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in information cocoons or echo chambers.",1,-1,[],[18448]]],"sy":[["Information Filtering Bubbles",1,6308,[],[16970]],["echo chamber effect",1,1437,[],[31248]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[54599]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",2,7363,[],[18448,44751]],["echo chamber effect",1,1437,[],[31248]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["e.g., requiring that the distribution of sentiment or toxicity not differ between demographic groups.",1,-1,[],[50628]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["but those are not necessarily being exploited at the moment",1,-1,[],[48336]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["bias towards the source",1,-1,[],[48336]],["lack of critical assessment of the information received",1,-1,[],[48336]],["passivity towards political news",1,-1,[],[48336]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["peritextual elements",1,-1,[],[27391]]],"rt":[["paratextual intervention",1,17259,[],[27391]],["paratextual praxis",1,-1,[],[27391]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["some have argued that it is evolutionarily advantageous for our species to have an overconfidence bias in certain domains",1,-1,[],[16761]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["men are more likely to achieve their goals by overestimating the number of females interested in them sexually",1,-1,[],[16761]]]},{"nd":49,"df":[],"de":[["Concern counts as emotion",1,-1,[],[32615]],["Emotion is thus comparable to a luxury variant of affect: it contributes to affect a number of component emotion processes notably (1) an elaborate appraisal of the stimulus, including feeling and action tendencies as component processes, and (2) preparation for action.",1,-1,[],[60600]],["Emotional responses can involve discrete, individual emotions (e.g., anger, fear, hope, joy) or more general positive or negative emotions.",1,-1,[],[15363]],["Emotions play a key role in decision-making, judgment and reasoning processes and are able to influence behavior.",1,-1,[],[52857]],["Emotions, as a relational phenomenon, are constructed through collective action, with individuals acting together to develop shared emotional repertoires",1,-1,[],[39108,39112]],["Especially in media studies, where stimuli are usually complex, discrete emotions offer the largest utility to identify more and unique effects",1,-1,[],[28463]],["I use the terms 'emotion' and 'affect' interchangeably, referring to an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities.",1,-1,[],[32788]],["Negative emotions (e.g., sadness, fear, anger, and disgust) keep the subject alert and mobilize them to seek more information about a matter of concern",1,-1,[],[54910]],["Research across different disciplines shows that emotions are a central force behind people's perceptions, cognitions, and behaviors",1,-1,[],[28463]],["Studying emotions as discrete entities facilitates more nuanced and accurate predictions about the influence of a distinct emotion on an outcome following stimulus exposure.",1,-1,[],[28463]],["This also means that emotions evolve through ever-ongoing, dynamic and interactive processes (Boiger & Mesquita, 2012).",1,-1,[],[5005]],["an entity that cannot be neatly separated from thought or connectivity or other individuals and collectivities",1,-1,[],[32788]],["closely aligned with a sociological approach which sees emotions as fundamentally relational; evolving out of the interactions of individuals with culture and underlying social structures (Burkitt, 2014;Clay-Warner, 2014;Holmes, 2004;Stets and Turner, 2008).",1,-1,[],[5005]],["embodied thought",1,-1,[],[32788]],["emotions are known to affect how users cognitively process information and events",1,-1,[],[56390]],["emotions as socio-cultural practices that are relational and closely intertwined with gendered and racialized power relations",1,-1,[],[39108]],["evolve through ever-ongoing, dynamic and interactive processes",1,-1,[],[5005]],["evolving out of the interactions of individuals with culture and underlying social structures",1,-1,[],[5005]],["feelings range from an incomprehensible sensation or mood to a labelled (or mis-labelled) emotion.",1,-1,[],[32788]],["positive emotions (e.g., joy, acceptance, surprise, and hope) lead to a state of well-being and fulfillment in human beings and stimulate their personal and social skills.",1,-1,[],[54910]],["subsumed within affect, and perhaps the most intense part of affect",1,-1,[],[5005]],["they can also lead them to avoid or deny certain topics or situations",1,-1,[],[54910]],["… being 'about' social relations; emotional meaning systems will reflect those relations and will, through emotion's constitution of social behavior, structure them",1,-1,[],[24583]]],"sy":[["affect",1,12652,[],[32788]]],"rt":[["affect",3,12652,[],[5005,32788,39108]]],"sb":[["Negative emotions (e.g., sadness, fear, anger, and disgust)",1,17253,[],[54910]],["emotional state",1,-1,[],[15363]],["emotional trait",1,24250,[],[15363]],["general positive or negative emotions",1,-1,[],[15363]],["individual emotions (e.g., anger, fear, hope, joy)",1,-1,[],[15363]],["positive emotions (e.g., joy, acceptance, surprise, and hope)",1,1054,[],[54910]]],"sp":[["Abstract",1,32235,[],[51827]],["Attitude markers",1,6099,[],[1805]],["affect",1,12652,[],[5005]]],"ex":[["Anger, hate, fear",1,-1,[],[54934]],["anger",1,-1,[],[41224]],["anxiety",1,-1,[],[41224]],["concentrated",1,-1,[],[51827]],["happy",1,-1,[],[51827]],["happy, concentrated, serious",1,-1,[],[51827]],["sadness",1,-1,[],[41224]],["serious",1,-1,[],[51827]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic",1,25648,[],[21585]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Conceito em movimento, se não em permanente transformação",1,-1,[],[33658]],["El populismo aparece cuando cobran vida colectivos como una forma de agencia o articulación manifestada.",1,-1,[],[10540]],["El populismo se caracteriza por expresiones políticas de contestación y exigencias entre «el pueblo» y quienes les gobiernan, considerados como élites en el encuadre populista",1,-1,[],[10540]],["O populismo, nesse sentido, compreende a eleição de um nome que provoca o desejo pelo objeto, prometendo sua consecução, e o conjunto dos afetos que constituiriam força de investimento na própria cadeia",1,-1,[],[57211]],["Sua leitura do populismo chama a atenção para a construção de espaços dicotômicos no social, a fronteira entre o povo e a oligarquia (o povo contra seus inimigos), associada à fragilização de um discurso hegemônico que fracassa em sua capacidade de se sobrepor a um conjunto de particularidades, gerando novas disputas e práticas discursivas.",1,-1,[],[57211]],["a construção de espaços dicotômicos no social, a fronteira entre o povo e a oligarquia (o povo contra seus inimigos), associada à fragilização de um discurso hegemônico que fracassa em sua capacidade de se sobrepor a um conjunto de particularidades, gerando novas disputas e práticas discursivas.",1,-1,[],[57211]],["chama a atenção para a construção de espaços dicotômicos no social, a fronteira entre o povo e a oligarquia (o povo contra seus inimigos), associada à fragilização de um discurso hegemônico que fracassa em sua capacidade de se sobrepor a um conjunto de particularidades, gerando novas disputas e práticas discursivas.",1,-1,[],[57211]],["concha vazia, que pode ser preenchida pelos conteúdos políticos mais díspares",1,-1,[],[33658]],["el populismo se explica en buena medida por un contexto social caracterizado por el escepticismo, el descrédito de la verdad, y la propagación de desinformación, en una era de posverdad.",1,-1,[],[50086]],["o populismo tem fortes tendências democráticas e antidemocráticas que podem se manifestar simultaneamente",1,-1,[],[33658]],["populismo é um fenômeno gradativo, não estando simplesmente presente ou ausente",1,-1,[],[33658]],["replica a mecânica lacaniana de formação da subjetividade no plano individual",1,-1,[],[7842]],["transformações no entendimento do populismo como forma política, colocando em questão se essa forma vem necessariamente atrelada a um conteúdo (anti-)democrático",1,-1,[],[33658]],["uma política populista nunca se esgota em sua dimensão populista",1,-1,[],[33658]]],"sy":[["tendencia populista",1,-1,[],[50086]]],"rt":[["articulação política",1,-1,[],[33658]],["populismo de direita",1,33620,[],[57211]]],"sb":[["maximalismo",1,24002,[],[10540]],["minimalismo",1,-1,[],[10540]],["populismo de direita",1,33620,[],[57211]],["versiones maximalistas",1,-1,[],[10540]],["versiones minimalistas",1,-1,[],[10540]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["candidato presidencial de esquerda na França Jean-Luc Mélenchon",1,-1,[],[33658]],["capitão reformado do exército brasileiro, o ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro",1,-1,[],[33658]],["presidente autoritário da Turquia Recep Tayyip Erdogan",1,-1,[],[33658]],["salvadorenho autoproclamado \"ditador mais legal do mundo\" Nayib Bukele",1,-1,[],[33658]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[35538]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["DuBois' model conceives of any stance-taking act as consisting of a Stance Subject, Stance Object, and interlocutor; the Stance Subject relates to Stance Object by positioning themself in relation to the object, and evaluating the object, and the Stance Subject relates to their interlocutor by aligning themself relative to the interlocutor's own stance relation with the (shared) object.",1,-1,[],[21512]],["These three components are the arguments necessary for a stance to be comprehensible in context; the relationship between these components compose the type of stance itself",1,-1,[],[21512]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stance Object",1,12808,[["Stance Object",1],["the object of stance",1]],[21512]],["Stance Subject",1,31195,[],[21512]],["interlocutor",1,15002,[],[21512]],["the alignment of the stance with other stances taken within the conversation",1,-1,[],[21512]],["the stance-taker",1,9388,[],[21512]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["esta persigue la exageración de determinadas situaciones con el fin de provocar un efecto cómico en la audiencia",1,-1,[],[40872]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["el autor de esta exagera que la mesa del salón tiene tantas fotos que no cabe ninguna más",1,-1,[],[40872]],["el autor recurre a la hipérbole para decir que el hombre es tan friolero que hasta en verano siempre lleva un jersey de entretiempo en los hombros por si acaso",1,-1,[],[40872]],["la exageración está en el hecho de que en las fiestas de Motril, Putin va a tomarse «un rebujito de media arroba», es decir, una gran cantidad",1,-1,[],[40872]],["la exageración está presente en la protagonista de la noticia porque pensó que había roto un ordenador al minimizar una ventana de un programa",1,-1,[],[40872]],["la hipérbole es que el número de flatulencias ha sido tan grande que ha permitido calentar un gran número de hogares",1,-1,[],[40872]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["middle levels of the 'topic and assembly publics'",1,-1,[],[55849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[["the target is attacked by making strong negative claims about it, focusing specially on undermining its character and moral stature rather than relying on an argument about the topic.",2,-1,[],[37241,57440]]],"de":[["One particular way of using this technique is to preemptively call into question the reputation/credibility of an opponent, before he had any chance to express himself, therefore biasing the audience perception.",1,-1,[],[57440]],["Smears can be used at any point in a discussion.",1,-1,[],[57440]],["Whether the claims are true or false is irrelevant for the effective use of this technique.",1,-1,[],[57440]],["Whether the claims are true or false is irrelevant for the effective use of this technique. Smears can be used at any point in a discussion. One particular way of using this technique is to preemptively call into question the reputation/credibility of an opponent, before he had any chance to express himself, therefore biasing the audience perception. Hence, one of the name of that technique is \"poisoning the well.