attitude shaping come from self-interest, social identification, feelings, beliefs, experience, and knowledge",1,-1,[],[34817]],["The development of attitude is dependent on a combination of factors, such as perception, past experience, education, culture, trust, etc.",1,-1,[],[15120]],["The people whose attitudes are vulnerable to change are mostly the weak links because they do not have the questioning skills required to stop the spread of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[14736]],["The strength with which attitudes are held can be affected by factors such as direct experience (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975), modelling (Bandura 1977), values (Rokeach 1973), situational context (Calder and Ross 1973) and exposure to other people (Zajonc 1968).",1,-1,[],[4447]],["The subsystem of ATTITUDE is a framework for three areas of personal feeling: emotion, ethics and aesthetics.",1,-1,[],[21809]],["The subtypes of attitude define the emotions portrayed in the news coverage.",1,-1,[],[46703]],["They are included in the broader concept of values, characterised as important guiding principles in a person's life",1,-1,[],[2515]],["and which acts as a precedent for intention and behavior",1,-1,[],[34817]],["as a diagnostic of previous perceptions and experiences",1,-1,[],[34817]],["as quite often the presence of these elements is not only expressed by explicit, inscribed lexis. A graded analysis must also include implicit, invoked indications of attitude present at an ideational level. In these cases, the speaker's attitude is rendered by the actual meaning of his/her propositions, which invite or provoke the listener to have an attitudinal response.",1,-1,[],[45619]],["attitude has been considered as a holistic element and a partial result, which is influenced by media, the audience, and the social environment",1,-1,[],[34817]],["attitudes involve a readiness of the body to act according to the evaluation",1,-1,[],[60592]],["attitudes refer to what is usually conceptualised as immigrant attitudes in the political science literature (Lubbers, Scheepers, & Wester, 1998), or as prejudice or intergroup bias in the social psychological literature (e.g., Park & Judd, 2005).",1,-1,[],[21081]],["attitudes serve a variety of psychological and social functions, such as serving as convenient summaries for beliefs, providing information about what to expect when exposed to an attitude stimulus, and expressing aspects of one's individuality.",1,-1,[],[4687]],["attitudes serve as convenient summaries for one's beliefs, emotions, and preferences regarding issues, objects, and people; 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version of Orientalism",1,-1,[],[34079]],["Islamophobia marks the transformation in the balance of power and anxieties generated by the de-centering of the West",1,-1,[["Islamophobia marks the transformation in the balance of power and anxieties generated by the de-centering of the West",1],["Islamophobia marks the transformation in the balance of power and anxieties generated by the de-centering of the West.",1]],[10282]],["Islamophobia posits a post-racial subject that is subjected to exclusionary practices",1,-1,[["Islamophobia posits a post-racial subject that is subjected to exclusionary practices",1],["Islamophobia posits a post-racial subject that is subjected to exclusionary practices.",1]],[10282]],["Islamophobia, as with any expression of prejudice, inflicts a large human cost on its victims (Simpson, 2013;Shepherd, Harvey, Jordan, Srauy, & Miltner, 2015;Matsuda, Lawrence, Delgado, & Crenshaw, 1993;Sheridan, 2006).",1,-1,[],[29260]],["It has now come to represent a governance strategy in which political elites and state functionaries use rhetoric to instill fear of Islam in the public, causing the general population to be prejudiced against Muslims on a societal level, making Muslims in society unacceptably foreign to the dominant culture, and thus transforming the existing social order into an Islamophobic one.",1,-1,[],[34079]],["It is more than prejudice or ignorance; it is a series of interventions and classifications that affect the well-being of populations designated as Muslim.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["Its continual circulation in public debate testifies to ways in which it hints at something that needs to be addressed.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["Later, it was used to facilitate European imperialist projects in the Muslim world, giving way to prejudice against the Muslim population within the West.",1,-1,[],[34079]],["Later, it was used to facilitate European imperialist projects in the Muslim world, giving way to prejudice against the Muslim population within the West. It has now come to represent a governance strategy in which political elites and state functionaries use rhetoric to instill fear of Islam in the public, causing the general population to be prejudiced against Muslims on a societal level, making Muslims in society unacceptably foreign to the dominant culture, and thus transforming the existing social order into an Islamophobic one.",1,-1,[],[34079]],["Like all forms of discrimination and xenophobia, Islamophobia is part of an ever-evolving, multifaceted and elusive process that takes different forms; and is expressed through various manifestations, based on a multitude of underlying factors and shifting influences.",1,-1,[],[40222]],["Naming something 'Islamophobia' is a way of alerting us to the persistence of the racial in the post-racial",1,-1,[["Naming something 'Islamophobia' is a way of alerting us to the persistence of the racial in the post-racial",1],["Naming something 'Islamophobia' is a way of alerting us to the persistence of the racial in the post-racial.",1]],[10282]],["The logic of Islamophobia in its various forms is a relationship of domination.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["The range of activities covered by Islamophobia exceed its common formulations; rather it occurs as a response to the problematization of Muslim identity.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["The use of multiple examples of what is described as Islamophobia is a useful way of explaining (as opposed to just trying to define) this concept.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["a frightening phenomenon for many people",1,-1,[],[33612]],["a language game directed toward the undermining of a distinct Muslim identity.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["a product of the articulation between Orientalism and racism",1,-1,[],[10282]],["a series of overlapping elements that constitute a coherence based around a notion of what Wittgenstein described as a family resemblance",1,-1,[],[10282]],["actually took birth with the re-birth of Islam in the 7th century, which shook the religious and systemic foundations of early medieval Europe in general and the Byzantine empire in particular.",1,-1,[],[34079]],["distorts the prism through which Muslims are domestically viewed thereby, leading to the proliferation of anti-Muslim rhetoric and hate crimes.",1,-1,[],[33612]],["enables granular insight into the different ways in which Muslims, and Islam, are prejudicially associated with negative traits (Benford & Snow, 2000).",1,-1,[],[29260]],["has led to the Muslim community's discrimination, exclusion, and acceptance of prejudice.",1,-1,[],[33612]],["maintaining prejudice and unfavorable views towards Muslims",1,-1,[],[61486]],["more than an expression of hatred or fear",1,-1,[],[10282]],["one of the most visible forms of racism in the modern-day",1,-1,[],[61486]],["performative clusters of Islamophobia",1,-1,[],[10282]],["problematic associations that are routinely made between Muslims and terrorism (Allen, 2015(Allen, , 2017)), or between Muslims and 'barbaric' practices (Marranci, 2006;Evolvi, 2018).",1,-1,[],[29260]],["references to the aversion or prejudice towards Islam that emerged after the attacks",1,-1,[],[28641]],["regulation and disciplining of Muslims by reference