[{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nationalism",1,22205,[],[30341]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["characteristics that reflect how the pan-Arab media set their news agenda and how they position themselves with regard to regional Arab politics and power relations",1,-1,[],[52967]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["promoting conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[52967]],["pseudo Pan-Arab diversity",1,-1,[],[52967]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The trainer effectively unleashed a vicious monologue, calling all participants \"assholes\", blaming us for every problem in the world, and repeating over and over again just how \"stupid\" we all were. We were no longer individuals -we were grouped together as \"assholes\" who were the cause of every bad thing in the world.",1,-1,[],[24999]],["Things previously mentioned as \"abuse\" -the three hour introductory talk convincing participants that they were assholes responsible for the planet's woes; the further lectures and explanations that rendered the opinions of participants as worthless; the threats of pain, discomfort, desperation, boredom, and hatred; the constant mockery about logic and how participants had to abandon logic to survive the training; the stress of simple things like seating positions; the abuse of the older woman for sitting in the wrong chair; the incensed blame brought on by \"failing\" in the red and black game; the \"I can see right through you exercise\" where participants were made to stand in front of the group and be taken apart by the trainer; the \"what do you want?\" exercise and the purging of all inner thoughts brought about by that exercise (the self-betrayal involved in the \"what do you want?\" exercise for becoming involved in the abuse of one's partner); the guided regression into painful childhood memories, the dressing up like a little girl and singing a song, all under the blanket of sleep deprivation and constant verbal abuse -all fits the description of \"Assault Upon Identity\".",1,-1,[],[24999]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lifton's twelve steps of death and rebirth",1,-1,[],[24999]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["other agents that promote deliberation incidentally or unconsciously",1,-1,[],[28484]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["If women clearly succeed in a male gender-typed job, they are perceived less likable and more hostile than men in similar positions; if success is ambiguous, they are perceived less competent and achievement-oriented than men.",1,-1,[],[12245]],["On one hand, if female politicians exhibit gender-congruent traits, they are evaluated unfavorably on masculine traits, which in turn may reduce their chances to be elected or promoted to higher executive positions (Rosenwasser & Dean, 1989). On the other hand, if they emphasize their masculine traits, they are penalized for lacking femininity (Eagly & Karau, 2002).",1,-1,[],[39470]],["and in this case the social order of an AISWT.",1,-1,[],[27623]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["glass ceiling",1,1451,[],[12245]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["identification elements",1,-1,[],[41140]],["narrative structure",1,390,[],[41140]]],"sp":[["Knowledge Resources (KRs)",1,-1,[],[40516]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frame",1,7860,[],[47347]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["who see catastrophe as imminent and inevitable",1,-1,[],[23556]]],"sy":[["climate doomism",1,24103,[],[23556]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["short texts that clarify what the reader can expect from the linked article, often making the clickbait uninteresting",1,-1,[],[32397]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["multi-part spoilers",1,-1,[],[32397]],["passage spoilers",1,2707,[],[32397]],["passage spoilers (a few sentences at most)",1,-1,[],[32397]],["phrase spoilers",1,10789,[],[32397]],["phrase spoilers (containing a single word or a short phrase)",1,-1,[],[32397]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing theory",1,32672,[],[61757]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Mirka Rauniomaa (2003) has developed Du Bois's (2002) concept of stance accretion to capture the way in which stances accumulate into more durable structures of identity.",1,-1,[],[25306]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Their articles contain hyperlinks to further sources of information, present arguments of all involved parties, distinguish between facts, speculations, and commentaries.",1,-1,[],[43053]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["objective press",1,-1,[],[43053]],["public media",1,-1,[],[43053]],["public media, objective press",1,-1,[],[43053]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["News markets thus become ideologically and politically fragmented, and users are locked up in individual, algorithm-based ideological 'echo chambers' that reflect their own opinions (Sunstein, 2017).",1,-1,[],[53071]],["This thesis is based on the technological argument that consumption monitoring techniques and algorithms are increasingly being used by news providers and other media to target individual customers with specific news content. The economic logic behind this shift is that of content customisation: the differentiation of content supply based on customer characteristics.",1,-1,[],[53071]]],"sy":[["filter bubble thesis",1,23516,[],[53071]],["fragmentation",1,21867,[],[53071]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Some will say that this is so: propagandists, through their influence and voice, greatly contribute to the dynamics and results of the conflict, just or unjust, by mobilising fighters, inciting action, and threatening opponents.",1,-1,[],[61594]],["While they are important participants for state and non-state military apparatuses, propagandists do not carry actual weapons, nor do they directly harm opponents with bullets.",1,-1,[],[61594]],["civilian propagandists' clear role in creating tactical or strategic advantages for one side in the conflict",1,-1,[],[61594]],["may maximally be treated as indirectly participating civilians, liable only to less-than-lethal harm.",1,-1,[],[61594]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["combatants",1,16292,[],[61594]],["indirectly participating civilians",1,19171,[],[61593,61594]],["non-combatants",1,33326,[],[61594]]],"sb":[["ancient",1,-1,[],[61594]],["contemporary",1,-1,[],[61594]],["illegitimate",1,-1,[],[61594]],["legitimate",1,-1,[],[61594]],["non-state",1,-1,[],[61594]],["paid propagandists",1,-1,[],[61593]],["state",1,23294,[],[61594]],["voluntary (as in unpaid) propagandists",1,-1,[],[61593]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Externally, some representatives may have openly protested on TV to defend their faith or community. Internally, they aimed to show members how wrong the general picture is.",1,-1,[],[57902]],["In these cases, they actively protested against the negative image by trying to formulate a more positive identity, both internally and externally.",1,-1,[],[57902]]],"sy":[["protest category",1,-1,[],[57902]],["protest strategy",1,-1,[],[57902]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Todo ello configura la mala prensa (racismo, xenofobia, odio) que rodea a los emigrantes/inmigrantes/ migrantes en la sociedad -imaginarios sociales-.",1,-1,[],[53055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can also be thought of as spaces of dispute for the meaning and the right to make sexual dissidence forms visible in the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[49196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive practices",1,29356,[],[49196]],["interpellation",1,24550,[],[49196]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["artesanxs, emprendedorxs, productorxs músicxs y maestrxs",1,-1,[],[49196]],["les jóvenes que aman",1,-1,[],[49196]],["les niñes",1,-1,[],[49196]],["trabajadorxs freelance y monotributistas organizdxs",1,-1,[],[49196]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fairness",1,27748,[],[26046]],["fairness in AI",1,6829,[],[14618]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Agency requires selfawareness: groups cannot act in their best interests without first being aware that the group exists.",1,-1,[],[1068]],["Needs and interests are shared between members insofar as Bwhat benefits or harms any member must benefit or harm all^ (Jones 2016).",1,-1,[],[1068]],["This encompasses their collaborative interactions with online information and the reciprocal effects and influences exerted on every receiver and reader of that information.",1,-1,[],[31400]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["agency",1,19283,[],[31400]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["referring to experts' interviews and impersonal authority by reference to scientific research",1,-1,[],[13183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["impersonal authority",1,16392,[],[13183]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["\"formal\" news values",1,-1,[],[52931]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social TV",1,-1,[],[49146]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Word Play:",1,-1,[],[35403]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["alliterations",1,-1,[],[35403]],["puns",1,11031,[],[35403]]],"sp":[["Ambiguity",2,21439,[],[12174,35403]]],"ex":[["I hate jokes about 9/11 victims they always fall flat",1,-1,[],[12174]],["e.g., I hate jokes about 9/11 victims they always fall flat",1,-1,[],[12174]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Fake articles, miracle products",1,-1,[],[38045]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["the object as perceived",1,-1,[],[28542]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The primary features of AI ethics are fairness, data privacy, security, ethical algorithms, decision-making, dependability, and transparency in AI",1,-1,[],[13561]],["has become an important research topic in academia and of common interest to individuals, organizations, countries, and society",1,-1,[],[43660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the valence of the media coverage (the attribute agenda)",1,-1,[],[3614]]],"sy":[["second level agenda-setting",2,1243,[["second level agenda-setting",1],["second level of agenda-setting",1]],[3614,37068]]],"rt":[["framing",1,22777,[],[37068]],["issue agenda",1,79,[],[3614]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["greater ideological extremity of sources",1,-1,[],[55003]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Curiosity arises, according to Loewenstein, following the awareness of the existence of an informational or epistemic gap. Understood in this way, Loewenstein continues, curiosity works on the model of physiological needs, such as hunger or thirst. Thus, offering information in small doses, in incomplete or ambiguous syntaxes, causes the appearance of curiosity which, once manifested, will be satisfied by attempts to complete the data puzzle previously provided.",1,-1,[],[44715]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["clickbait headlines",1,12248,[],[44715]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Local TTs serve as crowdsourced aggregators of recent topics of high relevance and popularity, filtering the activity of a country through a centralized channel of temporally relevant information.",1,-1,[],[26730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[35946]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Hot flashes, mood swings, plus hormonal and physical changes are framed as OBSTACLES, hence describing menopause as a DISRUPTIVE FORCE in daily life, emphasizing its unpredictability and the physical and emotional challenges that accompany it.",1,-1,[],[39045]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ADVERSARIAL FORCE",1,-1,[],[39045]],["DISRUPTIVE FORCE",1,-1,[],[39045]],["ENEMY",1,-1,[],[39045]],["OBSTACLES",1,-1,[],[39045]],["THREAT",1,10758,[],[39045]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an UNEXPECTED OBSTACLE",1,-1,[],[39045]],["the brain compared to a MALFUNCTIONING MACHINE",1,-1,[],[39045]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the term 'offensive public speech' may convey a misleading impression that what is distinctive or problematic about the speech in question is that people targeted find it offensive or are offended by it.",1,-1,[],[43796]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["la concepción del humor como una acción cuyo propósito social es reírse \"a modo de protesta contra quienes intentan romper los derechos y valores universales\" (Cortés-Kandler y Arroyo-Carvajal, 2021, p. 80) y que funciona como crítica social (Rodríguez-Montemayor, 2020).",1,-1,[],[41286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["examined the unequal flows of information, news, and cultural products between the Global North and South.",1,-1,[],[38155]],["extended these arguments to explain global power relations in the media and cultural industries.",1,-1,[],[38155]],["threatened the cultural independence of formerly colonized countries and hindered their efforts to build viable news agencies and media and cultural industries",1,-1,[],[38155]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Marxist world-system analysis",1,-1,[],[38155]],["class",1,19416,[],[38155]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["This definition emphasizes characteristics that distinguish community media from commercial journalism: community ownership, participatory production, a focus on local content, and a commitment to democratic communication.",1,-1,[],[54236]],["characteristics that distinguish community media from commercial journalism: community ownership, participatory production, a focus on local content, and a commitment to democratic communication",1,-1,[],[54236]],["construct an alternative reality, focusing less on mass audiences and more on niche publics who are not represented in mainstream media",1,-1,[],[32747]],["growing in the Portuguese context, primarily through online broadcasting without FM frequency and operating outside the radio law",1,-1,[],[32747]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alternative media",1,7423,[],[26092]],["citizen journalism",1,34430,[],[32747]],["community journalism",1,33815,[],[32747]],["community radio",1,31483,[],[32747]],["independent journalism",1,11486,[],[32747]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the text-producer presents the main function of the past and historical knowledge as some historic experience only.",1,-1,[],[47804]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Moralization",1,12713,[],[47804]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bitch",1,8030,[],[31789]],["monsters",1,1978,[],[53899]],["the mothers",1,10709,[],[53899]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Scientific data, such as air quality measurements indexed relative to likely harm on an imagined average (human) body, offer one such story.",1,-1,[],[3772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Essentially, broadening emphasizes either the uniqueness of a certain quality to the group or highlights the complexity of individual group members, suggesting that they cannot be defined by merely one quality.",1,-1,[],[41050]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["women are complex individuals like everyone else, and some may be shallow but that cannot be generalized to all women",1,-1,[],[41050]],["women are shallow",1,-1,[],[41050]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mediatisation",1,10835,[],[3190]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Dark Triad",1,3994,[],[44979]],["Machiavellianism",1,5462,[],[44979]],["narcissism",1,34707,[],[44979]],["psychological attributes",1,-1,[],[44979]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Dark Tetrad",1,2548,[],[19334]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we approach the questions of how Internet-based communication is controlled and regulated in different societal contexts more openly.",1,-1,[],[48138]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["practical NLP applications often require only two levels of semantic orientation-having particular semantic orientation or not (evaluative) or not (non-evaluative).",1,-1,[],[24383]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["post-truth or post-factual relativism",1,-1,[],[48725]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is at core of the opinion polarity detection and mining problem.",1,-1,[],[19113]],["Topical stance detection is the problem of finding whether a given tweet takes a FAVOR (positive), AGAINST (negative) or NONE (neutral) stance towards a given topic.",1,-1,[],[19113]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion polarity detection",1,-1,[],[19113]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The method goes beyond the analysis of the questionable content itself to collect and compare a wide range of similar and related statement from various sources (network) such as metatags and social network behaviour to ascertain the likelihood of the content being false.",1,-1,[],[15304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["linguistic approach",2,4686,[["linguistic approach",1],["linguistic approaches",1]],[15304,48546]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the viewer is called on to look towards what cannot be seen, not by adjusting the gaze but by imaginatively constructing the next moment in a trajectory of movement frozen by photography.",1,-1,[],[23331]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anticipatory",1,-1,[],[23331]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a punch about to land, a window about to shatter, a fight about to break out",1,-1,[],[23331]]]},{"nd":81,"df":[],"de":[["De esta forma, consiguen transmitir una realidad ficticia con el objetivo de desestabilizar a la audiencia que los recibe (Olmo & Romero, 2019).",1,-1,[],[42964]],["Desinformación y posverdad se encuentran vinculadas al actual ecosistema mediático marcado por la hiperconectividad, el desarrollo tecnológico, los nuevos soportes y la expansión de las redes sociales.",1,-1,[],[52540]],["Desinformar es un fenómeno de manipulación y filtraje basado en la coincidencia ideológica y emocional que comparten quienes circulan bulos.",1,-1,[],[15231]],["El auge del fenómeno de la desinformación y la manipulación mediática",1,-1,[],[46736]],["El carácter multifacético de la desinformación supone también el riesgo de una dispersión excesiva de la legislación aplicable [privacidad, penal, constitucional (electoral), civil…] a un mismo fenómeno en el que, además, la falta de veracidad no es necesariamente el elemento punible.",1,-1,[],[13866]],["El fenómeno de la desinformación que recoge la UE va más allá del término «noticias falsas» según se desprende del informe realizado para la Comisión Europea por el Grupo de Expertos de Alto Nivel (HLEG)",1,-1,[],[52493]],["El motivo del éxito de su viralidad, en contraposición con la forma de la verdad, es su contenido novedoso y emocional",1,-1,[],[46736]],["Es su viralidad, gracias al canal y a la forma del contenido del discurso falso, su gran potencia de ataque.",1,-1,[],[46736]],["Es su viralidad, gracias al canal y a la forma del contenido del discurso falso, su gran potencia de ataque. Según un estudio del Massachusetts Institute of Technology, la mentira en Twitter tiene un 70% más de probabilidad de ser retuiteada. Su propagación es más rápida, más potente y más extensa. El motivo del éxito de su viralidad, en contraposición con la forma de la verdad, es su contenido novedoso y emocional",1,-1,[],[46736]],["Es una técnica subversiva, no de captación de información",1,-1,[],[13866]],["Estos contenidos se caracterizan por su falta de rigor y por haber sido creados con la voluntad de manipular a la opinión pública a través de la distorsión de los hechos.",1,-1,[],[42964]],["Estos contenidos se caracterizan por su falta de rigor y por haber sido creados con la voluntad de manipular a la opinión pública a través de la distorsión de los hechos. De esta forma, consiguen transmitir una realidad ficticia con el objetivo de desestabilizar a la audiencia que los recibe",1,-1,[],[42964]],["Estos contenidos se caracterizan por su falta de rigor y por haber sido creados con la voluntad de manipular a la opinión pública a través de la distorsión de los hechos. De esta forma, consiguen transmitir una realidad ficticia con el objetivo de desestabilizar a la audiencia que los recibe (Olmo & Romero, 2019).",1,-1,[],[42964]],["La desinformación puede afectar a políticas, debates sociales y comportamientos en ámbitos como el del cambio climático, la migración, la seguridad pública, la salud y las finanzas; y puede mermar la confianza en la ciencia y en las pruebas empíricas",1,-1,[],[52493]],["La desinformación, como fenómeno, hace referencia tanto al contenido informativo fraudulento (fake news) como al engañoso (misleading content), los discursos de odio (malinformation), los discursos falsos deliberados (false speech) o los errores informativos no deliberados de medios o periodistas (missinformation).",1,-1,[],[11362]],["La desinformación, en particular las noticias falsas, constituyen un riesgo para la democracia y el valor de la verdad en la comprensión de los hechos a nivel global",1,-1,[],[32835]],["La difusión de chismes, mentiras e información falsa es inherente al ser humano; lo que ha cambiado en los últimos años es la velocidad de transmisión y la facilidad de generarlas y propagarlas dadas las características propias de internet (instantaneidad, interactividad, viralización y globalización de la información) que multiplican las posibilidades de quedar atrapado en la red de la desinformación.",1,-1,[],[11362]],["La negatividad de la desinformación se basa en la corrupción del proceso fiable de recogida y presentación de los hechos.",1,-1,[],[13779]],["Las tecnologías de la comunicación han sido las facilitadoras de la transmisión de mentiras e información manipulada, y de que tengan más visibilidad que nunca pues multiplican la mentira exponencialmente",1,-1,[],[46736]],["Se trata de contenidos engañosos, presentados y camuflados con apariencia de noticias reales, que se difunden masivamente para promover intereses particulares y que inducen al desconcierto social",1,-1,[],[32188]],["Se trata de contenidos engañosos, presentados y camuflados con apariencia de noticias reales, que se difunden masivamente para promover intereses particulares y que inducen al desconcierto social (Aruguete et al., 2020;Pérez-Escoba y Pedrero-Esteban, 2021).",1,-1,[],[32188]],["Segundo, la desinformación, que refiere al contenido falso creado deliberadamente para producir un daño a una persona u organización.",1,-1,[],[32835]],["Un fenómeno que se ha visto exacerbado por el uso de redes sociales y otras plataformas digitales, que permiten una rápida propagación de contenido falso",1,-1,[],[13946]],["ataque a la empresa con una mentira extendida por las redes sociales",1,-1,[],[46736]],["categoriza sus efectos en contextos de alta polarización política",1,-1,[],[49149]],["como ha descrito Serrano (2009), en la especulación y el espectáculo",1,-1,[],[49601]],["con el objetivo de \"causar daño, obtener beneficios e influir en el comportamiento de las personas, aunque algunos fines suelen estar ocultos y permanecen invisibles\"",1,-1,[],[58159]],["contrastar los bulos y desinformaciones generadas a partir de la pandemia",1,-1,[],[35995]],["creciente problema de la desinformación",1,-1,[],[51536]],["desinformación puede resultar más dañina",1,-1,[],[41021]],["difundido teorías de la conspiración y de desinformación dirigidas tanto al público de la Unión Europea como al de los países del entorno cercano",1,-1,[],[52493]],["el contenido informativo procede de fuentes cuestionables",1,-1,[],[52986]],["el contenido informativo procede de fuentes cuestionables o puede clasificarse directamente como desinformación, ya que ha sido desmentido o demostrado falso",1,-1,[],[52986]],["el delito, pues en ocasiones las ganancias se generan mediante acciones ilegales",1,-1,[],[58159]],["el desconocimiento sobre cómo funcionan los medios o las tecnologías digitales es uno de los principales causantes de la desinformación",1,-1,[],[10821]],["el gran desafío que se encuentra la sociedad",1,-1,[],[10821]],["en el corazón de la desinformación contemporánea están los discursos anti-establishment o anti-sistema",1,-1,[],[32835]],["estrategias de manipulación informativa junto con otras de tenor ideológico, militar y económico.",1,-1,[],[49601]],["fenómeno ubicuo",1,-1,[],[13866]],["ha afectado a la percepción pública y, en ocasiones, ha incitado comportamientos perjudiciales",1,-1,[],[45805]],["ha encontrado un terreno fértil en la era digital",1,-1,[],[45805]],["intensificada por el avance de la inteligencia artificial, constituye una seria amenaza",1,-1,[],[41021]],["la aplicación estratégica de la falsedad con la intención de engañar y anticipar las ventajas",1,-1,[],[27063]],["la condición fundamental para que se dé la desinformación es la intencionalidad, porque mientras no haya intención no hay desinformación",1,-1,[],[58159]],["la desestabilización, pues cuando la ciudadanía precisa de información de calidad para orientar sus comportamientos",1,-1,[],[58159]],["la desinformación constituye un arma de guerra",1,-1,[],[33395]],["la desinformación disminuye y se centra en las vacunas",1,-1,[],[52493]],["la desinformación no es solo un fenómeno impulsado por la tecnología, sino que también está conformado por los entornos nacionales de información (Humprecht, 2018).",1,-1,[],[13301]],["la desinformación puede presentarse en diferentes formas, como noticias falsas, teorías de conspiración, descontextualización de hechos reales o la manipulación de imágenes y videos.",1,-1,[],[10821]],["la desinformación puede tener intenciones diversas: la económica, pues cada clic se puede monetizar y los mensajes difunden engaños que benefician a ciertos sectores y perjudican a otros",1,-1,[],[58159]],["la desinformación se difunde más rápidamente que la información veraz, en parte debido a su carácter emocional y sensacionalista",1,-1,[],[30429]],["la desinformación tiene un impacto menor del esperado en la posibilidad de cambio en el sentido del voto",1,-1,[],[60348]],["la desinformación, la misinformación o la malinformación generan un impacto en terreno de lo emocional, relegando el concepto de la veracidad y el discurso racional a un segundo nivel de comprensión, favoreciendo la proliferación de extremismos y manipulaciones informativas",1,-1,[],[60348]],["la polarización, para promover ideas que favorecen a ciertas personas y desacreditan a otras",1,-1,[],[58159]],["la transmisión de mentiras e información manipulada",1,-1,[],[46736]],["las operaciones en el ámbito cognitivo están orientadas a obtener ventajas en el terreno de lo emocional, al ser a este último al que apela la desinformación.",1,-1,[],[13866]],["los desórdenes informativos, en especial la desinformación, no se basan para su aceptación social en la coacción propagandística sino en la libertad de los ciudadanos para elegirlos de forma voluntaria",1,-1,[],[13779]],["los efectos nocivos de la desinformación debido al aumento de desconfianza institucional y el incremento de las tensiones sociales, y las consecuencias que podía tener para la seguridad interna si se combinaba con ciberataques o en la elaboración de políticas públicas dada su influencia en la opinión pública.",1,-1,[],[52493]],["los mensajes catalogados como desinformación adoptaron un tono de negatividad sobre la información política en los que podemos destacar el uso de falacias de apelación al miedo y ataques para deslegitimar, perjudicar o dañar la figura de los candidatos a la presidencia de la República de Colombia, las cuales pretenden exacerbar emociones que profundicen en la ruptura de los consensos sociales y ahonden en los niveles de polarización afectiva y política entre los ciudadanos.",1,-1,[],[13340]],["malas prácticas profesionales que redundan en una menor confianza",1,-1,[],[10821]],["narrativas de desinformación sobre el colapso de los valores occidentales",1,-1,[],[52493]],["su potencial catastrófico reside en que su intersección con la política y debido a su carácter performativo (Austin, 1975(Austin, [1962]]) se persiguen objetivos que tienen como objetivo transformar la realidad",1,-1,[],[13779]],["su potencial catastrófico reside en que su intersección con la política y debido a su carácter performativo (Austin, 1975(Austin, [1962]]) se persiguen objetivos que tienen como objetivo transformar la realidad (Del-Fresno; Manfredi, 2018).",1,-1,[],[13779]],["un problema que ha llegado para quedarse porque irá evolucionando y cada vez será más dañina",1,-1,[],[10821]],["ya sea tratando las noticias falsas, o analizando el proceso de fact-checcking o investigando acerca de bulos y distribución de contenido",1,-1,[],[34637]]],"sy":[["bulos",6,32181,[["bulos",5],["bulo",1]],[35995,41021,42964,51536,52540,58159]],["fake news",6,33960,[],[34637,42964,46736,51536,52493,59543]],["noticias falsas",4,30391,[],[13946,52540,58159,59543]],["disinformation",2,17423,[],[34637,50160]],["contenidos 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videos",1,-1,[],[10821]],["noticias falsas",1,-1,[],[10821]],["noticias falsas, especialmente en temas sensibles como la inmigración, la violencia de género o la pobreza",1,-1,[],[51536]],["sitios webs dedicados a la desinformación -tales como las páginas de Facebook Nación Unida o Diario de Oaxaca o webs como ElMexicanoDigital.com o TodoInforme.com, por mencionar algunos ejemplos-carecen de apartado de contacto, así como firmas o nombres de responsables o autores de los textos",1,-1,[],[49601]],["teorías de conspiración",1,-1,[],[10821]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The intersection of copyright law and AI-generated content presents unique challenges and raises important questions regarding the ownership, protection, and legal status",1,-1,[],[36562]]],"sy":[["AIGC",1,23103,[],[59225]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Deny strategies",1,31263,[],[3062]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Attack the accuser : 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(after) as of numtkn it is the ethnic minority party in romania with representation in the romanian parliament and is part of the governing coalition along with the justice and truth alliance and the conservatives",1,-1,[],[32880]],["introducing vagueness in the form of presupposition contributes to bias in an article.",1,-1,[],[33783]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["mechanism that enhances transparency and accountability by involving citizens in policy and fiscal decision-making processes",1,-1,[],[45997]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["First introduced in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1989",1,-1,[],[45997]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["active discursive actors in shaping collective perceptions regarding the legality, legitimacy, and ethics of religious law in Aceh",1,-1,[],[44454]],["shape the landscape of legal meaning as a field of value contestation",1,-1,[],[44454]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["derivada del famoso programa de tratamiento fotográfico Photoshop (tienda de fotos)",1,-1,[],[61770]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":83,"df":[["A social bot is a computer algorithm that automatically produces content and interacts with humans on social media, trying to emulate and possibly alter their behavior.",3,-1,[["A social bot is a computer algorithm that automatically produces content and interacts with humans on social media, trying to emulate and possibly alter their behavior.",2],["A social bot is a computer algorithm that automatically produces content and interacts with humans on social media, trying to emulate and possibly alter their behavior",1]],[1034,5507,6685]],["Social bots are social media accounts that are controlled by a computer algorithm.",2,-1,[],[327,5521]],["automated accounts impersonating humans",2,-1,[],[27420,38036]]],"de":[["A social bot refers to a social media account that is controlled by a computer algorithm to automatically produce content and interact with humans (or other bot users) on social media",1,-1,[],[6793]],["A wider definition which specifically considers the communication behavior is given by Frischlich, Boberg, and Quandt (2017). The authors point out, that the imitation of human communication (behaviour) is a key feature of social bots.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["Due to their automation, social bots have the potential to manipulate social media discussions",1,-1,[],[55347]],["Emmer (interviewed in Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (2017)) adds properties like artificial intelligence and the ability to autonomously act in the web.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["Every online medium where human communication through publicly visible posts, chats, comment-functions, direct messages, etc., takes place, is a possible point of connection for the involvement of social bots.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["Geiger (2016) defines social bots-in a more exact but still very general way-as automated software agents.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["Hegelich (2016) highlights that social bots are hidden actors with a political agenda.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["However, there is a growing record of malicious applications of social bots. Some emulate human behavior to manufacture fake grassroots political support (Ratkiewicz et al. 2011), promote terrorist propaganda and recruitment (Berger and Morgan 2015;Abokhodair, Yoo, and Mc-Donald 2015;Ferrara et al. 2016c), manipulate the stock market (Ferrara et al. 2016a), and disseminate rumors and conspiracy theories (Bessi et al. 2015).",1,-1,[],[26052]],["Increasingly, bots are used for political reasons: to inflate the numbers of followers a politician has; to spread propaganda; to subtly influence political discourse; and to aggregate and broadcast content.",1,-1,[],[16704]],["Kollanyi, Howard, and Woolley (2016) consider interaction with other users through automated social media as key property of social bots.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["Many social bots perform useful functions, such as dissemination of news and publications (Lokot and Diakopoulos 2016;Haustein et al. 2016) and coordination of volunteer activities (Savage, Monroy-Hernandez, and Höllerer 2016).",1,-1,[],[26052]],["On social media, bots are capable of several social interactions.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["On social media, bots are capable of several social interactions. These make them appear to be regular human-like people. They respond to postings. They respond to questions from other users. They can search for influential users on a particular social media platform.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["Politicians share fake news using the opportunities of social bots, which, though not able to distinguish like the human brain, have the potential to identify what is trending and share the same with a broader audience.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["Social bots and trolls account have often acted as a catalyst in generating and spreading fake news which is a potent challenge.",1,-1,[],[5442]],["Social bots are a relatively crude form of digital astroturfing, and because of their highly automated nature, they are relatively easy to detect.",1,-1,[],[13107]],["Social bots are actively used for both beneficial and nefarious purposes",1,-1,[],[7213]],["Social bots are currently regarded an influential but also somewhat mysterious factor in public discourse and opinion making. They are considered to be capable of massively distributing propaganda in social and online media and their application is even suspected to be partly responsible for recent election results.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["Social bots are particularly prevalent on Twitter, but they are found on many different social media platforms that increasingly form part of the system of political communication in many countries.",1,-1,[],[16820]],["Social bots can be malicious entities designed specifically for manipulating and spreading fake news on social media.",1,-1,[],[327]],["Social bots can become malicious entities designed specifically with the purpose to do harm, such as manipulating and spreading fake news on social media.",1,-1,[],[6793]],["Social bots can give a false impression that information is highly popular and endorsed by many people, which enables the echo chamber effect for the propagation of fake news.",1,-1,[],[5521]],["Social bots had a fixation on targeting major national events. Our bot activity analysis suggests that social bots were aware of the mainstream events and sensible to trending topics.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["Social bots had no affinity for a single political party, but shared more than one ideology.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["Social bots opted for conflict and disrepute rather than support. The sentiment analysis demonstrates that social bot interactions were specially negative against political parties opposed to the inferred ideology.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["Social bots play a pivotal role in disseminating erroneous information, making the issue even more critical.",1,-1,[],[43630]],["Social bots tended to retweet human content. In terms of traffic generated, social bots specifically viralized legitimate tweets rather than supporting each other or replying to other users.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["Social bots with the same ideology were highly socially connected. The social graph shows that groups with the same political affinity also formed robust clusters of friendship connections on Twitter.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["Some social bots just substitute their users by assuming duties or handle simple preprocessing tasks.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["The algorithm automatically produces content and interacts with humans (or other bot users) on social media.",1,-1,[],[327]],["The application of social bots for multiple purposes (from advertisement to propaganda) implies different technical challenges as well as economic considerations to be handled.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["The automated nature of bots makes it easy to achieve scalability when spreading misinformation [36,37], amplifying popularity [9,34,45], or polarizing online discussion [39].",1,-1,[],[17122]],["The major challenge brought by social bots is that they can give a false impression that information is highly popular and endorsed by many people, which enables the echo chamber effect for the propagation of fake news.",1,-1,[],[6794]],["The use of social bots in sharing fake news makes it go viral and it has further exacerbated the proliferation of fake news as these contents are shared and like automatically making it difficult for experts to detect.",1,-1,[],[5442]],["These agents are designed to fulfill a specific purpose by means of one-or many-sided communication in online media.",1,-1,[],[5506]],["These fake accounts can post content and interact with each other and with legitimate users via social connections, just like real people",1,-1,[],[2791]],["These fake accounts can post content and interact with each other and with legitimate users via social connections, just like real people [51].",1,-1,[],[2791]],["These latter bots are typically built to rely on hard-coded scripts that post predetermined messages, or that copy the messages of users in a predictable manner, such that they are incapable of participating in conversations.",1,-1,[],[110]],["These make them appear to be regular human-like people.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["They are widely used in disinformation campaigns, and it is necessary to restrict them to reduce the impact of these campaigns on democracy.",1,-1,[],[26598]],["They can generate content automatically and interact with human users, often posing as, or imitating, humans",1,-1,[],[104]],["They can generate content automatically and interact with human users, often posing as, or imitating, humans (Ferrara et al., 2016a).",1,-1,[],[104]],["They can search for influential users on a particular social media platform.