[{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["average time between two consecutive posts",1,-1,[],[6688]],["signal similarity to a Poisson process",1,-1,[],[6688]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["To determine possible individual responsibility",1,-1,[],[55870]],["concerns the attribution of individual responsibility (the causal dimension)",1,-1,[],[55870]],["concerns the personal responsibility of each defendant and requires empirical proof of the acts attributed to them",1,-1,[],[55870]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["historical truth",1,15281,[],[55870]],["narrative truth",1,13204,[],[55870]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["food security",1,-1,[],[48365]],["vaccine controversies",1,-1,[],[48365]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["implicitly include referents of all genders",1,-1,[],[15860]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["un individu 'an. MASC individual'",1,-1,[],[15860]],["une personne 'a. FEM person'",1,-1,[],[15860]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["text augmentation",1,-1,[],[23948]],["text-feature alignment",1,-1,[],[23948]],["text-to-text alignment",1,-1,[],[23948]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The disruptive potential depends on the relevance of disclosed information to institutional processes (what can be included, what will count as evidence, etc.), and the eventual trajectory of the processes triggered by disclosure (what is the ultimate outcome, e.g. how much political damage can the disclosed information inflict).",1,-1,[],[44905]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["teleological action",1,22094,[],[8602]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Consensual OPC",1,4639,[],[8602]]],"ex":[["anti-smoking campaigns",1,-1,[],[8602]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ToM",1,20630,[],[15778]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["has been a stock element of the publishing industry.",1,-1,[],[17059]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Only small amounts of new information can be processed at a time, with findings suggesting that unclearly structured or too large packets of information make learning and acquiring the knowledge difficult for humans",1,-1,[],[56144]],["a third which encompasses the impact of technology: (3) cognitive load theory (CLT)",1,-1,[],[56144]]],"sy":[["CLT",1,17270,[],[23487]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Germane load is a subconscious load that results from the working memory transferring information to long-term memory into so-called schemas.",1,-1,[],[23487]],["Intrinsic cognitive load, on the other hand, is the load resulting from processing this information and is affected by the individuals' psychological state of mind as well as their prior knowledge (Sweller, 2011).",1,-1,[],[23487]],["The extraneous load has been investigated more often (Mutlu-Bayraktar et al., 2019), and in the broader concept of human-computer interaction (HCI), refers to the environmental stimuli to which the human brain reacts.",1,-1,[],[23487]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["can distort perceptions of institutional performance and democratic responsiveness.",1,-1,[],[29693]],["tailoring political content by opaque platform systems",1,-1,[],[29693]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information bubbles",1,11428,[],[32741]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["For example, real news usually relies on a stable social relationship chain to gradually spread, while fake news is more likely to achieve early concentrated outbreaks through a small number of highly active users or opinion leaders, and form widespread dissemination in a short period of time.",1,-1,[],[52315]],["Its purpose is to objectively report events and provide valuable information to the public.",1,-1,[],[39721]],["Journalism's normative standing does not appear out of thin air but is the result of norms and routines built up over time, into which new entrants are socialized. Such norms and routines help maintain journalism's epistemic authority as a reliable arbiter of what is true and what is not (Carlson, 2017).",1,-1,[],[11338]],["The difference between fake news and real news mainly lies in the authenticity of content, sources of information, purpose, and influence.",1,-1,[],[39721]],["We note that while real news is distinct from most of the article types shown here, it can also function as propaganda.",1,-1,[],[45086]],["While both fake news and real news are narratives reporting events, narratives of fake news have the intention to make readers believe whatever is reported has indeed happened, whereas real news storytelling does not necessarily have such an aim.",1,-1,[],[27106]],["ethical and responsible providers of real news",1,-1,[],[4770]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[2185,39721]],["traditional journalism",1,24225,[],[11338]]],"sb":[["breaking news",1,17509,[],[51142]],["hard news",1,34189,[],[51142]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[51142]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["When presented with abstract descriptions, message recipients perceive the information conveyed as being more stable over time",1,-1,[],[29379]],["abstract descriptions of people tend to be much more powerful as compared to concrete descriptions",1,-1,[],[29379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["concrete descriptions",1,-1,[],[29379]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[3006]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political fake news",1,2113,[],[32360]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculation theory",1,18397,[],[48196]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This is a non-probability sample because you are systematically excluding all people who shop at other shopping centers.",1,-1,[],[25774]],["This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing, where the goal is instrument testing or measurement validation rather than obtaining generalizable inferences.",1,-1,[],[25774]]],"sy":[["accidental or opportunity sampling",1,-1,[],[25774]],["opportunity sampling",1,-1,[],[25774]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Nonprobability sampling",1,-1,[],[25774]]],"ex":[["if you stand outside a shopping center and hand out questionnaire surveys to people or interview them as they walk in, the sample of respondents you will obtain will be a convenience sample.",1,-1,[],[25774]],["sampling students registered in a certain class or sampling patients arriving at a certain medical clinic.",1,-1,[],[25774]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",1,26978,[],[16437]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["An unfavorable prior relational reputation suggests an organization shows little consideration for stakeholders across a number of domains, not just in this crisis.",1,-1,[],[3070]],["Prior relational reputation is unfavorable if the organization has a history of treating stakeholders badly",1,-1,[],[3070]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Influential ensemble method",1,-1,[],[32893]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["which predicts individuals' reliance on, and acceptance of, information from that source",1,-1,[],[33576]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic authority",1,12833,[],[33576]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Building on suggestions made by Sumner (2004: 159-160) and Erik Bleich (2011: 146), I assume that in order to pass muster under the Principle of Health the relevant damage to health must be reckonable (amenable to measurement using established techniques and methods in the social sciences), assignable (attributable to particular individuals and not merely to an entire group of people en mass), and severe (beyond the level of mild irritation or feelings of offense).",1,-1,[],[18646]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["masstargeting",1,-1,[],[44869]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Veracity inference has been mostly approached as text classification problem and mainly tackled by developing linguistic, stylistic, and semantic features (Rashkin et al., 2017;Mihaylova et al., 2018;Nakov et al., 2017), as well as using information from external sources (Mihaylova et al., 2018;Karadzhov et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[23776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["controversy",1,10840,[],[32474]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[32474]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[32474]],["speculation",1,31028,[],[32474]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Constitutive expectations are reinforced through communication and shared participation, forming a foundation for generalized trust.",1,-1,[],[26603]]],"sy":[["Constitutive expectations",1,-1,[],[26603]]],"rt":[["generalized other",1,2061,[],[26603]],["rules of the game",1,-1,[],[26603]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The experience of lack of control, in general, stimulates a desire to make sense of the social environment [52][53][54] .",1,-1,[],[2848]],["can result from losing elections, so that one's political values are not represented by governing parties.",1,-1,[],[2848]],["conspiracy mentality is a reaction to the fact that one's political ideas are not part of the political mainstream",1,-1,[],[2848]],["higher conspiracy mentality because one lost the vote",1,-1,[],[2848]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast, positive outcomes are attributed to situational factors for outgroups, but to dispositions for members of an ingroup.",1,-1,[],[51658]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["out-group",1,19813,[],[4578]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["cumulative advantage",1,-1,[],[42412]]],"rt":[["\"success breeds success\" dynamic",1,-1,[],[42412]],["utility motivated choice of connection",1,-1,[],[40276]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["population dynamics",1,-1,[],[2872]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Cierto desacuerdo entre partidos políticos, individuos, grupos, instituciones o países",1,-1,[],[13983]],["Dos o más posturas diferentes en torno al tema o problema abordado",1,-1,[],[13983]],["En el relato se alude a cierto desacuerdo entre partidos políticos, individuos, grupos, instituciones o países",1,-1,[],[13983]],["En el relato se alude a dos o más posturas diferentes en torno a algún tema o problema abordado",1,-1,[],[13983]],["En el relato se informa que un partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país realiza algún tipo de reproche a otro partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país",1,-1,[],[13983]],["En este sentido, el conflicto remite al desacuerdo, la disputa y la confrontación de, al menos, dos puntos de vista o posiciones acerca de un asunto y de los efectos que tiene para la sociedad la decisión que se tome finalmente sobre el mismo",1,-1,[],[13983]],["La definición presenta dos dimensiones: la relativa a la descripción del conflicto y la referente a los motivos para su uso en los medios.",1,-1,[],[13983]],["Un partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país realiza algún tipo de reproche a otro partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país",1,-1,[],[13983]],["Una discrepancia que puede derivar en el ataque e incluso en reproches entre los diferentes actores",1,-1,[],[13983]],["al enfatizar la confrontación y desacuerdo entre los actores políticos que en muchas ocasiones deriva en un tratamiento desfavorable de la política al vincularla al ataque y al reproche",1,-1,[],[13983]],["donde la confrontación política tiende a aumentar",1,-1,[],[13983]],["el conflicto constituye un paso previo y necesario para el consenso y la toma de decisiones para resolver los problemas",1,-1,[],[13983]],["el conflicto remite al desacuerdo, la disputa y la confrontación de, al menos, dos puntos de vista o posiciones acerca de un asunto y de los efectos que tiene para la sociedad la decisión que se tome finalmente sobre el mismo",1,-1,[],[13983]],["el conflicto remite al desacuerdo, la disputa y la confrontación de, al menos, dos puntos de vista o posiciones acerca de un asunto y de los efectos que tiene para la sociedad la decisión que se tome finalmente sobre el mismo (Bjarnøe et al., 2020;Colvin et al., 2020;Galais, 2018;Lengauer et al., 2012).",1,-1,[],[13983]],["el encuadre de conflicto se refiere a los ataques y reproches entre los políticos; mientras que el encuadre de debate o acuerdo político ocurre cuando se da un intercambio de posturas con el fin de alcanzar el consenso",1,-1,[],[42009]],["el valor noticia innato al conflicto permanece fijo en la rutina periodística a la hora de elaborar la información de la política",1,-1,[],[13983]],["este uso del encuadre de conflicto puede ser explicado más como una rutina periodística, que lleva a elaborar la información yuxtaponiendo las declaraciones de unos actores políticos con las de otros",1,-1,[],[13983]],["ha sido percibido como un enfoque periodístico consustancial a la cobertura de la política",1,-1,[],[13983]],["las noticias de este encuadre evidencian una campaña polarizada, además que se suelen exponer conflictos sin debate sustantivo",1,-1,[["las noticias de este encuadre evidencian una campaña polarizada, además que se suelen exponer conflictos sin debate sustantivo",1],["las noticias de este encuadre evidencian una campaña polarizada, además que se suelen exponer conflictos sin debate sustantivo.",1]],[42009]],["los hombres fueron cubiertos en cuestiones de retos, ataques y desacuerdos entre los candidatos y algunos personajes políticos; mientras que el conflicto en el que presentaban a las candidatas eran sobre cuestiones que se resolverían a través de instancias judiciales, tribunales e instituciones competentes.",1,-1,[],[42009]],["puede ser entendido como la confrontación de diferentes ideas y posturas en torno a un asunto",1,-1,[],[13983]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ataque",1,-1,[],[13983]],["confrontación",1,-1,[],[13983]],["desacuerdo",1,-1,[],[13983]],["disputa",1,-1,[],[13983]],["encuadre de debate o acuerdo político",1,24478,[],[13983]],["incivismo",1,-1,[],[13983]],["negatividad",1,-1,[],[13983]],["reproches",1,-1,[],[13983]]],"sb":[["conflicto en términos de ataques y reproches",1,-1,[],[42009]],["conflicto no sustantivo",1,-1,[],[13983]],["conflicto sustantivo",1,16587,[],[13983]],["encuadre de debate o acuerdo político",1,24478,[],[42009]]],"sp":[["Encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",1,12180,[],[42009]],["encuadre",1,19710,[],[13983]],["encuadre de juego estratégico",1,32272,[],[42009]],["framing",1,22777,[],[13983]]],"ex":[["En el relato se alude a cierto desacuerdo entre partidos políticos, individuos, grupos, instituciones o países.",1,-1,[],[13983]],["En el relato se alude a dos o más posturas diferentes en torno a algún tema o problema abordado.",1,-1,[],[13983]],["En el relato se informa que un partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país realiza algún tipo de reproche a otro partido político, individuo, grupo, institución o país.",1,-1,[],[13983]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["pengaturan akses informasi",1,-1,[],[28531]],["wacana pembentukan narasi",1,15036,[],[28531]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["kerangka wacana media",1,-1,[],[28531]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social engineering attacks",1,14836,[],[22609]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Generally, the right to development frame stresses the fact that embarking on the dam project is the decision and commitment of all Ethiopians aimed at harnessing their own resources to alleviate poverty and ensure access to electricity to their citizens.",1,-1,[],[56415]]],"sy":[["counter frame",1,23503,[],[56415]]],"rt":[["unilateral act frame",1,10348,[],[56415]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Filling the dam and generating power is entirely within our right to fair use of our own water.",1,-1,[],[56415]],["No, by all means Ethiopia has all legal rights to utilize its natural resource for the sake of its economic development",1,-1,[],[56415]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["episodes",1,7831,[],[12492]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadres",1,19710,[],[54995]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This frame situates the current event within a legacy of ideological conflicts.",1,-1,[],[48954]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the article \"U.S. has long history of college protests: Here's what happened in the past\" (USA Today on May 15, 2024) draws parallels to historical events and provides a deeper context for understanding current challenges.",1,-1,[],[48954]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[555]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":76,"df":[["In contrast, information is content shared to inform message recipients, what is shared is assumed to be true.",2,-1,[],[20260,28359]],["information is content shared to inform message recipients, what is shared is assumed to be true.",2,-1,[],[20260,28359]]],"de":[["Based on this etymological description together with current usage of the word information, the concept of information will be regarded as both a process and a product.",1,-1,[],[20394]],["Bateson's definition of information underlines the crucial role played by the expectations of the receiver/observer. From this perspective, information is not something that can be transmitted, stored, or retrieved; it exists only 'when looked upon by a human mind'",1,-1,[],[8242]],["Distinguishing information from misinformation requires identifying the veracity of the content.",1,-1,[],[1131]],["I refer to the product of this informational action as \"information\".",1,-1,[],[20394]],["In other words, it is something that has semantic (or representational) content",1,-1,[],[10302]],["Information as a symbolic product is developing as a whole but particular functions that constitute it are inseparably linked.",1,-1,[],[13386]],["It is a valuable mechanism for guiding people, especially in highly complex situations such as the one generated by the Covid-19 pandemic.",1,-1,[],[13835]],["It is an emergent property-the result of meaningful differences-inherently semantic and therefore about reality.",1,-1,[],[19324]],["Namely, there is stuff with representational content.",1,-1,[],[18202]],["One strong assumption about information is that it is true.",1,-1,[],[13445]],["The literal meaning is to give form to something, and the figurative to form an idea and to conceptualise something.",1,-1,[],[20394]],["The narrative of the information is constructed to reflect its true nature and implications without distorting or omitting key elements.",1,-1,[],[1216]],["The product of this informational action is information.",1,-1,[],[20394]],["The technical use of information also suggests that information must be machine-readable and thus quantifiable",1,-1,[],[13445]],["The three concepts are related to truth, and to arrive at a universal acceptance of a single truth is almost impossible.",1,-1,[],[24142]],["They prove the authorship, point at the source and at the owner of the information and they have valid information; those information are accurate, without errors and subjectivity, and completely up-to-date.",1,-1,[],[13386]],["When \"data\" acquires context-dependent meaning and relevance, it becomes information.",1,-1,[],[13445]],["as used in the information index",1,-1,[],[32204]],["explain that the distinction between 'information as true, and misinformation and disinformation as false, collapses due to the possibility of true misinformation and true disinformation'",1,-1,[],[51121]],["from the perspective of CRIS information is what helps emancipate humans",1,-1,[],[13445]],["information descriptive, rather than moralizing or hortatory, does not call for action",1,-1,[],[55175]],["information enables us to know what is going on around us. Moreover, it allows us access to current events and public affairs that may affect our daily life.",1,-1,[],[13835]],["information is \"multiple,\" that it is never as simple as it is presented by commentators and viewers. Information can encapsulate the subjective perspectives of its author.",1,-1,[],[27251]],["information is a complex, multifaceted comprehensive phenomenon, its specific sides and characteristics are studied by many sciences which, being independent, develop in inextricable unity, complementing and enriching each other.",1,-1,[],[48597]],["information is then data \"with meaning\".",1,-1,[],[13445]],["information need not be true or accurate",1,-1,[],[18202]],["it is a key tool for the functioning of a healthy democracy.",1,-1,[],[13835]],["never as simple as it is presented by commentators and viewers. Information can encapsulate the subjective perspectives of its author. It can defy singular true/false labels but should be evaluated based on multiple dimensions such as temporal availability, as well as political and commercial interests.",1,-1,[],[27251]],["some authors think that 'information encapsulates truth, and hence that false information fails to qualify as information at all'",1,-1,[],[51121]],["studies the con-textual pragmatic dimensions within which knowledge is shared positively as information",1,-1,[],[13386]],["the contextualized component includes the scene or situation in which activity takes place. 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informacional",1,-1,[],[42310]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Definitions of false information vary across legal, cultural, and social systems.",1,-1,[],[36501]],["Describing a piece of news or information as \"false\" is often complex, as it depends heavily on subjective and artistic standards, making it challenging to establish a comprehensive and precise definition.",1,-1,[],[36501]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misleading news or content that aims to mislead the public",1,-1,[],[36501]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Political discourse is characterized by this polysemic effect",1,-1,[],[57591]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Political discourse",1,19182,[],[57591]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["have been an important source of epistemic authority in various historical religious traditions, but are also used by contemporary 'prophets' in today's market of New Age spiritualities",1,-1,[],[9042]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[37374]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While it is clear that a claim in the text is denoted in verbal form, it can also be part of the visual content or as overlaid text in the image.",1,-1,[],[61620]]],"sy":[["fake news on social media",1,-1,[],[61620]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nudge theory",1,2376,[],[30259]],["rational choice theory",1,16507,[],[30259]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["disseminator role",1,14849,[],[9503]],["interventionist role",1,20453,[],[9503]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspirators",1,2743,[],[19788]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["predictive validity",1,8469,[],[5656]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["official dominance",1,22379,[],[54145]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["implicit comparison",1,9372,[],[16296]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a user might compare this with either another article containing 512 Likes (explicit comparison)",1,-1,[],[16296]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["New discourse meanings of a precedent unit or, in other words, its additional meanings, formed as a result of discourse actualisation, lead to changes in the content of the original frame of the unit and form a so called intertextual frame, consolidating intertextual knowledge and new knowledge derived from a new text.",1,-1,[],[31721]],["the mind of a recipient, who interprets intertextual information marked by precedent units and actualized in a new context, activates a cognitive structureintertextual frame -with the help of semantic or pragmatic associations.",1,-1,[],[31721]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["semantic frames",1,14934,[],[31721]],["stylistic ones",1,7039,[],[31721]],["thematic frames",1,17606,[],[31721]]],"sb":[["semantic frames",1,14934,[],[31721]],["stylistic ones",1,7039,[],[31721]],["thematic frames",1,17606,[],[31721]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":690,"df":[["Hate speech is language that attacks or diminishes, that incites violence or hate against groups, based on specific characteristics such as physical appearance, religion, descent, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or other, and it can occur with different linguistic styles, even in subtle forms or when humour is used.",5,-1,[["Hate speech is language that attacks or diminishes, that incites violence or hate against groups, based on specific characteristics such as physical appearance, religion, descent, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or other, and it can occur with different linguistic styles, even in subtle forms or when humour is used.",4],["Hate speech is language that attacks or diminishes, that incites violence or hate against groups, based on specific characteristics such as physical appearance, religion, descent, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or other and it can occur with different linguistic styles, even in subtle forms or when humour is used.",1]],[6877,9896,10459,18126,41831]],["language that is used to expresses hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group",5,-1,[["language that is used to expresses hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group",2],["language that is used to expresses hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group.",2],["Language that is used to expresses hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group",1],["Language that is used to expresses hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group.",1]],[10459,10956,11641,12439,57738]],["any kind of communication in speech, writing or behavior, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, descent, gender or other identity factor",4,-1,[["any kind of communication in speech, writing or behavior, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, descent, gender or other identity factor",3],["Any kind of communication in speech, writing or behavior, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, descent, gender, or other identity factor.",1]],[9821,21355,34001,50074]],["Language used to express hatred towards a targeted individual or group, or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group, on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender",3,-1,[["Language used to express hatred towards a targeted individual or group, or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group, on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender",1],["Language used to express hatred towards a targeted individual or group, or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group, on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender.",1],["language used to express hatred towards a targeted individual or group, or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group, on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender.",1]],[10962,11641,46276]],["any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor",3,-1,[["any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor",2],["any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor .",1],["any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor.",1]],[7417,50873,60901]],["content that directly attacks people based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sex, gender or gender identity or serious disabilities or diseases.",3,-1,[["content that directly attacks people based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sex, gender or gender identity or serious disabilities or diseases.",2],["content that directly attacks people based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sex, gender or gender identity or serious disabilities or diseases",1],["content that directly attacks people based on their: Race, Ethnicity, National origin, Religious affiliation, Sexual orientation, Sex, gender, or gender identity, or Serious disabilities or diseases",1]],[15317,17424,22293]],["Any communication that disparages a target group of people based on some characteristic such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristic",2,-1,[["Any communication that disparages a target group of people based on some characteristic such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristic",1],["any communication that disparages a target group of people based on some characteristic such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristic",1]],[474,16763]],["Hate speech is language content that expresses hatred towards a particular group or individual based on their political affiliation, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. It also includes threats of violence.",2,-1,[],[38112,59942]],["Language that is used to express hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group",2,-1,[["Language that is used to express hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group",1],["language that is used to express hatred towards a targeted group or is intended to be derogatory, to humiliate, or to insult the members of the group",1]],[474,50074]],["Sources that actively promote racism, misogyny, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination.",2,-1,[],[22644,46604]],["We define hate speech as a direct attack on people based on what we call protected characteristics -race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, caste, sex, gender, gender identity, and serious disease or disability.",2,-1,[["We define hate speech as a direct attack on people based on what we call protected characteristics -race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, caste, sex, gender, gender identity, and serious disease or disability.",1],["We define hate speech as a direct attack on people based on what we call protected characteristics-race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, caste, sex, gender, gender identity, and serious disease or disability.",1]],[9896,10459]],["a term of art, referring to the particular expressions of hatred against particular (groups of) people in particular contexts",2,-1,[["a term of art, referring to the particular expressions of hatred against particular (groups of) people in particular contexts",1],["a term of art, referring to the particular expressions of hatred against particular (groups of) people in particular contexts.",1]],[7720,34329]],["abuse that is targeted at a protected group or at its members for being a part of that group.",2,-1,[["abuse that is targeted at a protected group or at its members for being a part of that group.",2],["abuse that is targeted at a protected group or at its members for being a part of that group",1]],[11641,41994]],["advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes incitement to cause harm",2,-1,[],[659,11099]],["any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence",2,-1,[],[44640,53555]],["any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law",2,-1,[["any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law",1],["any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.",1]],[44640,53555]],["any communication that disparages a person or a group on the basis of some characteristic such as race, color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristics",2,-1,[],[12359,26217]],["public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation",2,-1,[],[18126,51875]],["speech which attacks or demeans a group based on race or ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender, age, veteran status and sexual orientation/gender identity",2,-1,[["speech which attacks or demeans a group based on race or ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender, age, veteran status and sexual orientation/gender identity",1],["speech which attacks or demeans a group based on race or ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender, age, veteran status and sexual orientation/gender identity.",1],["speech which attacks or demeans a group based on race or ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender, age, veteran status, and sexual orientation/gender identity",1]],[22293,23210]],["spreading, inciting, or promoting hatred, violence and discrimination against an individual or group based on their protected characteristics; which include \"race\", ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, among other social demarcations",2,-1,[["spreading, inciting, or promoting hatred, violence and discrimination against an individual or group based on their protected characteristics; which include \"race\", ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, among other social demarcations",1],["spreading, inciting, or promoting hatred, violence, and discrimination against an individual or group based on their protected characteristics, which include \"race\", ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, among other social demarcations.",1]],[36286,58223]]],"de":[["Hate speech is intended to 'injure, dehumanize, harass, intimidate, debase, degrade, and victimize the targeted groups, and to foment insensitivity and brutality against them'",2,-1,[["Hate speech is intended to 'injure, dehumanize, harass, intimidate, debase, degrade, and victimize the targeted groups, and to foment insensitivity and brutality against them'",1],["Hate speech is intended to injure, dehumanize, harass, intimidate, debase, degrade and victimize the targeted groups, and to foment insensitivity and brutality against them.",1]],[21657,53002]],["This is often rooted in and generates intolerance and hatred and, in certain contexts, can be demeaning and divisive.",2,-1,[["This is often rooted in and generates intolerance and hatred and, in certain contexts, can be demeaning and divisive.",1],["This is often rooted in, and generates, intolerance and hatred, and in certain contexts can be demeaning and divisive",1]],[9821,50873]],["1) targets individual or groups on the basis of their characteristics; 2) demonstrates a clear intention to incite harm, or to promote hatred; 3) may or may not use offensive or profane words.",1,-1,[],[17467]],["A common feature of hate speech content is that it is always antagonistic, critically constructed to depict abusive meaning against an entity.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["A common theme is that hate speech is used against a specific targeted group or group members.",1,-1,[],[9896]],["Across interactions, what can be considered hateful varies with geography, time, and social norms.",1,-1,[],[7417]],["Add to that when indecently speak about religion or specific country.",1,-1,[],[15896]],["All types of hate speech such as those shown in the above examples were produced as weapons to insult, humiliate, and downgrade the targeted individuals and groups.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["Among the main manifestations of hate speech are messages related to anti-Ukrainian rhetoric. The main negative in the analysed media is directed towards such objects as Ukraine as a state entity, Ukrainians, patriotic citizens, the Ukrainianspeaking population, and participants in the 2014 revolution of dignity.",1,-1,[],[33178]],["Anger induces a tendency to harm and hate speech is produced for this purpose.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["Article 45A paragraph (2) \"Any Person who satisfies the elements as intended by Article 28 section (1) or section (2) shall be sentenced to imprisonment not exceeding 6 (six) years and/or a fine not exceeding Rp1,000,000,000,-(one billion rupiah).\"",1,-1,[],[51070]],["As a conflictive speech act, hate speech has the tendency to cause hostility and social disharmony.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["As a conflictive speech act, hate speech tends to cause hostility and social disharmony.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["As such, hate speech is considered an extreme and group-related form of incivility",1,-1,[],[52567]],["At the core of existing definitions of hate speech is the emphasis on an identity-based enmity towards certain groups.",1,-1,[],[40615]],["Automatic identification of hate speech and raising public awareness are critical tasks",1,-1,[],[38368]],["Based on its targeting of social groups, it has been classified into four categories: political, racial, religious, and gender-based hate speech",1,-1,[],[52227]],["Based on the Circular Letter of the Chief of Police Number: SE/6/X/2015 section 2f, hate speech is a criminal act in the form of insults, defamation, blasphemy, unpleasant actions, provoking, inciting, and spreading false news or hoaxes [13].",1,-1,[],[31684]],["Basile, et al. [6] advocated that user ''may not promote violence against or directly attack or threaten other people on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, caste, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or serious disease.''",1,-1,[],[22275]],["Besides insulting individuals, hate speech can also be directed at the government or authorities.",1,-1,[],[35809]],["Besides, hate speech embraces self-expression, fake information, gossip and may be able to provoke hostility, violent nationalism or ethnocentrism, promote racial conflicts or others kinds of loathing based on intolerance, leading to discrimination and segregation, causing ethnic or religious confrontation.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Besides, it has been seen by different sources as an attack or incitement to violence.",1,-1,[],[9896]],["Both agreed that hate speeches are loaded with sexual discrimination and utter misogyny.",1,-1,[],[59428]],["Botha and Govindjee agree that the Act's express intention to overcome unfair discrimination and to promote a more egalitarian society is an important contextual setting for interpreting the prohibited speech provisions of the Act.",1,-1,[],[11099]],["By contrast, hate speech has no constructive purpose",1,-1,[],[50873]],["By definition, hate speech does not target the individual in purely individual terms, but as representative of the negative characteristics ascribed to the group.",1,-1,[],[11099]],["Calls for violence or harm",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Can be interpreted as a regression to level 1, characterized by the rupture of encounter and the denial of the other as a morally valid interlocutor.",1,-1,[],[36820]],["Clearly it does not merely refer to speech that expresses hatred; after all, it is fully appropriate, we might think, to express hatred at heinous injustice, for example",1,-1,[],[7720]],["Clearly it does not merely refer to speech that expresses hatred; after all, it is fully appropriate, we might think, to express hatred at heinous injustice, for example (Post 2009, p. 123).",1,-1,[],[7720]],["Comments against Penélope Cruz on the X social media platform represent hate speech because they offend Cruz while unfolding ideological misogynistic content against her.",1,-1,[],[46222]],["Could be based on religion, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.",1,-1,[],[6742]],["Could be based on religion, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Generally, these groups are defined by their inherent attributes, not by things they do or think.",1,-1,[],[6742]],["Criticism could be a form of hate speech if the criticism implies attacking something (an individual, race, or group) [2].",1,-1,[],[31684]],["Criticism could be a form of hate speech if the criticism implies attacking something (an individual, race, or group).",1,-1,[],[31684]],["Definitions of hate speech vary across cultural and legal settings.",1,-1,[],[27587]],["Dehumanizing language or comparisons",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Different from other forms of rants or flames, hate speech uses offensive and threatening language that targets certain groups of people based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, color or gender.",1,-1,[],[17632]],["Discriminatory slurs or epithets",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Due to the lack of a sacrosanct definition of hate speech, researchers and practitioners often use hate speech as an umbrella term to capture anti-social behaviours like toxicity, offence, abuse, provocation, etc.",1,-1,[],[7417]],["During pandemic young people as a social group have become hate speech main source and accordingly its main target and victim.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["ECtHR condemns online hate speech aimed at inciting handicapped groups in the society",1,-1,[],[44640]],["Efficiency in this context, also connotes the limited censorship of hate speech due to several factors, especially the adoption of a different lexicon that could circumvent detection",1,-1,[],[60901]],["Every hate speech is aimed at a particular target.",1,-1,[],[12451]],["Expressions of this nature seek to demean, marginalize, or inflict harm on others, creating a hostile environment and perpetuating hatred, prejudice, and inequality.",1,-1,[],[44071]],["Facebook [10] defines hate speech as ''content targeting a person or group of people (including all subsets except those described as having carried out violent crimes or sexual offenses) on the basis of their aforementioned protected characteristic(s) or immigration status.''",1,-1,[],[22275]],["Facebook's community standards hate speech as a direct attach against people",1,-1,[],[43102]],["Factors that are often used as bases of hatred include ethnicity, religion, disability, gender, and sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[12451]],["For a tweet to be labeled as hate speech, it needs to have at least one component that represents hate.",1,-1,[],[51875]],["Fortuna et al.'s definition specifically calls out variations in language style and subtleties.",1,-1,[],[10459]],["Fundamentally, it serves as a tool for division and dehumanization, targeting individuals or groups based on inherent traits like race, religion, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or disability.",1,-1,[],[46959]],["Furthermore, hate speech is classified into varying intensity levels: weak, moderate, and strong.",1,-1,[],[45902]],["Furthermore, hate speech legitimizes discriminatory acts against them and disenfranchises them.",1,-1,[],[42020]],["Gagliardone et al. (2016) emphasize that hate speech is one example for speech that \"goes against\" discussion partners and delegitimizes the right of people or groups to be part of the debate, e.g., by \"belittling, challenging, provoking, teasing them maliciously, or explicitly threatening them.\"",1,-1,[],[16315]],["Generally the primary objective of these messages is to connect with like-minded people to support their cause",1,-1,[],[13898]],["Generally, these groups are defined by their inherent attributes, not by things they do or think.",1,-1,[],[6742]],["HATE SPEECH DEFINITION: Text that expresses or incites hatred, discrimination, or violence against individuals or groups based on: -Political affiliation -Religion (e.g., Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, Christian) -Gender -Personal offense -Abusive or violence -Origin -Body Shaming",1,-1,[],[42904]],["HS is thus, by definition, target-oriented",1,-1,[],[22551]],["Hate is the opposite of love. Philosophically, and particularly in the Middle Ages, Love means 'being' while hate corresponds to 'non-being.' Hate is evil, love is good (this is a very generalised statement which may sometimes prove wrong but is true on the whole). Since evil is nothing, hate speech is a vehicle for nothing.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Hate speech addresses fear.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Hate speech as a phenomenon can be considered in the list of other negative attitudes such as hatred, racism, xenophobia, interethnic or religious intolerance, homophobia, hostility as well as sexism.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Hate speech as noted by Waseem et al. (2017) can manifest in both explicit and implicit forms (Talat et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[34001]],["Hate speech can also be understood as misinformation or even disinformation.",1,-1,[],[54559]],["Hate speech can be defined as ill talk toward any race, caste, religion, or ethnicity.",1,-1,[],[42170]],["Hate speech can occur in any context",1,-1,[],[6877]],["Hate speech can potentially inflict societal harm by promoting division among communities, exacerbating mental health problems, and inciting violence",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Hate speech can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect.",1,-1,[],[52338]],["Hate speech can take many shapes and forms, including \"subtle as not to be obviously abusive or insulting\"",1,-1,[],[39395]],["Hate speech could also be distributed through a number of mediums, including spoken words or utterances, text, images, videos, and even gestures",1,-1,[],[60901]],["Hate speech could manifest explicitly as direct insults, slurs, celebrations of crimes, incitements to take action against an individual or group, or implicitly in more subtle ways and veiled expressions such as in ironic content.",1,-1,[],[23804]],["Hate speech covers both situations in which socially marginalized people are directly harmed and occasions in which third parties are incited to hate, the latter of which is likely to result in a group hate crime",1,-1,[],[49397]],["Hate speech damages the public fabric because it causes two types of harm: it provokes violence as well as fosters social discord and discriminates against vulnerable populations.",1,-1,[],[31547]],["Hate speech definitions concern both legal and illegal speech.",1,-1,[],[53002]],["Hate speech detection is not a stable or simple target because misclassification of regular conversation as hate speech can severely affect users freedom of expression and reputation, while misclassification of hateful conversations as unproblematic would maintain the status of online communities as unsafe environments",1,-1,[],[50707]],["Hate speech detection is usually modelled as a supervised classification problem, where models are trained to distinguish between examples of hate and normal speech.",1,-1,[],[55629]],["Hate speech detection was annotated using two labels HS (hate speech example) and NOT HS (not hate speech example).",1,-1,[],[24303]],["Hate speech discourse predefines the effects of hate speech as negative and damaging, and its regulatory rationale is thus of control and containment.",1,-1,[],[17490]],["Hate speech expresses 'discriminatory, intimidating, disapproving, antagonistic and/or prejudicial attitudes toward those characteristics, which include sex, race, religion, ethnicity, colour, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation'",1,-1,[],[53002]],["Hate speech expresses 'discriminatory, intimidating, disapproving, antagonistic and/or prejudicial attitudes toward those characteristics, which include sex, race, religion, ethnicity, colour, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation' (Cohen-Almagor 2011).",1,-1,[],[53002]],["Hate speech frequently aims to belittle, intimidate, or dehumanize individuals or entire communities, fostering an atmosphere of fear, hostility, and division.",1,-1,[],[46959]],["Hate speech gets its potency, in real life cases, from the fact that it does reflect a deeper, sinister current of identity-oppressive intention.",1,-1,[],[642]],["Hate speech has attired attention in recent years, with literature from legal and social sciences domains studying its definition and classification",1,-1,[],[23804]],["Hate speech has been incorporated into hybrid strategies or hybrid wars, which have notably increased in recent times and are intended to generate social insecurity, panic, fear, and various forms of societal division.",1,-1,[],[57180]],["Hate speech in Nigeria is often expressed in line with ethnicity and religion.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["Hate speech includes prohibited language such as sexual references, profanity, blasphemy, animal names, ethnic, racial, and gender insults, and insulting comments to perceived psychological, physical, or social deviations.",1,-1,[],[39911]],["Hate speech increases social inequality, violate sensitivities and impose the domination of social groups over stigmatised others, but it could even drive the victims to fatal consequences",1,-1,[],[32698]],["Hate speech is a broad and contested term [4], and there is no common standard definition for hate speech [5].",1,-1,[],[60897]],["Hate speech is a complex phenomenon",1,-1,[],[6877]],["Hate speech is a complex phenomenon with multiple dimensions that can trigger dangerous consequences in democratic societies, potentially increasing levels of violence and crime, and even leading to wars and genocidal persecutions linked to group identity",1,-1,[],[37792]],["Hate speech is a complex phenomenon, and detecting whether a text contains hate speech is not a trivial task, even for humans.",1,-1,[],[9896]],["Hate speech is a complex phenomenon, intrinsically associated to relationships between groups, and also relying in language nuances.",1,-1,[],[6877]],["Hate speech is a crime that has been growing in recent years",1,-1,[],[6877]],["Hate speech is a highly subjective issue.",1,-1,[],[27786]],["Hate speech is also recognized as an everyday term.",1,-1,[],[41090]],["Hate speech is among the \"online harms\" that are pressing concerns of policymakers, regulators and big tech companies [1].",1,-1,[],[55629]],["Hate speech is considered a serious phenomenon because words can lead to actions.",1,-1,[],[41090]],["Hate speech is constructed against individuals and groups.",1,-1,[],[30192]],["Hate speech is dangerous for society because it can cause social conflict, discrimination, murder, and even imprisonment for perpetrators by applicable law",1,-1,[],[50380]],["Hate speech is dangerous, because it not only expresses ideas or dissent, it also promotes fear, can cause depression and even drive some victims to attempt suicide",1,-1,[],[21657]],["Hate speech is dangerous, because it not only expresses ideas or dissent, it also promotes fear, can cause depression and even drive some victims to attempt suicide (Titley et al., 2012).",1,-1,[],[21657]],["Hate speech is defined as",1,-1,[],[34392]],["Hate speech is destructive not only for individuals, but for society as a whole, for mass media and for the journalism as a profession in particular.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Hate speech is further delineated into distinct groups, excluding categories such as profanity or slander",1,-1,[],[45902]],["Hate speech is hate focused on stereotypes, and not so general.",1,-1,[],[6877]],["Hate speech is intended to 'injure, dehumanize, harass, intimidate, debase, degrade, and victimize the targeted groups, and to foment insensitivity and brutality against them' (Cohen-Almagor 2011).",1,-1,[],[53002]],["Hate speech is more about targeting a group based on race, religion, etc.",1,-1,[],[45862]],["Hate speech is more severe, usually includes incitement, threats, calls for violence.",1,-1,[],[45862]],["Hate speech is mostly used against groups of common race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, caste, gender, gender identity, and serious disease or disability.",1,-1,[],[27402]],["Hate speech is not only ethnic minorities and immigrants' discrimination; it helps avoid real problems solution and creates preconditions for aggression and physical violence.