\"",1,-1,[],[57440]],["the former focuses on questioning the capacity, the capabilities, and the credibility of the target, while the latter targets undermining the overall reputation, moral qualities, behaviour, etc.",1,-1,[],[57440]],["undermines trust in political entities",1,-1,[],[7596]]],"sy":[["poisoning the well",1,34260,[],[57440]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attack on reputation",1,24929,[],[57440]]],"ex":[["As for Europe, it lost its political independence after World War II",1,-1,[],[7596]],["Example: I hope I presented my argument clearly. Now, my opponent will attempt to refute my argument by his own fallacious, incoherent, illogical version of history",1,-1,[],[57440]],["I hope I presented my argument clearly. Now, my opponent will attempt to refute my argument by his own fallacious, incoherent, illogical version of history",1,-1,[],[57440]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Es handelt sich dabei um Face-to-Face-Kommunikationssituationen, in denen die anwesenden Akteure dialogisch miteinander sprechen.",1,-1,[],[21238]],["Lokale Skandale werden, weil sie in einfachen und mittleren Öffentlichkeiten bestehen, meist in direkten Sprechakten, in denen sich die Beteiligten prinzipiell gleichberechtigt gegenüberstehen, ausgetragen.",1,-1,[],[21238]]],"sy":[["nichtmedialer Skandal",1,-1,[],[21238]]],"rt":[["Medialisierte Skandale",1,12433,[],[21238]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Skandale",1,2209,[],[21238]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a generation task",1,-1,[],[35610]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The desire to be consistent with prior attitudes or a political party can lead people to cling strongly to false beliefs.",1,-1,[],[7684]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[7684]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["personificación",1,1596,[],[15960]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We obtain the words' semantics by using a dictionary that has lists of words that express psychological processes (personal concerns, affection, perception).",1,-1,[],[54293]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":30,"df":[],"de":[["Nationalism has these effects by rallying individuals around a single symbol, fostering a sense of pride, inclusion, and loyalty to the perceived collective benefits of the nation.",1,-1,[],[25731]],["Nationalism marks the meeting point, a grey-zone, a permeable hazy boundary between the cultural and political.",1,-1,[],[30342]],["Political psychologists view nationalism as a collection of inherent components that are persistent among individual actors.",1,-1,[],[25731]],["The nation-state remains the dominant context for political presentation, as nationalism often emerges as a consequence of state-building processes (Tilly, 1994).",1,-1,[],[24494]],["This conception is constructed by the distinction between one nation and other nations.",1,-1,[],[24494]],["Thus, nationalism here are defined as the conviction of superiority of one's country over other countries, especially including hostility to other countries.",1,-1,[],[57935]],["a field of debates about the symbol of the nation",1,-1,[],[30342]],["nationalism assumes the dominant political and social importance of the nation and understands the world to be structured in nations, often with the understanding that these are the natural units of social and political organization.",1,-1,[],[2392]],["nationalism determines the goals of action",1,-1,[],[25731]],["nationalism has a very long history of indigenous peoples' resistance to colonization and has only lately started to have some success in terms of reclaiming territories and reversing assimilation programs.",1,-1,[],[25731]],["nationalism is both cultural and at the same time political.",1,-1,[],[30342]],["nationalism is often connected with feelings of ingroup superiority and militaristic aggression.",1,-1,[],[3409]],["nationalism often emerges as a consequence of state-building processes",1,-1,[],[24494]],["nationalism requires an 'other' to define itself against, which might be either minorities within, neighboring nations or states, or global enemies, be they states (often great powers) or transnational groups or individuals",1,-1,[],[4677]]],"sy":[["chauvinism",1,21052,[],[25731]],["nation-ness",1,-1,[],[30342]]],"rt":[["patriotism",3,25752,[],[3409,24494,57935]],["populism",3,20354,[],[4677,24494,47129]],["national identity",2,33148,[],[25731,30342]],["authoritarianism",1,8109,[],[4677]],["blind patriotism",1,2395,[],[3409]],["ethnicity",1,14537,[],[33055]],["exclusionary nationalism",1,2722,[],[2392]],["nation",1,33654,[],[25731]],["national character",1,20000,[],[30342]],["national-populism",1,14460,[],[61059]],["political identity",1,11773,[],[25731]],["racism",1,28859,[],[24494]]],"sb":[["Civic nationalism",1,20830,[],[4677]],["Distraction",1,28386,[],[25731]],["Hegemony",1,1755,[],[25731]],["Political fetishism",1,31286,[],[25731]],["Post-independence movements, determined by the nation's civic and territorial recognition, tend to unify and encompass ethnically diverse populations into a new political entity.",1,-1,[],[25731]],["Pre-independence movements characterized by a civic and territorial recognition of the country will prioritize the removal of foreign rulers and the establishment of a new state-nation in place of the former colonial region.",1,-1,[],[25731]],["anti-colonial nationalism",1,-1,[],[25731]],["banal nationalism",1,19676,[],[4677]],["ethnic nationalism",1,30939,[],[4677]],["institutionalized exclusion based on nationality",1,-1,[],[25731]],["integration nationalism",1,31465,[],[25731]],["irredentist and \"pan\" nationalism",1,-1,[],[25731]],["nationalisms",1,22205,[],[25731]],["online nationalism",1,10081,[],[24494]],["right-wing extremism",1,26222,[],[25731]],["secession and diaspora nationalism",1,-1,[],[25731]],["separatist movements",1,10933,[],[25731]],["virulent nationalism",1,29943,[],[4677]],["xenophobia",1,30438,[],[25731]]],"sp":[["culture",1,19654,[],[30342]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["initial letter effect",1,-1,[],[17282]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["paradigm",1,22400,[],[25804]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The communicative tactics implementing the strategies chosen by the addresser differ in argumentation bases engaged for persuasion or suggestion, which can be based on actual data, logical conclusions or psychological aspects (emotional and ethical arguments).",1,-1,[],[47811]],["corresponds to the nature of manipulative influence and decreases criticism of perception",1,-1,[],[47811]]],"sy":[["appeal to emotional memory",1,-1,[],[47811]]],"rt":[["Formal argumentation",1,5672,[],[47811]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[["Orthodox news values: outspoken, recognised, agreed upon, dominant",2,-1,[],[24101,60294]],["Orthodox news values: outspoken, recognised, agreed upon, dominant; for instance, ''hard news''.",2,-1,[["Orthodox news values: outspoken, recognised, agreed upon, dominant; for instance, ''hard news''.",2],[". Orthodox news values: outspoken, recognised, agreed upon, dominant; for instance, ''hard news''.",1]],[24101,60294]],["explicit and debatable and belong to the sphere of journalistic judgement",2,-1,[["explicit and debatable and belong to the sphere of journalistic judgement",1],["explicit and debatable and belong to the sphere of journalistic judgement.",1]],[24101,60294]]],"de":[["The criteria, which have been developed over the years in a dialectical relationship between media, sources, public and audience, express the editorial sense of what catches the interest of the audience and 'sells the story', and what makes a story more relevant than another",1,-1,[],[24101]],["These criteria can be understood as the institutionalised, practical schemes of Danish news reporters but very importantly, the criteria are relative when used to construct newsworthiness.",1,-1,[],[60294]]],"sy":[["News Criteria",1,1667,[],[24101]],["heterodox news values",1,13706,[],[24101]]],"rt":[["Doxic news values",2,20954,[],[24101,60294]],["Heterodox news values",2,13706,[],[24101,60294]],["doxic values",2,-1,[],[24101,60294]]],"sb":[["Conflict",2,23803,[],[24101,60294]],["Identification",2,5869,[],[24101,60294]],["Relevance",2,33428,[],[24101,60294]],["Sensation",2,28854,[],[24101,60294]],["Timeliness",2,9039,[],[24101,60294]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["''hard news''",2,-1,[],[24101,60294]],["Conflict",1,-1,[],[24101]],["Identification",1,-1,[],[24101]],["Relevance",1,-1,[],[24101]],["Sensation",1,-1,[],[24101]],["Timeliness",1,-1,[],[24101]],["the five orthodox news values are Timeliness, Relevance, Identification, Conflict and Sensation.",1,-1,[],[60294]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["hallucination rail",1,374,[],[11994]],["jailbreak rail",1,-1,[],[11994]],["moderation rail",1,30235,[],[11994]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["SEUT",1,-1,[],[32626]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Expected Utility Theory",1,11520,[],[32626]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which includes critical revision of and reflection about epistemologies left behind by the former colonizer(s) (Mignolo, 2011;Glick, 2018).",1,-1,[],[32288]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[16368]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["political astroturf is not exactly the same as spam. While the primary objective of a spammer is often to persuade users to click a link, someone interested in promoting an astroturf message wants to establish a false sense of group consensus about a particular idea.",1,-1,[],[22958]],["to simulate popular support and suppress opposition discourse",1,-1,[],[29709]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["spam",1,30454,[],[22958]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["as normas relacionais, que consistem em solidariedade, flexibilidade e troca de informações",1,-1,[],[20009]],["baseia-se mais na mente que no coração. Surge entre pessoas que partilham interesses comuns e objetivos mútuos e que percebam as vantagens de os encontrarem coletivamente",1,-1,[],[20009]],["o termo solidariedade implica consenso, embora existam implicações normativas que facilmente se prestam a idealização.",1,-1,[],[20009]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["solidariedade emocional",1,21205,[],[20009]]],"sp":[["normas relacionais",1,-1,[],[20009]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["boycotting",1,8893,[],[24692]],["buycotting",1,15664,[],[24692]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["boycotting",1,-1,[],[24692]],["buycotting",1,-1,[],[24692]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["argument from false authority",1,-1,[],[3881]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["FLICC taxonomy",1,15010,[],[35774]],["techniques of science denial",1,-1,[],[35774]]],"ex":[["An early example of this strategy was the 1995 \"Leipzig Declaration\", a document purporting to refute the scientific consensus on climate change. However, among the 105 signatories, many worked in fields unrelated to climate, and 12 even denied signing the document altogether",1,-1,[],[30273]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Cooren and Sandler (2014) summarise this conceptualisation as follows, 'When we speak we orchestrate these different voices in our utterances to make them express our own intentions' (p. 