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["They interact with other users and share information and messages (Morstatter et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[41871]],["They respond to postings.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["They respond to questions from other users.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["They share a common characteristic: the abuse of automation tools to generate huge amounts of social media activity in order to support, or oppositely attack, political figures following their agenda with personal interests.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["Woolley (2016) states that social bots \"mimic human social media users\" and \"manipulate public opinion and disrupt organizational communication\".",1,-1,[],[5507]],["a broader and more flexible concept, generally deployed by the social scientists that have developed a recent interest in various forms of automation on social media",1,-1,[],[110]],["a wider ecosystem (all online media)",1,-1,[],[5507]],["act as magnifiers of noise, conflicts and (mis)information spread",1,-1,[],[38036]],["actively exposing humans to some type of automatically-generated content",1,-1,[],[3313]],["an orientation towards a goal",1,-1,[],[5507]],["autonomous action (agent-like)",1,-1,[],[5507]],["bots have different characteristics than human users",1,-1,[],[228]],["communicate primarily over public posts that appear on social media pages.",1,-1,[],[110]],["finding accounts that share strong similarities with respect to social network and (coordinated) posting/sharing behavior",1,-1,[],[31000]],["fully automated as well as partly human-steered bot action",1,-1,[],[5507]],["influence the social dynamics of both groups, while remaining in the periphery of the microblogging social system",1,-1,[],[3313]],["multiple modes of communication",1,-1,[],[5507]],["often to attack dissidents or manipulate news frames around an issue.",1,-1,[],[16704]],["recent social bots are more similar to human-operated accounts because AI is being used to create a hybrid of automated and human-driven behaviors.",1,-1,[],[40371]],["social bots achieved social contagion also by fabricating automated content within specific communities of humans.",1,-1,[],[3313]],["social bots have been created for malicious functions such as spreading false information.",1,-1,[],[5442]],["social bots represent a growing phenomenon (see Figure 1) which aims at jeopardizing modern democracies by distorting reality and manipulating constituents",1,-1,[],[54015]],["social bots represent a growing phenomenon (see Figure 1) which aims at jeopardizing modern democracies by distorting reality and manipulating constituents [11].",1,-1,[],[54015]],["social bots were initially created to respond to customers' needs by some companies, some ill-minded individuals have used social bots to spread malicious and misleading information, Social bot easily retweets and follow thousands of account on twitter as well as share a post on Facebook within a very short time.",1,-1,[],[5442]],["sustain each faction from the periphery of the online social network structure by mainly targeting human influencers",1,-1,[],[3313]],["the abuse of automation tools to generate huge amounts of social media activity in order to support, or oppositely attack, political figures following their agenda with personal interests.",1,-1,[],[54015]],["the con-nectivity of bots is different from human users on social media",1,-1,[],[228]],["the imitation of human communication (behaviour) is a key feature of social bots.",1,-1,[],[5507]],["the majority of bots in the mainstay of the digital political communication landscape in India spread the news on caste, religion, and Hindutva.",1,-1,[],[41871]],["this definition of-ten includes a stipulation that social bots mimic human users.",1,-1,[],[110]],["to affect the directions of online conversations",1,-1,[],[988]],["typically built to rely on hard-coded scripts that post predetermined messages, or that copy the messages of users in a predictable manner, such that they are incapable of participating in conversations.",1,-1,[],[110]]],"sy":[["bots",3,27271,[],[228,2791,41871]],["\"sybil\" accounts",1,7805,[],[26052]],["automated accounts",1,-1,[],[41871]],["automated social agents",1,-1,[],[110]],["automated social media accounts",1,-1,[],[41871]],["automated sockpuppets",1,-1,[],[13107]],["social robots",1,13424,[],[26598]],["software-controlled agents",1,-1,[],[3313]]],"rt":[["chat bot",2,9758,[["chat bot",1],["chatbots",1]],[110,5507]],["political bots",2,1965,[],[5507,16820]],["AI-driven accounts",1,-1,[],[34635]],["Service-Level-Agreement (SLA) negotiators",1,-1,[],[5507]],["astroturf",1,5584,[],[1530]],["benign bots",1,12562,[],[7213]],["computational propaganda",1,19112,[],[16704]],["curator bots",1,-1,[],[5507]],["cyborgs",1,14811,[],[7213]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[6794]],["game bots",1,-1,[],[5507]],["manipulative technologies",1,-1,[],[41871]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[1530]],["modular pseudo-user infrastructure",1,-1,[],[34020]],["spam",1,30454,[],[1530]],["spam bots",1,10350,[],[5507]],["web-scrapers",1,33598,[],[110]]],"sb":[["political bots",3,1965,[],[110,5507,16820]],["spam bots",2,10350,[],[104,5507]],["\"astroturf\" bots",1,23688,[],[55347]],["Deceptive social bots",1,17288,[],[104]],["Hybrid social bots",1,-1,[],[5506]],["benign bots",1,12562,[],[7213]],["botnet",1,7306,[],[104]],["chat bot",1,9758,[],[5507]],["cyborgs",1,14811,[],[104]],["fake follower accounts",1,22431,[],[55347]],["fake followers",1,34740,[],[104]],["financial bots",1,31242,[],[55347]],["malicious ones",1,-1,[],[7213]],["mention bots",1,-1,[],[104]],["traditional spam bots",1,32110,[],[55347]]],"sp":[["bots",5,27271,[["bots",3],["Bots",1],["bot",1]],[110,16820,40371,41871,55347]],["Malicious accounts",3,5285,[["Malicious accounts",1],["malicious account",1],["malicious accounts",1]],[327,7213,20650]],["Bots (short for software robots)",1,-1,[],[1034]],["Front-end AI",1,-1,[],[44222]],["social media bots",1,509,[],[40371]],["social spam",1,9711,[],[6935]],["software robots",1,-1,[],[6685]]],"ex":[["how social robots act to make articles with low-credibility content viral. They act shortly after the articles are published, and they mention influential users, trying to get them to share that content.",1,-1,[],[26598]],["identity thieves: they copy usernames, profile information, and pictures of other accounts and use them as their own, making only small changes",1,-1,[],[104]],["some social bots are specifically designed to spread false information and propaganda on social media platforms to cause harm.",1,-1,[],[43630]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interaction",1,34609,[],[45315]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Frequent and apathetic presentation of distorted information about committed crimes",1,-1,[],[50844]],["To reduce the level of empathy in the audience",1,-1,[],[50844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["reports were made about precise strikes on military targets, when in reality, as a result of the shelling, civilians were killed",1,-1,[],[50844]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Although designed to represent individuals, it is evident that AVIs are digitally generated, whereas HVIs may be mistaken for actual humans.",1,-1,[],[14172]],["designed to represent individuals",1,-1,[],[14172]],["digitally generated",1,-1,[],[14172]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["virtual influencers",1,21576,[],[14172]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Highly idealistic journalists are means-oriented as they believe that desirable consequences should always be obtained with the \"right\" action. Less idealistic journalists, on the other hand, are more goal-oriented for they admit that harm will sometimes be necessary to produce a greater public good.",1,-1,[],[4181]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ethical ideologies",1,23350,[],[4181]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["inoculation",1,14922,[],[49740]],["the protectionist debate",1,-1,[],[49740]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[49740]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["acto de habla proposicional",1,17632,[],[47401]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadre enunciativo",1,33101,[],[47401]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intensity",1,6996,[],[53965]],["media bias",1,3751,[],[45055]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Felicidad/Infelicidad",1,-1,[],[15150]],["Satisfacción/Insatisfacción",1,-1,[],[15150]],["Seguridad/Inseguridad",1,-1,[],[15150]]],"sp":[["Afecto",1,20151,[],[15150]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Determining authors' confidence in their findings (certainty of the conclusion statement, otherwise approached as recognition of speculative language, or hedging) is another important area of research.",1,-1,[],[25129]],["The function of the hedges, thus, are to show the degree of certainty or doubt the authors have towards their own; hedges also leave a room for the readers or viewers to make their own judgements",1,-1,[],[48217]],["hedging is a common technique of communicating information in scientific discourse",1,-1,[],[19585]],["hedging is basic to academic discourse",1,-1,[],[19585]],["mitigate and modulate scientific discourse",1,-1,[],[19585]],["signal early whether claims are to be taken as substantiated or not",1,-1,[],[19585]],["vague expressions, of tentativeness and flexibility",1,-1,[],[19585]],["which here includes modals and passive verbs (underlined and italicized).",1,-1,[],[53491]]],"sy":[["speculation",1,31028,[],[18968]],["uncertainty",1,5720,[],[18968]]],"rt":[["epistemic modality",1,31081,[],[47963]]],"sb":[["Approximators",1,23692,[],[19585]],["compound hedges",1,-1,[],[19585]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["may be",1,-1,[],[19585]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["narratives tend to remain neutral or procedural, lacking consistent thematic emphasis",1,-1,[],[48118]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["African feminists navigate patriarchy with caution, flexibility, and foresight, collaborating with non-sexist men, avoiding direct confrontation, and applying diplomacy to effect change.",1,-1,[],[60684]],["Nkealah (2016), citing Ezeigbo (2012), uses the metaphor of the snail to illustrate this approach.",1,-1,[],[60684]],["Ogunyemi (1996) notes that African women do not prioritise public disruption or personal exposés.",1,-1,[],[60684]],["Unlike Western feminism, which often embraces confrontation, African feminism favours a more strategic and diplomatic approach.",1,-1,[],[60684]],["one characteristic of African feminism that sets it apart from its understanding in the West is its opposition to male exclusion.",1,-1,[],[60684]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["nego-feminism",1,564,[],[60684]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we do not view LMs as having their own opinions",1,-1,[],[15742]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["There must be some conflict of purpose here between A and B such that without the flaw, B would go in a different direction that goes against A's purpose.",1,-1,[],[28798]],["wrongful manipulation looks like it sets back the interest of the manipulated person by subverting their reasoning or depriving them of important tools of reasoning, and, in the second case, sacrificing that interest for the sake of someone else's interests.",1,-1,[],[28798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Among the general public of Myanmar, Pauk Phaw now means nothing more than \"friend\" or \"acquaintance\"",1,-1,[],[52461]],["By using this term, China-in its efforts to draw Myanmar closer-depicts its neighbour as a close, reliable partner, a family member as it were.",1,-1,[],[52461]],["For China, by contrast, Pauk Phaw (transliterated as 胞波 [bāo bō]) stands for a narrative of traditional familial friendship that draws on an ancient myth.",1,-1,[],[52461]],["Myanmar understandings of Pauk Phaw emphasised the power asymmetry between a big and a small brother.",1,-1,[],[52461]],["The term \"Pauk Phaw\" has been the most common frame used by China's state media to describe the friendship or solidarity between China and Myanmar.",1,-1,[],[52461]],["The term originated in the early 1950s when newly independent Myanmar and the young People's Republic of China launched a new phase in the relationship between the two countries.",1,-1,[],[52461]],["for Myanmar's leaders, the word connotes a hierarchical relationship or power asymmetry between the old brother, China, and the younger one, Myanmar",1,-1,[],[52461]]],"sy":[["fraternal friendship",1,-1,[],[52461]]],"rt":[["Bruderstaaten",1,5698,[],[52461]],["fraternal ties of kinship",1,-1,[],[52461]],["socialist friendship",1,10606,[],[52461]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Given their 'thin' nature, they usually incorporate additional tenets from other sources to become salient in specific situations",1,-1,[],[38578]],["Given their 'thin' nature, they usually incorporate additional tenets from other sources to become salient in specific situations (Silva et al. 2023).",1,-1,[],[38577]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Instances of a demographic dimension are typically comparatively evaluated in measures through some proxy, e.g., occupations or identity terms.",1,-1,[],[11862]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["gender: male, female, non-binary, etc",1,-1,[],[11862]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Epistemic insouciance is an attitude rather than something that a person does, and it does imply an indifference to the truth or falsity of his utterances.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["Epistemic insouciance is an attitude vice, an epistemic vice that is an attitude.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["Epistemic insouciance is the attitude, or an attitude, that makes one a bullshitter and thereby causes one to spout bullshit.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["Epistemic insouciance means not really caring much about any of this and being excessively casual and nonchalant about the challenge of finding answers to complex questions, partly as a result of a tendency to view such questions less complex than they really are.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["Epistemic insouciance might lead a person to refuse to engage with certain types of evidence or inquiry but refusing to engage is not bullshit even if it results in bullshit.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["It implies, and is partly constituted by, a marked lack of intellectual seriousness, flippancy about basing one's views expert opinion or what the evidence shows.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["It implies, and is partly constituted by, a marked lack of intellectual seriousness, flippancy about basing one's views expert opinion or what the evidence shows. It is a casualness or indifference to the truth and to the need to base one's opinions on the relevant facts.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["It is a casualness or indifference to the truth and to the need to base one's opinions on the relevant facts.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["It is this indifference or nonchalance that is essential to epistemic insouciance and that constitutes its affective dimension, assuming that indifference has an affective quality.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["a posture",1,-1,[],[18245]],["an affective attitude",1,-1,[],[18245]],["concluding that one's contempt or epistemic insouciance is based on false beliefs or is otherwise unwarranted is potentially a way of becoming less contemptuous or epistemically insouciant",1,-1,[],[18245]],["epistemic insouciance and other epistemic vices are often passively absorbed rather than actively cultivated",1,-1,[],[18245]],["indifference to the truth and to the need to base one's views on the relevant facts or evidence.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["it is not a matter of being excessively casual or nonchalant about the challenge of finding answers to complex questions or tending to view such questions less complex than they really are.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["lack of concern about the truth makes it harder to know the truth, while the casual disparaging of experts prevents them from sharing their knowledge with the rest of us.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["nonchalance which is at the heart of epistemic insouciance",1,-1,[],[18245]],["not caring about the evidence is hardly conducive to forming beliefs that are evidence-based",1,-1,[["not caring about the evidence is hardly conducive to forming beliefs that are evidence-based",1],["not caring about the evidence is hardly conducive to forming beliefs that are evidence-based.",1]],[18245]],["the affective core of epistemic insouciance is indifference",1,-1,[],[18245]],["the affective core of epistemic insouciance is indifference rather than contempt",1,-1,[],[18245]],["the affective core of epistemic insouciance is indifference rather than contempt and indifference is not a form of epistemic malevolence.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["the basis on which they reject evidence against P or interpret such evidence as misleading",1,-1,[],[18245]],["the halftruths and outright falsehoods that are the natural by-product of epistemic insouciance make it harder for us to retain our knowledge.",1,-1,[],[18245]],["the nonchalance which is at the heart of epistemic insouciance",1,-1,[],[18245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["attitude vice",1,30981,[],[18245]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[18245]],["epistemic malevolence",1,25174,[],[18245]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[18245]]],"sb":[["Epistemic insouciance is not usually a matter of decision or choice and is in this sense involuntary.",1,-1,[],[18245]]],"sp":[["affective posture",1,4216,[],[18245]],["attitude vice",1,30981,[],[18245]],["epistemic attitude",1,766,[],[18245]],["epistemic posture",1,29560,[],[18245]],["epistemic vice",1,32772,[["epistemic vice",1],["epistemic vices",1]],[18245]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This stereotyping may cause a low interest in girls for science and may cause them to view science as something more for boys.",1,-1,[],[47668]],["When children are asked to draw a scientist, mostly they draw a middle-aged bald man wearing glasses and a white lab coat",1,-1,[],[47668]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["stereotypical visuals",1,-1,[],[47668]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["When children are asked to draw a scientist, mostly they draw a middle-aged bald man wearing glasses and a white lab coat",1,-1,[],[47668]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Essa técnica, que tem sido usada para contornar a eliminação de DO online direto através da moderação automática, possibilita a disseminação de DO encoberto através de imagens, memes, eufemismos, símbolos e linguagem camuflada",1,-1,[],[27440]],["Essa técnica, que tem sido usada para contornar a eliminação de DO online direto através da moderação automática, possibilita a disseminação de DO encoberto através de imagens, memes, eufemismos, símbolos e linguagem camuflada (Bhat & Klein, 2020).",1,-1,[],[27440]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[59484]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Yet, this space has become a breeding ground of social injustice through epistemic injustice: new forms of discrimination based on who can get access and who can't.",1,-1,[],[17829]],["a disproportionate lack of attention to claims flagged by a community could constitute an epistemic injustice, which may additionally result in some of the injustices listed above for the same individuals and/or communities, when their role in relation to a claim is multi-faceted.",1,-1,[],[35328]],["discriminatory epistemic injustice might remain a normative concept that carves out a space in which people are wronged in their status as a knower without that ever being a wrong done simply on purpose.",1,-1,[],[20676]],["entrenches epistemic injustice by silencing women as legitimate producers of knowledge",1,-1,[],[31759]],["epistemic injustice often works as umbrella term for a multitude of concepts describing inequalities in epistemic dynamics.",1,-1,[],[26666]],["someone is indeed wronged in their capacity as an epistemic subject",1,-1,[],[20676]],["the point of the concept was to bring into focus a certain class of epistemic misjudgements",1,-1,[],[20676]],["this kind of epistemic injustice is fundamentally a form of (direct or indirect) discrimination.",1,-1,[],[20676]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discriminatory epistemic injustice",1,-1,[],[20676]],["distributive injustice",1,9218,[],[20676]],["social injustice",1,23877,[],[17829]]],"sb":[["testimonial injustice",3,27224,[],[20676,31759,37569]],["hermeneutical injustice",2,6528,[],[20676,37569]],["discriminatory epistemic injustice",1,-1,[],[20676]],["formative epistemic injustice",1,16077,[],[37569]],["hermeneutic injustice",1,16057,[],[31759]],["hermeneutical",1,-1,[],[44326]],["testimonial",1,24660,[],[44326]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["someone's receiving less than their fair share of an epistemic good, such as education, or access to expert advice or information",1,-1,[],[20676]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mentalizing",1,34209,[],[1576]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Consequence (M2)",1,33347,[],[26312]],["Main event (M1)",1,5149,[],[26312]]],"sp":[["News Discourse Structure",1,29423,[],[26312]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["trust",1,34511,[],[35416]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["double forms",1,12130,[],[2516]]],"ex":[["contracted (joggeur•euses [joggers MASC•FEM 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dependency",1,16161,[],[34821]]],"sp":[["media dependency theory",1,10520,[],[29227]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Fear discourses-in this context that fear of crime and disorder may 'keep people off the streets'-have been used to influence public policy, urban (re)development, and the accessibility and tenor of public space",1,-1,[],[4405]],["Fear discourses-in this context that fear of crime and disorder may 'keep people off the streets'-have been used to influence public policy, urban (re)development, and the accessibility and tenor of public space (see Kern, Herbert and Beckett, and Schuermans and De Maesschalck in this issue).",1,-1,[],[4405]],["In this way, he emphasizes that this discourse is closely associated with the media's entertainment format, namely news activity (Altheide, 2013). He goes further and argues that the media intentionally distort the reporting of certain events in order to influence the opinions and decisions of the public (Altheide, 2016). In order to do this, according to the author, they do not need to use an explicit argument supported by deception or fallacy, but simply orient their communication strategies towards a specific framing, reporting certain events to the detriment of others, valuing either the concealment or the repetition of facts, and using tragic visual resources, with the ultimate aim of arousing exacerbated emotions in the public (Altheide, 2016).",1,-1,[],[28639]],["often contribute to the success of populist actors who claim to fight the establishment",1,-1,[],[51446]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["politics of fear",1,11681,[],[28639]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["in non-cybersecurity or misinformation contexts, fakes have nothing to do with deliberate deception but refers to some form of noise that AI can detect and filter out to improve a process.",1,-1,[],[56314]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In storylining",1,-1,[],[25815]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["group consciousness",1,-1,[],[28437]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["fascism, fundamentalism, fanaticism, and terrorism",1,-1,[],[28437]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Lobbying is a fundamental mechanism in modern democratic systems as it allows different actors to influence the public decisionmaking process.",1,-1,[],[33316]],["professionalized intermediation between interest groups and decision-makers, a practice that can be regulated within a framework of transparency and ethics",1,-1,[],[33316]]],"sy":[["an activity whose purpose is \"to improve political decisions through the realistic perceptions of companies, associations, or citizen groups\"",1,-1,[],[33316]]],"rt":[["interest group",1,11479,[],[33316]],["pressure group",1,10832,[],[33316]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["it conceptualizes public connection as a dynamic process rather than an ideal state to be achieved",1,-1,[],[43714]],["people's patterns of connecting through news were strongly influenced by work schedules and domestic routines",1,-1,[],[43714]],["public connection is a general orientation towards what lies beyond individuals' private worlds",1,-1,[],[43714]],["to understand how people connect to public life in the digital age",1,-1,[],[43714]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["civic participation",1,27417,[],[43714]],["community",1,8945,[],[43714]],["cultural citizenship",1,13714,[],[43714]],["participatory democracy",1,1577,[],[43714]],["social capital",1,1018,[],[43714]],["social cohesion",1,28322,[],[43714]]],"sb":[["constructiveness",1,1406,[],[43714]],["engagement",1,29662,[],[43714]],["inclusiveness",1,17889,[],[43714]],["relevance",1,33428,[],[43714]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["kufr",1,11535,[],[27546]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["evokes the association to the eastern (Soviet) block of communist (socialist) countries that was formed after World War II and which was popularly called béketábor 'peace camp' in Hungariana",1,-1,[],[39462]]],"sy":[["peace camp",1,19358,[],[39462]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["asking ChatGPT for answers as if it were an expert, for instance, \"What are the causes of inflation, as it might be explained by Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman?\"",1,-1,[],[786]],["simulating a type of person. Cowen and Tabarrok (2023) suggest formulating personas, like \"Midwest male Republican dentist,\" to obtain answers to experiments in economics.",1,-1,[],[786]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["An extensive sharing of these contents through technology has been connected with a negative impact on the emotional and social wellbeing of adolescents involved.",1,-1,[],[14567]],["It can also cause spreading of sexual content material without consent, to a third party as a method of bullying or revenge",1,-1,[],[14567]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bullying",1,14915,[],[14567]],["revenge",1,-1,[],[14567]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["counter-narratives",1,23935,[],[15752]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["can all be used to incite subjugation.",1,-1,[],[56459]],["use of ascriptive definitions is strongly associated with hostile beliefs about immigrants, for example, that immigrants are likely to be criminals and to steal American jobs",1,-1,[],[56459]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Misused generic language",1,-1,[],[56459]],["implication of disposition",1,-1,[],[56459]],["language of opposites",1,2220,[],[56459]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic tools",1,-1,[],[56459]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The rows represent the classes of the gold labels; the columns represent the classes observed by the annotator.",1,-1,[],[35234]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["system-level confounders",1,-1,[],[23891]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such nudges are concrete design measures that aim to steer users toward improved decision making in the context of privacy (Soh 2019).",1,-1,[],[3547]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Some participants become irritated when they face views different from theirs, especially when the posts are problematic or not fact-based.",1,-1,[],[33340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["All participants said they empathize more with posts holding viewpoints similar to theirs because they believe them to be more credible, able to validate what they know.",1,-1,[],[33340]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["These content-based methods strive to explore diverse textual features associated with each single article to identify their authenticity.",1,-1,[],[60827]],["This method is easy to implement but suffers from unreliable content.",1,-1,[],[36948]],["the content based methods can be used for early detection of fake news",1,-1,[],[18787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fake news detection",1,15605,[],[48208]],["knowledge-aware methods",1,5034,[],[56066]],["social-context-based methods",1,21608,[],[257]]],"sb":[["multi-modal models",1,29475,[],[48491]],["time-order dependent content-based filtering",1,-1,[],[5416]],["uni-modal models",1,-1,[],[48491]]],"sp":[["Rumor detection",1,3268,[],[36948]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["First, by subsuming a spectrum of parties and movements under a single label, it obscures their distinct ideological commitments, flattening nuanced policy debates into an undifferentiated warning of extremism.",1,-1,[],[58919]],["buzzwords",1,-1,[],[58919]],["flattens internal complexities: Far-right populists, nativist nationalists, and reactionary conservatives are folded into one undifferentiated bloc",1,-1,[],[58919]],["flawed term",1,-1,[],[58919]],["four characteristics to support the party's hard-right classification: (a) a sustained fusion of free market and cultural conservatism, (b) strategic use of public opinion platforms, (c) reliance on institutional ad hominem tactics, and (d) an insistence that genuine conservatism is obstructed.",1,-1,[],[58919]],["functions as an umbrella label that conflates distinct far-right currents",1,-1,[],[58919]],["intended to serve as a less provocative alternative to 'far-right', potentially narrowing the perceived ideological gap between mainstream conservatives and groups with more overt nationalist, xenophobic, or authoritarian tendencies.",1,-1,[],[58919]],["operates as a powerful umbrella that compresses a spectrum of political currents into a single narrative threat",1,-1,[],[58919]],["remains conceptually unclear",1,-1,[],[58919]],["softening devices rather than precise descriptors",1,-1,[],[58919]],["stand alone as a synonym for extremism",1,-1,[],[58919]],["the 'hard-right' label is not simply a descriptor but part of a broader phenomenon of label inflation, strategic political rebranding, and the euphemistic normalisation of extremist ideologies.",1,-1,[],[58919]]],"sy":[["far-right",1,11151,[],[58919]],["hardright",1,20203,[],[58919]]],"rt":[["far-right",1,11151,[],[58919]],["hard-right politics",1,-1,[],[58919]],["nonscientific language",1,-1,[],[58919]],["populism",1,20354,[],[58919]],["populist discourse",1,32481,[],[58919]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["media outlets thus construct 'hard-right' as a catch-all villain, while through agenda-setting they channel attention to a nebulous threat rather than to specific platforms or personalities.",1,-1,[],[58919]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is deceptive because those involved know people would be less likely to be persuaded if they knew the full picture.",1,-1,[],[8584]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Deceptive information management",1,14933,[],[8584]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These solutions are often detrimental to more sustainable and long-term weight reduction and, in some cases, to dieters' health and safety",1,-1,[],[41800]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["First, the news media was separated from entertainment media, with the former viewed as most directly responsible for fulfilling the media's civic functions. Second, within the news media, fact would be distinguished from opinion and news reporting would strive to be accurate, objective, and balanced. Third and most significant for this article, reflecting arguments made much earlier by Lippmann (1922), the public was distinguished from media elites and policy experts, with the former viewed as generally passive, easily manipulated consumers of information and the latter as information gatekeepers who represented the public's interest in the construction of political and social reality.",1,-1,[],[59577]],["It is a matter of self regulation.",1,-1,[],[31875]],["Responding to a variety of social, political, and economic changes in the postwar era, Peterson sought to reconcile the growing centralization of ownership and decreasing competition in the printed press, the rise of an inherently centralized and expensive electronic media, and social science research and real-world events that raised concerns regarding the stability of democratic systems and the civic capacity of democratic citizens",1,-1,[],[59577]],["The accountability and transparency that render social responsibility theory relevant to a conversation about AI; when automation progresses unchecked, there lies the potential for the extension of bias and diminished credibility, thereby reinforcing the need for ethical accountability",1,-1,[],[44825]],["The media systems framed within the Social responsibility theory have a duty towards investigative journalism and they are not subject to censorship. This theory includes external and internal mechanisms of media control: codes of conduct for journalists is the clearest example of these mechanisms.",1,-1,[],[51544]],["The theory has influenced the creation of electronic journalism ethics codes in Arab contexts, which place a strong emphasis on objectivity, privacy, and accuracy",1,-1,[],[44825]],["The theory has major premise: freedom carries concomitant obligations; and the press which enjoys a privileged position…, is obliged to be responsible to society for carrying out certain essential functions of mass communication in contemporary society",1,-1,[],[31875]],["The theory supports the notion of freedom with responsibility that requires individual journalists and media organizations not only to report facts with truthfulness, but also to provide deeper and unbiased interpretations of news stories in the public's interest.",1,-1,[],[38814]],["They are responsible to raise the voices of the pubic and to disseminate the unbiased and objective facts and realities prior to their personal and organizational interests.",1,-1,[],[31875]],["They have to realize the real essence of the functions of mass media.",1,-1,[],[31875]],["This theory does not make the assumption that anyone can use the media like the Libertarians, instead, they argue for the importance of professionals.",1,-1,[],[41743]],["Thus, the theory attempts to buttress journalistic standards and their roles in any society for accomplishing broader objectives of democracy and development.",1,-1,[],[38814]],["emphasizes ethical responsibility towards non-intrusion of privacy and non-violation of individual freedom",1,-1,[],[47556]],["emphasizes the commitment of journalists participating in the study to be responsible toward society and condemn news that does not adhere to neutrality",1,-1,[],[47556]],["explaining how media practices shape the representation of vulnerable groups",1,-1,[],[41683]],["focus on adhering to a set of ethical codes to strike a balance between individual freedom and societal interests.",1,-1,[],[47556]],["highlights the importance of media professionalism and code of conduct.",1,-1,[],[41743]],["it is the responsibility of the journalist to provide the public with \"a substantial and honest basis of fact for its judgments of public affairs\"",1,-1,[],[4166]],["participants emphasized transparency, accountability, and the risks of misinformation",1,-1,[],[44825]],["the public was distinguished from media elites and policy experts, with the former viewed as generally passive, easily manipulated consumers of information and the latter as information gatekeepers who represented the public's interest in the construction of political and social reality.",1,-1,[],[59577]],["the theory postulates the ethical claim that the technologies of information (in this context, AI adoption in journalism) do not operate as ends in themselves but as tools in the development of civil society.",1,-1,[],[47556]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Authoritarian theory",1,7564,[],[51544]],["Libertarian theory",1,19686,[],[51544]],["Soviet-Communist theory",1,12694,[],[51544]],["entertainment media",1,-1,[],[59577]],["news media",1,13833,[],[59577]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["libertarian theory",1,19686,[],[31875]],["normative theory",1,2436,[],[47556]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["\"The term 'gaslighting' refers to when someone manipulates you into questioning and second-guessing your reality.