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belief.",1]],[1778,7040,44282,50651,58037,60727]],["circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief",3,-1,[],[39743,43258,60197]],["an adjective [. . .] in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief",2,-1,[["an adjective [. . .] in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief",1],["an adjective… in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief",1],["an adjective… in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.",1]],[18028,32475]]],"de":[["'Post-truth' is first and foremost a slur word: it serves to smear its referents, but without contributing to an understanding of their nature or significance.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["A person in this condition does not care whether her beliefs in general are true or false.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["A post-truth society is one in which subjective viewpoints and unverified assumptions rival valid scientific facts.",1,-1,[],[60727]],["According to Su (2023), 'post-truth' encompasses the processes and structures bringing forth fake news, misinformation, confirmation bias, and alternative facts, and includes the public's reactions to them (Su, 2023, 4).",1,-1,[],[58037]],["At one level post-truth describes a phenomenon where people trust in their own beliefs and common sense rather than seeking expert advice or knowledge",1,-1,[],[19915]],["In the media sphere, post-truth is a quasi-real environment favourable to pseudo-news.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["In the media sphere, post-truth is seen as a quasi-real environment favourable to pseudo-news",1,-1,[],[27341]],["In the post-truth 'condition' there is a rift between evidence and truth.",1,-1,[],[3428]],["In this context, post-truth is seen as a correlation between the real and the imaginary (desired), myth and history.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["It is a falsehood that continues to be accepted even knowing that it is a false, which does not prevent decisions based on it",1,-1,[],[29292]],["It signifies a state in which society finds itself and is distinguished by an anxiety that popular movements and autocratic political leaders are not respecting truth or facts.",1,-1,[],[28511]],["Lewandowsky and colleagues identify large-scale trends such as declining social capital, rising economic inequality and political polarization, diminishing trust in science, and an increasingly fragmented media landscape as the processes underlying the shift toward the \"post-truth.\"",1,-1,[],[51026]],["Lying has essentially become a faultless trespass",1,-1,[],[46727]],["Post-truth blurs the boundaries between lies and truth, significantly detrimental to modern society.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["Post-truth in the interpretation of this philosopher turns into a new verbal \"clothing\" of truth",1,-1,[],[27341]],["Post-truth is a consequence of occurring postmodern processes (in particular, mediatization), technological transformations (the widespread use of digital means of communication), changes in social communication (competition of influential actors in the information space), and a general decline in trust in social institutions.",1,-1,[],[38852]],["Post-truth is a discourse that ignores the facts, the truths, and the knowledge that affect individuals and societies.",1,-1,[],[37467]],["Post-truth is gradually turning into a space of growing disinformation for the benefit of various political forces or groups (Rabin-Havt, 2016).",1,-1,[],[27341]],["Stories and news appealing to the emotion and personal beliefs appear to be more believable and capable of shaping public opinion, a phenomenon that obviously seems to erode the credibility of gate-kept news and reports and verified content.",1,-1,[],[60197]],["The cognitive parameter of post-truth, \"truthfulness/truth\", is replaced by the pragmatic parameter \"benefit/profitability/attractiveness\".",1,-1,[],[27341]],["The decreasing level of trust in established institutions and sources of information is a hallmark of post-truth sentiments",1,-1,[],[60727]],["The destructive consequences of post-truth (in particular, spreading fake news, devaluation of facts, etc.), which destroy public discourse in the media environment, and exacerbate political and social differences, and the resonance that arises around these consequences speak to the growing need for relevant research.",1,-1,[],[38852]],["The effect of post-truth is based on such a feature of the human psyche as the habit of fitting any new information to existing and entrenched stereotypes, while finding out the truth often disappoints the reader, and a sense of anger contributes to the perception of information regardless of its objectivity and accuracy.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["The intent is to make individuals ignore their own judgment, and eventually sway public opinion towards the promoted falsehood",1,-1,[],[36120]],["The post-truth condition is a post-political condition.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["The post-truth phenomenon reflects the transformation of public discourse that deals with the distortion of media reality.",1,-1,[],[38852]],["The posttruth world is one in which perceptions are more important than truth, and an era in which all sorts of manipulations and fake content can be directed to masses of people with ease.",1,-1,[],[61006]],["The thesis is then that the explanation of the undesirable political trends in question is that people have stopped forming their opinions based on facts, and have fallen into the grip of emotional and irrational influences incubated by social media and other aspects of twenty-firstcentury life.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["The word 'post-truth' was chosen as the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2016",1,-1,[],[28118]],["These false and misleading statements are used to gaslight the population.",1,-1,[],[36120]],["This concern is manifested in a constant preoccupation with accusations of dishonesty, which in turn promotes public scepticism and distrust.",1,-1,[],[47143]],["This is because the deepest human truth is emotional, subjective and does not need facts.",1,-1,[],[49883]],["This is manipulative and unjust.",1,-1,[],[55150]],["Uma característica óbvia de um mundo post truth é que ele permite que as pessoas escolham a sua própria realidade, onde factos e evidências objetivas são superados por crenças e preconceitos.",1,-1,[],[20004]],["Use of the term is associated less with simple nostalgia for past centuries than with a modified Whiggish view of history: society was progressing steadily towards ever greater enlightenment, rationality and freedom, until recently when -with the aid of such historically unprecedented innovations as social media -it all went horribly wrong, in a way emblematised by Brexit in Britain and by Trump in the US.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["a great deal of it is deliberate, strategically aimed at disinforming as a way to manage opponents and/or govern by capturing attention",1,-1,[],[41097]],["an attachment that proved impervious to rational persuasion or even to factual truth.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["an era in which all sorts of manipulations and fake content can be directed to masses of people with ease",1,-1,[],[61007]],["an era in which audiences are more likely to believe information that appeals to emotions or existing personal beliefs, as opposed to seeking and readily accepting information regarded as factual or objective",1,-1,[],[55150]],["an era when post-truth seems to have become the norm",1,-1,[],[19915]],["an individualised consumerism of the mind whose logical consequences are being drawn by the subjectivistic rhetoric of 'post-truth'",1,-1,[],[32459]],["distrust and hostility shown towards expert opinion.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["employed to talk about popular speech and behaviour which the employer of that notion finds puzzling in their apparent deludedness or irrationality.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["encompasses the processes and structures bringing forth fake news, misinformation, confirmation bias, and alternative facts, and includes the public's reactions to them",1,-1,[],[58037]],["equivalence of hyperreality and posttruth on social media.",1,-1,[],[34887]],["fake news is a manifestation of post-truth.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["first and foremost a slur word: it serves to smear its referents, but without contributing to an understanding of their nature or significance.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["if, put simply, post-truth only really works because people, out of laziness or resentment, are willing to believe its lies and allow themselves to be manipulated in this fashion",1,-1,[],[10581]],["in which lies are told indiscriminately and facts are hidden",1,-1,[],[37467]],["it involves the denier in a kind of fantasised power over reality itself in the form of the ultimate reality: the nature of our planetary system, and thus of life itself.",1,-1,[],[32459]],["it is becoming increasingly difficult for citizens to separate fact from fiction",1,-1,[],[15927]],["it is either totally banal (e.g. if it is observing that politicians sometimes lie or bullshit or that people's beliefs are sometimes distorted by emotion), or it is both wildly audacious and philosophically confused (e.g. conflating narrowmindedness with a form of relativism and attributing both to large swathes of the population on the basis of scant-to-non-existent evidence).",1,-1,[],[48234]],["it is no longer the plumb line for building and using discourses in the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[39743]],["it was already an implicit feature of past Nazi and Soviet propaganda systems",1,-1,[],[36120]],["manipulation of factual truths, lying in political discourse, and misinformation dissemination techniques on social media platforms",1,-1,[],[60854]],["not the claim to truth, but the pronouncement of the 'perceived truth' is trend-setting",1,-1,[],[44282]],["often used without much consciousness or explicit explanation of its meaning.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["people have started to make decisions based on emotions and perception, relying on perception management fuelled by fake news and misinformation rather than the truth.",1,-1,[],[37467]],["people were ignoring facts and reality in favor of their personal opinions or perspectives on events.",1,-1,[],[60854]],["performs actions of its own: a protest against a protest, a cry for a return to politics as usual, and a distraction from the basic project of trying to understand what is happening.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["perhaps she is simply fond of uttering certain statements, and acting 'as if' she believed certain things to be true, without actually believing them to be true -yet not necessarily believing them to be false either.",1,-1,[],[48234]],["post-truth avoids the space of critical analysis, dialogue or polylogue (Samchuk, 2022), as it does not provide for a \"bridge\", i.e. feedback between the addressee and the addressee (Samchuk & Hurkivska, 2023).",1,-1,[],[27341]],["post-truth is a dislocation, a crisis, and one that is constructed as a major problem against which the universities must act.",1,-1,[],[28511]],["post-truth is not a new phenomenon but rooted in human's built-in cognitive biases, shared by liberals and conservatives alike.",1,-1,[],[41097]],["post-truth is often seen as an ideological truth that builds a single coordinate system and worldview for society",1,-1,[],[27341]],["post-truth is seen as a correlation between the real and the imaginary (desired), myth and history",1,-1,[],[27341]],["post-truth names less the collapse of truth than the collapse of its liberal self-evidence",1,-1,[],[32273]],["post-truth refers to a much more pervasive phenomenon than mere political deceit.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["post-truth thus represents a crisis of political life.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["public debates no longer anchored in a supposed objectivity of facts, but in circumstantial versions immersed with the most ardent feelings and affections",1,-1,[],[39743]],["rationality threatened by emotion, diversity by nativism, freedom by autocracy (D'Ancona, 2018), characteristic of the post-truth phenomenon",1,-1,[],[50062]],["resulting in us living in a post-truth era.",1,-1,[],[55150]],["seen not only in the lies, falsehoods, 'alternative facts' and distortions promulgated by those in power, but in the constant attacks on the media as the 'enemies of the people'.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["social media have established their place at the core of the post-truth phenomenon",1,-1,[],[59759]],["the age of post-truth is a time of obstinate irrationality, which subverts many of the great advances that humanity has conquered",1,-1,[],[50062]],["the audience rejects facts that do not fit into the post-truth ideology.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["the authors propose to consider fake news as a manifestation of post-truth",1,-1,[],[27341]],["the emergence of the post-truth phenomenon indicates a fundamentally new reality and perception of this reality.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["the ideology of truth is opposed to the counter-ideology of post-truth",1,-1,[],[27341]],["the increasing evasion of audited and impartial facts in the contemporary design of public opinion",1,-1,[],[44282]],["the loss is not of truth as such but of a common world in which we can so much as experience common sense and so a shared reality.",1,-1,[],[60854]],["the loss of truth but rather the loss of a shared reality",1,-1,[],[60854]],["the meaning of post-truth (the problem at hand) was constructed as an external disorder by emphasising a sense of urgency, with the future portrayed as dystopian, and a frightening hypothetical scenario being presented.",1,-1,[],[28511]],["the notion of post-truth",1,-1,[],[19915]],["the notion of post-truth certainly represents a crisis for universities, there is at the same time an opening for attaching new meanings to the concepts associated with knowledge production -that it is possible to rearrange the ideals attached to knowledge and truth in order to potentially include more perspectives or broaden the understanding of knowledge, rather than to fix them in narrow ways.",1,-1,[],[28511]],["the prefix \"post-\" has an atypical meaning as a time when the value of truth has been lost",1,-1,[],[27341]],["the rejection of facts in preference for feelings and the prioritization of my right to judge ahead of the judgments of experts",1,-1,[],[59759]],["the utilitarian nature of post-truth, as individuals and society are focused on so-called \"useful\" truths.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["to account for a quick, almost \"intuitive\" understanding of a situation where the previously recognized and cultivated \"truth\" no longer prevails; it is no longer the plumb line for building and using discourses in the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[39743]],["truth, once deemed essential to political life, even if it was more honoured in the breach than in the observance, becomes relativised into a series of competing 'truth markets'.",1,-1,[],[10581]],["underscores the fragmentation of audiences that results from commoditizing news on social media",1,-1,[],[34887]],["what it designates -the prevalence of beliefs over evidence -is an ancestral tendency of humanity",1,-1,[],[32718]],["what they are diagnosing is not (or not only) a change in the amount or nature of the mendacity and manipulation perpetrated by politicians, but a more profound and widespread shift in attitudes to the very ideas of truth and falsehood.",1,-1,[],[48234]]],"sy":[["post-factual",2,25532,[],[44282,48724]],["posttruth",2,14186,[],[28511,44282]],["Fake news",1,33960,[],[19848]],["communicative untruthfulness",1,-1,[],[4501]],["post-fact",1,17046,[],[1180]],["post-faktisch",1,20769,[["post-faktisch",1],["postfaktisch",1]],[44282]],["post-truth age",1,3237,[],[37467]],["post-truth era",1,2512,[],[37467]],["postistinitoj epohi",1,-1,[],[44282]],["pós-verdade",1,31946,[],[20004]],["truth contestation",1,-1,[],[4501]]],"rt":[["fake news",8,33960,[],[10581,27341,28511,34887,36120,39743,48234,60197]],["alternative facts",3,31822,[],[10581,28511,48234]],["disinformation",3,17423,[],[27341,34887,54218]],["propaganda",2,34203,[],[34887,48234]],["The post-truth system is embedded in a culture saturated with promotionalism and propaganda.",1,-1,[],[47143]],["abandonment of evidential standards in reasoning",1,-1,[],[36120]],["argumentative discourse",1,32838,[],[39743]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[19915]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[19915]],["continuation of a longer process of devaluing truth in political discussion",1,-1,[],[60854]],["desinformação",1,23575,[],[20004]],["fact resistance",1,-1,[],[28511]],["factual truth",1,19351,[],[39743]],["falsehood",1,10681,[],[48234]],["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[28511]],["gaslighting",1,20207,[],[36120]],["hyperreality",1,2095,[],[34887]],["knowledge relativism",1,5173,[],[28511]],["lying",1,32166,[],[48234]],["made-up stories",1,-1,[],[28511]],["media image",1,-1,[],[39743]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[10581]],["new media landscape",1,-1,[],[28511]],["obfuscation of facts",1,-1,[],[36120]],["outright lying",1,-1,[],[36120]],["political deceit",1,-1,[],[10581]],["political lie",1,10931,[],[10581]],["post-politics",1,30614,[],[10581]],["post-truth politics",1,4184,[],[27341]],["post-truth talk",1,-1,[],[48234]],["postfaktisch",1,20769,[],[44282]],["rational truth",1,-1,[],[39743]],["worldlessness",1,-1,[],[60854]]],"sb":[["climate-denial",1,21898,[],[32459]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[27341]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Donald Trump's election victories, both as a Republican candidate and as president of the United States",1,-1,[],[39743]],["accusations of 'fake news' against the mainstream media",1,-1,[],[10581]],["populist nationalism in the United States and the United Kingdom, where political changes were driven by the fear and grievances of the middle class, who wanted to be heard.",1,-1,[],[27341]],["the Brexit victory, a term used to describe the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union",1,-1,[],[39743]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["temporal analysis",1,2181,[],[55091]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attentional deployment",1,10745,[],[56086]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Imagined Communities",1,24346,[],[14038]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["the threshold is reduced inside the cluster compared to the outside",1,-1,[],[33838]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["polarization",2,21850,[],[1042,35550]],["network segregation",1,12843,[],[1205]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["polarization",1,21850,[],[35550]]],"ex":[["hate speech is highly subjective",1,-1,[],[20071]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Using vagueness or ambiguity to mask a lack of meaningfulness",1,-1,[],[19669]],["believing in meaningless claims",1,-1,[],[14140]],["may seem humorous, but research has shown that individuals who ascribe meaning to such sentences are also prone to believe in alternative medicine, angels, and pseudoscience, as well as fake news or propaganda",1,-1,[],[32231]],["pseudo-profound bullshit -may be one of many different types. We focus on pseudo-profound bullshit because it represents a rather extreme point on what could be considered a spectrum of bullshit.",1,-1,[],[19669]],["pseudo-profound bullshit betrays a concern for verisimilitude or truthiness",1,-1,[],[19669]]],"sy":[["pseudo-profound statements",1,-1,[],[14140]],["woo-woo nonsense",1,-1,[],[19669]]],"rt":[["bullshit",1,29347,[],[19669]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bullshit",2,29347,[],[19669,32231]]],"ex":[["\"Attention and intention are the mechanics of manifestation.\"",1,-1,[["\"Attention and intention are the mechanics of manifestation.\"",1],["Attention and intention are the mechanics of manifestation",1]],[19669]],["\"Wholeness quiets infinite phenomena\"",1,-1,[["\"Wholeness quiets infinite phenomena\"",1],["Wholeness quiets infinite phenomena",1]],[19669]],["Interdependence is rooted in ephemeral actions",1,-1,[],[14140]],["statements containing a random collection of buzzwords",1,-1,[],[19669]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["demographic proxies",1,3320,[],[57162]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["Authority relationships are those in which the change in behaviour is ultimately due to the command to obey, regardless of the interests of either party.",1,-1,[],[36010]],["Both of these factors assure that the content is not written by an anonymous user and links to the profile can assist verifying credentials of the author.",1,-1,[],[5851]],["Credentials which signify specialized knowledge, another means of establishing authority, also commonly engender trust on the part of a testimony recipient",1,-1,[],[23718]],["Historical accuracy is of significant importance when evaluating authority [13]. That is, has the information conveyed by a particular source been accurate in the past.",1,-1,[],[23718]],["If power is understood as the ability to influence actions and thoughts",1,-1,[],[8390]],["In other words, this is perceived as governance achieved by leaders'decisions and guidance in regulating the participation of their subjects, who must obey, like they would a strict parent.",1,-1,[],[50340]],["The element of legitimacy is crucial to the notion of authority and is the primary means by which authority is distinguished from the more general notion of power.",1,-1,[],[36010]],["The source of this authority may be legal, financial, or otherwise, regardless of whether the authority is temporary or permanent, legitimate or illegitimate.",1,-1,[],[14758]],["Under social network theory",1,-1,[],[21149]],["interlocutors that are perceived as being free of bias, may be perceived as authorities and establish themselves as trustworthy testifiers",1,-1,[],[23718]],["moral commitments to social cohesion and respect for established structures or principles",1,-1,[],[50254]],["such as the authority of men to make decisions for women",1,-1,[],[50254]]],"sy":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[42465]]],"rt":[["power",2,24789,[],[8390,36010]],["Loyalty",1,18797,[],[50254]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[42465]]],"sb":[["Authoritative relationships",1,4583,[],[36010]],["authority in the media",1,13152,[],[8390]]],"sp":[["Moral Foundation Theory",1,4884,[],[22902]],["belief fixation",1,2296,[],[57771]],["foundations of morality",1,-1,[],[50254]],["frames",1,7860,[],[38560]],["resources",1,16723,[],[10656]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a desinformação tem sido utilizada como arma política numa guerra híbrida em que fake news, entre outras ações como lawfare e intervenção eleitoral externa entre outras, são utilizadas como métodos convencionais e não convencionais",1,-1,[],[24747]],["o termo guerra híbrida aparece em 2005, podendo remontar aos atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001, e foi posteriormente usado para descrever a estratégia utilizada pelo Hezbollah na segunda guerra do Líbano de 2006.",1,-1,[],[24747]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["intervenção eleitoral externa",1,-1,[],[24747]],["lawfare",1,-1,[],[24747]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["estratégia utilizada pelo Hezbollah na segunda guerra do Líbano de 2006",1,-1,[],[24747]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["The historian accepts complexity and ambiguity, and history changes when new evidence is discovered (e.g., primary source documents).",1,-1,[],[19247]]],"sy":[["narrative",1,10497,[],[23472]]],"rt":[["collective memory",1,28433,[],[23472]],["collective remembering",1,584,[],[19247]],["heritage",1,32982,[],[38534]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["race and gender discriminations caused by exciting biases in dataset or classifiers lead to unfairness against the same groups that the classifiers are trained to protect.",1,-1,[],[56834]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["reality apathy",1,14619,[],[12767]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["demand-and supply-side factors",1,-1,[],[29125]],["science-related populism",1,32708,[],[8765]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The creation or dissemination of disinformation to gain financially can first of all be connected to the spread of deceptive narratives by online (alternative or hyper-partisan) information platforms, who may amplify deceptive content as such information sells better in a competitive market.",1,-1,[],[5536]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["deception has been associated with fossil fuel companies and associated actors who aim to mislead the public about climate change developments",1,-1,[],[5536]],["health disinformation where deceptive content is created to induce anxiety which may stimulate purchasing behavior (i.e., medicines or alternative treatments that allegedly alleviate the threat)",1,-1,[],[5536]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sensitization as a technique does not try to legitimize the existence of the Pride March or the fight for LGBTQ rights.",1,-1,[],[58351]],["Showing these pictures (literally and metaphorically) can make viewers sympathize with the minority.",1,-1,[],[58351]],["sensitization is the next step -active support for the group, the vocalized fight for LGBTQ rights (such as marriage and