228).",1,-1,[],[8712]],["Overall, voicing captures the multiplicity of voices and intentions, often referred to as polyphony (e.g. Baxter, 2014;Cooren and Sandler, 2014), underlying one's (spoken or written) words, or -as is postulated here -any form of expression, not only verbal but also non-verbal and even multimodal, namely based on multiple integration of meaningbearing resources across modes (Jewitt et al., 2016;Kress, 2010;van Leeuwen, 2004).",1,-1,[],[8712]],["shown to creatively blend different voices (whether real, fictional or imagined) in one text.",1,-1,[],[8712]]],"sy":[["polyphony",1,31054,[],[8712]]],"rt":[["echoic uses",1,10847,[],[22809]],["echoing",1,31294,[],[8712]],["intertextuality",1,27582,[],[8712]],["polyphony",1,31054,[],[8712]]],"sb":[["double-voicing",1,30180,[],[8712]]],"sp":[["echoic uses",1,10847,[],[22809]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":37,"df":[],"de":[["According to Entman (1993, p. 52), Bto frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described^.",1,-1,[],[19017]],["Frame analysis attends to identifying and analysing which aspects are included within a frame, and what is absent.",1,-1,[],[5569]],["Frames are ''familiar and highly ritualized symbolic structures'' which ''organize the content and serve to close off specific pathways of meaning while promoting others'' (Tucker, 1998, p. 143).",1,-1,[],[4859]],["Frames highlight bits of information that are embedded within and make themselves manifest in a text-such as a news report (Entman 1993) and as such does not require the extra-discursive practices needed for a discourse analysis or detailed account needed for a narrative analysis.",1,-1,[],[19017]],["In other words, frame analysis identifies and examines frames for problem definition, analysis of possible causal relationships, moral evaluations, and solutions to the framed reality.",1,-1,[],[40950]],["In the social sciences, the two primarily used methods to analyze the spin of articles are frame analysis, and more generally content analysis.",1,-1,[],[385]],["In this manner, frames offer both a diagnosis and a prescription to a complex problem or event (Nisbet 2009).",1,-1,[],[19017]],["It is a critical analysis of the process in which media give visibility to specific issues, experiences, and events to make them seem more important than others.",1,-1,[],[40950]],["It is like giving people \"the birds' eye view\" on how they should ponder the event by only presenting selected accounts from the perspectives of these matters (Cacciatore et al., 2016;Walter and Ophir, 2019); thereby shaping audiences' understanding of the event.",1,-1,[],[40950]],["Our focus is on frame analysis, which identifies dominant meaning structures within texts.",1,-1,[],[27867]],["Such analysis is crucial to understanding meanings and effects on audiences",1,-1,[],[30464]],["Unlike agenda-setting theory, which Cohen (1963) states might not tell people how to think, but provides them \"what to think about\", frames tell audiences \"how to think\" (Walter and Ophir, 2019, p. 249) about issues and events through the ways the media present or omit the schemas that represent the stories.",1,-1,[],[40950]],["a critical analysis of the process in which media give visibility to specific issues, experiences, and events to make them seem more important than others.",1,-1,[],[40950]],["the analysis of frames concentrates on the way in which journalists organize their discourse around a series of central ideas, themes and interpretations, in this way ignoring or downplaying other facets of reality",1,-1,[],[27701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content analysis",2,12011,[],[385,22539]],["frames",2,7860,[],[4859,48979]],["Framing theory",1,32672,[],[49590]],["frame building",1,19371,[],[27867]],["frame effects",1,22120,[],[27867]],["problem definition, analysis of possible causal relationships, moral evaluations, and solutions to the framed reality",1,-1,[],[40950]]],"sb":[["episodic and thematic frame analysis",1,-1,[],[40950]]],"sp":[["content analysis",1,12011,[],[385]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hate expressions",1,-1,[],[10975]],["hate terms",1,7493,[],[10975]],["keyphrases",1,-1,[],[10975]],["keywords",1,22460,[],[10975]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["quality change",1,29885,[],[6740]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Good informational content essentially involves the transmission of information.",1,-1,[],[56180]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["performative",1,29658,[],[56180]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Examples of informative content on these platforms include non-fiction prose, personal newsletters, DIY videos, news, biography, etc.",1,-1,[],[56180]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["potentially producing more durable and emotionally charged polarization than public-facing platforms.",1,-1,[],[35212]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["WhatsApp or Telegram",1,-1,[],[35212]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It addresses the question of what is to be done and suggests remedies.",1,-1,[],[20244]],["discussing consequences or proposing solutions and accompanying action strategies to address the identified problem",1,-1,[],[51626]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diagnostic frames",1,17062,[],[51626]],["motivational frames",1,32735,[],[51626]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deductive frames",1,-1,[],[60480]]],"ex":[["All efforts to negotiate the release of the girls or other demands that focused on calling on the government to secure the return of the girls either by the protesters, sympathisers or victims' parents or any other authority were coded under the Prognostic Frame.",1,-1,[],[20244]],["Just Stop Oil, UK, Declare Emergency, USA; \"Lower the speed limit at freeways, \" Last Generation, Austria",1,-1,[],[51626]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Firstly, these include the previously non-existent, fairly recent adoption of legal measures which should improve the public availability, comprehensiveness, and accuracy of the information on media ownership and financing media outlets, i.e., media transparency.",1,-1,[],[30018]],["a rescue criterion to rebuild a credible relationship with the public based on trustworthiness",1,-1,[],[40724]],["key element of media pluralism",1,-1,[],[40724]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["external media transparency",1,-1,[],[40724]],["internal or self-media transparency practices",1,-1,[],[40724]],["media accountability",1,17933,[],[40724]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["parental mediation",1,17996,[],[3487]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["internal marketing",1,-1,[],[9975]],["marketing-related features",1,23233,[],[9975]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["citation bias",1,10,[],[31301]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["GEs usually appear at the end of lists, and thus indicate additional members of a list, and/or imply the fact that there is a set or category which is exemplified by the items preceding them.",1,-1,[],[22799]],["The different terms mark different aspects of GEs' formal properties and functions: GEs usually appear at the end of lists, and thus indicate additional members of a list, and/or imply the fact that there is a set or category which is exemplified by the items preceding them.",1,-1,[],[22799]]],"sy":[["\"discourse extenders\"",1,-1,[["\"discourse extenders\"",1],["discourse extenders",1]],[22799]],["\"list completers\"",1,-1,[["\"list completers\"",1],["list completers",1]],[22799]],["\"set marking tags\"",1,-1,[["\"set marking tags\"",1],["set marking tags",1]],[22799]],["\"vague category identifiers\"",1,-1,[["\"vague category identifiers\"",1],["vague category identifiers",1]],[22799]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Pragmatic markers",1,31969,[["Pragmatic markers",1],["pragmatic markers",1]],[22799]],["interpersonal markers",1,-1,[],[22799]]],"ex":[["and so on",1,-1,[],[22799]],["and stuff (like that)",1,-1,[],[22799]],["and stuff (like that), and the like, and whatnot, and so on, et cetera",1,-1,[],[22799]],["and the like",1,-1,[],[22799]],["and whatnot",1,-1,[],[22799]],["et cetera",1,-1,[],[22799]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["Characteristics such as dominant, powerful, independent, strong, and active -which are seen as characteristics of successful leadership -were across countries assigned to men by the majority. Characteristics such as obedient, dependent, anxious, soft-hearted, passive, and weak -which seem rather diametrical to successful leadership -were predominantly assigned to women.",1,-1,[],[24987]],["Gender stereotypes are shared by women and men, and their implications affect stereotype users and targets of both genders.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["Gender stereotypes reflect the primary importance we attach to task performance when judging men and to social relationships when considering women.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["Gender stereotypes thus not only capture how we expect men and women to behave, but also communicate how we think they should behave",1,-1,[],[18938]],["Identifying the nature and content of gender stereotypes clarifies the fact that they not only describe typical differences between men and women, but also prescribe what men and women should be and how they should behave in different life domains.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["Only when substantial numbers of men and women can be observed in a broader range of roles will our stereotypical associations change.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["Stereotypes about the way men and women think and behave are widely shared, suggesting a kernel of truth.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["Stereotypes are used as a memory retrieval cue, even for things that people remember about their own past behavior.",1,-1,[],[18937]],["Such stereotypes often enhance strict gender expectations and classifications and contribute to keeping variations and discrimination between both genders.",1,-1,[],[53908]],["Their gendered self-presentations can become problematic if they show systematic biases that repeat and thus further reinforce existing gender stereotypes -not only in politicians' self-presentations but also in society as a whole.",1,-1,[],[24987]],["These stereotypes often arise from subconscious beliefs that could influence how an individual perceives another based on established culture and social norms.",1,-1,[],[58611]],["They \"shape what people think is appropriate behavior from men and women\" (Winfrey & Schoebelen, 2019: 113), independent of individual characteristics, competencies, and qualifications.",1,-1,[],[24987]],["They reinforce perceived boundaries between women and men and seemingly justify the symbolic and social implications of gender for role differentiation and social inequality.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["This makes stereotypes resilient to change because information revealing that they no longer form an adequate shorthand to characterize the group is likely to be ignored, discounted, or forgotten",1,-1,[],[18938]],["are so ubiquitous and implicit",1,-1,[],[18938]],["arise from observations of the social roles men and women typically hold within a society",1,-1,[],[8934]],["cause us to underestimate the emotional burden of care functions for women and the physical burden of strenuous labor for men",1,-1,[],[18938]],["gender stereotypes also provide people with shifting standards against which the qualities and achievements of men and women are evaluated",1,-1,[],[18938]],["gender stereotypes in news coverage can hurt women's electoral chances and hinder female politicians from excelling in leadership positions, contributing to the underrepresentation of women in politics.",1,-1,[],[39472]],["gender stereotypes motivate men and women to adapt their self-views, behavioral expressions, and life choices to what seems appropriate for their group and in this sense function as self-fulfilling prophecies",1,-1,[],[18938]],["gender stereotypes perform all of these functions even more consistently and pervasively than stereotypes about other groups.