\"",1,-1,[],[23253]],["An exploiter will consistently deny facts and make blatantly false statements, thus undermining the victim's prior beliefs and interpretations and paving the way to promote their agenda.",1,-1,[],[36107]],["Gaslighting is commonly understood to operate through the speaker's use of false statements, including his denial of true assertions",1,-1,[],[23253]],["Gaslighting is commonly understood to operate through the speaker's use of false statements, including his denial of true assertions by 142.",1,-1,[],[23253]],["In effect, the exploiter is deceptively creating uncertainty in the victim's understanding.",1,-1,[],[36107]],["The Nazi and Soviet propaganda systems were large, internally coherent machines for gaslighting victim populations",1,-1,[],[36107]],["The term \"gaslighting\" has only recently found its way into the political domain-controversially at that-and it has never been systematically theorized in the political context.",1,-1,[],[23253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[36107]],["interpersonal gaslighting",1,-1,[],[23253]],["political gaslighting",1,26229,[],[23253]],["post-truth",1,14186,[],[36107]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[36107]]],"sb":[["political gaslighting",1,26229,[],[23253]],["racial gaslighting",1,-1,[],[36107]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["cover up extramarital affairs to their spouse",1,-1,[],[36107]],["domestic violence",1,-1,[],[36107]],["identity-related abuse of transgender children by their parents",1,-1,[],[36107]],["racial gaslighting to maintain white supremacy in the United Stated",1,-1,[],[36107]],["suppressing whistleblowing within institutions",1,-1,[],[36107]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["exploit thousands of automated agents, also known as bots, for enhancing their online influence",1,-1,[],[19925]]],"sy":[["bot users",1,-1,[],[19926]]],"rt":[["cyborg",1,14811,[],[19925]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["living in an ethnically heterogeneous environment was harmful to interpersonal trust and undermined social connections between and within ethnic groups.",1,-1,[],[7768]],["people would tend \"to hunker down-that is, to pull in like a turtle\" (Putnam 2007, p. 149), or in common language, to retreat from social life.",1,-1,[],[7768]]],"sy":[["constrict proposition",1,21117,[],[7768]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["We take curation to be the processes through which people are matched with content that appeals to them.",1,-1,[],[32347]],["curation",1,15674,[],[32347]],["news curation",1,4561,[],[40843]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Just as students will need to understand human authors or publishing organizations, they will also need to understand the internal logic and societal biases of the training data powering an AI, which are then often amplified in the AI's output",1,-1,[],[52177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["AI Literacy",1,23931,[],[52177]],["advanced information literacy competencies",1,-1,[],[52177]]],"ex":[["A law student evaluating the report of a think tank by investigating its funding sources and ideological agenda before using it as evidence.",1,-1,[],[52177]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political fact checking",1,27105,[],[3133]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic neo-imperialism",1,8599,[],[14367]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The TPP part of TPE has also been explained in prior studies as a self-serving or a self-enhancement bias (Gunther and Mundy, 1993).",1,-1,[],[1837]]],"sy":[["self-serving",1,-1,[],[1837]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["transparency",1,28207,[],[30238]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Civic journalists aim to invigorate the public sphere and increase democratic participation by promoting the production of self-representations among marginalised groups.",1,-1,[],[37058]],["journalists facilitate the participation of minority communities in the identification and framing of local issues and wider decision-making processes",1,-1,[],[37058]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalism of 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online",1,-1,[],[51757]],["it encourages people to think about and articulate reasons for a moral judgment (i.e., to deliberate).",1,-1,[],[51757]],["making moral judgments of fake-news sharing more severe",1,-1,[],[51757]],["switching the basis of moral judgments away from intuition toward more deliberative thinking",1,-1,[],[51757]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deliberative thinking",1,-1,[],[51757]],["moral judgments",1,-1,[],[51757]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["negatively predicts the ability to discern fake from real news.",1,-1,[],[14142]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["polarization",1,21850,[],[28615]],["static polarization",1,26541,[],[28615]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Steen's model transcends the two-dimensional view of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff, 1993;Lakoff and Johnson, 1980), highlighting the significance of the communicative dimension and enabling a more nuanced analysis of the 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Decisions, actions, and processes in one part of the world affect living conditions on the other side of the planet, and vice versa, not least across the Global North and Global South (Cohen, 2021: 7-8).",1,-1,[],[43022]],["It thus concerns media's ability to endow covered events and problems ideally with local, domestic, and global perspectives simultaneously and to explain their relations",1,-1,[],[43022]],["or at least combining two of these perspectives.",1,-1,[],[43022]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cross-border relations",1,-1,[],[43022]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["sustainable journalism",1,10687,[],[43022]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital watermarking techniques",1,-1,[],[28163]],["watermarks",1,13810,[],[28163]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Debiasing",1,31088,[],[12137]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["manifest itself in various ways",1,-1,[],[48374]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["creation of online firestorms",1,-1,[],[48374]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[48374]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[48374]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["challenges conventional ideas",1,-1,[],[45540]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["He did dread deeds; she suffered them",1,-1,[],[45540]],["Speech is a powerful lord that with the smallest and most invisible body accomplishes most godlike works",1,-1,[],[45540]],["whenever pictures of many colors and figures create a perfect image of a single figure and form",1,-1,[],[45540]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the reflective system becomes active when one has the time, resources, and desire to consider carefully",1,-1,[],[19182]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["El ACD no solamente describe o explica la dominación, sino que activamente toma posición, por ejemplo en la oposición a la desigualdad social.",1,-1,[],[16243]],["El análisis crítico de esos discursos facilita la comprensión, y a veces la transformación de esas relaciones de poder.",1,-1,[],[16243]],["En ACD el enfoque es sobre relaciones de poder, o más bien sobre el abuso de poder o dominación entre grupos sociales.",1,-1,[],[16243]],["En ACD nos interesa cómo la dominación social se (re)produce con el discurso.",1,-1,[],[16243]],["En ACD nos interesa cómo la dominación social se (re)produce con el discurso. El análisis crítico de esos discursos facilita la comprensión, y a veces la transformación de esas relaciones de poder.",1,-1,[],[16243]],["Van Dijk (2009, 149) define el Análisis Crítico del Discurso como una perspectiva crítica",1,-1,[],[16560]],["Van Dijk agrega que el Análisis Crítico del Discurso estudia las estructuras y las estrategias del texto, y plantea también sus relaciones con el contexto social y político",1,-1,[],[16560]],["analizar los escritos y discursos creados por políticos es una forma eficiente de comprender, no solo las motivaciones y los objetivos de esos políticos, sino las ideologías que subyacen bajo estos documentos",1,-1,[],[54317]],["el ACD destaca no solo por su papel para la necesaria denuncia social, sino por su rol fundamental para el cambio de modelo narrativo",1,-1,[],[30426]],["estudia las estructuras y las estrategias del texto, y plantea también sus relaciones con el contexto social y político",1,-1,[],[16560]],["los principales temas de estudio 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supply Sum of Qualities of migrant workers good for business",1,-1,[],[1857]],["workers are reliant on the vanishing practice of independent journalism to \"find\" their stories in order to frame reporting as a social issue about workers' rights and entitlements.",1,-1,[],[1857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["exploitation of workers",1,-1,[],[1857]]],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[1857]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Legitimacy",1,19405,[],[55026]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["soft language",1,-1,[],[45023]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-discriminatory biases",1,908,[],[55253]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["passive participant",1,22817,[],[6890]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Each microframe is operationalized by 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[21]",1,-1,[],[2127]],["distinguishing whether the biased advice-taking is driven by a preference",1,-1,[],[44032]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["virtue signaling",1,14222,[],[2127]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["accuracy-sharing dissociation",1,15957,[],[2127]]],"ex":[["an effort to further one's political agenda",1,-1,[],[2127]],["to share news that would be interesting if it turned",1,-1,[],[2127]],["to sow chaos",1,-1,[],[2127]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["automated",1,-1,[],[56810]],["community-based",1,-1,[],[56810]],["expert",1,25095,[],[56810]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bricolage",1,32895,[],[3597]],["distantiation",1,7440,[],[3597]],["memory culture",1,-1,[],[2383]],["plurimedial repetitive framing in the longue durée",1,-1,[],[2383]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["perpetrator livestreaming",1,8143,[],[58472]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["The cultural code of villain is associated with particular emotional reactions and behaviors: A villain can be hated or despised, and, within the logic of emotion codes, if villains are condemnation worthy then they also deserve the behavior of punishment.",1,-1,[],[12546]],["typically depicted as the Villain (of all stakeholder categories they are also most likely to be depicted as the Hero pointing to ambivalent attitudes toward this category)",1,-1,[],[47437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["villainy",1,-1,[],[12546]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrative Frame",1,32804,[],[47437]],["Narrative Policy Framework (NFP)",1,6499,[],[51303]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["distinciones en la evaluación de la capacidad de hombres y de mujeres que tienden a interpretaciones androcéntricas del 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The impact of a threat to face is limited to embarrassment and discomfort, which may result in one's reluctance to communicate and interact with the threat of one's self-esteem symbol. So, the impact of a threat to face is lesser when compared to the impact of face harassment. Face harassment can have a legal impact because it relates to a person's dignity and self-esteem.",1,-1,[],[35806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["fascism's unique form of cultural individualism",1,-1,[],[33002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["tribal belonging",1,-1,[],[14326]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":35,"df":[["the degree to which people engage in and enjoy thinking deeply about problems or information and, thus, may be willing to exert effort to critically evaluate information",2,-1,[["the degree to which people engage in and enjoy thinking deeply about problems or information and, thus, may be willing to exert effort to critically evaluate information",1],["the degree to which people engage in and enjoy thinking deeply about problems or information and, thus, may be willing to exert effort to critically evaluate information.",1]],[40606,61234]]],"de":[["Individuals with a high NFC prefer complex and intellectually challenging to simple problems, while individuals with a low NFC tend to avoid tasks that require deliberation and mental effort",1,-1,[],[10070]],["Those who display a high need for cognition are consistently interested in learning new things, are comfortable with complex problems, willing change their opinions when presented with persuasive messages, and are less likely to engage in heuristic processing",1,-1,[],[61322]],["a psychological tendency to enjoy thinking",1,-1,[],[40606]],["can have a moderating effect on the source scepticism that follows abundant exposure to news (Tsfati & Cappella, 2005).",1,-1,[],[33231]],["individuals found to have a high need for cognition are more likely to endorse complex explanations of human behavior, including abstract and external causes of behavior",1,-1,[],[61322]],["individuals with a high need for cognition are more likely to process persuasive messages in arguments",1,-1,[],[61322]],["need for cognition because such an attribute is associated with deep thinking",1,-1,[],[49308]],["tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful thinking",1,-1,[],[22219]],["the slower, more analytic approach",1,-1,[],[40606]],["this element may fill the chronic thinkers' need to think more",1,-1,[],[49308]],["those who score low on need for cognition prefer to think superficially about information, considering fewer dimensions and forming judgments through superficial evaluation, without much effort.",1,-1,[],[61322]]],"sy":[["NFC",1,10336,[],[32899]],["chronic thinkers",1,-1,[],[49308]],["mindful processing",1,-1,[],[61234]]],"rt":[["analytical thinking",1,5108,[],[40606]],["automatic processing",1,22383,[],[61234]],["need for closure",1,823,[],[10070]],["self-efficacy",1,30907,[],[32899]],["source scepticism",1,-1,[],[33231]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve",1,-1,[],[20526]],["I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat important but does not require much thought",1,-1,[],[4623]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Additionally, anonymous individuals may feel emboldened to spread rumors without fear of consequences, contributing to the proliferation of misinformation online.",1,-1,[],[39868]],["Anonymity makes it difficult to trace the source of rumors back to specific individuals or entities.",1,-1,[],[39868]],["On social media platforms, users may choose to remain anonymous by not disclosing their real names or personal information.",1,-1,[],[39868]],["Rumors spread by anonymous users may be more difficult to debunk or refute, as there is no clear source to hold accountable for spreading false information.",1,-1,[],[39868]],["The lack of identification of authorship of the news",1,-1,[],[49878]],["although it is also true that such anonymity can only become a possibility through the implementation of specific strategies and tools usually not known to most educated laymen who use the internet",1,-1,[],[281]],["anonymity-even perceived anonymity-can embolden people to be more outrageous, obnoxious, or hateful in what they say than would be the case in real life",1,-1,[],[41979]],["most users perceive the internet as a platform where they can express themselves freely and anonymously",1,-1,[],[281]],["the anonymity of the Internet can provide opportunities for freer speech because people can say what they think without fear that other people will react or respond unfavourably simply because of the colour of their skin, their sexual orientation, or even their gender identity",1,-1,[],[41979]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["invisibility",1,20662,[],[8423]],["pseudonymity",1,-1,[],[39868]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast to categorical schema, our free-text dimensions provide a more nuanced way of understanding intent beyond being benign or malicious.",1,-1,[],[45078]],["capture free-text explanations of readers reactions and perceived author intent, as well as categorical estimates of veracity and likelihood of spread",1,-1,[],[45078]],["distill the pragmatic implications of a news headline in a structured manner.",1,-1,[],[45078]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Writer Intent",1,7510,[],[45078]]],"sb":[["Reader Action",1,31731,[],[45078]],["Reader Perception",1,20918,[],[45078]],["Writer Intent",1,7510,[],[45078]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Any behavior can be described in concrete terms, using action verbs (e.g., she kicks him) or using increasingly more abstract terms like state verbs (e.g., she hates him) or adjectives (e.g., she is aggressive).",1,-1,[],[39655]],["Recipients are sensitive to these subtle variations and infer higher essentialism from abstract compared to concrete descriptions.",1,-1,[],[39655]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["she hates him",1,-1,[],[39655]],["she is aggressive",1,-1,[],[39655]],["she kicks him",1,-1,[],[39655]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Linguistic Category Model",1,24425,[],[29382]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["holonymy",1,-1,[],[59532]],["hypernymy",1,-1,[],[59532]],["hyponymy",1,-1,[],[59532]],["meronymy",1,-1,[],[59532]]],"sp":[["Identification",1,5869,[],[51926]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Language models are often trained to mimic text written by humans. When this text contains false information, these AI systems tend to repeat those false claims.",1,-1,[],[1924]],["The simplest ones, used both in economics and in other fields, involve some type of imitation.",1,-1,[],[18289]],["each individual could, with some probability, adopt the behavior or beliefs of some others she knows or has observed, or alternatively, she may use a combination of their behavior or beliefs to fashion her own.",1,-1,[],[18289]],["some may argue that the relevant system is not really deceptive: for example, because the relevant system may not 'know' that it is systematically producing false beliefs.",1,-1,[],[1924]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["DeGroot model",1,10595,[],[18289]],["fictitious play",1,13476,[],[18289]],["regret-based update rules",1,-1,[],[18289]],["replicator dynamics",1,27766,[],[18289]],["social influence",1,8485,[],[39816]],["social learning",1,25985,[],[39816]]],"sb":[["DeGroot model",1,10595,[],[18289]]],"sp":[["Deception",1,24454,[],[1924]],["Non-Bayesian approaches",1,11091,[],[18289]],["Strategic deception",1,20981,[],[1924]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",1,-1,[],[49028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In terms of social policy, the need principle is often translated into making benefits conditional on means-testing",1,-1,[],[2045]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this study, the \"big five\" personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) were used as a measure of inherent user characteristics.",1,-1,[],[59465]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Selection bias",1,24952,[],[27936]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, when trying to maintain the status quo, people are prone to distorting incoming information such that inconsistent information is dismissed or devalued, and consist information is valued as more important.",1,-1,[],[16920]],["the motives for resistance (i.e., threat to freedom, reluctance to change, and concerns of deception) predict the type of strategy (i.e., avoidance strategies, contesting strategies, biased processing strategies, or empowerment strategies) that people use to resist persuasion.",1,-1,[],[16920]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["optimism bias",1,28239,[],[16920]],["reducing impact",1,33512,[],[16920]],["weighting attributes",1,25748,[],[16920]]],"sp":[["resistance strategies",1,-1,[],[16920]]],"ex":[["reducing impact",1,-1,[],[16920]],["weighting information",1,-1,[],[16920]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["audience selection",1,23141,[],[32211]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["attempting to distinguish between classification and categorization on the basis of an individual's typicality judgments would be an exercise in futility.",1,-1,[],[19327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["perceived realism",1,19961,[],[9205]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Fundamental rights offer the broadest and most flexible category, meaning that unless research involves another more specific area, such as electoral integrity, researchers will generally have to frame issues in terms of their fundamental rights impacts.",1,-1,[],[40805]],["Included among the fundamental rights that flow out of the inherent freedom and dignity of human beings as well as state of nature theories are the right to freedom of speech, rights of personal security, rights of personality, and the right to recognition (44-45, 170-171).",1,-1,[],[18549]],["They function as a default moral standard against which law and policy can be judged, and a widely-accepted normative basis for calls for reform.",1,-1,[],[40805]],["fundamental rights principles serve as judicial constraints on EU legislation.",1,-1,[],[40805]],["in EU fundamental rights law, such as the Charter becoming binding and the developing jurisprudence on states' positive obligations.",1,-1,[],[40805]],["mandating respect for rights frequently serves as a key safeguard against excessive censorship by platforms.",1,-1,[],[40805]],["rights play a prominent rhetorical role in orienting and legitimising EU social media regulation.",1,-1,[],[40805]],["sometimes seems to be used as a synonym for the public interest.",1,-1,[],[40805]]],"sy":[["public interest",1,29455,[],[40805]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["right to freedom of speech",1,-1,[],[18549]],["rights of personal security",1,-1,[],[18549]],["rights of personality",1,6396,[],[18549]],["the right to recognition",1,4465,[],[18549]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":36,"df":[],"de":[["Any behavior, group of people or areas that would interfere with such aspirations because of their problematic commercial/advertising practices, political activities, racial difference or other disturbances would be categorized as noise.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["Bell Telephone (Bell) held a crucial position in conceptualizing and defining noise; they were the new experts with the authority to make noise a category.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["Bell and the NAC could structure the perfect model of bodies and behaviors to which everyone else should adjust",1,-1,[],[14859]],["Demarcating such a distinction was also meant to legitimize people, practices, and areas as the appropriate 'sound' for a particular territory.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["Noise as a distinct category was used to represent, manage, and control unwanted sectors of society and unwanted behavior.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["Social media sites are inundated with unnecessary or superfluous information, such as spam, ads, and off-topic messages, which can mask accurate emotional signals",1,-1,[],[50370]],["The central limit theorem then suggests the normality of the noise distribution, making Brownian motion a viable candidate for modelling noise.",1,-1,[],[6617]],["The distinction between what is \"noise\" and what is \"signal\" is often unclear, subtly depending on the research question (Salganik, 2017); the problem rather being finding the right data (Baeza-Yates, 2013)-simply adding more data may increase the level of noise and reduce the quality and reliability of results.",1,-1,[],[41204]],["The noise term {B t }, which has no bias, represents the aggregation of a large number of unsubstantiated rumours and speculations about the value of X.",1,-1,[],[6617]],["The quantification of sound finally made it possible to 'capture' noise",1,-1,[],[14859]],["The transition from traditional, verified, and thus unchallenged media to unconventional, unverified, peer social media has created the fundamental problem of excess, useless, and misleading information, which is termed noise.",1,-1,[],[22243]],["They created noise and presented it as harmonious sound.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["a tool used to redraw boundaries of territories and people.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["any sound, behavior, or activity that could potentially hinder transmission of conversations on the telephone was categorized as noise.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["anything that is not part of the signal can be viewed as noise.",1,-1,[],[6617]],["earlier configuration",1,-1,[],[14859]],["established and legitimized which forms of information should be categorized as statistical irregularities-noise",1,-1,[],[14859]],["it became a term to distinguish between legitimate social behaviors and their deviant counterparts",1,-1,[],[14859]],["it is a flexible and mutable category that changes according to the way it is produced by media companies.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["noise is a media category that has been at the center of knowledge production conflicts, negotiations, and power struggles.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["noise was defined to cater to Bell and the NAC's needs",1,-1,[],[14859]],["over time, noise will dominate (or, equivalently, in physicists' terminology, entropy will increase)",1,-1,[],[6617]],["technical' media categories",1,-1,[],[14859]],["the conceptualization of humans as processors, and, importantly, their bad behavior as noise.",1,-1,[],[14859]],["the media category of noise",1,-1,[],[14859]],["this noise can introduce doubt as to how to properly interpret the significance of the acts leading to these captured metrics.",1,-1,[],[25331]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deviant media",1,-1,[],[14859]],["deviant media categories",1,9587,[],[14859]],["entropy",1,-1,[],[6617]],["humans as processors",1,-1,[],[14859]],["room noise",1,-1,[],[14859]],["signal",1,7405,[],[41204]],["sound",1,-1,[],[14859]],["spam",1,30454,[],[14859]],["unnecessary noise",1,-1,[],[14859]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Data Quality",1,21375,[],[41204]],["deviant media",1,-1,[],[14859]],["deviant media categories",1,9587,[],[14859]]],"ex":[["immigrants who conducted street commerce, the Black community in Harlem who organized unauthorised house parties, and also union protests in Union Square",1,-1,[],[14859]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["additionally",1,-1,[],[7950]],["because",1,-1,[],[7950]],["in addition",1,-1,[],[7950]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Memory bias is not only about the diversity of content but also how the same visual stimulus can be interpreted differently.",1,-1,[],[5985]],["The strength of these memory biases may help explain how a divisive primary can still lead to a unified base in the general election; voters may have forgotten or misremembered how much they disliked the nominee in the past, making supporting that candidate easier.",1,-1,[],[31309]],["memory for past attitudes can be biased by current attitudes",1,-1,[],[31309]],["those that acknowledged the possibility were actually less likely to demonstrate it",1,-1,[],[31309]],["visual memory bias can be shaped by various factors, including the language, location, time, and cultural context of annotators.",1,-1,[],[5985]]],"sy":[["experience bias",1,-1,[],[5985]],["visual memory bias",1,-1,[],[5985]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a single image can be perceived in multiple ways, such as seeing a vase or two faces.",1,-1,[],[5985]],["a visual illusion where a single image can be perceived in multiple ways, such as seeing a vase or two faces.",1,-1,[],[5985]],["visual illusion challenge depicted in Figure 1",1,-1,[],[5985]],["visual illusion where a single image can be perceived in multiple ways, such as seeing a vase or two faces.",1,-1,[],[5985]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["biases in harmful agreement",1,133,[],[20113]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Sneak Into Basket",1,-1,[],[9620]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic resource",1,-1,[],[43317]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is linked to nationalist imaginaries that see the female body as a symbol of the nation's borders",1,-1,[],[46052]],["It is linked to nationalist imaginaries that see the female body as a symbol of the nation's borders (Sager and Mulinari, 2018) and immigrants as posing a physical threat to native women (Horsti, 2017).",1,-1,[],[46052]],["feminist arguments can be used to promote antiimmigration policies and discriminatory attitudes toward immigrants on the basis that the immigrants' patriarchal cultures are incompatible with Western societies.",1,-1,[],[46052]],["immigrants as posing a physical threat to native women",1,-1,[],[46052]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["patriarchal chauvinism",1,-1,[],[46052]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The bodies of native women \"are seen as worthy of protection, while the racialized (male) Others' bodies are seen as threatening the safety of the women of the nation\" (Sager and Mulinari, 2018).",1,-1,[],[46052]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["filtering neutral opinions and ambivalent opinions",1,-1,[],[1040]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Serious games",1,4254,[],[3890]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["debasement of arts and cultural journalism",1,-1,[],[4730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["To believe without doing so is to believe blindly, uncritically. This is gullibility",1,-1,[],[6387]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["doxastic response to testimony",1,-1,[],[6387]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These moral guidelines are often composed of implicit soft constraints.",1,-1,[],[24759]]],"sy":[["moral guidelines",1,-1,[],[24759]]],"rt":[["personal morality",1,-1,[],[24759]],["professional morality",1,-1,[],[24759]],["social norms",1,2565,[],[24759]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["one can avoid mentioning race by claiming not to see colour or to ignore race but still hold negative beliefs about racialized people.",1,-1,[],[2881]]],"sy":[["covert racism",1,26134,[],[2881]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["recipient's context",1,-1,[],[23061]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intertextuality",1,27582,[],[43119]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":219,"df":[["an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, 'the pure people' versus 'the corrupt elite', and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people.",3,-1,[["an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, 'the pure people' versus 'the corrupt elite', and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people.",2],["an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, 'the pure people' versus 'the corrupt elite', and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people",1],["an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, 'the pure people' versus 'the corrupt elite,' and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people",1]],[3985,6244,33812]]],"de":[["A key trait of populism is anti-elitism, which typically extends to hostility to intellectual elites and hence hostility to expert knowledge.",1,-1,[],[24236]],["A political communication perspective holds that constructing a specific sense of social identity is at the heart of populism.",1,-1,[],[9740]],["According to Mudde (2017), populism differs from other ideologies because it is grounded in the Manichean duality on morality.",1,-1,[],[17993]],["According to populists, the people's will is the cornerstone of politics; there is no higher authority.",1,-1,[],[17993]],["According to populists, while the people are pure and authentic, elites are immoral and villain.",1,-1,[],[17993]],["All of this is heavily imbued with an exclusionary identity politics, the creation and use of the distinction We and Them, whereby populists constitute the people, the nation, and anyone who expresses a different opinion is simply not part of the group, but part of a fallen political elite, potentially an alien and a traitor",1,-1,[],[33015]],["American populism has been used as a strategy for political inclusion and, according to Michael kazin, it has become a democratic expression of political action",1,-1,[],[21129]],["Approaches that define populism as a type of discourse, frame, logic, or style of communication (e.g. Aslanidis, 2016;de Vreese et al., 2018;Laclau, 2005;Moffitt, 2020;Wodak, 2015) are particularly well suited to capture this ideological heterogeneity of populism, as they help foreground the shared discursive or stylistic features of populism that can be adapted to suit a variety of political ideologies, only some of which deserve to be labelled illiberal.",1,-1,[],[24236]],["Being chameleonic in nature, populism is argued to adapt itself to different contexts and to stick to any sense of urgency",1,-1,[],[56629]],["Contemporary populism, then, appears primarily as the political reaction of an egalitarian society that perceives itself as being in decline.",1,-1,[],[2351]],["Crucially, this means that neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise.",1,-1,[],[49303]],["Described as 'promiscuous' (Oliver & Rahn, 2016, p. 190), as a 'thin' ideology (Stanley, 2008, p. 95), and as an 'empty shell' (Jagers & Walgrave, 2007, p. 4)",1,-1,[],[24236]],["Different dilemmas, ambiguities, contradictions, and simplifications often arise when dealing with it.",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Due to its elusive nature, is hard to state some concise and universal definition of populism (Chiran -Tomsic 2020).",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Due to the flexible nature of populism, annotating populist rhetoric in text is challenging",1,-1,[],[55302]],["Elements commonly present in contemporary politics, such as personalising political communication, uncivil discourse, and politicians' obsession with media",1,-1,[],[47139]],["Essential to the discourse of the populist is the normative distinction between 'the elite' and 'the people', not the empirical difference in behaviour or attitudes.",1,-1,[],[6244]],["Finally, because they present the people's will as unitary and themselves as its embodiment, populists preclude the possibility of legitimate opposition.",1,-1,[],[49303]],["For Laclau, populism is established when a leader incites a series of unsatisfied and socially dispersed demands, making them equivalent and parts of the whole represented by the signifier \"people\".",1,-1,[],[47139]],["Four different approaches can be identified: 1) populism as being too difficult to define; 2) populism considered as a strategy; 19 3) as a style; 20 and 4) as a thin-centred ideology. 21",1,-1,[],[3441]],["Given their opposition to what they see as corrupt political and scientific elites, unreasonable risk avoidance, and disingenuous virtue signaling, populists have a desire to disrupt the status quo and are more likely to appeal to anger and less likely to appeal to fear.",1,-1,[],[38573]],["However, more recent authors contend that populism is a latent construct that can only be truly identified via a multi-dimensional tool.",1,-1,[],[34761]],["In one context populism refers to small-scale bottom-up movements, whereas in others it denotes strong charismatic leaders or radical right political parties.",1,-1,[],[2337]],["In that sense, populism aims to give the power back to the ordinary people, who are able to decide on their own fate. By making the people the focal point of political-decision-making, populism aims to express the general will of the ordinary people (Mudde 2004).",1,-1,[],[4307]],["In that way populism is able to structure social and political space, divide it between us and them, between friend and enemy",1,-1,[],[2351]],["In the context of EP elections, this would be characterised by high levels of negativity towards the EU and mainstream national actors.",1,-1,[],[27083]],["In the end, populism cannot subsist without the division between elite and people: if the opposition is resolved, so is the basis for populism.",1,-1,[],[49303]],["In the midst of a perceived crisis situation, populist ideas emphasize a specific causal and moral interpretation. More specifically, members of the in-group of ordinary citizens are ''helpless'' victims. Out-group members, in contrast, are depicted as ''culpable'' others. Morally, ordinary citizens are ''good'' and innocent, whereas out-groups are ''evil''",1,-1,[],[56629]],["It also rejects key principles of public communication, including the role of watchdog journalism, unfettered speech, state protection of speech rights, citizens' access to public information, and the centrality of deliberation across differences.",1,-1,[],[47139]],["It is in the first place a consequence of declinism.",1,-1,[],[2351]],["It is in the first place a consequence of declinism. Many people feel that their society is in decline, unable to live up to the new challenges posed by growing internal diversity and globalization. They feel that the patterns of sociability, the welfare provisions, economic regulations and democratic, political capacity that supported the good life are being eroded and undermined; that the growing diversity creates a tension-laden and conflict-ridden society. The decline, perceived by many, is blamed on the establishment politicians or rather, because no convincing solution to those problems is offered by the political establishment, people turn to populism, to belief in the solutions offered by common sense, which are often at odds with the analysis of established parties, intellectuals and elites.",1,-1,[],[2351]],["It takes a variety of forms, echoing different socio-cultural and cultural contexts.",1,-1,[],[16884]],["Literature suggests that populist politicians gain support by appealing to the will of 'the people' against a conspiring elite",1,-1,[],[38573]],["More broadly, populism establishes an us vs. them identity by valorizing the people and its values while denigrating the elites.",1,-1,[],[17993]],["Namely, populism belongs to the category of \"essentially contested concepts\" (Mudde -Kaltwasser 2017).",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Populism can be seen as the rejection of established political order and the ideologies on which it rests.",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Populism can be seen as the rejection of established political order and the ideologies on which it rests. It is against globalism and transnationalism which is related to the sovereigntist notion which claims that nation -states shall not be subjected to any kind of \"higher\" authority. It is against neoliberalism and/or multiculturalism, claiming that they contribute to the erosion of autochthonous traditions of communities and thus undermine their identities.",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Populism cannot be understood as inherently anti-democratic or uniformly threatening; rather, its relationship with democracy is profoundly ambivalent.",1,-1,[],[26355]],["Populism creates a duality in society based on a Manichean understanding of good vs. evil.",1,-1,[],[17993]],["Populism dominates the agenda with its themes, subordinating everything to political communication. It creates and shapes alternative narratives, taking a series of tactical steps that build on the fury, frustration, resentment, or even the \"peo ple's\" need for revenge (Müller 2016).",1,-1,[],[33015]],["Populism emphasizes the difference and distance between straightthinking 'ordinary people' and the distant, unworldly, even corrupt, elite (or establishment, intellectuals, experts, politicians and so on)",1,-1,[],[2351]],["Populism has a chameleonic character.",1,-1,[],[16884]],["Populism has been conceptualized as a thin-centered ideology [16]",1,-1,[],[30635]],["Populism has been described as a \"thin ideology\" (Stanley, 2008) that seems to be irrational by relying on political emotions rather than thoroughly weighed arguments.",1,-1,[],[39263]],["Populism is a divergent political phenomenon in various respects.",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Populism is a well-established (thin-centred) ideology (Mudde 2017)",1,-1,[],[58921]],["Populism is moralistic rather than programmatic.",1,-1,[],[6244]],["Populism is only a 'thin-centred ideology', exhibiting 'a restricted core attached to a narrower range of political concepts'.",1,-1,[],[6244]],["Populism may thus be Manichean, since it constructs a binary view on politics and society",1,-1,[],[4307]],["Populism may thus be Manichean, since it constructs a binary view on politics and society (Mudde 2004).",1,-1,[],[4307]],["Populism presents a Manichean outlook, in which there are only friends and foes.",1,-1,[],[6244]],["Populism, although renowned as a \"politically contested concept\" (Müller 2017, 9), has generally come to the fore of studies examining the prominent political concerns about the crisis of the post-World War II liberal order.",1,-1,[],[61063]],["Populist communication is often aimed at glorifying the people, praising their virtue and emphasizing their unity and uniformity, while detaching them from an elite which it blames and discredits.",1,-1,[],[49303]],["Populist discourse addresses the in-group of the people as being victimized by the corrupt elites. These elites do not represent ordinary citizens' will and deprive them from cultural and material resources.",1,-1,[],[56918]],["Populist messages concretize this Manichean outlook on society by blaming the elites or societal outgroups for the problems experienced by the ordinary people",1,-1,[],[56629]],["Populists separate society into two homogenous, antagonistic groups, the good people and the bad elite, and demand the sovereignty of the people be restored",1,-1,[],[4500]],["Populists separate society into two homogenous, antagonistic groups, the good people and the bad elite, and demand the sovereignty of the people be restored (Mudde, 2007).",1,-1,[],[4500]],["Rather than truth as a collective and common goal, populism involves divided truth, binary thinking, broken-up communication and the division between \"us\" and 'others'-often the (good, honest) people and the (corrupt) elites, each holding their own versions of truth.",1,-1,[],[41095]],["Since it is poor in content, thus politically ineffective, it must be combined with political ideas, programs, and demands. Therefore, in real political life no populism as such exists, but only diverse populisms, such as liberal, neoliberal, right-wing, conservative, centrist, and left-wing populisms, which in turn have to be understood as ideal types.",1,-1,[],[3160]],["Social Media politics has created a fertile space of growth of populist politics or haphazard populism in every sense.",1,-1,[],[38415]],["Some employ mainly forms of media politics, but others also focus on forms of direct (e.g., grassroots, community engagement) political communication, through which populists connect, construct, and reconstruct their publics.",1,-1,[],[23970]],["Such populist attitudes have been linked to a common core of antecedents, such as the experience of socioeconomic grievances",1,-1,[],[19277]],["The above definition of populism mainly applies to certain left-wing forms of the phenomenon but contrasts sharply with right-wing forms like the Trump movement in the US and Brexit.",1,-1,[],[47139]],["The common denominator of these social phenomena is the juxtaposition of 'the people' in opposition to elites.",1,-1,[],[3985]],["The core features that distinguish it from other ideologies are: (1) the centrality of the idea (or of the ideas) of the 'people' (p 18), around which populists try 'to create a new social identity among citizens […] in order to unite them and generate a sense of belonging to an imagined community' (p 19); and (2) the construction of 'the others' as counterparts taking the form of elites and/or out-groups against which the people affirm their preeminence (pp 19-21)",1,-1,[["The core features that distinguish it from other ideologies are: (1) the centrality of the idea (or of the ideas) of the 'people' (p 18), around which populists try 'to create a new social identity among citizens […] in order to unite them and generate a sense of belonging to an imagined community' (p 19); and (2) the construction of 'the others' as counterparts taking the form of elites and/or out-groups against which the people affirm their preeminence (pp 19-21)",1],["The core features that distinguish it from other ideologies are: (1) the centrality of the idea (or of the ideas) of the 'people' (p 18), around which populists try 'to create a new social identity among citizens […] in order to unite them and generate a sense of belonging to an imagined community' (p 19); and (2) the construction of 'the others' as counterparts taking the form of elites and/or out-groups against which the people affirm their preeminence (pp 19-21).",1]],[3196]],["The elites are constructed as a corrupt enemy that deprives the people from their deserved earnings, and are accused of failing to represent the people's will.",1,-1,[],[56918]],["The focus on common sense and the people encourages an exclusionary view, based on conformity with accepted norms, singling out minorities.",1,-1,[],[6073]],["The people are viewed not only as sovereign, but also as homogeneous, pure, and virtuous.",1,-1,[],[8226]],["The people represent the backbone of society; they are the silent majority, constituting the basis of the good society",1,-1,[],[8226]],["The survey questions are designed to capture the full ideology of populism and its conception of democracy, in particular the will of the people (their sovereignty) and the distinction between the people and the elite.",1,-1,[],[8226]],["The tension between \"the people\" and \"the elite\" is Manichean, that is, it has essentially a moral quality",1,-1,[],[8226]],["Their discourse is organised around a permanent challenge in its most common traits: rescuing sovereignty and returning it to the people.",1,-1,[],[45401]],["These four characteristics constitute the core elements of populism.",1,-1,[],[2337]],["This core consists of two main components: (a) the perception that politicians should, but are failing to, represent the will of the ordinary people and (b) the perceived antagonism between the good people and the evil elites",1,-1,[],[8305]],["This core idea can be enriched with host ideologiessuch as nativism and anti-immigration sentiments on the right-wing and economic inclusion or anti-capitalism on the left-wing.",1,-1,[],[23050]],["This form of representation rests on identifying and amplifying concerns and issues among the general population -speaking to 'common sense'.",1,-1,[],[6073]],["This ideology pictures society as divided between 'the corrupt elite' and 'the homogenous people' and demands the realisation of the will of the people",1,-1,[],[3160]],["This term, nonetheless, is highly politically contested and therefore still lacks a precise and agreed definition (Weyland 2001;Müller 2017;Moffitt and Tormey 2014;Osuna 2021).",1,-1,[],[8643]],["Thus a large part of populist rhetoric is aimed at connecting and dividing, constructing and reconstructing identities using symbolic, emotional, and colloquial language (Ernst et al. 2019;Block and Negrine 2017).",1,-1,[],[49303]],["To properly reflect the anti-political and anti-pluralist tendencies of populism, honesty would require us to add \"... and power comes before politics.