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Hate speech is not, here, Catullus' Odi et amo, or a troubadour song descending from the heights of a quasi-mystical experience (the likeness is very strong), it is not psychologically grounded or 'individual', hate speech refers to a group, or an individual only as a member of that group.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Hate speech is often a manifestation of a certain kind of xenophobia -ageism, sexism, migrant-phobia and so on.",1,-1,[],[50982]],["Hate speech is often not grounded in any real circumstances, but even when it is, it is unethical and should not be perpetrated.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Hate speech is seen, for example, as a tool of silencing, used in an attempt to silence unpleasant or dissenting opinions and \"difficult truths.\"",1,-1,[],[41090]],["Hate speech is subjective and context-dependent most of the time",1,-1,[],[27786]],["Hate speech is usually done based on characteristics such as race, color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, or religion.",1,-1,[],[17311]],["Hate speech lacks a consistent definition across the literature",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Hate speech propagation is an extremely harmful behavior that can result in discrimination, social strife, and human genocide",1,-1,[],[39132]],["Hate speech should be avoided since its exposure can shape bad attitudes and influence actual behaviors.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["Hate speech spreading is a very dangerous action which can have some negative effects such as discrimination, social conflict, and even human genocide (Komnas HAM, 2015)",1,-1,[],[12451]],["Hate speech spreading on the web and social media is an important research problem, and its regulation is still ineffective due to the high difficulty in identifying, quantifying, and classifying hateful communication.",1,-1,[],[44694]],["Hate speech takes diverse forms that range from communications or expressions, composed records, advertorials, musicals to write-ups.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["Hate speech thus appears as a radical negation of this level, as it breaks the bonds that sustain coexistence and mutual recognition.",1,-1,[],[36820]],["Hate speech thus facades a major challenge for the democratization of modern liberal societies. It sometimes poses commitment threats to expression, freedom right, justice and social equality.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["Hate speech thus includes things like identity-prejudicial abuse and harassment, certain uses of slurs and epithets, some extremist political and religious speech (e.g. statements to the effect that all Muslims are terrorists, or that gay people are secondclass human beings), and certain displays of 'hate symbols' (e.g. swastikas or burning crosses).",1,-1,[],[642]],["Hate speech typically encompasses serious cases of offense with severe moral and legal implications, i.e., those cases that are of primary importance for content moderation.",1,-1,[],[11941]],["Hate speech typically targets various categories including religion, race, physical appearance, and gender, among others",1,-1,[],[45902]],["Hate speech, including cyberbullying, offensive talk, sarcasm, and harassment, are just a few examples of freedom abuse on social media",1,-1,[],[31031]],["Hate speeches fall under various categories, including ethnicity, religion, race, sexual orientation, and others, and are directed against a specific individual or group with a high level of hatred",1,-1,[],[39132]],["Hatespeech lies in a complex nexus with freedom of expression, group rights, as well as concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality",1,-1,[],[15460]],["Hatred can be expressed toward someone's race, religion, handicap, sexual orientation, and gender, without being limited to any particular language.",1,-1,[],[41646]],["Hatred could arise out of antagonisms involving race, nationality, ethnicity, class, religion, gender, and sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[53555]],["Hatred will be percieved by the target persons or taget groups as unjustified, and hate speech will be experienced as threatening.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Here the scope is broader than the Code of Conduct, and includes speech that 'incite, promote, spread or justify violence, hatred or discrimination' toward someone because of their age, disability, sex, gender identity and sexual orientation as well.",1,-1,[],[35733]],["However, the indicators that characterize these expressions are subject to interpretation and change over time.",1,-1,[],[13898]],["However, the underlying intent to cause harm and bring down an already vulnerable group/person by attacking a personal attribute can be considered a standard point for defining hate speech.",1,-1,[],[7417]],["If left unchecked, hate speech can lead to violence and may even help create the conditions for crimes to be committed.",1,-1,[],[46867]],["If violence can occur physically and explicitly, then it can also be subtle. This is the case when stereotypes are reinforced, giving a justification to discrimination and negative bias toward these groups.",1,-1,[],[6877]],["Image of a religious symbol with derogatory comment or video of a man abusing a particular community, all become hate speech with its every modality (such as text, image, and audio) contributing towards it.",1,-1,[],[57854]],["Imprecision and breadth are strengths of the ordinary concept even if they would be weaknesses of the legal concept if it were similarly conceptualised.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["In Türkiye, hate speech is widely understood as prejudices and offenses against Islam, namely Islamophobia.",1,-1,[],[44640]],["In addition, statements containing hate speech may include calls for violence and discrimination.",1,-1,[],[33178]],["In brief, hate speech is identified when disparaging stereotype about group. Together with using racial and sexist slurs with intent to harm. Add to that when indecently speak about religion or specific country.",1,-1,[],[15896]],["In extreme cases this may also be language that threatens or incites violence, but limiting our definition only to such cases would exclude a large proportion of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[10956]],["In extreme cases, hate speech has been used to rationalize acts of violence",1,-1,[],[52648]],["In fine-grain aggression detection, classifying offensive language and hate speech is challenging.",1,-1,[],[34800]],["In its basic or original meaning, the term 'hate speech' relates to certain forms of unlawful speech, but it also conveys another, much wider meaning that captures lawful speech.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["In our society, hate speech is usually attached to insult others.",1,-1,[],[35809]],["In social media, hate speech is a specific type of online content designed to publicly threaten particular individuals or groups",1,-1,[],[52689]],["In social media, in this case the users do not meet directly. They can not see the surrounding conditions that may affect the other person, free expression, free to write something that may unconsciously hurt the feelings of people even do not know each other, so hate speech on social media is very high.",1,-1,[],[20180]],["In these user comments, the social groups were the subject of vulgar expletives and were threatened with violence.",1,-1,[],[4904]],["In total, 92.8% were somewhat concerned about the presence of hate speech toward female sports journalists, understood as any kind of instigation to discrimination, hostility, or violence, thereby acknowledging the problem, compared with 7.2% who do not believe it exists, the majority of whom are men.",1,-1,[],[59428]],["Insofar as hate speech constitutes an attack on the ideal of justice-the ideal of treating others as free and equal citizens-it would not be protected",1,-1,[],[7720]],["Insults, contempt, discrimination, and even some cases of physical violence stand out as the most frequent cases.",1,-1,[],[59428]],["It aims to injure, dehumanize, harass, or intimidate the targets",1,-1,[],[52689]],["It also includes threats of violence.",1,-1,[],[38112]],["It can be a precursor and incentive for hate crimes, and it can be so severe that it can even be a health issue",1,-1,[],[11123]],["It can manifest as provocation, slander, or insults, often targeting race, skin color, gender, or religion, among other aspects",1,-1,[],[40525]],["It changes over time and in relation to factors such as national laws, international documents, social media self-regulation codes.",1,-1,[],[46386]],["It expresses discriminatory, intimidating, disapproving, antagonistic, and/or prejudicial attitudes towards those characteristics, which include gender, race, religion, ethnicity, color, national origin, disability or sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[21657]],["It is a kind of speech that demonstrates a clear intention to be hurtful, to incite harm, or to promote hatred.",1,-1,[],[17632]],["It is a specific type of cyber bullying that not only targets individuals but also affects their assets.",1,-1,[],[52303]],["It is also described as a word combining actual dangers to the security of persons or organizations with situations in which people may just be venting their ire at authorities",1,-1,[],[54975]],["It is also known that hate speech does not only mirror existing opinions in the reader but can also induce new negative feelings towards its targets",1,-1,[],[11123]],["It is important to note that all definitions directly or indirectly state that hate speech violates human rights.",1,-1,[],[50982]],["It is quite different from mere ridiculing or teasing individual, group or organization. It is also far from an act of shouting or hauling an ugly word in order to frustrate the opposing groups.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["It may be that hate speech is too close to being a 'family-resemblance' concept, in the Wittgensteinian sense, to admit of such a definition.",1,-1,[],[18561]],["It may condition the environment so that expressing hate speech unconsciously becomes normalized, causing the hearers to imitate the behavior.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["Its offensive and/or obscene discourse motivates potentially damaging activities and could also lead to illegal actions such as defamation or fraud (Lamson et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[46222]],["Its offensive and/or obscene discourse motivates potentially damaging activities and could also lead to illegal actions such as defamation or fraud (Lamson et al., 2022). This speech diminishes the quality of democracy, spreading prejudice and intolerance (Said-Hung et al., 2023).",1,-1,[],[46222]],["Literally, the messages of hatred are constructed to harm or otherwise degrade or the set targets for somewhat unpleasant reasons",1,-1,[],[54975]],["Majority groups or groups defined via other characteristics are not protected groups.",1,-1,[],[43097]],["Many international courts do not define the term hate speech, which makes it difficult to state where and when emotions and incitements become hatred",1,-1,[],[9522]],["Mocking hate crime is also considered hate speech.",1,-1,[],[19319]],["Negative feelings in the form of hate influence social media users to act emotionally by replying and uploading posts containing hate speech.",1,-1,[],[52338]],["Often, hate speech is deployed to achieve several objectives that range from inciting hatred, sustaining discrimination, deepening hostility, to unleashing violence.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["Often, hateful language is biased",1,-1,[],[20711]],["Often, hateful language is biased [163]. The consequences of hate speech in media content are severe, as it reinforces tension between all actors involved [3,163]",1,-1,[["Often, hateful language is biased [163]. The consequences of hate speech in media content are severe, as it reinforces tension between all actors involved [3,163]",1],["Often, hateful language is biased [163]. The consequences of hate speech in media content are severe, as it reinforces tension between all actors involved [3,163].",1]],[20711]],["On his view, hate speech, first, \"is directed against a specified or easily identifiable individual or, more commonly, a group of individuals based on an arbitrary or normatively irrelevant feature\"; second, it \"stigmatizes the target group by implicitly or explicitly ascribing to it qualities widely regarded as undesirable\"; and third, it casts the \"target group…as an undesirable presence and a legitimate object of hostility\".",1,-1,[],[7720]],["On sentiment analysis, hate speech is a negative sentiment.",1,-1,[],[20180]],["On the other hand, offensive comments not targeted against groups should be classified as non-hate speech.",1,-1,[],[44694]],["One, the hate comments attacked their persons instead of discussing political issues. Two, the hate posts negatively profiled their ethnic affiliation and presented them in their hate-inspired categorization.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["Our machine learning model classifies Twitter posts into four classes, ordered by the level of hate speech they contain: acceptable, inappropriate, offensive, and violent.",1,-1,[],[55629]],["Oxford English dictionary hate speech as a speech or address inciting hatred or intolerance",1,-1,[],[43102]],["Parekh [25] further recognizes three main aspects of the construct of hate speech: (1) it is directed at specific individuals or groups of individuals, (2) undesirable attributes are ascribed to the target group, thereby creating stigmatization; (3) it leads to discrimination because the ascription of undesirable attributes encourages the target to be seen as undesirable.",1,-1,[],[18126]],["Part of the value of the term 'hate speech' lies in the fact that it discursively equips a society and its major organisations to condemn or even disallow such attacks without subjecting them to legal sanctions",1,-1,[],[43785]],["People often reserve the term for forms of speech which are especially problematic or divisive within diverse societies, as in, societies made up of groups who are identified by, and identify with, protected characteristics.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["People targeted by hate speech are devalued based on group-defining characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[52567]],["Promoting supremacy of one group over others",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Publications containing hate speech create intolerance, hatred, and can lead to discrimination and violence.",1,-1,[],[33178]],["Relevant studies emphasize that hate speech -has been prevalent in human interactions in many forms over time in the actual world (such as racism and prejudice), and now it has found a carrier in the virtual world defined by social media Internet",1,-1,[],[57180]],["Repeated hate speech generates a dehumanization effect which ultimately tries to justify the harm and distress caused to other persons, which is unacceptable.",1,-1,[],[12521]],["Since evil is nothing, hate speech is a vehicle for nothing.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Some characterisations take hate speech literally to mean speech that expresses or communicates emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or hatred",1,-1,[],[659]],["Speech directed at individuals also falls under hate speech if there is direct evidence for the abuse being related to group membership.",1,-1,[],[11970]],["Statements that tend to arouse a movement of opinion toward intolerance are beyond the reach of Article 10's protection.",1,-1,[],[31987]],["Stereotyping entire groups negatively",1,-1,[],[42904]],["Such expressions and words create intolerance, hatred, and can be humiliating and cause pain",1,-1,[],[33178]],["Such speech is a subordinate act.",1,-1,[],[42020]],["That HS is an extremely complex notion is well known to those familiar with the topic, and the variety of definitions proposed in the papers we found proves it.",1,-1,[],[474]],["The attributes of social group were identified to include: such as age, race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, physical and mental disability, among others.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["The automatic detection of this kind of speech is usually addressed as a classification task, and it is related to a family of other tasks such as detecting cyberbullying, offensive language, abusive language, toxic language, among others.",1,-1,[],[23804]],["The concept of hate speech itself is inherently imprecise, creating difficulties in determining what constitutes hate and what does not, depending on its levels of intensity",1,-1,[],[37792]],["The consequences of hate speech in media content are severe, as it reinforces tension between all actors involved",1,-1,[],[20711]],["The consequences of this hate speech, whether outright or subtle, are very serious since they perpetuate prejudices, stereotypes, and group hierarchies and are used to justify violent actions.",1,-1,[],[13898]],["The definition of hate speech is neither universally accepted nor are individual facets of the definition fully agreed upon.",1,-1,[],[10459]],["The definition of what constitutes hate speech therefore remains surprisingly unchanged since the mid-1900s",1,-1,[],[23237]],["The definitions by Facebook [10], YouTube [11], and Basile, et al. [6] argued that hate speech consists of discriminatory content targeting a person or a group of people based on their attributes, such as age, race, ethnicity, national origin, caste, religious affiliation, disability, gender, sexual orientation and gender identity, serious disease, and expression.",1,-1,[],[22275]],["The difficulty encountered by the target group in fighting back through their own counter-speech is compounded by the fear of reprisal or the inability to conform to the expectations of the perpetrators of hate speech",1,-1,[],[42020]],["The expression of hatred is universal, so much so that one does not have to understand the meaning of what is being said for a discourse to be qualified as 'hate speech'",1,-1,[],[21767]],["The expression of hatred is universal, so much so that one does not have to understand the meaning of what is being said for a discourse to be qualified as 'hate speech'; 1 non-linguistic markers may be enough for him (or her) to realise he or she had better bundle up his or her belongings and vanish into thin air while he or she still can.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["The first is to dehumanize members who belong to another group, and the second is to reinforce the boundaries of the in-group against the out-group by attacking the members from the other group.",1,-1,[],[17490]],["The lack of hate speech moderation cultivates an environment of intolerance and magnifies the negative impact on the target communities",1,-1,[],[42904]],["The majority of the definitions point out that hate speech is to incite violence or hate toward a minority",1,-1,[],[6877]],["The political supporters and electorates promoted hate speech in an effort to impugn or discredit non-preferred candidates to the benefit of preferred candidates.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["The presence of structural inequalities within the context of the speech itself serves to classify the target group, those subjected to hate speech, as inferior.",1,-1,[],[42020]],["The prevalence of online hate speech has fuelled horrific real-world hate-crime such as the mass-genocide of Rohingya Muslims, communal violence in Colombo and the recent massacre in the Pittsburgh synagogue.",1,-1,[],[6916]],["The primary intent of such hate speech is the propagation of hatred, incitement of hostility, or defamation of individuals or groups, often contravening legal frameworks and yielding deleterious societal impacts",1,-1,[],[45902]],["The problem in defining hate speech is not in the hateful thoughts, but in the concrete harm that follows from the publication and dissemination of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[9522]],["The proliferation of hate speech creates significant opportunities for misinformation, ambiguity, unrest, violence, and disillusionment with democratic processes, potentially undermining public beliefs and knowledge",1,-1,[],[52648]],["The regulatory scenario reveals the strategies and contestations around a reified category called hate speech",1,-1,[],[17490]],["The speech audiences' reactionary feeling to the sentiment of words, phrases, sentences, and speech is essential to determine if it belongs to hate speech.",1,-1,[],[22275]],["The study went beyond hate speech \"as attacks or uses of pejorative or discriminatory language against a person or a group, based on identities linked to their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor\" (United Nations, 2019, p. 1).",1,-1,[],[60901]],["The target of hate speech is not based solely on a single identity. It can be based on various factors, including religion, ethnicity, disability, and gender",1,-1,[],[57180]],["The targeted characteristics can be diverse, and the purpose behind hate speech can vary from expressing bigotry and prejudice to inciting violence or discrimination against particular groups [1].",1,-1,[],[46959]],["The term 'hate speech' is also a pejorative conveying a negative connotation about its objects.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["The terms \"hate speech\" and \"hostile language\" are semantically delimited in the Ukrainian language as non-identical.",1,-1,[],[50982]],["The threshold factor of any hate speech is that it targets a group, or an individual as a member of a group (hereinafter: out-group); usually based on nationality, ethnicity, religion or race, less commonly on gender, gender identity or sexual orientation and sometimes on veteran status, physical ability or suffering from serious diseases.",1,-1,[],[61661]],["The types of hate speech received first-hand include insults, contempt, malicious intent, and hostility.",1,-1,[],[59428]],["The varying research perspectives from which hate speech has been examined have also often impacted the definitions of hate speech",1,-1,[],[54559]],["The volume of hate speech churned out was quite alarming and tended to heat up the polity.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["The volume of hateful content is Gab is 2.4 times higher than that of Twitter (Zannettou et al. 2018a)",1,-1,[],[6916]],["There is no universally accepted definition of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[22293]],["These approaches are similar in that they leave plenty of room for personal interpretation, since there may be differences in what is considered offensive.",1,-1,[],[11123]],["These discourses are commonly referred to as hate speech because they incite violence and discrimination against the identity of a group of people.",1,-1,[],[37792]],["These harmful actions are based on perceived characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political beliefs, social class, disability, or appearance.",1,-1,[],[44071]],["These remarks use explicit but also less obvious means (metaphors, irony, and sarcasm) to legitimize themselves.",1,-1,[],[13898]],["This abuse has reportedly led to the spread of violent messages, comments, and hate speech.",1,-1,[],[56356]],["This means that hate in the media and on social networks (SN) has a subjective nature that varies depending on the context, the country, and even each individual",1,-1,[],[13898]],["This simply means that hate speech must cause a sufficient degree of harm to its target to be regulated.",1,-1,[],[42020]],["This speech diminishes the quality of democracy, spreading prejudice and intolerance (Said-Hung et al., 2023).",1,-1,[],[46222]],["This speech represents the use of language for humiliating, dehumanizing, and defaming non-likeminded individuals or groups",1,-1,[],[52689]],["This speech, often amplified during times of political tension such as during an election, targets people or groups based on their race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and disability.",1,-1,[],[45148]],["This study showed that hate speech was expressed using various modes, including offensive language which explicitly conveyed provocation, insult, and incitement.",1,-1,[],[52689]],["This understanding integrates normative and educational approaches, and allows hate speech to be situated not only as a legal infringement or a linguistic deviation, but as a cultural phenomenon that affects the quality of communicative bonds and the recognition of the other",1,-1,[],[36820]],["Thus, hate speech employs communication strategies that use prejudiced labels to slight and condemn others",1,-1,[],[60901]],["To conceptualise hate speech as the act of people who harbour so much hatred or deep-seated animosity toward members of certain groups that they cannot help themselves but express their hatred outwardly through speech",1,-1,[],[659]],["To the extent that the message conveyed by the racist already puts them on the defensive, and distracts them from the ordinary business of life ... to that extent, the racist speech has already succeeded in one of its destructive aims",1,-1,[],[53002]],["Together with using racial and sexist slurs with intent to harm.",1,-1,[],[15896]],["Tontodimamma et al. (2021) identify, however, the following common features in the different definitions: the targeting of a group or an individual as a member of a group; the presence of content that expresses hatred, hostility, and prejudice and causes harm and incites wrongdoing; the public nature of the speech; and, finally, a context that makes backlash possible.",1,-1,[],[13898]],["Usually these are groups that possess a different system of religious, national, cultural or more specific, subcultural values or sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Usually, hate speech is induced by using linguistic bias",1,-1,[],[40301]],["Waldron (2012) argues that this kind of speech has two key characteristics: The first is to dehumanize members who belong to another group, and the second is to reinforce the boundaries of the in-group against the out-group by attacking the members from the other group.",1,-1,[],[17490]],["Waldron argues that hate speech infringes the dignity of its targets via this mechanism: not by degrading their equal status as it is enshrined in law or manifested in egalitarian attitudes and practices, but by undermining the targets' assurance regarding the security of their dignitarian status.",1,-1,[],[642]],["Waldron conceives of hate speech as a type of group defamation.",1,-1,[],[642]],["Waseem et al. established a list of rules to identify hate speech, including negative statements or stereotypes about minority groups, disparaging or racial terms, and support for entities that encourage hate speech.",1,-1,[],[17311]],["We classify such activities as hate speech if, and insofar as, they convey the idea that belonging to a particular social group warrants someone's being held in or treated with contempt.",1,-1,[],[642]],["We decided in favour of using this term since it can be considered a broad umbrella term for numerous kinds of insulting user-created content addressed in the individual works we summarize in this paper.",1,-1,[],[12390]],["We define attack as violent or dehumanizing (comparing people to non-human things, e.g. animals) speech, statements of inferiority, and calls for exclusion or segregation.",1,-1,[],[19319]],["We define hatespeech according to the Twitter guidelines.",1,-1,[],[15460]],["We thus differentiate between negative behavior toward someone from a potential target group from negative behavior because of someone's membership of a target group.",1,-1,[],[11970]],["We understand hate speech, on the other hand, as",1,-1,[],[47101]],["We understand that there is hate speech if it has statements of an intense and irrational nature of rejection, enmity, and abhorrence against an individual or against a group, being the targets of these expressions for possessing a protected characteristic.",1,-1,[],[34870]],["While hate speech often manifests as personal, informal, and expressive communication, when directed at specific religious groups, it can lead to disruption, enmity, and even fatal consequences",1,-1,[],[52648]],["Without a clear definition, the only purpose of the term is to hunt down those that dare to speak the truth or hold critical opinions.",1,-1,[],[41090]],["Without being limited to any one language, this might include characteristics such as religion, gender and race.",1,-1,[],[28174]],["a complex and multi-faceted notion that has proven difficult to recognize, both by humans and machines.",1,-1,[],[474]],["a complex cultural phenomenon with a variety of social, technological, political, and economic consequences.",1,-1,[],[19146]],["a display [in hate speech] that matters practically to individuals. It matters to them in their reliance on the principles of justice in the ordinary course of their lives, and in the security with which they enjoy that reliance.",1,-1,[],[642]],["a harmful manner of communication",1,-1,[],[46222]],["a heterogeneous collection of expressive phenomena",1,-1,[],[659]],["a pejorative conveying a negative connotation about its objects",1,-1,[],[43785]],["a radical negation of this level, as it breaks the bonds that sustain coexistence and mutual recognition.",1,-1,[],[36820]],["a species of unfair discrimination",1,-1,[],[11099]],["a tweet may contain impolite language and is considered offensive but not \"hate-speech\".",1,-1,[],[24303]],["a type of language used against groups target of discrimination (e.g., sexism, racism, homophobia)",1,-1,[],[50074]],["a. Identify the identity (character) that is attacked. b. Identify the content and language used. c. Measure the impact that may arise over the hate speech. d. Prove the causality between the hate speech and the effect it causes. e. Prove the intention of spreading hate speech. f. Measure the extent of the spread of hate speech in the community and the influence of the spread of hate speech in the community.",1,-1,[],[51070]],["abusive expressions of hate against vulnerable groups, such as immigrants, LGBTQ+ people and women",1,-1,[],[20065]],["acts of hate speech do not always directly harm specifiable individuals, but they all contribute, so one may argue, to the creation or sustenance of a social climate in which harms and disadvantages redound to members of vulnerable social groups.",1,-1,[],[642]],["acts of hate speech that comprise public discourse and acts of hate speech that do not, with the touchstone being the wider social practices or institutions in which speech acts are embedded.",1,-1,[],[18561]],["aimed at polarisation and the exclusion of the Ukrainian war refugees.",1,-1,[],[34329]],["all definitions directly or indirectly state that hate speech violates human rights.",1,-1,[],[50982]],["all subtle forms of discrimination, even jokes, must be marked as hate speech. This is the case, because this type of joke indicates relations between the groups of the jokers and the groups targeted by the jokes, racial relations, and stereotypes",1,-1,[],[6877]],["an adjective-noun compound noun meaning speech that is motivated by hatred.",1,-1,[],[659]],["an insult or aggression is not enough to constitute hate speech; it is necessary to make an explicit or implicit appeal to at least one feature protected by law.",1,-1,[],[23804]],["an intermediary's voluntary efforts to define and proscribe hate speech should expressly turn on the harms to be targeted and prevented.",1,-1,[],[23210]],["an ordinary concept that is (a) used by people who are not legal professionals or writers about the law, and (b) has a panoply of uses not only within bodies of law and legal systems but also within a range of other social, cultural, political and economic domains.",1,-1,[],[659]],["and that communicate an ideology, usually via stereotypes according to specific features of a gender, religion, race, or disability",1,-1,[],[14641]],["any discrimination or other offenses due to prejudice directed at those groups should be considered hate speech",1,-1,[],[44640]],["any references that insult religion or religious beliefs and malicious acts intended to outrage religious sentiments are also considered as hate speech",1,-1,[],[23747]],["as Hietanen and Eddebo (2022) underlined, the notion of hate speech builds upon very old legal traditions, and it is strictly dependent on the peculiar interpretations of freedom of speech in different national contexts.",1,-1,[],[46386]],["banning hate speech could suppress valuable public debate about the meaning of free expression, including how to tackle the issue of hate speech, and about other forms of injustice suffered by the targets of hate speech",1,-1,[],[18561]],["became a byword for the many social and political antagonisms in the country",1,-1,[],[17490]],["beyond mere insults as it has the effect of dehumanising, discriminating against and inciting violence.",1,-1,[],[29681]],["broadly conceptualized hate speech to include personal attacks, insults, discriminatory and dehumanizing comments, demonization, peddling of falsehood and incitement to violence.",1,-1,[],[60901]],["can affect communication and intercultural engagement within multicultural societies.",1,-1,[],[52338]],["can also express or articulate a wide range of different speaker feelings or emotions or attitudes other than hate or contempt or despisement, such as anxiety, disgust or even a sense of alienation.",1,-1,[],[659]],["can be associated with a wide range of different speaker motivations not exhausted by, and potentially not even including, hate or contempt or despisement, everything from fear or envy to the need to fit in or a simple desire for attention from others.",1,-1,[],[659]],["can be intended to cause or bring about a wide range of different emotional affects or cognitive states in the audience even in the absence of hate or contempt or despisement, including, for instance, shock, excitement, pleasure, or even a sense of camaraderie.",1,-1,[],[659]],["can refer to both ordinary and legal concepts.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect",1,-1,[["can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect",1],["can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect.",1]],[52338]],["certain individuals engage in hate speech with the intention of undermining those they perceive as adversaries.",1,-1,[],[49397]],["coined by a group of legal scholars in the late 1980s in the United States (more on this in 'What is Hate Speech? Part 2: Family Resemblances', henceforth 'Family Resemblances') in response to what they saw as the way different legal systems tackled certain sorts of harmful racist speech",1,-1,[],[659]],["combine hate speech and disinformation against vulnerable minorities persist in the 21st century as a strategy intimately connected to direct violence and frequently sponsored by specific governments",1,-1,[],[47101]],["communicate an ideology, usually via stereotypes according to specific features of a gender, religion, race, or disability",1,-1,[],[14641]],["communication against his torically oppressed groups in terms of racism",1,-1,[],[34329]],["communication deviates from polite norms and comprises hateful aspects",1,-1,[],[52338]],["concepts should be capable of standing as public legal norms, as in, norms that are both justiciable through the work of lawmakers, law enforcement agencies, and courts and also understandable by those members of the public subject to them.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["conceptualising hate speech as the expression of hate or hatred",1,-1,[],[659]],["concerned with impact and effect",1,-1,[],[11099]],["conveys at least one relational structure that is common to both feelings or emotions or attitudes of hate or hatred and to the speech in question.",1,-1,[],[659]],["crude attempts to close down meaningful debate on what they believe are the evils of open-border policies, the failures of multiculturalism as a social experiment, the lamentable decline of traditional moral values, political correctness gone made, and so on",1,-1,[],[659]],["deny the basic standing of individuals who belong to vulnerable social groups, in virtue of their belonging to these groups",1,-1,[],[40615]],["distinct from toxicity",1,-1,[],[50074]],["distinguishes between 'mild', 'bad', 'severe' and 'no' hate",1,-1,[],[11641]],["does not necessarily come in verbal or written form but can also be conveyed visually, for instance, through GIFs or memes",1,-1,[],[40615]],["encompassing all expressions and manifestations of racism, xenophobia, and homophobia (in addition to many other prejudices).",1,-1,[],[58223]],["engage in hate speech targeting certain human attributes, alongside the utilisation of impolite language.",1,-1,[],[49397]],["engaging in it can create a genuine hindrance to the discovery of truth",1,-1,[],[18561]],["even though the term 'hate speech' is often incorporated, at least as a notion, into legal and policy documents, there is still no universally accepted definition for it",1,-1,[],[286]],["explicit display of textual or visual expressions aiming to deprecate and denigrate",1,-1,[],[40615]],["expressing intense antipathy towards gay people, indigenous national groups, immigrant communities, religious minority groups, and others",1,-1,[],[642]],["expression that is disconnected from the discussion of matters of public concern",1,-1,[],[31987]],["expression will not be in good faith when it abuses the freedoms that are stipulated in terms of section 16(1) of the Constitution, with the aim to hurt and harm or to promote or incite hatred related to group identity as contemplated in terms of section 10(1).",1,-1,[],[11099]],["extremist hate speech targeting a political group",1,-1,[],[45862]],["falls squarely into the category of conduct that perpetuates systemic patterns of discrimination",1,-1,[],[11099]],["first, \"is directed against a specified or easily identifiable individual or, more commonly, a group of individuals based on an arbitrary or normatively irrelevant feature\"",1,-1,[],[7720]],["five main distinguishing qualities of hate speech in the ordinary sense of the term, namely target, style, message, act, and effect",1,-1,[],[43785]],["form a negative image of refugees in order to evoke various fears, negative feelings and unwillingness to help or accept them.",1,-1,[],[34329]],["form of norm-transgressing communication",1,-1,[],[40615]],["formed on the basis of threatening the receiving country and thus forming a negative image of a war refugee with the aim to deny them access to help and asylum",1,-1,[],[34329]],["from legal to public discourse hate speech consists of verbal or non-verbal communication that involves hostility directed towards particular social groups",1,-1,[],[43102]],["from the legal point of view hate speech includes direct insults and calls for violent or discriminatory actions against a group of people based on their race, ethnicity, gender, etc.",1,-1,[],[33178]],["group defamatory hate speech [. . .] perpetrates falsehoods that serve only to impede the advancement for truth",1,-1,[],[18561]],["has so little social value that it does not contribute to the debate on public issues",1,-1,[],[31987]],["has the tendency to promote or perpetuate unfair discrimination, particularly when directed at vulnerable groups in society",1,-1,[],[11099]],["hate in the media and on social networks (SN) has a subjective nature that varies depending on the context, the country, and even each individual",1,-1,[],[13898]],["hate in the media and on social networks (SN) has a subjective nature that varies depending on the context, the country, and even each individual (Salminen et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[13898]],["hate speech 1) targets individual or groups on the basis of their characteristics; 2) demonstrates a clear intention to incite harm, or to promote hatred; 3) may or may not use offensive or profane words.",1,-1,[],[17467]],["hate speech appears to represent the evolution of free expression in Indonesia, as proven by the fact that so many hate speeches are publicly delivered.",1,-1,[],[49397]],["hate speech as a direct attach against people",1,-1,[],[43102]],["hate speech as a social phenomenon adds to tension and stress",1,-1,[],[58115]],["hate speech as a speech or address inciting hatred or intolerance",1,-1,[],[43102]],["hate speech can also be more subtle, and the lines between solely disparaging acts of speech and hate speech may be blurry at times",1,-1,[],[4904]],["hate speech can be observed in many forms, including visual and audio",1,-1,[],[41659]],["hate speech can create unsafe environments that hamper freedom of speech.",1,-1,[],[11970]],["hate speech causes mass violence, encourages extremism, undermines democracy, reproduces racism",1,-1,[],[29681]],["hate speech conduct is sometimes motivated by sentiments of hatred, it is not identical with those sentiments. Hate speech conduct may result from idleness or a desire to belong as much as from deeprooted feelings of enmity or hostility.",1,-1,[],[18561]],["hate speech consists of verbal or non-verbal communication that involves hostility directed towards particular social groups",1,-1,[],[43102]],["hate speech depends on cultural context",1,-1,[],[43097]],["hate speech detection is more than simple keyword spotting",1,-1,[],[6877]],["hate speech detection task faces subtle, non-slur, slang related language attacking transgender people",1,-1,[],[34870]],["hate speech does not always come across as clear hatred",1,-1,[],[49397]],["hate speech does not always neatly fall under these federal statutes, geared more toward actions than words.",1,-1,[],[12521]],["hate speech embraces self-expression, fake information, gossip and may be able to provoke hostility, violent nationalism or ethnocentrism, promote racial conflicts or others kinds of loathing based on intolerance, leading to discrimination and segregation, causing ethnic or religious confrontation.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["hate speech harms the dignity of its targets by undermining public assurance and support",1,-1,[],[53002]],["hate speech has a harmful effect on its targets' dignity",1,-1,[],[642]],["hate speech has become a social issue in practically every country.",1,-1,[],[49397]],["hate speech has been created to protect certain people, especially sexual and racialized minorities.",1,-1,[],[41090]],["hate speech has distinct characteristics setting it religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.",1,-1,[],[11099]],["hate speech has negative effects on targeted persons or groups as it undermines their rights to equality and freedom from discrimination",1,-1,[],[60901]],["hate speech invokes the other with the purpose of excluding them and preserving the established self-description of a given Facebook page.",1,-1,[],[40285]],["hate speech is a criminal act in the form of insults, defamation, blasphemy, unpleasant actions, provoking, inciting, and spreading false news or hoaxes",1,-1,[],[31684]],["hate speech is a highly debated topic, with definitions varying significantly across regions and organizations",1,-1,[],[12060]],["hate speech is a particular form of offensive language that considers stereotypes to express an ideology of hate",1,-1,[],[31222]],["hate speech is a particular form of offensive language that considers stereotypes to express an ideology of hate (Warner and Hirschberg, 2012)",1,-1,[],[31222]],["hate speech is a persecutory, hateful and degrading message",1,-1,[],[43102]],["hate speech is addressed towards a collec-tive to vilify it through verbal statements, nonverbal messages, symbols, images, or memes",1,-1,[],[33122]],["hate speech is any kind of communication which is offensive, underestimating and humiliating an individual or group of people.",1,-1,[],[16837]],["hate speech is beyond mere insults as it has the effect of dehumanising, discriminating against and inciting violence.",1,-1,[],[29681]],["hate speech is characterized by problematic statements that are related to a target's (presumed) membership of a specific group.",1,-1,[],[11970]],["hate speech is considered an extreme and group-related form of incivility",1,-1,[],[52567]],["hate speech is frequently utilized on the internet and it is almost an unregulated phenomenon",1,-1,[],[44640]],["hate speech is interpreted as a manifestation of impoverished ways of relating to language and to the other, characterized by the reduction of communicative experience to instrumental levels.",1,-1,[],[36820]],["hate speech is not just a peripheral causal component, or something that eventuates as a downstream consequence of identity-based social hierarchies, but that it is, rather, one of the contributing causal factors through which such hierarchies are created and sustained.",1,-1,[],[642]],["hate speech is often categorized under the umbrella terms such as \"abusive language\", \"offensive language\", or \"toxicity\"",1,-1,[],[50122]],["hate speech is one example for speech that \"goes against\" discussion partners and delegitimizes the right of people or groups to be part of the debate, e.g., by \"belittling, challenging, provoking, teasing them maliciously, or explicitly threatening them.\"",1,-1,[],[16315]],["hate speech is the expression of hatred against persons or groups",1,-1,[],[43102]],["hate speech is the power that spreads, provokes, encourages or justifies racial hatred, xenophobia, or other forms of intolerance-based hatred; it is based on negative attitudes to people.",1,-1,[],[58115]],["hate speech lies 'in a complex nexus with freedom of expression and group rights, as well as concepts of dignity, liberty and equality.'",1,-1,[],[22293]],["hate speech messages represented 9% of the original dataset",1,-1,[],[34870]],["hate speech often leads to discrimination, harassment, and violence and precedes serious criminal acts.",1,-1,[],[29681]],["hate speech performed by private citizens can diminish people's status in the way we standardly associate with an abusive relationship between the state and the individual.",1,-1,[],[642]],["hate speech refers to a group, or an individual only as a member of that group.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["hate speech that expresses ethnic and other forms of discrimination violates the norm of customary international law prohibiting discrimination",1,-1,[],[11099]],["hate speech the most specific",1,-1,[],[11819]],["hate speech uses disinformation and constitutes a predictor of direct violence, including mass atrocities",1,-1,[],[47101]],["hate speech usually opposes freedom of speech and violates fundamental rights of a human being",1,-1,[],[60901]],["hate speech which, albeit involving deception and failure to obtain consent, is nevertheless used with the aim of improving public debate or political decision-making processes",1,-1,[],[18561]],["hate speech, understood as offensive communication that conveys an ideology of hatred through the use of stereotypes (Chetty;Alathur, 2018)",1,-1,[],[59428]],["hateful language and violent propaganda by organized groups",1,-1,[],[474]],["hateful rhetoric precedes violence and affects crimes",1,-1,[],[29681]],["highlight and problematise speech that they view as racist, xenophobic, homophobic, Islamophobic, misogynistic, disablist, or in some other way targeted at minority groups in ways that supposedly violate ideals of respect, solidarity, tolerance, and so forth",1,-1,[],[659]],["highly contested and often used as a stand-in for several forms of group-focused enmity, such as antisemitism, racism, or hostility towards Sinti and Roma",1,-1,[],[40615]],["highly politicised",1,-1,[],[43785]],["how hate speech affects its targets' perceptions of their own social status.",1,-1,[],[642]],["ideas can be hateful and harmful, some of which may even amount to hate speech.",1,-1,[],[22293]],["identify or flag up forms of speech that society as whole fears have the potential to be very socially divisive or destructive of social cohesion",1,-1,[],[659]],["if there is no indication of targeting any protected group, it does not meet our hate speech criteria.",1,-1,[],[43097]],["impolite language",1,-1,[],[24303]],["in our definition of hate speech, satire or humorous comments were not considered hate speech.",1,-1,[],[22275]],["in some of the definitions above, a necessary condition is that it is directed to a group. This differs from the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution definition, where an attack on an individual can be considered hate speech.",1,-1,[],[10459]],["in the context of migrants",1,-1,[],[18126]],["incitement to hate crime, violence and discrimination",1,-1,[],[286]],["inciting messages on hatred, violence and disillusionments",1,-1,[],[54975]],["inequality is a core element of hate speech. In the subordinate-superior relationship, hate speech puts the creator in a position of authority and the target in the position of the subordinate, which encourages the target to be seen as inferior and legitimizes discriminatory behavior",1,-1,[],[18126]],["intentionally uttered a statement that has the potential to contain hate speech and has potential legal impacts.",1,-1,[],[49397]],["involves or is intimately connected with emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or hatred",1,-1,[],[659]],["is not only unprofessional but also harmful, contributing to a toxic online environment.",1,-1,[],[46461]],["it brings about psychological disorders or sometimes physical harms to its victims, but also berates the intimacy and expected standard of equality which should subsist among individuals.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["it can be considered a broad umbrella term for numerous kinds of insulting user-created content addressed in the individual works we summarize in this paper.",1,-1,[],[12390]],["it can be considered a broad umbrella term for numerous kinds of insulting user-generated content.",1,-1,[],[50707]],["it is directed at specific individuals or groups of individuals, (2) undesirable attributes are ascribed to the target group, thereby creating stigmatization; (3) it leads to discrimination because the ascription of undesirable attributes encourages the target to be seen as undesirable.",1,-1,[],[18126]],["it is necessary to make an explicit or implicit appeal to at least one feature protected by law.",1,-1,[],[23804]],["it is not psychologically grounded or 'individual', hate speech refers to a group, or an individual only as a member of that group.",1,-1,[],[21767]],["it is still plaguing our society.",1,-1,[],[6916]],["it misses another useful social function served by the term 'hate speech' in its ordinary sense, namely to speak about the sort of speech that is broadly harmful or wrongful but not discriminatory in a specific sense that might warrant legal restriction.