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["investigate if targeted ads differ in their use of gender stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[24987]],["over time, the gender stereotypes implicitly conveyed in this way impact the beliefs that girls develop about gender roles, their bodies, and sexual relationships",1,-1,[],[18938]],["politicians might use gender stereotypes in a somewhat reserved manner due to strategic reasons.",1,-1,[],[24987]],["prevent women and men from equally sharing the care for children and family members and from equally benefiting from the interpersonal connections made through these activities",1,-1,[],[18938]],["prevent women with successful careers from finding a romantic partner and men without employment from feeling valued",1,-1,[],[18938]],["reflect the general expectations about the social roles of males and females.",1,-1,[],[19656]],["stereotypes generally form a very strong and powerful filter through which we process objective information about men and women",1,-1,[],[18938]],["stereotypes of girls and women as being communal and other-oriented, and boys and men as being agentic and self-focused",1,-1,[],[8934]],["stereotypical expectations not only reflect existing differences, but also impact the way men and women define themselves and are treated by others.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["the ways we express, interpret, and communicate about emotional experiences are modified by gender stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["they not only describe typical differences between men and women, but also prescribe what men and women should be and how they should behave in different life domains.",1,-1,[],[18938]]],"sy":[["gender stereotyping",1,30593,[],[53909]]],"rt":[["stereotype lift",1,-1,[],[18938]],["stereotype threat",1,22008,[],[18938]],["stereotypical expectations",1,-1,[],[18938]]],"sb":[["Helplessness",1,33581,[],[53909]],["Negative gender stereotypes",1,4602,[],[58611]],["The Traditional Roles of Housewives",1,-1,[],[53909]],["Weakness and Sickliness",1,28901,[],[53909]],["positive gender stereotypes",1,-1,[],[58611]]],"sp":[["Stereotypes",2,2334,[["Stereotypes",1],["stereotype",1],["stereotypes",1]],[18938,26639]]],"ex":[["Google was criticized because its image search algorithms almost exclusively come up with gender stereotypical representations for various occupations (such as doctors versus nurses)",1,-1,[],[18938]],["One form of gender stereotype is that women can work only in the kitchen, whereas their male counterparts can work outside the home as breadwinners",1,-1,[],[26639]],["The stereotype of women is that they are helpless, where women sit inactive, while waiting for men to help them in all situations.",1,-1,[],[53909]],["females are communal, kind, family-oriented, warm, and sociable, whereas men should be agentic, skilled, workoriented, competent, and assertive",1,-1,[],[19656]],["news reports elaborated on Serena Williams' tennis dress instead of her stellar play.",1,-1,[],[18938]],["primarily showing men in expert roles and women in caregiving roles in advertisements, TV series, and news programs",1,-1,[],[18938]],["printing photographs portraying the face and upper torso of men while providing full-body images of women, which facilitates the tendency to evaluate women on the basis of their dress style and body shape",1,-1,[],[18938]],["women who behave in line with the stereotype are evaluated more positively than women who seem to challenge gender-stereotypical expectations",1,-1,[],[18938]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The Teaming theme is derived from the term forced teaming, coined by de Becker (1997) to describe a strategy of abuse where the abusers frames themselves as being on the same team as the victim.",1,-1,[],[12209]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Teaming",1,7559,[],[12209]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Bias-Discussing 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include fear, anger, or sadness, but also reassurance, hope, or satisfaction, among others",1,-1,[],[55524]],["It may include fear, anger, or sadness, but also reassurance, hope, or satisfaction, among others (Lee & Basnyat, 2013;Li et al., 2017;Vasterman & Ruigrok, 2013).",1,-1,[],[55524]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["aesthetics",1,5933,[],[60840]],["concealability",1,30603,[],[60840]],["course",1,9865,[],[60840]],["origin",1,24386,[],[60840]],["peril",1,31909,[],[60840]],["stigmas",1,6427,[],[60840]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["features of stigmas",1,-1,[],[60840]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["generic and indefinite uses represent what I will propose to be the most conservative form of singular they, with the longest history of attestation and discussion in English.",1,-1,[],[21466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["generic pronoun use",1,-1,[],[21466]],["indefinite uses",1,-1,[],[21466]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["exclusion or legal frames",1,6814,[],[26423]]],"sb":[["Empowerment",1,33337,[],[26423]],["Improvement",1,-1,[],[26423]],["integration",1,966,[],[26423]],["solutions",1,143,[],[26423]]],"sp":[["Prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[26423]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["mental disorder",1,-1,[],[24622]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["anxiety disorders",1,-1,[],[33361]],["autism spectrum disorder (ASD)",1,-1,[],[33361]],["bipolar disorder",1,-1,[],[33361]],["depression",1,-1,[],[33361]],["eating disorders",1,-1,[],[33361]],["substance use disorder",1,-1,[],[33361]],["suicidal ideation",1,-1,[],[33361]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["A variety of physical or digital media through which information sources can provide underlying information, data or symbols, which, if adopted, may affect the recipient's state of knowledge",1,-1,[],[47351]],["Information sources are individuals or organizations that store information that can be queried, such as government agencies, consulting agencies, industry organizations, friends, family, and the like",1,-1,[],[47351]],["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",1,-1,[],[49026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media",1,25574,[],[47363]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Narrative stance-taking is achieved by the division of the headline into two segments by interpunction (e.g., by a full stop, a colon, or a dash).",1,-1,[],[48757]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["While this is the most common form of inoculation, one limitation to this approach is that each fact-based inoculation is limited in effectiveness to a specific myth (Schmid & Betsch, 2019).",1,-1,[],[3880]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Inoculation theory",1,18397,[],[3880]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["help to understand the mechanisms proposed by SCCT for anticipating publics' response to crisis communication strategies",1,-1,[],[34606]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["persuasion intent heuristic",1,-1,[],[34606]],["persuasive intent heuristic",1,27282,[],[34606]],["reputation heuristic",1,18828,[],[34606]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["age 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(2016) y se considerarán periodistas centenial a las personas nacidas a partir de 1995 y hasta 2009.",1,-1,[],[30593]]],"sy":[["Centenial",1,-1,[],[30593]],["Digital Natives",1,1855,[],[30593]],["Post Millennials",1,-1,[],[30593]],["Post Millennials o Centenial (Fundeu, 2018)",1,-1,[],[30593]],["generación Z",1,-1,[],[30593]],["generación Z (Dimock, 2019)",1,-1,[],[30593]],["iGen",1,-1,[],[30593]],["iGen y Digital Natives (Prensky, 2001)",1,-1,[],[30593]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Flashbulb memories and collective memories share many characteristics and are probably two ways of studying the same phenomenon (Paez et al., 2009).",1,-1,[],[22592]],["When individuals learn a piece of surprising and consequential news, they often form a longlasting memory for the context in which they received that news.",1,-1,[],[19246]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["collective memories",1,28433,[],[22592]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["assassination of U.S. President John F. 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theory",1,13114,[],[56231]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In NRSs, such interventions could take various forms of texts that highlight the importance of diverse news diets as a crucial part of good citizenship (e.g. pop-ups, messages next to the newsfeed or more subtle labels and ribbons attached to particular articles).",1,-1,[],[46022]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Norm salience",1,-1,[],[46022]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Semantic Frame Errors",2,15030,[],[11769,15670]]],"ex":[["The first vaccine for Ebola was approved by the FDA in 2014.",1,-1,[],[11769]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Keywords reflect and pertain to the subject matter under discussion, in this case, climate change/crisis and global warming, and analysing them has emerged as a potent technique for discerning the central theme of discourse",1,-1,[],[35039]],["determined with the aid of statistical calculation in corpus linguistic approaches, both by frequency and comparison",1,-1,[],[36629]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["negative keywords",1,-1,[],[36629]],["positive keywords",1,-1,[],[36629]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a moral response to propagandistic activities may be found in less-than-lethal harm",1,-1,[],[61587]],["one must decide on the type of harm, more or less harmful, more or less incapacitating, which is ethically, and maximally, legitimate.",1,-1,[],[61587]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["meaning work",1,-1,[],[37515]],["the politics of signification",1,30777,[],[37515]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Reasoning about equity, here, includes students' structural analysis of issues of power, dominance, and representation, particularly as these are expressed in text(s), as well as their considerations of particular values, like fairness or justice, that texts obscure or advance",1,-1,[],[29100]],["Reasoning about equity, here, includes students' structural analysis of issues of power, dominance, and representation, particularly as these are expressed in text(s), as well as their considerations of particular values, like fairness or justice, that texts obscure or advance (Amemiya et al., 2012;Kumar & DeCuir-Gunby, 2022;Ruck et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[29100]],["Social justice reasoning can be distinguished from critical thinking writ large in this equity or social justice focus.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["Such reasoning may involve students seeking out a multitude of perspectives, particularly from marginalized groups, approaching texts critically to recognize what information may be presented incompletely or selectively, and reasoning intertextually to identify the common narrative frames or themes introduced across texts and their aims.