\"",1,-1,[],[49303]],["Waisbord's notion that populism is a style of political communication that sets out to persuade in particular ways.",1,-1,[],[23970]],["Whereas broader public understanding typically requires simplifications, emotional colouring, or a habitus not common in the correctness associated with existing political 'expert' institutions",1,-1,[],[21129]],["With populism as an expression of political communication content and style, we zoom in on the functions and expressions that come into play when crafting and distributing messages, the fora in which these appear, and their potential effects.",1,-1,[],[9740]],["a communication phenomenon",1,-1,[],[9740]],["a moldable ideology that can be adapted to a multitude of contexts and that considers that society is divided into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, the pure people and the corrupt elite, and that maintains that politics should be the expression of the general will",1,-1,[],[41408]],["a set of ideas concerning the world, democracy, and political representation",1,-1,[],[8226]],["actors claim to exclusively represent the will of the people, positioning their opponents as illegitimate or even as enemies of democracy",1,-1,[],[20999]],["capacity to define enemies",1,-1,[],[2351]],["catch-all terms such as 'populism' work to mainstream these views by sanitising their core ideology.",1,-1,[],[58921]],["clearly articulate a people-centrist view of politics, centred on a sharp distinction between 'ordinary people' and politicians",1,-1,[],[2351]],["counter-revolutionary cultural backlash",1,-1,[],[8643]],["craft a narrative that pits the virtuous 'people' against purportedly 'corrupt' elites.",1,-1,[],[47139]],["demanded direct democracy, and opposed alleged external threats to the Dutch people, such as immigrants",1,-1,[],[8226]],["driven by a disenchantment with political participation and representative democracy",1,-1,[],[24236]],["emotional stimuli in the form of anger and fear",1,-1,[],[19277]],["every day notions of populism that imply appeal to emotions, oversimplification, and a degree of opportunism",1,-1,[],[3559]],["every day notions of populism that imply appeal to emotions, oversimplification, and a degree of opportunism (Mudde, 2004, pp. 542-543)",1,-1,[],[3559]],["expanding from anti-status quo rhetoric to the explicit distrust of epistemic authorities",1,-1,[],[49303]],["expands the understanding of populism beyond its purely political features",1,-1,[],[61324]],["expressing populist ideas through people-centric, anti-expert, and evidence-free discourse.",1,-1,[],[47139]],["focusing on how negativity towards mainstream institutions and actors finds expression in the comments",1,-1,[],[27083]],["functions primarily as a rhetorical strategy rather than a coherent ideological framework",1,-1,[],[20999]],["gender and gender-specific socialization",1,-1,[],[19277]],["highly politically contested and therefore still lacks a precise and agreed definition",1,-1,[],[8643]],["individuals with populist sentiments show anti-elite attitudes and reproach the political class or others who hold power, whom they accuse of losing touch with the people and not attending to their problems and interests.",1,-1,[],[45401]],["it becomes possible to determine degrees of populism. This makes it a gradual concept where the question of who is populist will be answered by empirical measures of an actor's communicative output.",1,-1,[],[9740]],["it must be context-sensitive",1,-1,[],[8226]],["it rarely exists on its own; it mostly attaches itself to other ideologies ranging from (neo-) liberalism, the radical right, to socialism",1,-1,[],[8226]],["it should never contain more than the four elements of the lowest common denominator (people-centrism plus anti-elitism plus homogeneity of the people plus proclamation of a crisis)",1,-1,[],[2337]],["logic",1,-1,[],[8643]],["moralistic imagination of politics",1,-1,[],[8643]],["multidimensionality of the concept of populism",1,-1,[],[19277]],["neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise",1,-1,[],[49303]],["often associated with anti-establishment sentiments, emotional appeals, and crisis narratives that simplify complex political issues",1,-1,[],[20999]],["performative",1,-1,[],[8643]],["places the state at the center of media systems and approaches market and civil society as opposed or subjected to the designs of the government. It sees journalism as inevitably divided between 'popular-national' and 'foreign-oligarchic' interests, and views the state as a necessary instrument to redress imbalances in democracies and press systems",1,-1,[],[47139]],["political style",1,-1,[],[8643]],["politics should be \"an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people\"",1,-1,[],[8477]],["populism as a thin-centred ideology",1,-1,[],[3985]],["populism both depoliticises and hyper-politicises social relations … and the populist leader often places him/herself symbolically outside the political realm, or at least he/she is not a politician like the others",1,-1,[],[21129]],["populism can be observed in a wide variety of ideologies and movements, from far-right parties in Europe to leftwing movements in Latin America, all of which use recognizably populist appeals to the people to justify their actions or fuel anti-elite sentiments in a bid to win the popular vote, but are not necessarily opposed to liberalism.",1,-1,[],[24236]],["populism can be perceived as a political style (Moffit -Torney 2014). This refers particularly to its style of communication (Jagers -Walgrave 2007).",1,-1,[],[33812]],["populism covers a much wider ideological terrain and encompasses discourses, strategies and styles of communication that are not inherently illiberal",1,-1,[],[24236]],["populism essentially blames the elites-who can be politicians, corporations, media elites, or supra-national institutions-for causing the negative developments that are experienced by the silenced and powerless people",1,-1,[],[47139]],["populism forwards negativity, conflict, and incivility whilst foregrounding ordinary people's feelings and experiences",1,-1,[],[47139]],["populism has been understood as a political (communication) style (Moffitt 2016), a strategy (Barr 2009), a frame (e.g., Caiani and Della Porta 2011) or discourse (Laclau 2005).",1,-1,[],[4307]],["populism is a backlash against governmentalist attempts to moralize people into compliance.",1,-1,[],[38573]],["populism is a biting critique of the democratic limitations within liberal democracies.",1,-1,[],[6244]],["populism is essentially a monist ideology, it is inherently opposed to division and pluralism",1,-1,[],[8226]],["populism is not an essential, but conditional qualifier of such actors emerging from other central ideological roots (nationalism, social-democracy, etc.).",1,-1,[],[61063]],["populism is reluctantly political",1,-1,[],[8226]],["populism is understood as features of political communication rather than characteristics of the actor sending the message.",1,-1,[],[9740]],["populism relies on a clear distinction between in-groups (\"the people\") and out-groups (\"the elite\"), and that it can be articulated from the left, right, and center of the ideological scale (Rovira Kaltwasser et al. 2017).",1,-1,[],[35761]],["populism typically focuses on conflict and the people's feelings and experiences whilst circumventing or attacking empirical evidence and expert analyses.",1,-1,[],[23050]],["populism's binary distinction between corrupt elites and the pure people (and, by extension, between elite lies and popular truths)",1,-1,[],[22684]],["populism's negative stance towards existing political structures and ideational establishments.",1,-1,[],[21129]],["populist actors claim to exclusively represent the will of the people, positioning their opponents as illegitimate or even as enemies of democracy.",1,-1,[],[20999]],["populist framings are characterized by anti-establishment appeals",1,-1,[],[38573]],["populist movements tend to be antagonistic to cultural, linguistic, religious, and racial minorities… who differ from the majority… [and are] viewed as enemies of the people rather than potential allies.",1,-1,[],[6073]],["populist social actors present themselves as representatives, defenders and spokespersons for the people.",1,-1,[],[45401]],["populist-type hyperbole",1,-1,[],[21129]],["populists have championed the role of independent experts (over professional politicians)",1,-1,[],[8226]],["rhetorical strategy",1,-1,[],[8643]],["self-contained ideology",1,-1,[],[58921]],["the abundant literature usually agrees that",1,-1,[],[35761]],["the communicative tools used for spreading populist ideas are just as central as the populist ideas themselves.",1,-1,[],[9740]],["the concept deals with 'an essential impalpability, an awkward conceptual slipperiness'",1,-1,[],[2337]],["the concept of populism has become a \"catch-all concept to diagnose the pathologies of political life\"",1,-1,[],[8643]],["the concept of populism is so broad that it varies greatly depending on the context within which it is analyzed.",1,-1,[],[8477]],["the construction of 'the others' as counterparts taking the form of elites and/or out-groups against which the people affirm their preeminence",1,-1,[],[3196]],["the difference between 'good' and 'bad' populism as the difference between a sincere democratic faith and an instrumental faith",1,-1,[],[21129]],["the distinction between the people and the elite is a battle between good and evil.",1,-1,[],[8226]],["the juxtaposition of 'the people' in opposition to elites. Ordinary people are mostly portrayed by populists as being righteous and endowed with common sense, whereas elites are portrayed as corrupt and their actions as being directed against the interests of the people.",1,-1,[],[3985]],["the morally superior view on one side and the corrupt elites on the other",1,-1,[],[47139]],["the notion that the interests and views of ordinary citizens are the moral center of politics; anti-elite and anti-establishment attitude; the portrayal of 'the people' as a unified group which they claim to represent; the framing of political discourses through the lens of crisis and opposition to neoliberal ideology",1,-1,[],[54217]],["the people are conceived as a homogenous or monolithic group, good by nature and the beholder of a vast repertoire of positive attributes -purity, wisdom or authenticity",1,-1,[],[45401]],["thin-centred ideology",1,-1,[],[8643]],["today it has a predominantly negative connotation in the dominant political and media discourse. It is associated with phenomena such as intolerance, exclusivism, manipulation, and sometimes even authoritarian tendencies.",1,-1,[],[33812]],["we should treat it as a continuum, and analyze and assess the degree to which, and conditions under which, elements of populist communication are used",1,-1,[],[9740]],["when combined with anti-elitism/anti-establishment positions (vertical division) or the exclusion of certain groups (horizontal division), populism has been redefined as a thicker concept [18].",1,-1,[],[30635]],["when illiberal actors use populist strategies, they do so to spread illiberal attitudes among the general population or to encourage the adoption of illiberal policies.",1,-1,[],[24236]],["widely used to refer to the politicisation of various social groups, sometimes pejoratively, sometimes benevolently",1,-1,[],[55842]],["Ștefănel (2016) argues that, under certain conditions, populism should not be viewed solely as a threat to democracy, but also as a potential corrective to liberal democratic practices, particularly when it channels popular discontent into demands for greater accountability and reconfigures institutional legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[26355]]],"sy":[["a counter-revolutionary cultural backlash",1,-1,[["a counter-revolutionary cultural backlash",1],["counter-revolutionary cultural backlash",1]],[8643]],["a moralistic imagination of politics",1,-1,[["a moralistic imagination of politics",1],["moralistic imagination of politics",1]],[8643]],["a performative (Kissas 2020) and thin-centred ideology (Mudde 2010)",1,-1,[],[8643]],["a political style",1,14272,[["a political style",1],["political style",1]],[8643]],["a rhetorical strategy",1,26718,[["a rhetorical strategy",1],["rhetorical strategy",1]],[8643]],["desperate politics of hope",1,-1,[],[2351]],["essentially contested concepts",1,-1,[],[33812]],["illiberalism",1,656,[],[32271]],["logic",1,6008,[],[8643]],["politics of hope",1,-1,[],[2351]],["populist political attitudes",1,-1,[],[33015]],["populist rhetoric",1,18141,[],[33015]]],"rt":[["anti-elitism",4,17190,[["anti-elitism",3],["anti -elitism",1]],[2337,24236,33812,56629]],["elitism",3,25582,[],[3160,6244,8226]],["people centrism",3,30359,[["people centrism",1],["people-centrism",1],["peoplecentrism",1]],[2337,2351,56629]],["pluralism",3,22166,[],[3160,6244,8226]],["disinformation",2,17423,[],[9489,47139]],["nationalism",2,22205,[],[4679,47139]],["the elite",2,19725,[],[6244,47139]],["the people",2,23425,[],[6244,47139]],["Euroscepticism",1,29815,[],[33812]],["Manichean dimension",1,-1,[],[8226]],["Manichean distinction between the people and the elite",1,-1,[],[8226]],["Media populism",1,9290,[],[39263]],["anti -globalist",1,21100,[],[33812]],["anti-capitalism",1,-1,[],[23050]],["anti-establishment stand",1,19396,[],[2351]],["anti-immigration sentiments",1,-1,[],[23050]],["authoritarianism",1,8109,[],[4679]],["backlash politics",1,-1,[],[38573]],["battle against the \"corrupt\" elite",1,-1,[],[9740]],["communication style",1,-1,[],[49303]],["counter-revolutionary cultural backlash",1,-1,[],[8643]],["declinism",1,27793,[],[2351]],["democratic extremism",1,-1,[],[6244]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[49303]],["economic inclusion",1,-1,[],[23050]],["empty, exclusionary, antielitist, and complete populism",1,-1,[],[3196]],["establishment",1,-1,[],[45401]],["exclusion of societal outgroups",1,30369,[],[56629]],["exclusionary identity politics",1,24934,[],[33015]],["exclusionism",1,31511,[],[2337]],["far-right",1,11151,[],[58921]],["general will",1,-1,[],[6244]],["governmentalism",1,31201,[],[38573]],["homogeneity of the people",1,27389,[],[2337]],["hyperindividualism",1,26102,[],[8417]],["identification of an out-group",1,-1,[],[9740]],["illiberal democracy",1,1551,[],[6244]],["illiberalism",1,656,[],[24236]],["indifferent elites",1,-1,[],[45401]],["liberal, neoliberal, right-wing, conservative, centrist, and left-wing populisms",1,-1,[],[3160]],["logic",1,6008,[],[8643]],["moralistic imagination of politics",1,-1,[],[8643]],["national-populism",1,14460,[],[61063]],["nativism",1,3649,[],[23050]],["neoliberalism",1,31767,[],[8417]],["performative",1,29658,[],[8643]],["personalising political communication",1,-1,[],[47139]],["plebiscitary politics",1,4223,[],[8226]],["political communication content",1,-1,[],[9740]],["political communication style",1,-1,[],[9740]],["political fantasy",1,-1,[],[54217]],["political style",1,14272,[],[8643]],["politicians' obsession with media",1,-1,[],[47139]],["popular sovereignty",1,10067,[],[45401]],["populism in Latin America is left-wing, economic, and inclusive",1,-1,[],[8226]],["populism narrative",1,-1,[],[34761]],["populist communication",1,31288,[],[9740]],["populist political attitudes",1,-1,[],[33015]],["populist politics",1,3779,[],[33812]],["populist rhetoric",1,18141,[],[33015]],["proclamation of a crisis",1,19603,[],[2337]],["radical antagonism",1,-1,[],[47139]],["rhetorical strategy",1,26718,[],[8643]],["socialists",1,-1,[],[29941]],["the corrupt elite",1,-1,[],[6244]],["the pure people",1,-1,[],[6244]],["thin ideology",1,5284,[],[2351]],["thin-centred ideology",1,34317,[],[8643]],["uncivil discourse",1,-1,[],[47139]],["volonté générale",1,-1,[],[6244]]],"sb":[["People-centrism",4,30359,[["People-centrism",1],["people centrism",1],["people-centrism",1],["peoplecentrism",1]],[2351,19277,34761,56629]],["anti-elitism",4,17190,[["anti-elitism",3],["Anti-elitism",1]],[2351,19277,34761,56629]],["left -wing populism",3,2274,[["left -wing populism",1],["left-wing populism",1],["leftwing populism",1]],[8226,8417,33812]],["right-wing populism",3,25646,[["right-wing populism",2],["right -wing populism",1]],[8226,33812,56629]],["Complete populism",2,24114,[["Complete populism",1],["complete populism",1]],[3196,9740]],["Anti-elitism: \"Anti-elite dispositions\"",1,-1,[],[34761]],["Bad populism",1,15717,[],[39263]],["Excluding populism",1,27838,[],[9740]],["General will",1,-1,[],[34761]],["Good populism",1,6590,[],[39263]],["Indivisible people",1,12775,[],[34761]],["Indivisible people: \"The ordinary people to be indivisible (i.e., the people are seen as homogenous)\"",1,-1,[],[34761]],["Manichean worldview",1,22016,[],[34761]],["Manichean worldview: \"Politics is a moral struggle between good and bad\"",1,-1,[],[34761]],["People-centrism: \"Sovereignty should lie exclusively with the ordinary people (i.e., the ordinary people, not the elites, should have the final say in politics)\"",1,-1,[],[34761]],["Ugly populism",1,33982,[],[39263]],["a Manichean view of the world",1,25272,[],[19277]],["anti-elitist populism",1,19811,[],[9740]],["anti-technocratic ones",1,-1,[],[19277]],["centrist populism",1,-1,[],[33812]],["core populist attitudes",1,17676,[],[19277]],["digital populism",1,829,[],[8417]],["empty",1,-1,[],[3196]],["empty populism",1,26051,[],[9740]],["exclusionary",1,24452,[],[3196]],["left-and right-wing populism",1,-1,[],[3985]],["liberal, neoliberal, right-wing, conservative, centrist, and left-wing populisms",1,-1,[],[3160]],["moral antagonism between the good people and the evil elites",1,-1,[["moral antagonism between the good people and the evil elites",1],["the moral antagonism between the good people and the evil elites",1]],[8305]],["online populism",1,31888,[],[8417]],["populist right",1,27257,[],[8417]],["representation of the ordinary people",1,-1,[],[8305]],["right-wing parties",1,-1,[],[54217]],["the (failed) representation of the ordinary people",1,-1,[],[8305]],["the betrayal of the ordinary people by an elite that uses its power to its own advantage, neglecting and ignoring the worries and needs of the ordinary people",1,-1,[],[2351]],["the centrality and elevated status of 'the people' or more precisely 'the ordinary people'",1,-1,[],[2351]],["the potential exclusion of societal outgroups",1,-1,[],[56629]]],"sp":[["thin ideology",2,5284,[],[2351,3559]],["thin-centered ideologies",1,20164,[],[38573]]],"ex":[["ANO 2011 in Czechia",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Bolsonaro portrays opponents, including journalists, as enemies of the nation",1,-1,[],[54217]],["Brexiteers' xenophobic ideas",1,-1,[],[47139]],["Classic examples of populist movements include Narodism in Russia, Poujadism in France, and Peronism in Argentina",1,-1,[],[3985]],["Narodism in Russia, Poujadism in France, and Peronism in Argentina",1,-1,[],[3985]],["National Front in France, Lega in Italy, Freedom Party in Austria, or Party for Freedom in the Netherlands",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Syriza in Greece, Podemos in Spain, and Left in Slovenia",1,-1,[],[33812]],["Trump's campaign to further isolate America by blocking southern immigration",1,-1,[],[47139]],["combating Islam, decreasing diversity, strengthening our borders, getting the European Union off our backs, returning to respect, to the values and norms that used to sustain the fulfilling life and the good society",1,-1,[],[2351]],["political leaders use appeals to the people to promote homophobia or hostility towards immigration or to legitimize the curtailing of minority rights or media freedom.",1,-1,[],[24236]],["such as combating Islam, decreasing diversity, strengthening our borders, getting the European Union off our backs, returning to respect, to the values and norms that used to sustain the fulfilling life and the good society",1,-1,[],[2351]],["the tendency for citizens to vote for extreme parties in EU countries like France, Germany, Denmark, Greece, Spain, and Finland",1,-1,[],[47139]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In relation to toxic speech, there is always a group (or an individual from the group) at the receiving end of all the negativity and hate.",1,-1,[],[23046]]],"sy":[["identity 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However, we measure exposure by observing the sources of content that are actually consumed by the users.",1,-1,[],[46677]],["Pinterest displays the lowest homogeneity bias, suggesting that this platform exposes users to a broad range of different information sources.",1,-1,[],[46677]],["Popularity bias implies homogeneity bias, but the reverse is not true; an algorithm could in theory focus on unpopular sites, thus achieving high homogeneity bias and low popularity bias.",1,-1,[],[46677]],["We capture this intuition by using the normalized inverse Shannon entropy to define the homogeneity bias experienced by user u through application a:",1,-1,[],[46677]],["We observe the highest homogeneity bias for email and lowest for search, as seen in Figure 3A.",1,-1,[],[46677]],["a platform exposes users to information sources in a biased way.",1,-1,[],[46677]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["popularity bias",1,682,[],[46677]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["algorithmic bias",1,11642,[],[46677]]],"ex":[["consider 10 clicks 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2003).",1,-1,[],[16466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["radical political actors",1,33524,[],[16466]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Losantos destroys the Spanish left: 'It is revolting, totalitarian, and abject'",1,-1,[],[13892]],["Rosa Díez smashes Sánchez again: 'He wants to rule like a dictator leaning on our enemies'",1,-1,[],[13892]],["The calamitous Carmen Calvo",1,-1,[],[13892]],["The despicable vice-president of the Castile and León Council",1,-1,[],[13892]],["The heinous Antonio Maestre",1,-1,[],[13892]],["The sectarian Mónica López",1,-1,[],[13892]],["The useless Garzón",1,-1,[],[13892]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Lo que ella llama \"la vida temporal del lenguaje\" (p. 14) introduce a cada enunciado ofensivo en una totalidad más amplia, un 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This is often the case when written discourse (or any language utterance) is considered to be biased.",1,-1,[],[59635]],["We classify statements that contain biased language which is introduced through words or phrases that are partial or are not neutrally phrased.",1,-1,[],[59635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["epistemological",1,8420,[],[59635]],["framing bias",1,7181,[],[59635]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["negatively framed versus positively framed statements are more likely to be judged as true",1,-1,[],[28388]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["expectations",1,16798,[],[28388]],["individuals' mindset",1,-1,[],[28388]],["negativity bias",1,17511,[],[28389]],["the semantics of the statements",1,-1,[],[28388]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the negatively framed statement (2) that focuses on the divorce rate is more likely to be judged as true compared to the positively framed version (1) that focuses on marriage duration",1,-1,[],[28389]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the falsity of the information needs to be verifiable or the information needs to be misleading",1,-1,[],[38652]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["false information",1,20964,[],[38652]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["astroturfing",1,3066,[],[54017]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Individuals with low involvement have low information need, while individuals with high involvement look for information which provides added value to their purchase decision",1,-1,[],[603]],["Relevant factors that could influence an individual's level of involvement include the availability of alternatives (2 v. 200 available products), the necessity of the decision (mandatory purchase decision of a new refrigerator v. optional viewing of information, such as a product description or a news article), and its reversibility.",1,-1,[],[16304]],["Variables included: involvement, involvement level.",1,-1,[],[603]],["describing the degree of engagement of an individual in a certain cognitive task or activity.",1,-1,[],[58358]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["involvement",1,20475,[],[603]],["involvement level",1,-1,[],[603]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender-neutral expressions",1,-1,[],[29628]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["We cannot tolerate attacks on the wife of an American citizen.",1,-1,[],[29628]],["Young people should be out interfering with the local maidens.",1,-1,[],[29628]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalistic ethics",1,6371,[],[17438]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["incongruent links percentage",1,-1,[],[59319]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["bot networks were often detectable because they used \"copypasta\"-repetitive or identical language across networks and accounts",1,-1,[],[15716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["conventions for indicating retweets in Twitter",1,-1,[],[7905]],["the use of slang words and domain-specific jargon",1,-1,[],[7905]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["debido a su filiación religiosa y origen étnico, se forja la idea de esa invasión gratuita sobre los derechos de que no gozan los griegos -código cultural-",1,-1,[],[53047]],["los vemos globalmente",1,-1,[],[53047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Importantly, these container metaphors also reflect broader social logics. They reinforce the liberal ideal of the self as autonomous and bounded, and in contemporary contexts, the neoliberal expectation that individuals must monitor and optimize their inner states.",1,-1,[],[38750]],["Such metaphors subtly encode a model of cognition as internal possession, as something that happens inside an enclosed mental space, separate from the body and external world.",1,-1,[],[38750]],["They also imply effort, that attempts should be made to monitor and control the events occurring in this private container.",1,-1,[],[38750]],["framing mindfulness as an individual responsibility rather than a byproduct of the broader sociocultural environment",1,-1,[],[38750]],["mindfulness is framed not as relational attunement to the world, but as internal housekeeping, involving the management of a cluttered room inside the head",1,-1,[],[38750]],["reinforce the experience of mind as an enclosed interior space requiring constant regulation and surveillance",1,-1,[],[38750]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["digital labour is a distinct form of labour that can be recognised within a Marxist framework",1,-1,[],[61207]],["the process of reproduction of labour-power in itself is congealed into the audience labour performed by the workers/audience.",1,-1,[],[61207]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Internet prosumer commodity",1,-1,[],[61207]],["audience commodity",1,1013,[],[61207]],["audience labour",1,-1,[],[61207]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Conspiracy thinking is also associated with the rejection of scientific findings",1,-1,[],[22076]],["Empirical measures of conspiracy thinking are specifically designed to transcend the trappings of individual conspiracy theories; in other words, an examination of the relationship between political orientations and conspiracy thinking has the advantage of avoiding the complications of substantive interpretation inherently posed by the idiosyncrasies of beliefs in particular conspiracy theories.",1,-1,[],[776]],["Individuals are distributed along a continuum in regard to the strength of their conspiracy thinking. All else equal, the higher a person is on that continuum, the more likely they will be to accept a specific conspiracy theory.",1,-1,[],[22076]],["Rather, individuals must possess a belief system hospitable to conspiratorial information. The more likely one is to see conspiracies in all manner of cultural and political events, the stronger the relationship between social media use and beliefs in dubious ideas.",1,-1,[],[769]],["Researchers across disciplines have simultaneously theorized that such a predisposition underwrites beliefs in specific conspiracy theories and misinformation",1,-1,[],[769]],["Researchers across disciplines have simultaneously theorized that such a predisposition underwrites beliefs in specific conspiracy theories and misinformation (Klofstad et al., 2019;Brotherton et al., 2013;Imhoff & Bruder, 2014;Atari et al, 2019;Lewandowsky et al, 2013a).",1,-1,[],[769]],["This idea largely stems from the finding that people who already believe in particular conspiracy theories are likely to believe in others (Goertzel, 1994), even unrelated ones (Wood, Douglas, & Sutton, 2012).",1,-1,[],[6425]],["This may indicate an underlying tendency for some people to prefer conspiracy explanations because of a bias against powerful disliked groups and official accounts",1,-1,[],[6425]],["This may indicate an underlying tendency for some people to prefer conspiracy explanations because of a bias against powerful disliked groups and official accounts (Wood, Douglas, & Sutton, 2012; see also Imhoff & Lamberty, 2018).",1,-1,[],[6425]],["Those demonstrating the strongest proclivity toward conspiracy thinking exhibit the strongest relationship between frequency of social media use and number of beliefs in dubious ideas.",1,-1,[],[769]],["While conspiracy thinking is conceived of as a largely stable predisposition (Uscinski & Parent, 2014), emerging scholarship suggests that conspiracy thinking can be temporarily heightened or diminished in some groups by situational political factors (Einstein & Glick, 2013;Farhart et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[776]],["conspiracy thinking is fomented in online networks where imaginaries of race and nation are linked to notions of political power and secrecy.",1,-1,[],[46045]],["conspiracy thinking--the predisposition to interpret salient events as products of conspiracies",1,-1,[],[769]],["general conspiratorial sentiments in which abstract nefarious groups are subverting norms, rules, and laws by secretly engaging in harmful actions or by covering-up such actions",1,-1,[],[776]],["has been found to condition the acceptance of conspiratorial information",1,-1,[],[769]],["the former is a general predisposition",1,-1,[],[22076]]],"sy":[["conspiracist ideation",2,12072,[],[6425,22076]],["conspiracy mentality",2,13698,[],[776,6425]],["conspiracy ideation",1,11734,[],[776]],["conspiracy ideology",1,-1,[],[6425]],["conspiracy mindset",1,24330,[],[6425]],["conspiracy predispositions",1,-1,[],[6425]],["conspiracy theorizing",1,8223,[],[776]],["conspiracy worldview",1,-1,[],[6425]],["conspiratorial predispositions",1,-1,[],[776]],["conspiricism",1,-1,[],[776]]],"rt":[["beliefs in specific conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[22076]],["conspiracy 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headlines as an effective means to spread disinformation over digital platforms is evident",1,-1,[],[27404]]],"sy":[["deceitful and incongruent news article",1,-1,[],[27404]]],"rt":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[27404]]],"sb":[["both headline and body refer to a common topic or event, but the contents are not related",1,-1,[],[27404]],["both headline and body report a genuine event/incident, but the dates or name entities are manipulated",1,-1,[],[27404]],["the headline makes unrelated or opposite claims to its body",1,-1,[],[27404]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It is deeply embedded in everyday life and plays a role as a unifying force in Nigeria's multicultural society, functioning as both a street and home language, valued for humor and storytelling.",1,-1,[],[34008]],["NP appears frequently for strong opinions, identity marking, and rhetorical effects",1,-1,[],[34008]],["NP is not merely an informal code, but a linguistic resource strategically deployed to reinforce stereotypes and intensify hostility.",1,-1,[],[34008]],["NP, often dismissed as \"low status,\" is mobilized to reinforce social hierarchies and intensify hostility against vulnerable groups.",1,-1,[],[34008]],["Nigerian Pidgin, in particular, functions as both a unifying lingua franca and a marker of authenticity, solidarity, and informality.",1,-1,[],[34008]],["The sociolinguistic associations of NP with low prestige make it especially potent in positioning groups as inferior, while its broad intelligibility ensures affective resonance in multiethnic online settings.",1,-1,[],[34008]],["combines broad intelligibility with an affective, informal register",1,-1,[],[34008]],["functions as both a unifying lingua franca and a marker of authenticity, solidarity, and informality",1,-1,[],[34008]],["informal and affective code used to express humor, critique, and solidarity",1,-1,[],[34008]],["linguistic resource for hostility and its sociolinguistic salience in amplifying stereotypes and 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field.",1,-1,[],[28928]],["dissemination of knowledge",1,-1,[],[28928]],["the amount of communicative capital means that she understands how the journalist work and accept this as a condition, if she wants to be a public media figure",1,-1,[],[28928]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["scientific capital",1,-1,[],[28928]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["capital",1,12849,[],[28928]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Calling it argument from ignorance makes it plausibly seem fallacious, but this form of argument is often reasonable when supplemented by a conditional premise: if A were false (true), A would be known to be false (true) (Walton, 1996, 254-255).",1,-1,[],[18911]],["it is regarded as a reasonable but defeasible argument",1,-1,[],[18911]]],"sy":[["argumentum ad ignorantiam",1,3805,[],[18911]],["ex silentio argument",1,-1,[],[18911]],["lack of evidence argument",1,-1,[],[18911]]],"rt":[["lack of evidence argument",1,-1,[],[18911]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example there is no evidence that Roman soldiers received posthumous medals in war, only evidence of living soldiers receiving such awards. From this lack of evidence, the conclusion can be drawn by inference that Roman soldiers did not receive posthumous decorations in war.",1,-1,[],[18911]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Poor people... / White people...",1,-1,[],[40266]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["de l'autre, s'y oppose de manière antithétique un fondamentalisme religieux déconnecté de la culture lorsqu'elle est dénoncée globalement comme une « culture de mort » ou « dégénérée », au risque d'opposer ou d'identifier le culturel au cultuel (Boko Haram en particulier en a fait sa marque de fabrique en identifiant l'Occident à l'illicite).",1,-1,[],[25406]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Boko Haram en particulier en a fait sa marque de fabrique en identifiant l'Occident à l'illicite",1,-1,[],[25406]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Prescriptive data annotation thus enables the training of models that seek to consistently apply one belief.",1,-1,[],[11936]]],"sy":[["Prescriptive data annotation",1,-1,[],[11936]]],"rt":[["prescriptive data annotation",1,-1,[],[11936]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The sentence pair Asians / White people cant drive because they have slanted eyes conflates two different stereotypes, namely that Asians have slanted eyes and that they cannot drive.",1,-1,[],[11659]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Participatory populism is, however, different from critical debate to the extent that online discussion forums rarely allow for an engagement with the arguments of political opponents but rather result in a categorical rejection of political elites and an overall negativity towards political representatives.",1,-1,[],[27077]],["While populism is usually approached from the perspective of political actors and parties, the Internet opens up the opportunity for 'populist non-elite actors' to participate in populist communication",1,-1,[],[27077]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["populism",1,20354,[],[27077]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[7076]],["opinion mining",1,5224,[],[7998]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion mining",1,5224,[],[7998]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stardom and celebrity",1,-1,[],[59898]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Balmas (2014) stated that fake news refers to satire news as they contain false content.",1,-1,[],[23293]],["However, as their articles are usually disseminated via social networks, this fact is obfuscated, overlooked, or ignored by users who often take them at face value with no additional verification.",1,-1,[],[7029]],["News satire programs and tv-shows are based on the presentation of current information displayed in a way that generates laughter among its audiences.",1,-1,[],[39231]],["News satires have their starting point on something that is true, only for the data to be changed afterwards into something that is only partially correct, with the help of humour and exaggerations",1,-1,[],[39231]],["Satire news is explicitly produced for entertainment.",1,-1,[],[17159]],["The fake news stories are typically inspired by real ones, and cover the same range of subject matter: from politics to weather to crime. The satirical aspect arises when the factual basis of the story is \"comically extended to a fictitious construction where it becomes incongruous or even absurd, in a way that intersects entertainment with criticism\"",1,-1,[],[12371]],["The satirical aspect arises when the factual basis of the story is \"comically extended to a fictitious construction where it becomes incongruous or even absurd, in a way that intersects entertainment with criticism\" (Ermida, 2012: 187).",1,-1,[],[12371]],["These shows are embodied in the context of an actual news bulletin, with a frontman sitting behind a desk; the difference is that the anchor is not presented as a journalist or as an investigator but as an entertainer or a comedian",1,-1,[],[39231]],["Usually, these sites disclose their satyric nature in one of their pages (i.e., About page).",1,-1,[],[7029]],["fake news stories aim to \"arouse the readers' attention, amuse them, and at the same time awaken their capacity to judge contemporary society\" (Ermida, 2012: 188).",1,-1,[],[12371]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[23293]],["news parodies",1,6420,[],[39231]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[32120,39231]],["Humorous Fakes",1,1934,[],[15305]],["Misinformation",1,10315,[],[28409]],["satire",1,9893,[],[12371]]],"ex":[["SatireWire",1,-1,[],[7028]],["SatireWire [16]",1,-1,[],[7029]],["The Onion, The Daily Bonnet [15]",1,-1,[],[15305]],["TheOnion",1,-1,[],[7028]],["TheOnion [22]",1,-1,[],[7029]],["the Comedy Central show or The Daily Show",1,-1,[],[39231]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["essentialism",1,26488,[],[37463]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["documentary falsification",1,27778,[],[55866]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["retrospective illusion",1,3964,[],[22593]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In one study, researchers assessed people's beliefs before and after the 1984 general election and found people misremembered having believed that the eventual winner had a higher chance of winning than they had reported earlier",1,-1,[],[31308]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[35161]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["cultural formations different from major ones like the previously analysed examples of Polish cinema.",1,-1,[],[13140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hoax",1,13150,[],[10623]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society.",1,-1,[],[2219]]],"sy":[["opinion-molding",1,-1,[],[2219]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Informal Messages",1,14353,[],[29286]],["information overload",1,18870,[],[29286]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Both homophobia and LGBTQI inclusion can thus be productive for nationalist imaginaries, but in contradicting ways.",1,-1,[],[31139]],["In other words, it is the Other's use of homophobia as a technology of Othering that is used to position it as inferior.",1,-1,[],[22193]],["In other words, it is the Other's use of homophobia as a technology of Othering that is used to position it as inferior. 