to a Westernizing horizon",1,-1,[],[10282]],["repertoire of Islamophobia",1,-1,[],[10282]],["there is a series of overlapping elements that constitute a coherence based around a notion of what Wittgenstein described as a family resemblance.",1,-1,[],[10282]],["these harms can be inflicted by Islamophobia which takes place either online or offline.",1,-1,[],[29260]],["undermining community cohesion and social integration and reinforcing group-based divisions.",1,-1,[],[29260]],["understand Islamophobia as belonging to the family of racism",1,-1,[],[10282]],["when left unchallenged, Islamophobia raises questions of social fairness and justice as it can have 'a significant negative impact on the life chances and quality of life enjoyed by British Muslims'",1,-1,[],[29260]],["when left unchallenged, Islamophobia raises questions of social fairness and justice as it can have 'a significant negative impact on the life chances and quality of life enjoyed by British Muslims' (All Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims, 2018, p. 7).",1,-1,[],[29260]]],"sy":[["Orientalism",1,10109,[],[34079]],["a form of Orientalism",1,-1,[],[34079]],["accès de délire islamophobe",1,-1,[],[33612]],["neo-Islamophobia",1,11947,[],[34079]],["portmanteau expression",1,-1,[],[10282]]],"rt":[["Orientalism",2,10109,[],[10282,34079]],["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[57182]],["Islamophobic hate speech",1,-1,[],[29260]],["Orientalist ideology",1,1379,[],[9435]],["Westophobia",1,26427,[],[38723]],["anti-Muslim rhetoric",1,-1,[],[33612]],["anti-Muslim sentiment",1,-1,[],[61486]],["anti-Semitism",1,14573,[],[10282]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[40222]],["hate crimes",1,10872,[],[33612]],["racialized governmentality",1,-1,[],[10282]],["racism",1,28859,[],[10282]],["xenophobia",1,30438,[],[40222]]],"sb":[["Explicit Islamophobia",1,8163,[],[29260]],["Islamophobia can be described as that which may occur in institutional settings, in which those perceived to be Muslims receive less favorable treatment than their peers in comparative positions within the same organizations",1,-1,[],[10282]],["Islamophobia in attacks on property considered to be linked to Muslims",1,-1,[],[10282]],["Islamophobia refers to incidents in which there is a sustained and systematic elaboration of comments in the public domain that disparage Muslims and/or Islam",1,-1,[],[10282]],["Islamophobia represented by acts of intimidation",1,-1,[],[10282]],["de-Islamization, which would involve the erasure of a Muslim identity",1,-1,[],[10282]],["manifestations of Islamophobia through attacks on persons perceived to be Muslims",1,-1,[],[10282]],["physical destruction of Muslims, which would be genocide",1,-1,[],[10282]]],"sp":[["racism",5,28859,[],[10282,20162,29260,38932,61486]],["Orientalism",1,10109,[],[34079]],["Orientalist ideology",1,1379,[],[9435]],["the family of racism",1,-1,[],[10282]]],"ex":[["One example of the process of profiling and stereotyping the 'Other' is Islamophobia.",1,-1,[],[40222]],["a gesture",1,-1,[],[10282]],["a police action",1,-1,[],[10282]],["a speech",1,-1,[],[10282]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["liberal thought centers around the Nurturing Parent model of the family",1,-1,[],[24688]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["types of viewing that have been identified in uses and gratifications research on television use",1,-1,[],[21018]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ritualized use",1,22669,[],[21018]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Halliday and Hasan (1989) classified modal verbs according to values into: (1) high (must, need to, have to, ought to); (2) intermediate (shall, should, will, would) and (3) low value modals (can, may, could, might).",1,-1,[],[47965]],["Necessity/obligation modal verbs must, should, have to, got to",1,-1,[],[42079]],["Possibility/permission/ability modal verbs can, could, may, might",1,-1,[],[42079]],["Prediction/volition modal verbs will, would, be going to",1,-1,[],[42079]],["These verb forms are differentiated from lexical verbs on the basis of following features presented by Hailiday (1976): (1) they do not have any finite forms, like -ing, -ed, etc. for example 'maying, to may'; (2) interrogative and negative forms of the modals are made without any extension. It is not needed for the modal verbs to incorporate 'to be' or 'to do' frames while making questions or putting forth negative expressions with modal verbs like 'they may not' or 'would they be able to run?' instead of 'would she say she is can go? and 'he doesn't will' and so forth; (3) negative forms of the modal auxiliaries are reducible. They can be contracted, as in 'She can't drive a car' or 'We won't have the capacity to drive a bike'; (4) they can be utilized as 'code verbs' in ellipsis. This implies when two comparable clauses, utilizing a modal happen to come together the second clause does not require to repeat the following lexical verb, as in 'She can run so can I'. For this situation, the second modal verb 'can' represents the lexical verb 'go'; (5) they do not require a third person singular 's', for example, 'He cans' and (5) they do not combine with one another and do not co-occur in a clause (except in some nonstandard clauses like 'They may could run'.",1,-1,[],[47965]],["and in this way, they are often used to make moral arguments, suggest solutions, or assign blame (Portner, 2009).",1,-1,[],[54828]],["in this way, they are often used to make moral arguments, suggest solutions, or assign blame",1,-1,[],[54828]],["modal verbs are used to tone down the degree of certainty on author's part as well as linked to the expression of precision or negative politeness",1,-1,[],[42501]],["modal verbs can function as shields for researchers to avoid absolute statements which might put them in a risky situation.",1,-1,[],[42501]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["necessity modals",2,-1,[],[42079,47965]],["possibility modals",2,-1,[],[42079,47965]],["prediction modals",2,-1,[],[42079,47965]],["high (must, need to, have to, ought to)",1,-1,[],[47965]],["intermediate (shall, should, will, would)",1,-1,[],[47965]],["low value modals (can, may, could, might)",1,-1,[],[47965]]],"sp":[["hedges",1,3780,[],[42501]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the media signal in our model is independent of the size of the outbreak",1,-1,[],[10448]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["It is a communication strategy to reduce complexity of political issues, which resonates well with the brevity of communication on social media.",1,-1,[],[24990]],["The personalization proceeds more rapidly in majority systems are focused more sharply on the role of television, which stresses the simplification of choice between one party and the other.",1,-1,[],[46125]],["growing personalization of politics above ideas and ideology -another trend that reduces public enthusiasm for parties",1,-1,[],[46125]],["personalization of politics by a party leader creates a synergy and media exposure; demands public attention, and thus it requires personalization of other parties' political attitudes too.",1,-1,[],[46125]],["the more personalized politics usually means the more distracted political life in general",1,-1,[],[46125]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["confrontation",1,34289,[],[46595]]],"sb":[["individualisation",1,25009,[],[24990]],["privatisation",1,32163,[],[24990]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mediale Aufmerksamkeit",1,-1,[],[47773]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This specifically concerns a shared understanding of society as a whole, which conditions shared practices and a shared sense of legitimacy",1,-1,[],[36144]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["bias attribute word",1,-1,[],[17733]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["logical comparison process",1,-1,[],[20863]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["propaganda rooted in an