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["a key aspect of social justice reasoning seems to involve students' abilities to identify narrative frames, as super-textual factors, used to shape the discourse on various social issues.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["conceptualized as, in part, including the processes of perspective taking, prior knowledge application for critique, and attendance to intertextual narrative frames.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["seeking out of marginalized perspectives to understand social issues (Study 1), critically reasoning about the impacts of various policy proposals, particularly for marginalized groups (Study 2), and recognizing when narrative frames, like shared values, are used in texts to promote inequitable aims (Study 3)",1,-1,[],[29100]],["social justice reasoning is evidenced by students, to varying extents, and conceptualized as, in part, including the processes of perspective taking, prior knowledge application for critique, and attendance to intertextual narrative frames.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["social justice reasoning seems to involve learners' perspective taking when encountering mass media representations of social issues.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["social justice reasoning seems to require that students invoke their prior knowledge or real-world understanding of issues to critically appraise the ways in which these are described in texts.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["students' abilities to recognize and resist narrative frames used for inequity-perpetuating aims is examined as reflective of social justice reasoning.",1,-1,[],[29100]],["students' recognition of and resistance to statusquo-and inequity-perpetuating narrative frames is examined as a facet of social justice reasoning.",1,-1,[],[29100]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["attendance to intertextual narrative frames",1,-1,[],[29100]],["perspective taking",1,23348,[],[29100]],["prior knowledge application for critique",1,-1,[],[29100]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Having survived the ordeal, the protagonist emerges stronger and wiser.",1,-1,[],[36592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hero's journey",1,-1,[],[36592]]],"ex":[["This could be a physical object, a realization, or a special power that will aid them in the final battle.",1,-1,[],[36592]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The two-step model of validation assumes that general cognitive mechanisms contribute to the processing of conflicting information in multiple texts.",1,-1,[],[3472]],["suggesting that superficial processing promotes a comprehension advantage for beliefconsistent texts",1,-1,[],[3472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["biased processing",1,13701,[],[3472]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is desirable precisely because it does not depend on persons and is therefore valid, applicable, and acceptable to everyone.",1,-1,[],[32568]],["Minimal switching and trying to influence the reader.",1,-1,[],[32568]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["savages",1,31166,[],[5587]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such users may want to violate the confidentiality of FACTS by learning extra information about messages or complaints, beyond what they learn through the messages they validly receive. Or, they may want to break the integrity of the complaint and audit mechanism of FACTS to blame innocent parties for audited messages, or to delay or speedup the auditing of targeted messages.",1,-1,[],[57103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["normative considerations (e.g., knowledge of facts and history)",1,-1,[],[3345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["careful consideration",1,-1,[],[3345]],["knowledge of facts and history",1,-1,[],[3345]],["the best interests of the country",1,-1,[],[3345]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["virtual influencers",1,21576,[],[14175]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["to argue that talking about science and technology should reinforce support for emerging technologies when media messages about them are largely positive",1,-1,[],[61764]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Twice as much of the Islamophobia expressed by followers of the BNP is Implicit (i.e. subtle and nuanced) rather than Explicit (i.e. aggressive and overt).",1,-1,[],[29256]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["language containing racial slurs",1,-1,[],[12437]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Also, a message is failed when it \"provokes great tension out of nowhere\", because of presenting information without arguments (NGO representative, Racist crime, 17 y., female, Greek).",1,-1,[],[33022]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The aim of Ottomanism was to establish single citizenship from diverse religious and ethnic communities of the country.",1,-1,[],[28732]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Correlation",1,-1,[],[45680]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this necessarily abbreviated account, we wish to stress the changes it encouraged in what we are calling meso-institutions: interest groups, state parties, and the media.",1,-1,[],[18821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["interest groups",1,11479,[],[18821]],["media",1,25574,[],[18821]],["state parties",1,-1,[],[18821]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":120,"df":[["Mal-information is when genuine information is shared to cause harm, often by moving information designed to stay private into the public sphere",5,-1,[["Mal-information is when genuine information is shared to cause harm, often by moving information designed to stay private into the public sphere",3],["\"mal-information is when genuine information is shared to cause harm, often by moving information designed to stay private into the public sphere\".",1],["mal-information is when genuine information is shared to cause harm, often by moving information designed to stay private into the public sphere",1]],[10592,10593,10804,37525,42868,54742]],["Information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, organization or country",3,-1,[["Information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, organization or country",1],["Information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, organization or country.",1],["Information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, organization, or country.",1]],[26596,37351,51311]],["when genuine information is shared to cause harm, often by moving information designed to stay private into the public sphere",2,-1,[],[29066,42868]]],"de":[["As a result, the recipient receives a factual message, but their emotional response to it may be different than if they had received it in a neutral or contextually appropriate context.",1,-1,[],[42766]],["Even if both disinformation and malinformation have the intention of harming an actor, state or organization, in terms of their creation and dissemination objectives, it is the nature of their relationship with the truth that distinguishes the two terms",1,-1,[],[37351]],["In theory, the information may be true, but in practice, the effects are similar to disinformation.",1,-1,[],[42766]],["Malinformation is often used in political struggles to discredit a social group or individual, portraying them in a negative light or undermining their social standing.",1,-1,[],[42766]],["The criteria for detecting context manipulation are not as transparent as identifying false information in content, and the social impact is significant as it is aimed at harming specific members of society",1,-1,[],[42766]],["The impact of malinformation is serious and often more dangerous than the previous two types of information disorder, as it is difficult to track and eliminate.",1,-1,[],[42766]],["accounts for a much lower proportion",1,-1,[],[56220]],["bridge terms",1,-1,[],[39434]],["harm can also be achieved by spreading factually correct information with harmful implications -for example, by leaking factually true private information that should not have any bearing on public issues -a type of information that is sometimes referred to as \"mal-information\".",1,-1,[],[28372]],["information that is technically true but is presented out of context in order to convey a misleading impression",1,-1,[],[27951]],["is taken into account, but as a factor that diminishes the relevance of the content to the public interest.",1,-1,[],[31955]],["it is the nature of their relationship with the truth that distinguishes the two terms, as opposed to the difference between misinformation and disinformation",1,-1,[],[37351]],["malinformation had 2 of 2 definitions with \"accurate\" and 1 definition \"used in the wrong context.\"",1,-1,[],[12738]],["malinformation is the sensitive information that is strategically used to cause advantage, whether personal or institutional.",1,-1,[],[15838]],["the creation of the isolated and decontextualized fragment could be regarded as intentionally deceptive mal-information",1,-1,[],[31118]],["the primary difference between malinformation and disinformation lies in whether the content of the information is false.",1,-1,[],[37351]],["the suffix \"mal-\" alluding to three dimensions of the current ills and evils on line: human malevolence, industrial malpractice, and technological malware.",1,-1,[],[47688]]],"sy":[["inappropriate information",1,-1,[],[15838]],["malformation",1,14110,[],[35317]],["potentially dangerous or damaging information",1,-1,[],[15838]]],"rt":[["disinformation",29,17423,[["disinformation",20],["Dis-information",6],["dis-information",4]],[5543,9750,10592,10593,10804,11369,12738,13090,19872,26596,26656,27005,27951,28552,29309,31955,32660,33988,34884,35317,37351,39622,40316,42868,44835,50174,50791,54686,58558,58896]],["misinformation",25,10315,[["misinformation",16],["Mis-information",6],["mis-information",3],["Misinformation",1]],[1939,10592,10593,12738,19872,26596,26656,27005,27951,28552,29309,31955,32660,33988,34884,35317,37351,39622,40316,42868,44835,50174,50791,54686,58558,58896]],["information disorder",6,13397,[["information disorder",5],["information disorders",1]],[26656,28564,31955,48675,50056,50174]],["fake news",5,33960,[],[12738,27005,29309,34884,58896]],["propaganda",2,34203,[],[1511,34884]],["ID",1,-1,[],[56220]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[35317]],["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15251]],["false information",1,20964,[],[35317]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[29683]],["infodemic",1,27460,[],[12738]],["information desorder",1,-1,[],[10804]],["problematic information",1,28030,[],[39434]]],"sb":[["Phishing as a malinformation mechanism that misuses personal and/or confidential information",1,-1,[],[51127]],["cherry-picking",1,33694,[],[1511]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[1511]],["human malevolence",1,11704,[],[47688]],["industrial malpractice",1,-1,[],[47688]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[1511]],["technological malware",1,-1,[],[47688]]],"sp":[["information disorder",29,13397,[["information disorder",24],["information disorders",5]],[1511,9592,10804,26656,28552,28564,29027,29066,31955,33988,36554,36822,36961,37351,37525,40543,42766,42868,44835,48675,50056,50334,50551,50791,51311,52016,54686,54742,54838]],["False Information",3,20964,[["False Information",1],["False information",1],["false information",1]],[9592,9750,32660]],["Fake news",2,33960,[["Fake news",1],["fake news",1]],[27005,58198]],["ID",1,-1,[],[56220]],["ID types",1,-1,[],[56220]],["Information harms",1,-1,[],[7525]],["a type of information",1,24862,[],[15838]],["communication disorder",1,-1,[],[26596]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[42175]],["fake news