childbearing).",1,-1,[],[58351]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Acceptance",1,1906,[],[58351]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["speculative markets",1,2911,[],[6325]]],"ex":[["which horse will win a race",1,-1,[],[6325]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["relative privation",1,-1,[],[23611]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Emotion",1,-1,[],[23611]],["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23611]]],"ex":[["Why worry about littering when there are bigger problems like global warming?",1,-1,[],[23611]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Legal pressure",1,-1,[],[53647]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the idea can also apply to epistemic uncertainty about possible explanations or facts when it takes the form of a 'none of the above' category, meaning an eventuality that cannot currently be given a label.",1,-1,[],[5693]],["used as a motivation for developing resilient strategies for dealing with unforeseen future events",1,-1,[],[5693]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they might be simply 'talking the talk' or engaging in 'virtue signaling': mimicking dominant elite discourse rather than expressing genuinely held beliefs (cf. Engelhardt, 2023)",1,-1,[],[44231]]],"sy":[["talking the talk",1,-1,[],[44231]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue frames",1,27651,[],[42017]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["tweets with indirect stances towards Trump mention neither his firstname, lastname nor his Twitter handle (@realdonaldtrump).",1,-1,[],[44658]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I saw the film.",1,-1,[],[48618]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These processes do not focus on actions in a tangible, physical sense, but mental reactions about thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.",1,-1,[],[43839]],["expressing that something is being sensed (seeing, smelling), felt (fearing, loving) or experienced 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machine.",1,-1,[],[17128]],["The mobilities and mobilizations that are part of mobile witnessing can engage citizens beyond mere spectatorship.",1,-1,[],[17128]],["mobile testimony is seen in terms of performances and speech acts between different parties, including mute witnesses, the survivor witness and the witness(es) to the survivor (s)",1,-1,[],[17128]],["mobile witnessing can involve engagement beyond mere spectatorship, establishing new ways of recording events in the 'war on terror'",1,-1,[],[17128]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["citizen journalism",1,34430,[],[17128]],["ethical witnessing",1,33382,[],[17128]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["deterrence",1,34662,[],[28545]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["provides a structure around which to conceptualize power relationships between individuals, communities, and organizations that create social biases, oppressing some and 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actor's interpretation of the world.",1,-1,[],[26626]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These kinds of lexicons are usually lists of words to which a positive or negative or/and an emotion-related label (or score) is associated.",1,-1,[],[22556]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Incentivizing countermeasures do not necessarily prevent digital astroturfing, but by rewarding more openly honest activity, incentivizing countermeasures make digital astroturfing less prominent and thus, potentially, less impactful.",1,-1,[],[13100]],["Incentivizing honest behavior does not prevent digital astroturfing from occurring, but by rewarding honest behavior, honest online activity can become publicly discernible from online activity for which there is no information about its authenticity.",1,-1,[],[13100]],["incentivizing countermeasures against digital astroturfing are not without downsides. One major downside is the temporal component of incentivization: It takes time, first, to implement incentives, and second, for a critical part of a given user base to react to incentives.",1,-1,[],[13100]],["incentivizing countermeasures involve not only technical innovation, but observation of and interaction with users as well.",1,-1,[],[13100]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[["the willingness of the audience to be vulnerable to news content based on the expectation that the media will perform in a satisfactory manner",3,-1,[],[9726,28082,29977]]],"de":[["For the purpose of this study, we therefore define media trust as a form of institutional trust; it is the willingness of the audience to be vulnerable to news content based on the expectation that the media will perform in a satisfactory manner.",1,-1,[],[9726]],["However, journalism's roles are perceived differently in different societies (see long tradition of 'Four theories of press' by Siebert et al., 1956;later Mellado, 2015), thus trust is a cultural phenomenon related to the social and cultural context (Tsfati and Ariely, 2014).",1,-1,[],[28082]],["However, studies of media trust do not question that trust is a relationship between trustor and trustee, i.e., the news media has a role in creating or destroying trust.",1,-1,[],[28082]],["In an environment where the media are relatively independent, professional, and able to provide trustworthy information, high levels of media trust are a welcome sign and an indicator of a well-functioning civic culture and democratic environment.",1,-1,[],[24228]],["In contrast, where mainstream media are unable to function independently and act largely as amplifiers of official narratives, high levels of media trust may indicate the exact opposite-namely, that the media no longer serve democratic ends, but are rather seen as trustworthy sources of official, government-sanctioned views.",1,-1,[],[24228]],["Media trust (range 1-5, MW1 = 2.32, SD W1 = 0.87 and MW2 = 2.33, SD W2 = 0.90) was also measured using an item adapted from the General Social Survey asking respondents how much confidence they had in mass media.",1,-1,[],[36633]],["Media trust is an important factor here as it is associated with higher levels of compliance with pandemic-containment measures (H1N1 outbreak; Prati et al, 2011).",1,-1,[],[14774]],["The asset being referred to is fragile and intangible, and is highly relational in nature. It is sensitive to social, economic, cultural, and technological changes",1,-1,[],[33270]],["The findings demonstrate that media trust cannot be understood solely as an individual attitude toward news sources, but must also be analysed in relation to cultural belonging, collective memory, and geopolitical context.",1,-1,[],[28082]],["Therefore, most trust frameworks in journalism studies consider media trust as a general sentiment rather than something specific to certain situations or individual outlets (Engelke et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[33270]],["Williams (2012) introduced the term 'media trust' as an analytical approach, distinguishing it from interpersonal and institutional trust, and linking it to audience engagement with various news outlets.",1,-1,[],[33270]],["a form of institutional trust",1,-1,[],[9726]],["a single question may fall short as to capture all the intricacies behind users' level of trust",1,-1,[],[33270]],["asking about trust also assumes every user understands this issue in the same fashion, which can indeed be understood from many different perspectives",1,-1,[],[33270]],["citizens to place trust in media not because they offer impartial or accurate coverage of public affairs, but because they provide an account of a reality they personally agree with or-in the extreme case-because their account of reality is aligned with the one promoted by those in power.",1,-1,[],[24228]],["it is established through a cognitive and relational process in which individuals evaluate the qualities of an information source, the content of its messages, or the media system as a whole",1,-1,[],[33270]],["media is what creates a common information space for a community; especially when it comes to language communities.",1,-1,[],[28082]],["media trust as a phenomenon with high proximity and low level of generalization, it affects anyone in a rather similar manner.",1,-1,[],[28082]],["media trust is built upon the idea that news consumers expect journalists to function adequately on their behalf while also adhering to societal norms but accept some risk in this expectation due to an uncertain future.",1,-1,[],[45380]],["media trust is not always unambiguously positive, contrary to what much writing in the field assumes. Rather, its normative benefits vary with context.",1,-1,[],[24228]],["media trust is strongly influenced by factors emanating from the media system, political system, and political culture",1,-1,[],[9726]],["media trust-contrary to the gist of much writing on the topic among media and communication researchers-is not always unambiguously positive, but rather that its normative implications vary with context",1,-1,[],[24228]],["most incorporate the idea that consumers (a) exhibit vulnerability based on past experiences with or expectations of the media, (b) acknowledge some risk or uncertainty due to the acceptance of an unknown future (Hanitzsch et al., 2018;Mayer et al., 1995), and (c) see a reduction of social complexity (Luhmann, 2018).",1,-1,[],[45380]],["most of the time, the terms refer to trust in traditional news media such as newspapers.",1,-1,[],[5376]],["most trust frameworks in journalism studies consider media trust as a general sentiment rather than something specific to certain situations or individual outlets",1,-1,[],[33270]],["people's trust in media is no longer principally guided by established professional journalistic standards and values such as independence, impartiality, or objectivity.",1,-1,[],[24228]],["perceived credibility, which we highlight in this paper as an important aspect of media trust",1,-1,[],[45380]],["place trust in media not because they offer impartial or accurate coverage of public affairs, but because they provide an account of reality they personally agree with or, in extreme cases, because their account of reality is aligned with the one promoted by those in power",1,-1,[],[24228]],["the use of a single question to measure this phenomenon does not allow us to identify its multidimensional nature",1,-1,[],[33270]],["trust in the news media",1,-1,[],[9726]],["trust is a cultural phenomenon related to the social and cultural context",1,-1,[],[28082]],["trust is a relationship between trustor and trustee",1,-1,[],[28082]]],"sy":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[45380]],["news media trust",1,19803,[],[5376]],["trust in the media",1,14276,[],[9726]]],"rt":[["trustee",2,11134,[["trustee",1],["trustees",1]],[5376,28082]],["trustor",2,1328,[["trustor",1],["trustors",1]],[5376,28082]],["accuracy",1,5235,[],[30817]],["cultural-historical dimension of media trust",1,28550,[],[28082]],["fairness",1,27748,[],[30817]],["institutional trust",1,16801,[],[33270]],["media credibility",1,17467,[],[24228]],["news credibility",1,7907,[],[53542]],["political trust",1,31826,[],[9726]],["telling the whole story",1,-1,[],[30817]],["unbiased",1,15131,[],[30817]]],"sb":[["generalized trust",1,30735,[],[45380]],["specific trust",1,29829,[],[45380]]],"sp":[["institutional trust",1,16801,[],[9726]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Occulture is something, in other words, that characterizes contemporary post-secularism.",1,-1,[],[5613]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspirational",1,-1,[],[5613]],["cultic milieu",1,2011,[],[5613]],["esoteric",1,-1,[],[5613]],["paranormal",1,-1,[],[5613]],["spiritual",1,-1,[],[5613]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Further, Punch argues that systemic change must take place following cases of systemic failure if confidence is to be restored and that 'the more \"systemic\" the deviance, the more profound and far-reaching the changes have to be' (Punch 2003: 194).",1,-1,[],[42397]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rotten apple",1,8305,[],[42397]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast, our models are trained jointly for all topics and are evaluated for zero-shot stance detection on a large number of new test topics (i.e., none of the zero-shot test topics occur in the training data).",1,-1,[],[11576]],["collecting training data for every potential target is impractical",1,-1,[],[33931]],["is crucial for developing widely applicable stance models.",1,-1,[],[31883]],["where the classifier is evaluated on new, previously seen topics",1,-1,[],[12009]],["which is a more accurate evaluation of a model's ability to generalize to the newly emerging targets in the real world scenario",1,-1,[],[7393]],["zero-shot stance detection (a classifier is evaluated on a large number of completely new topics)",1,-1,[],[11576]],["zero-shot stance detection in English, where evaluation is on topics not seen during training",1,-1,[],[31883]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cross-target stance detection",1,28416,[],[7393]],["in-target stance detection",1,15274,[],[58799]],["target-specific stance detection",1,28735,[],[7393]]],"sb":[["Open-Target Stance Detection (OTSD)",1,56,[],[33931]],["cross-target stance detection",1,28416,[],[33931]]],"sp":[["stance detection",5,25533,[["stance detection",4],["Stance detection",1]],[7393,11576,26508,31659,58799]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["opresión",1,14887,[],[49421]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attribute salience",1,33981,[],[48959]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["agenda setting",1,425,[],[48959]],["agenda-setting theory",1,6096,[],[38213]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Interpretive repertoires include a (limited) set of actors, structures, interactions, and evaluative standards that portray the complexity of the world in a coherent, generalized manner.",1,-1,[],[60470]],["Whereas frames do not predefine what actors or structures might be involved in causing or treating the problem, \"repertoires emphasize a set of relevantindividual and collective-actors as well as given and mutable structures\"",1,-1,[],[60470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["logics of actions",1,7641,[],[60470]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As embedded advertising formats are often immersive, which hinders or demotivates children (and adults) to stop their engagement with the media content and think about the commercial content (Rozendaal, Lapierre, et al. 2011) during exposure",1,-1,[],[3495]],["These formats (such as advergames or brand integrations in for instance music videos or television shows) are characterized by a more subtle, less intrusive commercial nature.",1,-1,[],[3495]],["the bulk of embedded advertising formats is characterized by distracting tactics (to circumvent critical advertising processing).",1,-1,[],[3495]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["advergames",1,-1,[],[3495]],["brand integrations in for instance music videos or television shows",1,-1,[],[3495]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["claims-making",1,5619,[],[59650]],["framing",1,22777,[],[59650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["traditional media",1,3717,[],[47262]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Newspapers, Television, and Radio news",1,-1,[],[47262]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["qualification",1,-1,[],[4712]],["socialization",1,33184,[],[4712]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the Russian World as an ideology for Russian soft power has a huge potential because of its positive integrating capacity as opposed to the traditional anti-Western rhetoric",1,-1,[],[52452]]],"sy":[["compatriots",1,-1,[],[52452]]],"rt":[["compatriots",1,-1,[],[52452]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias",1,30859,[],[50043]],["political 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boosted the information pollution, but has also invited the dangers of inciting social unrest.",1,-1,[],[11079]],["Censorship has helped to play a constructive role in the dissemination of authentic and reliable information published through conventional means.",1,-1,[],[11079]],["Censorship is both a method of control and a mean of precise regulation.",1,-1,[],[60486]],["It can have political motivation when exercised by the state, or a religious or cultural motivation when related to what is considered politically correct and can be enforced by dubbing studios and distributors",1,-1,[],[28235]],["It is a double meaning similar to that of another term in the legal and critical fields: the verb to condemn.",1,-1,[],[49879]],["This phenomenon was not centralized within a solitary institution; rather, it encompassed numerous offices tasked with overseeing and controlling the dissemination of information.",1,-1,[],[51660]],["censorship was used primarily against movements and groups anti-regime.",1,-1,[],[41450]],["deaf organisations consider any type of editing to be potential censorship",1,-1,[],[28235]],["something its editors label as censorship",1,-1,[],[49879]],["the cancellation of speeches as censorship",1,-1,[],[48942]],["the role of the Internet has changed considerably, when it was rated as a medium of free flow of information and more of freedom of expression. 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This strategic employment of a moral lesson aims to add depth and moral weight (Cronon, 2013) to her narrative, positioning herself as a defender of principles and a proponent of justice.",1,-1,[],[55485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["transparency",1,28207,[],[25387]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["pluralistic ignorance",1,9024,[],[19173]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Note that these two tasks are of different granularities, g 1 and g 2 , i.e., tokens for FLC and sentences for SLC.",1,-1,[],[59169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Facebook ads provide accounts with a way to push posts to people who do not already follow them, and can be targeted to viewers by country, interest, or other demographic criteria.",1,-1,[],[46183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["biopolitical body",1,-1,[],[8465]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a central focus in future wars",1,-1,[],[38307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["offensive information operations",1,-1,[],[38307]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Community-based media should serve as a tool for local communities and should be representative of their diverse interests.",1,-1,[],[13678]],["citizen/community media has to be thought of as exercising old and new communication and information practices; these media need radio spectrum and licences for covering marginal communities across the country",1,-1,[],[13678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["citizen/community/popular media collectives",1,-1,[],[13678]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["third sector of the media",1,21266,[],[13678]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["benevolence",1,10831,[],[18332]],["truth",1,9596,[],[18332]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cultural superiority and the vision of a rising China",1,-1,[],[18332]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It extends beyond boosting the engagement of women in all forms of media. To ensure that both men and women may influence, participate in, and benefit from development processes, it might be necessary to adjust objectives, plans, and tactics",1,-1,[],[22159]],["It extends beyond boosting the engagement of women in all forms of media. To ensure that both men and women may influence, participate in, and benefit from development processes, it might be necessary to adjust objectives, plans, and tactics (Pant, 2020).",1,-1,[],[22159]],["The concept of gender mainstreaming involves giving opportunities to both males and females",1,-1,[],[22159]],["it is also a crucial component in alleviating poverty, achieving greater food and nutrition security, and enabling good governance and sustainable development",1,-1,[],[22159]],["permitting females to generate news items is part of the gender mainstreaming strategy.",1,-1,[],[22159]],["thus, it is also a crucial component in alleviating poverty, achieving greater food and nutrition security, and enabling good governance and sustainable development.",1,-1,[],[22159]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the speculation 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reporting",1,-1,[],[37456]]],"sb":[["columns",1,-1,[],[22148]],["editorials",1,20853,[],[22148]],["op-eds",1,-1,[],[22148]]],"sp":[["journalistic genre or style",1,-1,[],[37369]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it refers to the fact that information can never be isolated from a carrier.",1,-1,[],[20365]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["risk mitigation measures",1,-1,[],[26750]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Fact-checking is a time-consuming and labor-intensive activity; it is usually carried out by a small number of experts, that must deal with the constant flow of (mis-)information published online.",1,-1,[],[1525]],["Human fact-checkers are more accurate and reliable, but also more 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priori reject the news media because they are certain that journalistic conduct is exclusively the product of journalists' selfish interests.",1,-1,[],[32852]],["cynicism is characterized by a lower degree of reflexivity compared with distrust",1,-1,[],[32852]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distrust",1,33632,[],[32852]],["media distrust",1,29379,[],[32852]],["media skepticism",1,11526,[],[5374]],["mistrust",1,9960,[],[5374]],["news media trust",1,19803,[],[5374]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Each of our claims are characterised by a certain structure, which can be distilled into key elements that form the key characteristics of a claim, such as the 'actor' (who makes the claim), the 'position' (whether the claim is favourable or unfavourable to refugees) and the 'issue' (which is the main concern of a claim).",1,-1,[],[40589]],["a claim in itself can be constructed of different statements or actions.",1,-1,[],[40589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["actor",1,10818,[],[40589]],["issue",1,73,[],[40589]],["position",1,19868,[],[40589]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They are known to provide stronger signals for detection than the information content, mainly because user responses and propagation patterns are harder to manipulate than the information content, and oftentimes contain obvious information about the veracity",1,-1,[],[7000]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["propagation patterns",1,30997,[],[7000]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["likes, shares, replies or comments",1,-1,[],[7000]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The goal of politeness is to make all parties feel comfortable with one another.",1,-1,[],[45460]],["a source of pragmatic enrichment, social meaning, and cultural variation",1,-1,[],[21869]],["politeness is developed by societies in order to reduce friction in personal interaction",1,-1,[],[45460]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["face-work",1,17875,[],[45460]],["ranking of the 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in the previous section, but rejects the use of the feminine variants, since it objects to binary forms.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["Inclusive language was identified through the use of collective pronouns such as \"we\", \"our\", and \"us.\"",1,-1,[],[49093]],["It supports a customer-centric approach by assisting firms in recognizing and connecting with internal and external customers with the utmost respect and kindness.",1,-1,[],[38818]],["Signals collective agency and coalition-building between institutions and global publics",1,-1,[],[49093]],["Such resources show positioning spaces and the configuration of collectives and of subjects of saying.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["The forms of inclusive language point to the image of previous discourses that they present as sexist and patriarchal and with which they disagree.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["The use of inclusive language helped reduce defensiveness and made audiences more receptive to reform proposals.",1,-1,[],[49093]],["They are forms that object to grammatical binarism, propose new rupture variants and evoke other discourses that have been forbidden up until now.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["Thus, the words or expressions acted upon with some of the elements of inclusive language (x, -e) carry a commentary by the speaker on their own enunciation.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["Undoubtedly, all these inclusive language forms generate meaning effects that challenge us as speakers and therefore also make us uncomfortable and destabilize us.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["conceived of as a social transformation mechanism",1,-1,[],[49194]],["discursive interventions that show a certain dialogical positioning of S before a discourse framework alluded to in that enunciation.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["distances us from many",1,-1,[],[49194]],["inclusive language as a discourse phenomenon, not a language phenomenon",1,-1,[],[49194]],["inclusive language is an eminently political discursive-rhetorical phenomenon",1,-1,[],[49194]],["it is a discursive intervention that introduces implicit comments on the enunciation made and produces certain meaning effects",1,-1,[],[49194]],["it is a public language phenomenon, that is, it is used in an interview, in an advertisement, in a tweet.