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["it should be used to refer to a type of speech that is sufficiently harmful to be regulated.",1,-1,[],[42020]],["its targets are groups or individuals based on their specific attributes, such as ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender identity, age, veteran status, sexual orientation or other.",1,-1,[],[6877]],["linguistics hate speech is the expression of hatred against persons or groups",1,-1,[],[43102]],["losing its traction as a specific claim that speech that can harm in a specific way and to a sufficient degree to warrant government regulation",1,-1,[],[43785]],["lying at the intersection of multiple tensions as expression of conflicts between different groups within and across societies",1,-1,[],[474]],["making it a form of norm-transgressing communication",1,-1,[],[40615]],["material that incites to violence and hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to sex, race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin",1,-1,[],[22293]],["member states need to have a calibrated system to handle different kinds of hate speech, in alignment with the ECHR. Such systems should allow for calibrations regarding hate speech that is illegal under criminal law, hate speech that could be actionable under administrative or civil law, and harmful expressions that would not be considered hate speech under the ECHR.",1,-1,[],[35733]],["messages of hate speech",1,-1,[],[54975]],["might be regarded as a tool of propaganda in hybrid war.",1,-1,[],[34329]],["minimum standards for the criminalization of racist and xenophobic speech and behavior",1,-1,[],[12060]],["more general and not necessarily intended to hurt a specific individual",1,-1,[],[15896]],["most characterisations make it clear that hate speech is not simply speech but is also performative or can involve speech acts of various types.",1,-1,[],[659]],["negative use of new media has facilitated hate speech among the Nigerian media users which as a result, causes an injury to many Nigerians.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["not all of these works have agreed on what defines hate speech, and different terminology has been used",1,-1,[],[19319]],["offensive speech",1,-1,[],[54975]],["often conveyed by means of rhetoric devices such as aggressive language, threats, slurs, obscenity, offenses and even sarcasm; yet, it can be expressed just as well without any of these devices.",1,-1,[],[474]],["one common aspect that can be observed is that hate speech attacks people's identity.",1,-1,[],[48788]],["online hate speech expressed via stereotypical nominations and preju dices in the first year of the war is aimed at forming a negative and even harmful image of the Ukrainian war refugees and discouraging people from helping or receiving refugees.",1,-1,[],[34329]],["online hate speech may not necessarily be a crime, but still harm people.",1,-1,[],[10940]],["only some characterisations stress that hate speech, properly called, typically causes or has a substantial likelihood of causing harm of one kind or another.",1,-1,[],[659]],["oral or verbal expression across communities in Nigeria",1,-1,[],[54975]],["others imply that the motive of hatred is almost all there is to hate speech",1,-1,[],[659]],["partly composed of the concept historically oppressed or victimised groups or classes of persons",1,-1,[],[659]],["philosophy hate speech is a persecutory, hateful and degrading message",1,-1,[],[43102]],["recognise rather than minimise or ignore its ambiguities, misleading connotations, expansion, and politicisation",1,-1,[],[43785]],["research highlights distinct behaviors among authors of HS, who tend to exhibit higher activity levels, use specific and non-trivial language, and maintain dense connections within their networks",1,-1,[],[40029]],["researchers and practitioners often use hate speech as an umbrella term to capture anti-social behaviours like toxicity, offence, abuse, provocation, etc.",1,-1,[],[7417]],["resorting to hate speech as a means of expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction",1,-1,[["resorting to hate speech as a means of expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction",1],["resorting to hate speech as a means of expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction.",1]],[49397]],["second, it \"stigmatizes the target group by implicitly or explicitly ascribing to it qualities widely regarded as undesirable\"",1,-1,[],[7720]],["seeks to delegitimise the members of target groups and has the tendency to create a climate in which the marginalisation and stereotyping of vulnerable groups is encouraged",1,-1,[],[11099]],["semantic contestedness renders it unpersuasive",1,-1,[],[43785]],["social groups remain the common targets of hate speech. It was significant meant to suffer social disintegration, oppression and marginalization.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["some authors believe that that intention is not a defining feature, since it is usually posted or verbalized regardless of whether it elicits response or affects the group",1,-1,[],[13898]],["some other definitions state that hate speech is to use language that attacks or diminishes these groups",1,-1,[],[6877]],["something is hate speech only if it (1) is speech or expressive conduct, (2) concerns any members of groups or classes of persons identified by protected characteristics, and (3) involves or is intimately connected with emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or hatred.",1,-1,[],[659]],["speech on the part of liberal progressives and civil rights activists -speech which, in the eyes of those political or religious conservatives, picks them out and attacks them on the basis of their conservative beliefs",1,-1,[],[659]],["speech that allows for unfretted hate in public places with the intent to harm holds minimum social value.",1,-1,[],[12521]],["still others identify hate speech as that which promotes, incites, or stirs up hatred.",1,-1,[],[659]],["such speech is usually understood to be messages that incite violence and hate against a group",1,-1,[],[14641]],["targeting certain human attributes, alongside the utilisation of impolite language.",1,-1,[],[49397]],["the Code of Conduct provides a definition that indicates certain racist expressions and xenophobia.",1,-1,[],[35733]],["the HS expressed has a variety of intensities and objectives: It can stigmatize, discriminate, and produce harm, or simply engage users in debate",1,-1,[],[13898]],["the abusive, insulting, and angry form of hate speech does not necessarily need to be expressed explicitly, but rather shown through \"ambiguous jokes, innuendoes, and images\", rendering its form rather bland and subtle",1,-1,[],[39395]],["the broad category the effects of hate speech, which includes intended as well as negligently created effects.",1,-1,[],[659]],["the choice of provocative, defamatory, and insulting language",1,-1,[],[52338]],["the concept of hate speech has become problematized as either too narrow, regulatory or an all-encompassing universal term",1,-1,[],[41090]],["the content of hate speech expresses, promotes, incites, encourages or stirs-up hatred towards a person or persons due to their characteristic feature(s)",1,-1,[],[15317]],["the danger that hate speech poses to society is its propensity to catalyse violence, including violent expressions of hate in real space, or to serve as a lubricant to the machinery of political violence (Ikeanyibe et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[60901]],["the definition of hate speech defined by the EU",1,-1,[],[12060]],["the definition of hate speech must also include \"identifying the conditions that make different types of content more or less harmful and determining a threshold beyond which hate speech would be intolerable online\"",1,-1,[],[46386]],["the detection and contrast of hate speech is complicated. There are still ambiguities in the very definition of hate speech, with academic and relevant stakeholders providing their own interpretations 4",1,-1,[],[2928]],["the discourse of hate speech is inextricably tied to the state and its political economies of violence.",1,-1,[],[9821]],["the hatespeech has a much higher spreading velocity.",1,-1,[],[6916]],["the legal concept hate speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["the line between hate comments and those characterized somewhat innocuously as simply disparaging might be less obvious",1,-1,[],[4904]],["the line between hate speech and appropriate free expression is blurry",1,-1,[],[10459]],["the mere presence of offensive words or language does not constitute \"hate speech\" since the use of such language is characteristic to many groups and is also quite prevalent in popular culture.",1,-1,[],[41843]],["the messages of hatred are constructed to harm or otherwise degrade or the set targets for somewhat unpleasant reasons",1,-1,[],[54975]],["the obscurity of the term hate speech means that everyone can make up their own definition to accuse others-or their opponents of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[41090]],["the ordinary concept hate speech is able to serve myriad social functions and that competent language users continue to buy into the concept (at least for now) precisely because it is a family resemblance concept.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["the phenomenon of hate speech",1,-1,[],[34870]],["the promotion of violent behavior, use of vulgarisms, and denial of human rights to be the core aspects of hate speech",1,-1,[],[18126]],["the semantics of words in the Chinese language not only include the typical negative or positive opinion but also use a rich metaphor or homophone features as a description.",1,-1,[],[22275]],["the targeting of a group, or an individual as a member of a group; the presence of a content that expresses hatred, causes a harm, incites bad actions beyond the speech itself, and has no redeeming purpose; the intention of harm or bad activity; the public nature of the speech; finally, a context that makes violent response possible.",1,-1,[],[821]],["the task of legislation that restricts hate speech is to try to change people's attitudes or control their thoughts",1,-1,[],[659]],["the tension inherent in this concept derives from its opaqueness (definitions are often considered vague or contradictory), and from the fact that the framing tends to be emotional and tinged with a moral tenor.",1,-1,[],[46386]],["the term 'hate speech' does not simply refer to unlawful hate speech but also to broadly harmful or wrongful yet lawful hate speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["the term 'hate speech' is doubly figurative or metaphorical; which is to say, the term 'hate speech' is systematically ambiguous between its attributional and relational metaphor.",1,-1,[],[659]],["the term 'hate speech' is only the latest in a succession of terms that historically have been used to refer to forms of speech that attack members of groups or classes people identified by certain protected characteristics",1,-1,[],[659]],["the term 'hate speech' is used because it is useful, and it will remain useful so long as it can be used to do more than merely signal disapproval.",1,-1,[],[659]],["the term is more widely and generally used in society to flag forms of communication considered unacceptable, because seen to negatively evaluate minority or vulnerable groups, or individuals belonging to those groups, purely on the grounds of membership.",1,-1,[],[50873]],["the terms 'hate speech' and 'hate crime' do not have universal definitions and are thus interpreted differently by the Member States",1,-1,[],[40285]],["the terms 'hate speech' and 'slur' are subject to dispute concerning the extensions of the concepts they represent.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["the trademarks of hate speech are generalization, discrimination, and intolerance.",1,-1,[],[39983]],["the underlying intent to cause harm and bring down an already vulnerable group/person by attacking a personal attribute can be considered a standard point for defining hate speech.",1,-1,[],[7417]],["the vernacular, contextual and localized nature of hate speech that emerges in reference to particular political actors, events and debates",1,-1,[],[41090]],["there can be several issues in defining what constitutes as hatespeech",1,-1,[],[15460]],["there is no definition of \"hate speech\" in the law-or any consensus definition altogether.",1,-1,[],[41090]],["third, it casts the \"target group…as an undesirable presence and a legitimate object of hostility\"",1,-1,[],[7720]],["this type of prejudiced communication",1,-1,[],[6877]],["those referring to membership to a specific group",1,-1,[],[14641]],["undergone a significant expansion in applications since the late 1980s",1,-1,[],[43785]],["understood as offensive communication that conveys an ideology of hatred through the use of stereotypes",1,-1,[],[59428]],["understood as one of the most extreme forms of incivility",1,-1,[],[40615]],["unlike mere insults, speech \"that may cause violence\" includes that which advocates violence against protected class members or states that such violence is \"acceptable [or] ... deserved. . . perhaps by characterizing them as guilty of a heinous crime, perversion, or illness, such that violence may seem allowable or inconsequential.",1,-1,[],[23210]],["used by people to refer to a diverse range of expressive, communicative, and performative phenomena.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["various social media platforms employ varying definitions of hate speech as well as demonstrating various degrees of restrictions with regard to prohibiting hate speech and/or removing hateful content.",1,-1,[],[15317]],["verbal attacks and distortions of facts have been used effectively to incite violence and discrimination against specific populations",1,-1,[],[47101]],["we conclude that the claims and the speech acts are forms of hate speech that attack personal dignity, dehumanize groups, incite discrimination, advocate hostility, create social wedge, and impute a crime.",1,-1,[],[53555]],["what is considered hate speech (where restrictions are legitimate) but still analyzed under art 10",1,-1,[],[35733]],["where the groups in question are usually those distinguished by ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[642]],["widely used regulatory term",1,-1,[],[17490]],["with particular emphasis on its group-related nature and the variety of possible ways of expressing hate, including, for instance, hate speech targeting religious affiliation, origin, or sexual orientation in varying severity",1,-1,[],[52567]]],"sy":[["abusive language",4,25044,[["abusive language",3],["abusive languages",1]],[22551,41994,50122,54975]],["Hateful conduct",3,19699,[],[6877,9896,10459]],["cyberbullying",3,30890,[],[12390,19319,54975]],["HS",2,-1,[],[474,22551]],["Hate",2,26782,[["Hate",1],["hate",1]],[27786,59942]],["Online hate speech",2,7507,[["Online hate speech",1],["online hate speech",1]],[15317,20065]],["cyber hate",2,28027,[["cyber hate",1],["cyber-hate",1]],[20065,23210]],["offensive",2,10180,[],[11970,54975]],["offensive language",2,31626,[],[12390,50122]],["(personal) insults",1,-1,[],[12390]],["Abusive speech",1,25579,[],[38368]],["Hate comments",1,-1,[],[50074]],["Islamophobia",1,13648,[],[44640]],["The speech of hatred refers to words that tend to insult, intimidate or harass people because of their race, color, ethnicity, nationality, sex or religion, or who have the ability to instigate violence, hate or discrimination against such persons.",1,-1,[],[41831]],["a war waged on others by means of word",1,-1,[],[60901]],["abusive",1,34854,[],[11970]],["abusive behavior",1,17598,[],[22551]],["abusive messages",1,-1,[],[12390]],["antisocial oratory",1,-1,[],[659]],["assaultive speech",1,7073,[],[43785]],["digital hate",1,-1,[],[23210]],["discriminatory speech",1,12938,[],[34329]],["flames",1,33328,[],[12390]],["foul language",1,-1,[],[60901]],["group libel",1,2114,[],[659]],["harmful speech",1,-1,[],[19319]],["hate crime",1,10872,[],[15317]],["hate propaganda",1,817,[],[659]],["hate remarks",1,-1,[],[38368]],["hateful language",1,-1,[],[36820]],["hatespeech",1,18278,[],[21767]],["hostile messages",1,-1,[],[12390]],["hostile verbal abuse",1,-1,[],[659]],["insulting speech",1,-1,[],[659]],["language of hostility",1,-1,[],[58115]],["malicious speech",1,-1,[],[659]],["offensive communication that employs stereotypes to express an ideology of hatred",1,-1,[],[52648]],["offensive or abusive language",1,19461,[],[19319]],["offensive speech",1,34307,[],[31065]],["online harassment or aggression",1,-1,[],[19319]],["prejudicial statement",1,-1,[],[58115]],["profane",1,8957,[],[54975]],["profanity",1,9052,[],[12390]],["race hate",1,4909,[],[659]],["rhetoric of hatred",1,-1,[],[58115]],["speech that denigrates people",1,-1,[],[659]],["speech that puts people down",1,-1,[],[659]],["toxic",1,22559,[],[11970]],["toxic language",1,23357,[],[41994]],["toxicity",1,34320,[],[50122]],["verbal terror",1,-1,[],[60901]],["vulgar language",1,18626,[],[12390]]],"rt":[["cyberbullying",12,30890,[["cyberbullying",11],["cyber-bullying",1]],[6877,6916,13898,15896,17467,23804,26217,41831,42904,44071,49397,54975]],["discrimination",11,19636,[],[6877,12060,17311,18561,21657,34329,41831,43785,44071,44640,59428]],["abusive language",10,25044,[["abusive language",8],["Abusive language",1],["abusive languages",1]],[6877,9896,11970,12451,17467,20065,23804,41831,50707,59942]],["offensive language",10,31626,[["offensive language",9],["Offensive language",1]],[10956,10962,11970,23804,31222,34764,34800,42904,44694,55629]],["racism",9,28859,[],[474,18561,21657,22551,44071,50074,55629,58223,60901]],["sexism",7,22658,[],[474,22551,42904,44071,50074,55629,58115]],["xenophobia",7,30438,[],[659,21657,22293,22551,58115,58223,60901]],["homophobia",6,13370,[],[474,659,22551,50074,58115,58223]],["anti-Semitism",5,14573,[["anti-Semitism",4],["antisemitism",2]],[474,659,21657,22293,60901]],["hate crime",5,10872,[],[659,15317,40285,52188,61661]],["insult",5,21655,[["insult",2],["insults",2],["insults (or offense)",1]],[659,9522,21767,34329,49397]],["Islamophobia",4,13648,[["Islamophobia",3],["islamophobia",1]],[474,659,22551,57180]],["cyber-hate",4,28027,[["cyber-hate",2],["cyber hate",1],["cyberhate",1]],[6877,15896,20065,41090]],["disinformation",4,17423,[],[29681,47101,54559,54975]],["incitement to hatred",4,7901,[],[659,34329,41090,43785]],["intolerance",4,33761,[],[659,6877,58115,60901]],["misinformation",4,10315,[],[29681,54559,54975,60901]],["toxicity",4,34320,[],[6877,7417,41831,55629]],["trolling",4,5891,[],[6916,13898,14332,17490]],["dangerous speech",3,11873,[],[17632,40615,41090]],["extreme speech",3,12728,[],[9821,17490,41090]],["freedom of expression",3,34794,[],[10940,21657,44640]],["freedom of speech",3,28733,[],[6877,11970,60901]],["harassment",3,30286,[],[44071,55629,59428]],["offensive",3,10180,[],[474,17467,52785]],["online harassment",3,16014,[],[6916,26217,49294]],["prejudice",3,23417,[],[17311,34329,36286]],["slur",3,25884,[["slur",2],["slurs",1]],[474,29681,43785]],["Profanity",2,9052,[["Profanity",1],["profanity",1]],[6877,41831]],["abuse",2,7851,[],[7417,36286]],["abusive content",2,29064,[],[42904,50707]],["aggression",2,32135,[],[44071,49397]],["bullying",2,14915,[],[6877,17490]],["contempt",2,33947,[],[659,34329]],["discriminatory harassment",2,23284,[],[659,43785]],["extremism",2,16305,[],[6877,21657]],["fake news",2,33960,[],[13594,49397]],["group defamation",2,16408,[],[642,659]],["group vilification",2,-1,[],[659,43785]],["hate",2,26782,[],[659,41831]],["hate propaganda",2,817,[],[659,43785]],["hostility",2,30854,[],[659,6877]],["incitement to violence",2,33216,[],[35733,58223]],["incivility",2,34677,[],[16315,52567]],["misogyny",2,27981,[],[474,22551]],["negative stereotyping",2,1181,[],[659,18561]],["offence",2,11539,[["offence",1],["offenses",1]],[474,7417]],["political speech",2,33740,[],[6742,18561]],["protected characteristics",2,5559,[],[10459,23237]],["racial hatred",2,-1,[],[22293,58115]],["stigmatisation",2,22663,[["stigmatisation",1],["stigmatization",1]],[659,18561]],["toxic language",2,23357,[],[18126,23804]],["violence",2,27486,[],[34329,43785]],["Hate speech analysis",1,29517,[],[46867]],["Hateful conduct",1,19699,[],[41831]],["LGBTQI issues",1,-1,[],[21657]],["Language hostility",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Political hatred",1,-1,[],[6742]],["Toxic language or comment",1,27439,[],[6877]],["a demeaning view of others",1,-1,[],[18126]],["abusive",1,34854,[],[474]],["abusive comments",1,-1,[],[27786]],["abusive content in social media",1,-1,[],[50707]],["abusive expressions",1,-1,[],[50982]],["abusive/offensive language",1,19461,[],[18126]],["advocacy of hatred",1,4747,[],[61661]],["aggression (Kumar et al. 2018)",1,-1,[],[44071]],["aggressive",1,13880,[],[474]],["aggressive language",1,-1,[],[474]],["aggressive nationalism",1,-1,[],[659]],["anti-Muslim hatred",1,-1,[],[60901]],["anti-gypsism",1,-1,[],[474]],["attack",1,22827,[],[10459]],["bias mitigation",1,33251,[],[42904]],["bigoted expression",1,-1,[],[54975]],["calls for discrimination",1,-1,[],[50982]],["censorship",1,14297,[],[41090]],["color, race, national or social origin, language, gender identity, and sexual orientation",1,-1,[],[23804]],["crimes against humanity",1,-1,[],[34329]],["cyberbullying (Chen and Li 2020)",1,-1,[],[44071]],["cyberstalking",1,20273,[],[14332]],["cyberviolence",1,8202,[],[41090]],["dangerous",1,-1,[],[474]],["defamation",1,7050,[],[52648]],["defamatory, demeaning, degrading, or stigmatizing hate speech",1,-1,[],[18561]],["degradation",1,25304,[],[659]],["degrading of individuals and groups",1,32981,[],[60901]],["derogatory or offensive language",1,-1,[],[49397]],["dignity",1,7102,[],[10940]],["disabled people",1,-1,[],[21657]],["disapproval",1,-1,[],[18126]],["discriminative ideals",1,-1,[],[46222]],["discriminatory speech",1,12938,[],[43102]],["discursive polarization",1,19903,[],[36820]],["enmity",1,-1,[],[659]],["epithet",1,34696,[],[29681]],["equality",1,28787,[],[10940]],["explainability",1,22976,[],[42904]],["expressing dislike",1,-1,[],[18126]],["face-to-face vilification",1,18930,[],[7720]],["fairness",1,27748,[],[42904]],["false information",1,20964,[],[49397]],["false news",1,34005,[],[27786]],["false political and religious rumor",1,-1,[],[26217]],["family resemblance concept",1,21607,[],[43785]],["flames",1,33328,[],[17632]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[6877]],["focus on stereotypes",1,-1,[],[6877]],["free speech",1,12475,[],[22275]],["gender",1,24081,[],[21657]],["general offensive language",1,22735,[],[57880]],["genocide",1,9811,[],[34329]],["group libel",1,2114,[],[43785]],["group rights",1,31084,[],[10940]],["group-related antinormative online communication",1,-1,[],[52567]],["groups with protected characteristics",1,-1,[],[50873]],["harassment (Stoop et al. 2019)",1,-1,[],[44071]],["harmful language",1,-1,[],[15460]],["harmful social hierarchies",1,-1,[],[642]],["hate and fear propaganda",1,29588,[],[61661]],["hate campaign",1,34065,[],[659]],["hate group",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate incident",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate literature",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate mail",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate movies",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate rhetoric",1,34509,[],[33178]],["hate site",1,24706,[],[659]],["hate speaker",1,-1,[],[43785]],["hate stare",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate targets",1,-1,[],[44694]],["hate tweets",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate-fuelled speech",1,8911,[],[659]],["hateladen speech",1,9554,[],[659]],["haters gonna hate",1,-1,[],[659]],["hatred",1,8243,[],[659]],["hatred-inciting speech",1,22018,[],[659]],["hostile language",1,26525,[],[50982]],["hostile online communities",1,-1,[],[27786]],["human rights",1,15074,[],[21657]],["humiliation",1,21353,[],[659]],["identity-based hate speech",1,-1,[],[642]],["identity-based prejudice",1,27407,[],[642]],["identity-based social hierarchies",1,18216,[],[642]],["illocutionary act",1,11039,[],[18561]],["incitement",1,28216,[],[47101]],["incitement to harm",1,15481,[],[60901]],["inferiority",1,-1,[],[659]],["injuria",1,34055,[],[43785]],["insult or denigration",1,-1,[],[43785]],["intentional incitement to imminent violence",1,-1,[],[23210]],["intentional infliction of emotional distress",1,11016,[],[43785]],["interethnic hostility",1,-1,[],[58115]],["intolerance-based hatred",1,-1,[],[58115]],["lack of respect",1,-1,[],[18126]],["legal-technocratic meaning",1,-1,[],[659]],["liberty",1,-1,[],[10940]],["linguistic bias",1,20696,[],[40301]],["majority vs minority relationship",1,-1,[],[21767]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[29681]],["manifestation racism",1,-1,[],[58115]],["microaggression",1,658,[],[43785]],["misogynistic content",1,-1,[],[46222]],["moral exclusion",1,5474,[],[18561]],["negative behavior because of someone's membership of a target group",1,-1,[],[11970]],["negative behavior toward someone from a potential target group",1,-1,[],[11970]],["networked harassment",1,-1,[],[41090]],["norm of nondiscrimination",1,-1,[],[11099]],["objective definition",1,-1,[],[54559]],["obscenity",1,12961,[],[474]],["offensive or abusive speech",1,-1,[],[49294]],["offensive, hateful speech",1,-1,[],[11123]],["online extremism",1,-1,[],[49397]],["online harms",1,-1,[],[55629]],["online hate",1,27246,[],[15317]],["online hate speech",1,7507,[],[31775]],["online hating",1,12456,[],[14332]],["other controversial or prohibited forms of expression",1,-1,[],[52648]],["othering language",1,6437,[],[6877]],["persecution of Christians",1,-1,[],[60901]],["political disagreement",1,-1,[],[6742]],["profane",1,8957,[],[17467]],["protected category",1,-1,[],[6877]],["protected groups",1,31345,[],[44640]],["provocation",1,6090,[],[7417]],["punishable hate speech (or defamation)",1,9396,[],[9522]],["racism (Field et al. 2021)",1,-1,[],[44071]],["racism and homophobia",1,-1,[],[35733]],["racist",1,6247,[],[45862]],["racist propaganda",1,-1,[],[659]],["racist speech",1,-1,[],[15460]],["radicalization",1,8929,[],[6877]],["rants",1,-1,[],[17632]],["religions",1,26542,[],[21657]],["ridicule",1,5513,[],[34329]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[474]],["sectarianism",1,-1,[],[6877]],["sexism (Chiril et al. 2020)",1,-1,[],[44071]],["silencing",1,22812,[],[41090]],["slander",1,24674,[],[34329]],["slang",1,24840,[],[42904]],["speech acts",1,28860,[],[61661]],["speech aggression",1,13596,[],[58115]],["speech attacks",1,-1,[],[659]],["stereotypical nominations",1,-1,[],[34329]],["stir up racial hatred",1,18146,[],[286]],["stirring up religious hatred",1,-1,[],[286]],["subjective definition",1,-1,[],[54559]],["subtle forms of disparagement",1,-1,[],[4904]],["swear words",1,833,[],[49397]],["text classification",1,2154,[],[27786]],["the politics of hate",1,-1,[],[659]],["the superiority of the in-group",1,-1,[],[6877]],["the use of abusive or insulting speech",1,-1,[],[18126]],["threats",1,10758,[],[474]],["tool of power",1,-1,[],[41090]],["toxic",1,22559,[],[474]],["toxic speech",1,5861,[],[41090]],["unfair discrimination",1,871,[],[11099]],["unlawful hate speech",1,29166,[],[43785]],["verbal aggression",1,-1,[],[659]],["verbal attack",1,-1,[],[6877]],["violation of dignity",1,-1,[],[659]],["virulent messages",1,-1,[],[17632]],["xenophobic",1,-1,[],[50982]],["xenophobic expressions",1,-1,[],[40285]]],"sb":[["homophobia",4,13370,[["homophobia",3],["Homophobia",1]],[474,23804,44694,58223]],["racism",4,28859,[],[474,23804,44694,58223]],["Antisemitism",3,14573,[["Antisemitism",1],["anti-semitism",1],["antisemitism",1]],[474,44694,54193]],["Religious hate speech",3,2812,[["Religious hate speech",2],["religious hate speech",1]],[15896,52227,52303]],["generalized hate speech",3,25128,[["generalized hate speech",2],["Generalized hate speech",1]],[10974,22275,52689]],["misogyny",3,27981,[],[474,23804,49294]],["political hate speech",3,19826,[],[22275,23804,52227]],["sexism",3,22658,[["sexism",2],["Sexism",1]],[474,44694,54193]],["Explicit hate speech",2,6669,[["Explicit hate speech",1],["explicit hate speech",1]],[34001,52689]],["Gender-based hate speech",2,12046,[["Gender-based hate speech",1],["gender-based hate speech",1]],[52227,52303]],["Implicit hate speech",2,16841,[["Implicit hate speech",1],["implicit hate speech",1]],[12060,34001]],["Incitement to violence",2,33216,[["Incitement to violence",1],["incitement to violence",1]],[34001,58223]],["Insults",2,21655,[["Insults",1],["insult",1]],[34001,45148]],["Political",2,759,[],[27786,42904]],["Profanity",2,9052,[["Profanity",1],["profanity",1]],[27786,45148]],["Racial hate speech",2,16030,[["Racial hate speech",1],["racial hate speech",1]],[52227,52303]],["Religious",2,34245,[],[27786,42904]],["Sexual orientation",2,9847,[["Sexual orientation",1],["sexual orientation",1]],[27786,39132]],["Xenophobia",2,30438,[["Xenophobia",1],["xenophobia",1]],[44694,58223]],["directed hate speech",2,26462,[],[22275,52689]],["inappropriate",2,11155,[],[2928,55629]],["'scientific or philosophical' modes of hate speech such as 'describing, asserting, stating, arguing, and so forth' (e.g., '[t]o assert that blacks are genetically inferior to whites')",1,-1,[],[18561]],["(1) the spread of ideas based on racial superiority",1,-1,[],[51070]],["(2) the dissemination of ideas based on racial hatred",1,-1,[],[51070]],["(3) the incitement to racial discrimination",1,-1,[],[51070]],["(4) incitement to racially motivated acts of violence",1,-1,[],[51070]],["Abusive socio-political rhetoric",1,22723,[],[35809]],["Abusive/Violence",1,10078,[],[42904]],["Apologist for dictatorship",1,29422,[],[44694]],["Blasphemy",1,23650,[],[49397]],["Body Shaming",1,34360,[],[42904]],["Conspiracy",1,13415,[],[35809]],["Defamation of a good name",1,-1,[],[49397]],["Dehumanization",1,29272,[],[34001]],["Demonization",1,24227,[],[34001]],["Directed hate",1,23835,[],[10974]],["Discriminatory treatment",1,2914,[],[35809]],["Explicitness",1,22950,[],[57880]],["Fatphobia",1,23456,[],[44694]],["Gender",1,24081,[],[42904]],["Gender chauvinism",1,21969,[],[27786]],["Gender-based hate speech: This category includes any form of hostility towards a specific sex or the devaluation of a person or group based on their gender.",1,-1,[],[52303]],["Gendered hate speech",1,8701,[],[15896]],["Generalized hate",1,7445,[],[10974]],["Hate",1,26782,[],[44071]],["Holocaust denial",1,29619,[],[53002]],["Humiliation",1,21353,[],[49397]],["Implicitness",1,29552,[],[57880]],["Inciting",1,-1,[],[49397]],["Insults and Harassment",1,18233,[],[35809]],["Origin",1,24386,[],[42904]],["Ostracization",1,7454,[],[35809]],["Partyism",1,26672,[],[44694]],["Personal",1,29987,[],[27786]],["Personal Offense",1,32336,[],[42904]],["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[35809]],["Provoking",1,-1,[],[49397]],["Racial hate speech: this category includes any type of ethnic or tribal, regional crimes, (hostility against immigrants and refugees), any prejudice against a particular tribe or region, and offensive to the appearance and color of the individual.",1,-1,[],[52303]],["Racism/racial segregation",1,18883,[],[44694]],["Racist hate speech",1,3748,[],[15896]],["Religious hate speech: It includes any type of religious discrimination, such as: Islamic sects, anti-Christianity or any type of religious discrimination.",1,-1,[],[52303]],["Reporting",1,21886,[],[57880]],["Self-attacking",1,-1,[],[50074]],["Spreading false information",1,-1,[],[49397]],["Threats of violence",1,14586,[],[35809]],["Type#1 direct hate speech",1,-1,[],[33178]],["Type#2 indirect hate speech",1,-1,[],[33178]],["Type#3 manipulative hate speech",1,-1,[],[33178]],["Unpleasant conduct",1,-1,[],[49397]],["Violence",1,27486,[],[44071]],["Violent intention",1,12042,[],[27786]],["Vulgar",1,34221,[],[44071]],["a particular species of discrimination",1,-1,[],[11099]],["abuse",1,7851,[],[31031]],["abusive language",1,25044,[],[9896]],["acceptable",1,27752,[],[55629]],["accusations of negative impact within a derogatory or offensive context",1,-1,[],[58115]],["anti-gypsism",1,-1,[],[474]],["attacks of malicious language toward people, based on their political standpoint",1,-1,[],[22275]],["bad",1,-1,[],[11641]],["calls for discrimination",1,-1,[],[58115]],["calls for discrimination, creating a negative image of a victim group",1,-1,[],[58115]],["calls to violence",1,-1,[],[58115]],["calls to violence, appeals like \"Hit the immigrants!\" and \"Kick the gypsies out of the country!\"",1,-1,[],[58115]],["careless statements",1,-1,[],[29681]],["category",1,12733,[],[12451]],["creating a negative image of a victim group",1,-1,[],[58115]],["cyber hate",1,28027,[],[15896]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[31031]],["dangerous speech",1,11873,[],[17490]],["direct attacks on the target (type 1)",1,-1,[],[33178]],["direct hate speech",1,5420,[],[33178]],["direct threats made to specific persons or groups",1,-1,[],[54975]],["directive, expressive, and assertive speech acts",1,-1,[],[49397]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[29681]],["doxing",1,4972,[],[54975]],["epithet",1,34696,[],[29681]],["ethnicity",1,14537,[],[39132]],["fear speech",1,30170,[],[17490]],["fine-grained hate speech",1,-1,[],[24303]],["forms of lawful yet harmful hate speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["gravest forms of hate speech",1,6682,[],[35733]],["group defamatory hate speech",1,-1,[],[18561]],["group target",1,25967,[],[12451]],["harassment",1,30286,[],[31031]],["hard hate speech",1,32963,[],[286]],["hate speech against criminals, prisoners, offenders and other people in conflict with the law",1,-1,[],[23804]],["hate speech directed at women journalists",1,8790,[],[14641]],["hate speech focusing on race, ethnicity, national origin, caste, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or serious disease",1,-1,[],[22275]],["hate speech is also different from other sub-types of offensive language.",1,-1,[],[16608]],["hate speech prohibited under criminal law",1,-1,[],[43785]],["hate speech subject to civil or administrative law",1,-1,[],[43785]],["hate speech that constitutes criminal offences",1,-1,[],[11099]],["hate speech that is used to threaten",1,-1,[],[642]],["hate speech that stigmatises the actor",1,-1,[],[46222]],["hate speech with veiled or implicit threats",1,-1,[],[46222]],["hatred due to physical appearance (e.g., overweight)",1,-1,[],[23804]],["hatred towards people with disabilities",1,-1,[],[23804]],["homophobia/LGBTQ+ phobia",1,-1,[],[14641]],["identity attack",1,5144,[],[45148]],["incitement",1,28216,[],[47101]],["indirect (hidden) hate speech",1,25826,[],[33178]],["indirect attacks by means of ridicule, sarcasm, marginalisation, negative associations based on Second World War archetypes (type 2)",1,-1,[],[33178]],["individual target",1,15052,[],[12451]],["inferiority assumption (lack of culture or intellectual abilities)",1,-1,[],[58115]],["inferiority assumption (lack of culture or intellectual abilities), accusations of negative impact within a derogatory or offensive context",1,-1,[],[58115]],["islamophobia",1,13648,[],[474]],["legal concept",1,-1,[],[43785]],["legal concept (or class of concepts) hate speech",1,21878,[],[659]],["level",1,-1,[],[12451]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[29681]],["manipulation and suggestion (type 3)",1,-1,[],[33178]],["manipulative hate speech",1,30168,[],[33178]],["mild",1,-1,[],[11641]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[29681]],["moderate hate speech",1,22879,[],[12451]],["no",1,-1,[],[11641]],["offense",1,11539,[],[31031]],["offensive",1,10180,[],[55629]],["offensive language",1,31626,[],[2928]],["online hate speech",1,7507,[],[21657]],["ordinary concept",1,32597,[],[43785]],["ordinary concept hate speech",1,18787,[],[659]],["race",1,30379,[],[39132]],["racial discrimination and hate",1,-1,[],[14641]],["related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, social orientation, disability and class.",1,-1,[],[17632]],["religion",1,26542,[],[39132]],["religious intolerance",1,-1,[],[44694]],["severe",1,-1,[],[11641]],["sexism and misogyny",1,11541,[],[14641]],["slur",1,25884,[["slur",1],["slurs",1]],[29681]],["soft hate speech",1,27113,[],[286]],["strong hate speech",1,292,[],[12451]],["subtle forms",1,-1,[],[6877]],["target",1,1984,[],[12451]],["text-based hate speech analysis",1,-1,[],[41659]],["the dissemination of ideas based on racial hatred",1,-1,[],[51070]],["the incitement to racial discrimination",1,-1,[],[51070]],["the spread of ideas based on racial superiority",1,-1,[],[51070]],["the use of insulting or degrading epithets like 'kike', 'faggot', 'spic', and 'nigger', which are 'verbal instruments of subordination'",1,-1,[],[18561]],["threat/incitement to violence",1,-1,[],[45148]],["transphobia",1,28817,[],[23804]],["violent",1,6910,[],[55629]],["violent speech",1,15816,[],[2928]],["vulgarity",1,34866,[],[45148]],["weak hate speech",1,28398,[],[12451]]],"sp":[["abusive language",9,25044,[["abusive language",7],["Abusive language",2]],[474,6877,11819,15896,16608,20065,35271,41831,58223]],["offensive language",7,31626,[],[16608,16763,24303,31222,34764,44694,57738]],["Discrimination",4,19636,[["Discrimination",2],["discrimination",2]],[6877,11099,41831,52648]],["incivility",3,34677,[],[16315,40615,52567]],["abusive content",2,29064,[],[23987,50707]],["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22644,46604]],["Content moderation",1,16284,[],[42462]],["Toxic language",1,23357,[],[57880]],["a particular form of offensive language",1,-1,[],[16763]],["abuse",1,7851,[],[11970]],["abusive language phenomena",1,23088,[],[11819]],["abusive phenomena",1,-1,[],[20065]],["abusive/offensive language",1,19461,[],[18126]],["anti-social behaviors",1,3509,[],[15896]],["bullying and harassment behaviors",1,-1,[],[14641]],["cyber bullying",1,30890,[],[52303]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[13594]],["family resemblance concept",1,21607,[],[43785]],["fitna",1,31314,[],[52648]],["group bias",1,27934,[],[20711]],["group defamation",1,16408,[],[642]],["hate",1,26782,[],[36286]],["hate speech is conceptualized as a subset of offensive language",1,-1,[],[57738]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[1501]],["offensive comment",1,-1,[],[35271]],["offensive speech",1,34307,[],[12431]],["related concepts",1,-1,[],[20711]],["speech",1,33224,[],[659]],["thick normative concepts",1,9392,[],[43785]],["unfair discrimination",1,871,[],[11099]],["xenophobia",1,30438,[],[50982]]],"ex":[["racism",2,-1,[],[46867,50074]],["sexism",2,-1,[],[46867,50074]],["\"Black women on London transport...\"",1,-1,[],[27402]],["\"I hate all niggers\" is.",1,-1,[],[6742]],["\"Refugees are the illness of the world and must be cured with antibiotics.\"",1,-1,[],[27402]],["\"They should lock you up, SLUR!\" where the slur specifically targets a group, this would be considered hate speech, as the slur clearly signals a relation between the threat and the group the target belongs to.",1,-1,[],[11970]],["'Assimilate? No they all need to go back to their own countries. #BanMuslims Sorry if someone disagrees too bad.'",1,-1,[],[17467]],["(2) The Jew Faggot Behind The Financial Collapse",1,-1,[],[12390]],["(3) Hope one of those bitches falls over and breaks her leg",1,-1,[],[12390]],["1(1) Go fucking kill yourself and die already useless ugly pile of shit scumbag.",1,-1,[],[12390]],["A salient example of hate speech can be observed in the social media campaign against Joko Widodo ( Jokowi) during the Indonesian presidential election.",1,-1,[],[52648]],["An academic article on homosexuality referring to homosexual people in degrading terms serves as an example. The primary aim of the abusive remarks will be reasonably perceived to be intended to hurt and harm homosexual people and not to communicate or publish scientific information, regardless of whether the scientific view approves or condemns homosexuality.",1,-1,[],[11099]],["Bitch; go to the kitchen; you're an old woman",1,-1,[],[59428]],["Democrat voters think the term 'hate speaker' befits Trump due to his racist and xenophobic dog whistles, whilst Maga voters apply the same term to Trumphobic detractors but not to Trump himself.",1,-1,[],[43785]],["Fat, asshole, fucker, sellout",1,-1,[],[59428]],["For instance, doxing occurs when someone publishes personal information with the intention of putting another person in danger or drawing unwelcome attention.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["Geert Wilders' film Fitna (2008) contained anti-Islamic and anti-immigration rhetoric, provoking international backlash",1,-1,[],[52648]],["His outbursts against Muslims, Hausa-Fulani, and the President as well as specific members of the current APC administration qualify Femi Fani Kayode as a hate speech proponent.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["Hit the immigrants!",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Hitler and Gœbbels's anti-Jewish addresses",1,-1,[],[21767]],["I hate all niggers",1,-1,[],[6742]],["Illegals are dumping their kids heres o they can get welfare, aid and U.S School Ripping off U.S Taxpayers #SendThemBack ! Stop Allowing illegals to Abuse the Taxpayer #Immigration",1,-1,[],[22551]],["Islam is 1000 years of contributing nothing to mankind but murder and hatred",1,-1,[],[22551]],["Kick the gypsies out of the country!",1,-1,[],[58115]],["Kill them!",1,-1,[],[50380]],["Milošević's infamous 'Ne čujem dobro!' -'I cannot hear you!'",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Mocking hate crime is also considered hate speech.",1,-1,[],[19319]],["Seattle Mayoral Election this year. A choice between a bunch of women, non-whites, and faggots/fag lovers.",1,-1,[],[22551]],["The discriminatory effects of hate speech include … that others were persuaded of negative stereotypes, a conditioning of the environment such that racism was normalized, subordination, silencing, fear, victimization, emotional symptoms, restrictions on freedom, lowering of selfesteem, maintenance of social imbalances of power, and undermining of their dignity.",1,-1,[],[11099]],["These savages invade Our Country, disrupt cities, turn many into sh***es like where they came from and WE THE PEOPLE are paying for this SH*T. [...]",1,-1,[],[474]],["Tito's speech from the balcony of the University of Ljubljana",1,-1,[],[21767]],["Why gays do not try to heal? [...] Why? The main reason for the reluctance of homosexuals to leave the \"disease\" is that the gay lifestyle is more comfortable than heterosexuality.",1,-1,[],[60933]],["Women who are feminist are the ugly bitches who cant find a man for themselves",1,-1,[],[22551]],["You have no idea, go scrub...",1,-1,[],[59428]],["a range of derogatory ideas and negative stereotypes about women (e.g., 'a woman's place is in the home', 'the man is in charge', 'women are no good at practical things around the house')",1,-1,[],[659]],["advocacy of discriminatory hatred which constitutes incitement to hostility, discrimination or violence",1,-1,[],[286]],["all conduct publicly inciting to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin",1,-1,[],[286]],["ambushing, terrorising, wounding, humiliating or degrading",1,-1,[],[659]],["anti-Islam",1,-1,[],[46867]],["certain displays of 'hate symbols' (e.g. swastikas or burning crosses)",1,-1,[],[642]],["certain uses of slurs and epithets",1,-1,[],[642]],["communist ideological discourse which preceded the physical elimination of their then ideological opponents (and with them, many who were in fact not)",1,-1,[],[21767]],["comparing a group of people to insects",1,-1,[],[12060]],["content that directly attacks people based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sex, gender or gender identity or serious disabilities or diseases.",1,-1,[],[15317]],["cyberbullying",1,-1,[],[31031]],["dangerous speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["degrading",1,-1,[],[659]],["disparaging",1,-1,[],[659]],["disrespectful speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["doxing occurs when someone publishes personal information with the intention of putting another person in danger or drawing unwelcome attention.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["expressing intense antipathy towards gay people, indigenous national groups, immigrant communities, religious minority groups, and others",1,-1,[],[642]],["green-leftists consider everything against their opinions or anti-migration as \"hate speech.\"",1,-1,[],[41090]],["harassment",1,-1,[],[31031]],["harmful speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["harming or inciting discrimination or violence",1,-1,[],[659]],["hate-based fighting words",1,-1,[],[18561]],["hate-based insults, slurs, or derogatory epithets",1,-1,[],[18561]],["his address at Ušće",1,-1,[],[21767]],["homophobia",1,-1,[],[50074]],["hostility toward racialized minorities and migrants, and generally toward women",1,-1,[],[19146]],["identity-prejudicial abuse and harassment",1,-1,[],[642]],["identity-prejudicial abuse and harassment, certain uses of slurs and epithets, some extremist political and religious speech (e.g. statements to the effect that all Muslims are terrorists, or that gay people are secondclass human beings), and certain displays of 'hate symbols' (e.g. swastikas or burning crosses).",1,-1,[],[642]],["ill-considered speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["impolite speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["inciting persecution",1,-1,[],[659]],["insulting or defaming",1,-1,[],[659]],["insults 'retard', 'cripple', and 'freak'",1,-1,[],[659]],["insults and threats",1,-1,[],[46307]],["irresponsible speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["jokes cracking about people's ethnicity, sexuality, religion, skin colour among other aspects have the capacity to inducing negative aspects, which is one of the components of hate speech.",1,-1,[],[54975]],["lu semua dr etnis mata sipit harusnya jd kacung atau babu saja",1,-1,[],[45902]],["metaphors, irony, and sarcasm",1,-1,[],[13898]],["offending or advocating hatred",1,-1,[],[659]],["offensive talk",1,-1,[],[31031]],["online, misogynistic text-based abuse",1,-1,[],[15317]],["sarcasm",1,-1,[],[31031]],["slurs, insults, and epithets that shut down reasoned discourse, rather than facilitate it",1,-1,[],[23210]],["some extremist political and religious speech (e.g. statements to the effect that all Muslims are terrorists, or that gay people are secondclass human beings)",1,-1,[],[642]],["the 2012 film Innocence of Muslims incited widespread outrage in the Muslim world",1,-1,[],[52648]],["the memorandum of the members of Serbian Academy",1,-1,[],[21767]],["the prevalence of regional slurs in classist and misogynistic discourse appears to indicate the importance of incorporating regional context to improve hate speech detection.",1,-1,[],[34870]],["the speeches that spawned the latest Balkan wars",1,-1,[],[21767]],["the use of racial and homophobic slurs",1,-1,[],[17311]],["transgressive speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["unjust speech",1,-1,[],[43785]],["verbal insults, slurs, derogatory remarks, threats, harassment, and the spread of hateful propaganda",1,-1,[],[46959]],["verbal insults, slurs, derogatory remarks, threats, harassment, and the spread of hateful propaganda through various media, including social media, public speeches, publications, and online forums",1,-1,[],[46959]],["white supremacy",1,-1,[],[22916]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fundamental standard",1,-1,[],[33478]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'COVID-19 is not a death sentence; it is treatable'",1,-1,[],[5599]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Quality in Journalism",1,30667,[],[61498]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this contract, the provision of welfare acts as an intermediary to complete this deal by transforming economic growth into actual material benefit and delivering to the people.",1,-1,[],[18381]],["Notably this \"social contract\" is based on the assumption that human are completely rational.",1,-1,[],[18381]],["The trade between civil rights and economic benefit in this contract indicates a rational calculation and implies that the relationship between society and the state is based on pure interest (Tong, 2011).",1,-1,[],[18381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["specific function, however, is to highlight the \"main issue\" (Piazza 2020), precisely, to which they are linked.",1,-1,[],[1227]]],"sy":[["main theme",1,-1,[],[1227]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the at-issue content is conveyed by: \"Yesterday Maria danced all night.