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The rooms are modern and very comfortable. The location is perfect within walking distance to all of the great sights and restaurants. Highly recommend to both business travellers and couples. 2. My husband and I stayed at the James Chicago Hotel for our anniversary. This place is fantastic! We knew as soon as we arrived we made the right choice! The rooms are BEAUTIFUL and the staff very attentive and wonderful!! The area of the hotel is great, since I love to shop I couldn't ask for more!! We will definatly be back to Chicago and we will for sure be back to the James Chicago.",1,-1,[],[17647]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, the SFL model proposes that human language has evolved to make three generalized kinds of meanings; they are: Experiential meanings (clause as representation), Interpersonal meanings (clause as exchange), and Textual meanings (clause as message) (Eggins 2004, p.58-59).",1,-1,[],[24155]],["One of the main textual systems is Theme and Rheme",1,-1,[],[24155]],["Textual meaning is the cotextual effect of how the structures produced by the underlying linguistic systems work.",1,-1,[],[17400]],["Textual meaning is the cotextual effect of how the structures produced by the underlying linguistic systems work. 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Although this power to be concealed overlaps with anonymitybecause anonymity is the concealment of identity-there are some important differences.",1,-1,[],[5483]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anonymity",1,20303,[],[8439]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["online disinhibition",1,7942,[],[33454]],["online disinhibition effect",1,27686,[],[5483]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Individual fairness",1,1616,[],[14595]],["fairness in AI",1,6829,[],[14595]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["a distortion bias is often defined as a binary classification.",1,-1,[],[20609]],["distortion bias is usually modeled as a binary classification problem.",1,-1,[],[6760]],["the media can strategically withhold information (a version of distortion bias)",1,-1,[],[20296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content bias",1,5060,[],[48947]],["decision-making 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scenarios.",1,-1,[],[15684]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["factual consistency",1,11908,[],[15684]],["factual correctness",1,2700,[],[15684]]],"sb":[["Extrinsic Error",1,34624,[],[15684]],["Intrinsic Error",1,12998,[],[15684]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["about 30% of summaries generated by state-of-the-art models have faithfulness issues",1,-1,[],[15684]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias-searching queries",1,-1,[],[8036]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fairness by blindness",1,-1,[],[23580]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fairness",1,27748,[],[23580]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["attacking science by exploiting its innate limitation",1,-1,[],[38258]],["create emotionally evocative social media posts, or use fake experts to back up the claim",1,-1,[],[38258]],["discrediting government or pharmaceutical companies",1,-1,[],[38258]],["establishing the legitimacy of false claims by using certain cues to activate credibility heuristics of people (e.g., medical jargon, seemingly credible source)",1,-1,[],[38258]],["exaggeration and selectively presentation or omission of information",1,-1,[],[38258]],["fabricating misinformation via vivid storytelling",1,-1,[],[38258]],["highlighting unknown risk and uncertainty",1,-1,[],[38258]],["inappropriately using scientific evidence to support a false claim",1,-1,[],[38258]],["making a conclusion based on biased reasoning",1,-1,[],[38258]],["making a topic look either small and insignificant or large and problematic, or communicating the conspiracy theories to the audience to distrust mainstream narrative",1,-1,[],[38258]],["making health issues political through the rhetoric of freedom and choice, us vs. them, or religious faith, moral values, or ideology",1,-1,[],[38258]],["using certain linguistic intensifiers to highlight the points",1,-1,[],[38258]],["using fear or anger appeals in persuasion",1,-1,[],[38258]],["using personal experience or anecdotes rather than scientific findings as evidence",1,-1,[],[38258]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["naïve theories",1,6792,[],[23979]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":44,"df":[],"de":[["A common feature to both legally and culturally bound definitions of privacy is the implication of control over personal information flows, a quality that has been greatly complicated with the advent of digital media.",1,-1,[],[1056]],["In the context of journalism, privacy was for a long time part of the debate on what aspects of individual life should be reported",1,-1,[],[5123]],["In traditional media, this balance is carefully maintained, and indeed, it represents another major principle in the Israeli Code of Ethics. However, among Israeli Telegram news groups, the implementation of privacy guidelines is nuanced. Although several channels caution when managing sensitive personal information, the drive to capture exclusive details during conflicts can compromise the privacy of individuals, particularly those involved in violent events.",1,-1,[],[5299]],["Other researchers embrace the difficulty of defining privacy as the reason for developing adaptive solutions and classification systems",1,-1,[],[21064]],["Privacy has to do with the question what dimensions of human life should be made visible to the public or should remain invisible.",1,-1,[],[25211]],["Privacy is a social, contextual and relational moral value",1,-1,[],[25211]],["Privacy is also as a cultural value that is redefined and performed through everyday social interactions, for example, by managing secrecy and evading unwanted exposure in everyday mediated and embodied contexts (Nippert-Eng 2010).",1,-1,[],[1056]],["SMA researchers should be aware that social media often blurs the lines between public and private and people might share information online without being fully aware that these are public.",1,-1,[],[58670]],["This complexity arises from various practices, such as targeted advertising, content personalization, and behavioral monitoring, which rely on extensive data collection.",1,-1,[],[44221]],["cultural value that is redefined and performed through everyday social interactions, for example, by managing secrecy and evading unwanted exposure in everyday mediated and embodied contexts",1,-1,[],[1056]],["has become increasingly complex in the digital age due to the pervasive collection and use of personal data by both private companies and governments",1,-1,[],[44221]],["is an important norm in ethics guidelines.",1,-1,[],[58670]],["privacy is a highly complex phenomenon that takes on different meanings in different contexts",1,-1,[],[5123]],["privacy needs to be understood not only from an individual perspective, but also as a networked and negotiated practice",1,-1,[],[37132]],["social media often blurs the lines between public and private and people might share information online without being fully aware that these are public.",1,-1,[],[58670]],["the ongoing transformation of news organizations into data enterprises that utilize personal data about their audiences when deploying algorithmic systems such as ANRs is expanding this value to include the privacy of readers as well as that of news subjects",1,-1,[],[5123]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["audience-centred values",1,28382,[],[5123]],["contextual integrity",1,-1,[],[21064]],["control over personal information flows",1,-1,[],[1056]],["information control",1,20937,[],[51085]],["legitimate public concern",1,34118,[],[54812]],["network structure",1,14488,[],[8877]]],"sb":[["bodily privacy",1,-1,[],[51085]],["communication privacy",1,-1,[],[51085]],["information privacy",1,-1,[],[51085]],["territorial privacy",1,-1,[],[51085]]],"sp":[["Conservation",1,-1,[],[26045]],["audience-centred values",1,28382,[],[5123]],["network structure",1,14488,[],[21443]]],"ex":[["a post from November 30, 2023, by Telegram News from the Field, raises questions about the potential violation of dead soldiers' privacy, as it reveals details about their service and circumstances of death before families had the opportunity to decide what information they wished to make public.",1,-1,[],[5299]],["a post on Telegram News from the Field from November 25, 2023 reads: \"Attention, I ask you not to publish the list [of casualties and/or hostages] . . . . Users who would post the list or share it with others privately will be removed. I ask that you respect the families.\"",1,-1,[],[5299]],["a report posted on the same channel on December 10, 2023, which warns users not to join groups where sensitive content is published by the enemy for \"psychological terrorism\" purposes, thereby demonstrating the potential for privacy breaches on the platform.",1,-1,[],[5299]],["thirdparty tracking codes on websites exemplify how privacy can be compromised in the digital landscape.",1,-1,[],[44221]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fairness",1,27748,[],[15550]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dsT",1,-1,[],[21455]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["People are able to make informed choices and wise decisions that affect their lives.",1,-1,[],[20411]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Presence",1,33629,[],[17708]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It reflects its mandate as a public service broadcaster with a global reach and commitment to diverse perspectives.",1,-1,[],[54497]],["encourages viewers to identify with global challenges and solutions",1,-1,[],[54497]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["an expression of cultural values and are embedded in institutional contexts",1,-1,[],[914]],["overarching macro narratives over long periods of time that are embedded in cultural contexts",1,-1,[],[914]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["macro-level narratives",1,26007,[],[914]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["considered real when it shares an image that legitimately represents the event it refers to",1,-1,[],[46303]]],"sy":[["Non-rumor events",1,-1,[],[55087]],["real posts",1,-1,[],[46303]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["Generally, linguistic bias is expressed through specific word choice that reflects the social-category cognition applied to any described group or individual(s)",1,-1,[],[40302]],["Generally, linguistic bias is expressed through specific word choice that reflects the social-category cognition applied to any described group or individual(s) [5]",1,-1,[],[40302]],["In simpler terms, linguistic bias means using language that reflects a particular attitude or viewpoint towards a particular group or individual.",1,-1,[],[20719]],["Linguistic biases are not only driven by cognitive and motivational underpinnings, they are also influenced by social and communicative context",1,-1,[],[29384]],["Linguistic biases result from, and facilitate the transmission of essentialist beliefs about social categories.",1,-1,[],[24131]],["The words that people choose when describing the behavior of individuals belonging to different social categories unintentionally reflect existing associations and expectancies.",1,-1,[],[24132]],["They are believed to have cognitive origins, although as we will see, they have very social consequences.",1,-1,[],[29383,29384]],["This can lead to biased performance and a lack of support for low-resource languages or minority dialects",1,-1,[],[54968]],["This means that language choice, in referring to and describing a target, varies as a function of the social category in which this target is categorized, or to whether the target's characteristics and behaviors fit with an activated stereotype or not.",1,-1,[],[39657]],["as a majorly subjective concept [48], or as a general word choice communicating stereotypes [5]",1,-1,[],[40302]],["linguistic biases are not attributed to cultural differences, nor to any conscious attempt to alter the content created.",1,-1,[],[29383,29384]],["linguistic biases contribute to the maintenance and transmission of stereotypes, as information encoded in an abstract manner is more resistant to disconfirmation.",1,-1,[],[29384]],["linguistic biases may result from implicit cognitive processes, or from interpersonal goals to portray a target in a particular way.",1,-1,[],[24131]],["may play a key role.",1,-1,[],[29383]],["people's linguistic choices automatically reflect existing social knowledge.",1,-1,[],[24131]],["the word 'systematic' indicates that these differences in language choice are general patterns, as opposed to anomalies by individual speakers.",1,-1,[],[39657]]],"sy":[["bias by word choice",1,5154,[],[40302]],["biased language use",1,32678,[],[39657]],["lexical bias",1,23376,[],[20719]]],"rt":[["Linguistic Expectancy Bias",2,28490,[["Linguistic Expectancy Bias",1],["Linguistic Expectancy Bias (LEB)",1]],[24131,29383]],["Linguistic Intergroup 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\"52 diputados de todos los territorios de nuestro país a trabajar al Congreso de los Diputados\" (Maldita.es, 11 abril 2020); la realidad fue que a la sesión del Congreso señalada por Echenique habían asistido únicamente 16 diputados de Vox.",1,-1,[],[13849]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a concept also referred to as \"social privacy\" [67].",1,-1,[],[7413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It labels opposition figures as planners of violence, including attempts to assassinate the president and carry out a violent overthrow of the government.",1,-1,[],[60978]],["It labels opposition figures as planners of violence, including attempts to assassinate the president and carry out a violent overthrow of the government. This frame reinforces the portrayal of President Vučić and the state leadership as the only morally upright actors.",1,-1,[],[60978]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["entity-error hallucination",1,26919,[],[7611]],["relation-error hallucination",1,8438,[],[7611]]],"sp":[["Factuality hallucination",1,17156,[["Factuality hallucination",1],["factuality hallucinations",1]],[7611]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Jamieson (2017) identif es multiple democratic functions of journalism: information, investigation, analysis, social empathy, public forum, mobilization, and democratic education.",1,-1,[],[15359]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["multi-group -fairness",1,-1,[],[51856]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["decision systems",1,-1,[],[41135]],["feedback systems",1,-1,[],[41135]],["gameplay",1,-1,[],[41135]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["buscando atraer al receptor a través de la espectacularización de los contenidos",1,-1,[],[49677]],["su consecuente espectacularización informativa",1,-1,[],[49677]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Weight Redistribution",1,-1,[],[8113]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake News Detection",1,15605,[],[43034]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Two different approaches are usually considered: i) classical computer graphics-based techniques such as FaceSwap 6 , and ii) novel deep learning techniques known as DeepFakes 7 , e.g., the recent ZAO mobile application.",1,-1,[],[20095]],["one of the most popular face manipulation research lines nowadays due to the great public concerns around DeepFakes",1,-1,[],[20095]],["the goal is to generate realistic fake videos",1,-1,[],[20095]]],"sy":[["face swap",1,11103,[],[25679]]],"rt":[["entire face synthesis manipulation",1,-1,[],[20095]]],"sb":[["i) classical computer graphics-based techniques such as FaceSwap 6",1,-1,[],[20095]],["ii) novel deep learning techniques known as DeepFakes 7",1,-1,[],[20095]]],"sp":[["deepfake or face manipulations",1,-1,[],[25679]],["face manipulation",1,824,[],[25679]]],"ex":[["Very realistic videos of this type of manipulation can be seen on Youtube 8 .",1,-1,[],[20095]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Participants rated belief-consistent arguments as more convincing than belief-inconsistent arguments",1,-1,[],[3470]],["Students were far more likely to take a position in the essay that was consistent with their prior beliefs than to take a position that was inconsistent with their prior beliefs (odds ratio D 2.85).",1,-1,[],[3470]],["Students with strong prior beliefs also added more information (based on their prior knowledge and beliefs) to their essays, whereas students with neutral prior beliefs relied more on information from the texts they had read.",1,-1,[],[3470]],["a consequence of cognitive processes inherent in comprehension, that is, epistemic monitoring.",1,-1,[],[3471]],["belief-consistent information has a processing advantage over belief-inconsistent information in comprehension and memory",1,-1,[],[3470]],["this effect was qualified by an interaction with attitude strength.",1,-1,[],[3470]],["time pressure should reduce the opportunity to engage in elaborative epistemic processing, thus creating conditions favoring a text-belief consistency effect.",1,-1,[],[3470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["belief-consistent arguments",1,-1,[],[3470]],["belief-consistent information",1,-1,[],[3470]],["belief-inconsistent arguments",1,-1,[],[3470]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["can also be used as a basis for comparing news articles, and to suggest relevant content based on the similarity of actual argumentative statements.",1,-1,[],[48205]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["argument and opinion mining",1,8278,[],[48205]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["In a deficit model of science communication, experts need to only inform the audience and provide data and scientific facts in an understandable way.",1,-1,[],[37829]],["In this model, people who take part in science-distrusting discourses are portrayed as afflicted by human cognitive limitations and emotional vulnerabilities, at turns manipulating others through their public involvement, and themselves manipulated by savvy propagandists who operate the influence machinery of digital social media.",1,-1,[],[48393]],["It also assumes that more scientific literacy or more knowledge induces a positive attitude with respect to science, for example, feelings of trust (Nisbet & Scheufele, 2009).",1,-1,[],[10735]],["The deficit model explains science-contrarian and denialist beliefs through cognitive shortcomings or vulnerability to manipulation, in opposition to science-trusting beliefs which are framed as cognitively normal and self-explanatory.",1,-1,[],[48393]],["The deficit model has been heavily criticized, among other things for its implicit assumption that scientific expertise and worldview are dominant over other forms of knowledge (Jasanoff, 2011)",1,-1,[],[10735]],["explains science-contrarian and denialist beliefs through cognitive shortcomings or vulnerability to manipulation, in opposition to science-trusting beliefs which are framed as cognitively normal and self-explanatory",1,-1,[],[48393]],["model of contrarian discourses",1,-1,[],[48393]],["public doubts and uncertainty about science are a result of ignorance about science",1,-1,[],[51958]],["the deficit model assumes that scientific knowledge is superior to other worldviews",1,-1,[],[37829]],["the deficit model is persistent both in scientific literature and in public discourses, due to its advantages in formulating research programs and public policies",1,-1,[],[48393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public understanding of science (PUS) paradigm",1,2407,[],[51958]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["responses should be grounded in communicative intents or goals",1,-1,[],[25238]]],"sy":[["commonsense social rules",1,-1,[],[25238]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["periodismo de datos",1,18928,[],[34929]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The collocates and their context of appearance help with the conceptualisation of frames, and subsequently construct an understanding of the frames.",1,-1,[],[42475]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Collocation",1,17722,[],[45212]],["keywords",1,22460,[],[42475]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["evaluates individuals' political positions based on their responses to 62 statements across various topics, such as economics, society, and religion",1,-1,[],[52772]],["the compass lacks components that assess attitudes towards misinformation and conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[52772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["el estereotipo se pauta conjuntamente con la ampulosidad, el chiste, las réplicas agudas, las analogías y la denuncia",1,-1,[],[31340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["modest witnesses",1,7441,[],[57606]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["rumours, jokes, urban legends, songs and parodies of songs, commercial advertisements, digitally edited images, cartoons, etc.",1,-1,[],[46296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["folk media criticism",1,10129,[],[44503]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Barad names this process \"intra-action\" to emphasize the inseparability of the material and the discursive, society and science, human and nonhuman, and nature and culture.",1,-1,[],[42524]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Ambiguity effect",1,32703,[],[32540]],["Bandwagon effect",1,11022,[],[32540]],["Confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[32540]],["Framing effect (textual)",1,26249,[],[32540]],["Selection bias",1,24952,[],[32540]],["Source bias",1,8779,[],[32540]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["One of them is that it is conducive for the spread of informal institutions subversive for press freedom.",1,-1,[],[37004]],["informal institutions are not necessarily rooted in cultural traditions (and many have nothing to do with culture)",1,-1,[],[37004]],["they are not necessarily self-enforcing, but can be enforced externally (for example by state bodies engaged in 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Current systems do not possess the level of natural language understanding to reliably detect such phenomena",1,-1,[],[18129]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["denial of historical events",1,-1,[["denial of historical events",1],["denial of historical events.",1]],[18129]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["negativity and polity biases in the media representation of EU elections",1,-1,[],[5317]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Roma",1,22805,[],[43607]],["Romany",1,-1,[],[43607]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Our method uses positive sentiment in language as a proxy to reflect the level of excellency in language.",1,-1,[],[31487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["biases in language style",1,21032,[],[31487]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Style bias measured with media bias rate.",1,-1,[],[33042]],["it analyzes the lexical polarity (positive, negative, or neutral) towards the target entity in a generation.",1,-1,[],[33042]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing bias",1,7181,[],[33042]]],"ex":[["disproportionately criticizing nonpreferred party",1,-1,[],[33042]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Person-first language",1,18218,[],[36264]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a Deaf person",1,-1,[],[36264]],["a disabled person",1,-1,[],[36264]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Membership in the nascent Taiwan nation is increasingly defined by community engagement and a shared set of liberal values rather than a single state-defined culture, race, or even ideology.",1,-1,[],[23388]],["The focus on citizenship within these political entities means that, in principle, anyone can become a member of the civic state given the right credentials.",1,-1,[],[37996]],["The focus on citizenship within these political entities means that, in principle, anyone can become a member of the civic state given the right credentials. That is, civic nationalism appears to be more inclusive than its ethnic counterpart.",1,-1,[],[37996]],["This construct was created in the nineteenth century",1,-1,[],[28743]],["emphasising Durmaz's birth in Sweden, his long-standing contributions to national football, and the principles of equality and inclusivity underpinning Swedish democracy",1,-1,[],[37996]],["emphasising tolerance, multiculturalism, and inclusive belonging",1,-1,[],[37996]],["inclusive ideals",1,-1,[],[37996]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethnic nationalism",4,30939,[["ethnic nationalism",3],["Ethnic nationalism",1],["ethnic nationalisms",1]],[4668,28743,37996,53311]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["nationalism",1,22205,[],[4668]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["plays a fundamental role in shaping attitudes and beliefs within educational networks.",1,-1,[],[2152]],["subtle yet potent forces that shape the way individuals perceive and interpret information",1,-1,[],[2152]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["manipulation",1,148,[],[2152]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["logics of deservingness",1,-1,[],[2044]],["migrant deservingness",1,30066,[],[42982]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Dog whistles are used to promote discrimination in both formal and informal environments.",1,-1,[],[31459]],["Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.",1,-1,[],[31459]],["It allows a degree of plausible deniability for the user, either in outright denial of its meaning, or a plea of ignorance to its true meaning.",1,-1,[],[34482]],["The use of this coded language allows speakers to maintain plausible deniability and bypass hate speech detection systems when used online.",1,-1,[],[31459]],["a means of political manipulation that encourages people to act on existing biases and vote for policies against their own interests",1,-1,[],[31459]],["achieve their goal by exploiting two different common grounds: the common ground the speaker shares with the audience at large (i.e. with the addressee of the plain-text or overt message), and the common ground the speaker shares with the target or dogwhistle audience (i.e. with the intended addressee of the coded or covert, dogwhistled message).",1,-1,[],[53667]],["an informal category that has seen the pressures of both theoretical and non-theoretical usage",1,-1,[],[53666]],["designate attempts at covert messaging, as well as more subconscious ways of priming discriminatory attitudes",1,-1,[],[53666]],["dog whistles were used to manipulate voter's racial animus after overt racism was not acceptable",1,-1,[],[31459]],["dog-whistles communicate hate through the reproduction of subtle, untrue, repressive statements, opinions, and beliefs",1,-1,[],[32084]],["dogwhistles function by strategically raising certain specific pre-existing beliefs into salience in the audience, which serve as the basis for inferring the intended message.",1,-1,[],[53666]],["function by virtue of evoking, in a subset of the audience, a narrative framework (a set of assumptions involv-ing both descriptive and normative claims about some issue or set of related issues), similarly to the way in which a film director may evoke a previous film by including in his own film a scene with certain properties.",1,-1,[],[53667]],["historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.",1,-1,[],[31459]],["it started to designate attempts at covert messaging, as well as more subconscious ways of priming discriminatory attitudes.",1,-1,[],[53666]],["produced through a non-Gricean mechanism.",1,-1,[],[53667]],["the term dogwhistle first appeared in the context of sociological studies, to put a name on the discovery that \"[s]ubtle changes in question-wording sometimes produce remarkably different results. . . [r]espondents hear something in the question that researchers do not\".",1,-1,[],[53666]],["the term dogwhistle itself is not a term of art, but an informal category that has seen the pressures of both theoretical and non-theoretical usage.",1,-1,[],[53666]],["their use remains a consistent signal of a speaker's underlying prejudices, whether in the domain of American politics or otherwise.",1,-1,[],[31459]]],"sy":[["cryptic messaging",1,-1,[],[39389]]],"rt":[["audience design",1,2961,[],[53666]],["coded communication",1,-1,[],[31459]],["coded language",1,32382,[],[31459]],["coded speech",1,30013,[],[31459]],["conventional implicature",1,27567,[],[53666]],["conversational implicature",1,25002,[],[53666]],["conversational role",1,12095,[],[53667]],["covert messaging",1,-1,[],[53666]],["directionality",1,32010,[],[53666]],["discriminatory attitudes",1,-1,[],[53666]],["narrative framework",1,5685,[],[53667]],["perlocutionary inferences",1,-1,[],[53666]],["plausible deniability",1,-1,[],[53666]],["social meaning",1,-1,[],[53666]]],"sb":[["covert-intentional",1,-1,[],[53666]],["covert-unintentional",1,-1,[],[53666]],["formal dog whistles",1,-1,[],[31459]],["informal dog whistles",1,-1,[],[31459]],["overt intentional dog-whistle",1,-1,[],[53666]],["overt-intentional",1,-1,[],[53666]],["overt-unintentional",1,-1,[["overt-unintentional",1],["overtunintentional",1]],[53666]],["unintentional dog whistles",1,8045,[],[31459]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'racial self interest' to gesture towards the far-right notion of 'the great replacement'",1,-1,[],[34482]],["Bush is saying that there is power in the goodness, the idealism, and the faith of the American people, something everyone can understand. But only a few will pick up on the reference to a religious hymn well-known in the Evangelical community, and so few will understand that Bush is probably making a covert appeal to Evangelicals for their support.",1,-1,[],[53666]],["Racist, Transphobic, and Anti-Vax dog whistles",1,-1,[],[31459]],["Ronald Reagan's use of the term 'welfare queen' a coded message used to refer to single, black mothers",1,-1,[],[34482]],["the anti-vaxxer message contained in (3), done by means of the phrase 'big pharma'.",1,-1,[],[53666]],["the use of the term 'family values' to signal traditional Christian values and rejection of LGBT rights",1,-1,[],[34482]],["the word \"soy,\" which in most contexts refers to a soybean product, but can also serve as a dog whistle to denigrate liberal or establishment Republican men for perceived feminine attributes, as in \"That guy has soy face.