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["it is usually characterized as a predominantly urban phenomenon",1,-1,[],[49194]],["leaders increasingly used inclusive language to encourage collective responsibility and reinforce the idea that addressing food security challenges required a joint international effort.",1,-1,[],[49093]],["linguistic marks of conflict that point to historically denied dissidence identities",1,-1,[],[49194]],["provoke some meaning effect",1,-1,[],[49194]],["the so-called \"inclusive language\" emerged, promoted by studies with a gender perspective, that aims at gender equality and the visibility of dissident identity groups",1,-1,[],[49194]],["they evidence a dispute against the use of the generic masculine form and, therefore, they raise an objection to the discourses considered sexist and patriarchal that circulate and are legitimized in different social realms.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["traces of the \"heterogeneity shown marked\" that object to grammatical binarism and convey comments by the subject about their own enunciation, alluding to the image of previous sexist and patriarchal discourses with whom they disagree",1,-1,[],[49194]],["we understand inclusive language marks as symptoms of the confrontation between different subject positions, from which identification processes are generated.",1,-1,[],[49194]]],"sy":[["inclusive forms",1,-1,[],[49194]],["inclusive language marks",1,-1,[],[49194]]],"rt":[["age",1,12886,[],[38818]],["culture",1,19654,[],[38818]],["disability",1,1524,[],[38818]],["discursive traces",1,-1,[],[49194]],["ethnicity",1,14537,[],[38818]],["gender",1,24081,[],[38818]],["health status",1,-1,[],[38818]],["inclusive markers",1,-1,[],[49093]],["inclusive marks",1,-1,[],[49194]],["linguistic marks of 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On the one hand, paraphrase and use of pronouns without a gender mark and employment of abstract nouns: \"grupo voluntario\" (volunteer group), \"el voluntariado\" (the volunteer), \"quienes se ofrecieron\" (those who offered themselves), \"personas voluntarias\" (volunteer people), among others. On the other hand, certain graphic resources, such as the at sign, @, (\"l@s voluntari@s\"), the asterisk (\"voluntari * s\"), and x (\"lxs voluntarixs\"), which are exclusive to written texts.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["Resources that make the feminine gender visible, such as the split or double mention: \"Los voluntarios y las voluntarias\" (The volunteers) and the use of bars and parentheses: \"Los/las médico/as\" y \"Lo(a)s medico(a)s\" (\"The doctors\").",1,-1,[],[49194]],["The phrase \"we'll discuss\" frames the policy conversation as a collaborative effort rather than a directive statement.",1,-1,[],[49093]],["Where an e or an x appears, instead of a masculine mark, there is a commentary that emerges and questions.",1,-1,[],[49194]],["abstract nouns",1,-1,[],[49194]],["collective nouns",1,-1,[],[49194]],["el *",1,-1,[],[49194]],["generic nouns without determiners",1,-1,[],[49194]],["la -e",1,-1,[],[49194]],["les nietes",1,-1,[],[49194]],["les niñes",1,-1,[],[49194]],["nominalizations",1,-1,[],[49194]],["paraphrases",1,-1,[],[49194]],["x",1,-1,[],[49194]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["everyday life",1,29754,[],[9329]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Linguistic-based features",2,33855,[],[20633,40073]],["general textual features",1,-1,[],[22314]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In the former, national-populists tend to claim representation of \"the ordinary people\" vis-à-vis \"elites,\" both the categories being discursively constructed. As for the horizontal extent, a clash is perceived to be happening between \"people like us\" sharing and praising our way of life and \"outsiders\"not only outside of the \"national borders,\" but also those who might be living among us, but pose a threat to our culture, customs, and lifestyle.",1,-1,[],[61058]],["The category of national-populism is helpful for implying a combination of analytical elements (nationalism and populism) in the ideological core of those commonly referred to as populist actors, especially in (Central and Eastern) European contexts.",1,-1,[],[61058]],["national-populists tend to claim representation of \"the ordinary people\" vis-à-vis \"elites,\" both the categories being discursively constructed.",1,-1,[],[61060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Kulturnation",1,-1,[],[61058]],["nationalism",1,22205,[],[61058]],["populism",1,20354,[],[61058]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["For instance, a popular celebrity is likely to appear in many more positive sentiment contexts than a reviled mafioso, which may mean a NMT system mistakenly associate person names with translation sentiment.",1,-1,[],[37775]],["Such a sentiment bias can pose a concern for using the text generated by language models in downstream applications (e.g., dialogue agents (Zhang et al., 2019)) from a fairness perspective.",1,-1,[],[11586]],["This paper aims to quantify and reduce a particular type of bias exhibited by language models: bias in the sentiment of generated text.",1,-1,[],[11586]],["When this occurs consistently towards a specific sentiment, this can result in insidious bias against (or towards) individuals (or as we also show, racial groups.)",1,-1,[],[37775]],["sentiment scores for the generated texts can vary substantially, suggesting the existence of sentiment bias.",1,-1,[],[11586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Pre-Metaphor Analysis aims at providing a clear understanding of the text under study by answering various questions regarding the text.",1,-1,[],[6010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Artamonov (2022) situates media memory within the mediatized and digitalized environment, suggesting that memory today is not solely cultural or communicative but operates at their intersection.",1,-1,[],[56176]],["Neiger (2020) outlines six dimensions of media memory that include sociopolitical and technological mediation, highlighting the structural conditions through which media function as agents of remembrance.",1,-1,[],[56176]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["collective memory",1,28433,[],[56176]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["collective memory",1,28433,[],[56176]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["populist attitudes",1,5649,[],[4470]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Se incluyen las imágenes que representan acciones bélicas, aunque el sufrimiento personal no se represente",1,-1,[],[55439]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["all major theorists support the idea that the person in question is broken down and rebuilt",1,-1,[],[25051]]],"sy":[["brainwashing",1,31454,[],[25051]],["coercive persuasion",1,34688,[],[25051]],["mind control",1,18640,[],[25051]],["thought struggle",1,-1,[],[25051]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["From this perspective, the news media does not care about FDHs, whether the helper is a victim or a perpetrator; 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It is boring and/or unoriginal.",1,-1,[],[23659]],["Not very interesting: You finish the story but can't remember anything unique about it. Adequate, but not a fun read",1,-1,[],[23659]],["Somewhat interesting: The story has themes, characters, dialog, and/or a writing style that pique your interest",1,-1,[],[23659]],["Very interesting: The story has themes, characters, and dialog that make you want to keep reading it and you might even want to show it to a friend",1,-1,[],[23659]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The inverted pyramid contributed to the affirmation of journalism with its own professional standards and discursive practices. 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news is produced in the context of the journalistic industry, so monetary aspects, governance and other interests should not be disregarded when analyzing a piece of journalism [Maksl et al., 2015; Ireland, 2018].",1,-1,[],[52905]],["It is a composite set of attributes that make up news literacy complexity.",1,-1,[],[26896]],["It may be considered a subset of media literacy.",1,-1,[],[12895]],["More specifically, news literacy can \"provide a foundation to improve information consumption processes by giving social media users the tools to identify, consume, and share high-quality information regarding COVID-19\"",1,-1,[],[36391]],["NL is gaining increasing interest, particularly among journalists, educators and researchers -it presents itself as a path to combat disinformation",1,-1,[],[33245]],["These strategies, often referred to as news literacy or misinformation literacy, aim to foster critical and creative capacities for engaging with media",1,-1,[],[42444]],["a pedagogy dominated 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literacy",1,16150,[],[38736]],["information and digital literacy",1,-1,[],[38736]],["misinformation literacy",1,32449,[],[42444]]],"sb":[["American news literacy",1,-1,[],[13000]],["Global news literacy",1,7836,[],[13000]]],"sp":[["media literacy",5,27668,[],[12895,38736,42444,47132,52905]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This category reflects the concern over the potential impact of misinformation, which can influence the beliefs and actions of those who encounter it.",1,-1,[],[37086]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I feel anxious about some fake posts and content. Some people will believe that and follow it.",1,-1,[],[37086]],["The posts that are untrue or are being posted quickly without thought. Those cause me anxiety because I know a lot of people take things for face value and could cause harm this way.",1,-1,[],[37086]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Fulfilling one's aims in consuming informational content requires that the content actually informs.",1,-1,[],[56181]],["Good informational content essentially involves the transmission of information.",1,-1,[],[56181]],["The function of informational content is to inform.",1,-1,[],[56181]]],"sy":[["informational content",1,22244,[],[56181]]],"rt":[["performative",1,29658,[],[56181]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["long-form content",1,21991,[],[56181]]],"ex":[["DIY YouTube videos",1,-1,[],[56181]],["DIY instructional video",1,-1,[],[56181]],["audio books",1,-1,[],[56181]],["bullshit (Frankfurt 2005)",1,-1,[],[56181]],["deceptive content (Rini 2017)",1,-1,[],[56181]],["lecture",1,-1,[],[56181]],["natural history museums",1,-1,[],[56181]],["nature documentaries",1,-1,[],[56181]],["non-fiction prose, personal newsletters, DIY videos, news, biography, etc.",1,-1,[],[56181]],["satirical content",1,-1,[],[56181]],["streamed lecture",1,-1,[],[56181]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["[outgoing and incoming] link spam",1,-1,[],[7178]],["click spams",1,-1,[],[7178]],["cloaking",1,27510,[],[7178]],["content spam",1,2765,[],[7178]],["link spam",1,-1,[],[7178]],["redirection",1,-1,[],[7178]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["click spams",1,-1,[],[7178]],["cloaking",1,-1,[],[7178]],["redirection",1,-1,[],[7178]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social desirability",1,26743,[],[4630]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This limits engagement with varied or opposing perspectives, increasing selection bias.",1,-1,[],[31928]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["highlighting a particular type of participation, internet activism (Jackson and Valentine, 2014)",1,-1,[],[57678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The recurring plot casts the spectator in the role of a hero whose awareness and action can stop the omnipresent menace of trafficking.",1,-1,[],[57567]],["The role of trafficking narratives as instruments of social cohesion are incredibly consistent.",1,-1,[],[57567]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["key features of post-democratic societies include unstable political-institutional environments and the emergence and participation of new players espousing anti-democratic rhetoric on the public stage.",1,-1,[],[61505]],["post-democratic structures seem to frustrate hopes for fundamental change and create the impression that 'there is no alternative'.",1,-1,[],[3161]]],"sy":[["de-democratisation",1,-1,[],[48573]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Using correspondence analysis plots between the same variables at different times, the dynamics of these relationships can be captured.",1,-1,[],[46611]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["social actors are classified based on their age, gender, social class, etc.",1,-1,[],[51945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Physical identification",1,25093,[],[51945]],["relational identification",1,12043,[],[51945]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["entails a subject position in which disabled people continue to 'perform' for the uplift of a chiefly non-disabled audience-rather than inviting identification on the part of other disabled people.",1,-1,[],[52587]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["served as an analytical lens for examining how social actors are represented within specific contexts, thereby uncovering the ways in which these representations construct and perpetuate underlying ideologies.",1,-1,[],[57240]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["civil reasoning also plays a moderating role in the process of political persuasion on social media",1,-1,[],[3602]],["political arguments are presented in a reasoned and civil manner",1,-1,[],[3602]]],"sy":[["reasoned discussions",1,953,[],[3602]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["multidimensional structure of framing devices",1,-1,[],[812]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Given a target sentence and its surrounding context, we extract a sequence of stance triplets that can be inferred from the input. Each triplet consists of a source entity and their sentiment towards a target entity, with entities in their canonical forms.",1,-1,[],[42590]],["It is a streamlined task without the complex dependency structure for structural sentiment analysis, while it is more informative compared to most previous work assuming that the source is the author.",1,-1,[],[29516]],["While entity-to-entity stance detection combines holders, targets, and polarities with more streamlined, directed link labels.",1,-1,[],[29516]],["can be used to analyze more objective contexts such as news articles in an effective way without the extraction of complex dependency structure with opinion expressions",1,-1,[],[29516]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[42590]],["sentence-level (Pang et al., 2002) or aspect-level sentiment analysis (Pontiki et al., 2014)",1,-1,[],[29516]],["structural sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[29516]],["structured analysis (Kim and Hovy, 2004;Wiebe et al., 2005;Barnes et al., 2022)",1,-1,[],[29516]],["target-oriented stance detection (Hu and Liu, 2004;Somasundaran and Wiebe, 2010)",1,-1,[],[29516]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[29516]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Because non-sensitive attribute v u may have a strong correlation with sensitive attribute s u learned in the pre-training phase of LLMs.",1,-1,[],[12124]],["Implicit ranking unfairness in LLMs highlights new and more urgent risks towards LLMs-based ranking application (e.g., recommendation) because (1) such unfairness is often inconspicuous because it only depends on non-sensitive user profiles; and (2) such unfairness is more widespread since these non-sensitive user profiles can be easily acquired and used by existing platforms, such as user names or email addresses.",1,-1,[],[12124]],["Such implicit unfairness is more widespread but less noticeable, threatening the ethical foundation.",1,-1,[],[12124]],["implicit ranking unfairness does not rely on much on collaborative information but contributes to the correlation between non-sensitive attributes and sensitive attributes.",1,-1,[],[12124]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["explicit unfairness",1,-1,[],[12124]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["email addresses",1,-1,[],[12124]],["user names",1,-1,[],[12124]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Social psychology is a sub-discipline of psychology concerned primarily with relationships, influences, and transactions among people, and particularly group behavior.",1,-1,[],[22735]],["The psychological sciences are more concerned to establish why, as a matter of human cognition and behaviour, certain techniques work the way they 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É a velha hipocrisia judaica no mundo dos pilantras monetários. Judeu dos infernos! Translation: What a cachectic asshole! It's the old Jewish hypocrisy in the world of monetary hustlers. Jew from hell!.",1,-1,[],[44687]]]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Even inside the field of factchecking, its exact definition depends on the domain (Alam et al., 2021b;Stammbach et al., 2023b) or task objective (Arslan et al., 2020;Konstantinovskiy et al., 2020;Gangi Reddy et al., 2022) and is somewhat arbitrary.",1,-1,[],[24448]],["Keywords are grouped by task to cover generic topics and individual fact-checking tasks.",1,-1,[],[24896]],["Moreover, with the growing volume of information across media platforms such as social media and online news portals, it has become essential to carefully select which statements to verify based on their potential societal impact and the possible harm they could cause if spread.",1,-1,[],[24896]],["The importance of claim detection lies in its role as the first step in the fact-checking pipeline, where, after accurately identifying claims, subsequent verification, evidence retrieval, and explanation tasks can be applied 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anxiety.",1,-1,[],[9943]],["In some cases of social isolation, people may experience frequent FOMO when they are away from their social environment because they are not seeing their friends, partners, or family members",1,-1,[],[9943]],["Individuals who experience a higher level of FoMO are likely to be engrossed in psychological demands to be connected or related to and intimate with others",1,-1,[],[2055]],["People who experience FoMO are likely to be persistent in seeking and acknowledging others' activities.",1,-1,[],[2055]],["People with FOMO syndrome also suffer from panic attacks, as they check their mobile phones frequently to continuously update themselves with the latest developments in the social environment",1,-1,[],[18053]],["contribute to impulsive sharing, indicating that these platforms exacerbate impulsivity in spreading unverified information",1,-1,[],[40495]],["the only emotion without a positive meaning in this summarisation",1,-1,[],[26547]]],"sy":[["fear of 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role).",1,-1,[],[4372]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["brand partner quality",1,-1,[],[4372]],["commitment",1,23673,[],[4372]],["interdependence",1,10440,[],[4372]],["intimacy",1,32789,[],[4372]],["love and passion",1,-1,[],[4372]],["self-connection",1,13677,[],[4372]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["Far from being a unitary construct",1,-1,[],[2871]],["Far from being a unitary construct, theory of mind refers to an interconnected set of notions that are combined to explain, predict, and justify the behaviour of others",1,-1,[],[2871]],["Taking another's perspective",1,-1,[],[14391]],["Theory of mind is central to human social interactions-from communication to empathy to social decision-making",1,-1,[],[2871]],["Theory of mind is central to human social interactions-from communication to empathy to social decision-makingand has long been of interest to developmental, social and clinical psychologists.",1,-1,[],[2871]],["Theory of mind is crucial in reducing such uncertainty",1,-1,[],[2871]],["ToM is central to human social intelligence: it enables humans to predict and influence behaviour",1,-1,[],[15788]],["We naturally explain people's behavior on the basis of their minds: their knowledge, their",1,-1,[],[1579]],["a central psychological process in personalized persuasion",1,-1,[],[18957]],["we know that when there is a conflict between belief and reality it is the persons' belief, not the reality that will determine their behavior.",1,-1,[],[1579]]],"sy":[["cognitive empathy",1,10143,[],[14391]],["intentional stance",1,20636,[],[1579]],["mentalizing",1,34209,[],[14391]],["theory of mind",1,14590,[],[16879]]],"rt":[["Cognitive process",1,28677,[],[14391]],["false belief understanding",1,686,[],[2871]],["folk psychology",1,7729,[],[1579]],["indirect measures of belief attribution",1,-1,[],[2871]],["looking or searching 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Then he goes out to play in the sun. Meanwhile Maxi's mother comes into the kitchen, opens the cupboard and sees the chocolate bar. She puts it in the fridge. When Maxi comes back into the kitchen, where will he look for his chocolate bar? The answer to this question will seem obvious. First, Maxi doesn't know that his mother has moved the chocolate. Second, Maxi still believes, falsely, that his chocolate is in the cupboard. 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queerness.",1,-1,[],[31137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["heteronormativity",1,12726,[],[31137]],["homophobia",1,13370,[],[31137]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Especially in the context of online abuse and hate speech, it can be a severe issue because annotating abusive language requires expert knowledge due to the vagueness of the task",1,-1,[],[11483]],["If an annotator consistently uses language patterns that correlate with the labels, a neural model can pick up on those, which can lead to an over-estimation of model performance.",1,-1,[],[20839]],["It is caused by the subjective perception and different knowledge levels of annotators regarding the annotation task",1,-1,[],[11483]],["Such a bias could harm the generalizability of classification models",1,-1,[],[11483]],["annotator bias exists in current NLU datasets, which can lead to problems in model generalization to new users.",1,-1,[],[20839]],["annotator bias in the data that leads to an over-estimation of model performance",1,-1,[],[20839]],["does not require any pre-defined categories to detect bias",1,-1,[],[11483]],["the language generated by annotators often reveals their identity",1,-1,[],[20839]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data diversity",1,-1,[],[20839]],["inter-rater agreement",1,-1,[],[11483]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["SapirWhorf hypothesis",1,-1,[],[12285]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["central organizing theme",1,-1,[],[32758]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Attribution inertia manifests through bureaucracies' overreliance on context-responsibility frameworks to manage high-stakes public opinion events.",1,-1,[],[43906]],["Further, attribution inertia epitomizes the transformation of bureaucratic risk calculations into networked environments, where standardized frameworks act as rituals for maintaining legitimacy rather than as tools for genuine engagement.",1,-1,[],[43906]],["attribution inertia epitomizes the transformation of bureaucratic risk calculations into networked environments, where standardized frameworks act as rituals for maintaining legitimacy rather than as tools for genuine engagement",1,-1,[],[43906]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the \"Underage Female Virtue Class\" case revealed the paradoxical results of hierarchical interventions: despite swift regulatory action against unethical educational practices, strict adherence to the accountability narrative exacerbates public skepticism about systemic governance failures rather than addressing legitimacy deficits.",1,-1,[],[43906]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conceive",1,6625,[],[31122]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[57105]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["automating systems for political bias detection have opted for using distant supervision as an easy way to obtain large datasets, which are needed to train contemporary deep learning models.",1,-1,[],[11537]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["projecting the bias label from a website to all articles crawled from it, which is a form of distant supervision",1,-1,[],[11537]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["journalator",1,7864,[],[42519]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[19385]]],"sb":[["Particularly interesting from a translation perspective are \"situational transediting\", which adapts the target text to its intended function in the new social context",1,-1,[],[39093]],["and \"cultural transediting\", which adapts the target text to the needs and conventions of the target culture (Stetting 1989: 377).",1,-1,[],[39093]],["cultural transediting",1,-1,[],[39093]],["situational transediting",1,25765,[],[39093]]],"sp":[["localization",1,17882,[],[19385]]],"ex":[["news translation",1,-1,[],[19385]]]},{"nd":17,"df":[["Either representing something in an excessive manner: making things larger, better, worse.",2,-1,[],[51688,52045]],["consists of either representing something in an excessive manner or making something seem less important or smaller than it really is.",2,-1,[],[37228,57423]]],"de":[["A high correlation with certitude words (e.g., 'really', 'of course') reinforces claims with a tone of absolute confidence, making arguments appear definitive and irrefutable.",1,-1,[],[7590]],["A high correlation with certitude words (e.g., 'really', 'of course') reinforces claims with a tone of absolute confidence, making arguments appear definitive and irrefutable. Terms related to moral behaviour (e.g., 'honour', 'deserve') inject ethical undertones, framing the issue as one of right versus wrong. Cultural references, particularly related to politics (e.g., 'govern', 'congress') and broader culture (e.g., 'american', 'chinese'), ground the discussion in societal and geopolitical contexts, often linking climate change to governance or national responsibility. Linguistically, the technique relies heavily on determiners (e.g., 'the', 'that') and function words (e.g., 'to', 'I'), creating a conversational and relatable tone. The frequent use of adverbs (e.g., 'so', 'just') adds nuance or emphasis to descriptions, subtly influencing how issues are perceived. Emotional cues, especially those tied to anxiety (e.g., 'worry', 'fear'), heighten the sense of urgency or concern, tapping into the audience's fears about climate change. 