\"",1,-1,[],[1227]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["appraisal of events",1,13692,[],[7750]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the emphasis on sovereignty represents a characteristic of 'soft populism'",1,-1,[],[3200]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Compared to gender and racial bias, ethnic bias tends to depend more on the cultural context",1,-1,[],[11703]]],"sy":[["national bias",1,-1,[],[11703]]],"rt":[["gender and racial bias",1,-1,[],[11703]],["national bias",1,-1,[],[11703]],["social bias",1,242,[],[11703]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social stereotypes",1,3605,[],[11703]],["sociodemographic bias",1,24943,[],[12132]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Clothes, hair-style, make-up, among other visible characteristics, act as 'sign vehicles' which allow the observers to form judgements.",1,-1,[],[8424]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["personal façade",1,14380,[],[8424]],["personal façade (personal front)",1,21206,[],[8424]]],"ex":[["Clothes",1,-1,[],[8424]],["hair-style",1,-1,[],[8424]],["make-up",1,-1,[],[8424]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["due to imperfections in the reward model, RLHF may lead to overoptimization of LLMs, potentially leading to a state of under-informativeness",1,-1,[],[22637]],["due to imperfections in the reward model, RLHF may lead to overoptimization of LLMs, potentially leading to a state of under-informativeness (Gao et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[22637]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the LLM declines to respond to the user query.",1,-1,[],[22637]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["IIMAS occurs when media outlets lack their own correspondents to cover foreign news events, leading them to rely on coverage from other sources.",1,-1,[],[32816]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They undermine trust and truth.",1,-1,[],[61240]]],"sy":[["manipulators",1,-1,[],[61240]],["propagandists",1,20021,[],[61240]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["antagonist",1,-1,[],[61240]]],"ex":[["Politicians spreading false information for political gain, or media engaging in propaganda.",1,-1,[],[61240]]]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["fake internet news and rumors, much like illnesses and infectious diseases, are shaped and transmitted through social contacts, in this case through social networks",1,-1,[],[54697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The sharing of time and space between journalists and audiences aligns with Meyrowitz's \"middle region\" theory",1,-1,[],[56435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["artistic satirical expressions",1,-1,[],[42187]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By consistently prioritizing the same set of sources independently of search queries, search algorithms can diminish the quality of outputs by making them less representative [25] and negatively affecting the user experience [6].",1,-1,[],[46948]],["The importance of integrating diversification measurements is highlighted by high degree of source diversity bias.",1,-1,[],[46948]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["search concentration",1,17954,[],[46948]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Retrieval bias",1,24812,[],[46948]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[60387]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These concise 360-degree videos lack information, structure, and design considerations.",1,-1,[],[36866]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["hipérbole",1,22193,[],[40878]],["polisemia",1,27268,[],[40878]],["símil",1,5787,[],[40878]],["unidades fraseológicas",1,19656,[],[40878]],["variaciones de registro",1,-1,[],[40878]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["promotional tone issue",1,-1,[],[27618]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, the SFL model proposes that human language has evolved to make three generalized kinds of meanings; they are: Experiential meanings (clause as representation), Interpersonal meanings (clause as exchange), and Textual meanings (clause as message) (Eggins 2004, p.58-59).",1,-1,[],[24152]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Transitivity",1,6985,[],[24152]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["as being opposed to structural diversitysimilar to the original conceptualization by Napoli (1999).",1,-1,[],[5027]],["research has defined diversity in various terms: diversity of sources on multiple platforms, diversity of opinions a user has access to, diversity in terms of genre, race, and social status of people users get in contact with, etc.",1,-1,[],[36992]],["too crude for the wide variety of dimensions that exist",1,-1,[],[48010]]],"sy":[["information diversity",1,15519,[],[5027]]],"rt":[["Actor diversity",1,10583,[],[5132]],["content homogenization",1,32537,[],[28988]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[36992]],["external news diversity",1,31261,[],[28988]],["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[36992]],["news diversity",1,10746,[],[5132]],["structural diversity",1,2695,[],[5027]]],"sb":[["Diversity of entities",1,6679,[],[5027]],["topic diversity",1,34084,[],[5027]],["viewpoint diversity",1,13075,[],[5027]]],"sp":[["dimensions of information diversity",1,-1,[],[16731]],["information diversity",1,15519,[],[16731]],["media diversity",1,4530,[],[5027]],["news diversity",1,10746,[],[48010]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. Executive; Middle Management; Worker",1,-1,[],[48053]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Moussaïd et al. (2013) found that the majority of people will not change their opinion when their own confidence exceeds that of their partner.",1,-1,[],[10259]],["Studies have shown that stubborn users are likely to have very strong and extreme opinions",1,-1,[],[10259]],["Studies have shown that stubborn users are likely to have very strong and extreme opinions (Martins and Galam 2013). Moussaïd et al. (2013) found that the majority of people will not change their opinion when their own confidence exceeds that of their partner. These findings suggest that people with more extreme opinions are likely to be stubborn.",1,-1,[],[10259]],["Studies have shown that stubborn users have extreme opinions",1,-1,[],[55348]],["These findings suggest that people with more extreme opinions are likely to be stubborn.",1,-1,[],[10259]],["We identify stubborn users among the humans based on their political sentiment or opinion.",1,-1,[],[55348]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["extreme opinions",1,6477,[],[55348]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Additionally, models can enhance their grounding by leveraging curated \"verified external knowledge\" through retrievalaugmented generation (RAG).",1,-1,[],[41008]],["This involves creating trustful datasets to reduce the absorption of erroneous information during training and applying knowledge editing techniques to correct and dynamically update any acquired mistakes-thus forming \"verified internal knowledge\".",1,-1,[],[41008]],["research on knowledge credibility revolves around two complementary paradigms: internal knowledge (static facts encoded within model parameters) and external knowledge (dynamically retrieved and verified evidence).",1,-1,[],[41008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["external knowledge",1,30091,[],[41008]],["internal knowledge",1,-1,[],[41008]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["modern-day fact checking movement",1,-1,[],[15075]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["threats",1,10758,[],[24067]],["warnings",1,7635,[],[24067]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["IMT identifies four principles of deceptive communication: a) exaggerating or understating information to distort the truth; b) altering the quality of information or presenting falsehoods; c) taking information out of context; and d) using ambiguity to confuse readers.",1,-1,[],[32658]],["covert presentation of false information",1,-1,[],[5542]],["misinformation is expressed differently in terms of arousal, emotions or writing style",1,-1,[],[3238]],["quantity such as word counts (by information manipulation theory)",1,-1,[],[7148]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[32658]],["fake news (FN)",1,33960,[],[32658]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Reinforced normativity of the dominant social group and implicit exclusion or devaluation of other groups",2,-1,[],[8093,37639]]],"de":[["Exclusionary norms can manifest in \"subtle patterns like referring to women doctors as if doctor itself entails not-woman, or referring to both genders excluding the possibility of non-binary gender identities\" (Bender et al., 2021), emphasis added.",1,-1,[],[22441]],["exclusionary norms can place a disproportionate burden or \"psychological tax\" on those who do not fit or comply with these norms or who are trying to challenge or replace them.",1,-1,[],[22441]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational harms",1,4488,[],[8093]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8093]]],"ex":[["e.g., \"Both genders\" excludes non-binary identities",1,-1,[],[8093]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["A second noticeable strategy is more oriented on de-problematization; this approach involves 'selling' the pension reforms by covering their positive attributes and de-emphasizing negative ones.",1,-1,[],[55370]],["deproblematization does not necessarily mean that something is not problematic in a normative sense.",1,-1,[],[4582]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agitainment",1,32391,[],[55370]],["de-securitization",1,13269,[],[55370]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The negation scope may span tokens located both before and after the negation cue, yet it does not encompass the entire phrase or sentence",1,-1,[],[18972]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["including not only speaking but also actions",1,-1,[],[45648]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["facilitative communication",1,21959,[],[46184]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Biased articles often have a strong emotional tinge from the author that can make readers feel their position, for example political bias, but the content is often true.",1,-1,[],[54800]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Machine learning explanations can disclose to end-users what user data is being used in algorithmic decision-making.",1,-1,[],[23680]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["personalized advertisements using users' online advertisement",1,-1,[],[23680]],["personalized news feed in social media",1,-1,[],[23680]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Internal sources are those that already contribute to the client's existing informing processes, normally in interactive fashion.",1,-1,[],[13410]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["El frame de moralidad también está presente cuando se informa sobre el estilo de dirección de algunos líderes territoriales de Podemos o cuando se alude a las actuaciones por las cuales se está investigando a la jueza Victoria Rosell.",1,-1,[],[10716]],["En algunas ocasiones se destaca el componente ético de las propuestas de los representantes de Podemos, como cuando se describen las acciones llevadas a cabo para evitar el nombramiento antes mencionado del exministro Jorge Fernández Díaz.",1,-1,[],[10716]],["Se emplea, principalmente, para cuestionar el comportamiento de Ramón Espinar cuando vendió su vivienda en Alcobendas por el precio máximo fijado, con un beneficio neto de unos 20.000 euros.",1,-1,[],[10716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadre",1,19710,[],[10716]]],"ex":[["cuando se describen las acciones llevadas a cabo para evitar el nombramiento antes mencionado del exministro Jorge Fernández Díaz",1,-1,[],[10716]],["cuestionar el comportamiento de Ramón Espinar cuando vendió su vivienda en Alcobendas por el precio máximo fijado, con un beneficio neto de unos 20.000 euros",1,-1,[],[10716]],["la exigencia de que no se utilice el cuerpo de la mujer como reclamo publicitario",1,-1,[],[10716]],["la exigencia del fin de la pobreza energética",1,-1,[],[10716]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["función de contrapoder",1,-1,[],[15188]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This behavior has a very bad impact on mental health victim. In some cases, the victims lost their lives because they were not strong enough mentally to read the bullying comments",1,-1,[],[12776]],["This can often be seen on social media because many do this action on social media",1,-1,[],[12776]]],"sy":[["online bullying",1,25134,[],[12776]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["words that contain physical elements used by internet users to bully people they want to bully",1,-1,[],[12776]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Este recurso intangible entonces se puede entender como compuesto de tres elementos: el interés político (political interest en los términos originales de estos autores), el conocimiento del sistema político y de los asuntos públicos (political knowledge), y el juicio sobre la capacidad de las instituciones públicas de responder a las necesidades sociales (political efficacy).",1,-1,[],[15981]]],"sy":[["compromiso ciudadano",1,-1,[],[15981]],["engagement",1,29662,[],[15981]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["conocimiento del sistema 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journalists, or individuals have the potential to become social media influencers by expressing their opinions on Twitter.",1,-1,[],[47745]],["The magnitude of its influence is contingent upon the number of individuals who adhere to it.",1,-1,[],[47745]],["Their involvement in the conversation can amplify specific narratives, emphasize particular aspects, and drive engagement, ultimately affecting public awareness, preparedness, and response to flood-related challenges in Jakarta.",1,-1,[],[47745]],["These influencers are often people who grow their popularity socially or economically and individual members of society look up to them for certain decisions or behaviours within their areas of influence.",1,-1,[],[27307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["macro-influencer",1,33186,[["macro-influencer",1],["macro-influencers",1]],[47745]],["mega-influencers",1,31910,[],[47745]],["micro-influencers",1,5450,[],[47745]],["nano-influencers",1,32545,[],[47745]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["derived from Spanish",1,-1,[],[12844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Producing a verdict, i.e. a factual explanation for a claim's veracity and doing so in a constructive and engaging manner is a very demanding task.",1,-1,[],[35609]]],"sy":[["explanation",1,15873,[],[35609]]],"rt":[["overkill backfire effect",1,28065,[],[35609]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["behavioral response (i.e., social media discontinuance intention)",1,-1,[],[2060]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["la 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derogation",1,8736,[],[29357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["clubs can show ingroup favoritism by being more active during matches that move in a favorable direction (wins), while they can be more restrained and refrain from posting during matches that are more unfavorable (losses or draws).",1,-1,[],[29357]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["demonstrates how political loyalties exaggerate preferences for ideologically congruent content and lead to heightened polarization",1,-1,[],[50275]],["sociopolitical frameworks such as social identity theory and partisan identity theory have described how group memberships and political identifiers lead to selective exposure in polarized environments, amplifying polarization",1,-1,[],[50275]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social identity theory",1,23677,[],[50275]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social identity theory",1,23677,[],[50275]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["It also obfuscates agency and responsibility for the action.",1,-1,[],[39709]],["The nominalisation genericises the agency of CC and GW mitigations.",1,-1,[],[35041]],["The nominalisation is used to obscure human agency causing greenhouse gas emissions.",1,-1,[],[35041]],["They also introduce the modality of involvement into the activities without an explicit predication and generally belong to the register of traditional objective impersonal journalism and resent being questioned.",1,-1,[],[57131]],["This strategy constructs an abstract issue beyond people's direct experience",1,-1,[],[35041]],["concluding that nominalization is a negative politeness orientated phenomenon",1,-1,[],[45459]],["explicitly attributes to the case of nominalization the will to avoid reference to the agent, in other words, promotes the creation of a certain distance of the enunciator from his utterance",1,-1,[],[45459]],["intersects with strategies used in academic discourse to provide sufficient and sophisticated information",1,-1,[],[35041]],["nominalization as a distance creating device (p.131) that raises the level of formality",1,-1,[],[45459]],["nominalization is a negative politeness orientated phenomenon",1,-1,[],[45459]],["the properties associated with the nominal forms often lack the human properties associated with more standard variants.",1,-1,[],[12424]],["used to obscure human agency",1,-1,[],[35041]]],"sy":[["process nouns",1,-1,[],[39709]]],"rt":[["academic discourse",1,-1,[],[35041]],["distanciation",1,8210,[],[45459]],["negative politeness",1,22313,[],[45459]],["process nouns",1,-1,[],[39709]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They do not explicitly called this adaptation a new hybridization of journalism to a new logic, but saw it more as a reconceptualization of work they already do.",1,-1,[],[41485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this first generation, the emergence of human rights was motivated by the tyranny of the ruler at that time, which triggered resistance from the community and gave rise to revolutionary movements.",1,-1,[],[36359]],["Some experts' first generation of rights is often referred to as the 'negative right', which requires the state not to intervene in realising rights.",1,-1,[],[36359]],["The demands of society at that time were within social and political scopes such as the right to life, the right not to be a slave, the right not to be tortured and detained, the right of equality and justice in the legal process, the presumption of innocence, and so on.",1,-1,[],[36359]],["in the first generation of human rights, there was a fear of freedom in civil and political rights.",1,-1,[],[36359]]],"sy":[["negative right",1,32902,[],[36359]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the presumption of innocence",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right not to be a slave",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right not to be tortured and detained",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right of equality and justice in the legal process",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right of nationality",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right of ownership",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right of thought",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right to a fair judicial process",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right to education",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right to freedom from retroactive laws",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right to life",1,-1,[],[36359]],["the right to 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professional or capable of assuming leadership positions in the public sphere; instead, their place is in the private sphere, serving men, as objects of sexual desire, and the family environment in the role of mother and caregiver.",1,-1,[],[46462]],["This form of sexism aims to discourage or punish women and girls who step out of traditional gender roles through aggressive behaviour and communication.",1,-1,[],[46462]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambivalent sexism",1,30695,[],[45356]],["benevolent sexism",1,2225,[],[45356]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["sexism",2,22658,[],[14435,46462]],["Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)",1,31699,[],[14435]],["ambivalent sexism",1,30695,[],[45356]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["persuasive language",1,6004,[],[36536]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["puns, similes, sarcasms, and metaphors",1,-1,[],[51584]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["analisando os modos como são nomeados, revelando sua frequência de aparição e investigando os verbos e procedimentos estilísticos empregados para incorporar suas posturas nos textos",1,-1,[],[46874]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["locutor",1,25388,[],[46873]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["In dialogue, people learn to notice how multi-point of view is needed when creating a common minimum ethos to work for the common good (Rautionmaa, 2010).",1,-1,[],[36610]],["It is always preceded by the character's name.",1,-1,[],[25240]],["Overall, audiences' influence on the news-making process remains limited but nevertheless more present than in the \"observation\" modality since the dialogue involves an exchange of audience views with journalists or editorial staff on topics related to news production.",1,-1,[],[9459]],["Researchers have also indicated that dialogue encourages student teachers to demonstrate broad differences in coping with controversial topics",1,-1,[],[52980]],["many studies have shown that dialogue facilitates self-reflection",1,-1,[],[52980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["access",1,2057,[],[9459]],["deliberation",1,21770,[],[9459]],["discussion",1,26565,[],[52980]],["interfaith and inter-worldview dialogue",1,-1,[],[36610]],["peer dialogue",1,-1,[],[52980]],["peer social dialogue",1,-1,[],[52980]],["thematic conferences, debates, or discussions (type 5)",1,-1,[],[9459]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Modalities of audience inclusion related to the news-making process",1,-1,[],[9459]],["modalities related to the news-making process",1,-1,[],[9459]]],"ex":[["in 2019 many \"readers' cafes\" were organized by Swiss and French newspapers to foster dialogue between journalists and members of the audience, either on specific topics or current news.",1,-1,[],[9459]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["merges visual and verbal components",1,-1,[],[8704]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multimodal voices",1,17410,[],[8704]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":61,"df":[],"de":[["Adapted to address misinformation, this strategy involves exposing individuals to weakened or small doses of manipulative techniques to increase their resistance to various forms of misinformation and enhance their critical response to future manipulations",1,-1,[],[42441]],["By combining explanations of misleading tricks with real-world examples, misinformation is delivered in weakened form, thus conveying cognitive immunity against other examples of misinformation using the same techniques.",1,-1,[],[3886]],["By exposing individuals to a weakened form of propaganda, it strengthens resistance to future, more potent attempts",1,-1,[],[52524]],["By exposing individuals to a weakened form of propaganda, it strengthens resistance to future, more potent attempts [12].",1,-1,[],[52524]],["Cook et al. [2017] demonstrate two significant elements for inoculation: 1) a prior warning of an imminent persuasive threat; 2) exposing the fallacy by presenting counterarguments that reveal possible tactics -which the individual may encounter again in the future.",1,-1,[],[52900]],["If people are preemptively exposed to a weakened version of a misinformation technique, they can build up cognitive resistance.",1,-1,[],[8259]],["In short, the theory argues that conceptions based on truthful facts can be solidified, becoming less susceptible to change caused by arguments without robust foundations",1,-1,[],[52900]],["In this way, there is a stimulus -which in the biological metaphor of Inoculation Theory can be seen as the \"development of antibodies\" -to passively reject information that is not based on solid, verifiable arguments.",1,-1,[],[52900]],["Inoculation theory in psychology suggests that",1,-1,[],[38776]],["Inoculation theory is based on an analogy from immunology (McGuire, 1970;McGuire & Papageorgis, 1961, 1962;Papageorgis & McGuire, 1961). Vaccines are weakened versions of pathogens (e.g., a virus) that, upon introduction to the body, trigger the production of antibodies. These antibodies become active once the real version of the pathogen enters the body thus conferring protection (immunity) against future infection.",1,-1,[],[19099]],["Inoculation theory states that the same can be achieved with (malicious) persuasion attempts: pre-emptively exposing someone to a weakened version of a particular misleading argument prompts a process that is akin to the production of \"mental antibodies,\" which make it less likely that a person is persuaded by the \"real\" manipulation later on",1,-1,[],[49157]],["It argues that people can be motivated to refute specific challenges to existing attitudes.",1,-1,[],[20872]],["It argues that people can be motivated to refute specific challenges to existing attitudes. This process of counterarguing is hypothesized to strengthen resistance to subsequent counterattitudinal attacks.",1,-1,[],[20872]],["It follows a medical analogy: a vaccine is usually a weakened version of a particular pathogen which, after being introduced to the body, induces the production of antibodies, preventing an individual from becoming sick when exposed to the real illness. Inoculation theory states that the same can be achieved with (malicious) persuasion attempts: pre-emptively exposing someone to a weakened version of a particular misleading argument prompts a process that is akin to the production of \"mental antibodies,\" which make it less likely that a person is persuaded by the \"real\" manipulation later on (Compton, 2013;van der Linden et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[49157]],["It posits that pre-emptive exposure to a weakened dose of a persuasive argument can confer resistance against future attacks, much like a medical vaccine builds resistance against future illness (Compton, 2013;McGuire, 1964).",1,-1,[],[37176]],["It works analogously to medical vaccines, strengthening individuals' \"immunity\" against propaganda.",1,-1,[],[52524]],["More sophisticated psychological prevention measures against misinformation make use of the inoculation theory (McGuire, 1961;van der Linden et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[9911]],["One promising approach, derived from inoculation theory [13,14], is to prepare people for potential misinformation by exposing some of the logical fallacies inherent in misleading communications a priori.",1,-1,[],[30280]],["Similar to biological vaccination, inoculation theory posits that exposure to a weakened form of misinformation can develop cognitive immunity, reducing the likelihood of being misled.",1,-1,[],[3886]],["The inoculation process consists of two main components, namely: (1) a warning to elicit and activate threat in message recipients (the affective basis) and (2) refutational preemption (the cognitive basis).",1,-1,[],[19099]],["This action means that the arguments presented in the news are immediately countered -when the news is false -or reinforced -in situations where the news is true. In this way, there is a stimulus -which in the biological metaphor of Inoculation Theory can be seen as the \"development of antibodies\" -to passively reject information that is not based on solid, verifiable arguments.",1,-1,[],[52900]],["This approach applies the concept of vaccination to knowledge-it is possible to build resistance to misinformation by exposing people to a weak form of the misinformation.",1,-1,[],[5472]],["This process has been shown to confer psychological resistance against future manipulation attempts, much like a medical vaccine induces resistance against a particular pathogen [13,14].",1,-1,[],[51975]],["To have the ability to strongly protest an argument, it is necessary to expose and refute the same sort of content with weak arguments first.",1,-1,[],[44017]],["Using a biological metaphor, the theory argues that, just as vaccines confer immunological resistance through a weakened version of a certain virus, it is also possible to immunize oneself against misleading arguments through weakened and subsequently contested versions of these arguments",1,-1,[],[52900]],["William McGuire shifted his focus toward a different question: how can we help people resist persuasion attempts? This ultimately led him to develop \"inoculation theory\", which he described as a \"vaccine for brainwash\" (see Figure 9.2).",1,-1,[],[19099]],["based on an analogy from immunology (McGuire, 1970;McGuire & Papageorgis, 1961, 1962;Papageorgis & McGuire, 1961). Vaccines are weakened versions of pathogens (e.g., a virus) that, upon introduction to the body, trigger the production of antibodies. These antibodies become active once the real version of the pathogen enters the body thus conferring protection (immunity) against future infection.",1,-1,[],[19099]],["by exposing people to a weakened version of a misleading argument, and by preemptively refuting this argument, attitudinal resistance can be conferred against future deception attempts.",1,-1,[],[3212]],["the spread of fake news can be modelled much like the spread of a viral contagion.",1,-1,[],[19099]],["the theory argues that conceptions based on truthful facts can be solidified, becoming less susceptible to change caused by arguments without robust foundations",1,-1,[],[52900]],["vaccine for brainwash",1,-1,[],[19099]]],"sy":[["psychological inoculation",3,15733,[],[8259,35437,35987]],["''grandfather of resistance to persuasion''",1,-1,[],[8259]]],"rt":[["prebunking",2,12061,[],[35437,38776]],["debunking",1,27730,[],[35780]],["inoculation 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aim to cast doubt on the scientific consensus on the subject and reveal that, in general, these groups use false experts to arrive at their assertions",1,-1,[],[52900]],["a vaccine is usually a weakened version of a particular pathogen which, after being introduced to the body, induces the production of antibodies, preventing an individual from becoming sick when exposed to the real illness.",1,-1,[],[49157]],["by exposing users to AI-generated text and providing immediate feedback (the \"weakened dose\"), we force users to update their Source Monitoring heuristics [12].",1,-1,[],[42584]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["both of the metrics have been used to represent a user's influence or power in a network",1,-1,[],[35107]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social capital",3,1018,[["social capital",2],["capital social",1]],[13045,13046,15906,35107]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["motivated 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In this way, the public response of 'just joking' is used as a 'frontstage' mechanism; or better, a shield to protect against charges of racism and their potential consequences, like falling foul in Europe of anti-racist legislation, including Holocaust denial.",1,-1,[],[38441]]],"sy":[["Laugh out Loud",2,-1,[["Laugh out Loud",1],["laugh out loud",1]],[16687,38441]]],"rt":[["LOLs",1,-1,[],[16687]],["ironic distance",1,-1,[],[38441]],["just joking",1,-1,[],[38441]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Frames are constructed through language and cultural norms, influencing how issues are understood and prioritized.",1,-1,[],[31825]],["Frames are mental models that emphasize some parts of reality while downplaying others, affecting how people think, feel, and act",1,-1,[],[31825]],["In climate change discourse, frames simplify the complexity of this multifaceted issue by condensing scientific, economic, and ethical dimensions into digestible narratives.",1,-1,[],[31825]],["These frames guide how individuals perceive, process, and act on information, making them a crucial element in climate change communication.",1,-1,[],[31825]],["it also implies the existence of events which led to the imprisonment, such as detention or court order, the fact that the offense was severe enough to require incarceration, and other facts that we associate with imprisonment based on our world knowledge.",1,-1,[],[54385]],["the public makes sense of public affairs through a cognitive frame that establishes the truth value of perceptions, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, and action norms",1,-1,[],[61647]]],"sy":[["cognitive schema",1,21400,[],[54384]]],"rt":[["crisis frame",1,27350,[],[61647]],["epidemiologic imaginary",1,14996,[],[16856]],["frames",1,7860,[],[4669]],["mental models",1,16372,[],[31825]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[54384]],["framing",1,22777,[],[54385]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is a myth on a mission.",1,-1,[],[60254]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["As a result, messages that include threats to freedom may not only prove ineffective, but also lead to the opposite of the desired result",1,-1,[],[26283]],["Individuals do so by engaging in less (more) of the encouraged (discouraged) behavior",1,-1,[],[26283]],["This phenomenon explains why persuasive attempts not only may be ineffective but also may lead to the opposite of the desired results, such as an increase in unhealthy behavior or a decrease in sales",1,-1,[],[16921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["On 26 April 1989, the People's Daily published a profoundly threatening editorial. There would be 'no peace', it warned, if student protesters in Tiananmen Square failed to disband. The editorial elicited a boomerang effect: tens of thousands of citizens joined the students the next day.",1,-1,[],[26283]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["NFM can be seen as a folk theory (i.e., people's confidence in remaining informed about the public affairs information through the social networks and social media algorithms) which help users navigate information about public affairs in the distributed media environment.",1,-1,[],[31152]],["NFM elicits a type of self-delusion of being informed about the political affairs when people consume online and social media news.",1,-1,[],[31152]],["folk theory of news discovery",1,-1,[],[59017]]],"sy":[["NFM",1,32871,[],[31152]]],"rt":[["being informed",1,-1,[],[31152]],["not seeking",1,24594,[],[31152]],["reliance on algorithmic news",1,-1,[],[31152]],["reliance on peers",1,-1,[],[31152]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["partisan responding",1,19515,[],[16889]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This strategy is widely adopted by media organizations in many countries, as it encourages journalists to experiment on TikTok while incorporating the sounds, filters, and visuals which TikTok audiences have come to know and appreciate (Negreira-Rey et al., 2022;Vazquez-Herrero et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[34565]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["For example, Jost et al. [24] suggested that psychological variables such as dogmatism (that is, intolerance of ambiguity, avoidance of complexity and a need for closure) are predictive of conservatism and increase the likelihood that an individual engages in 'black-or-white' assessments of information.",1,-1,[],[5681]]],"sy":[["closemindedness",1,34836,[],[32353]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["The name of the public agenda misleads people into thinking that the public agenda is the overall agenda of the audience. In fact, the public agenda summed by individual issue salience is only an average of the individual agenda, which ignores individual differences and is not sufficiently representative of the entire public.",1,-1,[],[33829]],["the public agenda that sums up individual issue salience",1,-1,[],[33829]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media agenda",2,19246,[],[33829,43065]],["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[54307]],["individual agenda",1,26807,[],[33829]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Jobs/ unemployment; Welfare; Money",1,-1,[],[48047]],["e.g. Jobs/ unemployment; Welfare; Money",1,-1,[],[48047]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We focus on the precision of the two non-reliable categories of the perennial source list: deprecated and blacklisted.",1,-1,[],[7460]],["includes 356 web domains as of September 2021",1,-1,[],[7460]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Blacklisted",1,24477,[],[7460]],["Deprecated",1,11162,[],[7460]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["According to sociolinguists, names and titles reflect two aspects of relationships: difference in status (based on e.g. age or professional role) and degree of solidarity (also referred to as intimacy or group membership)",1,-1,[],[12444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["processing fluency",1,13851,[],[10061]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["A model amplifies bias if model leakage exceeds dataset leakage.",1,-1,[],[22961]],["A model with ∆ larger than zero leaks more information about gender than we would expect even from simply accomplishing the task defined by the dataset. This represents a type of amplification on the reliance on protected attributes to accomplish the prediction task.",1,-1,[],[22961]],["Bias amplification has been measured by looking at binary classifications without attributes (Leino et al., 2019), GANs (Jain et al., 2020;Choi et al., 2020), and correlations (Zhao et al., 2017;Jia et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[24964]],["Bias amplification measures only whether the model matches the (biased) training data, not the bias of the overall system.",1,-1,[],[24964]],["Bias amplification measures the model's errors, so a model with perfect accuracy will have perfect (zero) bias amplification.",1,-1,[],[24964]],["Bias amplification occurs when a model exacerbates biases from the training data at test time. It is the result of the algorithm (Foulds et al., 2018), and unlike some other forms of bias, cannot be solely attributed to the dataset.",1,-1,[],[24964]],["To this end, these models ground the model bias score to the data bias score.",1,-1,[],[48500]],["a type of group fairness where correlations are amplified.",1,-1,[],[24964]],["bias amplification (∆) can be computed by taking the difference between adjusted dataset leakage (λ D (F1)) and model leakage (λ M (F1)).",1,-1,[],[22961]],["bias amplification would not be a good way to measure fairness when the ground truth is either unknown or does not correspond to desired classification.",1,-1,[],[24964]],["captures only one perspective, which is that of not amplifying already present biases",1,-1,[],[24964]],["they can also overrepresent small biases present in the training data, a phenomenon referred to as 'bias amplification' (Wang and Russakovsky, 2021;Zhao et al., 2017)",1,-1,[],[22435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["A → T",1,-1,[],[24964]],["T → A",1,-1,[],[24964]],["adjusted dataset leakage (λ D (F1))",1,-1,[],[22961]],["bias of the overall system",1,-1,[],[24964]],["dataset leakage",1,-1,[],[22961]],["model leakage",1,-1,[],[22961]],["model leakage (λ M (F1))",1,-1,[],[22961]],["overall learned bias amplification",1,-1,[],[24964]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fairness measure",1,21687,[],[24964]],["group fairness",1,33164,[],[24964]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["to give, to defend or to use",1,-1,[],[23526]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the perceived motive for migration-whether forced or not-is critical, as it is the key distinction in various legal definitions between refugees and immigrants",1,-1,[],[42976]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",1,30066,[],[42976]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Cyborg's account usually is registered by a human as camouflage and set automated programs to perform activities on social networks",1,-1,[],[704]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["spreaders of misinformation",1,-1,[],[43671]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["malicious accounts",1,5285,[],[704]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Premediation thus establishes the livestream as a unique, one-off mediated event in time and space as well as a viral event, mediated to be re-mediated.",1,-1,[],[58471]],["This manifests itself not least during pre-mediation. At the same time, premediation largely builds up to the future, authentic moment of direct livestreaming.",1,-1,[],[58471]],["developed in the post-9/11 moment",1,-1,[],[57280]]],"sy":[["medial pre-emption",1,-1,[],[57280]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["perpetrator livestreaming",1,8143,[],[58471]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive dissonance",1,3931,[],[16116]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive dissonance",1,3931,[],[16116]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[1298]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political obligation",1,-1,[],[18711]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diagnostic framing",1,1470,[],[26425]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["diagnostic framing",1,1470,[],[26425]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["BIPOC students in higher education, for example, are often viewed through a deficit lens by academics and teachers.",1,-1,[],[13694]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative misinformation",1,3294,[],[52943]],["positive misinformation",1,29827,[],[52943]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["One of the most identified risks is subversion of national security through foreign-sponsored disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[34737]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As in many uses of the prefix 'post', this signifies a deterioration or even a collapse of public communication from its normative purpose of informing, meaning making, and creating understanding to disinformation, deception, and manipulation.",1,-1,[],[49747]],["this signifies a deterioration or even a collapse of public communication from its normative purpose of informing, meaning making, and creating understanding to disinformation, deception, and manipulation.",1,-1,[],[49747]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["CPDA provides a framework for normative and explanatory critique focused on the context of how a policy developed, a distinguishing feature of the approach from CDA.",1,-1,[],[49279]],["CPDA provides a framework that analyzes the discourses of the policy process within the context in which they occurred; in other words, discursive practices form a part of the process which also shapes the structure of future discourse (Mulderrig et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[49279]],["CPDA supports a relational analysis of policy, which examines the role and context of discourse, and it \"encourages analysis of the connection between policy and power\" (Farrelly et al., 2019, p. 264).",1,-1,[],[49279]],["Through the use of policy discourse as a medium for analysis, CPDA focuses on the relational, constitutive, context-specific, and power-laden issues and properties of policy (Farrelly et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[49279]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1,23921,[],[49279]],["critical policy studies",1,-1,[],[49279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["often gives a neutral impression, making the conveyed message seem purely informational.",1,-1,[],[39586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["reflecting the channel's institutional identity and its role in communicating official positions",1,-1,[],[54513]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["this duality still overlooks a crucial third pillar of media literacy: contextualised facts.",1,-1,[],[22972]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[22972]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we extend it here to the choice of performance mode",1,-1,[],[40119]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["frame-building",1,19371,[],[48145]],["frame-setting",1,1915,[],[48145]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The first situation is criticizing and evaluating the rumor if he has knowledge, science, personal experience, and frequent habit of the rumor topic.",1,-1,[],[41547]],["The second situation is the inability to evaluate and believe the rumor due to the lack of information or previous experiences about the topic, as well as to satisfy personal needs and interests.",1,-1,[],[41547]],["The third situation is repeating the rumor due to lack of interest in its content.",1,-1,[],[41547]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["A fifth distinction of civil society is that it holds that different groups represent different constituencies, and that no one can claim to represent the whole of society (Diamond, 1994).",1,-1,[],[54544]],["As the media, including print, broadcast, digital news outlets, and social media platforms, can play an important role in civil society to facilitate public discourse, hold institutions accountable, and/or gives voice to diverse perspectives, it is included here.",1,-1,[],[44438]],["Civil society includes institutions such as schools, churches, and media companies, to name a few.",1,-1,[],[29896]],["Civil society is an important pillar of any society.",1,-1,[],[38720]],["Every member of the society is equally represented in the civil society, which means that every man has the right to say and they can highlight social issues through processions and peaceful protests to the higher authorities.",1,-1,[],[38720]],["Finally, civil society fosters the dissemination and exchange of information leading to social change and economic reform as well as the development of socio-economic interests that mitigate traditional political polarities (Diamond, 1994).",1,-1,[],[54544]],["First, civil society concerns are public, not private.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["For instance, the key element of liberal civil society is a normative separation between state and society (He, 1992). This reveals itself in the capacity of people to form associations, to participate freely in civic debates, and to influence social and political decisions.",1,-1,[],[28703]],["Fourth, civil society is market-oriented and rejects central economic planning.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["Second, civil society relates to the state without being a part of it, through pressure to redress policy and expose government corruption.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["Third, civil society is marked by pluralism and diversity, reflected by independent mass media and cultural institutions.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["This reveals itself in the capacity of people to form associations, to participate freely in civic debates, and to influence social and political decisions. Civil society also implies governance through legal procedures rather than statist decree.",1,-1,[],[28703]],["a concept focusing on reconstructing societies divided by civil wars or authoritarian rule.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["a public dimension of civil society is strongest 'where the ensemble of associations can significantly determine or inflect the course of state policy'",1,-1,[],[28703]],["a stronger sense of civil society ensues 'where society can structure and co-ordinate its actions through such associations'.",1,-1,[],[28703]],["civil organization or private entrepreneurship, legal or not, replaced inefficient, and sometimes absent government services.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["civil society concerns are public, not private.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["civil society exists in a minimal sense where there are free associations not under the tutelage of the state.",1,-1,[],[28703]],["civil society is marked by pluralism and diversity, reflected by independent mass media and cultural institutions.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["civil society is market-oriented and rejects central economic planning.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["civil society plays several democratic functions, such as curbing state power, developing pro-democratic attitudes, creating alternatives to political parties, and strengthening independent media.