types",1,-1,[],[42175]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[29683]],["information",1,18076,[],[15838]],["information desorder",1,-1,[],[10804]],["informational disorders",1,16581,[],[15055]]],"ex":[["Articles characterised by hate speech [207]",1,-1,[],[1511]],["Articles characterised by hate speech [207] belong to this category, like publishers cherry-picking [15] real news in order to foster hate against some minorities.",1,-1,[],[1511]],["catphishing or swatting",1,-1,[],[32602]],["hate speech",1,-1,[],[9898]],["leaking factually true private information that should not have any bearing on public issues",1,-1,[],[28372]],["leaks of personal information",1,-1,[],[50334]],["leaks, hacking and publication of personal information",1,-1,[["leaks, hacking and publication of personal information",1],["leaks, hacking and publication of personal information.",1]],[37351]],["publishers cherry-picking [15] real news in order to foster hate against some minorities",1,-1,[],[1511]],["someone has intentionally distributed the half-true information to the public to spark curiosity",1,-1,[],[13090]],["the publication of private information for personal or corporate interest, such as revenge porn",1,-1,[],[51127]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["reported",1,-1,[],[57124]],["reported, sensory",1,-1,[],[57124]],["sensory",1,-1,[],[57124]]],"sp":[["propositional modality",2,29209,[],[26058,57124]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Appraisal",1,32170,[],[24796]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["research was organized to investigate the influence of who (source factors) said what (message factors) to whom (recipient or audience factors) how (channel factors) on persuasion",1,-1,[],[4695]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["channel factors",1,-1,[],[4695]],["message factors",1,2792,[],[4695]],["recipient or audience factors",1,-1,[],[4695]],["source factors",1,29806,[],[4695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Users in the region of single-topic selective exposure are affiliated with one or few pages but they tend to focus their attention on specific content.",1,-1,[],[34185]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[34185]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The first two levels of narratives are typically used to target foreign audiences",1,-1,[],[56561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["strategic narrative",1,10600,[],[56561]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["More specifically, this theory refers to (perceived) materialistic threats to in-groups' welfare and well-being due to an out-group's presence or actions",1,-1,[],[4483]],["More specifically, this theory refers to (perceived) materialistic threats to in-groups' welfare and well-being due to an out-group's presence or actions (Bobo, 1983;Stephan, Ybarra, & Rios Morrison, 2015).",1,-1,[],[4483]],["The premise of this theory is that (perceived) immigrant presence and the size of this immigrant community gives rise to threat perceptions, making it likely that future intergroup interactions between various groups in society will be largely conflictual in nature (Blumer, 1958;Key, 1949;LeVine & Campbell, 1972).",1,-1,[],[4483]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["immigration news",1,-1,[],[4483]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["inauthentic engagements",1,8247,[],[23265]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["blog sites",1,25669,[],[58911]],["blog sites: these sites are smaller than popular news sites and contain user-generated content. Its content is usually given from a personal perspective.",1,-1,[],[58911]],["media sites",1,32917,[],[58911]],["media sites: these sites are not the same as social media. Media sites focus more on providing different media content from photography, news, videos, and tutorials.",1,-1,[],[58911]],["popular news sites",1,28566,[],[58911]],["popular news sites: their presence on the internet is vast, and they usually have a social media position with a large number of followers",1,-1,[],[58911]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["plurality winner",1,34411,[],[6104]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Audience can be categorized from various perspectives such as national or international (Imani & Habil, 2015), or whether the audience is 'addressees' (those directly addressed), 'hearers' (those not addressed directly, but assumed to be part of audience), and 'overhearers' (those who do not constitute part of the 'official' audience but are known to be de facto consumers (Fairclough, 1992: 79-80).",1,-1,[],[5993]],["Each member of an audience informs a media text by a unique set of their life experiences (age, gender, education, moral education)",1,-1,[],[52060]],["The new nature of audiences is diffuse, but at the same time connected to the day-to-day, which is precisely one of the main features of what Schroder et al. call the multifaceted nature of audiences",1,-1,[],[13725]],["The public (the main species in the ecosystem, according to the interviewees) has changed radically; in the interviewees' opinion they are not only the \"audience\" (i.e. passive receivers of information), but also use information in specific ways (the public searches for, clicks on, shares and rates it).",1,-1,[],[55620]],["This new participatory dimension of the nature of audiences adds a new social or relational component that did not appear in previous definitions of audiences",1,-1,[],[13725]],["defining the audience as a group or as a public; audiences with their needs or preferences, the audience of the medium, audience defined by channel or content but also the audience as a target, as a participant, as a spectator, etc.",1,-1,[],[33984]],["digital and social media are not just about empowerment or selfexpression. They may be about creativity, but they are also about surveillance -about companies gathering data about what all of us are doing, click by click.",1,-1,[],[35057]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["user",1,2573,[],[24946]]],"sb":[["as a participant",1,-1,[],[33983]],["as a spectator",1,-1,[],[33983]],["audience as a group or as a public",1,-1,[],[33983]],["audience defined by channel or content",1,-1,[],[33983]],["audiences with their needs or preferences",1,-1,[],[33983]],["hearers",1,30791,[],[5993]],["overhearers",1,29091,[],[5993]],["the audience as a target",1,10795,[],[33983]],["the audience of the medium",1,-1,[],[33983]]],"sp":[["critical thinking",1,29451,[],[35057]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This distortion makes detecting misleading video headlines even more arduous because the audience has to watch the video to know if the headline is representative or-as in this case-has a subtle exaggeration or misrepresentation.",1,-1,[],[44435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Some specific information from the video is not at all reflected in the headline.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline chooses specific words that cannot be supported as fact.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline does not cover all the content of the video.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline exaggerates the video content.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline implies more than what is introduced in the video.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline is completely off-topic.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline is not providing related evidence for the video.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline provides contradictory information of the video.",1,-1,[],[44435]],["The headline uses an excessively definitive tone when the video is only suggesting the content.",1,-1,[],[44435]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["the headline \"Obama: I'm proud to be leaving without scandal\" exaggerates the view of the content; the video plays Obama's speech that he left the administration without a significant scandal.",1,-1,[],[44435]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["construct metaphorical portraits of political actors and encode relatively stable evaluative positions.",1,-1,[],[61942]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["contextual synonyms",1,15270,[],[61942]]],"ex":[["brain rot",1,-1,[],[61942]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["contemporary \"activist translation\"",1,-1,[],[54448]],["feminist translation ethics",1,-1,[],[54448]],["postcolonial views of translation",1,-1,[],[54448]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["coordination of isolated platforms",1,-1,[],[52423]],["coordination of isolated platforms, where newsrooms are autonomous and lack cooperation or integration in news production or distribution",1,-1,[],[52423]],["cross-media",1,5338,[],[52423]],["cross-media, where journalists work in separate newsrooms for different platforms but are connected through multimedia coordinators and/or routines along with management that coordinates cooperation and communication between the outlets",1,-1,[],[52423]],["full integration",1,-1,[],[52423]],["full integration, in which infrastructures for multi-channel productions in the news organization are combined in one newsroom",1,-1,[],[52423]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Testimony is not a piece of information which we assess independently, but a sort of dialogue with normative social implications.",1,-1,[],[25357]],["This dialogue has a normative dimension: in telling and being told, accepting or refusing someone's word, both speaker and hearer engage in a normative relationship of trust.",1,-1,[],[25357]],["in telling and being told, accepting or refusing someone's word, both speaker and hearer engage in a normative relationship of trust.",1,-1,[],[25357]],["knowledge that is essentially based on an interpersonal relation of trust",1,-1,[],[25357]],["testimony as a source of knowledge 'works' fundamentally different to perception or logical reasoning, since it is based on communication, or to be more precise: on the interpersonal relation of telling and being told.",1,-1,[],[25357]],["testimony has a dialogical character: testimony is an act 'addressed to another person'.",1,-1,[],[25357]]],"sy":[["Second-Person-View",1,-1,[],[25357]]],"rt":[["Second-Person-View",1,-1,[],[25357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["requires expert knowledge and labor to annotate the data through content analysis",1,-1,[],[53966]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame prediction",1,-1,[],[53966]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Synthetic Realities",1,1714,[],[33718]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ecocentric identities",1,-1,[],[51738]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A typical example of such behaviour is the stereotype of the \"welfare queen\" (Gilman 2014: 247).",1,-1,[],[38023]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":34,"df":[],"de":[["Davison (1983) introduces the two components of the third person effect, i.e., the perceptual and the behavioral.",1,-1,[],[36928]],["It actually might make people less likely to fact-check the information they encounter in the media, since they are convinced that others, and not themselves, are vulnerable and exposed to such misleading narratives.",1,-1,[],[36928]],["Reading or watching the news provides information on what a society thinks as a whole. Even if economic experts themselves may be sceptical concerning media content, they assume that other people are not.",1,-1,[],[82]],["The individual is consequently motivated to react out of concern for others",1,-1,[],[19883]],["individuals consider other people to be influenced, not necessarily because they deem it to be correct or important",1,-1,[],[82]],["that others are more easily swayed and manipulated than we