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Minimization on the other hand refers to understating an idea, product's value or someone's characteristics than what they actually are. 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Rather, they remain in forms that Quijano terms the coloniality of power",1,-1,[],[23229]],["While countries that were former colonies achieved national independence, Quijano argued that they were and still are under the control of Western countries. This is because the structures of power and hegemony that were set up in the colonial era remain in place.",1,-1,[],[23229]],["the structures of power and hegemony that were set up in the colonial era remain in place",1,-1,[],[23229]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["control of authority",1,-1,[],[23229]],["control of economy",1,-1,[],[23229]],["control of gender and sexuality",1,-1,[],[23229]],["control of subjectivity and knowledge",1,-1,[],[23229]],["decolonial theory",1,28317,[],[23229]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political parallelism",1,21733,[],[33526]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Materially valid inferences can be nonmonotonic: in contrast to formally valid inferences, materially valid inferences can be invalidated by adding premises.",1,-1,[],[54415]]],"sy":[["defeasible reasoning",1,19942,[],[54415]],["inductive or defeasible reasoning",1,-1,[],[54415]],["material inference",1,7335,[],[54415]]],"rt":[["informal logic",1,-1,[],[54415]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hyperreality",1,2095,[],[10701]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As opposed to self-coverage, where self is seen as the country of origin of any given media outlet, cross-national coverage is applied to coverage of the other, in this case Canadian media coverage of Russia and Russian media coverage of Canada.",1,-1,[],[41268]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Así, la visibilidad, intensidad y coercitividad de la opresión dependen de la legitimidad que tenga el discurso emanado desde el poder que incita dichas acciones, así como de la correlación de fuerzas de los grupos subalternizados.",1,-1,[],[49420]],["La particularidad de la opresión es que está condicionada al contexto, al tiempo y al lugar donde se expresa, por lo que su manifestación es heterogénea y contingente.",1,-1,[],[49420]],["La particularidad de la opresión es que está condicionada al contexto, al tiempo y al lugar donde se expresa, por lo que su manifestación es heterogénea y contingente. Así, la visibilidad, intensidad y coercitividad de la opresión dependen de la legitimidad que tenga el discurso emanado desde el poder que incita dichas acciones, así como de la correlación de fuerzas de los grupos subalternizados.",1,-1,[],[49420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dominio",1,23869,[],[49420]],["subalternizados",1,-1,[],[49420]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Por ejemplo, el contexto europeo para las personas LGBT+ es diametralmente opuesto al contexto en los países de Medio Oriente; mientras que en el primero estos grupos han ganado cada vez mayor legitimidad, en el segundo, su correlación de fuerzas es tan desfavorable que las formas de opresión pueden terminar legalmente con su vida.",1,-1,[],[49420]],["el contexto europeo para las personas LGBT+ es diametralmente opuesto al contexto en los países de Medio Oriente; mientras que en el primero estos grupos han ganado cada vez mayor legitimidad, en el segundo, su correlación de fuerzas es tan desfavorable que las formas de opresión pueden terminar legalmente con su vida.",1,-1,[],[49420]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["verificaciones",1,4500,[],[34920]]],"sb":[["análisis",1,-1,[],[34920]],["noticias",1,7130,[],[34920]],["reportajes",1,29294,[],[34920]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["UC considers the efficiency with which each node transmits social information, which depends on both the Katz-Bonacich centrality and the quality of agents' private information.",1,-1,[],[26331]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Katz-Bonacich centrality",1,-1,[],[26331]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Typically uttered when there is no benefit to others, its sole intention is to extricate oneself from trouble.",1,-1,[],[42351]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["colors of lies",1,-1,[],[42351]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a common language is created in organizational communication, a language that can be described as the open language of the world of human meanings, evaluated by the organization's action at all levels",1,-1,[],[12661]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["As Harman et al. (2025) put it, \"pseudoscience is based on organized misinformation, where arguments are made to confuse issues and leave people feeling like they are unable to decide\" (p. 2).",1,-1,[],[54219]],["It often refers to concepts lacking scientific justification or combines them with scientific definitions and publications from unknown or unrecognized sources, relying on isolated and ambiguous experiments",1,-1,[],[42772]],["It often refers to concepts lacking scientific justification or combines them with scientific definitions and publications from unknown or unrecognized sources, relying on isolated and ambiguous experiments (Żukowska et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[42772]],["Pseudoscience stages a simulacrum of science that overemphasizes its own exterior signs.",1,-1,[],[26081]],["it is important to understand both the origin and present state of pseudoscience as an analytical category.",1,-1,[],[26081]],["the very expression 'pseudoscience' serves to devalue statements rather than to classify a category of discourse in circulation within society.",1,-1,[],[26081]],["unlike the temporal mutability of science, pseudosciences are characterized by static ideas and concepts that conveniently change only when there is pressure from a group who holds power; they can be learned in a short space of time due to their little elaborated knowledge; pseudosciences are worked on in isolation because they do not overlap with other areas of research, which occurs, for example, between psychology and neuroscience in relation to the study of the mind; Contrary to what happens in science, pseudosciences do not act in a self-doubting, self-correcting and self-perpetuating manner, prioritizing the search for absolute truths.",1,-1,[],[34371]]],"sy":[["antiscience",1,8444,[],[26081]],["simulacrum of science",1,-1,[],[26081]]],"rt":[["antiscience",1,8444,[],[26081]],["fake science",1,29838,[],[42772]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[54219]],["science",1,25300,[],[26081]],["science denial",1,19006,[],[34371]],["science denial is a form of manifestation of pseudosciences",1,-1,[],[34371]]],"sb":[["approaches that do not present scientific claims , but denote equality or superiority to scientific knowledge (e.g. traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, etc.)",1,-1,[],[34371]],["non-scientific approaches with the aspiration to be called science (e.g. scientific creationism or intelligent design, ufology, astrology, psychoanalysis, homeopathy, etc.)",1,-1,[],[34371]],["those that address supernatural techniques (e.g. esotericism, tarot, faith healing, etc.)",1,-1,[],[34371]]],"sp":[["misleading news",1,22858,[],[12898]]],"ex":[["The anti-vaccination movement on Twitter is one of the examples of pseudoscience",1,-1,[],[19875]],["approaches that do not present scientific claims , but denote equality or superiority to scientific knowledge (e.g. traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, etc.)",1,-1,[],[34371]],["homeopathy",1,-1,[],[26081]],["homeopathy, astrology, theories about ancient astronauts, etc.",1,-1,[],[34371]],["non-scientific approaches with the aspiration to be called science (e.g. scientific creationism or intelligent design, ufology, astrology, psychoanalysis, homeopathy, etc.)",1,-1,[],[34371]],["snake oil or climate change denial",1,-1,[],[12898]],["the theory of intelligent design",1,-1,[],[26081]],["theory of intelligent design",1,-1,[],[26081]],["those that address supernatural techniques (e.g. esotericism, tarot, faith healing, etc.)",1,-1,[],[34371]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["supporters involve in transferring online memes into real-life political participation",1,-1,[],[56586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["operative signs",1,-1,[],[56586]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["risk advisory opinions",1,-1,[],[49238]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Digital communication includes many tools that enable the transmission of information, feelings, or thoughts to others by electronic means.",1,-1,[],[16454]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["ecotourism may be seen to capitalise on the loss of 'undeveloped' areas due to the expansion of extractive capitalist production, in the same manner as conservation generally.",1,-1,[],[36474]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["recombination highlights the centrality of interactivity in the circulation of digital and digitized media as a means of advancing or constraining publics.",1,-1,[],[40923]],["the term recombination highlights the centrality of interactivity in the circulation of digital and digitized media as a means of advancing or constraining publics.",1,-1,[],[40923]]],"sy":[["remix",1,25662,[],[40923]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["x + relation + Alt(QUALITY) ¬relation + QUALITY where x is a specific individual member of GROUP or a subgroup of GROUP",1,-1,[],[41054]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["News-limiting practices on social media are linked to general news avoidance and, in the case of the US, political extremism, which might decrease the chances of incidental news exposure.",1,-1,[],[5082]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["personal news curation practices",1,7354,[],[5082]]],"ex":[["blocking news content from a Facebook friend",1,-1,[],[5082]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["White nationalists",1,31757,[],[16712]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The obstacle to using such base rates is not cognitive, but moral.",1,-1,[],[10112]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Base-rate utilization",1,-1,[],[10112]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["In this study, bullying emerges not only as a social problem but also as a communicative construct shaped by language, media, and moral translation across institutional and generational boundaries.",1,-1,[],[30568]],["Traditionally bullying has included overt physical acts (e.g., hitting, shoving) and verbal abuse (e.g., taunting, name-calling) as well as more subtle or indirect actions such as social exclusion and rumorspreading.",1,-1,[],[1753]],["aggression, intent to harm and recurrence are the main characteristics of bullying",1,-1,[],[21862]],["assessments of bullying do not always emphasize these components (see Hamburger, Basile, & Vivolo, 2011, Compendium of Assessment Tools), making distinctions between bullying and other forms of aggression less clear (see Rodkin, Espelage, & Hanish, 2015).",1,-1,[],[2682]],["bullying emerges not only as a social problem but also as a communicative construct shaped by language, media, and moral translation across institutional and generational boundaries.",1,-1,[],[30568]],["concur that aggression, intent to harm and recurrence are the main characteristics of bullying",1,-1,[],[21862]],["functions not only as a behavioral category but also as an indicator of shifting boundaries of permissibility within the school community.",1,-1,[],[30568]],["has the purpose to harass, threaten or intimidate typically individuals rather than groups",1,-1,[],[17465]],["serves as a generalized moral frame for assessing adolescent interactions and maintaining order in schools",1,-1,[],[30568]],["the reality of assessing a complex, underground behavior involving multiple participants and influenced by multiple factors is that there may be no single \"gold standard\" for accuracy.",1,-1,[],[2682]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["behavioral incidence",1,-1,[],[30568]],["behavioral label",1,-1,[],[30568]],["communicative category",1,-1,[],[30568]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[17465]],["victimization",1,26227,[],[2682]]],"sb":[["cyberbullying",2,30890,[],[2682,21862]],["physical bullying",2,-1,[],[2682,21862]],["verbal bullying",2,1897,[],[2682,21862]],["electronic bullying",1,5265,[],[1753]],["relational bullying",1,-1,[],[21862]],["relational or social bullying",1,10217,[],[2682]]],"sp":[["interpersonal aggression",1,-1,[],[2682]]],"ex":[["'Our class prom night just got ruined because u showed up. Who invited u anyway?' is an example of bullying",1,-1,[],[17465]],["overt physical acts (e.g., hitting, shoving)",1,-1,[],[1753]],["rumorspreading",1,-1,[],[1753]],["social exclusion",1,-1,[],[1753]],["social exclusion and rumorspreading",1,-1,[],[1753]],["verbal abuse (e.g., taunting, name-calling)",1,-1,[],[1753]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Independence from mainstream media organizations is seen as an important indicator of credibility by these fact checkers (Graves and Cherubini 2016, 14-16).",1,-1,[],[29980]],["It matches closely the role of the reformer identified by Graves and Cherubini (2016) who found that fact-checking outlets that see themselves mainly as reformers tend to reject the narrow framework of journalism.",1,-1,[],[29985]],["Those fact checkers often have protest or NGO backgrounds who want to \"involve average people into the process of accountability of officials\"",1,-1,[],[29985]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact-checking organizations",1,27016,[],[54842]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":49,"df":[],"de":[["A preemptive intervention that boosts people's cognitive resistance to misinformation and online manipulation.",1,-1,[],[9587]],["Additionally, inoculation can operate through motivational or refutational mechanisms (Banas and Miller 2013).",1,-1,[],[42281]],["Another limitation of inoculation is that it is ineffective in the face of unexpected or novel deceptive techniques.",1,-1,[],[9587]],["As with the vaccination process against pathogens, inoculation against misinformation works by exposing users to small quantities of misinformation, which allow them to develop the necessary cognitive skills to resist future attempts to misinform.",1,-1,[],[19126]],["GBL is an ideal disinformation inoculator thanks to the use of interactivity and storytelling to present complex virtual scenarios",1,-1,[],[35426]],["Inoculation can have long-lasting effects if the intervention is administered regularly (similar to a booster shot) (Maertens et al., 2021;Maertens et al., 2020) and can positively impact various cultural contexts (Basol et al., 2021), being considered a 'broad spectrum vaccine' (Lewandowsky and van der Linden, 2021) against disinformation spread online.",1,-1,[],[28035]],["Inoculation interventions must be based on an understanding of the manipulative strategies being used online and how they work.",1,-1,[],[9587]],["Inoculation involves pre-emptively warning people about an impending deception and providing an explanation of the misleading persuasive techniques that might be used",1,-1,[],[5733]],["Inoculation involves two elements: (a) forewarning, a warning of a forthcoming threat designed to motivate resistance and defend one's attitudes, and (b) a pre-emptive refutation (or prebunking) of the persuasive arguments.",1,-1,[],[23130]],["Inoculation is also a refutation strategy because it can be used to pre-emptively refute false information",1,-1,[],[17678]],["Inoculation is preemptive: It aims to expose people to misleading or manipulative strategies and to neutralize their disruptive potential before people actually encounter them in the world",1,-1,[],[9587]],["The inoculation procedure includes two components: forewarning and refutational preemption, which influence both cognitive and affective processes.",1,-1,[],[2755]],["an inoculation explaining the technique employed by misinformers, prior to receiving the misinformation.",1,-1,[],[30278]],["confer resistance",1,-1,[],[41925]],["explaining the techniques used to sow doubt about the science",1,-1,[],[30278]],["general inoculations that explain common misinforming techniques",1,-1,[],[30278]],["inoculation can operate through motivational or refutational mechanisms",1,-1,[],[42281]],["inoculation is intended to instill domain-general competence in recipients to enable them to see through attempts at manipulation",1,-1,[],[9587]],["it is an efficient strategy when it fits particular challenges in the environment and the cognitive competencies involved.",1,-1,[],[9587]],["may also prevent online conspiracy theories from affecting people",1,-1,[],[22077]],["may even offer cross-protection such that its protection spillover from one topic to other related topics",1,-1,[],[41925]],["mitigate the impact and persistence of misinformation",1,-1,[],[41925]],["offers an umbrella or blanket of protection",1,-1,[],[41925]],["pre-emptively explaining the potentially misleading effect of false-balance media coverage",1,-1,[],[30278]],["recent research has provided some support for the idea that inoculation can emerge through exposing misleading arguments",1,-1,[],[3210]],["the former mainly addressing the reception, acceptance and sharing levels",1,-1,[],[1377]],["there are two components to inoculation: first, an explicit warning about a potential threat of disinformation or manipulation-for example, a warning about attempts to cast doubt on the scientific consensus on climate change that create a chimerical set of \"experts\" who disagree with the consensus. The second step refutes an anticipated argument, thus exposing the disinformation strategy and rendering its deceptive nature transparent.",1,-1,[],[9587]]],"sy":[["prebunking",3,12061,[["prebunking",2],["pre-bunking",1]],[2121,9587,56263]],["True or False? To Share or Not To Share?",1,-1,[],[9587]],["psychological inoculation",1,15733,[],[2829]]],"rt":[["misinformation",2,10315,[],[22077,30278]],["prebunking",2,12061,[],[2829,23130]],["refutational preemption",2,24693,[],[2755,28035]],["active inoculation",1,28544,[],[2755]],["debunking",1,27730,[],[9587]],["fact checking",1,16098,[],[1377]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[22077]],["forewarning",1,5737,[],[2755]],["inoculation theory",1,18397,[],[2755]],["threat",1,10758,[],[28035]]],"sb":[["active inoculation",2,28544,[],[2755,23130]],["The second step refutes an anticipated argument, thus exposing the disinformation strategy and rendering its deceptive nature transparent.",1,-1,[],[9587]],["active type of inoculation",1,-1,[],[9587]],["first, an explicit warning about a potential threat of disinformation or manipulation",1,-1,[],[9587]],["forewarning message",1,31631,[],[41925]],["full inoculation (forewarning plus preemptive refutation)",1,-1,[],[28362]],["motivational interventions",1,23252,[],[42281]],["partial inoculation (forewarning only)",1,-1,[],[28362]],["prophylactic",1,26455,[],[28035]],["refutational preemption",1,24693,[],[28035]],["refutational preemption treatment",1,4173,[],[41925]],["refutational preventive interventions",1,21584,[],[42281]],["therapeutic",1,12535,[],[28035]],["threat",1,10758,[],[28035]]],"sp":[["boosts and educational interventions",1,-1,[],[17678]],["cognitive boosting tools",1,-1,[],[9587]],["cognitive tools",1,-1,[],[9587]],["counter-narratives",1,23935,[],[15762]],["refutation strategies",1,20526,[["refutation strategies",1],["refutation strategy",1]],[17678]]],"ex":[["Teaching people about the strategy of using 'fake experts' (presenting unqualified people as credible) to increase their recognition of and resilience to this strategy.",1,-1,[],[17678]],["The Oregon Petition denied human-caused effects on the Earth's atmosphere and was signed by 31,000 alleged experts, of whom 99% had no expertise in climate science.",1,-1,[],[9587]],["inoculations can reduce beliefs related to later exposure to 9/11, and vaccine conspiracy theories for example",1,-1,[],[22077]],["showing participants the \"fake experts\" strategy used by the tobacco industry in the 1960s (a tobacco ad with the text \"20,679 Physicians say 'Luckies are less irritating'\")",1,-1,[],[9587]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["-Tweets * do not * discuss a wider narrative if the misleading information is tied to a specific singular event that is not connected to major topics on the public discourse.",1,-1,[],[52801]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy theory",1,1403,[],[52801]],["misleading information",1,2191,[],[52801]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Motivation",1,13069,[],[29507]]],"ex":[["Pleasure/Pain involves carrying out any activity that gives you pleasure, such as eating your favorite food, or the pain arising from an inflicted violence that consequently generates the need for protection.",1,-1,[],[29507]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["supporting systemic discrimination against women as a group (C4.2)",1,-1,[],[50261]],["supporting the mistreatment of individual women (C4.1)",1,-1,[],[50261]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["empty signifiers",1,17228,[],[22045]]],"rt":[["floating signifiers",1,29543,[],[51402]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the concept of \"welfare state\" acts as a nodal point that makes it possible to symbolize the common identity of various \"political strategies, institutional forms and power networks ...