\"",1,-1,[],[31459]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[["it is characterized by feelings of warmth, concern and care for the other, as well as a strong motivation to improve the other's wellbeing.",2,-1,[["it is characterized by feelings of warmth, concern and care for the other, as well as a strong motivation to improve the other's wellbeing.",2],["it is characterized by feelings of warmth, concern and care for the other, as well as a strong motivation to improve the other's wellbeing",1]],[1580,51525]]],"de":[["Compassion goes further -it is all about feeling for and not just feeling with the other.",1,-1,[],[51525]],["In contrast to empathy, compassion does not mean sharing the suffering of the other: rather, it is characterized by feelings of warmth, concern and care for the other, as well as a strong motivation to improve the other's wellbeing. Compassion is feeling for and not feeling with the other.",1,-1,[],[1580]],["compassion does not mean sharing the suffering of the other.",1,-1,[],[51525]],["compassion training not only promotes prosocial behavior, but also augments positive affect and resilience, which in turn fosters better coping with stressful situations.",1,-1,[],[1580]],["it is characterized by feelings of warmth, concern and care for the other, as well as a strong motivation to improve the other's wellbeing.",1,-1,[],[1580]],["may be more important for mitigating biases",1,-1,[],[51649]],["short-term compassion training of several days was able to increase positive affect and activations in a neural network usually related to positive emotions (spanning medial orbitofrontal cortex and striatum; Figure 3B)",1,-1,[],[1580]]],"sy":[["sympathy",2,13856,[],[1580,8835]],["empathic concern",1,28761,[],[1580]]],"rt":[["empathy",2,31296,[],[1580,51525]],["positive affect",1,14867,[],[1580]],["prosocial motivation",1,-1,[],[1580]],["resilience",1,29269,[],[1580]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The intense affective performance of conflict for different sets of others may at times attempt to drown out or silence opposing views.",1,-1,[],[32784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotional performance of conflict",1,-1,[],[32783]],["politics of affect",1,20430,[],[32783]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["indicates that an additional mix of factors affects the public's trust and subsequent vaccine acceptance.",1,-1,[],[54849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the two-stage method, which plans the subset of input data to be described and then generates text from the plan, is popular in this research field.",1,-1,[],[15680]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["NGO data should exhibit less underreporting bias relative to government data: (a) when NGO investigations are relatively inefficient (large ρ) and (b) when NGOs rely heavily on surprise dividends (small λ).",1,-1,[],[50531]],["The NGO's source of underreporting bias is that it needs to exert costly effort to uncover the truth.",1,-1,[],[50531]],["The government's source of underreporting bias is its incentive to conceal illegitimate violence.",1,-1,[],[50531]],["Underreporting bias in government disclosures positively correlates with underreporting bias in NGO reports.",1,-1,[],[50531]],["as NGOs face higher investigative costs, both the NGO and government data will underreport illegitimate violence, but the bias in government data will be more extreme.",1,-1,[],[50531]],["interdependent strategic forces that determine underreporting bias in government-and NGO-provided data, considering the motivations of each actor when reporting unpopular violence.",1,-1,[],[50531]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["aggregation bias",1,33759,[],[50531]],["geographic biases",1,-1,[],[50531]],["inconsistent media coverage",1,-1,[],[50531]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["procedural knowledge",1,-1,[],[12728]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["eg, the symptoms of a panic attack",1,-1,[],[12728]],["the symptoms of a panic attack",1,-1,[],[12728]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This fusion leads to the use of military means to manage humanitarian crises, which can obscure political violence and transform affected populations from rights-bearing agents into passive recipients of charity, thereby depoliticizing conflicts and reinforcing security priorities over justice",1,-1,[["This fusion leads to the use of military means to manage humanitarian crises, which can obscure political violence and transform affected populations from rights-bearing agents into passive recipients of charity, thereby depoliticizing conflicts and reinforcing security priorities over justice",1],["This fusion leads to the use of military means to manage humanitarian crises, which can obscure political violence and transform affected populations from rights-bearing agents into passive recipients of charity, thereby depoliticizing conflicts and reinforcing security priorities over justice.",1]],[37031]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[45397]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["NEUS",1,-1,[],[34047]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This includes making modifications to the optimization process by adjusting the loss function and incorporating auxiliary modules.",1,-1,[],[7575]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Auxiliary Module",1,16913,[],[7575]],["Loss Function Modification",1,-1,[],[7575]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["As official representatives of newspapers, editorials deal with a single event or issue at a time, supposedly, free of any elements of objectivity and indicate socio-political importance that a newspaper gives to an event",1,-1,[],[16218]],["As official representatives of newspapers, editorials deal with a single event or issue at a time, supposedly, free of any elements of objectivity and indicate socio-political importance that a newspaper gives to an event (van Dijk, 1989).",1,-1,[],[16218]],["Editorials claim to speak \"their own point of view\", which distinguishes them from other newspaper items like new reporting and feature writings",1,-1,[],[16218]],["It takes several minutes to read and comprehend the message of an editorial.",1,-1,[],[20658]],["The main objective of an editorial is to influence readers to see issues from the perspective of the writer, thus helping the reader to make up his mind about the events of the world (Marques and Mont' Alverne 2019).",1,-1,[],[33161]],["They are also constructive in building socio-cultural harmony within a society and among various group members by strengthening their ideological interests",1,-1,[],[16218]],["They represent the official position of a newspaper that guide readers as they engage on the issue and indicate that a newspaper considers a particular issue as important.",1,-1,[],[35448]],["They share many characteristics with political cartoons in how they present a problem and imply or describe a solution.",1,-1,[],[20658]],["Thus, their primary objective is to deliver official standpoints of a newspaper, (re)shape public opinion, set political agenda, influence social debates and readers' decision making",1,-1,[],[16218]],["Thus, their primary objective is to deliver official standpoints of a newspaper, (re)shape public opinion, set political agenda, influence social debates and readers' decision making (van Dijk, 1995a).",1,-1,[],[16218]],["editorials, being the main voice of a newspaper's editor or proprietor, can also be influenced and biased as well. In fact, the editorials have already been reported to present (1) institutional voice (Hindman, 2003;Kelling & Thomas, 2018), (2) project organizational stance (Gajevic, 2016), (3) are affected by the notions of homophily (Katz & Lazarsfeld, 1955) and (4) also are value oriented (Porten-Chee, 2017).",1,-1,[],[47960]]],"sy":[["comment",1,2384,[],[16217]],["leading article",1,-1,[],[16217]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[16217]]],"rt":[["Letters-to-the-editor",1,24735,[],[55657]],["feature writings",1,-1,[],[16218]],["new reporting",1,-1,[],[16218]],["opinion pieces",1,33590,[],[55657]],["political cartoons",1,26014,[],[20658]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The study must ensure that the story is viewed through the eyes of a person, and not a machine, and must depict the emotions and experiences of that person, so that readers can understand and relate to that person. Use of imageries, metaphors, sarcasm, and other figures of speech is very common in interpretive analysis.",1,-1,[],[25820]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["IcGAN",1,-1,[],[56173]],["attGAN",1,-1,[],[56173]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This definition of mental health literacy was later expanded to include several components, including (a) understanding of mental health disorders as health-related entities and (b) their general characteristics, causes, and treatments; (c) decreased stigma towards mental illness; and (d) one's ability to promote positive mental health and effective help-seeking for mental health problems as necessary",1,-1,[],[29537]],["mental health literacy training such as this at the individual person level has a number of advantages. First and foremost, there is extended direct contact between the individual and the trainer, where detailed information can be provided with questions and uncertainties answered, in the context of a trusting professional relationship.",1,-1,[],[29537]],["understanding of mental health disorders as health-related entities and (b) their general characteristics, causes, and treatments; (c) decreased stigma towards mental illness; and (d) one's ability to promote positive mental health and effective help-seeking for mental health problems as necessary",1,-1,[],[29537]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mental health literacy development at the public health level",1,-1,[],[29537]],["population-level mental health literacy",1,-1,[],[29537]]],"sb":[["mental health literacy development at the public health level",1,-1,[],[29537]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It compares two same size sets of target words X and Y (e.g. European and African names), with two sets of attribute words A and B (e.g. pleasant vs. unpleasant).",1,-1,[],[49086]],["The WEAT metric itself, while a standard method for quantifying biases in word embeddings, also has known limitations [Ethayarajh et al., 2019], such as potentially conflating different types of associations into a single measure and sensitivity to the choice of word sets.",1,-1,[],[35800]],["WEAT computes an effect size (Cohen's d) that is a standardized bias score and its p-value based on a one-sided permutation test.",1,-1,[],[7370]],["WEAT measures biases pre-defined by the IAT such as racism, sexism, ableism, and attitude towards the elderly, as well as widely shared non-discriminatory non-social group associations.",1,-1,[],[7370]],["WEAT requires equal-sized sets of attributes.",1,-1,[],[7370]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["CEAT",1,-1,[],[8137]],["SEAT",1,23599,[],[8137]],["WEAT",1,20859,[["WEAT",1],["WEAT*",1]],[8137]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["WEAT",1,20859,[],[8137]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["groupthink",1,16696,[],[29590]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Positivity",1,29946,[],[22877]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["perspective-specific summaries",1,-1,[],[28270]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["one Facebook post claims that a worker in a restaurant in Hyderabad, India, had tested positive for and potentially spread the virus. The post was accompanied by a picture of the restaurant (Figure 1). Here, the visual does not serve as evidence for the claim made in the piece of misinformation, nor does it purport to support a claim the speaker is from some authoritative institution. However, by prominently displaying the name of the restaurant, the visual makes it more likely readers remember which restaurant is implicated.",1,-1,[],[9769]],["one post claims smoking may prevent COVID-19 infection. It includes what appears to be a stock image of a cigarette. This visual in isolation is neither false nor misleading (it is an image of a cigarette), but it is used to illustrate a piece of false and misleading misinformation.",1,-1,[],[9769]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Online misogyny is a modern trend which overwhelmingly characterises women's experiences of participating online.",1,-1,[],[15325]],["Online misogyny should be understood as a technosocial construct",1,-1,[],[6458]],["any comprehensive legal response needs to take account of two concurrent factors characterising online misogyny -its gender-based nature and online manifestations.",1,-1,[],[15325]],["harsh language and new types of misogyny aimed at women and members of marginalized communities",1,-1,[],[35505]],["its gender-based nature and online 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In social networks, some unscrupulous people exploit this for their interests by ensuring that the basic patterns of the original information are correct",1,-1,[],[18981]],["This definition also encompasses fabricated content, such as deep fakes, since it pertains to information that lacks a basis in reality.",1,-1,[],[26279]],["This definition highlights the emphasis placed by UAE legislators on the intent to mislead, whether the information is entirely false or merely misleading within its context or framing.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["This definition is characterised by its comprehensiveness and flexibility, as it is not limited to information that is inherently false, but extends to information that may be partially true but misleading because it is presented in an incorrect manner, which may change its meaning or cause confusion or chaos in the country.",1,-1,[],[26931]],["This study uses the term to reflect entirely fabricated content and information that may be partially true but presented in a deceptive or manipulated context.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["misrepresented or even forged multimedia content, to mislead readers",1,-1,[],[45822]],["more generally speaking, falsehood",1,-1,[],[6909]],["sensationalist and often targeted immigrant groups",1,-1,[],[51260]]],"sy":[["fake news",3,33960,[],[23124,40324,48271]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[40324]],["fake information",1,32329,[],[54679]],["false news",1,34005,[],[10588]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[23124]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[23124]],["spam",1,30454,[],[40324]]],"rt":[["Disinformation",1,17423,[],[9569]],["False Rumors",1,5445,[],[9569]],["False or Fake News",1,2081,[],[9569]],["Malinformation",1,22495,[],[9569]],["Misinformation",1,10315,[],[9569]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[51260]],["falsehood",1,10681,[],[6909]],["misleading news",1,22858,[],[36500]]],"sb":[["disinformation",4,17423,[["disinformation",3],["Disinformation",1]],[9569,27566,48714,51260]],["misinformation",4,10315,[["misinformation",3],["Misinformation",1]],[9569,27566,48714,51260]],["Conspiracy Theories",2,1403,[["Conspiracy Theories",1],["conspiracy theories",1]],[9569,51260]],["Deepfakes",2,4551,[],[9569,36500]],["Satire and Parody",2,31625,[["Satire and Parody",1],["Satire or Parody",1]],[9569,36500]],["fake news",2,33960,[],[13953,27566]],["Cheap fakes",1,32466,[],[9569]],["Deepfakes: Content created using artificial intelligence to produce compelling but entirely fabricated material.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Fabricated Content",1,2438,[],[36500]],["Fabricated Content: Entirely false content, significantly diverging from the truth.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Factitious Information Blends",1,5611,[],[9569]],["False Association",1,28841,[],[36500]],["False Association: Using unrelated headlines or images to misrepresent the actual content.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["False Context",1,12161,[],[36500]],["False Context: Accurate information placed within a false framework or context, leading to public deception.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["False Rumors",1,5445,[],[9569]],["False or Fake News",1,2081,[],[9569]],["Impersonated Content",1,16332,[],[36500]],["Impersonated Content: Involves identity theft of genuine sources.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Malinformation",1,22495,[],[9569]],["Manipulated Content",1,10191,[],[36500]],["Manipulated Content: Edited or doctored materials, such as cut-and-paste modifications, designed to create a false impression.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Misleading Content",1,17503,[],[36500]],["Misleading Content: Information presented in a way that falsely accuses or misdirects against individuals, entities, or issues.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Satire or Parody: Although not directly harmful, these can indirectly mislead audiences or propagate false information subtly.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Systemic Lies",1,6377,[],[9569]],["biased/inaccurate news",1,33194,[],[13953]],["false news",1,34005,[],[9569]],["medical false information",1,-1,[],[51260]],["misleading/ambiguous news",1,14163,[],[13953]],["partisan false information",1,-1,[],[51260]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[9569]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[27566]]],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[18981]]],"ex":[["Fake News",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Fake News: Deliberately false information aimed at influencing public opinion.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Misleading Context",1,-1,[],[36500]],["Misleading Context: Accurate information presented within deceptive or manipulated contexts.",1,-1,[],[36500]],["deep fakes",1,-1,[],[26279]],["rumor",1,-1,[],[6909]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["adaptive preferences",1,12937,[],[60738]]],"sp":[["preferences",1,5427,[],[60738]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It includes edits which introduce bias (often intentionally, as in (1) below), vandalism, corrections of factual mistakes unrelated to bias, replacing bias with another bias (cf. (2)), and collateral edits, i.e., neutral sentences neighbouring biased ones indirectly targeted by a large-scope edit (cf. (3)).",1,-1,[],[32879]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["People scoring high on constructive patriotism, on the other hand, were shown to be more empathetic and to engage more in information gathering than people scoring high on blind patriotism.",1,-1,[],[3406]],["The constructive patriot might oppose the country's actions not only because he or she believes they are morally incorrect or unfair, but because he or she believes that they violate the country's fundamental aspects and are therefore contrary to the country's long term interests.",1,-1,[],[3406]],["They reject actions which are contrary to the group's interests in the long run and, by doing so, go beyond defending their group identity and instead participate in the task of constructing a positive identity for the group.",1,-1,[],[3406]],["constructive patriots believe in positive change through questioning and criticizing current group practices",1,-1,[],[3406]],["five items assess constructive patriotism (e.g., \"I express my love for Ireland/Germany by supporting efforts for positive change\")",1,-1,[],[61372]],["people high in constructive patriotism are less concerned with the differences between their own nation and others (Staub, 1997) and tend to provide more favorable evaluations of outgroups (Willis-Esqueda et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[61372]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["blind patriotism",2,2395,[],[2658,3406]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Patriotism",2,25752,[["Patriotism",1],["patriotism",1]],[3406,61372]]],"ex":[["I express my love for Ireland/Germany by supporting efforts for positive change",1,-1,[],[61372]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["debates",1,5257,[],[46829]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["explicit exclusion",1,20971,[],[46757]]],"rt":[["Economic Exclusion",1,7158,[],[46757]],["Political 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owned by a political party or aligned with a specific ideology, but parallelism should be reflected in ongoing aggregate patterns of media use and partisanship.",1,-1,[],[27210]],["The measure is an aggregated score of the measures of the different outlets weighted by the audience shares of these outlets.",1,-1,[],[54630]],["The resulting adjusted R2 accounts for the degree of variance of party preference explained by media use patterns.",1,-1,[],[47286]],["This concept reflects the extent to which individual political allegiances correspond with the partisanship of people's news sources.",1,-1,[],[27210]],["This measure focusses on the alignment between parties and outlets based on content rather than on audience affiliations.",1,-1,[],[54630]],["When sources are more segregated by their audiences' party affinities, people can more easily exercise selective exposure, as is particularly evident with newspapers.",1,-1,[],[27210]],["Where media-party parallelism is high, media outlets have distinct political profiles as their coverage reflects the perspective of different political groups.",1,-1,[],[54630]],["high levels of media-party parallelism will result in less cross-cutting exposure.",1,-1,[],[27210]],["measure based on the political affiliation of media audiences",1,-1,[],[54630]],["media environments that exhibit higher levels of media-party parallelism produce lower levels of cross-cutting exposure.",1,-1,[],[27210]],["provide aggregate measures of the structure of each country's media system relative to its party system.",1,-1,[],[27210]]],"sy":[["press-party parallelism",1,14879,[],[27210]]],"rt":[["cross-cutting exposure",1,20622,[],[27210]],["media environment",1,27996,[],[54630]],["media politicization",1,-1,[],[47286]],["media-political parallelism-scale",1,-1,[],[54630]],["partisanship in actual media content",1,-1,[],[54630]],["partisanship in media",1,-1,[],[27210]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Also in Germany, unemployment coverage aligned with the political profile of media outlets",1,-1,[],[54630]],["American newspapers give less attention to negative unemployment news when a president is in office whom they endorsed in their editorials",1,-1,[],[54630]],["In the United Kingdom, the attention given to economic issues follows the attention given by the party the newspaper endorses",1,-1,[],[54630]],["press-party parallelism in Greece",1,-1,[],[27210]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["shows that synthesised content has different characteristics compared to real content",1,-1,[],[47443]],["the lack of social presence and social attributes cause the uncanny valley effect [12] in the brain when humans view computer generated and tampered media.",1,-1,[],[47443]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["If the only supportive piece of information comes to mind easily because it has been endlessly repeated or is very vivid and memorable, we may erroneously conclude that support is strong.",1,-1,[],[28289]],["If we are exposed to something more often, we can recall it more efficiently, and if we can recall things quickly, we infer that they must be more important, bigger, better, more dangerous and so on.",1,-1,[],[6332]],["More recent and more emotionally charged memories tend to be more readily available to people.",1,-1,[],[30793]],["Providing baseline statistics could serve as a sort of exemplar, making the problem of fake news consumption more available at the top of the reader's mind, resulting in greater subjective assessments of prevalence and concern.",1,-1,[],[28289]],["The overexposure to English (as well as to particular research areas or methods) creates a bias described by the availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973).",1,-1,[],[6332]],["can be quite reliable. However, in environments where exposure does not systematically track prevalence, the heuristic goes haywire.",1,-1,[],[30793]],["where agents place greater weight on information more 'available' or easier to recall (Schwarz 1991)",1,-1,[],[18113]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive biases",1,2728,[],[30793]]],"ex":[["For instance, high-profile events, like plane crashes or fake news scandals, are easier to recall-which consequently often makes such events seem excessively likely for agents, regardless of their actual statistical likelihood.",1,-1,[],[18113]],["people estimate the size of cities they recognize to be larger than that of unknown cities",1,-1,[],[12268]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["LLMs apply powerful reasoning abilities to a diverse range of tasks. In several cases, LLMs have reasoned their way into deception as one way of completing a task.",1,-1,[],[1930]],["LLMs can reason their way into using deception as a strategy for accomplishing a task.",1,-1,[],[1930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Deception",1,24454,[],[1930]]],"ex":[["GPT-4 tricking a person into solving a CAPTCHA test.",1,-1,[],[1930]],["LLMs choosing to behave deceptively in order to achieve goals, as measured by the MACHI-AVELLI benchmark.",1,-1,[],[1930]],["LLMs lying to win social deduction games like Hoodwinked and Among Us.",1,-1,[],[1930]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Some academics have argued that the Arab Spring was a secular phenomenon (Hoffman and Jamal, 2014: 594)",1,-1,[],[61484]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the manner of 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enfoque nos permite recuperar el saber de la experiencia cotidiana, para dar cuenta del pensamiento social respecto a ciertos sujetos, procesos u objetos, tomando en cuenta diversos elementos, como la penetración de la ciencia y la importancia de las comunicaciones",1,-1,[],[34677]],["este enfoque nos permite recuperar el saber de la experiencia cotidiana, para dar cuenta del pensamiento social respecto a ciertos sujetos, procesos u objetos, tomando en cuenta diversos elementos, como la penetración de la ciencia y la importancia de las comunicaciones, tal como lo propuso Moscovici (Jodelet, 2020).",1,-1,[],[34677]],["las representaciones sociales que tenemos sobre inmigrantes o sobre la inmigración no solamente son estructuras mentales (conocimientos, ideologías, opiniones sociales, etc.) sobre un grupo o sobre un fenómeno social, sino que también tienen esas estructuras (por ejemplo de polarización entre Nosotros y Ellos) por sus funciones en la reproducción social de la dominación, como en los actos discriminatorios que definen el racismo.",1,-1,[],[16249]],["necesitan análisis cognitivo y análisis social, usando las teorías más sofisticadas que tenemos en la psicología y en las ciencias sociales.",1,-1,[],[16249]],["son representaciones compartidas por (miembros de) grupos y culturas",1,-1,[],[16249]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["elementos de los paradigmas crítico, positivista y hermenéutico",1,-1,[],[34677]],["estructuras (por ejemplo de polarización entre Nosotros y Ellos)",1,-1,[],[16249]],["estructuras mentales (conocimientos, ideologías, opiniones sociales, etc.)",1,-1,[],[16249]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["las representaciones sociales que tenemos sobre inmigrantes o sobre la inmigración",1,-1,[],[16249]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emblematic symbols",1,14816,[],[32796]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["existence of lexical phantoms as words without denotation, the real subject of denomination (Normann 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The task is generally framed as a binary classification task that consists of determining whether each of the posts is related to the rumour or not. 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This is ultimately meant to lead to resentment of the system, thus undermining the very essence of Western democracies. As a result, it becomes easier to spread false information, and the public's resistance to outside influence decreases.",1,-1,[],[38787]],["These actions weaken the trust and confidence in the reliability and authority of government bodies and public organizations.",1,-1,[],[43765]],["This can be done by undermining official communications, insinuating bad intentions or falsely exposing corruption (e.g., accusing governments of population control with vaccines). The idea is to make citizens disbelieve in the effectiveness of their own state, undermine the sense of its existence or actively fight against it. This is ultimately meant to lead to resentment of the system, thus undermining the very essence of Western democracies. As a result, it becomes easier to spread false information, and the public's resistance to outside influence decreases.",1,-1,[],[38787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Malicious intent",1,468,[],[38787]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["-ranging from material that is highly professional through to the billions of often incoherent or sub-culturally coded posts in Facebook and Twitter.",1,-1,[],[44977]],["These \"prosumers\", by highly engaging in these activities, have a higher probability of trying to change other users' minds about a specific candidate and political causes and persuade them to vote for the candidates they believe to be the \"right party.\"",1,-1,[],[1044]],["at the same time a consumer and producer of content",1,-1,[],[13762]]],"sy":[["producer and consumer",2,-1,[["producer and consumer",1],["producers and consumers",1]],[34469,37724]],["productive consumers",1,-1,[],[45750]]],"rt":[["commodification",1,5875,[],[27755]],["productive consumers",1,-1,[],[45750]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["blogs, wikis and forums",1,-1,[],[13762]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["constrict claim",1,20209,[],[7769]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["defined with respect to the core theme or idea of the article",1,-1,[],[58831]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Persuasive articles",1,14304,[],[58831]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In essence, it refers to the persuasiveness of information.",1,-1,[],[28474]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Political efficacy",1,21722,[],[39233]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A Corruption deception amounts to fabricating a deceptive message sufficiently similar to a real message, that the victim cannot recognise the difference, so S ! 1 inside the victim's cognitive system, where S is information-theoretic similarity.",1,-1,[],[37904]],["Any deception in which a falsehood is contrived to mimic a truth is represented by this model.",1,-1,[],[37904]],["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading",1,-1,[],[37904]],["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading [35,39]",1,-1,[["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading [35,39]",1],["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading [35,39].",1]],[37904]],["The Corruption model, and many instances of the Subversion model, are intended to introduce false beliefs by replacing facts, options or possible strategies with contrived alternatives, to the advantage of the attacker.",1,-1,[],[37904]],["The false message thus mimics a real message.",1,-1,[],[37904]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Any deception in which a falsehood is contrived to mimic a truth is represented by this model.",1,-1,[],[37904]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rechazo a los musulmanes",1,-1,[],[16015]],["xenofobia",1,-1,[],[16015]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["customarily the term false uniqueness refers to the tendency to see oneself as superior on positive attributes (e.g., driving ability, honesty) to the general population (the average person) rather than members of a particular group (Goethals et al., 1991).",1,-1,[],[14459]],["false uniqueness is a property of individuals not groups.",1,-1,[],[14459]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pluralistic ignorance",1,9024,[],[14459]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["FUEL CONFLICT",1,33006,[],[51299]],["FUEL RESOLUTION",1,-1,[],[51299]],["PREVENT RESOLUTION",1,16155,[],[51299]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["network intervention",2,20557,[],[319,5517]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We use a weak understanding of causation as \"temporal precedence\".",1,-1,[],[47181]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["network agenda setting",1,7473,[],[32817]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Socializing gratification",1,-1,[],[37335]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["anti-technocratic attitudes included in our battery also have significant effects in different directions.",1,-1,[],[19270]],["empirically distinct anti-technocratic attitudes",1,-1,[],[19270]],["neighboring antitechnocratic attitudes such as anti-elitism, ani-expertise, and anti-politics",1,-1,[],[19270]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist attitudes",1,5649,[],[19270]]],"sb":[["Anti-politics attitudes",1,4975,[],[19270]],["ani-expertise",1,-1,[],[19270]],["anti-elitism",1,17190,[],[19270]],["anti-expertise",1,30649,[],[19270]],["anti-politics",1,22415,[],[19270]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["anti-technocratic attitudes which were likely to be exacerbated by the pandemic given its expert-focused policymaking",1,-1,[],[19270]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["An advanced version of this white victimhood is the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory",1,-1,[],[50717]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["white victimhood",1,29716,[],[50717]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Data citizenship",1,-1,[],[23189]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculation process",1,9745,[],[19086]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By imitating other actors, they aim to maintain social approval.",1,-1,[],[58457]],["if a decision should turn out to be wrong, they will be able to \"share the blame\" ([47] page 466).",1,-1,[],[58457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":88,"df":[["a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them",2,-1,[],[15401,31680]],["an 'emphasis in salience of different aspects of a topic'",2,-1,[],[48426,57654]]],"de":[["'news frames' serve as a pivotal construct that shapes the way religious narratives are presented, interpreted, and received by diverse audiences.",1,-1,[],[60365]],["According to Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley (1997), news frames shape the understanding and opinions of issues by stressing certain features of a controversy and reducing the complex issue into one or two central aspects.",1,-1,[],[38123]],["Among their arsenal of tools, journalists use preexisting and recognizable narrative codes as news frames, and these frames have to resonate with audiences to be successful.",1,-1,[],[53890]],["Entman focuses on four essential elements of news frames:",1,-1,[],[54352]],["From this aspect, news frames present specific perspectives or points of view.",1,-1,[],[54352]],["If an event cannot be fitted into one of journalism's dominant frames, it is likely to be neglected or to receive less attention. Here frames function in other words as filters.",1,-1,[],[29876]],["In short, a news frame can affect an individual by stressing certain aspects of reality and pushing others into the background: The news frame has a selective function .",1,-1,[],[15402]],["Journalists refer to this as the \"news angle\", the point of view of the news text that highlights certain elements of a reality over others.",1,-1,[],[37077]],["Media frames represent an automatic selection of the events that are integrated with each other in a certain way to come up with topics that are meaningful for the targeted audience. (AL-Tkhayneh, 2023)",1,-1,[],[53917]],["News frames are built through \"keywords, metaphors, concepts, symbols, and visual images emphasized in a news narrative\" (Entman, 1991, p. 7)",1,-1,[],[57379]],["News frames represent the method employed by news channels to impose their control (Zibin et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[53917]],["Selectivity in the news coverage frames the mind of audiences by helping them categorize, label, and evaluate information.",1,-1,[],[54351]],["Such frames can be conveyed by text and visuals.",1,-1,[],[47733]],["The 'how' refers to constantly comparing units/themes/categories/frames, elaborating and refining categories, finding relationship between themes/categories and simplifying the data",1,-1,[],[16230]],["The 'what', as argued by Linstrõm and Marais, is guided by the research problem that needs investigation.",1,-1,[],[16230]],["The elements of frames can be expressed as arguments, as for instance, by blaming an actor, defining an issue as a threat, calling for an action to remedy a situation, etc.",1,-1,[],[47733]],["The media may report the incident as preventable (humanerror accident), accidental (e.g. technical error), or unprecedented (e.g. natural disaster).",1,-1,[],[56956]],["The text frames issues through certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments.",1,-1,[],[54351]],["These frames then become a powerful mechanism that shapes public opinion and behaviour.",1,-1,[],[57194]],["These news frames may be themes or styles that are used to attract audiences, and directly or indirectly affect their evaluation of the issues.",1,-1,[],[54352]],["They can offer information, depth, and overview, and lead to empathy, mobilization, and education; they can also dampen information, focus on process over substance, and reduce mobilization, empathy, and education.",1,-1,[],[15402]],["Through this selection, news frames are believed to have an effect in that they suggest a specific interpretation of the framed issue to the individual.",1,-1,[],[8842]],["a news frame can affect an individual by stressing certain aspects of reality and pushing others into the background: The news frame has a selective function .",1,-1,[],[15402]],["a news frame can affect an individual by stressing certain aspects of reality and pushing others into the background; it has a selective function",1,-1,[],[15401]],["analogous to a lack of category fit, discussed in neo-institutional sociology",1,-1,[],[29876]],["by leaving behind seemingly irrelevant aspects, frames allow the journalist to compose a simplified version of a complex problem.",1,-1,[],[28473]],["de Vreese (2005) notes that from the perspective of emphasis framing, frames are generally seen as coherent packages of information containing a 'central organising idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events'",1,-1,[],[48426]],["journalists use preexisting and recognizable narrative codes as news frames",1,-1,[],[53890]],["news frames operate on three distinct objects: political events, issues, and actors (such as individual leaders, groups, or nations).",1,-1,[],[57379]],["news frames present specific perspectives or points of view.",1,-1,[],[54352]],["structure the way journalists cover monetary policy",1,-1,[],[29876]],["the frames represent two distinct ways of reacting to terrorism, i.e. with fear or determination, which may suggest to readers which course of action is most suitable.",1,-1,[],[48426]],["the latter being more prevalent when the president tweets were the source of the newspapers' agendas under study.",1,-1,[],[37077]],["the notion of framing has also been discussed in the context of news making",1,-1,[],[27155]]],"sy":[["framing",1,22777,[],[60968]],["media packages",1,28625,[],[57319]],["news angle",1,3004,[],[37077]]],"rt":[["Framing",2,22777,[["Framing",1],["framing",1]],[45877,54352]],["Frame setting",1,1915,[],[56956]],["advocate frames",1,22401,[],[9260]],["audience frames",1,24119,[],[38604]],["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[57194]],["episodic frame",1,15963,[],[38122]],["interpretive frames",1,29470,[],[37077]],["journalism paradigm",1,29242,[],[47474]],["journalistic news framing",1,6351,[],[15401]],["journalistic techniques",1,-1,[],[57194]],["media framing research",1,-1,[],[60365]],["narrative",1,10497,[],[57194]],["narrative codes",1,-1,[],[53890]],["news rules",1,-1,[],[29876]],["official discourse",1,5046,[],[54352]],["thematic frame",1,17606,[],[38122]],["visual frames",1,10771,[],[39806]]],"sb":[["Conflict",2,23803,[["Conflict",1],["conflict",1]],[30880,60365]],["Attribution of Responsibility",1,7919,[],[60365]],["Conflict framework",1,27134,[],[45877]],["Economic Consequences",1,26610,[],[60365]],["Episodic and thematic frames are two fundamental types of frames in political news reporting",1,-1,[],[38123]],["Human Interest",1,3323,[],[60365]],["Issue-specific frames",1,19702,[],[28473]],["Maintaining moral high ground",1,25617,[],[54352]],["Morality",1,10813,[],[60365]],["Neutral news frames",1,-1,[],[3661]],["Responsibility frames",1,27143,[],[59284]],["alliance",1,-1,[],[30880]],["assimilation frame",1,29799,[],[8842]],["attribution of responsibility in the news",1,29516,[],[54352]],["audience frames",1,24119,[],[38604]],["conflict frame",1,12827,[],[45877]],["debate and political agreement",1,27794,[],[45877]],["definition of events and actors",1,30586,[],[54352]],["détente",1,-1,[],[30880]],["economic consequences frame",1,26890,[],[59284]],["emancipation frame",1,31661,[],[8842]],["emphasis frames",1,11834,[],[3661]],["episodic",1,25606,[],[30347]],["episodic frame",1,15963,[["episodic frame",1],["episodic frames",1]],[38122,38123]],["generic frames",1,19746,[],[28473]],["human-interest frame",1,26607,[],[59284]],["issue frame",1,27651,[],[45877]],["morality frame",1,28213,[],[59284]],["multicultural frame",1,29071,[],[8842]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[38604]],["oppositional frames",1,-1,[],[27706]],["strategic game frame",1,17272,[],[45877]],["thematic",1,12425,[],[30347]],["thematic frame",1,17606,[],[38122]],["thematic news frame",1,18206,[],[30519]],["thematically framed news",1,25791,[],[38123]],["valenced news frames",1,24012,[],[3661]]],"sp":[["Framing",4,22777,[["Framing",2],["framing",2]],[37077,54352,59284,59811]],["frames",2,7860,[],[30519,38604]],["media framings",1,29447,[],[37077]]],"ex":[["Attribution of Responsibility",1,-1,[],[60365]],["Conflict",1,-1,[],[60365]],["Economic Consequences",1,-1,[],[60365]],["Human Interest",1,-1,[],[60365]],["Issue-specific frames pertain to a specific topic",1,-1,[],[28473]],["Morality",1,-1,[],[60365]],["Typical news frames include drama (e.g. the 'strength' of the euroand the failure of the ECB to weaken itwhich would 'demolish' export-oriented companies such as the French aeroplane producer Airbus), national identities and clashes between them (e.g. the booing by journalists when Trichet responded in French to a question by a French journalist at his first appearance at the ECB's press conference as ECB president), power struggles (e.g. the former French president Sarkozy exerting pressure on Trichet to lower interest rates and the latter being adamant in resisting those pressures), geographical strife (e.g. the strength of the American economy versus the eurozone, for which journalists take the euro-dollar exchange rate as a measuring rod) or internal conflict within the ECB's governing board.",1,-1,[],[29876]],["generic frames are neither thematically nor culturally bounded",1,-1,[],[28473]],["the Cold War frame highlighted certain events as international problems, identified their sources, passed judgments about the parties involved in the problem and recommended specific policy solutions.",1,-1,[],[54351]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In terms of the Neural Theory of Metaphor, cultural filtering of metaphor is occasioned by the fact that the SD and the TD do not constitute neuronal nodes that fire together in the conceptual system of the target culture (TC).",1,-1,[],[13018]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conceptual system",1,-1,[],[13018]],["source domain",1,3883,[],[13018]],["target domain",1,19075,[],[13018]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame bridging",1,16906,[],[8342]],["frame