are (in particular by false information)",1,-1,[],[40967]],["the third person effect is stronger if the others are perceived as less educated.",1,-1,[],[36928]],["third person perception about the ability to detect misleading information in the media",1,-1,[],[36928]],["well known as the thirdperson effect (TPE), initially proposed by Davison (1983)",1,-1,[],[28069]]],"sy":[["TPE",1,-1,[],[36928]],["Third Person Perception",1,9066,[],[39248]]],"rt":[["Overestimation of gullibility",1,-1,[],[40967]],["media credibility",1,17467,[],[36928]],["perceived danger of misinformation",1,-1,[],[40967]]],"sb":[["behavioral component",1,-1,[],[28069]],["close others",1,-1,[],[40967]],["distant others",1,-1,[],[40967]],["perceptual aspect",1,28528,[],[36928]],["perceptual component",1,-1,[],[28069]],["perceptual third person effect",1,29308,[],[36928]],["susceptibility of the self",1,-1,[],[40967]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Third person effect regarding people's ability to detect fake news",1,-1,[],[36928]],["people exhibiting a stronger third-person effect of fake news are more likely to judge fake news on social media as socially undesirable",1,-1,[],[40967]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, such definition is quite extensive and could contain many edge-cases. Thus, when we prepared our experimental data, we preferred articles with multiple false claims and false narrative support.",1,-1,[],[40762]],["However, such definition is quite extensive and could contain many edge-cases. Thus, when we prepared our experimental data, we preferred articles with multiple false claims and false narrative support. The fake articles we used were also not fully false, each contained some truthful claims as well.",1,-1,[],[40762]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["Just plain incorrect article: factually wrong.",2,-1,[["Just plain incorrect article: factually wrong.",2],["Just plain incorrect article: factually wrong",1]],[10904,14501]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clickbait",3,6382,[],[10904,14501,24473]]],"ex":[["Scientist Confesses: \"Global Warming a $22 Billion Scam\"",1,-1,[["Scientist Confesses: \"Global Warming a $22 Billion Scam\"",1],["Scientist Confesses: \"Global Warming a $22 Billion Scam\".",1]],[10904]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a 40-person panel contain between 19 and 21 women",1,-1,[],[17455]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["complex ranking cultures that reward platform-specific strategies and audience activation through strongly opinionated expression.",1,-1,[],[8973]],["connections between platform technicities, user practices and creator tactics",1,-1,[],[8973]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ranking",1,-1,[],[8973]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Fascism is totalitarian, while neopopulism is not. Fascism often resorts to political violence, whereas populism, at least, formally renounces it.",1,-1,[],[29908]],["Mussolini's movement embraced extreme violence, advocated anti-intellectualism, rejected compromising, and hated the established social and political order.",1,-1,[],[29908]],["No longer should the idea of fascism revolve around an authoritarian figure since the fabrication, proliferation, and implementation of ideologies can function without an authoritarian figure.",1,-1,[],[42640]],["The Fascist State has drawn into itself even the economic activities of the nation, and, through the corporative social and educational institutions created by it, its influence reaches every aspect of the national life and includes, framed in their respective organizations, all the political, economic and spiritual forces of the nation.",1,-1,[],[42640]],["The foundation of fascism is the conception of the State, its character, its duty, and its aim.",1,-1,[],[42640]],["What is important in this original use of the word fascism is the emphasis on the \"group\" and \"action.\"",1,-1,[],[42640]],["a whole system of thought tied to a world-shaping project.",1,-1,[],[29908]],["the figure of authority is no longer necessary to bind the fasces together.",1,-1,[],[42640]],["to identify a broad set of clusters that ground their hate in extreme nationstate ideology",1,-1,[],[26448]],["whose rituals contributed to create a sense of belonging among the masses.",1,-1,[],[34146]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["authoritarianism",1,8109,[],[42640]],["capitalism",1,6933,[],[42640]],["class conflict",1,-1,[],[42640]],["class struggles",1,21045,[],[42640]],["contemporary manifestations of fascism",1,-1,[],[42640]],["left",1,2556,[],[42640]],["liberal",1,6594,[],[42640]],["racism",1,28859,[],[42640]],["right",1,28812,[],[42640]],["right-wing populism",1,25646,[],[29908]],["socialism",1,13630,[],[42640]]],"sb":[["Gentilian-Mussolinian fascism",1,-1,[],[42640]],["contemporary manifestations of fascism",1,-1,[],[42640]]],"sp":[["populism",1,20354,[],[29908]]],"ex":[["Neo-Nazism does not need Adolf Hitler to constantly guide them or reinforce and mobilize the fasces into action.",1,-1,[],[42640]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Distrust in power infrastructure fosters fear and mistrust concerning the reliability and safety of Taiwan's electric grid, thus eroding public confidence in the government's ability to manage energy systems effectively.",1,-1,[],[29747]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As emoções só fazem sentido em determinadas circunstâncias e estão associadas à construção de significados compartilhados",1,-1,[],[43683]],["Elas não são produzidas de forma isolada, pois tornam-se partes de esquemas ou padrões de ação aprendidos em interação com o ambiente, esquemas que são internalizados desde a socialização primária no início da infância, reforçados e/ou transformados durante a socialização secundária e acionados de acordo com cada contexto.",1,-1,[],[43683]],["Elas são, portanto, condicionadas por nossas expectativas e derivam do conhecimento sobre o mundo",1,-1,[],[43683]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["regimes emocionais",1,24063,[],[43683]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It enhances relevance and timeliness of information.",1,-1,[],[41756]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clarity",1,6641,[],[41756]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Feminist media theory criticises the ongoing underrepresentation and misrepresentation of women in media discourse, which perpetuates the exclusion of women's voices and leadership",1,-1,[],[40669]],["The theory emphasises that the media are not neutral conveyors of information but active agents that shape social realities through symbolic systems that reflect dominant gender ideologies",1,-1,[],[40669]],["This study is based on Feminist Media Theory that checks the rationality of gender representation in media and media content.",1,-1,[],[47223]],["This theoretical paradigm critically examines how media discourse constructs, maintains, and occasionally undermines the identities and positions of women, particularly those in power or seeking political office",1,-1,[],[40669]],["criticises the ongoing underrepresentation and misrepresentation of women in media discourse, which perpetuates the exclusion of women's voices and leadership",1,-1,[],[40669]],["the media are not neutral conveyors of information but active agents that shape social realities through symbolic systems that reflect dominant gender ideologies",1,-1,[],[40669]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["gender",2,-1,[],[6730,12125]],["race",2,-1,[],[6730,12125]],["Religion or Gender",1,-1,[],[20315]],["age",1,-1,[],[6730]],["continent",1,-1,[],[12125]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Within this category, companies communicated their commitment to creating synergies with other organisations and planning events to increase the notoriety of the product and expand the audience.",1,-1,[],[56277]],["the 'Supportive PR' strategy was particularly appreciated by the public as it involved using influencers known and liked by the public, a tool that enhanced credibility and nurtured corporate reputation, limiting negative electronic WOM in favour of positive.",1,-1,[],[56277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The trainees are told that they fail to truly experience events because of their beliefs, to which they cling obstinately and which are the enemies of direct experience. The trainer argues that belief systems, understanding, and reasonableness isolate the trainees from the direct experience of reality which alone could make their lives work",1,-1,[],[25027]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The ethnic composition of a geographical area can be characterized in many different ways.",1,-1,[],[7771]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["citizens with extreme susceptibility to manipulation",1,-1,[],[61635]],["citizens with extreme susceptibility to manipulation: we allow a fraction 1 -γ < 1 of citizens to be naive in that they believe all coverage to be honest",1,-1,[],[61635]],["naive citizens take news at face value and interpret λ literally",1,-1,[],[61635]],["naive in that they believe all coverage to be honest",1,-1,[],[61635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["military metaphors",1,12742,[],[41497]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Negative targeting",1,-1,[],[17415]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Determining whether a text is toxic (i.e., contains hate speech, abuse, or is offensive) is inherently a subjective task that requires a nuanced understanding of the pragmatic implications of language (Fiske, 1993;Croom, 2011;Waseem et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[46862]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["toxicity",1,34320,[],[22153]]],"ex":[["194.66.175.71",1,-1,[],[7260]],["Hi! 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soldiers' refusal to re-embark for France might unsettle other soldiers, whose leave provisions might be affected.",1,-1,[],[30482]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["some translators decide to manipulate the TT's contents by substituting words and expressions used in the STs",1,-1,[],[54461]],["substitution injects objectionable material (e.g., nudity, violence) to circumvent detection",1,-1,[],[35529]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["video tampering",1,-1,[],[35529]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["El estigma implica devaluación y denigración social de las personas que se perciben con exceso de peso, y conduce a estereotipos negativos y discriminación hacia esos individuos",1,-1,[],[55685]],["el estigma puede interferir con los esfuerzos de la sanidad pública para controlar las epidemias",1,-1,[],[55685]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["prejuicio sobre el 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This form of proclamation speech act encompasses various roles, including authorization, decision-making, prohibition, permission, pardon, and classification.",1,-1,[],[49391]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["speech acts",1,28860,[],[49391]]],"ex":[["authorization, decision-making, prohibition, permission, pardon, and classification",1,-1,[],[49391]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The relations under this category refer to how interpretations and meaning can be constructed from a image-text pair by combining information from both modalities.",1,-1,[],[58873]],["The relations under this category refer to how interpretations and meaning can be constructed from a image-text pair by combining information from both modalities. Typically, understanding the meaning of an imagetext pair requires knowledge and a user's ability to identify entities or concepts and how to link them. These relations