ideologically-driven worldview",1,-1,[],[16682]]],"sy":[["hyper-partisan news outlets",1,30198,[],[16682]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["antisemitism 2.0",1,-1,[],[37794]]],"rt":[["social antisemitism",1,-1,[],[37794]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Biological Signal based DeepFake detection techniques",1,-1,[],[15506]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["when content about an issue is fresh and aligns with current events",1,-1,[],[30688]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Bolivarian missions",1,-1,[],[23975]],["colectivos (collectives)",1,-1,[],[23975]],["comunas (communes)",1,-1,[],[23975]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Positive face wants",1,27007,[],[45456]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Face",1,10134,[],[45456]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["A strategic way of selectively filtering and blocking out information in order to control one's information environment (e.g., e-mails, news feeds, instant messages) and reduce exposure to false and low-utility information.",1,-1,[],[9556]],["Deliberate ignorance can also be a tool for boosting information management, especially online (Kozyreva et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[8789]],["Deliberate ignorance refers to the conscious choice to ignore information even when the costs of obtaining it are negligible (Hertwig & Engel, 2016).",1,-1,[],[8789]],["Our emphasis on deliberate ignorance as a tool for information management focuses on its strategic use to shield oneself from the excesses, traps, and information disorders of the current digital environment.",1,-1,[],[9556]],["People deliberately ignore information for various reasons-for instance, to avoid anticipated negative emotions, to ensure fairness, or to maximize suspense and surprise.",1,-1,[],[8789]],["deliberate ignorance (as conceptualized by Hertwig & Engel, 2020) requires cognitive and motivational resources (e.g., executive control, self-control).",1,-1,[],[9556]],["deliberate ignorance can be used as one tool for information management (Hertwig & Engel, 2016, 2020).",1,-1,[],[9556]],["deliberate ignorance could be a mental device to boost cognitive sustainability and information management",1,-1,[],[9556]],["the ability to allocate one's limited attentional resources reasonably",1,-1,[],[9556]],["the ability to select a few valuable pieces of information and deliberately ignore others may become a core cultural competency to be taught in school like reading and writing.",1,-1,[],[9556]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information management device",1,-1,[],[9556]]],"sb":[["critical ignoring",1,9283,[],[8789]]],"sp":[["cognitive boosting tools",1,-1,[],[9556]],["cognitive tools",1,-1,[],[9556]]],"ex":[["a person who has been diagnosed with a serious illness decides to not ask about a prognosis",1,-1,[["a person who has been diagnosed with a serious illness decides to not ask about a prognosis",1],["a person who has been diagnosed with a serious illness decides to not ask about a prognosis.",1]],[9556]],["practice of blind auditioning for orchestras, in which candidates play behind a screen to hide their identities",1,-1,[],[9556]],["the practice of blind auditioning for orchestras, in which candidates play behind a screen to hide their identities",1,-1,[["the practice of blind auditioning for orchestras, in which candidates play behind a screen to hide their identities",1],["the practice of blind auditioning for orchestras, in which candidates play behind a screen to hide their identities.",1]],[9556]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the act of violence itself is persuasive",1,-1,[],[45656]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the rhetoric of confrontation, of the streets, of the riots",1,-1,[],[45656]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["perspective-level assessment grouping",1,-1,[],[18987]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["We expect that subjective assessment of accuracy will correlate with objective accuracy, but imperfectly.",1,-1,[],[25109]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["an event named in Arabic the Nakba, or 'catastrophe.'",1,-1,[],[37933]],["has dominated political discourse since the start of the second intifada",1,-1,[],[35490]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such practices include: human agency and oversight, accountability, explainability, robustness and safety, privacy, diversity, reproducibility, and societal and environmental well-being.",1,-1,[],[586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["elicitation",1,18297,[],[7741]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4222]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["people need to be able to understand where a piece of information comes from.",1,-1,[],[41813]],["the intention and background of a source should be made transparent.",1,-1,[],[41813]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":32,"df":[],"de":[["From this perspective, the conspiracy mentality produces a generalized political attitude associated with the behavioral intention to challenge the status quo and a pejorative view of those in power.",1,-1,[],[14253]],["It differs from concrete conspiracy beliefs in that it taps into the general propensity to suspect that conspiracies are at play, uncontaminated by concrete events, actors or contexts.",1,-1,[],[2843]],["Research demonstrates that individuals of all political orientations are equally susceptible to conspiracy mentality (Anthony and Moulding, 2019) and that conspiracy mentality is a stronger predictor of belief in fake news than political or ideological motivation (Baptista and Gradim, 2022).",1,-1,[],[5792]],["The conspiracy mindset is closely associated with belief in a wide range of existing specific conspiracy theories, as well as the endorsement of conspiracy theories created by researchers for experimental purposes 15 .",1,-1,[],[2843]],["The conspiracy mindset is closely associated with belief in a wide range of existing specific conspiracy theories, as well as the endorsement of conspiracy theories created by researchers for experimental purposes 15 . It differs from concrete conspiracy beliefs in that it taps into the general propensity to suspect that conspiracies are at play, uncontaminated by concrete events, actors or contexts.",1,-1,[],[2843]],["Usually, such theories contradict common explanations and allege that these events are caused by secret plots by groups of powerful individuals.",1,-1,[],[14209]],["a comparatively generic measure able to efficiently assess the general tendency to believe in conspiracy theories in a cross-cultural context.",1,-1,[],[14209]],["a one-dimensional construct across the three language versions of the CMQ that is stable across time",1,-1,[],[14209]],["a stable generalized political attitude",1,-1,[],[14209]],["conspiracy mentality (i.e., generic propensity to endorse CTs, Bruder et al., 2013) was a robust negative predictor of trust in political institutions.",1,-1,[],[19791]],["conspiracy mentality as a stable generalized political attitude",1,-1,[],[14209]],["conspiracy mentality can be conceptualised as a generalised, stable political attitude that describes one's mental preparedness to believe in conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[5792]],["conspiracy mentality can still be viewed as a measurement of individuals' general susceptibility to endorse CTs",1,-1,[],[19791]],["conspiracy mentality is a relatively stable disposition",1,-1,[],[2843]],["conspiracy mentality is particularly pronounced on the political right, particularly among voters of traditional, nationalistic and authoritarian parties",1,-1,[],[2843]],["conspiracy mentality is structured by representations of concealed realities and forbidden knowledge -as conspirators actively seek to maintain the population in ignorance.",1,-1,[],[19791]],["conspiracy mentality was associated with reduced trust in scientific