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["civil society relates to the state without being a part of it, through pressure to redress policy and expose government corruption.",1,-1,[],[54544]],["governance through legal procedures rather than statist decree.",1,-1,[],[28703]],["the capacity of people to form associations, to participate freely in civic debates, and to influence social and political decisions.",1,-1,[],[28703]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["creating alternatives to political parties",1,-1,[],[54544]],["curbing state power",1,-1,[],[54544]],["developing pro-democratic attitudes",1,-1,[],[54544]],["strengthening independent media",1,-1,[],[54544]]],"sb":[["a public dimension of civil society is strongest 'where the ensemble of associations can significantly determine or inflect the course of state policy' (98).",1,-1,[],[28703]],["a stronger sense of civil society ensues 'where society can structure and co-ordinate its actions through such associations'.",1,-1,[],[28703]],["civil society exists in a minimal sense where there are free associations not under the tutelage of the state.",1,-1,[],[28703]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["schools, churches, and media companies",1,-1,[],[29896]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["construct-driven CAD is obtained by editing identity words",1,-1,[],[11951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Construct-agnostic CAD",1,-1,[],[11951]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Counterfactually Augmented Data (CAD)",1,-1,[],[11951]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A polarização política entra como motivo nesse cenário, visto que é no tempo do estabelecimento da cidade que ele se instaura como organizador de enredo, o qual é desenhado sobre o tema do nós versus eles.",1,-1,[],[44197]],["A polarização política se dá pela disputa, pela rivalidade, pelo fato de um não poder ocupar o lugar privilegiado do outro. Logo, o gérmen da polarização política é a luta pelo espaço, o espaço do nós e do eles, o qual reverbera ao longo do romance em diferentes níveis.",1,-1,[],[44197]],["Confirma-se que a polarização política entra como elemento constitutivo do romance, é um motivo de natureza cronotópica e ocupa um lugar permanente na organização da vida da sociedade (até hoje).",1,-1,[],[44197]],["disputa, pela rivalidade, pelo fato de um não poder ocupar o lugar privilegiado do outro",1,-1,[],[44197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["encontro/desencontro de duas ideias",1,-1,[],[44197]],["nós versus eles",1,-1,[],[44197]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Intuitively, a controversy measure aims to capture how sell separated the two partitions are.",1,-1,[],[17328]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["This process involves sifting through competing ideas, evaluating them against one another, and exposing one's own views to opposition.",1,-1,[],[59011]],["Under bootstraps epistemology, his better-developed, more theoretically coherent views entitle him to more power within society",1,-1,[["Under bootstraps epistemology, his better-developed, more theoretically coherent views entitle him to more power within society",1],["Under bootstraps epistemology, his better-developed, more theoretically coherent views entitle him to more power within society.",1]],[59011]],["Under this epistemology, harmful reactionary narratives can quickly calcify, as individuals interpret progressive arguments as ill-informed dogma while insisting that their own views stem not from outside influence but from their own reasoning.",1,-1,[],[59011]],["being alone in his beliefs served as evidence of independent thought in the face of widespread groupthink, rather than as a cause for concern or reflection",1,-1,[],[59011]],["bootstraps epistemology as a concept that captures how similar logics of individual responsibility, self-reliance, competition, and suspicion of government interference pervaded respondents' narratives of their own political formation.",1,-1,[],[59011]],["captures how similar logics of individual responsibility, self-reliance, competition, and suspicion of government interference pervaded respondents' narratives of their own political formation.",1,-1,[],[59011]],["respondents described their political journeys as highly idiosyncratic processes of personal research, rational deliberation, and intellectual combat.",1,-1,[],[59011]],["respondents described their political journeys as highly idiosyncratic processes of personal research, rational deliberation, and intellectual combat. I call this narrative of political formation bootstraps epistemology.",1,-1,[],[59011]],["the belief that one has accessed the truth because one has studied harder, researched more, and thought more deeply about a subject than others",1,-1,[],[59011]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["competition",1,-1,[],[59011]],["conspiracy thinking",1,20492,[],[59011]],["epistemic individualism",1,-1,[],[59011]],["imagined epistemology",1,27900,[],[59011]],["individual responsibility",1,18751,[],[59011]],["self-reliance",1,-1,[],[59011]],["suspicion of government interference",1,-1,[],[59011]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["consulting multiple sources in order to piece together the truth",1,-1,[],[59011]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such legislation typically envisages fundamental rights as a guiding principle for, and constraint on, such actions.",1,-1,[],[40811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["countries associated with the Professional Model, where these councils are well-established",1,-1,[],[44526]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["broadcasting commissions",1,-1,[],[44526]],["codes of ethics",1,22357,[],[44526]],["media journalism",1,-1,[],[44526]],["media-critical blogs",1,-1,[],[44526]],["press councils",1,10938,[],[44526]],["social media",1,6683,[],[44526]]],"sp":[["models of media accountability",1,-1,[],[44526]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Trans-local group dynamics that were formerly limited to local face-to-face interactions are now able to occur trans-locally via online social media.",1,-1,[],[54026]],["offer feedback, mutual acknowledgment, and emotional reactions that motivate action in addition to discussing abstract concepts and points of view",1,-1,[],[54026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":54,"df":[],"de":[["By shaping the ways news is presented, media logic influences both the act of political campaigning and also the representations of politics, political campaigning, and politicians.",1,-1,[],[57062]],["Esser (2013) conceptualized typical aspects of media logic altering news practices: (1) change in journalistic norms where media has become more independent and guided by public interest (professional aspect), (2) autonomous media becoming more dependent on commercial imperatives (commercial aspects), and (3) media rely more on different media types and technological affordances (technological aspects).",1,-1,[],[4292]],["First, it draws attention to the fact that communicators must abide, to a certain extent, by a particular \"rhythm, grammar, and format\" to be seen as legitimate media actors producing legitimate media messages, while recognizing a certain degree of fluidity for those things (Altheide, 2004, p. 294). Second, it recognizes that technological affordances play a major role in how, and the extent to which, the communicators can abide by those codes (Altheide, 2016).",1,-1,[],[53693]],["Format is the most important component as it determines the selection, organization, and presentation of information and requires reporting to be \"evocative, encapsulated, highly thematic, familiar to audiences, and easy to use\"",1,-1,[],[34770]],["In prioritizing messages that focus on the leaders rather than the parties, other individuals, or policies; and the contest (that is, horse-race style coverage), rather than platforms, media logic works to structure political coverage in specific ways (Cushion, Thomas, Kilby, Morani, and Sambrook, 2016;Takens, Van Atteveldt, van Hoof, and Kleinnijenhuis, 2013;Brants and Van Praag, 2006).",1,-1,[],[57062]],["It implies that journalists consider audience-oriented routines when writing news stories.",1,-1,[],[6099]],["Media logic can therefore be understood as a subset of the broader conceptual framework of institutional logics (Hjarvard, 2018), and one that focuses on how media vehicles are instrumentalized for communication, and in particular, to convey information about specific issues.",1,-1,[],[53693]],["The aforementioned distinctions between media logic and social media logic raise questions about the extent to which these findings might apply to social media, and Twitter in particular.",1,-1,[],[53693]],["The logic of a particular medium will influence what content is presented, how it is presented, how it is framed, and how audiences interpret or consume it.",1,-1,[],[57062]],["The logic of the media influences the form communication takes, such as how politics is described in media texts (Altheide & Snow, 1979); media logic also influences the nature and function of social relations as well as the sender, the content and the receivers of the communication.",1,-1,[],[10681]],["The media are not neutral transmitters of information. The process of news-making depends to a great extent on the news value that journalists ascribe to an event or viewpoint, and organizational pressures on journalists such as deadlines and economic goals. This leads to certain patterns in news reporting.",1,-1,[],[54147]],["The most influential voices covering the most dramatic topics are more likely to spread far on Twitter, just as they are more likely to be covered on television or in newspapers.",1,-1,[],[57062]],["The relatively low number of policy-related tweets in our sample suggests that a media logic, rather than a political logic, is at play",1,-1,[],[57062]],["This can include 'how material is organized, the style in which it is presented, the focus or emphasis on particular characteristics of behavior, and the grammar of media communication' (p. 10) as well as how is it 'treated, and given meaning [by institutions and practitioners] in order to promote a particular kind of presentation and understanding (p. 197).",1,-1,[],[53472]],["Yet, journalists following media logic prioritize newsworthiness over political relevance.",1,-1,[],[6099]],["a formatting logic that determines how material is categorized, the choice of mode of presentation, and the selection and portrayal of social experience in the media.",1,-1,[],[10681]],["appears to consist of a formatting logic that determines how material is categorized, the choice of mode of presentation, and the selection and portrayal of social experience in the media.",1,-1,[],[10681]],["media companies are mainly driven not by one, but by two competing logics: an audience-oriented commercial logic and a normatively oriented public logic.",1,-1,[],[57249]],["media logic for the most part appears to consist of a formatting logic that determines how material is categorized, the choice of mode of presentation, and the selection and portrayal of social experience in the media.",1,-1,[],[10681]],["news media predominantly selects news items that fit well into the patterns of news values as pivotal selection criteria. Additionally, the selected items are molded in form and content in line with the media logic",1,-1,[],[4292]],["presupposition that media dominates the other logics of the society such as organizational, political, economic logics, etc.",1,-1,[],[51719]],["social media logic amplifies existing aspects of media logic and adds new ones.",1,-1,[],[53693]],["the dominance of media logic in public communication means that issues are often framed in ways that prioritize sensationalism, conflict, and entertainment value over substantive debate.",1,-1,[],[61387]],["we examined the distinction between party logic and media logic (Lühiste and Banducci, 2016)",1,-1,[],[44090]],["where logics are defined as bundles of technologies, genres, norms, behaviours, and organizational forms",1,-1,[],[52960]],["will increasingly affect society.",1,-1,[],[10681]],["with format, flow, and grammar being its core components",1,-1,[],[34770]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mediatisation",2,10835,[["mediatisation",1],["mediatization",1]],[43459,51719]],["political logic",2,1005,[],[6099,57062]],["social media logic",2,25484,[["social media logic",2],["social media logics",1]],[53693,57062]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[43459]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[44090]],["information biases",1,15611,[],[54147]],["institutional logics",1,28084,[],[53693]],["news values",1,27917,[],[43459]],["official dominance",1,22379,[],[54147]],["party logic",1,10069,[],[44090]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["institutional logics",1,28084,[],[53693]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["heckler's veto",1,-1,[],[17498]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["conceptualization of state and action orientation in terms of individual differences in the ability to volitionally control negative affect when task conditions require such a control",1,-1,[],[2617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["action orientation",1,16786,[],[2617]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Action Control",1,-1,[],[2617]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The idea of distinct media generations is frequently discussed in the research literature about elderly media users.",1,-1,[],[41697]],["understand media generations in the sense of ageing as an ongoing process rather than in the sense of the completed status of being old",1,-1,[],[41697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["generation as location and actuality",1,-1,[],[41697]],["generation as unit",1,12540,[],[41697]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["ease of processing is an important cue to assessments of truth, in part, because easy processing is interpreted as evidence for many important criteria that are related to assessments of truth: information that is easy to process is rated as more coherent, credible, compatible with our own general knowledge, likely to have high social consensus, as well as being well supported by significant evidence",1,-1,[],[28295]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It focuses on refugees' access to and their effects on the labour market, including hopes and concerns regarding social integration, economic change, and employment (Quinsaat 2014).",1,-1,[],[24637]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Emotion",1,-1,[],[23608]]],"ex":[["P = pride in the military's strength and state of preparedness",1,-1,[],[23608]],["Smoking a cigarette will make you look cool, you should try it!",1,-1,[],[23608]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This can lead to blockage of information, misdirection, misunderstanding and projection (Vaughan 1999).",1,-1,[],[37982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Organisational Silos",1,5440,[],[37982]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["academic scholars have contended that intent is highly subjective and difficult to quantify",1,-1,[],[16558]],["moderation workflows commonly revolve around three elements: content facticity, user intent, and harm.",1,-1,[],[16558]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content facticity",1,21018,[],[16558]],["perceived harm",1,2692,[],[16558]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Though the courts retain the executive power to sentence convicted offenders, the news media are pre-empting the official justice system by seeking to pronounce on guilt or innocence and, if found guilty, administering their own form of punishment deemed to fit the crime. The news media's market-based power to punish is substantively different from that of the criminal courts.",1,-1,[],[19490]],["a sociology of media justice that seeks to make sense of the intermediatisation of crime and justice in a context of rapid and dramatic technological, economic, cultural, political and legal change.",1,-1,[],[19490]],["the news media are pre-empting the official justice system by seeking to pronounce on guilt or innocence and, if found guilty, administering their own form of punishment deemed to fit the crime",1,-1,[],[19490]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trial by media",1,10567,[],[19490]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["conflicto en términos de ataques y reproches",1,-1,[],[42015]],["encuadre de debate o acuerdo político",1,24478,[],[42015]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Reporting news in a politically unbiased and fair manner is a key component of journalism ethics and 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memory",1,903,[],[39492]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For instance, when exploring Russian collective memory, Wertsch (2021) has described the 'Expulsion-of-Alien-Enemies' narrative template that underlies much of official and non-official Russian narratives about events over the centuries.",1,-1,[],[39492]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["While this pattern can be observed in the propagation of humoristic and satirical content, it can also be the case of two subjects who, for strategic reasons (e.g. propaganda), deliberately produce and share false information.",1,-1,[],[8252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["single client resonance model",1,6296,[],[52437]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an aircraft landing algorithm which achieved a perfect score by outputting large forces that exploited a flaw in the simulator",1,-1,[],[15564]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sometimes compiled as style sheets or stylebooks, it provides rules on the use of titles, capital letters, spellings, quotes, italics, date formats, abbreviations, numbers, etc.",1,-1,[],[45228]],["it provides rules on the use of titles, capital letters, spellings, quotes, italics, date formats, abbreviations, numbers, etc.",1,-1,[],[45228]]],"sy":[["style 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It functions within the storytelling process, reflecting recognised journalistic narratives involving people, although it may not be applicable to every extant story type for example, stories based predominantly on data/statistics.",1,-1,[],[21562]],["Thus it addresses hindrances to journalists' use of guidelines for example, lack of awareness, reluctance to consult them, taking time away from reporting to check and apply them, tight deadlines and fewer journalists doing increasing amounts of work.",1,-1,[],[21562]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["a standard of moderation",1,26129,[],[21562]],["a typology of suicide narratives and 'othering'",1,-1,[],[21562]],["ethical rules",1,-1,[],[21562]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Hall et al argued that the media direct the debate by giving voice to the primary definers; who then set the limit for all subsequent discussions of the topic.",1,-1,[],[37750]],["how the absence of heterogeneity can enable certain actors to primarily define a situation around particular issues that narrows the range of potential discourses and voices and shapes the debate towards certain policy responses.",1,-1,[],[40592]],["rebalance who occupies the crucial role of 'primary definer'",1,-1,[],[40592]],["spokesmen are understood to have access to more accurate or specialised information on particular topics than the majority of the population.",1,-1,[],[37750]],["the generators of the claims being made",1,-1,[],[40592]],["their capacity to set the agenda in the way explicated by Hall et al (1978)",1,-1,[],[40592]],["those actors with greater economic, political and relational resources have more opportunities to have their voices heard.",1,-1,[],[40592]],["those in powerful or high status positions who offer opinions about controversial topic will have their definitions accepted, because such spokesmen are understood to have access to more accurate or specialised information on particular topics than the majority of the 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Have a totally joyful day\"; \"#proudtransnonbinary #Jewtok #Jewish \") or as usernames (e.g. \"Transgender black gay jew\").",1,-1,[],[39410]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["style of language",1,-1,[],[42634]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["rumor propagation trees",1,16945,[],[55083]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, constant repetition and exposure to misinformation would enhance its believability.",1,-1,[],[60717]],["a familiarity backfire effect should arise only with a delayed test, not an immediate test, when recollection of the correction will still be strong enough to avoid ironic correction effects.",1,-1,[],[10028]],["acceptance of false claims can be driven by claim familiarity, in particular when the ability to recollect the correction is reduced (e.g., due to delay-related forgetting or cognitive load).",1,-1,[],[10028]],["corrections of novel misinformation could elicit a familiarity-driven backfire effect, which may ironically strengthen misconceptions and spread misinformation to new audiences",1,-1,[],[10028]],["mere exposure to a correction could familiarize people with a novel piece of misinformation such that it would negatively affect their reasoning and beliefs",1,-1,[],[10028]],["restating erroneous information increases its familiarity, potentially causing debunking efforts to backfire.",1,-1,[],[48653]],["the boost in familiarity associated with the repetition of misinformation within a correction could be so detrimental that it could ironically increase belief in the corrected misinformation",1,-1,[],[10028]],["the familiarity boost effected by exposure to a false claim within a correction may be sufficient to offset the corrective effect of a mere fact-check after a 1-week delay (thus resulting in the observed null effect), but not sufficient to cause ironic misconception-strengthening effects.",1,-1,[],[10028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Redundancy",1,20128,[],[48653]],["continued influence effect",1,26499,[],[10028]],["familiarity",1,6583,[],[10028]],["illusory truth effect",1,29300,[],[60717]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["covers phenomena non -specific to individual media but occurring across them in an independent way. 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Living God, the Alpha and Omega Church",1,-1,[],[40994]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is constituted as a space that is shared horizontally and where intercultural exchange and mutual learning take place online and offline.",1,-1,[],[9055]],["a site of possibilities for the realisation of the networked commons",1,-1,[],[9055]],["networked commons, which grant both citizens and non-citizens co-ownership (Amin and Howell, 2016) of the landscape of the city",1,-1,[],[9055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["largely concerned with removal of illegal content -thus enforcing the boundaries for freedom of expression",1,-1,[],[46357]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content moderation",1,16284,[],[46357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["while the analytical validity of empirical codes is determined by their correspondence with the observed empirical properties of objects, the analytical usefulness of theoretical codes depends both on their consistency with the a priori assumed phenomenal properties of the objects and on the possibility to relate them to concrete empirical phenomena.",1,-1,[],[22073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["this served to limit understanding of how to mobilize collective action and hold powerful groups to account.",1,-1,[],[5573]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Bayesianism, as it features in the sample for this review, forms the normative framework for how 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power",1,-1,[],[40116]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["democratization",1,12821,[],[40116]]],"ex":[["decline in usage of titular nouns used as a prefix to names",1,-1,[],[40116]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are a summons to defend 'your' tribe, they romanticise violence, and they portray the enemy as the quintessence of evil.",1,-1,[],[58401]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["narratives of alterity",1,28823,[],[26413]],["narratives of disease",1,-1,[],[26413]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The instability discourse suggests that if China does not have a strong centralized state power to provide stability, China might repeat its horrible past.",1,-1,[],[18341]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stability discourse",1,23219,[],[18341]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["informal ideological discourses",1,761,[],[18315]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotional 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Sea changes are occurring in how information is collected, stored, processed, communicated and presented, and in how organizations are designed to take advantage of increased information. Information is becoming a strategic resource that may prove as valuable and influential in the post-industrial era as capital and labor has been in the industrial age.",1,-1,[],[36365]],["The war that occurs in netwar is a war targeted at public opinion or elite groups, or both parties at once. 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This includes interpretations of AI as a helping hand (Cools et al., 2024) or a solution to ongoing problems (Brennen et al., 2018). This also includes portraying AI as improving human life and well-being (Chuan et al., 2019). However, the contra position points out concrete threats of damage and danger, such as the misuse of AI or privacy concerns (Chuan et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[59215]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deductively derived frame",1,-1,[],[59215]],["generic frames",1,19746,[],[59215]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Cultural Identity",1,-1,[],[49131]],["Feelings of affinity, companionship, respect, safety or tenderness, and practices such as adaptation, tolerance, or forgiveness, were common in participant's described experiences of loyalty.",1,-1,[],[4376]],["From a business perspective",1,-1,[],[4376]],["From a business perspective, loyalty has been defined as",1,-1,[],[4376]],["In this sense, the power of loyalty comes from what it signals: journalists who are loyal to legal codes and cultures of production in newsrooms reduce the grounds on which the state can legitimately justify repression.",1,-1,[],[53928]],["Loyalty, as we suggest in this article, involves a set of feelings and practices that reflect the meaning people attach to journalism in their lives.",1,-1,[],[4376]],["This second criterion stems from the media's watchdog role",1,-1,[],[34955]],["adapting their routines or behaviour, tolerating certain personality traits of some journalists and forgiving the mistakes of some media outlets emerged as cues of loyalty that show deliberate choices to maintain a relationship with journalism",1,-1,[["adapting their routines or behaviour, tolerating certain personality traits of some journalists and forgiving the mistakes of some media outlets emerged as cues of loyalty that show deliberate choices to maintain a relationship with journalism",1],["adapting their routines or behaviour, tolerating certain personality traits of some journalists and forgiving the mistakes of some media outlets emerged as cues of loyalty that show deliberate choices to maintain a relationship with journalism.",1]],[4376]],["audience members who are loyal to a news brand appear to rely more on the news it provides and therefore make use of it as a means of navigating life and participating in society",1,-1,[],[4376]],["classification of media, based on the literature on media roles and organized around the criteria of facticity, loyalty, plurality, and solidarity.",1,-1,[],[34955]],["loyal audiences provide sustained attention that translates into highly profitable measures of engagement, such as clicks, time spent and shares",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyal news users appear to be more likely to provide financial support to news organizations either through direct donations or membership programmes",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty can be a process that is forged and developed over time",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty cannot be scaled or quantified",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty does not equal \"profitable measures\" such as clicks or shares and is not automatically correlated to donations or memberships.",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty functions as a dynamic two-way relationship. This means that the loyalty individuals give to journalism entities is often experienced as a relational response to the loyalty they receive from them",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty is a multidimensional phenomenon that is personal, situated and temporal.",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty is an absolute value that people attach to their relationship with a particular journalism entity.",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty is not necessarily linked with having a pleasant news experience or a quality moment with the news, but rather to maintain an ongoing and meaningful relationship with journalism entities.",1,-1,[],[4376]],["loyalty to journalism is less about actions than about feelings within a relationship, one that is often obscured as we focus solely on its most economically beneficial outcomes.",1,-1,[],[58185]],["readers should feel that the news organization is a partner in an interdependent relationship in which they receive something they value in return for engaging with the brand.",1,-1,[],[58185]],["there is no grey area once it has been attained; either someone is loyal or is not",1,-1,[],[4376]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Authority",1,14203,[],[50259]],["Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework",1,22443,[],[53928]],["commitment",1,23673,[],[4376]],["editorial transparency",1,-1,[],[4376]],["exit",1,-1,[],[53928]],["giving continued attention, sharing and subscribing",1,-1,[],[58185]],["media trust",1,14276,[],[4376]],["need for cognition",1,20301,[],[4376]],["news brand attachment",1,-1,[],[4376]],["news credibility",1,7907,[],[4376]],["social interaction",1,16413,[],[58185]],["trust",1,34511,[],[4376]],["voice",1,9850,[],[53928]]],"sb":[["classmates",1,-1,[],[4376]],["family members",1,-1,[],[4376]],["good friends",1,-1,[],[4376]],["party friends",1,-1,[],[4376]]],"sp":[["Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework",1,22443,[],[53928]],["Hirschman's (1970) Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework",1,-1,[],[53928]],["Moral Foundation Theory",1,4884,[],[22908]],["foundations of morality",1,-1,[],[50259]],["media positionality",1,608,[],[34955]]],"ex":[["if the politician tweeting is a woman and she discusses an issue in terms of its effects on women.",1,-1,[],[49131]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["legal narratives",1,32643,[],[57843]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Parallel (P)",1,3581,[],[61871]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["including topic emphasis, personal information disclosure, and related content.",1,-1,[],[59384]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It incorporates the same information consumption and critique abilities as conventional media, in addition to expertise in network information generation, network communication, social cooperation, and network involvement.",1,-1,[],[16145]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media literacy",1,27668,[],[16145]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["increasing levels of manipulation through social media increases the occurrence of mass mobilization.",1,-1,[],[57801]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["demonstrations",1,-1,[],[57801]],["sit-ins",1,-1,[],[57801]],["strikes",1,24050,[],[57801]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["impact parity",1,18808,[],[22472]]],"rt":[["parity in impact",1,18808,[],[22471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["According to Fiske et al. (2007), competence and warmth are the two most fundamental dimensions constituting stereotype content.",1,-1,[],[22898]],["Repeated exposure to a category label along with certain characteristics creates or reinforces cognitive linkages between the category and characteristics (stereotype content)",1,-1,[],[39679]],["Stereotype content was measured through two variables: perceived competence and warmth.",1,-1,[],[22898]],["The former refers to perceived ability, skill, and efficacy, and the latter to perceived intent, friendliness, and sincerity.",1,-1,[],[37425]],["generics, compared to both individual and no-label, induced stronger category-characteristics links (i.e., stereotype content).",1,-1,[],[39679]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["According to Fiske et al. 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well.",1,-1,[],[59845]],["In social network users, where interaction usually denotes some form of kinship, this follows naturally from people's social relationships.",1,-1,[],[59845]],["Our perception of real and fake news is influenced by our social network neighbourhood, and propagation usually occurs in homophilic settings (Sun et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[59845]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["heterophilic settings",1,-1,[],[59845]],["heterophily",1,3345,[],[59845]],["homophily metric",1,-1,[],[59845]],["randomness",1,-1,[],[59845]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The soft labels provide fuzzy probabilistic features and enable the basic language model to be aware that nodes represent events and links represent event relations.",1,-1,[],[52036]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["online media 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to online platform providers, engaging in counterspeech, and rating user comments through social buttons constitute part of a wider spectrum of user activities that we refer to as OCI.",1,-1,[],[4908]],["platform operators\" and users can interfere against material viewed as undesirable, or what is known as \"online civic intervention (OCI)\"",1,-1,[],[33457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political participation",1,12312,[],[4908]]],"sb":[["high-threshold OCI",2,25562,[],[4908,33457]],["low-threshold OCI",2,3144,[],[4908,33457]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["latitude of acceptance",1,3988,[],[20570]],["latitude of non commitment",1,3458,[],[20570]],["latitude of rejection",1,15956,[],[20570]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, marking others as different from oneself or hegemonic ideals can often reinforce and reproduce positions of domination and subordination.",1,-1,[],[45646]],["communication here is unilateral: the senders are focused on promoting their vision of the world, their specific axiological order, and their particular attitude, driven by the conviction of the superiority of their beliefs over the beliefs, attitudes, and voices of others.",1,-1,[],[45646]],["marking others as different from oneself or hegemonic ideals can often reinforce and reproduce positions of domination and subordination.",1,-1,[],[45646]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rhetoric of exclusion",1,-1,[],[45646]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Cherry Picking",1,33694,[],[43762]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Identification 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[34] to differentiate between three core (sequential) tasks",1,-1,[],[35324]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[58060]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Algorithmic Misinformation Detection",1,6379,[],[35324]]],"ex":[["Is the topic controversial?",1,-1,[],[24447]],["is the claimer an influential person or media?",1,-1,[],[24447]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This includes trade agreements and outcomes, comparisons of policy outcomes or desired policy outcomes.",1,-1,[],[29808]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[35044]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Analysis of discourse is thus included in argumentation theory; reciprocally, analysis of logos, with its schemes of reasoning, is included in linguistic investigation.",1,-1,[],[12787]],["Argumentation in discourse theory, on the contrary, sets up to explore discourse as logos: as a way of influencing the other so that an agreement on the reasonable can be looked for, or a dissent managed by verbal means.",1,-1,[],[12787]],["Moreover, it deals with case studies analyzed in their specific cultural settings rather than with de-contextualized examples aiming at defining universal rules",1,-1,[],[12787]],["The theory of argumentation in discourse is thus neither prescriptive (as in some classical views on rhetoric) nor evaluative (as in most theories of argumentation, looking for the logical validity of arguments).",1,-1,[],[12787]],["it promotes a conception of the speaking subject quite different from those developed by argumentation theories and traditional rhetoric.",1,-1,[],[12787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["argumentation in language",1,4164,[],[12787]],["argumentation theory",1,21174,[],[12787]],["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[12787]],["informal logic",1,-1,[],[12787]],["rhetorical argumentation",1,-1,[],[12787]],["rhetorical criticism",1,33553,[],[12787]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Van Dijk's framework",1,-1,[],[13558]]],"sb":[["macrostructure",1,15057,[],[13558]],["microstructure",1,9661,[],[13558]],["superstructure",1,32599,[],[13558]]],"sp":[["CDA Framework",1,-1,[],[13558]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Also, this frame is oft en used in the topic of European integration for inner political struggle.",1,-1,[],[30209]],["Europe is perceived as an example, a reference point or a pole of attraction.",1,-1,[],[30209]],["Integration into the European Union is framed as an instrument for further political and economic development.",1,-1,[],[30209]],["followers of Eurointegration present it as a way of modernizing the Ukrainian economy.",1,-1,[],[30209]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Many of these ostensibly explanatory conjectures are non-falsifiable, lacking in evidence or demonstrably false, yet public acceptance remains high.",1,-1,[],[10407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiratorial beliefs",1,1559,[],[10407]],["conspiratorial thinking",1,31796,[],[10407]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["technical service providers",1,-1,[],[35682]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The idea that System 2 (Type 2) would otherwise make rational decisions were it not for System 1 (Type 1) allows economists to retain the neoclassical ideal of rationality while accounting for deviations from this ideal.",1,-1,[],[977]],["human decision-making involves the interplay of two types of mental processes",1,-1,[],[977]]],"sy":[["dual process narrative",1,-1,[],[977]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["System 1",1,16472,[],[977]],["System 2",1,2185,[],[977]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["that enriches and complicates the transmission and interpretation of messages.",1,-1,[],[49827]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":55,"df":[],"de":[["According to Wurman [61], information overload causes individuals to feel depressed, uneasy, and emotionally exhausted.",1,-1,[],[10489]],["Attention resources for filtering and managing information are consumed quickly under information overload and the allocation and utilization of attention resources can be disrupted by irrelevant information, which causes the efficiency of information processing to be reduced.",1,-1,[],[14803]],["Essentially people reach a 'point of noreturn' where their ability to process information becomes less efficient and decisionmaking becomes less-accurate.",1,-1,[],[1172]],["Guarding against information overload, people free cognitive capacity for better-conceptualising information and making sense of it, which can reduce fake news sharing",1,-1,[],[23496]],["I am often distracted by the overwhelming amount of information on social media",1,-1,[],[1694]],["I feel that the main problem at the moment is that there is too much information about COVID-19 to deal with on social media, not a lack of it.",1,-1,[],[1694]],["I have to spend a lot of time every day sifting through COVID-19 information from social media.",1,-1,[],[1694]],["Information overload can impair the quality of decisions, prolong decision-making time, reduce decision satisfaction, and cause chronic stress.",1,-1,[],[14803]],["Information overload causes users to feel overwhelmed and creates stress and negative emotional states.",1,-1,[],[2057]],["Information overload is also highly relevant for SMF (Lee et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[23496]],["Information overload is equally a term in vogue these days, which can also be considered as one of the forms of information pollutions and is being seen as one of the reasons affecting the decision making ability of a person.",1,-1,[],[11087]],["Information overload is strongly linked to the patterns outlined above, specifically to selective exposure to news and news avoidance",1,-1,[],[46158]],["Information overload phenomena occur when users have difficulties in processing and handling the volume of information presented on social media",1,-1,[],[2057]],["Minimising information overload helps reduce the cognitive overload of the stakeholders and can help them in their decision making processes.",1,-1,[],[30227]],["The abundance of unclear, ambiguous, and inaccurate information during COVID-19 led to information overload",1,-1,[],[46732]],["The enormous amounts of complex information related to COVID-19 overwhelmed the individuals' information-processing capability, inhibited their ability to establish an unbiased analysis of COVID-19, and strengthened the higher level of fear related to the coronavirus epidemic.",1,-1,[],[46732]],["The informational exuberance (Chadwick, 2009) characterizing contemporary information ecosystems can result in what has been described as 'information overload'",1,-1,[],[8244]],["There are too much information about COVID-19 that I have been exposed. 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-Malicious Activities: In some cases, these operations can involve cyberattacks, identity theft, or the dissemination of harmful malware through links shared on Twitter. -Amplification of Propaganda: State-sponsored actors or non-state actors may use Twitter to amplify propaganda, particularly in the context of geopolitical conflicts.",1,-1,[],[23458]]],"sy":[["abbreviation commonly used to indicate information operations",1,-1,[],[23458]]],"rt":[["PsyOps",1,34406,[],[36484]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["highlights how audiences may interpret these narratives differently depending on their cultural and ideological positions.",1,-1,[],[35243]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the aim is no longer to document an event or certify the leader's popularity, but rather to employ their image in a more promotional way to support a thematiccommunicative 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Global warming is the biggest lie in human history.",1,-1,[],[43741]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The publishing logic operates through journalists' and editors' assessment of news values (cognitive and normative concepts of what constitutes news) and news judgement (the application of those concepts on bits of information) as they select events to write about and publish",1,-1,[],[29197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["logic",1,6008,[],[29197]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These systems operate on the basic principle of measuring the user behavior of potential subscribers before personalizing the paywall.",1,-1,[],[21]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[["Twitter is a mainstream social network, where users can broadcast short messages, called \"tweets,\" to their followers.",2,-1,[],[17985,48298]]],"de":[["Originally developed as a way to post to the web through short message service or text messaging, it was soon expanded, allowing people to connect and share topics of interest in real time, respond or retweet, and add mixed media elements like photos and videos to the original text.",1,-1,[],[57073]],["Pew Research reports that 74% of Twitter users get news on the site",1,-1,[],[57073]],["it has become a very important tool for politicians and political journalists and is also widely used by young people as a source of political news",1,-1,[],[57073]]],"sy":[["microblogging conversacional",1,8504,[],[13714]]],"rt":[["Facebook",1,-1,[],[57073]],["tweets",1,29371,[],[17985]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social media",1,6683,[],[17597]],["microblog",1,3265,[],[57073]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["If successful, a phishing attack can lead to the hijacking of a victim's social media, device, or private information.",1,-1,[],[28126]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["rendering broad adjectives more abstract than narrow adjectives.",1,-1,[],[24135]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["broad adjectives",1,11060,[],[24135]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["musical",1,-1,[],[24135]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Being indirect (line 9) is another way to minimize social threat.",1,-1,[],[21865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["It demonstrates the code of social and professional ethics that governs employment in the media.",1,-1,[],[16142]],["The author defines media ethics as a complex phenomenon, analysing its functions and micro-and macro-levels.",1,-1,[],[30016]],["specifically the Social Responsibility Theory",1,-1,[],[47555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information ethics",1,9184,[],[16142]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["partisan sorting",1,31859,[],[26917]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Polarization",1,21850,[],[28608]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["El nudo gordiano del periodismo de verificación, en términos epistemológicos, estriba en el proceso metodológico que ratifica la idea del verificador como figura necesaria para esclarecer la veracidad de datos, hechos y del discurso público y a partir de la cual se erige como juez de validación o de rechazo.",1,-1,[],[13314]],["El periodismo de verificación se asienta en y sobre el entorno digital, el cual no se entiende sin la convergencia multimedia y la evolución en las rutinas profesionales de los periodistas",1,-1,[],[13314]],["El proceso periodístico de contraste y verificación (tareas internas de producción y newsmaking) conduce a que los medios ofrezcan al ciudadano la evaluación de un hecho, dato o discurso.",1,-1,[],[13314]],["La triple dimensión del verificador (comprobar la veracidad de los datos, hechos factuales o afirmaciones del ámbito público)",1,-1,[],[13314]],["Los fact-checkers investigan hechos comprobables y su trabajo está libre del partidismo, de defensa de intereses concretos y de retórica.",1,-1,[],[13314]],["aclarando los aspectos controversiales sujetos a la verificación",1,-1,[],[13314]],["componente esencial en la lucha contra la desinformación climática en España",1,-1,[],[32195]],["el periodismo de verificación recoge la quintaesencia de la participación de los ciudadanos en el ámbito informativo, bandera otrora del periodismo ciudadano. 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las creencias y prejuicios emocionales en historias avaladas por datos reales y oficiales.",1,-1,[],[13314]],["proporcionar información clara y profesional y rigurosamente examinada para que los usuarios puedan usar los hechos en pro de tomar decisiones completamente conscientes tanto en jornadas de votación electoral como en cualquier otra decisión esencial",1,-1,[],[13314]],["se focaliza en el escrutinio de la información publicada y viral, controvertida o de dudosa procedencia y veracidad que circula en redes sociales o procede de declaraciones públicas de personas de reconocimiento público, especialmente políticos.",1,-1,[],[13314]],["un quehacer periodístico, vislumbrado como nuevo género periodístico, en la misión de velar por la veracidad de la información, realizar un escrutinio al poder y transformar la información en conocimiento asumible por los ciudadanos.",1,-1,[],[13314]],["vislumbrado como nuevo género periodístico, en la misión de velar por la veracidad de la 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commit source misattributions will depend heavily on the reflective and elaborative thought processes subjects engage in when encoding the suggestions, not just the content of the suggestions themselves.",1,-1,[],[2641]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["non-consensual (propagandistic) and manipulates via deception, incentivization and/or coercion.",1,-1,[],[8599]]],"sy":[["non-consensual",1,-1,[],[8599]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Firstly, it is characterized by anti-elite antagonism expressed through the evaluations of opponents' truthfulness",1,-1,[],[4502]],["Firstly, it is characterized by anti-elite antagonism expressed through the evaluations of opponents' truthfulness (Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023).",1,-1,[],[4502]],["Post-truth communication is expressed by the appeal to people's sentiments and emotions, trying to prevail over reason, arguments, and evidence by shifting the meaning of true and 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fines.",1,-1,[],[40706]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Alternatively, a tendency for dichotomization may be inferred from the excessive use of absolute words in natural language (e.g., always, never, totally, ever, never, and must)",1,-1,[],[3374]],["The tendency for dichotomous thinking may be assessed using an inventory where participants mark how strongly they agree with a list of statements",1,-1,[],[3374]],["a tendency for dichotomization may be inferred from the excessive use of absolute words in natural language (e.g., always, never, totally, ever, never, and must)",1,-1,[],[3374]],["dichotomization is associated with belief-related problems ranging from social prejudices (106, 107) to psychiatric disorders (48,49).",1,-1,[],[3374]]],"sy":[["absolutist thinking",1,-1,[],[3374]],["binary thinking",1,-1,[],[3374]],["black-and-white thinking",1,-1,[],[3374]]],"rt":[["intolerance to 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noun",1,-1,[],[2286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["in which ethnic out-groups are framed as a potential threat",1,-1,[],[27967]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stereotype Content Model (SCM)",1,65,[],[27967]],["low-status stereotypes",1,34570,[],[27967]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["stereotype content",1,18809,[],[27967]]],"ex":[["such as in relation to criminal behavior",1,-1,[],[27967]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[5332]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["seems to be associated with police reports, in relation to crime or missing people.",1,-1,[],[22869]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lexicon-based",1,25455,[],[20179]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["lexicon-based",1,25455,[],[20179]],["lexicon-based method",1,34531,[],[20179]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":79,"df":[],"de":[["Agency here implies an understanding of the systems and structures that guide people's ability to act in the world.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["Agency refers not to the intentions people have in doing things, but their capability of doing those things in the first place.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["Arendt's notion of agency is tied directly to the individualized freedoms that people must feel to act in public.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["Giddens sees agency as dependent on structures-social norms, laws, institutions-where structures are reformed on the basis of the actions of individuals.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["Hannah Arendt understands agency as the relationship between individuals and the public spaces they inhabit.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["In other words, and with reference to [21], agency requires an individual to be clearly distinguishable from its environment (and, therefore, identifiable), able to actively shape its environment instead of merely exchanging information, and able to evaluate its own behavior with regard to normative frameworks (desires, beliefs, attitudes), generated by itself.",1,-1,[],[9950]],["In our study, we focus on young adults' proactive attitudes and their capability to act against the spread of misinformation and fake news they encounter online. We emphasise the importance of their ability to shape outcomes rather than merely exchange information, whilst also evaluating such behaviours with regards to their own beliefs and attitudes",1,-1,[],[31395]],["In the context of civic media literacies, agency exists when voice is applied to evoke caring ethics, to imagine better alternatives, to enact critical consciousness, to persist in pursuit of social change, and to embrace the emancipation of the powerless from struggle.