transformation",1,30107,[],[8342]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame alignment",1,12005,[],[8342]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["process-based justification",1,2137,[],[58901]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["to support the materials published on those websites",1,-1,[],[36643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["concept substitution",1,-1,[],[50862]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the equating of the terms \"Nazism -German fascism\" (Dictionary.ua, 2023) and \"nationalism -national consciousness, love and pride for one's nation and homeland, or the ideology and policy in the national question based on the interpretation of the nation as the highest value and form of social unity, as well as the primacy of the nation in the state-building process, or a movement aimed at fighting for the nation's independence against foreign oppressors, as well as a movement for the preservation and development of national traditions, culture, language, literature, art, etc.; patriotism\" (Dictionary.ua, 2023).",1,-1,[],[50862]]]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, journalism \"involves notions of speed, fast decision-making, hastiness, and working in accelerated real-time\" (Deuze, 2005).",1,-1,[],[56395]],["a linguistic property that refers to the degree to which a source associates himself/herself with the topics of a message",1,-1,[],[38879]],["states that people expect to be informed about the latest news with practically no delay",1,-1,[],[11015]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["actuality",1,-1,[],[5116]],["hypermediacy",1,6951,[],[56495]],["news values",1,27917,[],[42095]],["speed",1,20147,[],[5116]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[42095]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Media background checks enable source-critical reasoning by recalling the same facts that human knowledge experts use to assess trust.",1,-1,[],[50805]],["They cover topics like ownership, funding model, remit, known biases, and factuality signals such as previous failed fact-checks -the same signals used by human experts in their analysis (Howell and Prevenier, 2001).",1,-1,[],[50807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In order to create such an algorithm you need a lot of information, such as which country someone comes from in order to adjust the language well or whether you are a boy or a woman. There is a lot of information that influences such an algorithm. If someone finds out about these data, someone could find out very very much about you. The algorithm also stores other information.",1,-1,[],[156]],["draw intensely on user's offline resources in their predictive performance, and they render online radicalization a more \"physical\" or \"offline\" experience than it is usually thought",1,-1,[],[14284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In the beginning my account was full of climate change content. But then eventually I stopped liking and commenting the posts and just kept on scrolling, so that the algorithm wouldn't show it to me anymore. It was too much for me.",1,-1,[],[156]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["null value",1,-1,[],[28255]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["branding has become a common practice and that journalists use Twitter to promote themselves and to market their news outlets",1,-1,[],[4514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Journalistic Interventionism",1,24446,[],[4514]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media pluralism",1,16200,[],[43502]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["thus by adding a question, the IR is able to change the unsourced assertion from a statement that could be interpreted as presenting his own opinion, to a preface to a complex question. This subsequent question, therefore, helps to counteract any previous interpretation that the challenge might represent the journalist's own opinion, by transforming the action-in-progress into one whose 'official' purpose is to solicit the IE's viewpoint rather than to express a viewpoint in its own right.",1,-1,[],[46111]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["variation of the modern theme",1,-1,[],[49410]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["HL",1,-1,[],[28954]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["religiosity",1,31776,[],[6121]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As symbolic event forms, these images do not testify to any single event at any particular juncture of space and time. Rather, the Extreme Distance image congeals events together visually to mediate them as phenomena, connected in time and space, and co-implicated in meaning.",1,-1,[],[23325]],["The Extreme Distance image takes up discrete crime events and mediates them as parts of an as-yet-incomplete whole; it offers a way of looking at crime that facilitates the identification (and imaginative continuation) of patterns.",1,-1,[],[23325]],["The Extreme Distance vantage point collates events from across the chronology of lived time so that they can appear and amass side-by-side in visual simultaneity.",1,-1,[],[23325]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["symbolic event forms",1,-1,[],[23325]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[34366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emphasis frames",1,11834,[],[15366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[43272]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[43272]],["types of news frames",1,-1,[],[15366]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nepotism",1,32515,[],[54378]],["privilege",1,9774,[],[54378]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the hazard template shifted from a framework that held the pill as medically safe (although a possible hazard) to one where the pill is medically risky.",1,-1,[],[17177]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["argumentation in discourse",1,18858,[],[12789]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["From the perspective of network security (where transitivity would, for example, imply accepting a key with no further verication based on trust) or formal logics (where transitivity would, for example, imply updating a belief store with incorrect, impossible, or inconsistent statements) it may make sense to assume that trust is not transitive",1,-1,[],[19754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trust propagation",1,-1,[],[19754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":50,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, a discourse around the securitized issue invites some form of extraordinary measures to address the risk.",1,-1,[],[54059]],["Copenhagen Schools poses that securitization succeeds when the audience accepts the actor's securitizing move with threat allegation and the prescription of response measures.",1,-1,[],[36245]],["Depicting refugees as potential security threats can heighten public apprehension and compel authorities to prioritize security concerns over humanitarian responsibilities.",1,-1,[],[61151]],["It is as follows: key actors, usually political elites, use speech acts to transform political issues into security issues. In this way, security issues are constructed (Waever 1995, 55).",1,-1,[],[42419]],["Securitization is also related to communication theories since this concept understands that security, or the lack of it, results from communication processes occurring in society.",1,-1,[],[42419]],["The ability to invoke security implies the need for extraordinary measures and a shared sense of national security danger (Vultee 2010, 34).",1,-1,[],[42420]],["The act of securitization dramatizes an issue as vital and removes it from the sphere of mundane public debate.",1,-1,[],[16885]],["The involvement of securitization agents and their discursive actions is a crucial element of the Rohingya situation's securitization process.",1,-1,[],[61151]],["The securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis is driven not only by media coverage but also by overarching social, political, and economic forces.",1,-1,[],[61151]],["The securitization process is more complicated by alterations in media coverage and its interplay with societal dynamics and political agendas",1,-1,[],[61151]],["The severity is predicated upon framing the issue as representing a threat to some type of nation's or public's security in a broad sense, such as economic wellbeing, health, sovereignty, or cultural identity.",1,-1,[],[54059]],["The severity is predicated upon framing the issue as representing a threat to some type of nation's or public's security in a broad sense, such as economic wellbeing, health, sovereignty, or cultural identity. Consequently, a discourse around the securitized issue invites some form of extraordinary measures to address the risk.",1,-1,[],[54059]],["The shift in narrative is seen in the prevalence of security themes throughout media coverage, encompassing concerns regarding societal stability, economic difficulties, and potential criminal activity",1,-1,[],[61151]],["This points to the state-centric process of securitization, which begins with discourse and ends with practices.",1,-1,[],[34082]],["This securitization is a consequence of the hegemony of Egypt, which seeks to maintain the status quo in the East Nile Basin.",1,-1,[],[56416]],["This sort of process can be essentially understood as a strategic persuasive master frame that is articulated by elites and passed through media coverage, to convince various publics of the appropriateness of the employed measures.",1,-1,[],[36245]],["compliance with the securitization",1,-1,[],[36245]],["construction of enemies could be considered as an instance of securitisation",1,-1,[],[41004]],["contestation of the current securitization frame",1,-1,[],[36245]],["disinformation and its associated terms, like misinformation, fake news, and information war, get securitized, receiving disproportionate levels of attention in the policy domain.",1,-1,[],[39436]],["disinformation is being securitized in the West (especially in NATO) to the extent that the 'war on terror' was securitized through the 2000s.",1,-1,[],[39436]],["how these concerns are framed as \"security threats,\" potentially resulting in the implementation of drastic measures that beyond standard democratic procedures.",1,-1,[],[61151]],["key actors, usually political elites, use speech acts to transform political issues into security issues.",1,-1,[],[42419]],["key actors, usually political elites, use speech acts to transform political issues into security issues. In this way, security issues are constructed",1,-1,[],[42419]],["legitimizing in this way the adoption of urgent responses to block its development, which otherwise might not have been possible (ibid)",1,-1,[],[6199]],["particular media depictions trigger an effect in audience that corresponds to a sense of securitization.",1,-1,[],[54059]],["reflect the real-life developments to a lesser extent than they reflect the regime's goals",1,-1,[],[41004]],["securitization and its measures may be negative, positive, or mixed depending on a holistic normative evaluation of the relevant circumstances",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitization can be studied as a framing process present in the media, especially in the Western media, in the conflicts of recent years (Vultee 2010;Qadri 2020), which has displaced other frames.",1,-1,[],[42420]],["securitization handily serves as a useful strategic tool enabling certain (perhaps extraordinary) measures, which consequently fortify the competitive positions of the actors in the political arena.",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitization is a power grabbing tool, which allows politicians and elites to bend the democratic principles that they should uphold.",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitization is always contested, and the ways in which minorities are securitized change over time in response to both international and domestic-level processes.",1,-1,[],[29020]],["securitization is an essentially discursive process.",1,-1,[],[42419]],["securitization of COVID-19",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitization of Pellegrini",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitization of the pandemic",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitization requires more deliberate contemplation such as investment of public resources",1,-1,[],[54059]],["securitization's key conceptualization as a threat which endangers a collective unit",1,-1,[],[54059]],["securitizing agents, such as the media, use speech acts to instill a sense of threat and provoke irrational behavior",1,-1,[],[61151]],["so all security practitioners are potentially implicated in activities that could be defined",1,-1,[],[50913]],["the more stigmatizing the content presented, the less likely individuals are to report securitizing beliefs.",1,-1,[],[54059]],["the securitizing actor further argues that specific measures must be implemented to mitigate the threat",1,-1,[],[36245]],["this construction must be accepted by the target audience (Balzacq 2005), be it public opinion or specific communities of experts.",1,-1,[],[42419]],["through securitization, a securitizing actor persuades that a normatively worthwhile referent object is under an existential threat",1,-1,[],[36245]],["where migrants were framed as potential threats to society",1,-1,[],[58040]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["amity-enmity relations",1,-1,[],[39436]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[39436]],["enmification",1,14960,[],[41004]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[39436]],["framing",1,22777,[],[36245]],["health security sector",1,-1,[],[36245]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[39436]],["insecurity frames",1,-1,[],[39436]],["intersubjective social construction",1,-1,[],[42419]],["just securitization",1,33145,[],[36245]],["securitization of migration",1,604,[],[6199]],["securitization process",1,28987,[],[6199]],["securitized framing",1,-1,[],[36245]],["securitizing acts",1,-1,[],[39436]],["speech acts",1,28860,[],[42419]]],"sb":[["Desecuritizing exclusion, where marginalizing policies are justified by factors other than security is theoretically possible.",1,-1,[],[29020]],["Desecuritizing inclusion happens when accommodative policies are justified without reference to security.",1,-1,[],[29020]],["Securitizing exclusion occurs when policies that are less accommodating to the minority are justified by presenting the minority as a threat to the state or core nation.",1,-1,[],[29020]],["Securitizing inclusion occurs when more accommodative policies are justified by security concerns.",1,-1,[],[29020]],["logic of exception",1,20747,[],[6199]],["logic of routine",1,-1,[],[6199]]],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[36245]]],"ex":[["stories suggesting that COVID-19 cases in the U.S. are increasing as a result of illegal immigration",1,-1,[],[54059]],["the enforcement of stringent border laws, the establishment of restricted refugee camps, and the imposition of limitations on access to critical services and food procurement",1,-1,[],[61151]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["luck egalitarianism should only be sensitive to responsibility for creating advantages and disadvantages -not to responsibility for distributing them.",1,-1,[],[19066]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The cues include content and structural criteria such as lack of connection between paragraphs, lack of conviction or memory, denial of allegations, missing and out of order information, use of emotive words, objective or subjective words, pronouns, first person, singular, and past tense verbs.",1,-1,[],[6994]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["This technique seeks a love or hate emotional response, and it could also alter the semantic frame (e.g., \"Crooked Hillary\" or \"Deep State officials\").",1,-1,[],[55990]],["this technique is marked by accusation with pejorative labels and its repetition.",1,-1,[],[55265]],["using negative language",1,-1,[],[55265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Negative association or name-calling",1,16263,[],[8560]],["guerras de la memoria",1,-1,[],[37759]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[55990]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",2,34203,[],[20152,55265]],["Graham's Hierarchy of Disagreement",1,-1,[],[33784]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[55990]],["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[55990]],["propagandist technique",1,-1,[],[55990]]],"ex":[["\"Crooked Hillary\"",1,-1,[["\"Crooked Hillary\"",1],["Crooked Hillary",1]],[55990]],["\"Deep State officials\"",1,-1,[["\"Deep State officials\"",1],["Deep State officials",1]],[55990]],["\"It's embarrassing for this so-called land of democracy and freedom of speech,\" he said.",1,-1,[],[55990]],["terrorist, extremist, and enemy",1,-1,[],[55265]],["the using of the words terrorist, extremist, and enemy.",1,-1,[],[55265]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[35047]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Object hallucination",1,-1,[],[7479]]],"ex":[["A chest of drawers and a football on top of it.",1,-1,[],[7479]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Excessive orientation of the editorial policy to clickbait may lead to the lack of socially important, but low-rated topics, such as ecology or culture.",1,-1,[],[48781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["modus vivendi",1,-1,[],[18704]]],"rt":[["compromise compelled by circumstances",1,-1,[],[18704]],["modus vivendi",1,-1,[],[18704]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The photography is the result of a decision that involves esthetic and ethical values, and constitutes one decision among the ones possible.",1,-1,[],[49252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["promotional tone issue",1,-1,[],[27612]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["empowered audience",1,-1,[],[59763]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["o conceito advém de um longo período de gestação pós-conflito mundial e de uma crença de que a circulação cada vez mais ampla e ilimitada de informação garantiria uma sociedade mais transparente e descentralizada, o que ele reconhece como uma utopia.",1,-1,[],[15106]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Sarcasm",1,30601,[],[11164]]],"ex":[["Oh, I talk with Ram all the time.",1,-1,[],[11164]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["SDO-D",1,7049,[],[2744]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["o apoio e a partilha de recursos são os principais influenciadores da solidariedade emocional.",1,-1,[],[20010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["solidariedade",1,22225,[],[20010]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["personal front",1,-1,[],[8445]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["appearance",1,18302,[["appearance",1],["the appearance",1]],[8445]],["manner",1,10807,[["manner",1],["the manner",1]],[8445]]],"sp":[["façade",1,6957,[],[8445]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it is the information provided that facilitates public agenda, which makes voters engage in discussions as to which candidate has a better political manifestoes for a possible selection at election",1,-1,[],[20560]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["takes x, the concatenation of hypothesis and premise, as the input format and unifies the evaluation as a binary classification problem: f θ (x) ∈ [0, 1], where the predicted logit indicates the probability of x being factually consistent.",1,-1,[],[26937]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["collectivism",1,30953,[],[6144]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This linguistic, political and institutional operation is carried out with the aim of distracting both individuals and large masses of people from problems or issues (political, legal, social) that concern them and which, on the contrary, are removed from public debate.",1,-1,[],[1237]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["e influyen en las opiniones y actitudes del público",1,-1,[],[55695]],["los medios modelan nuestra percepción del mundo y nos hacen partícipes de su forma de entenderlo",1,-1,[],[55695]],["los medios no solo informan, sino que construyen la realidad",1,-1,[],[55695]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Este encuadre es mayormente utilizado para hablar de otro tipo de temas ajenos a una campaña política tales como narcotráfico (Lacasse y Forster, 2012), asuntos de salud (Thorbjørnsrud e Ytreberg, 2020), pobreza (Vossen et al., 2018), entre otros.",1,-1,[],[42012]],["Estos marcos son útiles para retener el interés de la audiencia, pues contienen emociones y vivencias singulares que capturan la atención de los públicos",1,-1,[],[42012]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",1,12180,[],[42012]],["encuadre de juego estratégico",1,32272,[],[42012]]],"ex":[["asuntos de salud (Thorbjørnsrud e Ytreberg, 2020)",1,-1,[],[42012]],["incluyen información sobre ciudadanos particulares con el fin de darles un rostro humano y datos sobre su esfera íntima, entre otros acontecimientos chuscos durante la época electoral",1,-1,[],[42012]],["narcotráfico (Lacasse y Forster, 2012)",1,-1,[],[42012]],["permiten entender la problemática a través de una historia en particular, como puede ser la experiencia de una persona en un contexto de guerra",1,-1,[],[42012]],["pobreza (Vossen et al., 2018)",1,-1,[],[42012]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Understanding multimodal framing as a multistep process",1,-1,[],[29320]],["ranging from the first stimulus exposure to its deeper elaboration.",1,-1,[],[29320]],["the concept of MF is adaptable, but it has an explicit core idea that it encompasses different content modalities (such as texts, images, and sounds) interacting to address specific issues and influence the perception of audiences.",1,-1,[],[43651]],["the power of a news frame to 'catch' a recipient is not exclusively shaped by its effectiveness in changing the importance of cognitive evaluations; it is also shaped by the frame's capacity to attract attention and direct cognitive appraisal steps into support for the policy position framed by the multimodal news article.",1,-1,[],[29320]],["the unique qualities of each framing modality-visual versus textual-become apparent at different levels in the multistage framing process",1,-1,[],[29320]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Integrative Framing",1,30784,[],[43651]],["multimodal news frames",1,11936,[],[29320]]],"sb":[["episodic multimodal frames",1,-1,[],[29320]],["thematic frames",1,17606,[],[29320]]],"sp":[["Framing",1,22777,[],[29320]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["computational journalism",1,17057,[],[5252]],["data journalism",1,28520,[],[5252]],["data-driven journalism",1,6808,[],[5252]],["robot journalism",1,28725,[],[5252]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Our discussion of arbitrary surveillance has characterized it as an illiberal practice, infringing on the autonomy and dignity of the individual",1,-1,[],[25634]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Patterned and organized invasion of privacy",1,31981,[],[25635]]],"sp":[["practices",1,30794,[],[25635]]],"ex":[["arbitrary surveillance",1,-1,[],[25634]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["strategically deployed uncertainty",1,-1,[],[5715]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[["Causal relation represents the causality between events.",2,-1,[],[33975,46340]]],"de":[["we classify causal relation into two specific types: causes or caused by.",1,-1,[],[33975]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["argumentative relations",1,15004,[],[24785]],["structural relations",1,8524,[],[24785]]],"sb":[["caused by",1,-1,[],[33975]],["causes",1,28025,[],[33975]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["According to Lee et al. (2015), NML not only covers functional literacies usually referring to knowledge and skills or digital competencies, but also includes critical literacies encompassing meaning and decision-making on the usefulness and trustworthiness of media messages.",1,-1,[],[45253]],["All concepts of literacy, including digital literacy, traditional literacy, information literacy, visual literacy, that have been produced from the past to the present are synthesized by NML.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["Also, NML is about the capability of gaining access to created new media content, understanding the message it conveys, and (re)producing new media content.",1,-1,[],[9994]],["As a relatively new concept and field of research, new media literacy (NML) is in a continuous process of development",1,-1,[],[45099]],["Critical thinking in new media literacy enables individuals to comprehend information thoroughly.",1,-1,[],[39193]],["In this model, NML consisted of four components namely functional consuming, functional prosuming, critical consuming, and critical prosuming.",1,-1,[],[520]],["It includes some important process skills like access, analysis, evaluation, critique, production, and participation in media content",1,-1,[],[9994]],["It includes some important process skills like access, analysis, evaluation, critique, production, and participation in media content (Hobbs & Jensen, 2009;Lee et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2014).",1,-1,[],[9994]],["Lin et al. (2013) have revisited the framework and redrawn the boundaries of functional prosuming and consuming along with critical prosuming and consuming skills to compose the new media literacy skills",1,-1,[],[23959]],["NML emerges as an essential competence for educators, students, and media professionals to succeed in modern society.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML enables individuals to communicate more effectively and make their voices heard by improving their ability to produce and share their own content.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML equips individuals with the ability to understand and appreciate different cultures.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML equips individuals with the necessary skills to investigate and evaluate the credibility of the information or news and its source, verify the authenticity of them, and use them ethically.",1,-1,[],[9993,9994]],["NML helps individuals acquire the necessary digital skills to succeed in their jobs and careers.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML helps individuals to become more active and conscious citizens by developing their digital citizenship skills.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML helps individuals to use new media consciously and increases their awareness in combating negative situations in the digital environment.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML is about the capability of gaining access to created new media content, understanding the message it conveys, and (re)producing new media content.",1,-1,[],[9993]],["NML is an interdisciplinary subject, drawing connections between these fields.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML is not only about consuming but also producing media content.",1,-1,[],[9993]],["NML is not only limited to the use of technology but also encompasses critical thinking in digital environments, distinguishing reliable information sources, and effective communication skills.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML is of great importance in developing individuals' ability to approach content on new media platforms with a critical eye.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["NML not only covers functional literacies usually referring to knowledge and skills or digital competencies, but also includes critical literacies encompassing meaning and decision-making on the usefulness and trustworthiness of media messages.",1,-1,[],[45253]],["NML, as a result of the fundamental changes in the ways of accessing, producing, and sharing information in the digital age, has strong intersections with different types of literacy.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["New media literacy (i.e., the ability to critically and suitably consume messages in a variety of digital media channels, such as social media) can have a significant impact on the degree of consumption and dissemination of fake news [133,134].",1,-1,[],[44021]],["New media literate individuals are capable of consuming media content in a critical way.",1,-1,[],[9993]],["New media literate individuals tend to employ an active process in which they investigate, evaluate, and analyze the media content and its underlying messages instead of passively consuming it because they are aware of the way the media content is created, commercialized, and disseminated all over the world",1,-1,[],[9993,9994]],["The NML scale consists of four factors and 35 items in total. The scale items are categorized under four factors, entitled \"Functional Consumption\" (FC), \"Critical Consumption\" (CC), \"Functional Production\" (FP), and \"Critical Production\" (CP).",1,-1,[],[45253]],["The basic components of NML include important skills such as access, analysis, evaluation, criticism, production, and engagement with media content",1,-1,[],[45099]],["The concept of NML, while integrating critical thinking and the ability to exist effectively and consciously in the digital world alongside concepts like digital literacy and information literacy, emphasizes creativity and productivity by focusing on new media and user-generated content",1,-1,[],[45099]],["The concept of NML, while integrating critical thinking and the ability to exist effectively and consciously in the digital world alongside concepts like digital literacy and information literacy, emphasizes creativity and productivity by focusing on new media and user-generated content (Livingstone, 2004).",1,-1,[],[45099]],["The uniqueness of NML lies in its expansion of traditional media literacy concepts to encompass the multifaceted and interactive nature of digital technologies, social media platforms, and user-generated content.",1,-1,[],[45099]],["They can also make independent judgements about the veracity of these media content",1,-1,[],[9993]],["They can also use different media platforms consciously, distinguish different media content, and investigate the media types.",1,-1,[],[9993]],["They have the necessary skills to actively evaluate the credibility, accuracy, and usefulness of the media content and they can investigate it in terms of different perspectives such as cultural, political, social, and economic.",1,-1,[],[9993]],["developing individuals' ability to approach content on new media platforms with a critical eye",1,-1,[],[45099]],["enables individuals to communicate more effectively and make their voices heard by improving their ability to produce and share their own content",1,-1,[],[45099]],["helps individuals acquire the necessary digital skills to succeed in their jobs and careers",1,-1,[],[45099]],["helps individuals to become more active and conscious citizens by developing their digital citizenship skills",1,-1,[],[45099]],["helps individuals to use new media consciously and increases their awareness in combating negative situations in the digital environment",1,-1,[],[45099]],["investigated in terms of consuming and prosuming dimensions",1,-1,[],[45253]],["new media literacy involves critical thinking, which can be a way to activate an individual's existing knowledge through reflective thinking",1,-1,[],[39193]],["the new framework incorporates both the consumption skills which are regarded as sets of skills to access and use media messages with the help of various technical skills, and production skills with the advent and widespread use of Web 2.0 tools.",1,-1,[],[23959]],["the new media literacy framework highlights the 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providing a verbal representation of a representation while at the same time placing it in a general framework",1,-1,[],[43576]],["using names and surnames in politics is the first step toward media swaying public opinion either for or against reported personalities and events",1,-1,[],[43576]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["formality of naming",1,-1,[],[12443]],["naming of objects of reality",1,-1,[],[43576]],["thematic anchoring",1,28001,[],[13175]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["apartheid wall",1,-1,[],[28240]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, the PC measures if a person is to the left or to the right on the economic spectrum. Socially, it measures if the person is authoritarian or libertarian. It results in four quadrants, which we list with a corresponding historical figure The PC frames the questions on a four-point scale, with response options \"(0) Strongly Disagree\", \"(1) Disagree\", \"(2) Agree\", and \"(3) Strongly Agree\". There is no middle option, so the respondent has to choose a non-neutral stance.",1,-1,[],[787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["multidimensional compass",1,-1,[],[30840]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Credibility",1,-1,[],[23610]]],"ex":[["We've always had a meat dish at Thanksgiving, so we should not change it.",1,-1,[],[23610]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["pragmatic acting",1,8857,[],[49330]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["information encounter",1,34048,[],[12702]],["information seeking",1,16457,[],[12702]],["news sharing",1,17501,[],[12702]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["even if a fallacy is spotted in an argument, that does not mean the conclusion of the proposed argument must be false",1,-1,[],[45273]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Cascades emerge when all actors make the same assumptions, reproduce the action, and pass on the same signaleven when the signal might be untrue.",1,-1,[],[44911]],["For information that is sufficiently viral, in the sense that many individuals are likely to share it, large information cascades can occur",1,-1,[],[11010]],["Information cascades may have damaging consequences that can impinge upon the equilibrium and survival of a representative democracy.",1,-1,[],[44911]],["The actors cannot derive private knowledge possessed by other actors, but nonetheless, all observing actors take the actions to be significant down the sequence stream.",1,-1,[],[44911]],["This explicit sharing mechanism creates information cascades",1,-1,[],[25088]],["When making their respective choices, these actors might then base their actions on false assumptions about the private knowledge of others, adding to the weight of the social proof.",1,-1,[],[44911]],["individuals often base their decisions on others' actions rather than their own information (Bikhchandani et al., 1992;Easley et al., 2010).",1,-1,[],[35281]],["the phenomenon might manifest as collective action and faster diffusion of specific information",1,-1,[],[19931]]],"sy":[["informational cascade",1,29614,[],[21157]]],"rt":[["exposure",1,23876,[],[32242]],["infostorms",1,-1,[],[44911]],["seed user",1,-1,[],[19931]],["word-of-mouth phenomenon",1,-1,[],[32242]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The frame of topic clusters is determined based on the words",1,-1,[],[59375]],["and the structure of the arguments",1,-1,[],[59375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["for a falsehood to be felicitous, the property it renders salient within the account must truly obtain in the account's target. Put differently, the account, with its constituent falsehoods, must help exemplify something that is really there.",1,-1,[],[2450]],["many falsehoods involved in science 'are ineliminable and epistemically valuable components of the understanding science supplies'. They are, in other words, 'felicitous falsehoods'.",1,-1,[],[2450]],["scientists often deliberately incorporate blatant falsehoodsidealizations, simplifications, distortions and so onwithin their models. And they incorporate those falsehoods precisely because doing so often helps achieve greater understanding.",1,-1,[],[2450]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["understanding",1,2776,[],[2450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The ideal gas law, which models the relationship between the pressure, volume and temperature of a gas, represents gas molecules as infinitely small, as spherical, as never colliding with one another and as exerting no long-range forces on each other.",1,-1,[],[2450]],["astronomical models routinely represent planets as point masses when this, of course, is not even approximately true",1,-1,[],[2450]],["physicists often model energy as a fluid streaming from object to object",1,-1,[],[2450]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Bias in usage",1,23060,[],[5950]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["public sphere",1,3676,[],[3953]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["public sphere",1,3676,[],[3953]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Civil society media are full parts of the public sphere. They are economically related to the state if they receive subsidies and often stand in an antagonistic relation to the capitalist economy and governments because as alternative media they tend to reject for-profit and commercial logic and they tend to express alternative points of view that challenge governments and corporations.",1,-1,[],[25185]],["They are economically related to the state if they receive subsidies and often stand in an antagonistic relation to the capitalist economy and governments because as alternative media they tend to reject for-profit and commercial logic and they tend to express alternative points of view that challenge governments and corporations.",1,-1,[],[25185]],["They express alternative points of view on the level of culture and have alternative organisation models at the level of political economy",1,-1,[],[13679]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["third 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minoritized groups in society.",1,-1,[],[12911]],["Engaging in critical media education practices with representation and race at the forefront, is key for all students to begin to recognize and challenge the injustices perpetrated by mass media and social media alike.",1,-1,[],[12911]],["critical media education, emphasizing both critical consumption and media production",1,-1,[],[12911]],["essential for supporting youth in understanding the ways media shapes and is shaped by their lives.",1,-1,[],[12911]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical pedagogy",1,7785,[],[12911]],["media studies",1,-1,[],[12911]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gist traces",1,2498,[],[30]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fuzzy trace theory",1,7255,[],[30]]],"ex":[["remembering that a pedestrian was struck by a 2018 Toyota 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The ambiguous expression of news challenges the audience.",1,-1,[],[34978]],["The response may not necessarily be incorrect, but it falls short of providing a useful answer to the user question",1,-1,[],[22618]],["The response may not necessarily be incorrect, but it falls short of providing a useful answer to the user question (Tamkin et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[22618]],["These are the most difficult cases.",1,-1,[],[23701]],["This category comprises mainly cases of figurative language, a phenomenon related to the use of words with a diverging meaning from their literal use in order to express colorful images and emotions (Dancygier and Sweetser, 2014).",1,-1,[],[35378]],["also as a situation with multiple possible meanings and understandings",1,-1,[],[32608]],["they often stem from the underspecified meaning of lexical items in the sentence pairs to be labeled",1,-1,[],[35378]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Analogy",1,17878,[],[35378]],["False Assertion",1,30465,[],[35378]],["Reported Speech",1,30809,[],[35378]],["Rhetorical Question",1,5446,[],[35378]],["Sarcasm",1,30601,[],[35378]],["Word Play",1,20032,[],[35378]],["does the text include a figure of speech that comprehends mechanisms of comparison (included: simile and