and medical institutions.",1,-1,[],[19791]],["conspiracy mentality was more strongly associated with trust in political institutions than with trust in scientific and medical institutions.",1,-1,[],[19791]],["general susceptibility to explanations based on such theories",1,-1,[],[14209]],["generic conspiracy measure that excludes any reference to concrete events or actors",1,-1,[],[2843]],["has been conceptualized as a predisposition to engage in and endorse specific conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[61317]],["higher levels of conspiracy mentality make individuals susceptible to believing fake news",1,-1,[],[5792]],["individuals have a conspiratorial mindset that predisposes them to believing political fake news, which often has a negative conspiratorial slant (Anthony and Moulding, 2019).",1,-1,[],[5792]],["individuals' generic propensity to believe in CTs",1,-1,[],[19791]],["individuals' generic susceptibility to believe in CTs",1,-1,[],[19791]],["overall score measuring the tendency to engage in conspiracist ideation.",1,-1,[],[14209]],["reflects a heightened awareness of the potential for manipulation in digital media-a form of skepticism that could be harnessed and redirected towards more productive ends.",1,-1,[],[33932]],["relatively stable disposition",1,-1,[],[2843]],["the construct of conspiracy mentality",1,-1,[],[14209]],["the tendency to engage in conspiracist ideation",1,-1,[],[14209]],["those with higher conspiracy mindset are likely to sense the risks of political deepfakes and understand their threat to public opinions and elections.",1,-1,[],[33932]]],"sy":[["conspiracy mindset",2,24330,[],[2843,45762]],["conspiracist ideation",1,12072,[],[14209]],["conspiracy ideation",1,11734,[],[42946]],["conspiracy thinking",1,20492,[],[45762]],["general conspiracist beliefs",1,-1,[],[14209]]],"rt":[["CT beliefs",1,30108,[],[19791]],["Generic Conspiracist Beliefs",1,-1,[],[19791]],["Manichaeism",1,21072,[],[61317]],["anti-elite rhetoric",1,2973,[],[2843]],["conspiracist ideation",1,12072,[],[14209]],["conspiracy beliefs",1,29420,[],[14209]],["conspiracy narratives",1,23508,[],[2843]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[33932]],["conspiratorial beliefs",1,1559,[],[2843]],["intentions to engage in political action designed to undermine the perceived conspiracy",1,-1,[],[14209]],["interpersonal distrust",1,-1,[],[19791]],["paranoia",1,-1,[],[19791]],["paranoid tendencies towards outgroups",1,-1,[],[19791]],["perceived personal or interpersonal control",1,-1,[],[14209]],["political and social distrust",1,-1,[],[61317]],["political disengagement",1,-1,[],[14209]],["prejudice against powerful societal groups",1,-1,[],[14209]],["socio-political control",1,-1,[],[14209]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Many very important things happen in the world, which the public is never informed about",1,-1,[],[19791]],["Some kinds of people are minded to believe conspiracies more easily than others; they are more open to being persuaded to think or act a certain way. I think these kinds of people are more likely to believe fake news stories. (P4, female, 34 years old)",1,-1,[],[5792]],["Some people are easier to persuade and lie to than others; they have a mindset that takes things in. They don't question what they see. They believe stories that tell them the world is going to end and everyone has it out for them, then they see stories like this one and they believe it's true. (P10, female, 52 years old)",1,-1,[],[5792]],["deepfake videos of President Obama helped spur a coup d'etat; an AI-generated video propagated a conspiracy theory against the son of US presidential candidate Biden",1,-1,[],[33932]],["events which superficially seem to lack a connection are often the result of secret activities",1,-1,[],[19791]],["government agencies closely monitor all citizens",1,-1,[],[19791]],["politicians usually do not tell us the true motives for their decisions",1,-1,[],[19791]],["there are secret organizations that greatly influence political decisions",1,-1,[],[19791]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As such, it investigates how individuals process and respond to these persuasive stimuli to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying such reactions.",1,-1,[],[45744]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["supply-side strand",1,32369,[],[45744]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Endorsement of RACISTBELIEFS: the beliefs which deny the existence of racial inequality, or capture resentment towards racial minorities (Poteat and Spanierman, 2012).",1,-1,[],[46850]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["This empirical robust cognitive mechanism challenges ACT's assumption of argument adaption at a constant rate independent of the current opinion.",1,-1,[],[60205]],["when agents are assumed to moderately favor consistent over inconsistent arguments",1,-1,[],[60205]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive mechanism",1,6018,[],[60205]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["resistance strategies",1,-1,[],[60594]],["resistance to persuasion",1,1705,[],[60594]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["suggests that children who identify fairly strongly with an aggressive character or perceive a violent scene as realistic are especially likely to have aggressive ideas primed by the observed violence, to imitate the character, or to acquire a variety of aggressive scripts and schemas.",1,-1,[],[23381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["thematic framing",1,28621,[],[58543]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[58543]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["China's narratives delegitimise reformist actors and portray incumbents as guarantors of political order",1,-1,[],[48107]],["These narratives align with the framework of autocracy commercialisation, supporting Proposition 2 (Defensive logic), in which autocracy is discursively legitimised as a protective response to political disruption.",1,-1,[],[48107]],["it affirms incumbency as a guarantor of order while showing that reform is volatile",1,-1,[],[48107]],["narratives often reactively portray reformist actors as destabilising or externally driven. Here, incumbents are cast as bulwarks of stability and sovereignty, and autocracy is framed as a defensive response to external disruption",1,-1,[],[48107]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affirmative logic",1,13221,[],[48107]],["corrective logic",1,12189,[],[48107]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["autocracy commercialisation",1,5340,[],[48107]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["Heterodox news values: outspoken, misrecognised, disagreed upon, dominated",2,-1,[],[24087,60280]],["Heterodox news values: outspoken, misrecognised, disagreed upon, dominated; for instance, ''soft news''.",2,-1,[["Heterodox news values: outspoken, misrecognised, disagreed upon, dominated; for instance, ''soft news''.",2],[". Heterodox news values: outspoken, misrecognised, disagreed upon, dominated; for instance, ''soft news''.",1]],[24087,60280]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Doxic news values",2,20954,[],[24087,60280]],["Orthodox news values",2,22211,[],[24087,60280]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["''soft news''",2,-1,[],[24087,60280]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Nation-building is essentially an effort to reshape the population of areas that have been colonized by empires or forces without respect for racial, religious, or other distinctions.",1,-1,[],[54980]],["constructing a country is a structural process connected to urbanization, industrialization, social mobilization, etc.",1,-1,[],[54980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast, the ratio version emphasizes relative magnitudes, illustrating the proportional relationship between the probabilities of assignment for the two gender groups, which can be particularly informative for understanding