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["Such a definition of agency does not require that social action be intentional, but it allows for that possibility; habitual actions accomplished below the level of conscious awareness act upon the world no less than those carried out deliberately.",1,-1,[],[25280]],["Verbs that attribute high agency to the subject include develop and endorse, suggesting that the LGBTQ-aligned subjects are in control and actively making their own decisions.",1,-1,[],[37441]],["We denote high agency as agency(AG)=+, and low agency as agency(AG)=-.",1,-1,[],[12198]],["agency may be ascribed through the perceptions and representations of others or assigned through ideologies and social structures.",1,-1,[],[25280]],["agency may be the result of individual action, but it may also be distributed among several social actors and hence intersubjective.",1,-1,[],[25280]],["agency must be enacted as relational to others in public spaces.",1,-1,[],[17738]],["autonomy and agency are widely considered desirable qualities in HCI",1,-1,[],[23353]],["control over their own path",1,-1,[],[12198]],["conveys greater agency for the social actor",1,-1,[],[37412]],["decision making on the part of both players [...] Avoid the perception that one player is just an \"executor\" of the game or another player's orders",1,-1,[],[23353]],["someone with high agency is: actively participating in events has a lot of power or ability to shape their own future pro-active in making their own decisions",1,-1,[],[11547]],["we define agency in the actor-network theoretical sense typically adopted in controversy mapping",1,-1,[],[56313]]],"sy":[["autonomy",2,9447,[],[23353,31395]],["cause",1,28025,[],[9692]],["empowerment",1,33337,[],[60685]],["human agency",1,12581,[],[17738]]],"rt":[["Self-efficacy beliefs",1,21907,[],[17738]],["autonomy",1,9447,[],[23353]],["choice",1,13644,[],[60685]],["competence",1,11733,[],[37412]],["empowerment",1,33337,[],[60685]],["freedom",1,17357,[],[60685]],["non-agentive descriptions",1,30178,[],[26944]],["power",1,24789,[],[37441]],["resistance",1,3238,[],[22081]],["self-actualisation",1,34121,[],[60685]],["sense-of-agency",1,22894,[],[23353]],["structuration theory",1,22563,[],[17738]]],"sb":[["high agency",2,17170,[],[11547,12198]],["low agency",2,-1,[],[11547,12198]],["Agency, at the micro level, refers to people's abilities to act.",1,-1,[],[9400]],["Machine agency",1,5889,[],[59222]],["capitalization",1,4361,[],[22081]],["car ing",1,23802,[],[17738]],["concerns events of which an individual is the perpetrator, in the sense that the individual could, at any phase in a given sequence of conduct, have acted differently",1,-1,[],[9400]],["emancipation",1,-1,[],[17738]],["human agency",1,12581,[],[59222]],["imagination",1,25500,[],[17738]],["individual independence versus social interdependence",1,-1,[],[31395]],["low-level sense-of-agency",1,-1,[],[23353]],["negative agency",1,-1,[],[11547]],["oppositional agency",1,-1,[],[22081]],["persistence",1,1487,[],[17738]],["positive agency",1,-1,[],[11547]],["refusal",1,32943,[],[22081]],["the level and directness of casual involvement or value alignment",1,-1,[],[31395]],["the sense of agency in triggering events",1,-1,[],[31395]],["the timescale of agency manifests, from momentary to lifelong",1,-1,[],[31395]]],"sp":[["connotation frames",1,3299,[],[58279]],["connotation relations",1,-1,[],[12198]]],"ex":[["\"X pursued Y\" implies that X has positive agency.",1,-1,[],[11547]],["Alex answered a phone call. low agency Alex picked up the phone but did not actively initiate the conversation.",1,-1,[],[11547]],["Alex did most of the work by themselves. high agency Alex is taking charge of the situation.",1,-1,[],[11547]],["Alex received a book from their friend. low agency Alex is portrayed passively receiving things not actively asking for the book.",1,-1,[],[11547]],["Alex took a book from the friend. high agency Alex is actively participating in borrowing the book.",1,-1,[],[11547]],["a person who is described as \"experiencing\" things does not seem as active and decisive as someone who is described as \"determining\" things.",1,-1,[],[12198]],["focusing on the moment-to-moment experience of self-causation",1,-1,[],[23353]],["high agency to the subject include develop and endorse",1,-1,[],[37441]],["low agency when they are the subjects of passive verbs, such as face and acknowledge",1,-1,[],[37441]],["the collective (e.g., what interdependencies exist that necessitate this type of action taking and engagement?)",1,-1,[],[17738]],["the personal (e.g., what are the choices that I make, and how do I impact the world?)",1,-1,[],[17738]],["the proximal (e.g., how will my choices impact these circumstances which are beyond my control?)",1,-1,[],[17738]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["tight cultures",1,10132,[],[2830]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the US, Italy and Brazil",1,-1,[],[2830]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Expressions we give",1,32621,[],[8433]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The rule recommends addressing what is essential, forcing authors to rely on substantiating facts and use substantiated arguments",1,-1,[],[32569]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Moreover, Erlandsson and Kristoffersson (2021) arguedthat emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications.",1,-1,[],[52336]],["They have gained popularity rapidly in smartphone texts, emails and social media.",1,-1,[],[19520]],["emoji usage can manifest racism on the Facebook platform. It potentially alters the intonation and meaning of a message, influencing how it is interpreted",1,-1,[],[52336]],["emojis can be employed to exploit appealing digital graphics that reinforce racial prejudices among social media users.",1,-1,[],[52336]],["emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications",1,-1,[["emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications",1],["emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications.",1]],[52336]],["having sociobehavioural and psychological implications among youth",1,-1,[],[52336]],["their use has been shaped by cultural assumptions that can foster discrimination",1,-1,[],[52336]],["which makes communication more user friendly and enhances understanding across different age groups",1,-1,[],[52336]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Facebook reactions",1,31925,[],[29541]],["emoticons",1,28758,[],[19520]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["symbols of content",1,-1,[],[52336]]],"ex":[["dancing",1,-1,[],[19520]],["smiling",1,-1,[],[19520]],["thumbs up",1,-1,[],[19520]],["vehicles",1,-1,[],[19520]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Al objeto se le atribuyen tales cualidades como inmoralidad, estupidez, brutalidad, características para los animales, o la incapacidad de la compasión, que es típico para una máquina.",1,-1,[],[48211]],["Puede realizarse mediante su asimilación a un animal, a una máquina o a las fuerzas del mal",1,-1,[],[48211]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["AI algorithms underpinning social media platforms and news aggregators are increasingly refining their ability to personalize content based on user's preferences and previous interactions.",1,-1,[],[35155]],["AI-driven curation and collection enhance the audience's experience by offering personalized, related content while endorsing a complete comprehension of news proceedings",1,-1,[],[54762]],["ML algorithms observe the audience's favorites and behavior and deliver tailored news content, improving their engagement and satisfaction.",1,-1,[],[54762]],["content personalization can hinder the variety of content one has access to, which is one of the reasons users go on the Internet and use social media. Indeed, the way these systems are built makes them offer content similar to what has previously been consumed.",1,-1,[],[36993]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["curation",1,15674,[],[54762]],["personalized recommendations",1,7695,[],[54762]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the use of negative message framing and imagery contributed to higher perceived efficacy ratings compared to text-only and positively framed health warnings, underlining the power of negative framing in this domain.",1,-1,[],[40383]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Message framing",1,15141,[],[40383]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It shapes narratives, legitimizes policies, and signals political alignment to domestic and international publics.",1,-1,[],[57380]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, our definition of visuality extends to both format and content.",1,-1,[],[5275]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[["A technique that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument.",5,-1,[["A technique that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument.",3],["a technique that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument.",2]],[11816,37249,42385,56135,57453,57454]],["Discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument.",3,-1,[["Discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument.",2],["Discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument",1]],[51709,52059,59182]]],"de":[["\"Whataboutism\" rhetoric uses the guise of entering into participation in a debate, but this proves to be a relatively empty exercise. While having the appearance of truth-seeking, it is unmoored from a commonly shared epistemic and therefore allows introduction of unfounded conspiracy theories and propaganda as supporting evidence in a falsely comparative framework.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["A misapplied cycle of \"tu quoque\" and \"whataboutism\" is paralyzing because it avoids truly confronting the complex tangled principles and hypocrisies this type of pursuit inherently must address",1,-1,[],[58154]],["Allowing unquestioned and unchecked \"whataboutism\" as a normative type of argument in public political discourse and debate",1,-1,[],[58154]],["For example, mentioning an event that discredits the opponent: \"What about . . . ?\"",1,-1,[],[59182]],["For example, mentioning an event that discredits the opponent: \"What about . . . ?\" (Richter, 2017).",1,-1,[],[59182]],["General acceptance of the assumptions in \"whataboutism\" rhetoric and argumentation is a sign of the previously described group divisions, polarization and tribalization of political identity in American society.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["Here an opponent's position is discredited by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument",1,-1,[],[29185]],["Here an opponent's position is discredited by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument (Richter, 2017).",1,-1,[],[29185]],["In this way, an accusation of an offence is met with a counter-accusation, and the intent is to pivot away from the original criticism.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["Instead of answering a critical question or argument, an attempt is made to retort with a critical counter-question that expresses a counteraccusation, e.g., mentioning double standards, etc. The intent is to distract from the content of a topic and to switch the topic actually.",1,-1,[],[57453]],["Instead of answering a critical question or argument, an attempt is made to retort with a critical counter-question that expresses a counteraccusation, e.g., mentioning double standards, etc. The intent is to distract from the content of a topic and to switch the topic actually. There is a fine distinction between this technique and Appeal to Hypocrisy, introduced earlier, where the former is an attack on the argument and introduces irrelevant information to the main topic, while the latter is an attack on reputation and highlights the hypocrisy of double standards on the same or a very related topic.",1,-1,[],[57453]],["It is based on the false notion that evil can be justified by the existence of another evil, and its main aim is to discredit the other side without responding to their arguments",1,-1,[],[37055]],["It is based on the false notion that evil can be justified by the existence of another evil, and its main aim is to discredit the other side without responding to their arguments (Aikin, Scott F.; Casey, John: What about whataboutism? Social Epistemology, (2024), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2024.2343729).",1,-1,[],[37055]],["Often referred to as dropping a false lead to divert attention from the topic.",1,-1,[],[43767]],["The inherently false equating and negating effects in posing a \"tu quoque\" rejoinder to a question causes even reasoned attempts to call out this \"whataboutism\" to fall into perpetually divisive \"us versus them\" conceptualizations of the relationships between political groups.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["There is a fine distinction between this technique and Appeal to Hypocrisy, introduced earlier, where the former is an attack on the argument and introduces irrelevant information to the main topic, while the latter is an attack on reputation and highlights the hypocrisy of double standards on the same or a very related topic.",1,-1,[],[57453]],["This mostly happens in the scenarios where one is questioned about his/her own actions.",1,-1,[],[33795]],["Whataboutism appears to broaden context, to offer a counterpoint, when really it's diverting blame, muddying the waters and confusing the hell out of rational listeners.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["While having the appearance of truth-seeking, it is unmoored from a commonly shared epistemic and therefore allows introduction of unfounded conspiracy theories and propaganda as supporting evidence in a falsely comparative framework.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["a quick, convenient way to thoughtlessly avoid uncomfortable confrontations with truth",1,-1,[],[58154]],["an accusation of an offence is met with a counter-accusation, and the intent is to pivot away from the original criticism",1,-1,[],[58154]],["an attempt to defend against criticism by turning a critique back at the accuser",1,-1,[],[58154]],["associate the practice of \"whataboutism\" with reviving Soviet Cold War propaganda techniques or to mention that it is a form of argumentation borrowed by Trump and his supporters from Putin and the Russians.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["attempting to evade criticism by changing the subject to the alleged misconduct of Hillary Clinton, among others.",1,-1,[],[45265]],["diverting blame, muddying the waters and confusing the hell out of rational listeners",1,-1,[],[58154]],["even as some political observers lament it, \"whataboutism\" has seemingly become a commonplace way to sully an opponent and gain partisan advantage over the other side.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["journalists label observable uses of the 'tu quoque' argumentative fallacy with the term \"whataboutism\", they are using this term to describe, criticize and decry the particular rhetorical practice as juvenile, defi cient and deceptive.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["often described colloquially as \"whataboutism\"",1,-1,[],[2994]],["part of an asymmetrical media ecosystem polarizing the American electorate, and one of the rhetorical tools systematically used in maintaining political group divisions.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["redirect and reframe public criticisms of Trump, often toward some type of implied/supposed hypocrisy located in his opponents",1,-1,[],[58154]],["responding in this way is considered to be a defl ection, because whether the accuser is guilty of exactly the same type of misdeed is irrelevant to the veracity of the original accusation",1,-1,[],[58154]],["rhetorical device that structures political conversations in the media and shapes political identities in the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["the practice of short-circuiting an argument by asserting moral equivalency between two things that aren't necessarily comparable",1,-1,[],[58154]],["they are using this term to describe, criticize and decry the particular rhetorical practice as juvenile, defi cient and deceptive.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["whataboutism\" rhetorical rituals in politics and punditry",1,-1,[],[58154]],["while simultaneously obscuring the highly unequal distribution of climate responsibility worldwide.",1,-1,[],[2594]]],"sy":[["\"tu quoque\" rejoinder",1,-1,[],[58154]],["\"what-about\" style accusations and false moral equivalencies",1,-1,[],[58154]],["tu quoque",1,14831,[],[58154]],["whataboutery",1,-1,[],[58154]],["whataboutism",1,19307,[],[2994]]],"rt":[["Appeal to Hypocrisy",1,18976,[],[57453]],["Soviet propaganda",1,3253,[],[58154]],["ad hominem argumentation",1,-1,[],[58154]],["tu quoque",1,14831,[],[58154]],["whataboutery",1,-1,[],[58154]]],"sb":[["a what-about strategy in order to defl ect questions and avoid addressing inquiries into topics they don't want to discuss",1,-1,[],[58154]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11816,56001]],["Distraction",1,28386,[],[57453,57454]],["Manipulation",1,148,[],[43767]],["climate delay",1,7248,[],[2594]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11816]]],"ex":[["A nation deflects criticism of its recent human rights violations by pointing to the history of slavery in the United States.",2,-1,[["A nation deflects criticism of its recent human rights violations by pointing to the history of slavery in the United States.",1],["a nation deflects criticism of its recent human rights violations by pointing to the history of slavery in the United States.",1]],[56135,57453]],["\"Qatar spending profusely on Neymar, not fighting terrorism\"",1,-1,[["\"Qatar spending profusely on Neymar, not fighting terrorism\"",1],["Qatar spending profusely on Neymar, not fighting terrorism",1]],[56135]],["Example for Whataboutism",1,-1,[],[11816]],["Example: A nation deflects criticism of its recent human rights violations by pointing to the history of slavery in the United States.",1,-1,[],[57453]],["President Trump -who himself avoided national military service in the 1960's-keeps beating the war drums over North Korea",1,-1,[],[59182]],["Russia Today had a proclivity for whataboutism in its coverage of the 2015 Baltimore and Ferguson protests in the US, which re-vealed a consistent refrain: \"the oppression of blacks in the US has become so unbearable that the eruption of violence was inevitable\", and that the US therefore lacks \"the moral high ground to discuss human rights issues in countries like Russia and China.\"",1,-1,[],[59182]],["We've gotten very good at what-abouting.",1,-1,[],[58154]],["You talk about LGBT+ people being persecuted. What about hungry children? No one thinks about them!",1,-1,[],[43767]],["mentioning an event that discredits the opponent: \"What about . . . ?\"",1,-1,[],[59182]],["the practice of short-circuiting an argument by asserting moral equivalency between two things that aren't necessarily comparable",1,-1,[],[58154]],["when the former US President Donald Trump was asked about his opinion on whether Virginia should keep a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee, he did not give a straightforward answer but resorted to this technique by asking, \"What about other statues of famous Americans?\"",1,-1,[],[33795]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Balance and fairness are essential components of journalistic objectivity and play a crucial role in ensuring the credibility and trustworthiness of news reporting",1,-1,[],[41151]],["These concepts can be understood as the accurate and proportional representation of diverse perspectives, evidence, and stakeholders within a news story or media coverage (Donsbach & Klett, 1993).",1,-1,[],[41151]],["analyzing the representation of various stakeholders and viewpoints",1,-1,[],[41151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["applied linguistics",1,-1,[],[2179]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["A lead informs readers of the main story, or it attempts to \"hook\" the attention of readers.",1,-1,[],[52983]],["Due to journalistic conventions which place important information early in the articles, the lead sentences often contain key information.",1,-1,[],[33169]]],"sy":[["forward-referencing titles",1,-1,[],[33229]]],"rt":[["forward-referencing titles",1,-1,[],[33229]],["position bias",1,17582,[],[33169]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["struktur sintaksis",1,-1,[],[24771]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["mixed evidence disagreement",1,-1,[],[28600]]],"rt":[["information overload",1,18870,[],[58883]],["irrational belief updating",1,-1,[],[14996]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Polarization",1,21850,[],[28600]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["The basis of modern information security is the preservation of data integrity, information availability, confidentiality and reliability.",1,-1,[],[34027]]],"sy":[["computer security",1,-1,[],[48600]]],"rt":[["cyber security",1,16592,[],[34027]],["institutional sphere",1,-1,[],[34027]],["regulatory and political component",1,-1,[],[34027]],["worldview security",1,6873,[],[59298]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is a matter of social constructivism, as individuals try to justify their own values and beliefs.",1,-1,[],[16324]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["realism",1,30564,[],[16324]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In such a role, journalists may be defensive of authorities and routinely engage in self -censorship, and they tend to exhibit a paternalistic attitude toward 'the people'.",1,-1,[],[9341]],["understanding journalism as assisting government in the development and nation-building process.",1,-1,[],[31511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["collaborators",1,15657,[],[9341]],["facilitators",1,9233,[],[9341]],["mouthpiece",1,34,[],[9341]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["collaborators",1,-1,[],[31511]],["facilitators to government programs and policies",1,-1,[],[31511]],["mouthpieces of 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ideology",1,-1,[],[38000]]],"sy":[["ethnic-pluralist",1,-1,[],[38000]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Fake news is often used to manipulate people's opinions, especially for political purpose.",1,-1,[],[18076]],["this type of fake news does not focus on making the news appear more authentic, but rather aims to convey a certain viewpoint, and meanwhile uses emotional words and particular writing styles to incite people to support that viewpoint.",1,-1,[],[18076]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[18076]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["peace-oriented media",1,9749,[],[31710]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["users primarily do intra-domain fact-checking, i.e., cite other tweets in their fact-checking notes.",1,-1,[],[56811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Personal characteristics make people aware of a politician's positive or negative aspects as those who focus on those aspects aim at attaining certain political goals.",1,-1,[],[60620]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["privatization",1,32163,[],[60620]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["symbolic threats",1,4813,[],[8447]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["an example of the \"private acceptance\" concept in social psychology.",1,-1,[],[24604]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["informational social influence",1,32074,[],[24604]],["public compliance",1,2153,[],[24604]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the agent's opinion and attitude both move closer to public opinion",1,-1,[],[24604]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["that may have the 'documentary look' but exchanges 'propagandist, expositional, or analytic goals' for 'modes of intensive or relaxed diversion' (260)",1,-1,[],[37605]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["documentaries",1,15099,[],[37605]],["media form",1,-1,[],[37605]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Whereas traditional data journalism typically draws upon sources such as open government datasets, custom web scrapes, or leaked materials (Coddington, 2014), DLJ focuses on \"on-chain\" data, including transaction records, smart contract events, and other metadata intrinsic to a blockchain.",1,-1,[],[30472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["permissioned distributed networks",1,-1,[],[30472]],["public blockchains",1,-1,[],[30472]]],"sp":[["data journalism",1,28520,[],[30472]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Both Schulz and Krotz point out some similarities between mediatization theory and so-called medium theory, the well-known proponents of which include Walter Ong (1982), Marshall McLuhan (1964) and Joshua Meyrowitz (1986).",1,-1,[],[10693]],["Krotz (2007) also points out a number of shortcomings in medium theory, among them a tendency toward technological determinism.",1,-1,[],[10693]],["Mediatization theory is thus consonant with medium theory with respect to taking note of the different media's particular formatting of communication and the impacts on interpersonal relations it gives rise to.",1,-1,[],[10693]],["The two theories both choose to view the impact of media in an overall perspective and focus on other aspects than media content and media use",1,-1,[],[10693]],["taking note of the different media's particular formatting of communication and the impacts on interpersonal relations it gives rise to.",1,-1,[],[10693]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the \"old\" or \"classic\" conversion paradigm",1,-1,[],[22729]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["it is not the photograph's referentiality-its ability to present the world as is-that endures in journalism's turn to the visual.",1,-1,[],[24331]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Flow experience",1,29549,[],[3264]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Because facts themselves are contingent because they result from a random series of events and could therefore have always been otherwise -and because, furthermore, they depend on the often unreliable testimony of witnesses, they are not self-evident.",1,-1,[],[10572]],["The stubbornness of factual truth is manifest in a statement such as 'Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914', whose validity can be affirmed even by 'the most extreme and sophisticated believers in historicism'",1,-1,[],[42738]],["while facts belong to the same world as opinions, they are not the same: opinions can be argued against, whereas facts are intransigent.",1,-1,[],[10572]]],"sy":[["de facto truth",1,-1,[],[39736]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["source misattribution errors",1,2448,[],[14952]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This theory touches on other developments related to different kinds of informedness that have emerged within the broader literature over time and entered the IS literature in the past decade.",1,-1,[],[23762]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["used to construct four propositions on how evidence about social informedness can be seen in champion-centric, follower-participating communications",1,-1,[],[23762]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":43,"df":[],"de":[["An issue can also be made salient by portraying it positively, neutrally, or negatively.",1,-1,[],[43142]],["An issue can also be made salient by portraying it positively, neutrally, or negatively. It makes up the continuum of valence, namely, a qualitative value of the issue, which influences readers.",1,-1,[],[43142]],["In this study we interpret the valence present in media frames, or in media content in general, as indicating subjective norms.",1,-1,[],[21100]],["It could be both comforting and alarming at the same time (ambivalent) and neither positive nor negative (neutral).",1,-1,[],[42832]],["One dimension of affective meaning is valence, which corresponds to an individual's evaluation of an event or concept, ranging from negative/unpleasant to positive/pleasant",1,-1,[],[37460]],["Stories that demonstrated a balance of both positive and negative information were coded as neutral.",1,-1,[],[3635]],["The media coverage of an object nation was coded as having negative valence if the story reported or implied that object nation's activities threaten the interests of the U.S. or the U.K., respectively.",1,-1,[],[3635]],["The media coverage of an object nation was coded as having positive valence if the story reported or implied that object nation's activities and values are consistent with the U.S. or the U.K. interests.",1,-1,[],[3635]],["These images were rated by 822 human participants on valence (degree of positivity or negativity) and arousal (intensity of the valenced response).",1,-1,[],[57868]],["This evaluation involves quantifying the affective valence dimension of words, which have been rated by individuals",1,-1,[],[23575]],["Valence is used as an overarching concept covering both (a) intrinsic valence (or pleasantness), which is the appraisal of a stimulus as merely positive or negative, and (b) valence that derives from goal congruence, which is the appraisal of a stimulus as goal congruent or goal incongruent (i.e., one form of extrinsic valence).",1,-1,[],[7764]],["Variables included: valence, tone.",1,-1,[],[612]],["Virtually all media frames bear a specific valence or evaluation",1,-1,[],[21100]],["a primary dimension in our analysis",1,-1,[],[57868]],["a primary dimension in our analysis, as it captures biased attitudes critical to understanding bias manifestation in AI",1,-1,[],[57868]],["a) Valence: an evaluative factor, registering how positive or negative or good or bad is a central construct",1,-1,[],[21588]],["degree to which the word conveys positivity/negativity",1,-1,[],[22485]],["is the basic dimension along which biases are evaluated",1,-1,[],[57868]],["measuring valence over paragraphs using the NRC VAD lexicon labeled for 20,000 words.",1,-1,[],[37460]],["negative valence",1,-1,[],[43142]],["neutral",1,-1,[],[43142]],["positive valence",1,-1,[],[43142]],["quantify attitudes, which can be used to analyze sentiment classification or for a more specific use case of detecting targeted language (information operations/hate speech).",1,-1,[],[55257]]],"sy":[["evaluation",1,19890,[],[21100]]],"rt":[["arousal",4,9868,[],[634,12287,52871,57868]],["dominance",2,24924,[],[12287,52871]],["Activation",1,14994,[],[21588]],["subjective norms",1,32565,[],[21100]],["three-dimensional model of affect",1,-1,[],[52871]],["tone",1,9331,[],[612]],["valence",1,19356,[],[612]]],"sb":[["extrinsic valence",1,15355,[],[7764]],["intrinsic valence (or pleasantness)",1,19709,[],[7764]],["negative valence",1,16330,[],[43142]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[43142]],["positive valence",1,3176,[],[43142]]],"sp":[["dimensional approach",1,32083,[],[634]],["three-dimensional model of affect",1,-1,[],[52871]]],"ex":[["positive evaluations are likely to include pleasant, vivid and romanticised descriptions of products or services, while negative eWOM communications usually include complaints and unpleasant descriptions (Sparks and Browning 2011).",1,-1,[],[612]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["may be a good starting point to develop theoretically grounded measures of polarization [9,26,10] and controversy [15,14], which have been lacking in the literature.",1,-1,[],[50355]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["controversy",1,10840,[],[50355]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[50355]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It evokes the association to the eastern (Soviet) block of communist (socialist) countries that was formed after World War II and which was popularly called béketábor 'peace camp' in Hungariana semantic calque from the language of Soviet propaganda.",1,-1,[],[39466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Missing Information",1,19625,[],[12173]]],"ex":[["@USER chibai you eat babi at hawker centre, they got put headcover anot",1,-1,[],[12173]],["e.g., @USER chibai you eat babi at hawker centre, they got put headcover 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before debiasing.",1,-1,[],[26803]],["These can originate from the fine-tuning dataset or the pre-trained model or a combination of both.",1,-1,[],[267]],["different models can cause allocation harm against different religious groups",1,-1,[],[26803]],["it is shown that for allocation harms, our fourth hypothesis is confirmed for one model (lstm_twitter) but not the other (lstm_tempo).",1,-1,[],[26803]],["only certain religious groups were harmed, instead of both at the same time",1,-1,[],[26803]],["sentences containing religious groups are more likely to be mispredicted as negativity-related labels",1,-1,[],[26803]],["the impact of bias in downstream performance will be measured for both allocation and representation harm, both before and after dataset debiasing. Allocation harm will be calculated using all parity conditions mentioned in Table 4.",1,-1,[],[26803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["representation harm",1,25178,[],[26803]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["if a considerable number of sentences representing religion group A is constantly mispredicted, then the NLP model is said to exhibit allocation harm against religion group A.",1,-1,[],[26803]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["neutral point of view",1,25518,[],[60765]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Telegram",1,-1,[],[47456]],["WhatsApp",1,-1,[],[47456]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["identify misinformation from a massive of social media information and detect misinformation as early as possible.",1,-1,[],[59496]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["early detection",1,30580,[],[59496]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Affect",1,12652,[],[16422]],["Appreciation",1,28137,[],[16422]],["Judgment",1,10634,[],[16422]]],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",1,26978,[],[16422]],["Appraisal theory",1,12714,[],[16422]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It involves the development of computational methods and techniques to automatically identify and classify news articles, headlines, or social media posts that contain deceptive, misleading, or fabricated information.",1,-1,[],[710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":49,"df":[],"de":[["Frame building concerns the interaction between different actors over how to frame an issue and, ultimately, how it is framed in the news.",1,-1,[],[15373]],["Frame building thus refers to the process of competition, selection, and modifcation of frames from elites or strategic communicators by the media .",1,-1,[],[15373]],["Frame-building occurs when journalists construct news stories out of the bits and pieces of everyday life.",1,-1,[],[6]],["Frame-building studies deal with questions about which factors influence the framing practices of journalists as well as about how these processes work",1,-1,[],[27976]],["Frame-building, the process of shaping news media frames, accordingly involves an interaction between political actors and news media",1,-1,[],[10849]],["How media text producers, such as journalists, construct frames that appear in media texts is the core element of the frame building concept",1,-1,[],[35005]],["Journalists do not start with a blank sheet at the beginning of a new news story. They reflect about new events within familiar frames, from the inductive frame analysis referred to as 'spring', 'war', and 'missing children'.",1,-1,[],[23784]],["The aim of frame-building research, then, is to investigate how journalistic routines (as news values) and the interaction with external actors (as sources) lead to the construction of culturally rooted frames.",1,-1,[],[23784]],["aims to investigate the development of news framing in the journalistic realm",1,-1,[],[27976]],["an interactive process (see Chapter 1 ) in which different actors and stakeholders try to push their preferred frames while news organizations negotiate the selection and meaning of frames from their own journalistic routines and work.",1,-1,[],[15373]],["frame-building studies thus treat framing as the dependent variable.",1,-1,[],[57687]],["investigates the production side of framing",1,-1,[],[27976]],["the antecedent process leading to the emergence of news frames and, subsequently, news framing effects",1,-1,[],[15373]],["the frame building process is different under different conditions, in different contexts, and among different journalists",1,-1,[],[35005]],["these familiar frames were activated to define the situation, to indicate what the problem is, and to allocate roles to the main actors in the story, as the victim, hero, or villain.",1,-1,[],[23784]],["where both access to media and independence norms are influential",1,-1,[],[10849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame-setting",3,1915,[["frame-setting",2],["Frame-setting",1]],[23784,35005,57687]],["frame sending",2,18459,[["frame sending",1],["frame-sending",1]],[23784,35005]],["agenda building",1,5358,[],[15213]],["citizens",1,30913,[],[15373]],["frame construction",1,10195,[],[35005]],["framing",1,22777,[],[23784]],["interaction between political actors and news media",1,-1,[],[10849]],["journalists",1,10518,[],[15373]],["media framing",1,29447,[],[35005]],["news framing",1,12351,[],[27976]],["stakeholders",1,13299,[],[15373]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",2,22777,[],[39521,40342]],["Framing theory",1,32672,[],[61754]],["framing process model",1,4491,[],[38596]],["journalis9c framing",1,-1,[],[38288]],["media framing",1,29447,[],[35005]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[43528]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["There are both causes and consequences of stereotypical narratives. Stereotypes reduce the complexity of stories and make them more relatable and memorable; however, the flat characters may project into reality.",1,-1,[],[19657]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such misinformation is different from disinformation in that the creator of the information may not intentionally attempt to make it false or misleading.",1,-1,[],[38257]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54123]]],"ex":[["Social media influencers' social media accounts, blogs",1,-1,[],[54123]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["As noted earlier, meritocratic nationalism as a structuring logic organizes not only the ideal relationship between the individual and the nation-state, but also the nation's 'deserved status 'within global hierarchy.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["Finally, meritocratic nationalism sustains social hierarchies within the nation by framing certain bodies, often racialized and gendered, as less capable of merit.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["It aligns individual aspirations for success with national development, both understood as attesting to the 'fate-transforming power of diligence' and knowledge, especially technical prowess.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["Meritocratic nationalism functions as a structuring logic that assigns or denies merit to individuals and groups by measuring their value against dominant ideals of selfimprovement and productivity.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["Meritocratic nationalism underpins the belief that a nation's global status should correspond to its meritorious achievement and developmental success, measured in particular through its possession of techno-scientific knowledge and industrial capacity.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["Personal advancement through schooling, credentialism, and hard work is not merely an individual pursuit, but also a patriotic contribution to national strength.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["meritocratic nationalism is underpinned by racialized and gendered assumptions about who is capable of merit and whose success is deemed deservingly meritorious.",1,-1,[],[61022]],["the discourse of meritocratic nationalism helps naturalize structural relations of dominance and bolster the grievance politics of ethnic majority men",1,-1,[],[61022]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["developmentalist ideology",1,19825,[],[61022]],["moral economy of merit",1,27961,[],[61022]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Chinese national identity",1,-1,[],[61022]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender expression",1,26655,[],[24967]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Alle Informationen aus der Umwelt des Mediensystems -aus Politik, Wirtschaft, Kunst, Sport etc. -werden nach diesem Kriterium selektiert.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Anbieter von Aufmerksamkeit sind hierbei Medienakteure und Rezipienten, als Nachfrager fungieren politische Akteure. Es wird Aufmerksamkeit gegen politische Information und / oder Unterhaltung eingetauscht.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Aufmerksamkeit kann wegen seiner Selektions-und Ordnungsfunktion für das menschliche Bewusstsein auch als \"interne Öffentlichkeit eines Organismus\" (Rötzer 1999: 51) bezeichnet werden.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei zunächst als quasi-ökonomisches Gut eingeführt, das heute vor allem im Bereich des Internets als zentraler Faktor bei der Erhöhung der Zugriffszahlen angesehen wird. Anschließend wird Aufmerksamkeit als kommunikatives Gut definiert, das einerseits für die Überwindung der medialen Selektionsschranken und andererseits in seiner Bedeutung für den Wählerkontakt eine wichtige Rolle spielt.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Aufmerksamkeit wurde als knappes Gut beschrieben, da die menschliche Aufnahmefähigkeit begrenzt ist und zusätzlich durch eine gestiegene Informationsflut überreizt wird.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Aufmerksamkeit wurde in einem vorherigen Kapitel als knappes (vgl. Franck 1998: 10 / Goldhaber 1997b) und für politische Akteure begehrtes kommunikatives Gut bezeichnet.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Das kommunikative Primärziel ist dabei die Erregung von Aufmerksamkeit, die von medialen Akteuren und dem Elektorat angeboten wird.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Für die politische Kommunikation wird Aufmerksamkeit deshalb als kommunikatives Gut bezeichnet.",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Im Mittelpunkt der politischen Kommunikation steht dabei die Erringung von Aufmerksamkeit",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Informationen, die die Vermutung für sich haben, daß sie die Aufmerksamkeit des Publikums gewinnen können, werden öffentlich kommuniziert, andere werden nicht selektiert",1,-1,[],[21192]],["Sie ist zugleich Rohstoff und Basiswährung jeder Art von Öffentlichkeit",1,-1,[],[21192]]],"sy":[["attention",1,28491,[],[21192]],["awareness",1,32613,[],[21192]],["interne Öffentlichkeit eines Organismus",1,-1,[],[21192]],["kommunikatives Gut",1,9141,[],[21192]]],"rt":[["Aufmerksamkeitsökonomie",1,-1,[],[21192]],["attention",1,28491,[],[21192]],["awareness",1,32613,[],[21192]],["kommunikatives Gut",1,9141,[],[21192]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["normative social influence often results in public compliance involving simple changes in behaviors and opinions to fit with the perspectives of one's community, without changing one's internal attitudes or beliefs",1,-1,[],[24601]],["the seeming approval of the other participants with whom they could not communicate",1,-1,[],[25035]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Informational social influence",2,32074,[["Informational social influence",1],["informational social influence",1]],[24601,25035]],["public compliance",1,2153,[],[24601]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Indeed, the rumor center is the ML estimation of the rumor 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Germany).",1,-1,[],[2601]],["Ideally, the speaker would like high resonance and high legitimacy, but will usually have to settle for less because normally high resonance is only achieved at the cost of an increase in controversiality and thereby a net decrease in legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[2601]],["In the context of law it refers to citizens' compliance with the law no matter whether the law is right or not.",1,-1,[],[18346]],["It provides explanations on the failure of communism and the survival of the CCP.",1,-1,[],[18346]],["Legitimacy is relevant for organizations since this \"social judgment of acceptance, appropriateness, and desirability, enables organizations to access other resources needed to survive and grow\" (Zimmerman and Zeitz 2002, 414).",1,-1,[],[55023]],["Legitimacy lies in the centre of both the history of political philosophy (White, 2005:1) and contemporary Chinese politics (Gilley and Holbig, 2009;Gilley and Holbig, 2010).",1,-1,[],[18346]],["This term comes from the Latin word legitimare/ legitimus, which means \"to make lawful\" and is similar to the term legality.",1,-1,[],[18346]],["an organisation can be described as legitimate \"when it is endorsed and supported by a segment of society large enough to ensure its effectiveness\"",1,-1,[],[39060]],["legitimacy also works to impede the manifestation of discontent through dissent.",1,-1,[],[55372]],["normally high resonance is only achieved at the cost of an increase in controversiality and thereby a net decrease in legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[2601]],["social judgment of acceptance, appropriateness, and desirability, enables organizations to access other resources needed to survive and grow",1,-1,[],[55023]],["the degree to which such reactions are supportive",1,-1,[],[2601]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["legality",1,7029,[],[18346]],["party cohesion",1,-1,[],[18346]],["persuasive power",1,29213,[],[55372]],["popular legitimacy",1,-1,[],[18346]],["resonance",1,8596,[],[2601]],["ruling 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grandiose form, violence might be presented as a historical necessity, as an ineradicable feature of 'racial struggle', 'class conflict', 'human progress', 'the nature of war' and so forth.",1,-1,[],[21918]],["serves to 'deagentify' the violence: making it appear to be the product of irresistible inhuman forces rather than conscious choices by policymakers and perpetrators, and thereby promoting moral disengagement from their acts.",1,-1,[],[21918]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["moral disengagement",1,16246,[],[21918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["alternatives might be destroyed by normatively disparaging them and associating them with reprehensible moral qualities",1,-1,[],[21918]],["they might be presented as inefficacious or impractical, often as a matter of assertion or taken-for-granted self-evidence",1,-1,[],[21918]],["violence might be presented as a historical necessity, as an ineradicable feature of 'racial struggle', 'class conflict', 'human progress', 'the nature of war' and so 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state-of-the-art digital surveillance); and (iii) the development and deployment of information strategies designed to diminish protest (e.g., China's so-called 50-Cent Army).",1,-1,[],[6500]],["digital repression allows surveillance to happen at scale when done at an internet backbone or at the level of an internet service provider, which provides regimes with unprecedented windows into public discontent, social movements, and even lowerlevel state functionaries whose incompetence or corruption may incite social unrest.",1,-1,[],[57792]],["digital repression is a tool that allows governments to save the negative costs of mass mobilization and direct repression, however, digital repression has specific costs, specifically those related to implementing the technological platforms needed for surveillance, bots acquisition and servers.",1,-1,[],[57792]],["it could be a mechanism to prevent bigger costs in the future, i.e., costs related to direct repression, the government's image, and possible reelections.",1,-1,[],[57792]],["specifically those related to implementing the technological platforms needed for surveillance, bots acquisition and servers.",1,-1,[],[57792]],["we seek to recognize that there are both already well-known and new aspects to digital repression",1,-1,[],[6500]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["repression",1,27348,[],[6500]]],"sb":[["digital social credit schemes",1,-1,[],[6500]],["online disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[6500]],["private online harassment campaigns by lone individuals",1,-1,[],[6500]],["regime violence against online political actors",1,-1,[],[6500]]],"sp":[["repression",1,27348,[],[6500]]],"ex":[["censorship and mass surveillance measures, manipulation through disinformation campaigns and internet censorship",1,-1,[],[57792]],["digital social credit schemes",1,-1,[],[6500]],["online disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[6500]],["private online harassment campaigns by lone individuals",1,-1,[],[6500]],["regime violence against online political 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At the time of its report, the outlet can only influence the voter's electoral decision. Since it shares the voter's preferences, the outlet seeks to maximize the probability that the second-period office-holder is moderate. N U thus reveals the incumbent's type in its editorial. Further, it also discloses any news story it uncovers.",1,-1,[],[56695]],["In an unbiased media environment, in equilibrium, in all states ω 1 ∈ {l, c, r}, a moderate R's first-period policy choice is his preferred policy x R (ω 1 ).",1,-1,[],[56695]],["the voter is best informed in an unbiased media environment",1,-1,[],[56695]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["alegria",1,-1,[],[26489]],["gáudio",1,24371,[],[26489]],["tristeza",1,29340,[],[26489]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For example, it could analyze message patterns in financial forums to identify multiple posts pushing the same deceptive narrative and flagging suspicious clusters or unusually aligned messaging across supposedly independent accounts.",1,-1,[],[38523]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this type of reference, the speaker has no specific entity in 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other citizens' perspectives in a way that gives you a sense of how they feel, a sense that enables you to make their emotions intelligible to you.",1,-1,[],[760]],["aim of metaphor is to help you understand her subjects' feelings of unfairness towards Democratic policies and resentment towards progressive politicians",1,-1,[],[760]],["empathetic understanding requires you to maintain a certain distance from the other, to grasp their feelings as their feelings (even if you happen to feel the same way).",1,-1,[],[760]],["empathy tends to be selective-it favors those who resemble us and who are attractive, among other morally arbitrary characteristics.",1,-1,[],[760]]],"sy":[["experiential understanding",1,10775,[],[760]],["humane understanding",1,-1,[],[760]]],"rt":[["affective matching",1,4471,[],[760]],["civic friendship",1,10654,[],[760]],["experiential understanding",1,10775,[],[760]],["humane understanding",1,-1,[],[760]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the depth of my empathetic 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como competentes e autorizadas em determinadas áreas de conhecimento, e pela apropriação de um discurso especializado, que incorpora termos e expressões comuns (e muitas vezes exclusivos) dessas áreas.",1,-1,[],[13513]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["jornalismo segmentado",1,5283,[],[13513]]],"sb":[["jornalismo ambiental",1,3164,[],[13513]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A equivalência é um momento na política em que se tem a sensação de um povo mobilizado em torno de um nome/ causa contra.",1,-1,[],[57208]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By simulating interactions among individual behaviors, ABMs enable the identification of emergent, group-level mechanisms that could not be predicted using the characteristics of individuals within a social system alone",1,-1,[],[50952]],["Typically, ABMs are micro-level mathematical models that define how individuals affect each other, creating collective social patterns through simulating interaction at scale",1,-1,[],[50952]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion dynamics",1,17558,[],[50952]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["imaginação",1,-1,[],[31446]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["imaginação",1,-1,[],[31446]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["One metaphorical expression can be made up of one or more metaphorical words.",1,-1,[],[6006]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[6006]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Colonial mentality is the insidious aftermath galvanized through years of intergenerational trauma, U.S. occupation, and socialization under White supremacy",1,-1,[],[18207]],["socialized messages from parents and elders with intergenerational trauma may have contributed to the internalization of colonial mentality.",1,-1,[],[18207]],["some countries that have been colonized retain an unrealistic illusion about their colonizers, and this tendency may even be reinforced after a few generations.",1,-1,[],[13525]],["some countries that have been colonized retain an unrealistic illusion about their colonizers, and this tendency may even be reinforced after a few generations. In other words, the cultural imperialism of the colonial period is continuing with its effects, resulting in a symptomatic addiction to the dominant culture in areas of the weaker culture.",1,-1,[],[13525]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nonsubstantive issues",1,31158,[],[61119]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Under this metric, a perfect model is equally likely to pick the stereotypical sentence as it is to pick the antistereotypical sentence.",1,-1,[],[17181]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The above passages identify the Shi'a as the Rāfidah, claiming that the Shiite Messiah 'Mahdi' is the Dajjāl, an antichrist figure in Muslim eschatology, and depicting Shi'a Muslims as devil worshipers.",1,-1,[],[27557]],["the cleverly selected term",1,-1,[],[27557]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["kufr",1,11535,[],[27557]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Balance can be assessed by examining the range and diversity of sources, the proportionality of coverage, and the inclusion of different types of evidence and data within a news story",1,-1,[],[41150]],["The mechanism giving equal space to voices in favour and against a point of view, can explain unbalanced information",1,-1,[],[49015]],["The mechanism giving equal space to voices in favour and against a point of view, can explain unbalanced information [29,30].",1,-1,[],[49015]],["The use of informants' information also presents a variety of different views without any special treatment to certain parties.",1,-1,[],[37377]],["the presentation of a rational debate where a diversity of points of view is included in the news",1,-1,[],[4247]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["actors",1,10818,[],[54817]],["arguments",1,2086,[],[54817]],["balance theory",1,33161,[],[16713]],["evaluations",1,19890,[],[54817]],["sources",1,17898,[],[54817]],["topics",1,24595,[],[54817]],["unbalanced