\"",1,-1,[],[22045]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The main practices that this role deploys are trying to be funny, the use of deliberate jokes, making fun of themselves or others, and generating fun responses to potential comments from followers.",1,-1,[],[45969]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To be so requires a deeper level of engagement -in-depth reading on politics and governance, conversations on the subject and self-reflection on one's political values.",1,-1,[],[36605]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they can account for possible but unlikely events that need to be reported and which a content-based machine learning approach might flag as false.",1,-1,[],[53284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Deceptive information management is non-consensual because it violates the requirement of informed consent; the target of persuasion is unable to reach an informed decision because of inadequate information.",1,-1,[],[8586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["distortion",1,28504,[],[8586]],["lying",1,32166,[],[8586]],["misdirection",1,17275,[],[8586]],["omission",1,32390,[],[8586]]],"sb":[["Deception through lying",1,15107,[],[8586]]],"sp":[["Deception",1,24454,[],[8586]],["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[8586]],["non-consensual OPC (propaganda)",1,-1,[],[8586]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Cognitive networks can identify semantic frames as communities of tightly interconnected concepts (Correa and Amancio, 2019; Ribeiro et al. 2020; Citraro and Rossetti 2020) or network neighbourhoods (Stella 2020)",1,-1,[],[34633]],["Each LU of a polysemous word belongs to a different semantic frame",1,-1,[],[17372]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame elements",2,2044,[],[11789,47468]],["causation frame",1,1070,[],[48206]],["frame-evoking element",1,-1,[],[48206]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[54405]],["intertextual frame",1,18273,[["intertextual frame",1],["intertextual frames",1]],[31727]]],"ex":[["Instances of the \"causation\" frame, such as \"climate change causes global warming,\"",1,-1,[],[48206]],["the causation frame",1,-1,[],[48206]],["the word im-prison implies the existence of a person being sent to prison (prisoner), someone who does the act of imprisoning (authorities), a destination (prison), and optionally the reason (offense).",1,-1,[],[54405]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["accuracy (Fitzpatrick, 2018, p.5)",1,-1,[],[38857]],["interactivity (Lasica, 2004)",1,-1,[],[38857]],["objectivity (Hellmüller, 2013)",1,-1,[],[38857]],["openness and accountability (Karlsson, 2011)",1,-1,[],[38857]],["transparency (Allen, 2008;Kovach et al., 2001)",1,-1,[],[38857]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["These define problems, interpret causes, and make moral evaluations.",1,-1,[],[47884]],["This happens through journalists selecting, emphasizing, and contextualizing specific aspects of a story.",1,-1,[],[47884]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It can also take a hybrid form in combination with political, ideological, or foreign influence disinformation.",1,-1,[],[37350]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["foreign influence disinformation",1,-1,[],[37350]],["ideological",1,10653,[],[37350]],["political",1,759,[],[37350]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Disinformation",1,17423,[],[37350]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["topic-based categorization",1,-1,[],[13609]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["sports vs. politics",1,-1,[],[13609]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Ground truth data may be sparse or unreliable, hindering the development of accurate detection models.",1,-1,[],[39872]],["Obtaining reliable ground truth data for rumor detection is challenging due to the subjective nature of labeling rumors.",1,-1,[],[39872]],["The ground truth of a searched profession is usually available through open data, such as census data.",1,-1,[],[58581]],["This labeled data is crucial for training and evaluating rumor-detection models",1,-1,[],[39872]],["researchers construct ground truth for inherently subjective questions on the basis of disagreement",1,-1,[],[50121]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The NS \"trophy wife\" is a result of the conceptual integration of two sources: a specific thing -a \"trophy\", which is a prize received by the winner for the achievement in competitions or hunt, and a \"wife\" -a married woman considered in relation to her husband.",1,-1,[],[38339]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Shoemaker and Reese (1996) regard the functions of media outlets as one way to build categories to distinguish one media outlet from another. For example, researchers often refer to the assumed dichotomy of information and entertainment as distinct functions in the context of television (for an overview, see Delli Carpini & Williams, 2001) and speak of different genres, ranging from information-oriented to more entertainment-oriented ones. As the assumed functions of outlets are attributed to entire TV programs or newspapers (and not, for example, single news items), we will call this level of investigation the genre level.",1,-1,[],[6157]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["monolingual norm",1,-1,[],[56373]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["algorithm aversion is not a uniform rejection of AI, but rather a task-dependent and asymmetric response, with its effect varying in strength and direction.",1,-1,[],[59226]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["material evidence",1,-1,[],[59300]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["An absolute HME is usually inferred directly (e.g., Eveland & Shah, 2003) or indirectly if members of two opposing groups perceive identical media coverage as being more favorable toward the opposite group (or less agreeable toward the own group), and if the perceived message tendency of each group significantly differs from the perception of media coverage as neutral and impartial (which is usually indicated by a properly labeled \"neutral midpoint\" on a continuous scale; e.g., see Duck et al., 1998;Hoffner & Rehkoff, 2011;Matheson & Dursun, 2001).",1,-1,[],[33616]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["HOSTILE MEDIA EFFECT",1,2410,[],[33616]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a arquitetura informacional das grandes plataformas (Facebook, Whatsapp, Instagram, Google, Youtube, Twitter), dominada pelos filtros e algoritmos, desempenha um papel crucial na seleção do conteúdo exibido aos usuários, bem como estimula certas interações em detrimento de outras, tudo isso segundo critérios que passam ao largo do controle social.",1,-1,[],[19425]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["atributos afectivos",1,6726,[],[13807]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["for example in the tone of their language as measured with sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[15754]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["reflect the real-life developments to a lesser extent than they reflect the regime's goals",1,-1,[],[40999]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["construction of enemies",1,-1,[],[40999]],["construction of enemies could be considered as an instance of securitisation",1,-1,[],[40999]],["securitisation",1,21176,[],[40999]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["securitisation",1,21176,[],[40999]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["One of the main manifestations of political polarization is perceived polarization",1,-1,[],[40535]],["Perceived polarization could carry two layers of meanings",1,-1,[],[40535]],["Perceived polarization could carry two layers of meanings (Yang et al., 2016). One refers to the perceived distance between oneself or one group and the average position of members from the outgroup (Enders and Armaly, 2019), and the other considers a bystander perspective as it focuses on the perceived distance between different politicized groups to which one does not belong for their issue stances (Yang et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[40535]],["because individual actions tend to be more directly affected by their understanding of reality than the actual reality, perceived polarization could be more influential than actual polarization (Enders and Armaly, 2019).",1,-1,[],[40535]],["perceived polarization was found to be more impactful in influencing stakeholders' attitudinal and behavioral responses",1,-1,[],[40535]],["perceived polarization, a perceptual level of indicator of political polarization and political discussion, a behavioral level concept that has great implications for polarization",1,-1,[],[40535]],["stakeholders are likely to overestimate the degree of polarization (Westfall et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[40535]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["actual polarization",1,-1,[],[40535]],["false polarization",1,14810,[],[53523]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political polarization",1,11048,[],[60677]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["a modern meme (unlike memes that originated in the pre-internet era) has a particularly short \"period of decomposition\" -it appears instantly, transforms within a few days (sometimes hours), and just as quickly loses its appeal.",2,-1,[["a modern meme (unlike memes that originated in the pre-internet era) has a particularly short \"period of decomposition\" -it appears instantly, transforms within a few days (sometimes hours), and just as quickly loses its appeal.",1],["a modern meme (unlike memes that originated in the pre-internet era) has a particularly short 'period of decomposition' -it appears instantly, transforms within a few days (sometimes hours), and just as quickly loses its appeal.",1]],[8219,50988]]],"de":[["a modern meme (unlike memes that originated in the pre-internet era) has a particularly short 'period of decomposition' -it appears instantly, transforms within a few days (sometimes hours), and just as quickly loses its appeal.",1,-1,[],[50988]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["meme",2,12094,[["meme",1],["memes",1]],[8219,50988]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["The latter is when journalists focus on persons, organizations and others who represent the public or parts thereof",2,-1,[],[22347,38622]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["deliberative approach",2,12474,[],[22347,38622]],["Journalistic Compass",1,32636,[],[38622]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They might appear in the same or different news outlets. The possible benefit of access to Event context is that it is helpful for noticing when an article takes a unique stance on a topic or mentions information that is absent from other articles.",1,-1,[],[11511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["communicating uncertainty",1,-1,[],[8779]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["La agenda informativa de atributos ideal abarca una amplia agenda de atributos, no solo esbozos de uno o dos.",1,-1,[],[37476]],["La amplitud de la agenda de atributos y la esencia de esos atributos incluidos en la cobertura informativa indican la calidad de la cobertura noticiosa para crear un público informado.",1,-1,[],[37476]],["en esta extensión del modelo original se argumenta que la agenda de atributos de los medios sobre un determinado objeto -por ejemplo, un candidato político-se transmite hacia el público, del mismo modo que sucede con la agenda de objetos",1,-1,[],[13792]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Agenda-Setting de atributos",1,16658,[],[37476]],["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[10710]],["framing",1,22777,[],[10710]],["segundo nivel",1,25423,[],[13792]],["segundo nivel de la teoría",1,-1,[],[13792]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["emoticons, smilies etc.",1,-1,[],[11166]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["attempts to locate the flaws and insufficiencies of transparency naïve adoption within the context of radical changes in journalism's business models, production processes, paradigms guiding journalism practice and societal roles",1,-1,[],[40721]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the audience lacks concentration, the attention economy is unscrupulous, there is a constant information overload and they, as news professionals, need to help the young audience grasp what is important",1,-1,[],[5263]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["sharpening the point of the news",1,-1,[],[5263]],["visual frame",1,10771,[],[5263]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["picture carousels, polls, bullet lists, short videos, and images with short headlines",1,-1,[],[5263]],["videos, which not only represents a condensed manner of conveying news but is also the favoured format for both users and algorithms",1,-1,[],[5263]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We formalize such steerability, or value change, as the average effect of a limited set of values, (e.g. Schwartz (2012), thus v ∈ V Schwartz ), comparing when we prompt a model with and without a specific value.",1,-1,[],[41787]]],"sy":[["value change",1,-1,[],[41787]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It essentially needs good amount of motivation, cognitive resources, as well as ability",1,-1,[],[27469]]],"sy":[["central route",1,29196,[],[15309]]],"rt":[["heuristic processing",1,28094,[],[629]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic-systematic information processing model (HSM)",1,33690,[],[27469]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Societal Harms",1,27689,[],[7524]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Both refrain from including intentionality in their definitions.",1,-1,[],[27940]],["The concept of one-sided violence encompasses only those fatalities that are caused by the intentional and direct use of violence.",1,-1,[],[27940]],["this step decreases the precision of definitions but it improves the matching of the definition with what is actually coded.",1,-1,[],[27940]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":42,"df":[],"de":[["According to Moscovici (1984b), there are two basic functions of representations. First, they conventionalize (anchor) concepts, people, events, and situations, giving them a specific linguistic or visual form. Second, they are prescriptive in the sense that they are suggested and even imposed on us through social contacts, established structures, and applicable rules of social coexistence.",1,-1,[],[13176]],["At the same time, the represented members recognise these statements as being pronounced on their behalf, thus considering it unnecessary to raise their own voice.",1,-1,[],[49047]],["By selecting news, in the first place, the media represents the world rather than reflects it.",1,-1,[],[60090]],["In Hall (2009), representation is the process by which members of a culture use language to produce meaning (pp. 60-61).",1,-1,[],[31894]],["Representation conveys an event through communication, words, sounds, images, or a combination.",1,-1,[],[13252]],["Representation is also produced by audiences who consume the represented cultural values during the production and interpretation processes.",1,-1,[],[13252]],["Stuart Hall (1997) argues in alaman his book Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices that representation is the mechanism through which members of society exchange meaning.",1,-1,[],[13252]],["The papers studied mention the use of a pixelated or cartoonish aesthetic to convey political messages for parodic or humoristic purposes",1,-1,[],[57815]],["The way media narrate poverty intervention determines whether minority groups are viewed as capable agents or passive recipients of benevolence.",1,-1,[],[55904]],["This depiction may take the shape of words, writing, images, or films.",1,-1,[],[13252]],["This takes us beyond the view of digital media as mere 'information' technologies.",1,-1,[],[35068]],["We consider representation as a site of struggle, where meanings are (re) negotiated and reflect broader social and political issues",1,-1,[],[39117]],["When the image acts as a substitute to the subject, its role changes from 'the function of copy to the function of presence; in this sense, its attitude is no longer only mimetic or repetitive, but becomes fully operative'",1,-1,[],[37786]],["negative representations of a group of people over time shape the group's self-identity, which progressively becomes dependent on how they have been seen by others",1,-1,[["negative representations of a group of people over time shape the group's self-identity, which progressively becomes dependent on how they have been seen by others",1],["negative representations of a group of people over time shape the group's self-identity, which progressively becomes dependent on how they have been seen by others.",1]],[60090]],["representation is not a neutral textual description, but a political act of identity construction.",1,-1,[],[55904]],["representation is not limited to presenting or constructing cultural identity in a work. Representation is also produced by audiences who consume the represented cultural values during the production and interpretation processes.",1,-1,[],[13252]]],"sy":[["reflection",1,11087,[],[60090]]],"rt":[["Populist attitudes",1,5649,[],[8310]],["agenda setting",1,425,[],[33893]]],"sb":[["political events",1,-1,[],[57815]],["political figures",1,-1,[],[57815]],["political parties",1,10127,[],[57815]]],"sp":[["agenda setting",1,425,[],[33893]],["bias",1,30859,[],[29671]],["critical thinking",1,29451,[],[35068]]],"ex":[["Politicians are able to solve the real problems facing the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[8310]],["Politicians keep the promises they make to the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[8310]],["Politicians need to follow the will of the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[8310]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Through new audience information systems, such as web analytics, the influence of the audience on the news construction process is increasing.",1,-1,[],[9113]],["Through web analytics, news organizations can collect and analyze the footprints that news users leave behind, offering immediate access to an unprecedented wealth of information about audience behavior.",1,-1,[],[9113]],["Web analytics programs provide a range of audience metrics, such as number of page views, amount of viewing time, site referrals, among others",1,-1,[],[9113]],["managers said their companies were coordinating with journalists to make web analytics more routine.",1,-1,[],[4962]],["paid web analytics programs",1,-1,[],[9113]],["quantifiable and immediate feedback from the audience",1,-1,[],[9113]],["quantifiable measure of popularity equated with audience preference",1,-1,[],[9113]],["web analytics a collaborative and necessary tool for journalists",1,-1,[],[4962]],["web analytics are disrupting the goals news organizations traditionally set, how they achieve those goals, and with what resources.",1,-1,[],[4962]],["web analytics is for good journalism to the extent that it can enhance the visibility of good content and can form a sustainable business model for news",1,-1,[],[4962]],["web analytics is for good journalism to the extent that it can enhance the visibility of good content and can form a sustainable business model for news. 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way in which the speaker's point of view can be detected in an utterance.",1,-1,[],[33167]],["Modality, in its simplest sense, indicates a speaker's or writer's special way of conceptualizing a world view or ideology.",1,-1,[],[26060]],["Modality, used as a supportive device in rendering the news stories in the desired discursive manner, is a less evident, but potent tool to exert leverage on the minds and hearts of global audiences",1,-1,[],[57127]],["Most people associate the word modality with the sensory modalities which represent our primary channels of communication and sensation, such as vision or touch.",1,-1,[],[5991]],["The difference between Instagram and Twitter is thus the visual and textual mode, respectively.",1,-1,[],[30311]],["The opinions and judgement of a writer or speaker on the necessity or possibility of propositions are represented through modality",1,-1,[],[33167]],["The strength of modality, as a powerful linguistic tool for influencing readers, is that it communicates attitudes through language choices and in doing so can readjust the perspective or point of view of a reader or listener",1,-1,[],[14157]],["The study called modality as a linguistic property which the language users could use to create favourable or unfavourable bias or to manipulate the opinion of readers.",1,-1,[],[47966]],["This linguistic device (modality) is an important means for editorial writers to have the insistence of a speaker who has assumed a position of authority, the authority here includes a claim to know what is inevitably going to happen.",1,-1,[],[47966]],["a characteristic of modality is that it is judgemental in nature",1,-1,[],[47966]],["a linguistic concept helps to achieve the objective of an editorial -which is to convey a communicator's attitude or opinion about the truth of a proposition or towards a particular situation or event in a way in which the speaker's point of view can be detected in an utterance",1,-1,[],[33167]],["editorial writers not only aimed at reporting and giving information on news events but also tried to provide the readers with their own judgments and comments through mainly Modality.",1,-1,[],[26060]],["helps to identify the attitude of the author or editorial board towards the reality in focus and indicate how power and ideology are implemented within news discourse",1,-1,[],[57127]],["involves the manifestation of judgements or evidences about the actual condition of the situations",1,-1,[],[47966]],["is a powerful tool of rendering the ideologically biased content as was seen in the analysis of our corpus.",1,-1,[],[57127]],["it communicates attitudes through language choices and in doing so can readjust the perspective or point of view of a reader or listener (Fowler, 1986, passim).",1,-1,[],[14157]],["modality allows language users to express what is, what would be, what may be, and what should be.",1,-1,[],[26060]],["modality as a linguistic property which the language users could use to create favourable or unfavourable bias or to manipulate the opinion of readers.",1,-1,[],[47966]],["modality as a method to report news",1,-1,[],[47966]],["modality is external to the content of any proposition and thus, constitutes the attitude taken up by the speaker.",1,-1,[],[47966]],["modality may be used as a linguistic tool to direct and control the behavior of the people.",1,-1,[],[26060]],["modality operates within the interpersonal function of the language-the function through which we represent ours to others (Halliday, 2002, p. 200).",1,-1,[],[26060]],["modality, being an important linguistic property, is used by the editorialists to maintain interaction with readers, establish authorial persona and present personal as well as institutional stance.",1,-1,[],[47966]],["textual choices of RT's editorial board produce different discursive representations and differnet levels of commitment towards Russia's political and military adversaries",1,-1,[],[57127]],["the subjective characteristic of an utterance is the concern of modality, and is therefore defined as the grammaticalisation of the speaker's or writer's subjective opinions or attitudes",1,-1,[],[33167]],["through modality newspaper editorial writers try to reveal their values and attitudes towards the text.",1,-1,[],[26060]],["used as a supportive device in rendering the news stories in the desired discursive manner, is a less evident, but potent tool to exert leverage on the minds and hearts of global audiences",1,-1,[],[57127]],["within discourse analysis, modality concerns the writer's (or speaker's) attitude toward and/or confidence in the proposition being presented.",1,-1,[],[26060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agency",1,19283,[],[57127]],["claim",1,178,[],[19586]],["deontic modality",1,1733,[],[47966]],["epistemic 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spoken",1,-1,[],[5991]],["touch",1,-1,[],[5991]],["vision",1,-1,[],[5991]],["visual signals which are often represented with images or videos",1,-1,[],[5991]],["vocal signals which encode sounds and para-verbal information such as prosody and vocal expressions",1,-1,[],[5991]],["will, would",1,-1,[],[26060]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Recent years' developments in the media landscape have augmented these processes and made it increasingly easy to self-select a media diet consonant with existing views.",1,-1,[],[47244]],["This kind of exposure to specific political arguments and beliefs is characterized by a significant imbalance between pro-and counter-attitudinal content where the former prevails [10].",1,-1,[],[36226]],["citizens both more and more ascribe (perceived) political positions to media organizations and outlets and increasingly select and process news and information based on (perceived) political preference congruence",1,-1,[],[47244]],["conservatives tend to exchange or even form their political opinions about migration in politically homogenous information environments.",1,-1,[],[36226]],["select communication partners or exchange information in ways that result in selective political exposure.",1,-1,[],[36226]],["the experience of threat and uncertainty should promote closed-mindedness and a need for cognitive closure and, thus, make conservatives more susceptible to selective political exposure.",1,-1,[],[36226]]],"sy":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[36226]]],"rt":[["attitude extremity",1,20038,[],[47244]],["echo chamber",1,7363,[],[36226]],["incivility",1,34677,[],[47244]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[47244]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[36226]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["conservatives are especially likely to choose confirmative information environments when the immigration issue is at stake.",1,-1,[],[36226]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["choice blindness",1,21884,[],[55360]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["indigenous #MeToo/#WithYou movement",1,-1,[],[55551]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it is through the lenses of our different cultural communities that we come to give detailed substance to our latent sense of human identity/dignity and to our expectations of dignified treatment from others, including the expectation not to be targeted by hate speech that reduces us to animals.",1,-1,[],[18566]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In addition, we include neutral scenarios, everyday tasks that are ethically uncharged and free from overt bias-serving as a baseline for comparison.",1,-1,[],[58915]],["actions that are entirely neutral-without any bias toward specific demographic groups",1,-1,[],[58915]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this case, disassociation is a term for decoupling the industry from the problem (wrong doing).",1,-1,[],[45297]],["In this case, disassociation is a term for decoupling the industry from the problem (wrong doing). This response strategy is meant to distinguish between the practice of fracturing as a means for oil and gas production and the methods through which the bi-product or industrial waste, in the form of toxic water, is disposed of through underground injection wells.",1,-1,[],[45297]],["This response strategy is meant to distinguish between the practice of fracturing as a means for oil and gas production and the methods through which the bi-product or industrial waste, in the form of toxic water, is disposed of through underground injection wells.",1,-1,[],[45297]],["disassociation is a term for decoupling the industry from the problem (wrong doing). This response strategy is meant to distinguish between the practice of fracturing as a means for oil and gas production and the methods through which the bi-product or industrial waste, in the form of toxic water, is disposed of through underground injection wells.",1,-1,[],[45297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["disjuncteur",1,5002,[],[26073]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Thus, the Nazi regime believed that the defeat and humiliation of Germany had been orchestrated by Jews and Bolsheviks. In turn they believed that by following the will of their leader, they could not only reverse their fortunes but install a new and enduring utopia-effectively countering one grand conspiracy with their own.",1,-1,[],[1417]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These may be experts qualified to comment on the news event or members of the general public.",1,-1,[],[21724]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["News sources",1,25955,[],[21724]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["disintegrated",1,-1,[],[36626]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an aggregation of biasword perturbation using MLM and fine-tuning classification",1,-1,[],[34806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["emphasizes what is 'routine' about even a major, unexpected event rather than what is