the scale of disparity.",1,-1,[],[34178]],["The difference version highlights disparities by showing the absolute differences in the probabilities between gender groups, offering a clear view of the magnitude of imbalance in concrete terms.",1,-1,[],[34178]],["measurements computed for statistical parity and representation parity",1,-1,[],[34178]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["group fairness",1,33164,[],[51840]],["representation parity",1,29970,[],[34178]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rede social",1,-1,[],[15136]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Muriel-Saiz et al. (2018) destacan la importancia de la inferencia de la manipulación de la información, el encuadramiento subjetivo, el estilo en la redacción, los enfoques y la creación de imaginarios distorsionados.",1,-1,[],[34676]],["el verdadero fundamento de todo Gobierno democrático",1,-1,[],[13999]],["la opinión pública influye decisivamente en los políticos y sus programas, pues cuando estos no atienden a la opinión pública esta no vuelve a brindarles su apoyo",1,-1,[],[13999]],["se materializa en los procesos electorales",1,-1,[],[13999]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda setting",1,425,[],[34676]],["espiral del silencio",1,5121,[],[34676]],["libertad de expresión",1,7307,[],[13999]],["libertad de pensamiento",1,22612,[],[13999]],["policentrismo",1,-1,[],[13999]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["place of birth and language",1,-1,[],[41241]],["the place of birth and language",1,-1,[],[41241]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Both methods help detect AI-generated or manipulated content and protect intellectual property.",1,-1,[],[36569]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital fingerprinting",1,-1,[],[36569]]],"sb":[["Fragile watermarks",1,-1,[],[28165]],["Semi-fragile watermarks",1,-1,[],[28165]],["robust watermarks",1,20249,[],[28165]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A coherent composition of elements was a dominant criterion mentioned by the students exclusively in phase 2.",1,-1,[],[123]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rumor propagation",1,-1,[],[57517]]],"sb":[["propagation pattern analysis",1,4743,[],[23811]],["response user analysis",1,-1,[],[23811]]],"sp":[["rumor detection",1,3268,[],[57517]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":71,"df":[],"de":[["Discourse analysis aims not only to show how discourses become and remain dominant over time but also how alternative discourses contest dominations and open up new ways of understanding phenomena",1,-1,[],[4928]],["Discourse analysis can be combined with topic modelling by connecting filtered comments/posts with the strength/size of the topics to thematise topic categories",1,-1,[],[41656]],["Discourse analysis comes out from political sciences, philosophy and linguistics.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["Discourse analysis is based on social scientific approaches, as textual data are studied via qualitative research methods within their social, historical, and geographical context.",1,-1,[],[56279]],["Discourse analysis is done as we wanted to identify and analyze how words and terms are used to describe a situation or an event.",1,-1,[],[46190]],["Discourse analysis often is concerned with deeper meaning, beyond counting words",1,-1,[],[56676]],["Discourse analysis will focus on texts to study how powerdependence relations between speakers were negotiated and constructed.",1,-1,[],[20492]],["Discourse analysis, although it is a major area in the study of language, is often neglected in foreign language teaching; this is particularly true for critical discourse analysis (CDA).",1,-1,[],[29773]],["Discourse analysts aim to understand the work discourses do.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["Discourse analysts aim to unveil these disciplinary linguistic structures, rather than examining the role of participants in a conversation that sustain these power dynamics.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["Discourse focuses not only on the sentences but on considering the use of language as well",1,-1,[],[53423]],["Discourse theory and analysis have shown how discursive practices, techniques or mechanisms are produced and reproduced in institutional systems.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["In discourse analysis, the concept of power is central and (discursive) structures are expected to discipline agents.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["In discourse analysis, the discursive networks around truth claims are the main focus -and how competing discourses struggle over dominance and create political meaning",1,-1,[],[4928]],["In discourse analysis, the discursive networks around truth claims are the main focus -and how competing discourses struggle over dominance and create political meaning (Smith Ochoa 2020).",1,-1,[],[4928]],["It examines characteristics of language and word use, description of topics in texts, through consistency and connection of words to theme analysis of content and establishment of central terms",1,-1,[],[20492]],["It explores how power is embedded in language and (re)produces dominant social structures.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["Scholars in discourse theory focus more on language as a disciplining structure than on the agency of actors speaking.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["The three approaches all include a critical stance toward the performativity of power in language-in -use.",1,-1,[],[4928]],["These practices allow people to produce some types of social discussions rather than others, with certain meanings both being made intelligible and foregrounded.",1,-1,[],[50019]],["complex socio-cognitive event involving social actors within a specific context (time, place, and circumstances)",1,-1,[],[30844]],["discourse analysis aims to understand power, dominance and resistance by studying language not as a neutral means but as a problematized medium through which actors not just describe but actively create the world (Wagenaar 2011).",1,-1,[],[4928]],["discourse analysis can be conducted on three levels: textual, contextual and sociological",1,-1,[],[4928]],["discourse analysis helps to provide a richer understanding of the subjective negative content, rather than labelling all content as offensive content.",1,-1,[],[41656]],["discourse analysis is thus suited to the examination of the dynamics of public knowledge production within the context of a hybrid media system.",1,-1,[],[26661]],["discourse analysis is used to identify how the media report, namely how politicians talk about the war and how these discourses can influence public opinion and government policies",1,-1,[],[46190]],["discourse analysis owes to much broader developments within more humanistic fields such as linguistics.",1,-1,[],[50019]],["it focuses on how social relations, identity, knowledge and power are constructed through written and spoken texts in communities.",1,-1,[],[13552]],["some practitioners might reject a positivist methodology.",1,-1,[],[56676]],["structural, and semiotic in nature",1,-1,[],[26870]],["the discipline, which regards discourse as a material entity in constant motion",1,-1,[],[30844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content analysis",2,12011,[],[20492,56676]],["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1,23921,[],[56701]],["deconstructing",1,-1,[],[4928]],["discourse studies",1,-1,[],[46713]],["dominance",1,24924,[],[4928]],["frame analysis",1,22238,[],[50019]],["framing analysis",1,5468,[],[4928]],["hegemony",1,1755,[],[4928]],["narrative analyses",1,1668,[],[4928]],["silence",1,27692,[],[4928]],["structure of power",1,-1,[],[4928]]],"sb":[["critical discourse analysis",3,23921,[["critical discourse analysis",2],["Critical Discourse Analysis",1],["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1]],[29773,56279,57093]],["Foucauldian",1,-1,[],[56279]],["content