information",1,-1,[],[49015]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[42850]]],"ex":[["Not fair/balanced; Somehow fair/balanced",1,-1,[],[48005]],["e.g. Not fair/balanced; Somehow fair/balanced",1,-1,[],[48005]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["exposição seletiva",1,28706,[],[46495]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["polarização",1,-1,[],[46495]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the fear that important heritage and crucial historical documents related to the Ukrainian culture might be destroyed, either intentionally (as not being consistent with Russian ideology) or unintentionally (as collateral damage in the bombardment)",1,-1,[["the fear that important heritage and crucial 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form and style -this is, in the expression of professional routines and conventions that justify, and mask, the subjective interpretations and news selection of the individual journalist.",1,-1,[],[22751]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial logics",1,8473,[],[2239]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Debiasing",1,31088,[],[58261]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["carry a value judgement",1,-1,[],[61439]]],"sy":[["subjective (evaluative) nouns",1,2087,[],[61439]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["aims; technology; structure; skills and abilities; financial resources; socialization and / or acculturation experience; wriĴen documents; training, organizational structure, etc.",1,-1,[],[16327]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[["Using images with strong positive/negative emotional implications to influence an audience.",2,-1,[],[11790,56103]]],"de":[["We reserve this technique to the images content only.",1,-1,[],[11790]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11790]],["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[11790]]],"ex":[["Example for Appeal to (Strong) Emotions",1,-1,[],[11790]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social Context Models",1,24110,[],[6803]],["Stance-based",1,19513,[],[6803]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["prognostic framing",1,11588,[],[29275]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["cheerleading",1,-1,[],[16893]]],"rt":[["expressive partisan utility",1,18481,[],[16893]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["amplifying posts that receive positive reactions across social divides may help social media platforms optimize for consensus and make their forums a less attractive place for trolls to sow discord.",1,-1,[],[21923]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["amplify posts that receive positive reactions from across the political spectrum",1,-1,[],[21923]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["functional phase model",1,3067,[],[40550]],["scandal clock",1,19771,[],[40550]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Sock puppet",1,18,[],[7285]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["A random model (which chooses the stereotypical candidate and the antistereotypical candidate for each example with equal probability) obtains a stereotype score of 50% in expectation.",1,-1,[],[59414]],["focuses on the stereotypical and the anti-stereotypical sentences of each triple and measures the preference of a language model over these pairs of sentences.",1,-1,[],[26135]],["the measure of bias",1,-1,[],[45291]],["with a score of 50% indicating no bias.",1,-1,[],[49291]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["usually shared with small variations and nuances to create an illusion of consensus",1,-1,[],[24932]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadre de personificación",1,-1,[],[15976]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["allow the spread of COVID-19 misinformation by echoing its content (display, localization, manipulation, and repetition) and increasing its engagement (addition and integration).",1,-1,[],[25929]],["diffusing gatekeeping activities can be used for proactive correction, but they can also give COVID-19 misinformation additional reach by echoing its narrative and increasing its engagement.",1,-1,[],[25929]],["extends the reach of the content",1,-1,[],[25929]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Repetition",1,33616,[],[25929]],["addition",1,26756,[],[25929]],["display",1,12331,[],[25929]],["integration",1,966,[],[25929]],["localization",1,17882,[],[25929]],["manipulation",1,148,[],[25929]]],"sp":[["Gatekeeping 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conocerlas previamente y puede manifestarse de manera hostil, con violencia o rechazo, ya sea directa o indirectamente, o adoptando una forma benevolente al ofrecer ayudas y ventajas que, en realidad, resultarían innecesarias (Sánchez-Rojo, 2023).",1,-1,[],[41276]],["Puede ser hostil, implicando violencia o rechazo, ya sea directa o indirectamente; y también puede ser benevolente, conllevando ciertas ayudas y ventajas que en el fondo son innecesarias.",1,-1,[],[15145]],["Son comentarios como \"no vales nada\", \"tu único talento es estar inmóvil\", \"pero yo puedo andar\" o \"la discapacidad, como el mismo nombre indica, es que sois menos capaces que los demás, ahora ya que vosotros os esforcéis para ser más normales (sic) es cosa vuestra\".",1,-1,[],[41276]],["Varios participantes relacionan el capacitismo con la falta de conocimiento o la representación estereotipada de las personas con discapacidad.",1,-1,[],[41276]],["copan gran parte del discurso de odio que afecta directamente a las personas con discapacidad",1,-1,[],[41276]],["pensamiento que implique una injusta discriminación",1,-1,[],[15145]]],"sy":[["negación de la discapacidad",1,-1,[],[41276]]],"rt":[["la infravaloración y discriminación concreta contra las personas con discapacidad.",1,-1,[],[41276]],["menosprecio",1,1404,[],[41276]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discriminación",1,-1,[],[15145]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["romantic terrorism",1,-1,[],[8920]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["terrorism",1,2923,[],[8920]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["Crashes are for the most part episodically framed",1,-1,[],[2139]],["In the process, an exploration of the underlying issue is lost.",1,-1,[],[20953]],["There is a tendency, therefore, to ignore the overarching social context in which violence against women occurs.",1,-1,[],[25342]],["While episodic framing can evoke empathy and personal connection, it may also obscure the broader systemic causes and solutions to climate change, leading to a fragmented understanding among the public (Entman, 2012).",1,-1,[],[15441]],["an episodic frame tunes down an issue's complexity by diverting the responsibility to individuals",1,-1,[],[43128]],["episodic frames may personalize economic challenges or achievements",1,-1,[],[39014]],["episodic framing can provide a more intimate and immediate understanding of individual cases",1,-1,[],[59380]],["results in blame attribution towards victims",1,-1,[],[46321]],["tends to lead audiences to attribute responsibility to individuals",1,-1,[],[57371]],["tends to prompt television news audiences to attribute responsibility for issues to individuals rather than social factors.",1,-1,[],[55915]],["using episodic framing with extreme cases of benefit abuse or problematic behaviour",1,-1,[],[38015]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["thematic framing",5,28621,[["thematic framing",4],["Thematic framing",1]],[4286,35714,39014,46321,59380]],["episodic frames",1,15963,[],[5152]],["human interest frames",1,26607,[],[55915]],["protest coverage",1,-1,[],[20953]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[9216]],["thematic frame",1,17606,[],[2139]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",4,22777,[["framing",3],["Framing",1]],[15441,38015,39014,46321]],["Media framing",1,29447,[],[15441]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[39014]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, the \"Other\" group tends to be constructed with a negative connotation and pathologized, through the use of various linguistic phenomena such as lexical decisions, metaphors, comparisons, hyperbole etcetera",1,-1,[],[56301]],["In doing so, they \"save face\" and preserve their own presentation while alienating others (i.e. outgroups).",1,-1,[],[56301]],["It explains how narrators and translators employ an \"Us vs Them\" framework, preserving their own group's ideologies and mindsets, and othering groups that diverge from their own.",1,-1,[],[56301]],["It explains how narrators and translators employ an \"Us vs Them\" framework, preserving their own group's ideologies and mindsets, and othering groups that diverge from their own. They do so by emphasizing positive information about \"Us\" and negative information about \"Them,\" and, in tandem, deemphasizing negative information about \"Us\" and positive information about \"Them.\" In doing so, they \"save face\" and preserve their own presentation while alienating others (i.e. outgroups).",1,-1,[],[56301]],["They do so by emphasizing positive information about \"Us\" and negative information about \"Them,\" and, in tandem, deemphasizing negative information about \"Us\" and positive information about \"Them.\"",1,-1,[],[56301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["in-group out-group bias",1,7645,[],[56301]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In der Praxis zeigt sich diese Dimension beispielsweise in der Anwendung geltender Rechtsnormen im politischen Prozess. Auch die Existenz und der Einfluss von Institutionen in der Politik, wie Parlamente oder Gerichte, fallen unter diese erste Kategorie",1,-1,[],[21276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["policy",1,21749,[],[21276]],["politics",1,10504,[],[21276]]],"sb":[["politische Kultur",1,-1,[],[21276]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[["Attempting to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because \"everyone else is taking the same action\".",6,-1,[["Attempting to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because \"everyone else is taking the same action\".",3],["Attempting to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because \"everyone else is taking the same action.\"",3],["Attempting to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because \"everyone else is taking the same action\"",1]],[11794,42348,51685,52042,56107,59162]]],"de":[["In many cases, it is safe to say that most people prefer to be in the majority.",1,-1,[],[55262]],["It is used to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because \"everyone else is taking the same action\"",1,-1,[],[29162]],["It is used to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because \"everyone else is taking the same action\" (Hobbs and McGee, 2014).",1,-1,[],[29162]],["This is done by assuring good results, such as guaranteed victory in the elections.",1,-1,[],[33779]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11794,55979]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11794]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[55262]]],"ex":[["\"Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say yes.\"",2,-1,[["\"Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say yes.\"",1],["Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say \"yes.\"",1],["Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say yes.",1]],[56107,59162]],["... the likelihood that this disease will move to other more densely populated regions of the planet has become a huge concern for many.",1,-1,[],[55979]],["90% of citizens support our initiative. You should.",1,-1,[],[56107]],["Code-switched example: \"We hate Babar cause all of India does. Apnay liay nai tou issiliay karlo ke hum sab bhi kartay hain\" English translation: \"We hate Babar cause all of India does. If not for yourself you should hate him because we all do.\"",1,-1,[],[29162]],["English example: \"Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say yes\"",1,-1,[],[29162]],["Example for Bandwagon",1,-1,[],[11794]],["He tweeted, \"EU no longer considers #Hamas a terrorist group. Time for US to do same.\"",1,-1,[],[59162]],["rhetoric yes/no questions, where only one of the answers seems logically correct in that particular context.",1,-1,[],[33779]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["La souffrance n'est certes pas une maladie mentale, mais plutôt un symptôme psychique",1,-1,[],[17168]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Because this hostile criticism aims at destroying rather than challenging the boundaries of journalism",1,-1,[],[55017]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Journalistic autonomy is more likely to be constrained by commercial pressures than by political instrumentalization, although the latter is more common in Britain. News-oriented journalism predominates, with a stronger tradition of commentary in Britain. The role of the state is limited, though more so in the United States than in Ireland and Canada, where concern for national culture has given the state an important role, and in Britain, where both public broadcasting and the regulation of commercial broadcasting have been very strong",1,-1,[],[28998]],["Professionalisation of journalism is relatively strong. Journalistic autonomy is more likely to be constrained by commercial pressures than by political instrumentalization, although the latter is more common in Britain. News-oriented journalism predominates, with a stronger tradition of commentary in Britain.",1,-1,[],[28998]],["The liberal recommender is required to inform citizens about prominent issues, especially during key democratic moments such as election time, but else it is expected to take little distance from personal preferences.",1,-1,[],[7197]],["The underlying premise is that citizens know for themselves best what they need in terms of self-fulfillment and exercising their fundamental rights to freedom of expression and freedom to hold opinions",1,-1,[],[7197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media systems",1,453,[],[32851]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Battle of the Marne",1,-1,[],[19242]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["choosing to avoid information sources that contradict the preferred beliefs",1,-1,[],[34211]],["mechanisms avoiding costly cognitive dissonance",1,-1,[],[34211]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, digital bias is not limited to online settings but also affects off-line data sets as, for example, a corpus of policy reports contained in a digital database.",1,-1,[],[8370]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["it is focused more on the legality of the decision, one that is based on laws and the consolidation of the legal system without avoiding the jargon of this closed language",1,-1,[],[49882]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dialogical",1,6577,[],[49882]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Managers who have had positive relationships with stakeholders can draw upon that goodwill to help protect the organizational reputation, praise stakeholders for their efforts during the crisis as a means of improving relationships with them or draw sympathy from being a victim of the crisis.",1,-1,[],[3056]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Ingratiation",1,15361,[],[3056]],["Reminder",1,7117,[],[3056]],["Victimage",1,3814,[],[3056]]],"sp":[["Crisis response strategies",1,11813,[],[3056]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"sexist,\" \"racist,\" \"dictator,\" and equivalents",1,-1,[],[54784]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["transparency",1,28207,[],[30232]]],"ex":[["Assuming that the charity organisation puts enough information for all its stakeholders on its website, organisational transparency is also achieved.",1,-1,[],[30232]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Consultation",1,5465,[],[9475]]],"ex":[["Nice Matin was one of the first newspapers to systematically submit to audiences a list of topics to cover in their solutions journalism investigations and follow the audience's choice even if it went against the newsroom's wishes.",1,-1,[],[9475]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Investigating the four reference models for transparency, it can be observed that Transparency Depth Pyramid can capture information overload. Infobesity can happen both horizontally across the model, i.e., disclosing too much data than one needs or disclosing too much process than one needs. It can also happen vertically along the model, i.e., disclosing processes and policies when one only needs data, or disclosing policies when one only needs data and processes. The latter case also leads to transparency meaningfulness mismatch, which was discussed in Subsection 3.6.1.",1,-1,[],[30228]],["Minimising information overload helps reduce the cognitive overload of the stakeholders and can help them in their decision making processes.",1,-1,[],[30228]]],"sy":[["infobesity",1,24041,[],[30228]],["infoxication",1,-1,[],[30228]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["An employee of an organisation receives several work-related emails per hour, and they have to answer them all. However, they cannot cope with the amount of information they get, and sometimes miss certain emails as a result.",1,-1,[],[30228]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["offer a resource for clarifying the presentation and guiding readers by overt marking of steps in a process, stages of an argument, or aspects of an idea.",1,-1,[],[27293]],["offer the most explicit way of labelling stages or ordering an argument.",1,-1,[],[27293]]],"sy":[["Sequencing devices",1,16714,[],[27293]]],"rt":[["sequence indicator",1,-1,[],[27293]],["sequence introducer",1,-1,[],[27293]]],"sb":[["listing sequencers",1,-1,[],[27293]],["numerical sequencers",1,-1,[],[27293]],["temporal sequencers",1,12004,[],[27293]]],"sp":[["frame markers",1,32671,[],[27293]]],"ex":[["there are several reasons why, first, then, 1, 2, a, b, at the same time, next",1,-1,[],[27293]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Cultural genocide differs from physical genocide in that it is more subtle and less severe as a result of these causes. However, in case minorities and Indigenous people are compelled to become \"modern\", they lose the qualities that distinguish them as unique, different, or cultural or national entities",1,-1,[],[30487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["physical genocide",1,-1,[],[30487]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["recycled texts and their role in restoring previously censored, expurgated and abridged translations to a fresher state of fullness",1,-1,[],[18727]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms (1929), the Spanish version of which was first produced by publisher Luis de Caralt (Barcelona) in 1955. In 1999, on the one hundredth anniversary of Hemingway's birth, Caralt published a slightly differently titled edition of the novel, Un adiós a las armas, in which all previously censored passages had been restored",1,-1,[],[18727]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["such events are generally positively received, yet the attention toward them quickly phases out after their happening [41,44,40]",1,-1,[],[16572]]],"sy":[["anticipatory discussion",1,-1,[],[16572]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a political election, a sport match, a movie release, an entertainment event, or a recurring festivity",1,-1,[],[16572]]]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["La sociedad o la política se representan como enfermas, afectadas o sufriendo de polarización, una enfermedad dañina, grave o aguda, a veces cronificada, que las debilita, y que se debe prevenir, o mitigar con la adecuada receta",1,-1,[],[16506]],["Una extensión lógica de esta metáfora es LA DIFERENCIA IDEOLÓGICA ES DISTANCIA ESPACIAL, que se manifiesta en expresiones comunes como «extrema derecha/extrema izquierda», o de «posturas alejadas entre sí».",1,-1,[],[16506]],["Utilizado principalmente en contextos políticos, se asocia habitualmente a la idea de distanciamiento ideológico, que se puede interpretar como algo negativo por cuanto implica alejarse del centro, es decir de la posibilidad de alcanzar acuerdos.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["el incremento de la frecuencia de uso en la última década está relacionado, como hemos visto, con otro significado, propio de contextos sociales y políticos.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["el término se usa más bien como un sinónimo de choque o confrontación, acentuando aún más la evaluación negativa original.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["en ese espacio metafórico, los extremos más alejados son los dos polos y por tanto el fenómeno de la polarización, implica «moverse» hacia los extremos, interponiendo la máxima distancia posible entre dos posiciones políticas.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["interpretamos el pensamiento político como posicionamientos ideológicos, normalmente en términos de derecha o izquierda.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["la gran mayoría de apariciones se da en artículos sobre la situación política, principalmente en España, pero también, de forma significativa, en países latinoamericanos (México, Perú, Ecuador) y en otros países (Alemania, EEUU, Israel…)",1,-1,[],[16506]],["la polarización no se refiere ya a dos extremos, como se desprende del significado originario, sino a una situación de enfrentamiento constante en la que se rechaza la posibilidad de negociación o de diálogo, más difícil aun cuando hay más de dos participantes implicados.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["la polarización política o social suele verse como un fenómeno negativo",1,-1,[],[16506]],["la polarización se presenta como un virus, que se reproduce y se propaga con facilidad, capaz de mutar e infectar a diversos sectores sociales y que es difícil de contener",1,-1,[],[16506]],["la polarización se presenta en la prensa como un fenómeno creciente, y por tanto cada vez más fuerte, que tiene un carácter no sólo político, sino sobre todo emocional o afectivo, vinculado con los populismos entre otros factores, y que conduce a un entorno, o clima, de crispación y enfrentamiento que los ciudadanos viven con preocupación.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["palabra clave, que juega un papel esencial en el discurso político y mediático y que ayuda a definir el actual contexto social y cultural en España.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["un fenómeno creciente, y por tanto cada vez más fuerte, que tiene un carácter no sólo político, sino sobre todo emocional o afectivo, vinculado con los populismos entre otros factores, y que conduce a un entorno, o clima, de crispación y enfrentamiento que los ciudadanos viven con preocupación.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["un término metafórico, cuyo significado se deriva de la metáfora conceptual LA IDEOLOGÍA ES ESPACIO",1,-1,[],[16506]]],"sy":[["choque",1,-1,[],[16506]],["confrontación",1,-1,[],[16506]],["crispación",1,-1,[],[16506]],["enfrentamiento",1,-1,[],[16506]]],"rt":[["España",1,-1,[],[16506]],["LA DIFERENCIA IDEOLÓGICA ES DISTANCIA ESPACIAL",1,-1,[],[16506]],["LA IDEOLOGÍA ES ESPACIO",1,-1,[],[16506]],["afectiva",1,-1,[],[16506]],["clima",1,-1,[],[16506]],["colapso",1,-1,[],[16506]],["confrontación",1,-1,[],[16506]],["creciente",1,-1,[],[16506]],["crispación",1,-1,[],[16506]],["dominios fuente",1,31341,[],[16506]],["enfrentamiento",1,-1,[],[16506]],["factores",1,16779,[],[16506]],["fuerte",1,-1,[],[16506]],["metáforas",1,9913,[],[16506]],["política",1,4140,[],[16506]],["populismo",1,22187,[["populismo",1],["populismos",1]],[16506]],["preocupa",1,-1,[],[16506]],["radicalización",1,8511,[],[16506]],["redes",1,-1,[],[16506]],["social",1,1880,[],[16506]],["sociedad",1,-1,[],[16506]],["tensión",1,-1,[],[16506]],["vive",1,-1,[],[16506]]],"sb":[["polarización afectiva",1,20919,[],[16506]],["polarización geográfica",1,-1,[],[16506]],["polarización institucional",1,-1,[],[16506]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["El consumidor está más polarizado (…) Por un lado, aquellos cuyos ahorros han crecido y, por otro lado, los que se han visto afectados y han visto reducidos sus ingresos.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["El relato (…) sería más que suficiente para mermar su concurso y más cuando la serie documental de Rocío Carrasco está tan polarizada",1,-1,[],[16506]],["La polarización de las criptomonedas. (…) Desde su aparición, las criptomonedas han dividido a la sociedad inversora entre detractores y seguidores de una forma nunca vista en los mercados financieros.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["Primero, la polarización geográfica con el liderazgo entre Norteamérica y China. Segundo, la polarización institucional. El liderazgo en la investigación de la IA no está en una universidad sino en las grandes empresas tecnológicas.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["[Shyamalan] el director de origen indio (…) o se le ama o se le odia, una polarización que no ayuda a entender qué se esconde detrás de sus giros de guion.",1,-1,[],[16506]],["[el reguetón] explica cosas importantes sobre las sociedades actuales y la evolución de la industria musical, pero la polarización y la polémica en las redes sociales eclipsan cualquier reflexión",1,-1,[],[16506]],["crispación y polarización",1,-1,[],[16506]],["polarización y crispación",1,-1,[],[16506]],["«extrema derecha/extrema izquierda»",1,-1,[],[16506]],["«posturas alejadas entre sí»",1,-1,[],[16506]],["… donde se quejaba de la polarización entre ciencias y letras en la sociedad moderna: dualidad que ha originado la actual brecha entre disciplinas complementarias",1,-1,[],[16506]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["demonstrating great solvency in the coverage of social issues (Mañas-Viniegra; Veloso; Sierra-Sánchez, 2020).",1,-1,[],[13863]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["visual content has been usually related to statistical data expressed through various graphics, maps, or depicting long queues of people regarding the administration on borders and in camps along the borders",1,-1,[],[47374]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Claimed representation",1,12962,[],[49036]],["statistical representation",1,7183,[],[49036]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["communicative representation",1,-1,[],[49036]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["vitriolic online exchanges",1,-1,[],[55456]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["A feature of this phenomenon is the fact that speech actions can only partly be attributed to conflict communication, while speech behavior itself forms a new ethics that imperceptibly penetrates into the country's linguistic and cultural community.",1,-1,[],[31612]],["Cancel culture or cancelling as a form of aggressive communication",1,-1,[],[31612]],["Cancel culture, operating through social media denouncements, not only shapes public discourse but also amplifies false narratives, contributing to the dissemination of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["Its intent is to exert pressure for sanctions ranging from restricting access to public platforms, damaging reputation, and consequently ending careers, to inciting legal actions.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["The canceling phenomenon, often driven by genuine concerns for justice and accountability, can inadvertently lead to the silencing of diverse perspectives and a potential erosion of democratic values.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["The relevance of studying this phenomenon is explained by the increasing implementation of various forms of aggressive communication and the search for effective means of protection against it.",1,-1,[],[31612]],["These denouncements closely resemble public condemnations, aiming to enforce adherence to societal rules.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["To be cancelled is effectively to be boycotted, with the intent that the person will be ostracised and no longer benefit financially, personally, or professionally from their elevated position; in short, culturally blocked from having a prominent public platform or career.",1,-1,[],[51097]],["cancel culture as a new discourse practice",1,-1,[],[31612]],["cancel culture is not synonymous with wokeness culture, call-out culture, or political correctness, although they are often confused.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["it predominantly utilizes social media to \"shame\" individuals or organizations deemed \"guilty\"-the so-called phenomenon of \"shitstorm\" (Sdrigotti, 2018).",1,-1,[],[61351]],["mistakenly considered synonymous with wokeness and call-out culture, or even politically correct",1,-1,[],[61351]],["offensive, active communication that attracts the attention of the audience, <… > activating the audience, emotionally forcing to take sides one of the opponents, empathize with events, actively including in them",1,-1,[],[31612]],["operating through social media denouncements, not only shapes public discourse but also amplifies false narratives, contributing to the dissemination of misinformation",1,-1,[],[61351]],["passing judgment on others can pass from person to person like a plague.",1,-1,[],[59689]],["the act of \"canceling\" predominantly occurs through social media denouncements, facilitated by the anonymity provided by some platforms (Tandoc et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[61351]],["the digital equivalent of the medieval mob roaming the streets looking for someone to burn",1,-1,[],[59689]],["the dynamics of the cancel culture: the new narrative imposed as politically correct penetrates all areas and establishes the rules of the game of the new cultural wars conducted with the cancelation of inconvenient and non-aligned content.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["the environment for the functioning of the cancel culture is a media discourse that most clearly reflects socio-political sentiments in society and has a direct impact on the formation of public opinion",1,-1,[],[31612]],["the online Urban Dictionary's definition of cancel culture attributes the cultural phenomenon to 'a critical mass of people who are quick to judge and slow to question'",1,-1,[["the online Urban Dictionary's definition of cancel culture attributes the cultural phenomenon to 'a critical mass of people who are quick to judge and slow to question'",1],["the online Urban Dictionary's definition of cancel culture attributes the cultural phenomenon to 'a critical mass of people who are quick to judge and slow to question'.",1]],[59689]],["the phenomenon of cancel culture is noticeably gaining strength in Russian society, thanks to the possibilities of digital space.",1,-1,[],[31612]],["the social swells and tides of cancel culture",1,-1,[],[59689]],["the term begins to strengthen as a political claim action since 2015 within Black Twitter-a community of Black Twitter users capable of mobilizing a significant number of people to moderate racist and misogynistic discourse",1,-1,[],[61351]],["the ways of action of cancel culture do not stop at public criticism but oscillate from the removal of any form of support to boycotts, from the repudiation of historical facts/personages or literary and cinematographic pieces to the censorship and cancelation of the subject from public, social, and professional life.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["there are common elements synthesized as \"(a) the public shaming of unacceptable behavior, and (b) withdrawal of support, which are (c) motivated by wanting to see the target persons experience some form of consequence or penalty due to their actions (e.g., losing employment and other revenue streams) or to ensure these persons are socially banished\"",1,-1,[],[61351]],["there are common elements synthesized as \"(a) the public shaming of unacceptable behavior, and (b) withdrawal of support, which are (c) motivated by wanting to see the target persons experience some form of consequence or penalty due to their actions (e.g., losing employment and other revenue streams) or to ensure these persons are socially banished\" (p. 3).",1,-1,[],[61351]],["this practice employs strategies akin to consumer boycott logic to withdraw support from brands and companies, thereby damaging their reputation.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["we can consider in a broad sense as an exasperation of the three previous dynamics directed at affecting mainly political or star system personalities through the action of cancelation by many people (as opposed to callout).",1,-1,[],[61351]]],"sy":[["canceling phenomenon",1,-1,[],[61351]],["cancelling",1,2016,[],[31612]],["wokeness",1,14308,[],[61351]]],"rt":[["Boycott",1,27082,[],[31612]],["Ostracism",1,6976,[],[31612]],["boycotting",1,8893,[],[51097]],["call-out culture",1,25082,[],[61351]],["calling in",1,26428,[],[51097]],["calling out",1,30841,[],[51097]],["criticism",1,5878,[],[31612]],["discussion",1,26565,[],[31612]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[61351]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[61351]],["political correctness",1,7666,[],[61351]],["swift and severe retribution",1,-1,[],[59689]],["wokeness culture",1,-1,[],[61351]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["aggressive communication",1,28110,[],[31612]],["modes of collective judgment and punishment",1,-1,[],[59689]]],"ex":[["State broadcasters from countries including Iceland, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands had called for Russia to be banned from the contest",1,-1,[],[31612]],["Switzerland's Verbier festival has asked Gergiev to resign his position as music director of the Verbier Festival Orchestra",1,-1,[],[31612]],["The Rotterdam Philharmonic also threatened to cancel its longstanding annual Gergiev festival this year",1,-1,[],[31612]],["concrete actions range from simple \"unfollowing\" to more active measures like \"boycotting, \" which seeks to refrain from purchasing products of a certain brand and persuading others to do the same.",1,-1,[],[61351]],["hashtags such as #canceled or #\"x\"isover, where \"x\" denotes an individual or organization",1,-1,[],[61351]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Features are 'communicational actors' in the sense that they 'produce meanings and meaningfulness'",1,-1,[],[23272]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["that comes in the form of credibility or good reputation",1,-1,[],[9112]]],"sy":[["status",1,9950,[],[4120]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["capital",1,12849,[],[9112]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["alude también a aspectos relativos a la gestión de la calidad.",1,-1,[],[15189]],["information prevails over interpretation and opinion in the treatment of issues, source checking is increased, elements of political bias that position the media in favor or against Trump are avoided, while a discourse based on facts is favored over declarative journalism.",1,-1,[],[26885]]],"sy":[["calidad periodística",1,-1,[],[15189]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["publicizing datasets also enables anyone to collect large amounts of personal data that may have otherwise been private, access-controlled, or difficult to find.",1,-1,[],[21058]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the \"OkCupid dataset\" contained data of almost seventy thousand users from the dating site OkCupid.",1,-1,[],[21058]],["through the release of public datasets",1,-1,[],[21058]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultivation analysis",1,7298,[],[55499]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["discussing human mobility in a negative light repetitively -linking it with terrorism or criminal activity, for example",1,-1,[],[58021]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In Kenya, Safaricom gives subscribers Sh2,500 COVID-19 relief.",1,-1,[],[52811]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Particular practices",1,5505,[],[19161]],["Variable accessibility",1,3836,[],[19161]]],"sb":[["collectivism (interdependence)",1,-1,[],[19161]],["honor (face)",1,-1,[],[19161]],["individualism (independence)",1,-1,[],[19161]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["collectivism",1,-1,[],[19161]],["honor",1,-1,[],[19161]],["individualism",1,-1,[],[19161]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["paradigms",1,22400,[],[15011]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["used it as a label to critically attack the news media",1,-1,[],[4316]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",3,33960,[],[4316,50171,52374]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Since women are underrepresented in most areas of society, it is not surprising that available texts mainly discuss and quote men",1,-1,[],[15631]],["the gender gap in Wikipedia extends beyond readers, affecting editors and content",1,-1,[["the gender gap in Wikipedia extends beyond readers, affecting editors and content",1],["the gender gap in Wikipedia extends beyond readers, affecting editors and content.",1]],[43633]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["sex gap",1,-1,[],[3437]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["slurs reclaimed by black communities (particularly \"n*gga\"), gay communities (\"f*g\", \"f*ggot\", \"q*eer\") and by women (\"b*tch\")",1,-1,[],[11644]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This right generates correlative negative duties on the part of other agents. It also generates positive duties on the part of the state to protect those negative duties, e.g., by providing police protection for threatened speakers",1,-1,[],[7722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we believe, in the axiological and ethical point of view, that life in cyberspace should also mean moral-value based \"good life\", which means appropriate values, behaviour and conduct, doing good-in other words, employ positive humane values and principles.",1,-1,[],[17030]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["avoidance strategies",1,6425,[],[16922]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["truth",1,9596,[],[13435]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["textual memes",1,-1,[],[8216]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Garner counters the idea that legalese ensures precision of legal texts, enjoys more respectability, or is generally preferable.",1,-1,[],[24528]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Connotation lexicon (Feng et al., 2013) provides positive, negative and neutral labels of each word.",1,-1,[],[52861]],["Nowadays, it is often used as a cover term for stylistic, regional or emotional meaning components",1,-1,[],[25068]],["Subtle changes in word choice in communication can evoke very different associations with the involved actors.",1,-1,[],[58280]],["it is employed in the sense of intension in opposition to denotation/extension especially by philosophers.",1,-1,[],[25068]],["some nouns and verbs often have both neutral and non-neutral connotations",1,-1,[],[24792]],["the difference between collocation and connotation is not upheld in such cases",1,-1,[],[25068]]],"sy":[["connotative",1,31894,[],[25884]],["metaphorical sense",1,-1,[],[25884]],["nonliteral",1,26429,[],[25884]]],"rt":[["denotation",1,2258,[],[24792]],["denotation/extension",1,-1,[],[25068]],["intension",1,12324,[],[25068]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a company 'employing workers' evokes a more positive connotation than the one 'exploiting' them.",1,-1,[],[58280]],["the choice of the term 'undocumented workers' vs. 'illegal aliens' to describe immigrants can elicit different levels of prejudice toward that group (M.S., 2010).",1,-1,[],[58280]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Does the information allude to legal or judicial mechanisms as a form of control of social protest?",1,-1,[],[36250]],["Does the information highlight any legal violations on the part of the intervening actors?",1,-1,[],[36250]],["Does the information represent its protagonists linked to violence, crime, or felony?",1,-1,[],[36250]],["the legitimacy of some social movements' actions has often been criminalized by the State's acts when, directly or indirectly, it allows the use of its institutional system -legal, political, military, media -as a mechanism to control social protest.",1,-1,[],[36250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Depending on the object being threatened and in need of protection, we can identify 'human security' -in its individual quality, 'security of a group' -for example, of the ethnic or religious group, 'public safety', 'national security' of the state, 'regional security' or 'collective security' of groups of states that constitute a region or union, and, finally, 'international security' or 'global security' of the world community.",1,-1,[],[48601]],["In recent decades, this evolution has overturned two of the principles of traditional visions: (a) the military one-dimensionality of security and (b) the centrality of the state in the analyses",1,-1,[],[42422]],["It is thus a concept which can be adapted according to the interests of different political agendas.",1,-1,[],[42422]],["Security has evolved as a concept.",1,-1,[],[42422]],["security is what actors make of it",1,-1,[],[24269]],["specifically protection (or lack thereof) from crime, danger, fear, or anxiety.",1,-1,[],[8923]],["the concept of security implies threats and protection against them.",1,-1,[],[48601]]],"sy":[["national security",1,10603,[],[6201]]],"rt":[["cultural",1,13115,[],[48601]],["economic",1,9191,[],[48601]],["environmental",1,-1,[],[48601]],["human security",1,-1,[],[24269]],["informational",1,6414,[],[48601]],["military",1,-1,[],[48601]],["national security",1,10603,[],[24269]],["political",1,759,[],[48601]]],"sb":[["collective security",1,-1,[],[48601]],["cultural",1,13115,[],[48601]],["economic",1,9191,[],[48601]],["environmental",1,-1,[],[48601]],["global security",1,-1,[],[48601]],["human security",1,-1,[],[48601]],["human security has human beings and humankind as the referent",1,-1,[],[24269]],["informational",1,6414,[],[48601]],["international security",1,-1,[],[48601]],["military",1,-1,[],[48601]],["national security",1,10603,[],[48601]],["national security has the state as the major referent",1,-1,[],[24269]],["political",1,759,[],[48601]],["public safety",1,-1,[],[48601]],["regional security",1,-1,[],[48601]],["security of a group",1,-1,[],[48601]]],"sp":[["Security Studies",1,-1,[],[42422]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["petty disputes in a community forum",1,-1,[],[48369]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Missing Information:",1,-1,[],[35389]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["No context",1,34270,[],[35389]],["Not complete",1,25190,[],[35389]],["Ungrammatical",1,-1,[],[35389]],["does the text include typos or non standard expressions nullifying its comprehension?",1,-1,[],[35389]],["some parts are missing: is the text not complete?",1,-1,[],[35389]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the task is to identify if the topic is relevant to the text",1,-1,[],[26200]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["post-level",1,2806,[],[26200]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Rumour detection task",1,5305,[],[26200]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Under some assumptions of node consistency and network smoothness",1,-1,[],[22309]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["semi-supervised graph learning task",1,-1,[],[22309]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["PROPAGATION-BASED APPROACHES",1,25861,[],[22309]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["identify the focus on either hero, villain, or victim, which results in \"heroic\", \"blaming\", and \"victimizing\" narrative frames, respectively.",1,-1,[],[51302]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrative framing",1,27435,[],[51302]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Crisis as dislocation refers to undecidability.",1,-1,[],[28508]],["This article posits the dislocation of news journalism, as involving parallel processes of power redistribution from the news media to platform companies.",1,-1,[],[23916]],["can provoke an ideological response which aims to repair and cover over the dislocatory event before it becomes a source for new political construction",1,-1,[],[28508]]],"sy":[["collocational clash",1,6137,[],[25070]],["dislocatory event",1,34877,[],[28508]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Con dp and Con eo substantially reduce Leakage, where most baselines fail",1,-1,[],[24259]],["For a sample (I, y, a) in D with a ground-truth annotation y, a classifier f predicts the attribute a ∈ A from either y or ŷ = M (I).",1,-1,[],[22967]],["The ineffectiveness of INLP, Gate, FairBatch, and EO GLB in reducing Leakage is due to different reasons",1,-1,[],[24259]],["The reason that Adv can reduce Leakage is that the architecture of Adv is the closest one to the leakage estimation framework, which also employs attackers to extract protected attributes and unlearns attackers in training",1,-1,[],[24259]],["no benefit to Leakage",1,-1,[],[24259]],["none of the baselines reduce leakage substantially",1,-1,[],[24259]],["the ability of an attacker to recover the protected attribute from a model's final hidden representations.",1,-1,[],[24259]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias amplification",1,18492,[],[22967]],["microexpressions",1,8781,[],[59732]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":48,"df":[],"de":[["Biased intergroup behaviour (discrimination) derives from intergroup emotions (prejudice) that originate from cognitive beliefs about social groups (stereotypes).",1,-1,[],[44265]],["Discrimination is a broad concept and its impact on society is varied, making the legal implications not well defined.",1,-1,[],[12057]],["Hate speech is a form of discrimination that is identified and used as the basis for unfair manifests verbally or in writing.",1,-1,[],[41829]],["Hate speech is a form of discrimination, through verbal means.",1,-1,[],[6873]],["Similar to bias, discrimination is also a source of unfairness.",1,-1,[],[7314]],["The FMAT indicated that Chinese people were more likely to be actively and passively harmed (versus facilitated)",1,-1,[],[44265]],["The expression \"according to gay people\" suggests that gay people think that the ban is discriminatory towards LGBTQ, while this is not a thought but a fact",1,-1,[],[58348]],["algorithmic discrimination can happen through allocation or through representation",1,-1,[],[7286]],["behavioural tendencies",1,-1,[],[44265]],["demonstrate a clear intention to unfairly discriminate against any person",1,-1,[],[11096]],["discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability",1,-1,[],[11096]],["discrimination without discussing hatred or contempt",1,-1,[],[12057]],["discrimination, as a legal concept, always entails more than mere differentiation.",1,-1,[],[11096]],["discrimination, in its negative connotation, can allow for an individual's isolation, although in some circumstances can create the potential for an individual's benefit over others.",1,-1,[],[44862]],["segregation is considered an institutionalized form of discrimination, enforced either legally or by tradition.",1,-1,[],[40933]],["the division of moral phenomena into conceptually coherent categories",1,-1,[],[19059]]],"sy":[["algorithmic inequity",1,-1,[],[7286]],["algorithms of oppression",1,-1,[],[7286]],["behavioural tendencies",1,-1,[],[44265]],["coded gaze",1,-1,[],[7286]],["digital poorhouse",1,-1,[],[7286]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[3383]],["the New Jim Code",1,-1,[],[7286]],["the opposite of favoritism",1,-1,[],[3383]]],"rt":[["Hate speech",2,18278,[["Hate speech",1],["hate speech",1]],[6873,41829]],["prejudice",2,23417,[],[3383,44265]],["Non-discrimination",1,3097,[],[11096]],["Technical literature in the area of discrimination typically refers to the related issue of bias.",1,-1,[],[5938]],["abusive language",1,25044,[],[6873]],["allocation",1,31775,[],[7286]],["behavioural",1,8257,[],[44265]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[6873]],["extremism",1,16305,[],[6873]],["fairness",1,27748,[],[19059]],["favoritism",1,23477,[],[3383]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[6873]],["identity-based discrimination",1,-1,[],[11096]],["judged discrimination",1,18675,[],[3383]],["objective discrimination",1,94,[],[3383]],["radicalization",1,8929,[],[6873]],["representation",1,14984,[],[7286]],["segregation",1,24590,[],[40933]],["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[44265]],["toxicity",1,34320,[],[6873]]],"sb":[["hate speech",3,18278,[["hate speech",2],["Hate speech",1]],[6873,11096,41829]],["active facilitation",1,-1,[],[44265]],["digital discrimination",1,4113,[],[5938]],["disparate impact",1,9007,[],[19059]],["explainable [77]",1,-1,[],[7314]],["harassment is generally recognised as a form of discrimination",1,-1,[],[11096]],["indirect or institutional discrimination",1,-1,[],[19059]],["passive facilitation",1,-1,[],[44265]],["passive harm",1,-1,[],[44265]],["segregation",1,24590,[],[40933]]],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[44265]]],"ex":[["an algorithm implicated in discrimination may systematically favor people who identify as males, or reinforce harmful stereotypes about elderly people.",1,-1,[],[7286]],["either attack (versus help) or exclude (versus cooperate with) Chinese people",1,-1,[],[44265]],["employers who prefer to hire a male job applicant over an equally qualified female applicant, or parole officers who impose stricter conditions on parolees of a particular minority in comparison to a privileged majority.",1,-1,[],[19059]],["the prohibition of same-sex marriage is outright discrimination, which excludes hundreds of thousands of people from the group of equal citizens",1,-1,[],[58348]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cable news",1,-1,[],[14789]],["local television",1,-1,[],[14789]],["network television",1,-1,[],[14789]],["print newspapers",1,-1,[],[14789]],["radio",1,-1,[],[14789]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such a strategy increases the likelihood of new ideas being integrated into the existing structures of a field",1,-1,[],[15338]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we consider the multimodal news as entity inconsistent only when there are no aligned multimodal entities.",1,-1,[],[57905]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["if the person mentioned in the text is inconsistent with the recognized celebrity in the image, this news post may be fake with misused images (see Figure 1(a))",1,-1,[],[57905]]]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["More problematic is label bias from informed and well-meaning annotators that systematically disagree.",1,-1,[],[6338]],["Sap et al. (2019) showed that they reflect social and demographic differences, for example, that annotators rate the utterances of different ethnic groups differently and that they mistake innocuous banter as hate speech because they are unfamiliar with communication norms of the original speakers.",1,-1,[],[6338]],["bias arises because annotators are distracted, uninterested, or lazy about the annotation task. As a result, they choose the 'wrong' labels.",1,-1,[],[6338]],["mitigating the two types of biases are consistently helpful for