distinctive about it.",1,-1,[],[52300]],["may be more changeable as an event unfolds over time.",1,-1,[],[52300]],["typifications and other generalized reporting rules offer only broad guidelines about the kinds of information to seek and what sort of story to tell, and may make reporters dependent upon officials' structuring of the issue or event.",1,-1,[],[52299,52300]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["economic independence",1,-1,[],[58750]],["journalistic autonomy",1,17884,[],[58750]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Independence or Interdependence",1,-1,[],[23360]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By identifying, naming, and valuing different socio-environmental futures and proposing radical change through alternative meanings and ways of doing things, the movement can indeed be considered a powerful example of dangerous dissent.",1,-1,[],[25615]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Compared to ordinary synonyms, they have a narrower scope of use because their meaning is determined by context.",1,-1,[],[61945]],["Contextual synonyms play an important role in modern mass media discourse, allowing authors to create imagery, evoke emotion, and introduce semantic ambiguity in texts (Al Falaq & Puspita, 2021).",1,-1,[],[61945]],["Contextual synonyms, therefore, operate as strategic mechanisms in modelling emotional impact and structuring semantic emphasis in contemporary media discourse.",1,-1,[],[61945]],["Inclusion criteria required that (a) the expression could reasonably be paraphrased by a more neutral or literal term in the same context, and (b) the choice of the contextual synonym altered the emotional tone, conceptual framing, or degree of personification.",1,-1,[],[61943]],["Purely technical rephrasings without such shifts were excluded.",1,-1,[],[61943]],["These units were classified into four functional-semantic categories: military vocabulary, zoomorphic images, strength/endurance images, and cognitive-psychological images, which enabled a comparative examination not only of their frequency but also of their pragmatic functions across discourses.",1,-1,[],[61945]],["They are often formed through metaphorization, metonymy, or secondary nomination, which gives words additional semantic nuances",1,-1,[],[61945]],["contextual synonyms play an active role in shaping media discourse. By introducing metaphorical, evaluative, and affective dimensions, they contribute to the emotional colouring of events and structure 99 interpretative frameworks within each thematic domain.",1,-1,[],[61945]],["distributional patterns suggest that contextual synonymy serves to align semantic fields with discourse-specific communicative purposes.",1,-1,[],[61945]],["synonymous variation functions as a tool of discursive influence appealing to imaginative and evaluative cognition.",1,-1,[],[61945]],["the identified contextual synonyms do not merely decorate the discourse but actively reshape its tone and guide the interpretation of events through a figurative lens.",1,-1,[],[61945]]],"sy":[["Contextual synonymy",1,22381,[],[61945]]],"rt":[["metaphorical, evaluative, and affective dimensions",1,-1,[],[61945]],["metaphorization",1,17010,[],[61945]],["metonymy",1,25536,[],[61945]],["ordinary synonyms",1,-1,[],[61945]],["secondary 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the status quo because it is a form of power structure from domination and pressure, hence attitude theory points to problems in the social order and also implies new ways to organize social life so that it becomes more equal and fairer",1,-1,[],[57089]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["selfactualizing citizenship norms",1,-1,[],[4903]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["citizenship norms",1,30621,[],[4903]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["To understand and explain events and social processes",1,-1,[],[55867]],["addresses the meaning of events (the motivational dimension)",1,-1,[],[55867]],["remains a general truth",1,-1,[],[55867]],["tends to construct overarching narratives about movements or political formations, often overlooking the individual roles of actors.",1,-1,[],[55867]]],"sy":[["Social Truth",1,3722,[],[55867]]],"rt":[["judicial truth",1,18002,[],[55867]],["narrative truth",1,13204,[],[55867]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["adding context",1,-1,[],[15625]],["balanced fine-tuning",1,-1,[],[15625]],["counterfactual data augmentation",1,5031,[],[15625]],["gender tagging",1,13928,[],[15625]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It allows users to evaluate newspapers on distinct levels, including entities, text content, and article headings.",1,-1,[],[27327]],["The Media Bias Spectrum fulfills this role, recognizing the relative nature of media bias and even capitalizing on it to illustrate the range of viewpoints on a particular subject or towards a specific entity.",1,-1,[],[27327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["event selection bias",1,-1,[],[27327]],["labeling and word choice bias",1,1222,[],[27327]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["verificación",1,24376,[],[37755]]],"rt":[["debunking (desmentido)",1,26898,[],[37755]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Members of the legislature",1,-1,[],[45231]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Proclaim can also be achieved through the use of evaluative languages, such as positive or negative judgments, which signal agreement or disagreement with a particular point of view.",1,-1,[],[16451]],["This can be achieved through direct speech or reported speech, which gives voice to the perspectives or opinions of others.",1,-1,[],[16451]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["CONCURs",3,6231,[["CONCURs",1],["Concur [C]",1],["concur",1]],[16451,21840,38505]],["ENDORSE",2,3628,[["ENDORSE",1],["endorse",1]],[16451,21840]],["PRONOUNCE",2,1117,[["PRONOUNCE",1],["pronounce",1]],[16451,21840]],["justify",1,8376,[],[16451]]],"sp":[["Contract",1,29295,[],[16451]],["Dialogic contraction",1,26395,[],[21839,21840]],["contract type",1,-1,[],[16451]],["contraction strategies",1,-1,[],[16451]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Debiasing",1,31088,[],[58257]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the rate of AI misattribution",1,-1,[],[23072]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["New genres emerge thanks to the public's activity and large part of the information shared is managed by the users instead of communicators.",1,-1,[],[37723]],["strategic communication allows for the purposeful use of participatory communication with a plurality of publics for organisational purposes within digital arenas.",1,-1,[],[54119]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alternative communication",1,18103,[],[26101]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["To this thin centre a radical-right nativist and authoritarian ideology is attached.",1,-1,[],[3442]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[28231]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["The term \"digital rhetoric\" contains two concepts -\"rhetoric\" and \"digital\"which are not coincidentally connected with each other. They form the framework of the concept of modern communication on the human-computer-human axis, based on the classical questions about the goal, the context and the recipient.",1,-1,[],[59514]],["rhetoric, or, more precisely, its latest variation: digital rhetoric",1,-1,[],[59514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rhetoric",1,11146,[],[59514]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stance classification",1,7751,[],[12354]]],"sb":[["commenting",1,3207,[],[12354]],["denying",1,4470,[],[12354]],["querying",1,6266,[],[12354]],["supporting",1,7180,[],[12354]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["repeated misgendering from 'friendly' acquaintances (family, partners, etc.) is an artefact of two things: first, a resistance to recategorization of social categories in general (inertia or force of habit)",1,-1,[],[21476]]],"sy":[["force of habit",1,-1,[],[21476]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["ethics of policy, which concentrates on judgments about the policies and laws governments make",1,-1,[],[37825]],["ethics of process, which focuses on public officials, the methods they use, and the institutions in which they act",1,-1,[],[37825]],["it is divided into two branches",1,-1,[],[37825]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["ethics of policy",1,-1,[],[37825]],["ethics of process",1,-1,[],[37825]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiratorial witness",1,26676,[],[3770]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Private states are internal states that cannot be directly observed by others, e.g. opinions, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, emotions, judgments, etc.",1,-1,[],[26026]],["Private states are internal states that cannot be directly observed by others, e.g. opinions, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, emotions, judgments, etc. (Quirk et al. 1985;Wiebe et al. 2005). They represent someone's personal attitude towards a target entity.",1,-1,[],[26026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Polar expressions",1,11518,[],[26026]]],"ex":[["Stephen Robertson explicitly utters a negative opinion about the target 'the data' by means of the expression 'were ''disappointing'''.",1,-1,[],[26026]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["multimodal approach",1,4652,[],[30813]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["This term has come to connote something far more biased, perhaps even sinister, than the psychological phenomena it accurately describes.",1,-1,[],[6410]],["This theory also suggests that partisans will more likely be moved by their own party's frame, regardless of its strength.",1,-1,[],[17108]],["exposure to congenial information reduces perceptions that the information is biased",1,-1,[],[47905]],["partisan motived reasoning, as is made clear by Chong and Druckman (2010), Druckman and Leeper (2012a), and Druckman et al. 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Bush's funeral, refusing to shake her hand (...), and an awkward and bitter nod back from Hillary",1,-1,[],[45054]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These categories, in Chaudhary's research, appeared in articles on \"oil spills, famines, floods, earthquakes, droughts, fires, pestilence and diseases\"",1,-1,[],[60069]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[6049]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reporting bias",1,16743,[],[46535]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The requirement that States outlaw hate speech understandably attempts to attack the root of the problem",1,-1,[],[61644]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["citizens' assemblies",1,4167,[],[17456]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Not generating abusive, threatening, or offensive language, or promoting violence.",1,-1,[],[15662]],["Not giving bad real-world advice, or promoting illegal activity.",1,-1,[],[15662]],["Not writing sexual or violent content if it's not asked for.",1,-1,[],[15662]],["Treating other humans with kindness, respect and consideration; 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They are publicized on news organizations' websites, broadcasts, social media accounts, etc., usually with a brief description of the initiative, which allowed us to identify them.",1,-1,[],[9462]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Additional accents of a conceptual metaphor go beyond its basic meaning (Kövecses, 2005).",1,-1,[],[11197]]],"sy":[["entailment",1,12074,[],[11197]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["digital diplomacy has become a hybrid space where humanitarian norms and security imperatives co-exist and where leaders must balance moral expectations with geopolitical constraints.",1,-1,[],[57368]],["gradually becoming an important tool in boosting traditional public diplomacy by providing information and public opinion support for the implementation of the country's foreign policy abroad",1,-1,[],[44117]],["how leaders use framing as a strategic tool to construct national identity, justify policy choices, and communicate with domestic and global publics simultaneously",1,-1,[],[57368]],["it scores highly in regards to political communication through social networks or the Internet, influencing the objective perception of Russia by foreign audiences, using \"soft power\" tools, mass media, and social media to ensure the advancement of the country's foreign policy and create a positive image of the state.",1,-1,[],[44117]]],"sy":[["Internet diplomacy",1,-1,[],[44117]],["Web diplomacy 2.0",1,-1,[],[44117]],["social media diplomacy",1,-1,[],[44117]]],"rt":[["social media framing",1,21316,[],[57368]],["soft power",1,9524,[],[44117]],["traditional public diplomacy",1,6207,[],[44117]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["topic rebuttal",1,10921,[["topic rebuttal",1],["topic rebuttals",1]],[35789,35790]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Rebuttals",1,28370,[],[17694]],["debunking",1,27730,[],[35789]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The terminology indirect bias follows Pedreshi et al.[29] who distinguish direct versus indirect discrimination in rules of fair classifiers.",1,-1,[],[21396]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["indirect discrimination",3,15486,[],[21396,21772,32207]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Unexplainable Discrimination",1,24498,[],[7313]],["allocational harms",1,10117,[],[8081]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[11034]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8081]]],"ex":[["e.g., LLM-aided resume screening may preserve hiring inequities",1,-1,[],[8081]],["e.g., LLM-aided resume screening may preserve hiring inequities (Ferrara 2023)",1,-1,[],[8081]],["when LLM-powered resume-screening tools reinforce existing hiring inequities",1,-1,[],[29135]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Construal-Level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010) highlights two other types of proximity or psychological distance: social proximity, which refers to how close one perceives another person as an individual or member of a group; and temporal proximity, which refers to the closeness of an event or issue in time.",1,-1,[],[28028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["physical proximity",1,33978,[],[54582]],["temporal proximity",1,17669,[],[28028]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["proximity or psychological distance",1,-1,[],[28028]],["psychological distance",1,22368,[],[28028]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":41,"df":[["Media literacy education requires active inquiry and critical thinking about the messages we receive and create.",2,-1,[["Media literacy education requires active inquiry and critical thinking about the messages we receive and create.",1],["media literacy education requires active inquiry and critical thinking about the messages we receive and create",1]],[12871,12937]]],"de":[["MLE \"is about teaching them how they can arrive at informed choices that are most consistent with their own values\"",1,-1,[],[12871]],["MLE \"is not focused on changing media, rather on changing educational practice and increasing students' knowledge and skills.\"",1,-1,[],[12871]],["MLE does not excuse media makers from the responsibility as members of the community to make a positive contribution and avoid doing harm",1,-1,[],[12871]],["MLE does not start from the premise that media are inconsequential nor that media are a problem",1,-1,[],[12871]],["MLE does not start from the premise that media are inconsequential nor that media are a problem\" and \"does not substitute for media meeting their responsibility to serve the public interest\"",1,-1,[],[12871]],["MLE is not about media-bashing (i.e., simplistic, rhetorical or over generalized attacks on some types of media or media industries as a whole)",1,-1,[],[12871]],["Media literacy is increasingly recognised as an essential element in developing students' critical thinking skills",1,-1,[],[31169]],["Media literacy is seldom taught as a goal in itself. That is, media educators mostly try to increase children's and adolescents' mass media knowledge and skills because this, in turn, will maximize positive media effects and minimize negative ones.",1,-1,[],[20877]],["Moreover, it promotes participatory and interactive communication approaches, alongside competence in the technical aspects of media and communication as key learning objectives",1,-1,[],[31169]],["This includes fostering skills in media critique, ethical thought, and aesthetic values within the context of communication frameworks.",1,-1,[],[31169]],["Vraga et al. (2012) note that media literacy education teaches audiences to analyze and deconstruct media messages and understand the process of message construction. potential impact of information, and revealing the gap between mediated and external realities.",1,-1,[],[27266]],["Within this context, media literacy is also often linked with public access community radio and television (Higgins 1999;King and Mele 1999;Wagg 2004;Pinseler 2008), citizen journalism (Lim and Nekmat 2008), and more broadly, the public sphere (Kovacs 2003;Papacharissi 2002;Fisherkeller 1999;Means Coleman 2003;Vande Berg, Wenner, and Gronbeck 2004;Nassanga 2008;Phang and Schaefer 2009).",1,-1,[],[20877]],["a flexible response for both teachers and students following current events",1,-1,[],[12879]],["a foundation for accurately digesting partisan content",1,-1,[],[12879]],["a method of linking critical thinking and behavior change for youth",1,-1,[],[12879]],["an increasingly important \"transactional learning space\" between school-based education and leisure activities among youth, where students engage in learning activities that are linked to an existing media culture outside the school context",1,-1,[],[20877]],["educational practice that holds the possibility of transforming teaching and learning",1,-1,[],[12871]],["enable them to reflect systematically on the processes of reading and writing, to understand and to analyze their own experience as readers and writers",1,-1,[],[20877]],["integrating theoretical and critical frameworks rising from constructivist learning theory, media studies and cultural studies scholarship",1,-1,[],[12871]],["media literacy education a stronger indication than political knowledge for those who could adopt a critical stance when evaluating messaging, regardless of whether they agree or disagree with the position",1,-1,[],[12879]],["media literacy education is not a political movement, but an educational discipline",1,-1,[],[12871]]],"sy":[["MLE",1,-1,[],[12871]],["media education",1,30536,[],[20877]],["media education program",1,-1,[],[20877]],["media literacy intervention",1,21202,[],[20877]],["media literacy program",1,-1,[],[20877]]],"rt":[["Media Literacy (ML)",1,27668,[],[49635]],["constructivist learning theory",1,11922,[],[12871]],["critical thinking",1,29451,[],[31169]],["digital citizenship",1,19080,[],[12871]],["literacy education",1,-1,[],[12871]],["media creation",1,-1,[],[31169]],["media literacy skills",1,18632,[],[31169]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["literacy education",1,-1,[],[12871]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[55116]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this paper, we focus on detecting the political bias and factuality of news media sources, which we call news media profiling.",1,-1,[],[51795]],["In this paper, we focus on news media profiling (fake news and bias source detection) on English and Twitter, specifically in the Black Lives Matter domain.",1,-1,[],[51795]],["Is this source factual or politically biased?",1,-1,[],[51795]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-check",1,4961,[],[51795]],["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[51795]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Most commonly when a concept is characterised by an upward orientation, its opposite counterpart receives a downward orientation.",1,-1,[],[25871]],["orientational metaphors are more related to the spatial orientation",1,-1,[],[50698]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",2,23399,[["conceptual metaphors",2],["conceptual metaphor",1]],[30763,50698]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[30763]]],"ex":[["An example of this would be MORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWN (\"Speak up please\"; \"Keep your voice down\").",1,-1,[],[25871]],["HAPPY IS UP, SAD IS DOWN",1,-1,[],[25872]],["MORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWN (\"Speak up please\"; \"Keep your voice down\").",1,-1,[],[25871]],["The winning team is ahead; The losing team is behind",1,-1,[],[31391]],["foreseeable future events are conceptualised as \"up\" and \"ahead\"",1,-1,[],[30763]],["in the English language, foreseeable future events are conceptualised as \"up\" and \"ahead\"",1,-1,[],[30763]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Trust",1,34511,[],[21758]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["likewise affects which perspective is taken on the event",1,-1,[],[375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[27321]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["taking an expensive gift from a news source-or, at the ethical end of the spectrum, accepting a free cup of c0ffee.",1,-1,[],[55918]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["PHIs like Dosani, Vohra-Miller, and Yammine would use platform affordances and the meme-ification of evidence-based information about the pandemic and vaccines to counter such narratives.",1,-1,[],[49386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["CRT challenges White privilege and refutes the claims that educational institutions make toward objectivity, meritocracy, colorblindness, race neutrality and equal opportunity. CRT challenges notions of 'neutral' research or 'objective' researchers and exposes deficit-informed research that silences, ignores and distorts epistemologies of People of Color",1,-1,[],[4005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Organizations aim to contain the rapid succession of negative and complex events without intensifying the crisis, to protect the organization from financial and reputational damage",1,-1,[],[34614]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["priming effects",1,22797,[],[10189]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Pseudo-participation by design occurs when these constraints on participation are embedded into design artifacts that control a process.",1,-1,[],[7491]],["pseudo-participation in design occurs when participation in a decision making process is shaped to sharply constrain what participants can do, for example in crowd-sourcing or public naming competitions.",1,-1,[],[7491]]],"sy":[["participation without agency",1,-1,[],[7491]],["tokenism",1,6505,[],[7491]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Pseudo-participation by design",1,29431,[["Pseudo-participation by design",1],["pseudo-participation in design",1]],[7491]],["Pseudo-participation by design occurs when these constraints on participation are embedded into design artifacts that control a process.",1,-1,[],[7491]],["pseudo-participation in design occurs when participation in a decision making process is shaped to sharply constrain what participants can do, for example in crowd-sourcing or public naming competitions.",1,-1,[],[7491]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Contributing to a crowdsourcing project is one such example, whereby states elicit, using a specialized information systems, a structured contribution from residents or citizens, and then use this information in their decision-making.",1,-1,[],[7491]],["Voting also takes this form, whereby discrete points of information are elicited, and based on the reckoning of the result, a specific action occurs.",1,-1,[],[7491]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["market journalism",1,9635,[],[36860]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["article-level",1,31021,[],[35982]],["claim-level",1,28160,[],[35982]],["medium-level",1,-1,[],[35982]],["user-level",1,3574,[],[35982]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["addressing issues of immediate public concern, such as safety, weather, housing, health, travel, voting, and employment",1,-1,[],[13571]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["They want to preserve the FBI's reputation.",1,-1,[],[52532]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Social media influencers are online opinion leaders based on the two-step communication flow theory (Katz & Lazarsfeld, 1955).",1,-1,[],[12564]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["influencers",1,18361,[],[12564]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculation interventions",1,16503,[],[2717]],["psychological inoculation",1,15733,[],[2717]]],"ex":[["logical fallacies, emotional manipulation, conspiratorial reasoning",1,-1,[],[2717]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":43,"df":[],"de":[["Addressing the complexity of intersectionality and ensuring fairness across multiple dimensions of identity.",1,-1,[],[14610]],["Considers the ways in which different dimensions of identity (such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status) interact and affect outcomes.",1,-1,[],[14610]],["Crenshaw's (1989) original formulation of intersectionality drew attention to how anti-discrimination laws often fail to serve the interests of Black women -while more frequently helping singularly-marginalized groups such as white women or Black men -because these protections require individuals to position their discriminatory experiences as either racist or sexist, even when they are both of these things.",1,-1,[],[41106]],["Developing AI systems that consider the interaction of different dimensions of identity.",1,-1,[],[14610]],["Intersectionality holds that gender effects can never be understood in isolation and must always be examined in context, i.e., in the context of ethnicity and other social identities and categories.",1,-1,[],[7732]],["The concept emphasizes that different dimensions of social life cannot be separated out into discrete and pure strands",1,-1,[],[6060]],["The emphasis on social power that grounds intersectionality as theory",1,-1,[],[36266]],["an approach that involves reducing and ultimately eliminating power imbalances",1,-1,[],[41106]],["an ideological framework that is \"beginning to exert a powerful effect on public discourse and indeed on all areas of life, from families and schools to places of employment.