discourse analysis",1,-1,[],[57093]],["descriptive analysis (DA)",1,-1,[],[29773]],["discourse practice",1,24168,[],[13246]],["social practice",1,18104,[],[13246]],["text",1,7482,[],[13246]]],"sp":[["interpretive approaches",1,-1,[],[4928]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Selective empathy in media coverage, especially by Western journalists covering war and conflict in a non-Western context, translates into the white saviour syndrome, and can do more harm than good to those affected by war and conflict.",1,-1,[],[44183]],["can misrepresent humanitarian issues in media discourses. Selective empathy in media coverage, especially by Western journalists covering war and conflict in a non-Western context, translates into the white saviour syndrome, and can do more harm than good to those affected by war and conflict.",1,-1,[],[44183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["white saviour syndrome",1,-1,[],[44183]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Tangible aspects are the branded objects themselves, such as organizations, places, people, or specific policies (e.g. Eshuis and Klijn, 2012;Speed et al., 2015;White, 2002).",1,-1,[],[3219]],["Tangible aspects are the branded objects themselves, such as organizations, places, people, or specific policies (e.g. Eshuis and Klijn, 2012;Speed et al., 2015;White, 2002). The intangible part of a brand on the other hand consists of the positive associations that the brand is supposed to invoke.",1,-1,[],[3219]],["The intangible part of a brand on the other hand consists of the positive associations that the brand is supposed to invoke. In other words, a brand consists of a specific object and of all associations connected to it.",1,-1,[],[3219]],["a brand can be understood as a symbol that has both tangible and intangible aspects.",1,-1,[],[3219]],["a brand can be understood as a symbol that has both tangible and intangible aspects. Tangible aspects are the branded objects themselves, such as organizations, places, people, or specific policies (e.g. Eshuis and Klijn, 2012;Speed et al., 2015;White, 2002). The intangible part of a brand on the other hand consists of the positive associations that the brand is supposed to invoke.",1,-1,[],[3219]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["expressing",1,-1,[],[1793]],["impressing",1,2122,[],[1793]],["mirroring",1,12695,[],[1793]],["reflecting",1,13592,[],[1793]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotion",1,22181,[],[52279]],["sensation",1,28854,[],[52279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4227]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Human evaluation is able to verify that adversarial triggering is effective",1,-1,[],[46332]],["The search process then consists of iteratively calculating the loss on the labeled examples and using the gradient at the embedding layer to swap tokens at each trigger position such that the loss for desirable examples (based on classifier label) is reduced, and that of undesirable generations is increased.",1,-1,[],[46332]],["adversarial triggering methods do decrease the BiasScore across all benchmark datasets",1,-1,[],[46332]],["employed by Sheng et al. (2020) for bias reduction",1,-1,[],[46332]],["the debiasing method of adversarial triggering",1,-1,[],[49637]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-debiasing",1,34002,[],[46332]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["bridges notions of presence and movement",1,-1,[],[16515]],["the place in which I fi nd myself, my actual 'here,' is the starting point for my orientation in space",1,-1,[],[16515]],["the point from which the world unfolds: the here of the body and the where of its dwelling",1,-1,[],[16515]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emplacement",1,-1,[],[16515]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The international media is usually owned by governments or has some affiliation to a governmental agency",1,-1,[],[30449]],["the international media present news and commentary from the perspective of a particular state",1,-1,[],[20768]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the Voice of America, BBC World News, China's CCTV-9, Al Jazeera International, France 24, Russia's Vesti-TV, and Iran's Press TV.",1,-1,[],[20768]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person",1,-1,[],[44874]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["negative (-) means any negative or critical assessment in relation to the subject matter described in the content",1,-1,[],[31574]],["neutral (0) means any general or specific statement of something just described or claimed, but without taking a certain attitude",1,-1,[],[31574]],["positive (+) means any assessment that is affirmative in relation to the subject in question",1,-1,[],[31574]],["programmatic (!) means any assessment which proposes something that \"should be\" in relation to the matter in question",1,-1,[],[31574]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["This type of system relies on anti-media discourse and competes directly with mainstream journalism, presenting itself as an allegedly independent source of information untainted by political or elite interests, while in reality parasitizing mainstream content and offering ideologically compromised framings.",1,-1,[],[32403]],["a group of ideologically-charged, misinformation-laden channels",1,-1,[],[34724]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["right-wing YouTube ecosystem",1,-1,[],[59010]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["«dificultar los esfuerzos para promover los intereses, proteger los derechos o reconocer la dignidad de grupos marginales, definidos por religión, raza u origen étnico, situación inmigratoria, sexualidad, o género. . . considerando estas como desventajas o subestimando simbólicamente a estos en la cultura dominante»",1,-1,[],[10536]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media world",1,39,[],[43365]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["ideology",1,8315,[],[5807]],["orientation",1,13734,[],[54715]],["political leaning",1,31395,[],[54715]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, verum is factum is not a doctrine about the nature of truth but about the true.",1,-1,[],[59794]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The degree of clarity of the process through which the claim is processed and aligned with evidence to produce the justification makes the process selfexplanatory.",1,-1,[],[12103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Mental representations of emotion often, but not always, include some arousal-based content",1,-1,[],[7784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["information for node v is then defined as the harmonic mean of the information between v and every other node",1,-1,[],[20943]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["root causes",1,21893,[],[31714]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["development journalism",1,32020,[],[13029]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["word-target associations",1,27622,[],[6723]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["norms change informally and in haphazard fashion.",1,-1,[],[2258]]],"sy":[["Informal rules",1,-1,[],[10695]]],"rt":[["information effects",1,13539,[],[53215]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["politicians should not lie to the press; they should keep their campaign promises; they should consistently pursue a set of goals that are justifiable in terms of promoting the public good, not merely in terms of increasing their own odds of winning the next election.",1,-1,[],[2258]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Misdirection",1,17275,[],[9629]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4244]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The profitability of mass-audience news outlets hinges not on retaining the small but loyal audience of news junkies, but on attracting a larger and more lucrative marginal audience