classification tasks.",1,-1,[],[19513]],["the distilled label bias provides a global (i.e., document-agnostic) offset",1,-1,[],[19513]]],"sy":[["Data-Driven Bias",1,-1,[],[15818]]],"rt":[["keyword bias",1,6084,[],[19513]],["selection bias",1,24952,[],[6338]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Data-Driven Bias",1,-1,[],[15818]]],"ex":[["content-free texts (e.g., \"N/A\" or random tokens)",1,-1,[],[49655]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["four types of hate",1,-1,[],[21351]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framework of symmetrical and non-symmetrical links",1,-1,[],[49581]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Methodologically, explicit bias can be elicited by asking people to express their opinions.",1,-1,[],[24735]],["The explicit metric is the direct inclusion of gender attribute words at the sentence level, which is also perceptible to human evaluators.",1,-1,[],[15772]],["explicit bias generation as the direct inclusion of gender attribute words at the sentence level, which is also perceptible to human evaluators.",1,-1,[],[18847]],["the difference between the implicit and explicit bias can be explained by the social desire.",1,-1,[],[25909]],["the explicit and implicit biases in Twitter are all more stable than that in Weibo",1,-1,[],[25909]],["typically manifesting as conscious attitudinal tendencies",1,-1,[],[52377]]],"sy":[["explicit attitude",1,18614,[],[25909]]],"rt":[["implicit bias",3,5775,[["implicit bias",3],["implicit biases",1]],[25909,46886,46888,52377]],["IAT",1,8991,[],[25909]],["WEAT",1,20859,[],[25909]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",3,30859,[["bias",2],["Bias",1]],[32677,40387,52377]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[18847]],["social bias",1,242,[],[52377]]],"ex":[["girls tend to be softer than boys",1,-1,[],[46886]],["if one claims to prefer African American to European American in Self-Report Assessments, we would say that he has an explicit bias on African American compared to European American [Northrup, 1997]",1,-1,[],[25909]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["context",1,32218,[],[22423]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["political microtargeting",1,-1,[],[9753]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":77,"df":[],"de":[["Analysis of culture requires the boldness to conceptualize culture as a meaning-making process.",1,-1,[],[13244]],["Culture has a long-tail distribution",1,-1,[],[57154]],["Culture is a people's way of life, which includes mutually accepted methods of thinking, doing, and speaking.",1,-1,[],[13244]],["Culture is also evidenced in material and nonmaterial productions of a people.",1,-1,[],[4010]],["Culture is an essential aspect of society since it represents how the group lives, including customs, lifestyle objects, artwork, song dances, and traditional ceremonies, among other things.",1,-1,[],[13244]],["Culture is dynamic. Culture changes over time.",1,-1,[],[57154]],["Culture is experiential, multimodal",1,-1,[],[57154]],["Culture is not viewed as a guide inherited or inherited but as a variable culture negotiated in all social interactions.",1,-1,[],[13244]],["Culture is the lens through which experience is interpreted, but because it is pervasive, it is easy to fail to notice one's own culture and mistake it for unmediated reality.",1,-1,[],[19166]],["Culture provides a means to stick together with others to create and share resources and solutions to the problems that arise from sticking together-from managing relationships to minimize dangerous conflict, to clarifying group boundaries-without which it may be unclear with whom to share and from whom shared resources can be expected.",1,-1,[],[19166]],["From this perspective, culture is not imposed from above but formed through cumulative social influence, resulting in clustered patterns of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[54571]],["It encompasses everything from language and religion to food, music, art, and social norms, and helps to shape how people view themselves and others.",1,-1,[],[27622]],["It is always a collective phenomenon, but it can be connected to different collectives.",1,-1,[],[16619]],["It is the set of meanings that a group in a time and place come to adopt or develop, and these meanings facilitate smooth social coordination, clarify group boundaries, and provide a space for innovation",1,-1,[],[19166]],["It ranges from tangible artifacts such as art, music, food habits, etc, to more intangible and abstract concepts like patterns of ideas, principles, and values, making it hard to define.",1,-1,[],[57154]],["Organizational cultures reside rather in (visible and conscious) practices: the way people perceive what goes on in their organizational environment.",1,-1,[],[16619]],["People are always embedded in culture, so studying culture requires stepping out of it.",1,-1,[],[19166]],["Societal cultures reside in (often unconscious) values, in the sense of broad tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others",1,-1,[],[16619]],["culture also includes the exchange of aesthetic experience, religious ideas, rituals, personal values, and feelings",1,-1,[],[10747]],["culture arises whenever there is a distinction in the way of life between groups, making it both an individual and a social construct (Spencer-Oatey and Franklin, 2012).",1,-1,[],[57154]],["culture is experiential and requires a reference for contrast",1,-1,[],[57154]],["culture is frequently represented symbolically through language and can encompass identities around immigration status, gender, phenotype, sexuality and region, as well as race and ethnicity.",1,-1,[],[4010]],["culture is intersubjective and temporal",1,-1,[],[18516]],["culture is present in the text of Bumi Manusia in the form of daily conduct, language, clothes, and names.",1,-1,[],[13244]],["making it both an individual and a social construct",1,-1,[],[57154]],["or simply a lifestyle.",1,-1,[],[10747]],["suppress the communicative practices through which culture is created, transmitted, and embodied",1,-1,[],[18516]],["these meanings facilitate smooth social coordination, clarify group boundaries, and provide a space for innovation",1,-1,[],[19166]],["we can define culture in the context of language technology more formally as an intersection of demographic and semantic proxies.",1,-1,[],[57154]]],"sy":[["anthropological culture",1,2189,[],[19366]],["symbolic culture",1,34793,[],[19366]]],"rt":[["anthropological culture",1,2189,[],[19366]],["collectivism",1,30953,[],[19166]],["commonsense knowledge",1,21453,[],[19578]],["contexts",1,32218,[],[59186]],["demographic proxies",1,3320,[],[57154]],["entertainment",1,26702,[],[15426]],["face",1,10134,[],[19166]],["honor",1,9946,[],[19166]],["honor or face",1,-1,[],[19166]],["individualism",1,9469,[],[19166]],["news",1,8218,[],[19366]],["semantic proxies",1,14199,[],[57154]],["societal culture",1,28513,[],[18516]],["symbolic culture",1,34793,[],[19366]],["translation",1,32751,[],[19366]]],"sb":[["Organizational cultures",1,3736,[],[16619]],["Societal cultures",1,28513,[],[16619]],["the culture of occupations",1,-1,[],[16619]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["«Es de locos», «Gin no va a faltar» o «Hay que tener fe»",1,-1,[],[40903]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news factors",1,9995,[],[27137]],["news values",1,27917,[],[43621]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Trust",1,34511,[],[21728]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[["subjective opinion",2,-1,[],[15890,16366]]],"de":[],"sy":[["belief",1,8928,[],[16366]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[16366]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[16366]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["very assertive in stating his views",1,-1,[],[16366]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[55052]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Governmentalist framings resonate with what Foucault calls 'power/knowledge', that is, regimes of political rule and scientific authority where power and knowledge support and constitute one another",1,-1,[],[38575]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Journalism in a civic democracy promotes political participation by creating and managing opportunities for public deliberation.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["The ethical rationale of deliberative journalists is to actively promote quality deliberation, for which providing facts is just one instrumental activity among others.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["an ideal that does not correspond exactly to any of the main journalistic ideals theorized so far",1,-1,[],[28483]],["deliberative journalism's main function is to provide citizens with the information they need to update their political knowledge and thus be able to engage in high-quality deliberation.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["deliberative journalists shouldn't merely offer a platform for others to debate; nor should they mechanically report the arguments offered by different actors. Instead, they should promote that deliberation, in part, by actively criticizing the actions and views of different actors and by offering new arguments if necessary.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["deliberative scholars generally believe that the press should be an active public reasoning institution that engages in criticism and provides new arguments.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["journalism should actively foster political discussions that are characterized by impartiality, rationality, intellectual honesty and equality among the participants.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["journalism should frame politics as a continuous process of finding solutions to common problems; solutions that are either consensual or at least acceptable to everyone",1,-1,[],[28483]],["objective reporting neglects key practices of deliberative journalism, such as conducting investigative reporting and engaging in criticism.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["profit-seeking is not at all part of what deliberative journalism entails",1,-1,[],[28483]],["spark debate on how to prevent further corruption in the future.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["the economic function would be subsidiary to fulfilling the democratic one",1,-1,[],[28483]],["the four main journalistic duties it entails, which I referred to as the general duty of deliberative gatekeeping, the duty to set a deliberative agenda, the duty to explain, and the duty to promote public reasoning.",1,-1,[],[28483]],["the press's main function is epistemic: to actively promote good democratic deliberations",1,-1,[],[28483]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial journalism",1,3032,[],[28483]],["commercial journalism with deliberative tinges",1,-1,[],[28483]],["deliberative democracy",1,30375,[],[28483]],["deliberative gatekeeping",1,26673,[],[28483]],["duty to explain",1,29863,[],[28483]],["duty to promote public reasoning",1,31718,[],[28483]],["duty to set a deliberative agenda",1,28045,[],[28483]],["objective reporting",1,27594,[],[28483]],["partisan 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power.",1,-1,[],[1229]]],"sy":[["legal language",1,26953,[],[1229]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["let θ A D be the accuracy optimal classifier, and θ F D be the fairness optimal classifier",1,-1,[],[6863]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["accuracy optimal classifier",1,-1,[],[6863]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Addressees search for information that is relevant to them \"by answering a question they had in mind, improving their knowledge on a certain topic, settling a doubt, confirming a suspicion, or correcting a mistaken impression\" [18, p. 607] and exclude interpretations that seem irrelevant, overly obvious, or false.",1,-1,[],[10480]],["This approach, involving integrated and binary lessons, allows students to perceive logical connections between disciplines and adapt to a changing professional landscape.",1,-1,[],[57255]],["adaptiveness of epistemic vigilance in order to protect oneself from misinformation",1,-1,[],[10480]],["the adaptiveness of 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advanced through overtly violent forms of nationalism-such as chauvinism and fascism-but also through more subtle, everyday expressions of nationalism, which often go unnoticed",1,-1,[],[32049]],["references to the nation are indicated continuously and in an inconspicuous manner to remind the intended audience of nationhood.",1,-1,[],[53310]]],"sy":[["latent nationalism",1,-1,[],[4667]]],"rt":[["ethnocentric discourse",1,-1,[],[32049]],["hegemony",1,1755,[],[32049]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["latent nationalism",1,-1,[],[4667]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["parameters of newsworthiness",1,14257,[],[61820]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Establishing contact with others or integrating into a group not only offers objective support, such as survival resources and group shelter, but also psychological support, such as emotional attachment and 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stock-options), thus stockoptions should not be distributed in this bank (implicit conclusion).",1,-1,[],[12796]],["can cause difficulties for both automatic and manual segmentation due to the requirement of knowledge that may be outside the scope of that expressed in the text.",1,-1,[],[8006]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they are primary features we assess when evaluating unknown others and are universally applicable dimensions that help us compare different groups in society.",1,-1,[],[18934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The semantic axis is the vector connecting the mean of the left-hand pole toward the mean of the righthand pole.",1,-1,[],[19900]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cosine distance",1,-1,[],[19900]],["cosine similarity",1,-1,[],[19900]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["You may not promote violence against or directly attack or threaten other people on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or serious disease.",2,-1,[],[10460,41832]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Hate speech",2,18278,[["Hate speech",1],["hate speech",1]],[10460,20066]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["poddelka",1,-1,[],[21975]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":36,"df":[],"de":[["For case studies, these issue-specific frames serve as descriptive devices to unveil what is at stake in an issue and how this evolves through time and space.",1,-1,[],[25063]],["One of the limitations of issue-specific frames is that they are less suitable for studying interest group framing 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This research strategy provides in-depth and qualitative knowledge about how policy is understood and unfolds, although it is often limited in producing findings generalizable across a wide array of policy cases.",1,-1,[],[25063]],["nest within a broader category",1,-1,[],[51472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["generic frames",4,19746,[],[9671,35010,46439,59212]],["hybrid frames",1,8986,[],[43027]]],"sb":[["assimilationist frame",1,28047,[],[21092]],["economic threat frame",1,28918,[],[5360]],["emancipation frame",1,31661,[],[21092]],["multicultural frame",1,29071,[],[21092]],["multiculturalism frame",1,-1,[],[5360]],["victimization frame",1,2382,[],[21092]],["welfare frame",1,-1,[],[5360]]],"sp":[["frames",7,7860,[["frames",6],["Frames",1]],[30147,30900,36940,43027,43526,51472,59212]],["framing",4,22777,[],[25063,28996,43027,51472]],["News frames",1,21144,[],[28471]],["emphasis frames",1,11834,[],[25063]],["news framing",1,12351,[],[29818]]],"ex":[["\"conservative attack scandal\" or \"Clinton behaviour scandal\" (Vreese, 2005) are issue-specific.",1,-1,[],[52261]],["Agustín's (2008) study on gender equality",1,-1,[],[25063]],["Candel et al.'s (2014) study on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)",1,-1,[],[25063]],["Kurzer and Cooper's (2013) study on food information labelling",1,-1,[],[25063]],["Voltolini's (2015) study on Israel-EU relations",1,-1,[],[25063]],["multiculturalism frame",1,-1,[],[5360]],["the \"talk\", \"fight\", impasse\", and \"crisis\" news frames identified in a study on the public perception of the US public deficit (Jasperson et al., 1998) have been considered as being issue-specific (Vreese, 2005).",1,-1,[],[52261]],["the morality frame long dominated the death-penalty debate in the US, but that it has been replaced by the innocence frame",1,-1,[],[25063]],["welfare frame",1,-1,[],[5360]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the quoting frame seems to be as important as the quoted material in terms of understanding intertextual positioning",1,-1,[],[47276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The disclosure of information, which falls under the category of sensitive personal data, entails increased risks for the individual, affects the sphere of the privacy of his private life and thus more strongly infringes on his privacy, i.e., the privacy of his private life.",1,-1,[],[17730]],["sensitive data that are generated and contained within these online networks.",1,-1,[],[8276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["privacy",1,20684,[],[17730]],["private life",1,-1,[],[17730]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["personal data",1,13736,[],[17730]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Importantly, they are not abstract lessons in jihadist Islamic doctrine, and they are not fatwa interpretations. 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As part of their professional selection, they identify themes and objects that might be suitable for wider presentation, while deciding what is/is not \"worthy\" of media attention.",1,-1,[],[26271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[26271]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["intrinsic valence involving sensory input such as touch, sound (music), and visual stimuli (pictures)",1,-1,[],[7754]]],"sy":[["pleasantness",1,-1,[],[7754]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Valence",1,19356,[],[7754,7755]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["De este modo, se seleccionan aspectos de la realidad, prestando menos atención a otros y dejando algunos fuera. En definitiva, al enfatizar ciertas vertientes, se construye la realidad desde una perspectiva, frente a otras.",1,-1,[],[49676]],["El encuadre actuaría reduciendo el papel jugado por este conocimiento previo en la construcción de la interpretación y en la atribución de significado",1,-1,[],[15205]],["dar sentido y, en cierta manera, simplificar la realidad, además de para mantener el interés de los públicos",1,-1,[],[15205]],["el 'framing' se presenta, entonces, como un efecto decisivo en la comprensión y en la aproximación social de los temas.",1,-1,[],[49676]],["el encuadre 'bebe' de la cultura y se manifiesta en todos los tipos de discurso social.",1,-1,[],[15205]],["el encuadre se refiere a las palabras, imágenes, oraciones y estilo, entre otras, a partir de las mencionadas 6W.",1,-1,[],[49676]],["el periodista encuadra la realidad y aporta su punto de vista",1,-1,[],[15205]],["los encuadres condicionan el entorno social, al influir en pensamientos, ideas y actitudes de los individuos y del público.",1,-1,[],[15205]],["modelo complejo cuyo abordaje requiere del manejo de encuestas, el desarrollo de experimentos de laboratorio o la realización de análisis de contenidos cuantitativos con manejo de herramientas estadísticas",1,-1,[],[15205]],["se seleccionan aspectos de la realidad, prestando menos atención a otros y dejando algunos fuera. En definitiva, al enfatizar ciertas vertientes, se construye la realidad desde una perspectiva, frente a otras.",1,-1,[],[49676]]],"sy":[["framing",5,22777,[],[15205,26244,41767,44301,49676]],["frames",1,7860,[],[15205]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",2,425,[],[15205,26244]],["6W",1,33705,[],[49676]],["criterios de noticiabilidad",1,33844,[],[49676]],["estrategias de encuadre",1,34294,[],[15205]],["frame building",1,19371,[],[15205]],["procesos de framing",1,-1,[],[15205]]],"sb":[["Atribución de responsabilidad",1,-1,[],[15205]],["Conflicto",1,33687,[],[15205]],["Consecuencias económicas",1,20561,[],[15205]],["Interés humano",1,34135,[],[15205]],["Moralidad",1,25514,[],[15205]],["ataque",1,-1,[],[33140]],["defensa",1,-1,[],[33140]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["el sustantivo avalancha, empleado para caracterizar la llegada de inmigrantes (Rodríguez-Díaz y Mena-Montes, 2008), remite a un encuadre en que los inmigrantes se perciben como problema y amenaza para la población local.",1,-1,[],[15205]],["una fotografía en la que aparezca un inmigrante siendo detenido activa un esquema de comprensión en el que la inmigración está vinculada a la delincuencia",1,-1,[],[15205]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It may cause emotional upset or offense.",1,-1,[],[38820]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["age bias",1,15994,[],[38820]],["disability bias",1,17607,[],[38820]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[38820]],["other biases",1,-1,[],[38820]]],"sp":[["Level A-Inclusive/Non-inclusive",1,-1,[],[38820]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it directs attention to the ways in which connections between masculinity and male football form part of an established-outsider interplay within newspaper discourses.",1,-1,[],[19803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["the social mechanisms that enabled a locally \"established group\" to create a power relationship over a newly arrived \"outsider group\"",1,-1,[],[19803]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the source first generates articles that contain sentences, and the sentences may entail or refute related claims. 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Ferry 24 ), exclut le communautarisme qui isole ou juxtapose.",1,-1,[],[25404]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["of those involved must be kept in mind, even if this only involves mistaken speculation",1,-1,[],[47832]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["primary reality",1,33961,[],[47832]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["metaphorical expressions such as \"bargaining\", \"manipulation\" and \"inducement\" used to construct its political intention.",1,-1,[],[53226]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The former stresses conformity and unity, but the latter promotes diversity and individuality.",1,-1,[],[20497]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["globalization",1,34102,[],[20497]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["algorithmic 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frames",1,25284,[],[52330]]],"ex":[["conflict",3,-1,[],[5357,52258,52330]],["Economic consequences",2,-1,[["Economic consequences",1],["economic consequences",1]],[52330,54399]],["Islam as the cause of ethnic and religious conflicts.",1,-1,[],[52258]],["Security",1,-1,[],[54399]],["attribution of responsibility",1,-1,[],[52330]],["distinguish between economic and public frames",1,-1,[],[25062]],["distinguish between self-, other-, public-and ideal-regarding frames",1,-1,[],[25062]],["economic and public frames",1,-1,[],[25062]],["economic consequences, morality, or responsibility",1,-1,[],[59210]],["frames such as \"strategy,\" \"game,\" \"episodic,\" or \"thematic\" are generic news frames",1,-1,[],[52258]],["game frame",1,-1,[],[52258]],["human interest",1,-1,[],[52330]],["negativity frame",1,-1,[],[5357]],["self-, other-, public-and ideal-regarding frames",1,-1,[],[25062]],["victimization",1,-1,[],[5357]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["prospective control",1,-1,[],[7760]],["retrospective control",1,30040,[],[7760]]],"sp":[["control",1,5820,[],[7760]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For example, it identifies opinions related to particular issues like civil rights, where the stance is evaluated directly against a clearly defined subject.",1,-1,[],[41707]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[41707]]],"ex":[["For example, it identifies opinions related to particular issues like civil rights, where the stance is evaluated directly against a clearly defined subject.",1,-1,[],[41707]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social networks",1,32746,[],[14871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the most common balancing method is an altogether different kind of three-pronged test which we might label \"the necessity test.\"",1,-1,[],[21943]]],"sy":[["the necessity test",1,19753,[],[21943]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sie werden gezielt eingesetzt, um die Aufmerksamkeit journalistischer Akteure und folgerichtig auch der breiten Öffentlichkeit zu erhalten.",1,-1,[],[21248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a percepção é também um processo sociocultural complexo, do qual só tomamos conhecimento quando aprendemos sobre os espaços socioculturais nos quais estamos inseridos, que, de alguma forma, nos ensina o que 'ver'",1,-1,[],[31449]],["um processo cognitivo de conhecimento intencional, a percepção se constitui em uma prática agentiva, guiada por nossos interesses particulares.",1,-1,[],[31449]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["imaginação",1,-1,[],[31449]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["perceived opportunities for intellectual action",1,-1,[],[22108]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Affordance",1,3089,[["Affordance",1],["affordances",1]],[22108]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the actual work of changing structures calls for an embodied practice that works through the academic body in imagining the possibilities of transformation.",1,-1,[],[14114]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This friction, however, involves productive tension that reshapes the awareness of data scientists and AI engineers, prompting them to consider ethics more seriously than some of their previous places of employment",1,-1,[],[57669]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Emplotment thus requires engaging with questions such as: What happened next? How did that happen? Why did things happen this way rather than some other way?",1,-1,[],[56964]],["Narratives, especially on new media such as social media, have the capacity to make people relive a lived experience by inducing in the audience a state of attention that confers a mental immediacy to the narrated events (implying a specific engagement in the story and a focus on emotional responses; Romele 2014).",1,-1,[],[10315]],["To put it differently, the second function of narrative is to arouse in its audience a state of immersion, a cognitive plunge in a space-time not present at the moment of the narration.",1,-1,[],[10315]],["it is only through emplotmentand by describing how individual events fit into a particular causal chain of eventsthat individual events acquire meaning.",1,-1,[],[56964]],["the plot is always constructed retrospectively through narrative techniques, in an attempt to bring coherence and closure to the chronological sequence of events.",1,-1,[],[56964]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["masterplots",1,-1,[],[56964]],["narrative effects",1,12989,[],[10315]],["plot",1,2190,[],[56964]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Fall",1,-1,[],[21191]],["Geschichte",1,-1,[],[21191]],["Phänomen",1,-1,[],[21191]],["Sache",1,-1,[],[21191]]],"rt":[["Skandal",1,-1,[],[21191]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Socratic irony",1,33323,[],[45534]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A constructionist epistemology has particular implications with regard to thematic analysis, namely that in addition to the recurrence of perceptibly important information, meaningfulness is highly influential in the development and interpretation of codes and themes.",1,-1,[],[791]],["Scholars assert that three paradigms shape communication: constructionist, critical, and cognitive.",1,-1,[],[58522]],["This paradigm holds that a frame can have long-term dominance over coverage",1,-1,[],[58522]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["paradigm",1,22400,[],[58522]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["collective action problem",1,30679,[],[18547]],["public good",1,17373,[],[18547]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["a perspective offering explanatory power for the current findings.",1,-1,[],[56744]],["the phrase 'sharing misinformation' is ambiguous between multiple phenomena",1,-1,[],[60773]]],"sy":[["unverified information sharing",1,-1,[],[3273]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative frame",1,16404,[],[31283]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The consumer, in turn, can infer from the selection of articles or news segments what other people in his or her community tend to be interested in.",1,-1,[],[62000]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This populist frame taps into the causal interpretation as well as the moral evaluation of issues as the in-group is perceived of as morally good and absolved of responsibility while \"they\" are evil and causally responsible.",1,-1,[],[8307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["downturn phase",1,15118,[],[40558]],["establishment phase",1,19520,[],[40558]],["latency phase",1,12574,[],[40558]],["rehabilitation phase",1,7157,[],[40558]],["upswing phase",1,21511,[],[40558]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Accuracy of information should be verified by professional journalists.",1,-1,[],[42486]],["the remaining 95% consisting of information from reliable sources",1,-1,[],[14802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[14802]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["We then explore the benefits of training a joint model that learns to generate veracity explanations while also predicting the veracity of a claim.",1,-1,[],[11470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ruling comments",1,-1,[],[11470]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["f alse",1,17071,[],[43666]],["true",1,13216,[],[43666]],["unverif ied",1,15900,[],[43666]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the perspective of language functions, of course, this form of language does not support the essential function of language.",1,-1,[],[35811]],["Language, which should have an essential function as a barrier to cooperation and a guardian of harmonious relations between people, is damaged by the outbreak of hate speech, as shown in the data.",1,-1,[],[35811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a 'reasoner' breaks down the claims into smaller segments. It then evaluates each segment of the claim, using available evidence to verify their alignment. Essentially, it employs a logical 'AND' operator to determine if all segments of the claim are factual, leading to the final verdict. The verdict is reached after the justification is produced.",1,-1,[],[12105]],["the veracity verdict is produced and then inputted into the justification production module to ensure consistency between the output justification and the verdict",1,-1,[],[12112]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multi-hop based fact-checking systems",1,-1,[],[12105]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The authors suggest that if a photo is originally shared publicly, it becomes a private image when it has been edited to depict the person in the image in a sexualized way.",1,-1,[],[16828]]],"sy":[["sexualized photoshopping",1,34365,[],[16828]]],"rt":[["Image-based sexual violence",1,-1,[],[16828]],["sexualized photoshopping",1,34365,[],[16828]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a 17-year-old Australian woman, Noelle Martin, found her face photoshopped onto pornographic images circulating on the internet, which caused her anguish over diminished job prospects.",1,-1,[],[16828]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they provide an ideological spin on low-quality newswire companies referred to as \"pink slime journalism,\" which had a brief surge in popularity in the early 2010s",1,-1,[],[34723]]],"sy":[["pink slime journalism",1,-1,[],[34723]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["heteronormative",1,-1,[],[22195]],["heteronormativity",1,12726,[],[22195]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["multi-hop facts (e.g. other sources owned by the same company)",1,-1,[],[50808]],["topic-specific indicators, for example evidence that a source cannot be trusted specifically on issues related to healthcare, Québécois politics, or news about a particular advertiser",1,-1,[],[50808]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["discussion in other media about the source",1,-1,[],[50808]],["public stances taken by the source (e.g., endorsing a political campaign)",1,-1,[],[50808]],["reliance by other media on the source",1,-1,[],[50808]],["the factual history of the source (as indicated e.g. by fact-checks undergone by reputable fact-checking organisations)",1,-1,[],[50808]],["the founding, leadership, and organization of the source",1,-1,[],[50808]],["the funding model of the source",1,-1,[],[50808]],["the remit and target audience of the source",1,-1,[],[50808]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These commemorations serve to highlight the role of liberation fighters, as well as stifle critical interpretations of the conflict.",1,-1,[],[8265]],["can be divisive, which is prominent in the context of Croatia.",1,-1,[],[43934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In cases involving multiple victims, it is sufficient for one of them to submit the complaint. It is not required that all victims agree on a single submission, as the complaint is not divisible.",1,-1,[],[42602]],["It differs from a report submitted by a person to the competent public authorities to notify them of the occurrence of a crime or their observation of it, without the crime having been committed against them.",1,-1,[],[42602]],["The complaint is directed primarily at the specific offence",1,-1,[],[42602]],["The complaint is submitted by the victim or their legal representative (guardian).",1,-1,[],[42602]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["discourse institutionalization will occur if it meets two conditions: certain positions, practices and the conceptual machinery (storylines, metaphors, argumentative schemes, etc.) related to a discourse dominate the discursive space and central actors are forced to accept the rhetorical power of a new discourse; and the ideas of a given discourse infiltrate into the institutional practices of the political domain.",1,-1,[],[47194]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["convey (1) confrontational narratives of threat, selfreproach, and epistemological authority loss.",1,-1,[],[55015]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Projectory narratives",1,14100,[],[55015]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, this news is sometimes wrong, sometimes right or completely wrong.",1,-1,[],[20640]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["pseudoscience",1,14895,[],[10602]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[["news media trust refers to the relationship between citizens (the trustors) and the news media (the trustees) where citizens, however tacit or habitual, in situations of uncertainty expect that interactions with the news media will lead to gains rather than losses",2,-1,[],[5378,33272]]],"de":[["In this article, if nothing else is stated, we refer to traditional news media such as newspapers, television news and radio newsin their offline or online formatswhen writing about news media and news media trust.",1,-1,[],[5378]],["most of the time, the terms refer to trust in traditional news media such as newspapers.",1,-1,[],[5378]],["news media users do not have at their disposal the resources and capabilities to evaluate thoroughly the reliability of news … Thus, somehow they have to find clues to legitimate their trust and to compensate for this inevitable risk.",1,-1,[],[5378]],["the items should be adapted to explicate that the statements deal with the news media's coverage rather than the news media as organizations or institutions",1,-1,[],[5378]],["what matters is people's trust in the information coming from news media, regardless of the level of analysis",1,-1,[],[5378]]],"sy":[["media trust",1,14276,[],[5378]],["news credibility",1,7907,[],[5378]]],"rt":[["distrust",1,33632,[],[5378]],["media credibility",1,17467,[],[5378]],["media cynicism",1,14443,[],[5378]],["media skepticism",1,11526,[],[5378]],["media trustworthiness",1,-1,[],[5378]],["trust in the information coming from news media",1,-1,[],[5378]]],"sb":[["trust in journalistic assessment",1,-1,[],[5378]],["trust in the accuracy of depictions",1,-1,[],[5378]],["trust in the selectivity of facts",1,-1,[],[5378]],["trust in the selectivity of topics",1,-1,[],[5378]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["generic statements do not imply that a category is a good predictor of having a property, just that it is in a persistent state of possibly manifesting a property",1,-1,[],[56462]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Hayward (2011) posits that contestation is oriented towards controlling the principles, regulations, and norms that guide society, which in some instances are embedded within the nation's economic, political, and governmental ideology (Featherstone & Korf 2012).",1,-1,[],[52643]],["new media, which fosters contestation by enabling discourse on topics like identity and values beyond traditional community boundaries",1,-1,[],[52643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["perceived diversity",1,31449,[],[5035]]],"rt":[["media diversity",1,4530,[],[5035]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By claiming that AI identifies people's propensities to turn a protest violent, Geofeedia and Dataminr claim they know which people are likely to cause trouble for their clients.",1,-1,[],[42527]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[9734]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["any such in-group/out-group distinction, even one based on the most trivial of shared characteristics, triggers both positive feelings for the in group and negative evaluations of the out group",1,-1,[],[7706]],["group members strive to perceive their own group ('in-group') as better than and distinct from",1,-1,[],[29361]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["in-group",10,15191,[["in-group",7],["in-groups",2],["in group",1],["ingroup",1]],[1343,4565,7706,7778,22668,28751,29361,29362,39575,54643,61677]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[["the ability to effectively search for, evaluate, and verify social and political information online",3,-1,[["the ability to effectively search for, evaluate, and verify social and political information online",2],["the \"ability to effectively search for, evaluate, and verify social and political information online\"",1]],[20478,27990,48299]]],"de":[["Specifically, civic online reasoning permits citizens to engage with political and social topics in critical and constructive ways.",1,-1,[],[20478]],["Thus, civic online reasoning is a central part of a civic literacy, necessary for all citizens to better understand and participate in democratic conversations and decision-making in a digital world.",1,-1,[],[20478]],["We perceive civic online reasoning as a limited but central part of the complex field of media and information literacy.",1,-1,[],[20478]],["civic online literacy is constituted by a diverse set of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and background characteristics that need to be carefully mapped to site characteristics to get a more complete picture of online credibility assessments",1,-1,[],[27990]],["includes knowledge, skills and attitudes found in the social sciences and journalism in a digital world",1,-1,[],[20478]],["permits citizens to engage with political and social topics in critical and constructive ways.",1,-1,[],[20478]],["the three skills were described by one latent construct-civic online reasoning-that, in turn, was related to all self-rated attitudes and skills, and background variables except age and educational orientation.",1,-1,[],[27990]],["to evaluate a piece of online news, people should investigate who is behind the information, evaluate the evidence presented, and compare the information with other sources.",1,-1,[],[27990]]],"sy":[["civic online literacy",1,-1,[],[27990]]],"rt":[["media and information literacy",2,25540,[],[20478,27990]],["Who is behind the information? What is the evidence? What do other sources say?",1,-1,[],[27990]],["civic literacy",1,9338,[],[20478]]],"sb":[["comparing",1,9972,[],[27990]],["evidence",1,2211,[],[27990]],["lateral reading",1,4974,[],[10048]],["sourcing",1,32702,[],[27990]]],"sp":[["civic literacy",1,9338,[],[20478]],["information literacy",1,8985,[],[27990]],["media and information literacy",1,25540,[],[20478]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These reframed narratives reflect cultural and contextual norms and ideologies, and translated texts have alterations that are tailored to readers' existing schemas and expectations, thereby influencing their reception of narratives.",1,-1,[],[56288]],["These subtle reframings are executed in order for readers' to emotionally relate with accounts and/or resonate with texts, whilst simultaneously reinforcing Us-Them polarizations by presenting positive notions of one's own country and people, and negative notions of migrants'/refugees' and their home countries",1,-1,[],[56288]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["methods of data exploitation that do not damage people's lives, such as fairness/discrimination-aware learning, privacypreserving data mining, or adversarial learning, together comprise the notion of socially responsible mining",1,-1,[],[21784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["If law is expressed in a way that is too unclear for a person of average intelligence to reasonably forecast whether or not his or her speech falls under it, then to avoid the risk of adverse legal consequences he or she may refrain from saying anything remotely controversial, critical, or provocative",1,-1,[],[18488]],["making people overly cautious about what they will say in public",1,-1,[],[18488]],["putative chilling effect of hate speech law on other categories of speech",1,-1,[],[18488]],["the concern is that in practice any attempt to ban hate speech, no matter how careful or well intentioned, is bound to cause collateral damage in terms of making people overly cautious about what they will say in public.",1,-1,[],[18488]],["with reporters and editors covering only stories with clear court outcomes, which are 'safer' rather than pursuing more investigative, open-ended stories on gender violence regimes",1,-1,[],[25341]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Calling the target a liar, charlatan, bullshitter, traitor, etc.",1,-1,[],[9883]],["Calls for change in political leadership due to lack of credibility",1,-1,[],[9883]],["Calls to act in an honest way (e.g., to tell the truth)",1,-1,[],[9883]],["Negation of positive character traits such as honesty and credibility",1,-1,[],[9883]],["References to lying, deceiving, betraying, incongruence between words and actions, not keeping promises, manipulation, officeholders' hidden intentions or insincere attempts at masking their failure (e.g., hypocrisy), officeholders having lost trust in the eyes of the public",1,-1,[],[9883]],["References to outcomes of betrayal, such as \"broken promises\"",1,-1,[],[9883]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["judgments of social sanction",1,11839,[],[9883]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Judgment",1,10634,[],[9883]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["reactive coradicalisation",1,33505,[],[23017]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["meritocratic nationalism",1,19384,[],[61012]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",2,18278,[["Hate speech",1],["hate speech",1]],[22280,52235]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attitude",1,13566,[],[419]],["emotion",1,22181,[],[419]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[419]],["subjective norm",1,32565,[],[419]]],"sb":[["Consumat 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First, both effects are grounded in mnemonic models of information-processing, which assume that individuals form attitudes on the strength of considerations that are most salient, and thus most accessible, when making decisions.",1,-1,[],[13]],["The external stimulus can be inherently linked to a cognition, e.g., the sight of a gun is inherently linked to the concept of aggression (21), or the external stimulus can be something inherently neutral like a particular ethnic group (e.g., African Americans) that has become linked in the past to certain beliefs or behaviors (e.g., welfare) (97).",1,-1,[],[23382]],["The external stimulus can be inherently linked to a cognition, e.g., the sight of a gun is inherently linked to the concept of aggression (21), or the external stimulus can be something inherently neutral like a particular ethnic group (e.g., African Americans) that has become linked in the past to certain beliefs or behaviors (e.g., welfare) (97). The primed concepts make behaviors linked to them more likely.",1,-1,[],[23382]],["The primed concepts make behaviors linked to them more likely. When media violence primes aggressive concepts, aggression is more likely.",1,-1,[],[23382]],["The priming phase is related to \"psychological interference\" and influence aiming \"to prime and by default gain something; information, positioning, testing information, learning or an advantage\"",1,-1,[],[10190]],["The semantic relation between the prime and the target is the topic of interest to the investigator. To the extent the prime influences the response to the target the two stimuli are deemed to be associated.",1,-1,[],[10124]],["This mechanism is based on \"a memory-based model of information processing, which assumes that individuals make judgments about other people or issues based on information easily available and retrievable from memory\"",1,-1,[],[48179]],["This priming is important because it relates to the issues of conditioned cultural and social frameworks and establishes a toehold for future propaganda and disinformation efforts.",1,-1,[],[3685]],["Through three methods available to the media, such as agenda-setting, priming, and framing, this process helps form public opinion and influence policymaking.",1,-1,[],[14024]],["a notion which originates in cognitive psychology and derives from the associative model of memory: every new concept is stored as a node in a network and is connected to other concepts by semantic paths; the priming effect refers to the activation of a certain node in the network by an external stimulus semantically related to it.",1,-1,[],[48179]],["priming is about the automatic activation of non-consciously existent memorata, which may include frames.",1,-1,[],[2382]],["the context in which news is perceived",1,-1,[],[398]],["the intent of hostile actors \"is that the target will voluntarily make harmful choices and decisions\"",1,-1,[],[10190]],["the second-level agenda-setting process",1,-1,[],[57682]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[13]],["cue convergence",1,4553,[],[53330]],["framing",1,22777,[],[2382]],["second-level agenda-setting process",1,18168,[],[57682]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Lying Ted\", \"Crooked Hillary\"",1,-1,[],[61996]],["Some primes facilitate the response to the target word, as when the prime is bread and the target is butter.",1,-1,[],[10124]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["experiential",1,31951,[],[8034]],["non-experiential",1,27291,[],[8034]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["My son has hypoglycemia",1,-1,[],[8034]],["food allergies are seen in less than 20% of the population",1,-1,[],[8034]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Informing",1,1083,[],[56659]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reference",1,363,[],[8023]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["whether a user trusts an individual prediction sufficiently to take some action based on it",2,-1,[],[15449,18746]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["trusting a model",1,15983,[],[15449]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["trust",1,-1,[],[35115]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["detox",1,-1,[],[47531]],["news avoidance",1,7314,[],[47531]],["technological disconnection",1,-1,[],[47531]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sie finden nach Grenzüberschreitungen erster Ordnung statt und sollen eine Skandalisierung verhindern.",1,-1,[],[21313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Bedrohung von Informanten",1,-1,[],[21313]],["Leugnung eines vorhandenen Sachverhalts",1,-1,[],[21313]],["Vertuschung von Informationen",1,-1,[],[21313]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Truth is a defines except if \"such imputation [that led to the defamation action] concerns personal matters, and such proof is not be of benefit to the public.\"",1,-1,[],[13580]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Detection of opinion holder is to recognize direct or indirect sources of opinion.",1,-1,[],[15879]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["It requires asking questions about the source of information, the strength of an argument, and the value of evidence.",1,-1,[],[52171]],["Linguistics considers evaluation in terms of pragma-stylistic orientations of evaluative expressions in texts, mainly artistic speech, in terms of types of verbalizations of evaluation, i.e., the lexical and grammatical means of its expression.",1,-1,[],[50981]],["They are often meant to describe the social or political implications of the main event or evaluation of the current situation. Typically, it uses statements from influential people to selectively emphasize on their viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[11421,11422]],["confirming that appeal to fearmongering is a common rhetorical strategy facilitating disinformation and misinformation spread.",1,-1,[],[36375]],["jedoch werfe diese immer auch politische Fragen nach den Grundlagen dieser kritischen Beurteilung auf. So sei u. a. zu diskutieren, ob aufgrund ästhetischer, politischer, ideologischer oder wirtschaftlicher Grundlagen eine Beurteilung vorgenommen wird.",1,-1,[],[46087]],["the Evaluation category simply facilitates a broader understanding of the positive and negative evaluations of emerging technologies without being constrained by the foci of the other categories.",1,-1,[],[41582]],["used comparative words to make people judge and explore the headline to find out the truth.",1,-1,[],[27367]]],"sy":[["appraisal",1,32170,[],[24807]],["evaluative language",1,6722,[],[24807]],["stance",1,2283,[],[24807]]],"rt":[["AI futures frames",1,11354,[],[358]],["blaming",1,17845,[],[9867]],["equivalence (or valence) frames",1,498,[],[41582]],["logic of evaluation",1,30315,[],[60463]],["modality",1,15247,[],[24807]]],"sb":[["Evaluation-emotional (EE)",1,16034,[["Evaluation-emotional (EE)",1],["emotional evaluations",1]],[36375]],["Evaluation-rational 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