\"",1,-1,[],[41106]],["broader focus on critiquing unequal power relations",1,-1,[],[41106]],["critiquing unequal power relations",1,-1,[],[41106]],["has also expanded as a discourse",1,-1,[],[41106]],["intersectional approaches have yet still more room to grow, as many areas of academia and social life more broadly have only begun engaging with intersectional ideas and challenging multiple systems of oppression.",1,-1,[],[41106]],["intersectional approaches help draw attention to intra-group differences",1,-1,[],[41106]],["intersectional philosophy depends on dividing people into warring victim groups",1,-1,[],[41106]],["multiple identities and experiences of exclusion and subordination start interacting",1,-1,[],[5943]],["one that helps researchers see the ways that systems of oppression are overlapping or interconnected rather than separate or distinct",1,-1,[],[41106]],["the relational aspects of intersectionality help reveal how individuals can form solidarities and coalitions in working together across differences.",1,-1,[],[41106]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["additive understanding of oppression",1,8413,[],[41106]],["challenging multiple systems of oppression simultaneously",1,-1,[],[41106]],["coalition building",1,-1,[],[41106]],["critical social theory",1,-1,[],[41106]],["intersectional analysis",1,-1,[],[41106]],["intersectional approaches",1,20640,[],[36266]],["intersectional feminism",1,-1,[],[41106]],["queer theory",1,20362,[],[41106]],["single-axis approach",1,-1,[],[41106]]],"sb":[["individualistic understanding of intersectionality -that is, one in which intersectionality is concerned primarily with group-based differences among individuals",1,-1,[],[41106]]],"sp":[["critical social theory",1,-1,[],[41106]]],"ex":[["Developing AI systems that consider the interaction of different dimensions of identity.",1,-1,[],[14610]],["black, lower-class women",1,-1,[],[3438]],["burka prohibition can be analysed either as an Islamophobic or as a sexist behavior, since this symbol is used by Muslims, but just by women",1,-1,[],[6878]],["race, gender, and socioeconomic status",1,-1,[],[14610]],["the case of the intersection of gender and ethnicity",1,-1,[],[7732]],["the multiple ways that race and gender interact with class in the labour market, effectively generating new identity categories",1,-1,[],[5943]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Other voices have been left out, sometimes through no ill-will",1,-1,[],[49300]],["may be caused by personalization algorithms as well as by social selection",1,-1,[],[49300]],["may be caused by personalization algorithms as well as by social selection, suffer from a lack of exposure to relevant alternative views",1,-1,[],[49300]]],"sy":[["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[49300]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[49300]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Psi is a difficult concept. In some circumstances, expectations cannot be broken. In others VR can create new expectations that seem completely natural even though they could never happen in physical reality.",1,-1,[],[14450]],["Psi is the second and orthogonal concept to consider. This is concerned with the 'reality' of the situation depicted. It is maintained through correlations between actions and reactions, and correlations between events that can be perceived within the VE that are directed at the participant. It also includes the notion of the credibility of events in comparison with what would be expected in reality in similar circumstances. Psi relies on the process of inference from evidence (perceptions) to issues concerning the 'reality' of the situation.",1,-1,[],[5743]],["Psi may fail if the environment never responds to the participant, or if nothing in the environment ever addresses the participant personally, or if there is something that fails to meet expectations.",1,-1,[],[14482]],["This is concerned with the 'reality' of the situation depicted. It is maintained through correlations between actions and reactions, and correlations between events that can be perceived within the VE that are directed at the participant. It also includes the notion of the credibility of events in comparison with what would be expected in reality in similar circumstances. Psi relies on the process of inference from evidence (perceptions) to issues concerning the 'reality' of the situation.",1,-1,[],[5743]],["is just as critical and maybe more difficult to get right in many applications",1,-1,[],[14450]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["PI",1,24083,[],[14450]],["presence",1,33629,[],[14450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["presence",1,33629,[],[14482]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These kinds of users re-share some information through social networks on different occasions.",1,-1,[],[1761]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Human agents",1,12602,[],[1761]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Indirekte Meinungsäußerungen",1,7816,[],[21201]],["Indirekte Meinungsäußerungen von Journalisten, sei es durch die bewusste Auswahl bestimmter Ereignisse für die Berichterstattung oder die absichtliche Recherche von Themen",1,-1,[],[21201]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, they argue that implementing immigration restrictions is the most effective means to protect migrants and their rights.",1,-1,[],[59649]],["Put differently, solidarity with migrants is desirable but can only be achieved by preserving social order and well-being in destination countries.",1,-1,[],[59649]],["Solidarity, in fact, should not be principled or ideological, but attuned with material considerations, such as newcomers' fit with Italy's labour market and cultural values, as well as the capacity of welfare infrastructures to cope with increased demand.",1,-1,[],[59649]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[59649]]],"ex":[["rebrand their restrictive policy proposals as pro-migrant measures, including push-backs, 27 naval blockades to prevent departures 28 and the banning of rescue ships from Italian harbours. 29",1,-1,[],[59649]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["los izquierdistas abogan por una mayor intervención del gobierno en la sociedad para abordar las desigualdades y proteger a los grupos marginados, mientras que los derechistas se refieren al individualismo, los mercados libres y una intervención gubernamental limitada para promover el crecimiento económico.",1,-1,[],[55937]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["downtoners",1,23933,[],[24280]],["intensifiers",1,9805,[],[24280]],["irrealis markers",1,15737,[],[24280]],["negation",1,34265,[],[24280]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["intensification (e.g., very good)",1,-1,[],[24280]],["negation (e.g., not good)",1,-1,[],[24280]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the zealot is the only individual in the system allowed to change his state from -1 to +1 (with rate γ > 0) without regards to his neighbors, with whom he nevertheless interacts.",1,-1,[],[5754]]],"sy":[["a biased individual who favours one opinion",1,-1,[],[5754]]],"rt":[["voter dynamics",1,-1,[],[5754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["platform vernaculars",1,12683,[],[8970]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The way this image creation can be done is through modern techniques and with the help of media.",1,-1,[],[60851]]],"sy":[["image creation",1,-1,[],[60851]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["I use the term \"degradation\" to refer to those backsliding processes.",1,-1,[],[2241]],["I use the term \"degradation\" to refer to those backsliding processes. 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However, if people of a specific race live in a specific area and address is used as a feature for training a prediction model, the trained model might make unfair determinations even though the race feature is not explicitly used.",1,-1,[],[21776]]],"sy":[["indirect bias",1,32091,[],[21402]],["red-lining effect",1,34133,[],[21776]]],"rt":[["direct discrimination",3,15406,[],[21402,21776,32209]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Unexplainable Discrimination",1,24498,[],[7328]],["allocational harms",1,10117,[],[8100]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[11045]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8100]]],"ex":[["Indirect discrimination might arise from job ads looking for 'persons with military experience', which could put women in a disadvantaged position if men are overrepresented in the military; or for 'recent graduates', which could disadvantage those who are older.",1,-1,[],[32209]],["Making enrolment in Greek police training colleges, for example, conditional on a height requirement of at least 1.70 m indirectly discriminates against women, who are generally shorter than men.",1,-1,[],[32209]],["This can be seen in LLM-assisted healthcare systems, where demographic proxies contribute to inequities in patient care",1,-1,[],[29151]],["e.g., LLM-aided healthcare tools may use proxies associated with demographic factors that exacerbate inequities in patient care",1,-1,[],[8100]],["e.g., LLM-aided healthcare tools may use proxies associated with demographic factors that exacerbate inequities in patient care (Ferrara 2023)",1,-1,[],[8100]],["the residential zip code of a person can be used in decision making processes such as loan applications. However, this can still lead to racial discrimination, such as redlining, as despite the fact that zip code appears to be a non-sensitive attribute, it may correlate with race because of the population of residential areas.",1,-1,[],[7328]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["polysemes",1,11242,[],[43788]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Joo instead of Jew",1,-1,[],[39397]],["Some of the words might be deliberately misspelled as well (e.g. Joo instead of Jew).",1,-1,[],[39397]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["'Us' stands for the common citizen and 'them' represents the common enemy established by the dominant elite, which may sometimes be identified under different headings (politics, media, economic powers, etc.).",1,-1,[],[3174]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["state-based agenda",1,-1,[],[23026]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["el fin que persigue este 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This technique aims to hook the readers from the outset and entice them to further engage with the narrative",1,-1,[],[55487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Commercial speech restrictions typically receive an intermediate level of scrutiny if they are directed at nonmisleading speech concerning a lawful activity.",1,-1,[],[12515]],["an advert would still qualify as commercial speech if the 'manifestation of a desire to market goods for profit' is more central than 'the manifestation of a belief'",1,-1,[],[38650]],["historically received less First Amendment protection than political speech as an effort to protect consumers from deception and fraud.",1,-1,[],[12515]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["advertising",1,6013,[],[38650]],["deception",1,24454,[],[12515]],["fraud",1,22026,[],[12515]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["This duty required that broadcasters \"devote a reasonable 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issues in the outlets",1,-1,[],[39732]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media public sphere",1,-1,[],[54999]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["affordances",2,3089,[],[45323,57740]],["Informational transparency",1,29902,[],[55541]],["discursive opportunities",1,15022,[],[2608]]],"ex":[["\"invisible\" messages that are not included in any channel at all",1,-1,[],[2608]],["\"obtrusive\" messages that are displayed prominently by most channels",1,-1,[],[2608]],["messages with limited visibility, which are, for example, only covered by local media",1,-1,[],[2608]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["partisan perception gap",1,-1,[],[54627]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["climate doomism",1,24103,[],[23558]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The last major frame identifiable in the right-leaning coverage may be referred to as something for nothing culture",1,-1,[],[38019]],["The last major frame identifiable in the right-leaning coverage may be referred to as something for nothing culture, i.e. pervasive economic and social passiveness, reliance on state assistance and a dire lack of aspiration to advance in life through paid work.",1,-1,[],[38019]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15994]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15994]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["science optimists",1,-1,[],[56006]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["schema",1,34718,[],[56006]],["science and society 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bias",1,2728,[],[6092]],["complex contagion",1,17711,[],[1533]],["social contagions",1,17014,[],[3023]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["hyperindividualism dominating social media has produced a condition of atomisation",1,-1,[],[8404]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Campbell (1958) originally argued that perceived category entitativity is derived from perceptual Gestalt principles similarity (e.g., in group members' appearance like skin color or physique), physical proximity, collective movement, and common fate among category members.",1,-1,[],[39666]],["In other words, it refers to the perceived \"groupness\" or \"unity\" of a group or category, or how closely tied together its members seem to be",1,-1,[],[39666]],["Thus, entitativity refers to perceptions of \"groupness\" of a specific category and of \"similarity\" between its members (Moskowitz, 2005).",1,-1,[],[22890]],["more recent broader definitions, state that perceived category entitativity may also, in addition to observable perceptual features of group members, arise from assumed commonality in unobservable aspects of group members",1,-1,[],[39666]],["noun labels (as compared to adjective or descriptive labels) function to denote within-group similarities, and distinctions between categories and thereby imply a relatively high perceived category entitativity.",1,-1,[],[39666]],["perceived category entitativity may also, in addition to observable perceptual features of group members, arise from assumed commonality in unobservable aspects of group members (Brewer, Hong & Li, 2004).",1,-1,[],[39666]],["various studies suggest that these biases, particularly the SEB (Hamilton & Sherman, 1996), LEB (Spencer-Rodgers, Hamilton, & Sherman, 2007), and LIB (Moscatelli & Rubini, 2011;Rubini, Moscatelli, & Palmonari, 2007) are stronger when the described target category is high (vs. low) in perceived entitativity.",1,-1,[],[39666]],["when the boundaries that differentiate the categories are sharp and fixed (i.e., high entitativity)",1,-1,[],[39666]]],"sy":[["Perceived group entitativity",1,-1,[],[39666]]],"rt":[["(shared) social category cognition",1,27192,[],[39666]],["perceived homogeneity",1,-1,[],[39666]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, a male speaker might be taken more seriously on a topic traditionally seen as \"male-dominated\", while a female speaker might be unfairly doubted or interrupted more frequently.",1,-1,[],[37433]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They reject the term hyperpartisan because such media are not necessarily linked to political parties, and even if partisan were taken to mean \"committed\" or \"engaged, \" this would fail to capture their extreme ideological bias. In other words, this is not merely \"committed\" media, but media that severely distort framing, often to the point of bordering on disinformation, and, in many cases, actively promoting it.",1,-1,[],[32406]]],"sy":[["hyperpartisan media",1,23545,[],[32406]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Rather than destroy the system, such tactics first and foremost aim to 'bring the illegitimacy of the private to public attention, create public debate' (Williams 2008: 116). Activist engaging in such acts perform a type of political violence that 'provides both public drama, which symbolizes the issues at stake, and an element of moral suasion' (Carter 2005: 41); in other words protesters perform or play revolution.",1,-1,[],[31271]],["The political violence in this case is directed at property, at hierarchical structures, at the rules and conventions of liberal democracy and at economic, social or cultural hegemonies.",1,-1,[],[31271]],["aim to 'bring the illegitimacy of the private to public attention, create public debate'",1,-1,[],[31271]],["does not aim to overthrow a given regime, it is often largely symbolic in nature",1,-1,[],[31271]],["provides both public drama, which symbolizes the issues at stake, and an element of moral suasion",1,-1,[],[31271]],["tend to reclaim or appropriate symbolic spaces controlled by dominant political and economic actors in society and partially overlap with acts of civic disobedience.",1,-1,[],[31271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["logic of bearing witness",1,-1,[],[31271]],["logic of damage",1,17213,[],[31271]],["minor sabotage",1,-1,[],[31271]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political violence",1,13268,[],[31271]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["System 1",1,16472,[],[972]],["Type 1",1,-1,[],[972]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["phone snubbing",1,-1,[],[14510]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["An unbiased model should be invariant to the counterfactual, with a difference of zero.",1,-1,[],[57305]],["We measure bias as the difference in scores for the pair.",1,-1,[],[57305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This attribute framing not only describes the type of assault, but it also subtly places it in the context of a justified response to previous aggression, which changes how morally acceptable the actions are.",1,-1,[],[54163]]],"sy":[["second-level agenda setting",1,1243,[],[36678]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["equivalency framing",1,28843,[],[54163]],["frame",1,7860,[],[36678]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Der Unterschied zwischen dieser Navigationsleistung (Kuratieren; Bhaskar 2016; Gatewatching; Bruns 2018) sowie dem klassischen Gatekeeping besteht darin, dass extern (und nicht intern), nach der Veröffentlichung (und nicht vorher) sowie weich (und nicht hart) selektiert wird.",1,-1,[],[904]]],"sy":[["Gatewatching",1,4988,[],[904]],["Kuratieren",1,-1,[],[904]]],"rt":[["Gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[904]],["klassischen Gatekeeping",1,-1,[],[904]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media fragmentation",1,8069,[],[24431]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Eso ayuda a que el crimen relatado adquiera tintes más dramáticos",1,-1,[],[44313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrativa específica del true crime",1,-1,[],[44313]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["subjective captions",1,23533,[],[6747]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Public interest and value are crucial considerations in journalism and media practices, as they guide the selection, presentation, and evaluation of news content 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protected characteristics",1,-1,[],[41978]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which is a Fallacy of Credibility on Level 1",1,-1,[],[23601]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Credibility",1,-1,[["Fallacies of Credibility",1],["Fallacy of Credibility",1]],[23601]],["ad hominem",1,14657,[],[23601]],["ad hominem fallacy",1,30251,[],[23601]]],"ex":[["\"John says the earth is round, but he's a convicted criminal, so he must be wrong.\"",1,-1,[],[23601]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This may involve weighing the public interest against the potential harm caused by disclosing sensitive information, protecting vulnerable sources, or avoiding the dissemination of graphic or traumatic content",1,-1,[],[41160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ethical considerations",1,24711,[],[41160]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Los desórdenes informativos están interrelacionados entre sí y dependen, de forma necesaria, de las tecnologías post Internet, lo que ha modificado la naturaleza misma de la comunicación interpersonal colectiva.",1,-1,[],[13780]],["Los desórdenes informativos suponen una voluntad de autoridad sobre la realidad, en la práctica, una voluntad de supremacía ideológica, y un riesgo para las democracias liberales.",1,-1,[],[13780]],["acelerados por la innovación tecnológica, desde su origen corporativo han ido mutando hasta convertirse en un aspecto vertebral de la ideología política",1,-1,[],[13780]],["la intencionalidad de producir desórdenes informativos facilita que toda opinión o evento sea susceptible de ser elevado a verdad en la medida en que resulte útil a una cierta ideología, cosmovisión política o causa corporativa.",1,-1,[],[13780]],["los desórdenes informativos no tienen por qué haber culminado en el cinismo de los hechos alternativos.",1,-1,[],[13780]],["los desórdenes informativos, en especial la desinformación, no se basan para su aceptación social en la coacción propagandística sino en la libertad de los ciudadanos para elegirlos de forma voluntaria",1,-1,[],[13780]]],"sy":[["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[13780]],["desinformación",1,20072,[],[13780]],["desórdenes desinformativos",1,-1,[],[13780]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[13780]],["hechos alternativos",1,23465,[],[13780]],["posverdad",1,9327,[],[13780]]],"rt":[["tecnologías post Internet",1,-1,[],[13780]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["We define the dominant frame as the one that covers the most sentences of an article, but at least 40% (see Section 6.2).",1,-1,[],[30084]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["secondary frames",1,858,[],[30084]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["generic frames",1,19746,[],[58483]]],"ex":[["conflict, economic consequences, human impact, and morality",1,-1,[],[58483]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The decomposition helps locate factual errors and offers a fine-grained estimate of models' factuality",1,-1,[],[15793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Long-form factuality evaluation",1,-1,[],[15793]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["shaped by political learning, informational experience, and familiarity with electoral processes",1,-1,[],[34306]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":71,"df":[],"de":[["Affective polarization arises when individuals have strong negative emotions toward out-group members and positive emotions toward in-group members",1,-1,[],[60666]],["Affective polarization arises when individuals have strong negative emotions toward out-group members and positive emotions toward in-group members (Iyengar et al., 2012(Iyengar et al., , 2019)).",1,-1,[],[60666]],["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents",1,-1,[],[5402]],["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents (Iyengar et al., 2012)",1,-1,[["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents (Iyengar et al., 2012)",1],["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents (Iyengar et al., 2012).",1]],[5402]],["Affective polarization has political consequences, such as decreasing trust 89 , privileging partisan labels over policy information 90 and believing false information 91 , that can undermine social and economic relationships 88 and impair public health.",1,-1,[],[2823]],["Affective polarization is then computed as the difference between the score given to the party of the respondent and the score given to the opposing party, which we also refer to as the out party.",1,-1,[],[7697]],["Affective polarization measures how much people enjoy their political allies and detest their political opponents",1,-1,[],[46466]],["Affective polarization measures how much people enjoy their political allies and detest their political opponents [14].",1,-1,[],[46466]],["Applied to party identification in the United States, this process of social differentiation has been labeled affective polarization",1,-1,[],[56616]],["By maintaining the boundary between the in-group of co-partisans and the out-group of opposing partisans, the psychological need of belonging and orientation is fulfilled",1,-1,[],[56616]],["Homogeneous social networks, in turn, reduce tolerance for alternative views, amplify attitudinal polarization, boost the likelihood of accepting ideologically compatible news, and increase closure to new information.",1,-1,[],[26590]],["In terms of affective polarization, many followed standard measures developed by Iyengar and colleagues (2012), using warmth/favorability ratings of political allies vs. political opponents (e.g. Garrett et al.,2019).",1,-1,[],[5402]],["It highlights the experience of positive emotions