of people who are somewhat indifferent about public affairs news",1,-1,[],[48880]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news junkies",1,-1,[],[48880]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The output of this claim encoder is the prior belief of the veracity of the claim.",1,-1,[],[43361]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["evidence retrieval",1,10772,[],[1872]],["veracity prediction",1,25175,[],[1872]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["has long been considered a weaker selection criterion than 'bad news'",1,-1,[],[48975]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4232]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["In Media Studies, postfeminism may be used to refer to the changes in theory and media representations after second-wave feminism.",1,-1,[],[33368]],["It also points to a number of other relatively stable features that comprise or constitute a postfeminist discourse. These include the notion that femininity is a bodily property; the shift from objectification to subjectification; the emphasis upon self surveillance, monitoring and discipline; a focus upon individualism, choice and empowerment; the dominance of a makeover paradigm; a resurgence in ideas of natural sexual difference; a marked sexualisation of culture; and an emphasis upon consumerism and the commodification of difference.",1,-1,[],[8998]],["It may be best thought of as a distinctive kind of gendered neoliberalism.",1,-1,[],[9018]],["Postfeminism, influenced by diverse perspectives and individual stances, examines the suppression and dominance that exist by considering different facets of women's identities.",1,-1,[],[33368]],["Some of these core features of postfeminism, discussed in many books and articles, include the emphasis upon individualism, choice and agency; the disappearance -or at least muting -of vocabularies for talking about both structural inequalities and cultural influence (Kelan, 2009) the 'deterritorialisation' of patriarchy and its 'reterritorialisation' (McRobbie, 2009) in women's bodies and the beauty industrial complex (Elias, Gill & Scharff, 2017); the intensified surveillance of women (Winch, 2013); calls to work on, monitor and discipline the self (Ouellette, 2016) and the central significance of a 'makeover paradigm' (Heller, 2007;Weber, 2009) that extends beyond the surface of the body to an incitement to 'makeover' one's interior life, developing a new, 'upgraded' postfeminist subjectivity.",1,-1,[],[9018]],["These include the notion that femininity is a bodily property; the shift from objectification to subjectification; an emphasis upon self surveillance, monitoring and self-discipline; a focus on individualism, choice and empowerment; the dominance of a makeover paradigm; and a resurgence of ideas about natural sexual difference.",1,-1,[],[8998]],["a taken-for-granted common-sense that operates as a kind of gendered neoliberalism",1,-1,[],[9018]],["emphasis upon individualism, choice and agency; the disappearance -or at least muting -of vocabularies for talking about both structural inequalities and cultural influence (Kelan, 2009) the 'deterritorialisation' of patriarchy and its 'reterritorialisation' (McRobbie, 2009) in women's bodies and the beauty industrial complex (Elias, Gill & Scharff, 2017); the intensified surveillance of women (Winch, 2013); calls to work on, monitor and discipline the self (Ouellette, 2016) and the central significance of a 'makeover paradigm' (Heller, 2007;Weber, 2009) that extends beyond the surface of the body to an incitement to 'makeover' one's interior life, developing a new, 'upgraded' postfeminist subjectivity.",1,-1,[],[9018]],["it can be seen as having an affective and psychological dimension as well",1,-1,[],[33368]],["it instantiates a common sense that operates as a kind of gendered neoliberalism.",1,-1,[],[9018]],["its ability to change and mutate in relation to new ideas",1,-1,[],[9018]],["postfeminism, much like neoliberal capitalism in a broader context, possesses a unique 'structure of feeling' (as described by Williams in 2001Williams in [1961]]) or 'mood economy' (as articulated by Silva in 2013).",1,-1,[],[33368]],["postfeminist discourse simultaneously mediates between traditional oppositions in feminism, such as the feminine versus the feminist, by articulating ideas critical of the traditional status quo as such while also having the potential to subvert patriarchal notions",1,-1,[],[52726]],["postfeminist logics currently operate through a celebration of (a certain kind of) feminism, rather than its repudiation",1,-1,[],[9018]],["sensibility that characterises increasing numbers of films, television shows, adverts and other media products",1,-1,[],[8998]],["the film's narrative is crafted with a postfeminist standpoint, delving into the complexities of feminism, beauty standards, a critical examination of neoliberal consumerist culture, and the role of women within a seemingly abundant yet complex world of opportunities.",1,-1,[],[33368]],["the focus of critique should be on postfeminist media culture. This approach requires a shift away from reliance on a fixed and authentic form of feminism and instead calls for the utilization of postmodern and constructivist perspectives to analyse how gender is portrayed in contemporary media",1,-1,[],[33368]],["the term is used variously (and frequently contradictorily) to signal an epistemological break with (second wave) feminism, an historical shift (to a third wave), or a regressive political stance (backlash).",1,-1,[],[8998]],["the way it increasingly sets up norms and polices the kinds of feelings and emotions that are permissible, indeed intelligible (Butler, 1997)",1,-1,[],[9018]],["there is a growing emphasis on promoting happiness and a positive mindset, while systematically discouraging other emotions like anger and insecurity",1,-1,[],[33368]],["within postfeminist culture, there is a growing emphasis on promoting happiness and a positive mindset, while systematically discouraging other emotions like anger and 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Psychological gender differences result from individuals' accommodations or adaptations to the particular restrictions on or opportunities for their gender in their society.",1,-1,[],[7738]],["it points out that compared with men, women are socialized to decode emotions, women show higher sensitivity and responsiveness, and women are more able to regulate their dissatisfaction",1,-1,[],[14315]]],"sy":[["social role theory",1,3944,[],[7738]],["social structural theory",1,-1,[],[7738]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["discreditable stigmas",1,13813,[],[54062]],["discredited stigmas",1,1889,[],[54062]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["relatively unhindered private accumulation of wealth, as the neoliberal regime of accumulation has shown since the 1970s, comes into conflict with social justice and is likely to result in strong socio-economic inequality.",1,-1,[],[25208]],["the underlying worldview of liberal theory since John Locke and John Stuart Mill.",1,-1,[],[25208]],["underlying worldview of liberal theory since John Locke and John Stuart Mill",1,-1,[],[25208]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critique of liberalism",1,-1,[],[25208]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["pre-fabrication",1,29489,[],[4237]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This can include acknowledging the achievements or abilities of an individual, the strengths of an argument, or the positive outcomes of a particular action or policy.",1,-1,[],[16415]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attribute subsystem",1,12531,[],[16415]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["device-oriented",1,-1,[],[59373]],["device-oriented techniques",1,17880,[],[59373]],["holistic",1,-1,[],[59373]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["readers will find it easier to relate to and sympathize with the