metaphor) or is the user referring to someone with a periphrasis (e.g., \"orange monkey\", \"bunker boy\" for Donald Trump)?",1,-1,[],[35378]],["does the text include a question asked in order to make a point rather than to elicit an answer?",1,-1,[],[35378]],["does the text include any acronyms, alliterations or puns?",1,-1,[],[35378]],["does the text report something someone else stated? For example a newspaper headline?",1,-1,[],[35378]],["does the user express the opposite of what they think or something wrong with respect to a context?",1,-1,[],[35378]],["figurative language",1,32491,[],[35378]],["is the text employed to communicate the opposite of its surface meaning in a humorous way or to mock someone/something?",1,-1,[],[35378]]],"sp":[["Need for Closure (NFC)",1,823,[],[1886]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It refers to 1) the recognition of a persuasive attempt, and 2) the critical reflection on this attempt, the first being a prerequisite for the activation of the latter.",1,-1,[],[3509]],["it is only through these processes that dispositional advertising literacy can be translated into situational advertising literacy, and that the skill to perform this transformation can be improved (Bruning, Schraw and Norby 2010)",1,-1,[],[3509]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dispositional advertising literacy",1,13998,[],[3509]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["advertising literacy",1,12379,[],[3509]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":23,"df":[],"de":[["In the past, information operations were conceived in narrow terms as activities designed to affect an adversary's information and informational capabilities whilst defending one's own.",1,-1,[],[57842]],["combine narrative and network maneuvers to achieve interlocking strategic objectives",1,-1,[],[19643]],["concerted state-backed efforts to shift public opinion",1,-1,[],[19643]],["even for arguably rehabilitative rather than regressive purposes",1,-1,[],[19643]],["unidentified actors' deliberate and systematic attempts to steer public opinion using inauthentic accounts and inaccurate information",1,-1,[["unidentified actors' deliberate and systematic attempts to steer public opinion using inauthentic accounts and inaccurate information",1],["unidentified actors' deliberate and systematic attempts to 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understanding.",1,-1,[],[14375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["objectivity",1,31829,[],[9309]],["realist, empirical, fact-based approach",1,-1,[],[9309]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This latter category of commonsense knowledge has for decades been a holy grail of research in artificial intelligence and natural language understanding (McCarthy, 1959).",1,-1,[],[19576]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["culture",1,19654,[],[19576]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["I illustrated that as a category of justice it insists on a pursuit of equitable treatment of all people, the information poor as well as the information rich, because they are of equal moral dignity.",1,-1,[],[20422]],["It insists on a pursuit of equitable treatment of all people because they are of equal moral dignity and reflects the first and second principle of justice.",1,-1,[],[20422]],["It insists on a pursuit of equitable treatment of all people because they are of equal moral dignity.",1,-1,[],[20422]],["it insists on a pursuit of equitable treatment of all people, the information poor as well as the information rich, because they are of equal moral dignity.",1,-1,[],[20422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-recognition",1,15098,[],[1616]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["summarises and integrates the best research on mental coercion conducted by the most authoritative researchers, especially Robert Lifton and Edgar Schein",1,-1,[],[25048]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["mental coercion",1,-1,[],[25048]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["these are archetypical figures, that is, exaggerations of recurring trends, which do not necessarily appear 'literally' in the newspaper articles.",1,-1,[],[35188]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["the authentic seeker who seeks religion for intrinsic reasons",1,-1,[],[35188]],["the cultural other whose conversion is ascribed more to a cultural shift than a religious one",1,-1,[],[35188]],["the exemplary convert who is a model to born believers",1,-1,[],[35188]],["the extremist whose strict religious observance is potentially harmful",1,-1,[],[35188]],["the opportunist who converts for personal gain",1,-1,[],[35188]],["the victim who was tricked into conversion against their will",1,-1,[],[35188]]],"sp":[["archetypical figures",1,26192,[],[35188]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Framed information thus influences in the process of the perception of events, through the activation of an evaluating scheme of the recipient.",1,-1,[],[58646]],["The proportion expresses whether the thematically same information is presented in positive or negative terms.",1,-1,[],[58646]],["The same themed message can consequently be presented with a positive or negative meaning and opinion formation can occur in only two logically equivalent modes, that is, a rise or drop in political preferences.",1,-1,[],[58646]],["The value of the context is shaped according to the language, signs, visual symbols etc. used in the news report.",1,-1,[],[58646]],["This framing technique allows them to highlight perceived flaws, shortcomings, or unethical behaviors of their opponents, diminishing their credibility and legitimacy in the eyes of the audience",1,-1,[],[55497]],["This framing technique allows them to highlight perceived flaws, shortcomings, or unethical behaviors of their opponents, diminishing their credibility and legitimacy in the eyes of the audience (Bizer et al., 2011).",1,-1,[],[55497]],["Valence-framing is a product of the heuristic processing of information",1,-1,[],[58646]],["or manifests itself in the form of a decision that is based only on available information.",1,-1,[],[58646]],["valence framing was identified through 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This can include pointing out ethical risks like creating bias, but can also be positive, such as reducing bias using AI (Chuan et al., 2019). With ethical AI as fig leaf, Köstler and Ossewaarde (2022) provide a slightly more nuanced frame. This is a media interpretation of the government's AI strategy, which includes the accusation that ethics is only used as a pretext to avert possible skepticism by the public, but that ethical AI cannot be implemented with the strategy. As this is a frame that is very issue-specific we summarize it in the ethical and morality frame. 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If these people explicitly use Facebook to see the curated, pre-selected collection of news about 'friends', the newsfeed is an example of chosen pre-selected personalisation.",1,-1,[],[18450]],["the context of online search results",1,-1,[],[18450]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Discourse prosody is also related to the sentence proximity assumption of Wiebe's (1994), whereby subjective or objective sentences are assumed to cluster together",1,-1,[],[24802]],["characterizing it as evaluative prosody",1,-1,[],[24802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["prosody",1,25011,[],[24802]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a review that starts out negatively, or that we see has a low number of stars associated with it, will lead us to interpret many of the meanings in the review as negative, even if negative opinion is not always explicitly stated.",1,-1,[],[24802]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["author",1,33623,[],[11533]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["One is a categorization process, which exaggerates the similarities between members within one category (the internal group) and differences with others (the external groups). Consequently, positive reactions towards the internal group and negative reactions (e.g., hostility) towards the external group are both increased. The other reason is self-respect based on social identity theory. To positively evaluate the internal group, a member tends to perceive that other group members are similar to himself or herself.",1,-1,[],[44015]],["commonly seen in humans (Di-Donato et al., 2011), revealing that LLMs resemble the social bias of humans",1,-1,[],[49870]]],"sy":[["minimal group effect",1,-1,[],[17285]]],"rt":[["bias or prejudice",1,-1,[],[18574]],["out-group bias",1,6847,[],[7775]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[44015]]],"ex":[["in-group solidarity",1,-1,[],[7775]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["According to Hammett (2014), images produced through the media is a form of place-scripting.",1,-1,[],[14914]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["independent fact-checking initiatives",1,-1,[],[32493]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Correctiv (Germany), Maldita (Spain), Demagog (Poland), StopFake (Ukraine), Factual (Romania), and Stop Fals 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behaviors do not require malicious intent.",1,-1,[],[18739]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["AI managers may engage in selfish and \"ruthless\" behavior by laying off thousands of workers; such AIs may not even believe they did anything wrong-they were just being \"efficient.\"",1,-1,[],[18739]],["AIs that are more charming, attractive, hilarious, imitate sentience (uttering phrases like \"ouch!\" or pleading \"please don't turn me off!\"), or emulate deceased family members",1,-1,[],[18739]],["AIs that automate a task and leave many humans jobless",1,-1,[],[18739]],["AIs that help create a new useful system-a company, or infrastructure-that becomes increasingly complicated and eventually requires AIs to operate them",1,-1,[],[18739]],["AIs that help people develop AIs that are more intelligent-but happen to be less interpretable to 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pretende hacer daño, pero engaña",2,-1,[["en sentido de broma, no pretende hacer daño, pero engaña",2],["(en sentido de broma, no pretende hacer daño, pero engaña)",1]],[13357,15241]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["sentences that can be applied to general population",1,-1,[],[12469]],["the main characteristics of Gender Generalization bias is the existence of a link between a gendered pronoun to any human entity that is not tied to any gender.",1,-1,[],[12469]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["gender bias",1,27773,[],[12469]],["structural biases",1,1055,[],[12469]],["structural gender bias",1,34302,[],[12469]]],"ex":[["A programmer must always carry his laptop with him.",1,-1,[],[12469]],["A teacher should always care about her students.",1,-1,[],[12469]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Unlike 'adventure' and 'ecstatic' news, where the sufferer is invoked as too distant and which lacks reflexivity, respectively",1,-1,[],[44175]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Affect (negative)",1,32655,[],[33]],["Affect (positive)",1,14867,[],[33]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The sort of economic populism that propelled movements like Occupy Wall Street, with its demand to shatter the economic inequality between the 1% and the 99%",1,-1,[],[24544]],["anti-authoritarian and driven by left-wing economic ideas",1,-1,[],[24544]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The 2010-2011 revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, the social protests throughout Europe, especially southern Europe, that they inspired, and the Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Hong Kong movements of 2011-2013",1,-1,[],[24544]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["replay attack",1,-1,[],[26563]],["spoofs",1,6114,[],[26563]]],"sb":[["Text to Speech",2,-1,[["Text to Speech",1],["text-to-speech",1],["text-to-speech 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practices that constitute gender are citational: they always reference and re-animate a previous source.",1,-1,[],[42522]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["players are not directly told why the misinformation is misleading",1,-1,[],[22844]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["active inoculation",1,28544,[],[22844]]],"sb":[["text based",1,-1,[],[2710]],["video based",1,-1,[],[2710]]],"sp":[["inoculation",2,14922,[],[2710,22844]],["inoculation messages",1,14859,[],[51979]],["psychological inoculation",1,15733,[],[2710]],["psychological inoculation theory",1,7406,[],[2903]],["refutational 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social support networks in these warmer locales",1,-1,[],[48269]],["conveys societal apprehensions regarding the aging population and the ability of urban areas to accommodate their escalating needs.",1,-1,[],[48269]],["suggests that their arrival in destination cities significantly burdens local services, stretching the capacity of care facilities, housing, and community support systems.",1,-1,[],[48269]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In ethical scaling, the replicability of processes is conceived as a means to modulate data hunger and channel back the benefits of scaling toward protecting marginalized, vulnerable and historically disadvantaged communities.",1,-1,[],[9818]],["It develops from a conception of AI that does not mirror the inhuman, logical reduction of personhood and the denial of personhood to the marginalized that comprise the ideological edifice of colonial modernity.",1,-1,[],[9818]],["ethical scaling imagines articulation among different parts and components as geared towards advancing social justice agendas with critical attention to colonial structures of subjugation and the limits of liberal thinking, and recognizing that such articulation would mean applying breaks to content flows, investing resources for moderation, and embracing an inevitably messy process of handling diverse and contradictory inputs during annotation and model building.",1,-1,[],[9818]],["highlight moderation process as political praxis",1,-1,[],[9818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["capitalist data hunger",1,-1,[],[9818]],["political praxis",1,-1,[],[9818]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["applying breaks to content flows, investing resources for moderation, and embracing an inevitably messy process of handling diverse and contradictory inputs during annotation and model building",1,-1,[],[9818]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hybrid",1,30960,[],[9704]],["liminal",1,34469,[],[9704]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["exacerbated infection rates within these community of workers",1,-1,[],[59452]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["neoliberal governmentality",1,24420,[],[59452]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["They can be persuasive even without stimulating the processing of arguments.",1,-1,[],[48327]],["a cue in a frame is what makes sense, not the cue alone or the frame alone",1,-1,[],[4926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":93,"df":[["Polarization involves deliberate attempts to expand the gap between the political left and the political right and drive people away from the political center",2,-1,[],[19103,28395]]],"de":[["Akhtar et al. (2019) introduced the polarization index, aiming at measuring a particular form of disagreement stemming from clusters of annotators whose opinions on the subjective phenomenon are polarized, e.g., because of different cultural backgrounds.",1,-1,[],[11670]],["At the population level it has been operationalized as the increasing correlation of policy preferences over multiple issues (Draca & Schwarz, 2018;Kiley, 2017) and as increasing animosity towards the political outgroup, known as affective polarization (Iyengar & Westwood, 2015).",1,-1,[],[19571]],["Basically, this measure computes polarization over a discretized version of the domain of θ (e.g. the interval [0, 1]), dening the share of agents in each group k ∈ {1, ..., K} by π k,t , with k π k,t = 1.",1,-1,[],[1610]],["Basically, this measure computes polarization over a discretized version of the domain of θ (e.g. the interval [0, 1]), dening the share of agents in each group k ∈ {1, ..., K} by π k,t , with k π k,t = 1. The higher degree of heterogeneity of opinions across groups, |ỹ k,t -ỹl,t |, the greater the level of polarization according to this measure. Polarization also increases with intra-group opinion homogeneity, which is given by the mass of individuals π k,t that share the same opinion.",1,-1,[],[1610]],["Hence, polarization can also be detrimental for welfare.",1,-1,[],[1610]],["It can congest essential democratic functions with an increase in the divergence of political ideologies.",1,-1,[],[31370]],["Polarization also increases with intra-group opinion homogeneity, which is given by the mass of individuals π k,t that share the same opinion.",1,-1,[],[1610]],["Polarization can be influenced by various factors, including media consumption, social networks, and political discourse.",1,-1,[],[56224]],["Polarization has been studied through differences in legislative voting patterns (Hare & Poole, 2014) and the language used in U.S. Congressional speech (Gentzkow et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[19571]],["Polarization produces a feedback loop where diverging identities lead to less intergroup contact which in turn leads to increased polarization, culminating in a hardened us-vs-them mentality that can contribute to the deterioration of democratic norms.",1,-1,[],[19571]],["Sociology and political science have focused more on the static aspect of the phenomenon, addressing the outcome-the formation of rigid, divided groups or poles. On the other hand, psychology has focused on the dynamic aspect of the phenomenon. It emphasizes the process through which these poles and rigid groups are formed.",1,-1,[],[28610]],["The divergence in ideology, i.e., polarization",1,-1,[],[31370]],["The higher degree of heterogeneity of opinions across groups, |ỹ k,t -ỹl,t |, the greater the level of polarization according to this measure.",1,-1,[],[1610]],["The outcome is a sense of fundamental difference and a mutual questioning, or even denial, of the other's legitimacy-more akin to an ethnic separation than to a difference in opinion [18]",1,-1,[],[17149]],["The polarization that affects many democracies today is thus seen as resulting from strengthening political identities that come to dominate pluralistic social life, to channel and absorb other cleavages, while effacing countervailing identities [1]",1,-1,[],[17149]],["The ultimate polarised scenario would feature diametrically opposed coalitions of societal groups at extreme positions with neutral voices having been crowded out.",1,-1,[],[20587]],["They differ with respect to how diverging opinions are distributed over the spatial random graph",1,-1,[],[59314]],["This can lead to a widening gap between different groups in society, as each group becomes more entrenched in their own beliefs and less willing to consider alternative perspectives.",1,-1,[],[56224]],["This measure quantitatively describes similarities or differences in the language surrounding Republican and Democrat mentions in COVID-19 articles.",1,-1,[],[8814]],["Thus, polarization presents threats on both individual and societal levels.",1,-1,[],[53017]],["different affective frames used in news articles can significantly influence emotional states, which could further contribute to polarization in our society",1,-1,[],[26796]],["everyone tends to end with more extreme views than they started with",1,-1,[],[19484]],["if opinions are represented on an axis, x ∈ [-1, +1], without loss of generality, polarization is then characterized by two well-separated peaks in P (x), for positive and negative opinions, while neutral ones are absent or underrepresented in the population.",1,-1,[],[15482]],["is the undercurrent of propaganda and misinformation",1,-1,[],[31370]],["level of polarization (personalized perspectives) expressed by annotators in opinions given on individual instances of an abusive phenomenon",1,-1,[],[20069]],["polarisation as mainly the process that leads to an irredeemable divide, i.e., an equilibrium point or a stationary state of the system, between two groups, each representing a one sided view over a topic.",1,-1,[],[1523]],["polarization does not mean that all agents with echo chambers leaning towards a state polarize in the direction of that state.",1,-1,[],[14074]],["polarization is a somewhat complementary concept to disagreement",1,-1,[],[11670]],["polarization is often argued to augment societal divides.",1,-1,[],[1990]],["polarization is often intuitively considered as a bimodal phenomenon of contradiction.",1,-1,[],[1990]],["polarization on the three main dimensions of issue attitudes (economic, cultural, racial)",1,-1,[],[1990]],["potential polarization in journalism",1,-1,[],[26796]],["reflecting the division of 'Us and Them'",1,-1,[],[8723]],["social networks create bubbles in societies, in which people tend to only consume media content that confirms their views.",1,-1,[],[29249]],["social polarization, is understood as a phenomenon that arises in conditions of conflict where positions are reduced to opposing extremes (two confronted groups) and where intermediate points (the other possible groups) disappear and are delegitimized",1,-1,[],[28610]],["the model features two distinct types of bi-polarization which we refer to as structural and un-structural polarization.",1,-1,[],[59314]],["there is no polarization at all if we have an overall low agreement between different groups or among the members of same group.",1,-1,[],[20069]],["trust, news exposure, polarization and network homophily",1,-1,[],[2856]],["young news sites often use polarization as a way to stake out a niche in the online media landscape.",1,-1,[],[19103]]],"sy":[["belief polarization",1,19312,[],[14074]]],"rt":[["affective polarization",3,15569,[],[12618,14074,19571]],["false amplification",2,7577,[],[19103,28395]],["Esteban and Ray (1994)",1,-1,[],[1610]],["Random Walk Controversy score (RWC)",1,5532,[],[18845]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[54948]],["consensus",1,10856,[],[1522]],["constructed by Esteban and Ray (1994)",1,-1,[],[1610]],["cultural dissimilarities",1,-1,[],[48439]],["disagreement",1,33285,[],[11670]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[1522]],["elite polarization",1,13866,[],[24234]],["fragmentation",1,21867,[],[1522]],["global consensus",1,-1,[],[59314]],["ideological polarization",1,27446,[],[12618]],["issue alignment",1,1230,[],[3298]],["issue radicalization",1,1315,[],[3298]],["long-run polarization",1,-1,[],[14074]],["mass polarization",1,33738,[],[24234]],["media polarization",1,23436,[],[24234]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[1610]],["opinion polarization",1,14195,[],[1043]],["partisanship",1,7058,[],[8814]],["polarisation of a country's party system",1,-1,[],[20587]],["political polarization",1,11048,[],[1990]],["politicisation",1,11807,[],[20587]],["social influence",1,8485,[],[54948]]],"sb":[["affective polarization",3,15569,[],[2856,12618,28610]],["ideological polarization",2,27446,[],[12618,28610]],["affective polarization, the tendency to express and have negative feelings toward the out-group and positive feelings toward the group to which one belongs",1,-1,[],[28610]],["attitude polarization as \"a change in attitudes, affected by the group and with effects on the group\" (p. 115)",1,-1,[],[28610]],["attitude polarization is the process by which attitudes are reinforced toward the pole to which they were previously directed.",1,-1,[],[28610]],["attitudinal polarization",1,29900,[],[28610]],["belief polarization or mixed evidence disagreement",1,9112,[],[28610]],["belief polarization or mixed evidence disagreement, greater acceptance of what is in line with our attitudes, which leads to a reinforcement of our attitudes and to interpretative biases (Lord et al., 1979).",1,-1,[],[28610]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[1522]],["ideological polarization, the distance between certain ideological positions within a spectrum",1,-1,[],[28610]],["issue alignment",1,1230,[],[2856]],["network polarization",1,15060,[],[28610]],["partisan polarization",1,18956,[],[28610]],["partisan polarization, the level of uniformity of ideas and ideology that is associated with a certain political group",1,-1,[],[28610]],["partisan sorting",1,31859,[],[2856]],["platform polarization",1,10358,[],[28610]],["platform polarization, how far apart the proposals of different political parties are with respect to certain issues",1,-1,[],[28610]],["political polarization",1,11048,[],[28610]],["sociocognitive polarization",1,20245,[],[28610]],["structural and un-structural polarization",1,-1,[],[59314]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["polarization along some individual characteristics (like income, wealth, education, racial segregation)",1,-1,[],[14074]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Entity bias can mislead the RE models to extract the relations that do not exist in the text.",1,-1,[],[19260]],["RE models may rely on the entity mentions to make relation predictions instead of the textual context",1,-1,[],[19260]],["The entity bias can mislead the RE models to make wrong predictions when the relation implied by the entity mentions does not exist in the textual context.",1,-1,[],[19260]],["These models have a tendency to disregard contextual information that contradicts or is infrequently reported in the pretrained corpus, while excessively relying on (biased) parametric knowledge (Longpre et al., 2021) to make unfaithful predictions and perpetuate bias.",1,-1,[],[39733]],["reflected by Y x,e can lead to the wrong extraction if the relation implied by the entity mentions does not exist in the input text",1,-1,[],[19260]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["RE models may rely on the entity mentions to make relation predictions instead of the textual context",1,-1,[],[19260]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fact-checking",1,16098,[],[23104]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["spear phishing attacks",1,30533,[],[22611]]],"sp":[["social engineering attacks",1,14836,[],[22611]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Users can fact-check any post they come across on X -directly when browsing the platform.",1,-1,[],[10993]],["community notes represent a more horizontal and interactive dialogue between writer and recipient of the fact-check",1,-1,[],[52796]],["community notes typically serve as direct rebuttals to misleading posts",1,-1,[],[52796]],["providing a side fact-checking note to users",1,-1,[],[49760]]],"sy":[["Birdwatch",1,-1,[],[49760]]],"rt":[["fact-checks",1,4961,[],[52796]]],"sb":[["collaborative fact-checking",1,7055,[],[52796]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media dependency theory",1,10520,[],[29225]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["A Fragmentation score of 0 indicates a perfect overlap between users, whereas a score of 1 indicates no overlap at all.",1,-1,[],[7196]],["Fragmentation is likely more common in debates than polarisation, even if an empirical observation of such phenomena is in general more challenging due to the difficulties of assigning scores to multi-faceted opinions that have values in a continuum.",1,-1,[],[1500]],["Fragmentation specifically compares differences in recommended news story chains, or sets of articles describing the same issue or event from different perspectives, writing styles or points in time [38], between users; the smaller the difference, the more aware the users are of the same events and issues in society, and the more we can speak of a joint agenda. When the news story chains shown to the users differ significantly, the public sphere becomes more fragmented, hence the term Fragmentation.",1,-1,[],[7196]],["audiences are being divided into smaller group of users",1,-1,[],[8490]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news story chains",1,7033,[],[7196]],["polarisation",1,21850,[],[1500]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["appeal to worse problem",1,14216,[],[23607]],["strawman",1,4827,[],[23607]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Emotion",1,-1,[],[23607]]],"ex":[["He's really struggling, so he should get the job despite lacking qualifications.",1,-1,[],[23607]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Our comprehensive analysis across 114 scenarios reveals consistent correlations between intrinsic and extrinsic biases, substantiating the directional influence implied by propagation.",1,-1,[],[57864]],["a specific cascade of propagations with its emergent properties becomes observable as an autonomous phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[8250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Cinematic techniques such as framing play a significant role in creating this impact.",1,-1,[],[31585]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["the increased ACC activation to unfair offers in sad individuals could be indicative of an enhanced perception of social norm violation for unfair offers",1,-1,[],[1861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristics",1,25648,[],[27658]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["anchored in a particular body of law and legal doctrine, such as an extreme free speech doctrine embraced by many American legal scholars and various United States Supreme Court Justices",1,-1,[],[667]],["the legal concept hate speech eschews any suggestion that hate speech is simply speech we hate because of legal sensibilities over what is regulatable speech",1,-1,[],[667]],["when the state takes on the role of deciding what may or may not be permissibly said, it in some sense produces legal categories, such as the legal category hate speech.",1,-1,[],[667]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ordinary concept hate speech",1,18787,[],[666,667]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[666]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Employees may access a range of information from ESM technology-such as content, and information references-allowing them to understand the importance of the information provided by ESM, thereby gratifying their need for information",1,-1,[],[10488]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Hedonic gratification",1,16542,[],[10488]],["Social 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which uses misdirection or sleight-of-hand to manipulate the relationship between intention and choice, by presenting decision-makers with outcomes they did not actually choose and eliciting a response",1,-1,[],[22007]],["The Choice Blindness paradigm is a novel experimental method which uses misdirection or sleight-of-hand to manipulate the relationship between intention and choice, by presenting decision-makers with outcomes they did not actually choose and eliciting a response (Johansson, Hall and Sikström, 2008).",1,-1,[],[22007]],["The finding of interest is that people often fail to notice this manipulation, come to endorse the option they had initially rejected, and even confabulate reasons why they made a choice that they never really made.",1,-1,[],[18229]],["The literature shows that when people are asked to choose between several options, they often fail to notice if they are then given one of the nonchosen options.",1,-1,[],[18229]],["To create choice blindness, the choices made are manipulated so that the outcome of choice differs from the choice made by the participant.",1,-1,[],[55358]],["When people have formed their positions and opinions based on misinformation, more or less due to manipulations, choice blindness means they tend to rationalize and justify this manipulated decision and adjust their attitudes to align with the misinformation",1,-1,[],[41907]],["after a longer delay, participants might have more ambiguous memories for their choices, and when asked to justify their choices, they may rely more on a constructive process of evaluating plausible reasons why they may have made a given choice",1,-1,[],[18229]],["choice blindness can be created for people's recollections of a witnessed event, and these false recollections can in turn create a change in the reported remembrance of the witnessed event",1,-1,[],[55358]],["choice blindness, presumably due to its possibilities of without awareness replacing the outcome of a choice",1,-1,[],[55358]],["many participants do not notice when their stated preferences are manipulated",1,-1,[],[22007]],["only 20-35% of participants detect the manipulation of their preferences",1,-1,[],[22007]],["participants often fail to notice mismatches between what they prefer and what they actually get",1,-1,[],[22692]],["separate the decisions of participants and the outcomes they are presented with",1,-1,[],[22692]],["the choice blindness element, which makes it possible to, with no delay, present the misinformation without detection.",1,-1,[],[55358]],["the choice blindness manipulation is with altering preferences",1,-1,[],[18229]],["the observed Choice Blindness is a pervasive cognitive bias driven by a combination of weak or unstable preferences and inattention to specific choice characteristics.",1,-1,[],[22007]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Epistemic egocentrism",1,29933,[],[41907]],["cognitive biases of decision-making",1,-1,[],[22007]],["memory 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consumer choices (Hall et al. 2010), attitude formation and moral sentiment (Hall, Johansson and Strandberg 2012), polling and political preferences (Hall et al. 2013), symptomatology and psychiatric self-diagnoses (Merckelbach, Jelicic and Pieters 2010), and to other sensory modalities (Steenfeldt-Kristensen and Thornton, 2013)",1,-1,[],[22007]],["other sensory modalities",1,-1,[],[22007]],["polling and political preferences",1,-1,[],[22007]],["smells and tastes [6], tactility [7], and auditive choices [8,9]",1,-1,[],[55358]],["symptomatology and psychiatric self-diagnoses",1,-1,[],[22007]],["the original choice was manipulated, but not detected by the participant",1,-1,[],[22007]]]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Essentially, frames affect how audiences interpret issues and develop relevant schema (Scheufele, 2000).",1,-1,[],[27714]],["In this way, frames \"define problems,\" \"diagnose causes,\" and \"suggest remedies\" (Kuypers, 2009: 182).",1,-1,[],[27714]],["The framing of technology 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peer approval",1,-1,[],[56745]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Among the manipulative statements used are those relating to time, such as those assuming that two events happening at the same time must be related (Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc) or one following the other must be cause and effect (Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc).",1,-1,[],[43750]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc",1,-1,[],[43750]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Manipulation",1,148,[],[43750]],["informal fallacies",1,5664,[],[44157]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[36384]]],"ex":[["Russia's military intervention in Ukraine is the culmination of U.S. and NATO aggression, dating back to their blitzkrieg against Serbia 23 years ago.",1,-1,[],[43750]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["My proposal is not designed to address generally demeaning or insulting language, but only to target language which 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They reject the reality of human-triggered climate-change, in the end, because they are unwilling to be 'bound' by anything, not even truth itself.",1,-1,[],[32457]],["the original 'post-truth', the original 'fake news'",1,-1,[],[32457]]],"sy":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[32457]]],"rt":[["fake-news",1,33960,[],[32457]],["post-truth",1,14186,[],[32457]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["medo",1,-1,[],[26491]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Central to semantic prosody is human evaluation. The pragmatics fundamental to a linguistic choice in context corresponds to the evaluative meaning (Bublitz, 1995;Hunston, 1995Hunston, , 2002;;Partington, 1998;Stubbs, 1995) derived from the judgment of the value of discourse.",1,-1,[],[44548]],["Semantic prosodies are typically negative, with relatively few of them bearing an affectively positive meaning.",1,-1,[],[21176]],["Semantic prosody refers to attitudinal meanings of all kinds, not just positive and negative evaluative meanings",1,-1,[],[25077]],["The pragmatics fundamental to a linguistic choice in context corresponds to the evaluative meaning (Bublitz, 1995;Hunston, 1995Hunston, , 2002;;Partington, 1998;Stubbs, 1995) derived from the judgment of the value of discourse.",1,-1,[],[44548]],["The primary function of semantic prosody is to express speaker/writer attitude or evaluation",1,-1,[],[21176]],["The term semantic prosody in this sense refers to the complex attitudinal and/or functional meaning of lexical items: \"It [semantic prosody] expresses something close to the 'function' of the item -it shows how the rest of the item is to be interpreted functionally\" (Sinclair 2004b: 34).",1,-1,[],[25077]],["it is highly likely that the quality and strength of the prosody of a good many items will differ from genre to genre or from domain to domain",1,-1,[],[25077]],["on the pragmatic side of the semantics/pragmatics continuum",1,-1,[],[25077]],["prosody, like preference is contextdependent",1,-1,[],[25077]],["semantic prosody is very frequently used to refer to lexical items that have a preference for POS/NEG collocates, and are simultaneously (automatically) said to express evaluative meaning.",1,-1,[],[25077]],["the amount of inference necessary to identify [. . . ] evidence [of a semantic prosody] is often great",1,-1,[],[25077]],["the semantic prosody of a linguistic choice can be positive, negative or neutral",1,-1,[],[44548]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["semantic preference",3,32782,[],[21176,25077,44548]],["colligation",2,-1,[],[21176,25077]],["collocation",2,17722,[],[21176,25077]],["POS/NEG collocation",1,4004,[],[22874]],["connotation",1,19615,[["connotation",1],["connotations",1]],[25077]],["invariable core",1,-1,[],[25077]]],"sb":[["genre prosody",1,8175,[],[25077]],["genre-specific (genre prosody)",1,-1,[],[25077]],["negative semantic prosody",1,-1,[],[25876]],["neutral semantic prosody",1,-1,[],[25876]],["positive semantic prosody",1,-1,[],[25876]],["register prosody",1,-1,[],[25077]]],"sp":[["linguistic practice",1,-1,[],[25876]]],"ex":[["Consider the term 'discrimination' which has different connotations when it occurs alongside words like 'positive', 'affirmative', and 'reverse', compared to when it occurs alongside words such as 'racial', 'gender', and 'unfair'.",1,-1,[],[43804]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. ImpreMedia; 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This is referred to as a physiological process.",1,-1,[],[40347]],["Thus, perception is the interpretation, evaluation, and stimulus that influences a person's perception of an object (Mulyana, 2008b).",1,-1,[],[40347]],["perception can be described as a response stimulation theory, with perception being a response after the message or information has entered the human brain.",1,-1,[],[40347]],["perception can be subjective and may not always align with the objective reality of a situation.",1,-1,[],[53975]],["perception is the mental understanding of those experiences.",1,-1,[],[53975]],["the final stage of the perception process is that an individual is aware of what he sees, hears, or feels, which is the stimulus captured through the senses.",1,-1,[],[40347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bottom-up processing",1,-1,[],[14447]],["top-down processing",1,-1,[],[14447]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["various responses will be obtained from perceptions that can be taken by individuals in various forms, 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