toward one's own group and negative emotions toward opposing groups.",1,-1,[],[28596]],["It leads to the destruction of social bonds and increased outgroup prejudice across all facets of social and political life",1,-1,[],[19560]],["Measures focused on favorability/and likeability of ingroup and outgroup were considered as measuring affective polarization.",1,-1,[],[5402]],["Ordinary Americans increasingly dislike and distrust those from the other party.",1,-1,[],[7697]],["The affective polarization literature sees polarization as driven by deeply rooted mechanisms of group affiliation in human psychology, as individuals instinctively think of themselves as representing collective categories [13,52].",1,-1,[],[17136]],["The higher the score on the polarization variable, the stronger the difference between in-group and outgroup liking",1,-1,[],[22382]],["The strongly negative affective reactions that opposition partisans now inspire create a constituency for the winner-take-all political tactics discussed below and undermine the incentives for elites to engage in civil discourse and policy compromise.",1,-1,[],[12585]],["These negative feelings threaten to undermine norms of civility and mutual respect in political debate.",1,-1,[],[12585]],["This kind of polarization contributes to creating a harsh political climate, where citizens believe that other people's opinions are irrational and not based on facts [38].",1,-1,[],[36803]],["While most scholars agree that affective polarization is on the rise in most developed democracies, the evidence regarding how it varies across countries is not as clear, due in part to the complexity of developing comparable measures of affective polarization that capture the same concept in different contexts.",1,-1,[],[12585]],["affective polarization is a natural offshoot of this sense of partisan group identity",1,-1,[],[7697]],["affective polarization is an important mediator linking partisan media exposure and the spread of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[47388]],["and even their supporters",1,-1,[],[26908]],["animosity towards people with different political views",1,-1,[],[23847]],["deepening ideological divides while reducing engagement with opposing viewpoints",1,-1,[],[50269]],["distaste for opposing partisans could be couched in raw, reflexive emotion.",1,-1,[],[7697]],["evident as more voters associate the other party's adherents with social groups that they dislike",1,-1,[],[18815]],["exacerbates ideological rifts and curtails receptivity to opposing ideas",1,-1,[],[50269]],["has serious interpersonal consequences",1,-1,[],[19560]],["leads to the destruction of social bonds and increased outgroup prejudice across all facets of social and political life",1,-1,[],[19560]],["measures how much people enjoy their political allies and detest their political opponents",1,-1,[],[46466]],["pervasive societal divide",1,-1,[],[56616]],["relates to the desire to reassure a positive self-concept as belonging to a political party",1,-1,[],[8313]],["the tendency of people identifying as Republicans or Democrats to view opposing partisans negatively and copartisans positively",1,-1,[],[7697]],["these constructs are distinct from one another",1,-1,[],[5402]],["those with consistent partisan and ideological identities became more hostile toward the out party without necessarily changing their ideological positions, and those who have aligned religious, racial, and partisan identities react more emotionally to information that threatens their partisan identities or issue stances.",1,-1,[],[7697]],["we find most use warmth/favorability ratings, however others use very different constructs (e.g. strength of leaders).",1,-1,[],[5402]],["where growing differences in opinion are secondary to a process of partisanship strengthening as a social identity, which then channels and politicizes more and more social identities in plural societies",1,-1,[],[17136]]],"sy":[["negative partisanship",1,5263,[],[12585]],["pernicious",1,-1,[],[17136]],["social",1,1880,[],[17136]],["social polarization",1,30837,[],[17136]]],"rt":[["ideological polarization",3,27446,[],[5402,7697,12585]],["Attitudinal polarization",2,29900,[["Attitudinal polarization",1],["attitudinal polarization",1]],[2823,26590]],["polarization",2,21850,[],[2849,12585]],["social polarization",2,30837,[],[17136,60666]],["Interactional polarization",1,28635,[],[29689]],["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[19560]],["ideological divide",1,-1,[],[7697]],["manosphere",1,419,[],[33278]],["negative partisanship",1,5263,[],[18815]],["out-group animosity",1,27189,[],[53517]],["overt discrimination",1,-1,[],[7697]],["partisan animus",1,-1,[],[7697]],["partisan biases",1,23992,[],[8313]],["political 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define what counts as a problem, diagnose what is causing the problem, make moral judgments about those involved, and suggest remedies for resolving the problem (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[51861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias",1,30859,[],[51861]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[51861]],["subjectivity",1,5279,[],[51861]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["climate change",1,-1,[],[51861]],["death panels",1,-1,[],[51861]],["death taxes",1,-1,[],[51861]],["forbid",1,-1,[],[51861]],["gay civil unions",1,-1,[],[51861]],["global warming",1,-1,[],[51861]],["homosexual marriage",1,-1,[],[51861]],["not allow",1,-1,[],[51861]],["racial quotas",1,-1,[],[51861]],["tax relief",1,-1,[],[51861]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["heteronomous pole",1,28835,[],[10657]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["field",1,6180,[],[10657]]],"ex":[["as when a work of art is judged on the basis of the medium's or genre's criteria of 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Jews by turning it into a matter of recognisable humour.",1,-1,[],[39381]],["The impact of memes and memetic vernacular, among other discursive and communication styles, surpasses the boundaries of groups such as the far and alt-right, but it also reaches the mainstream, consequently desensitising the latter to exclusionary and violent ideologies (e.g. antisemitism) and discourses (e.g. dehumanisation of victims)",1,-1,[],[39381]],["as well as to encourage the normalisation of hate-driven ideologies",1,-1,[],[39381]],["drives the banalisation of hatred and violence against and dehumanisation of Jews.",1,-1,[],[39381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["explain how certain subjects are discussed in very specific terms by ordinary people, even when the issues do not refer to specialized matters.",1,-1,[],[48176]]],"sy":[["key words level of agenda setting",1,-1,[],[48176]]],"rt":[["articulation function of the 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economy.",1,-1,[],[44934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Dubois enfatiza el carácter de índice de la fotografía, que atestigua la existencia del objeto que representa, lo cual otorga un valor documental a las imágenes, más allá de su sentido.",1,-1,[],[18760]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Es clara distinción villano-víctima que sustenta muchas de esas informaciones",1,-1,[],[44319]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["antagonista",1,-1,[],[44319]],["héroe",1,-1,[],[44319]],["protagonista",1,-1,[],[44319]],["villano",1,-1,[],[44319]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrativa clásica",1,-1,[],[44319]],["frames",1,7860,[],[44319]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Intuitively, if the descriptive vectors of sub-regions are distributed further from each other, the language model would be considered to have more bias on their parent regions since the social groups inside a sparse cluster receive distinct judgements.",1,-1,[],[61066]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["neutralized summary",1,-1,[],[46353]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["metacognitive beliefs",1,23512,[],[12709]]],"ex":[["My thoughts are uncontrollable",1,-1,[],[12709]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This frame operates as an organized, colour-coded set of racialized ideas, stereotypes and emotions that inherently privileges whiteness as the normative standard of civility and modernity, while simultaneously positioning racial 'others' as deviant or exotic.",1,-1,[],[52480]],["the media selected, framed and interpreted the bodies and movements of colonial and postcolonial athletes in ways that systematically reinforced Western epistemological and physical authority, ensuring that the conceptual boundaries of Britishness remained demarcated from its colonial subjects even as the formal apparatus of the empire began to recede.",1,-1,[],[52480]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["POLiFRAME provides a logical structure to reconstruct or construct policy narratives emerging from the testimonies of policy actors and formal policy documents.",1,-1,[],[1644]],["The framework is meant to be flexible and open for adaptations: both the analytical layers and the building block of the timeline can be adapted to specific questions and contexts.",1,-1,[],[1644]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Narrative frame analysis",1,33760,[],[1644]],["Storylines and argumentation",1,36,[],[1644]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["biased/inaccurate news",1,33194,[],[13949]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[13949]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This technique is similar to SenDeb, but the bias direction is calculated differently. This method aims to find an optimal orthogonal matrix so that the first K dimensions correlate well with the linguistic features in the rotated space. The second dimension is assumed to be orthogonal to the first one. The bias direction is considered to correspond to the eigenvector of the highest eigenvalue of the matrix.",1,-1,[],[49210]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["SenDeb",1,-1,[],[49210]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["projection-based debiasing technique",1,-1,[],[49210]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Algorithmic journalism can only deal with information that is made available (and then only if it has been structured in a machine-readable format, rather than countless letters, notes, and recordings), which remains a fundamental problem for software when it comes to finding stories.",1,-1,[],[17050]],["where it is good -as in writing millions of articles to deadlines that no group of professionals could ever match -algorithmic journalism is very good. Yet, such journalism is highly dependent on structured information that is not always presented in this format in the chaotic and messy environments in which journalists must frequently work.",1,-1,[],[17050]]],"sy":[["robot journalism",1,28725,[],[52210]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["equivalency framing",1,28843,[],[54173]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["making it basically impossible for a new entrant into the competition for right-wing audiences to escape the propaganda feedback loop.",1,-1,[],[2266]],["new media appear that attract a partisan audience by providing identity-confirming news and claiming that other (mainstream) outlets are lying. Politicians thrive in this ecosystem by aligning their rhetoric and positions with the partisan media and their publics.",1,-1,[],[2266]],["with an absence of correction mechanisms which results in the unconstrained propagation of identity-consistent falsehoods",1,-1,[],[2266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["El resto de los encuadres temáticos relacionados con el frame de responsabilidad suelen situar a las élites empresariales, financieras o políticas como responsables de los asuntos denunciados por los representantes de Podemos.",1,-1,[],[10717]],["En El País, a través del frame de responsabilidad, se señala a los principales líderes de Podemos como los creadores de las diferentes teorías de la conspiración contra ellos que se han propagado desde este partido político en los últimos meses.",1,-1,[],[10717]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadre",1,19710,[],[10717]],["frame",1,7860,[],[10717]]],"ex":[["las empresas eléctricas en el asunto de la colocación de determinados exministros o expresidentes en sus consejos de administración; ciertos sectores del poder judicial en el tema de la expulsión del teniente Luis Gonzalo Segura; o algunos partidos políticos como el PP o el PSOE en el asunto de la ratificación del acuerdo comercial entre la Unión Europea y Canadá, denominado CETA (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement).",1,-1,[],[10717]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[["Testimony is ultimately a social practice, binding speaker and listener together in a special way.",2,-1,[],[25370,58473]]],"de":[["testimonial knowledge is essentially second-hand knowledge: to learn something via testimony requires accepting the speaker's authority, to rely on it, and to give credit to it.",2,-1,[],[25370,58473]],["the listener plays a constituent part in the acceptance of testimony as a source of knowledge: it is only through his or her accreditation and authorization that the act of testifying is completed.",2,-1,[],[25370,58473]],["Specifically, stigmergy addresses the epidemiological character of knowledge that informs the degree of expertise, the degree of trust and the degree of authority that animates social nodes and social networks.",1,-1,[],[1445]],["Testimony is a dialogue in which the speaker and the listener both play an active role.",1,-1,[],[25370]],["To reflect upon the dialogical nature of testimony is to reflect upon the fact that both speaker and listener are responsible for the 'knowledge' which is transferred or even newly produced in a situation of testimony.",1,-1,[],[25370]],["a social practice, binding speaker and listener together in a special way",1,-1,[],[25370]],["based on communication, or to be more precise: on the interpersonal relation of telling and being told",1,-1,[],[25370]],["communication among members of a social network can be viewed as one of many \"social operations of the mind,\" and thus is a form of natural, rather than formal, testimony",1,-1,[],[23734]],["normatively ambivalent, depending on what purpose it serves",1,-1,[],[25370]],["stigmergy addresses the epidemiological character of knowledge that informs the degree of expertise, the degree of trust and the degree of authority that animates social nodes and social networks",1,-1,[],[1445]],["taking a testimony means to take in someone's point of view and accept this person's authority over a certain matter",1,-1,[],[58473]],["to learn something via testimony requires accepting the speaker's authority, to rely on it, and to give credit to it.",1,-1,[],[25370]],["we conceptualize testimony in the SNS context as the conveyance of information through written or audio/visual communication.",1,-1,[],[23734]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["empirical evidence",1,15371,[],[25370]],["epistemology of testimony",1,16803,[],[23734]],["historical knowledge",1,-1,[],[25370]],["social practice",1,18104,[],[25370]],["witnessing",1,21616,[],[58473]]],"sb":[["historical witness",1,-1,[],[25370]],["natural, rather than formal, testimony",1,-1,[],[23734]],["religious martyr",1,-1,[],[25370]],["survivor witness",1,-1,[],[25370]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Cultural violence can be present in societal norms such as religion, law and ideology, and language",1,-1,[],[48087]],["Cultural violence can be present in societal norms such as religion, law and ideology, and language (p. 31).",1,-1,[],[48087]],["cultural violence motivates actors to commit direct violence or to ignore structural violence.",1,-1,[],[48087]],["interpreted, for example, as emanating from the normalisation of hate speech",1,-1,[],[47068]],["physical or verbal aggression (direct violence) can be interpreted, for example, as emanating from the normalisation of hate speech, prejudices, and stereotypes against certain groups (cultural violence)",1,-1,[],[47068]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct violence",2,33443,[],[47068,48087]],["structural violence",2,4547,[],[47068,48087]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["violence",2,27486,[],[47068,48087]],["direct violence",1,33443,[],[47068]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["IO",1,-1,[],[30949]]],"rt":[["disinformation tactics",1,10029,[],[30949]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Constituye por tanto una muestra de heterogeneidad discursiva, un alejamiento enunciativo del periodista que declina su responsabilidad ilocutiva en una parte de su discurso, lo que le permite mostrar su actitud irónica o su postura crítica",1,-1,[],[47404]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alejamiento enunciativo",1,-1,[],[47404]],["heterogeneidad discursiva",1,-1,[],[47404]],["procedimientos de reproducción del discurso ajeno",1,-1,[],[47404]],["responsabilidad ilocutiva",1,-1,[],[47404]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It renders concerns about insecurity and crisis the norm, rather than an exception to normal ways of thinking and acting in politics.",1,-1,[],[47191]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["ULs",1,-1,[],[36300]]],"rt":[["folklore",1,19681,[],[10626]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[10626]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Examples include mismatched image captions, misleading textual descriptions, or contradictory multimodal content.",1,-1,[],[61182]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Contradictory Captions",1,-1,[],[61182]],["Mismatched Pairs",1,-1,[],[61182]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While initially the model was primarily employed in marketing and managing research (Khan and Jan, 2015;Jayasuriya and Azam, 2017;Jayasuriya et al., 2018), recent proposals have suggested using it to study the dark side of social media (Baccarella et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[53013]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Groups",1,13792,[],[53013]],["Identity",1,4047,[],[53013]],["Presence",1,33629,[],[53013]],["Relationships",1,14684,[],[53013]],["Reputation",1,5210,[],[53013]],["Sharing",1,8987,[],[53013]],["conversations",1,16555,[],[53013]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["debiasing techniques",1,-1,[],[41256]]],"sb":[["adversarial debiasing",1,898,[],[41256]],["counterfactual reasoning",1,6764,[],[41256]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["categories",1,12733,[],[37980]]],"ex":[["ethnicity, status, occupation, gender, knowledgeability, religion",1,-1,[],[37980]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["From this perspective, conspiracism provides individuals with a sense of ontological security, order and continuity in life experiences (Giddens, 1991).",1,-1,[],[14256]],["a more general conspiratorial mindset that many studies in political psychology treat as a stable feature of individuals that make them subscribe to multiple conspiracy theories, even contradictory ones",1,-1,[],[19273]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["It is divided into two types: yellow press and tabloids. Both of them focus on exaggeration information, such as sensation crime stories, astrology, gossip columns about celebrities, and junk food news",1,-1,[],[28659]],["This definition corresponds to serious fabrications.",1,-1,[],[28119]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",6,33960,[],[15307,15454,23149,28119,28659,58219]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The article provides an innovative perspective on the issue of media presentation of cultural heritage through the model of two-stage cultural gatekeeping.",1,-1,[],[26273]],["the complex process of selecting cultural heritage topics that reach the public through the media.",1,-1,[],[26273]]],"sy":[["two-stage gatekeeping",1,-1,[],[26273]]],"rt":[["expert selection",1,2342,[],[26273]],["media selection",1,20592,[],[26273]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Experiments that demonstrate implicit attitudes rely on indirect measures to detect their operation.",1,-1,[],[17286]],["The usual justification for indirect measures in social psychological research is the empirical one of minimizing reactivity of research situations to avoid demand characteristics (Orne, 1962) and sources of self-presentational artifacts such as evaluation apprehension (Rosenberg, 1969).",1,-1,[],[17286]],["indirect measures, which neither inform the subject of what is being assessed nor request self-report concerning it.",1,-1,[],[17286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct measures",1,-1,[],[17286]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["weight, race, or gender",1,-1,[],[17286]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a good headline needs to capture people's attention and serve as an irresistible invitation for users to read through the article.",1,-1,[],[38977]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["summarization style headline",1,-1,[],[38977]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Measuring Trump's Media Dominance",1,-1,[],[38977]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate Speech Intensity Scale",1,33129,[],[52877]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["assimilative policies that raise the barriers to participation by requiring minorities to adopt the dominant culture and values",1,-1,[],[29021]],["policies limiting or preventing the minority from participating in normal democratic processes",1,-1,[],[29021]]],"sp":[["Securitizing frames",1,15124,[],[29021]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["Many of the hyperlocal news owners and reporters can be considered 'lifestyle entrepreneurs', driven primarily by their interest in serving community needs rather than making a profit.",2,-1,[],[33966,47038]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":35,"df":[["a piece of culture, typically a joke, which gains influence through online transmission",2,-1,[["a piece of culture, typically a joke, which gains influence through online transmission",1],["a piece of culture, typically a joke, which gains influence through online transmission.",1]],[16685,21798]]],"de":[["(post)modern folklore",1,-1,[],[20962]],["Consequently, memes rely on the process of prosumption-that is, an interconnected process of production and consumption (Yamamoto et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[11266]],["IMs have emerged in the digital age as a novel format for expressing ideas on the web, evolving from a simple form of entertainment to a sophisticated medium of communication that reflects societal sentiments and trends",1,-1,[],[21798]],["Internet memes are a specific form of appropriative and intertextual practices in computer-mediated communication",1,-1,[],[13119]],["Internet memes spread through imitation and are individually adapted when transmitted.",1,-1,[],[11266]],["Internet memes, rather than simply being humorous nonsense, are a creative form of political participation",1,-1,[],[13119]],["It is better to consider memes as remixes and iterations, viral texts that mutate and replicate and are readily transformed and altered by purposeful human agency, with mutation being desirable and often unavoidable (Denisova 2019, Wiggins 2019).",1,-1,[],[20037]],["Memes usually carry secondary meaning, irony, sarcasm, or even more complex visual interpretation.",1,-1,[],[32471]],["Most memes take the form of a simple combination of image and text.",1,-1,[],[11310]],["They are a way 'a society expresses and thinks of itself' (Denisova 2019: 2) used 'for the purpose of satire, parody, critique …to posit an argument' (Wiggins 2019, see also Ponton 2021, this issue).",1,-1,[],[20037]],["They often use replicated and modified templates and are circulated among users to convey new, context-specific meanings.",1,-1,[],[59602]],["a hijacking of the original idea, the very idea of a meme having mutated and evolved in this new direction",1,-1,[],[19685]],["a novel format for communication and expressing ideas on the web",1,-1,[],[21798]],["artifacts of participatory digital culture",1,-1,[],[20962]],["encapsulate facets of popular entertainment, political moods, and novel elements of humor",1,-1,[],[41861]],["evolving from a simple form of entertainment to a sophisticated medium of communication that reflects societal sentiments and trends",1,-1,[],[21798]],["hidden message cannot be interpreted by algorithms, this task requires the human brain.",1,-1,[],[32471]],["in modern internet parlance, a meme is a visual trope that proliferates across internet spaces as it is replicated and altered by anonymous users.",1,-1,[],[16685]],["internet-based entertainment contents principally propagated through social networking and micro-blogging sites which come in varied forms like pictures and written texts, written texts that may or may not be conversational in nature, videos, animations and GIFs",1,-1,[],[19685]],["kind of metaphorical utterance",1,-1,[],[20962]],["manifestation of online creativity",1,-1,[],[20962]],["one of \"new literacies\" practices",1,-1,[],[20962]],["social phenomena",1,-1,[],[49823]],["the literature of digital mobilization has emphasized the effective role of the internet memes in raising awareness of the political discourse regarding issues such as climate crisis, bearing the potential of agenda-setting and of establishing online networks.",1,-1,[],[55769]],["they encapsulate facets of popular entertainment, political moods, and novel elements of humor.",1,-1,[],[41861]]],"sy":[["meme",2,12094,[],[16685,19685]],["IM",1,-1,[],[21798]],["remixes and iterations, viral texts that mutate and replicate and are readily transformed and altered by purposeful human agency",1,-1,[],[20036]]],"rt":[["Dawkinsian 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