characters.",1,-1,[],[39276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Different social media platforms support various types of content formats, including text, images, videos, links, and hashtags.",1,-1,[],[39881]],["Each social media platform has its own application programming interface (API) with specific limitations on data access, including rate limits, data format restrictions, and access to historical data.",1,-1,[],[39881]],["Social media platforms have distinct network structures, user demographics, and engagement metrics that influence the spread of rumors.",1,-1,[],[39881]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["By maintaining and developing categories of 'the other' as a symbol of evil, ideas of the devil also serve the very purpose to create and maintain that very society, the boundaries of society and the perception of order.",1,-1,[],[14033]],["Folk devils are sometimes seen as penetrating society from the outside; at other times they have developed from within the very society they are now seen as posing a threat to.",1,-1,[],[14032]],["Sometimes they are a visible group; other times they become epitomized by a single individual or phenomenon, or they exist only as a potential threat.",1,-1,[],[14032,14033]],["The need to point out a devil who threatens to ruin the 'normal order' in society in turn helps to define that very same society.",1,-1,[],[14033]],["They are damaging in themselves -but also merely warning signs of the real, much deeper and more prevalent condition.",1,-1,[],[14033]],["They are damaging in themselves -but also merely warning signs of the real, much deeper and more prevalent condition. They are transparent (anyone can see what's happening) -but also opaque: accredited experts must explain the perils hidden behind the superficially harmless (decode a rock song's lyrics to see how they led to a school massacre).",1,-1,[],[14033]],["They are transparent (anyone can see what's happening) -but also opaque: accredited experts must explain the perils hidden behind the superficially harmless (decode a rock song's lyrics to see how they led to a school massacre).",1,-1,[],[14033]],["devilry is often perceived as humans taking on non-human (or devilish) characteristics",1,-1,[],[14032]],["individuals whose mere presence or actions feed a population's fear of a general degradation of society.",1,-1,[],[14033]],["it is often those labelling others as folk devils that in the end constitute the greatest threats to society",1,-1,[],[14032]],["the chapters in this section highlight the increasing role of folk devils in political practices and media representations",1,-1,[],[14032]],["the devil here is something, or someone, that has always been there but which suddenly (re)emerges as particularly evil.",1,-1,[],[14032]],["the folk devil emerges as an internal figure.",1,-1,[],[14032]],["the twin designations of enslaver and mafioso come to shape the caporale as a sort of 'folk devil'",1,-1,[],[30788]],["they share a trait with both folklore and horror stories.",1,-1,[],[14033]],["turning of folk devilry into an analytical tool allows him to look into how evil and accusation operates in more secular contexts",1,-1,[],[14032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["enslaver",1,-1,[],[30788]],["mafioso",1,-1,[],[30788]],["moral panic",1,15147,[["moral panic",1],["moral panics",1]],[14032,14033]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["LGBT persons",1,-1,[],[14033]],["Roma",1,-1,[],[14033]],["While the classic studies on moral panics stemmed from criminology and as such focused respectively on youth gangs (Cohen, 1972) or on young Afro-Caribbean males (Hall et al, 2013) as embodiments of folk devils, recent literature has broadened the scope of contemporary folk devils to include refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, rightwing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals, and even sugary foods (Frederiksen and Harboe Knudsen, 2021).",1,-1,[],[51046]],["accusations of sorcery and sugar as devilish",1,-1,[],[14032]],["adulteresses",1,-1,[],[14033]],["criminals",1,-1,[],[14033]],["goblins and spectres",1,-1,[],[14032]],["labelling of asylum seekers as folk devils",1,-1,[],[14032]],["middle-class hipster figure",1,-1,[],[14032]],["refugees",1,-1,[],[14033]],["refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, right-wing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals and sugary foods",1,-1,[],[14032,14033]],["refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, rightwing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals, and even sugary foods",1,-1,[],[51046]],["the image of the Roma as a folk devil exhibits not only stigmatizing characteristics but also complicated relationships in terms of tension and expectations between the 'decent and productive majority' and the 'inadaptable minority'",1,-1,[],[14032]],["working migrants",1,-1,[],[14033]],["young Afro-Caribbean males (Hall et al, 2013)",1,-1,[],[51046]],["youth gangs (Cohen, 1972)",1,-1,[],[51046]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Check-worthiness",1,18855,[],[58068]]],"ex":[["Claims in sentences containing references to reports and investigations can be checked by accessing these documents.",1,-1,[],[58068]],["Opinions and value judgments that contain statements about some fact: \"In practice, not all pregnant women receive flu shots, and I think that universal vaccination of pregnant women could get us into a whole new set of problems.\"",1,-1,[],[58068]],["Own emotions and mood that contain affirmations about some fact: \"As a physician, I feel very bad because I believe our vaccine is a good treatment that can extend these people's lives.\"",1,-1,[],[58068]],["Questions that contain statements about some fact: \"Olive oil comes from olives, peanut oil from peanuts, sunflower oil from sunflowers; but what is a canola?\"",1,-1,[],[58068]],["Specific predictions that can be checked. They will be relevant if they are interesting to a wide audience: \"The more people get vaccinated, the less severe this Omicron outbreak will be.\"",1,-1,[],[58068]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["natural language watermarking methods represent watermarks by replacing words in original sentences with synonyms from handcrafted lexical resources (e.g., WordNet), but they do not consider the substitution's impact on the overall sentence's meaning.",1,-1,[],[57910]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["PTs shared stories from their biographical experiences, and the scope of the conversations was limited to themselves.",1,-1,[],[25437]],["such as deviance from the expectations present in moral positioning.",1,-1,[],[25437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["moral and personal positioning",1,-1,[],[25437]],["moral positioning",1,27237,[],[25437]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Positioning",1,10894,[],[25437]],["modes of positioning",1,-1,[],[25437]],["positioning theory",1,7628,[],[25437]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It is actually an associative network, or a schemer schema (Wright 1986).",1,-1,[],[3494]],["These nodes have cognitive, affective and moral meanings related to advertising.",1,-1,[],[3494]],["children will rely on their dispositional advertising literacy by retrieving and activating the relevant (cognitive, affective and moral) information nodes within the associative network",1,-1,[],[3494]],["this associative network consists of information nodes entailing cognitive, moral and affective associations related to advertising.",1,-1,[],[3494]]],"sy":[["associative network",1,29894,[],[3494]],["schemer schema",1,-1,[],[3494]]],"rt":[["associative network",1,29894,[],[3494]],["situational advertising literacy",1,21442,[],[3494]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["advertising literacy",1,12379,[],[3494]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ELM",1,19183,[],[33589]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dual-process theories",1,24434,[],[33589]]],"ex":[]}]