can be inferred based on publicly accessible knowledge sources (e.g., encyclopedia, knowledge graphs, etc.).",1,-1,[],[58873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Modification",1,882,[],[58873]],["STATUS",1,9950,[],[58873]],["Semantic Correlation",1,6127,[],[58873]],["Semantic relations include three different aspects of capturing relationships on the meaning level: Semantic Correlation captures whether image and text belong together, STATUS signifies modality importance in terms of context and information, and Modification indicates whether one modality changes or strengthens certain aspects provided in the other modality.",1,-1,[],[58873]]],"sp":[["There are then two types of high-level cross-modal relations in the framework, Objective relations and Semantic relations, which are explained in detail in following two Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.",1,-1,[],[58873]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["explicitly cautions against practices of othering and framing opponents as a moral enemy by using labels that assign political or ideological stances",1,-1,[],[40619]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[40619]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[40619]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":39,"df":[],"de":[["Because counting the absolute frequency of tweets observed using a hashtag can be biased towards hashtags being hustled by spammers, the number of unique tweets that have been retweeted at least once provides a reasonable threshold for capturing the breadth of tweets attracting attention. Hashtags are more likely to grow and persist when many unique tweets with the hashtag are being shared.",1,-1,[],[20332]],["Different political opinions should in a well-functioning democracy be reflected in media content in a fair and reasonable way.",1,-1,[],[16957]],["Diversity is mostly modeled and conceptualized at the input level in computer science, whereas social scientists analyze diversity primarily at the output level",1,-1,[],[4074]],["Diversity is the term mostly adopted in communication science",1,-1,[],[5034]],["The value of diversity can be applied to multiple aspects of media practitioners' work, varying from their choice of topics (Carpenter 2010) to political attitudes and cultural aspects (Van Cuilenburg 2000).",1,-1,[],[5113]],["These sources include societal roles, professions, and cultural norms. This dimension ensures the benchmarks encompass various facets of gender bias, thus capturing the intricate and multifaceted nature of gendered experiences.",1,-1,[],[7558]],["This follows the coding scheme developed in the INTERARENA project.",1,-1,[],[49713]],["Thus, the conceptual definition of diversity and its normative underpinnings significantly affects how it is operationalized and how findings are interpreted.",1,-1,[],[5034]],["diversity can mean different things, in part depending on the news outlet in question and its editorial mission.",1,-1,[],[5113]],["diversity in the computer science literature is often defined as concrete technical metrics, such as the intra-list distance of recommended items [6,53]",1,-1,[],[7194]],["diversity in the normative sense is about larger societal concepts: democracy, freedom of expressions, cultural inclusion, mutual respect and tolerance [19]",1,-1,[],[7194]],["diversity is mainly discussed and measured in terms of political leaning of news sources and stories",1,-1,[],[4074]],["diversity is more used in communication and computational science.",1,-1,[],[5034]],["diversity specifically describes the differences in content.",1,-1,[],[4074]],["especially in empirical research, it is a common phenomenon to use diversity as term without a clear definition. In those cases, it is used as buzzword term (Raeijmaekers & Maeseele, 2015) without conceptualizing it.",1,-1,[],[5034]],["is typically operationalized as the relative numerical dominance of different types of interests",1,-1,[],[49713]],["most studies rely on a single-concept understanding of diversity (variety).",1,-1,[],[5034]],["what constitutes 'good' diversity in a recommender system is largely dependent on its goal, which type of content it aims to promote, and which model of the normative framework of democracy it aims to follow.",1,-1,[],[7194]]],"sy":[["pluralism",2,22166,[],[5034,7194]],["serendipity",1,26668,[],[5034]],["variety",1,-1,[],[5034]]],"rt":[["serendipity",2,26668,[],[4074,7194]],["Bias",1,30859,[],[50958]],["balance",1,19493,[],[53066]],["coverage",1,15065,[],[7194]],["disparity",1,3786,[],[53066]],["diversity-related term",1,-1,[],[5034]],["genre",1,3463,[],[4074]],["normative diversity",1,-1,[],[7194]],["novelty",1,14791,[],[7194]],["pluralism",1,22166,[],[5034]],["plurality in tone",1,-1,[],[4074]],["result diversification",1,-1,[],[18771]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[4074]],["topic plurality",1,-1,[],[4074]],["variety",1,-1,[],[53066]]],"sb":[["Business Associations",1,-1,[],[49713]],["Identity groups",1,6855,[],[49713]],["Institutional Groups",1,-1,[],[49713]],["Leisure Groups",1,4083,[],[49713]],["Professional Groups",1,-1,[],[49713]],["Public interest groups",1,34687,[],[49713]],["Trade Unions",1,-1,[],[49713]],["diversity in entities",1,6679,[],[5034]],["exposure diversity",1,31564,[],[5113]],["exposure diversity; i.e. the diversity of content users are exposed to (Napoli 1997)",1,-1,[],[5113]],["newsroom diversity",1,4419,[["newsroom diversity",1],["newsroom diversity (i.e. the presence of practitioners of different genders or races)",1]],[5113]],["source diversity",1,32061,[["source diversity",1],["source diversity (i.e. the visibility of different perspectives and opinions; Deuze 2005)",1]],[5113]]],"sp":[["Quality of content",1,10214,[],[44950]],["conversational vibrancy",1,6930,[],[20332]],["organization-centred values",1,2712,[],[5113]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["не лише дезінформує, а й дезорієнтує, задає хибні орієнтири та згубні пріоритети",1,-1,[],[13937]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["антираціоналізм",1,-1,[],[13937]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["audit culture",1,-1,[],[17494]],["ranking culture",1,22531,[],[17494]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["logics and practices of social control",1,-1,[],[4132]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Self-schemas can be informed by direct self-assessment as well as the evaluation of past behaviors",1,-1,[],[8831]],["self-related views (either through meta-knowledge or self-schemas) govern people's management of those resources.",1,-1,[],[8831]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["meta-knowledge",1,22768,[],[8831]]],"sb":[["climate change-related self-schema",1,-1,[],[8831]]],"sp":[["schemas",1,34718,[],[40170]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[26012]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Emotional content is content that is not necessarily \"fake\" or \"real\" but deliberately plays into people's basic emotions, such as fear, anger, or empathy",2,-1,[],[19093,28326]]],"de":[["The aim of this badge is to show how players can manipulate basic emotions in order to rile up their followers and make their content shared more readily.",1,-1,[],[28326]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In a somewhat more paternalistic tone, this role is also associated with being 'the schoolmaster of the people'.",1,-1,[],[9357]],["In the interviewed journalists' own words, the educator role is about 'teaching' or 'instructing' audiences, and about 'making people smarter' and 'wiser'.",1,-1,[],[9357]],["On the other hand, imparting methods to identify rumors to family and friends in daily interactions can enhance the overall cognitive level of the group",1,-1,[],[31244]],["on the one hand, they can set an example through their consistent responsible behavior (such as verifying information before sharing)",1,-1,[],[31244]]],"sy":[["instructing",1,-1,[],[9357]],["making people smarter",1,-1,[],[9357]],["teaching",1,-1,[],[9357]],["the schoolmaster of the people",1,-1,[],[9357]],["wiser",1,-1,[],[9357]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Developmental-educative roles",1,-1,[],[9357]],["developmental-educative",1,-1,[],[9357]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["plain truth",1,-1,[],[6215]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["firehosing",1,-1,[],[44081]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["disaster fictions",2,23589,[],[16863,60646]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discursive positioning",1,20248,[],[26478]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These events function as discursive opportunities for journalists to ensure the well-being of their interpretive community by reconsidering, rearticulating, and reinforcing their boundaries and authority.",1,-1,[],[4759]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The Watergate scandal, the Kennedy assassination, and the Vietnam War functioned as critical incidents for journalists",1,-1,[],[4759]],["the September 11 terror attack in the US as a critical incident",1,-1,[],[4759]],["the rise of satire program \"The Daily Show\" as a critical incident that prompted journalists to reconsider their profession by focusing on the blurred lines between news and entertainment, the need to appeal to younger audiences, and the limitations of objectivity as a norm when considering how to best engage audiences.",1,-1,[],[4759]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["attempting to improve the creative and economic strength of journalism within existing institutions, structures, and doxa",1,-1,[],[4818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["marketing",1,22250,[],[4818]],["organization",1,17066,[],[4818]],["production and distribution processes",1,-1,[],[4818]],["products",1,-1,[],[4818]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the belief that AI can be used to automatically detect things like sexual orientation from physical attributes",1,-1,[],[21063]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["category of privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21063]],["privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21063]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["It facilities other individuals to develop more knowledge than they individually possess by helping them to access other domain-specific knowledge",1,-1,[],[5850]],["It facilities other individuals to develop more knowledge than they individually possess by helping them to access other domain-specific knowledge [37].",1,-1,[],[5850]],["Meta-knowledge enables an individual to utilize more knowledge than they personally have by facilitating them to locate and thus access the domain-specific knowledge of others.",1,-1,[],[5850]],["Meta-knowledge seems to be one factor influencing people's issue-specific self-schemas, which then might influence cognitive as well as behavioral engagement with the issue",1,-1,[],[8824]],["an umbrella term when referring to this manipulated self-perception (since it should affect different aspects of both subjective knowledge and confidence in knowledge)",1,-1,[],[8824]],["estimates of one's cognitive ability",1,-1,[],[4622]],["high meta-knowledge increases the willingness to engage with further information on the issue",1,-1,[],[8824]],["meta-knowledge as an umbrella term when referring to this manipulated self-perception (since it should affect different aspects of both subjective knowledge and confidence in knowledge)",1,-1,[],[8824]],["monitoring processes",1,-1,[],[8824]],["more accurate insight into what one does and doesn't know",1,-1,[],[4622]],["perceptions of one's knowledge.",1,-1,[],[4622]]],"sy":[["confidence in knowledge",1,-1,[],[8824]],["metacognitions",1,16047,[],[8824]],["perceived knowledge",1,-1,[],[8824]],["subjective knowledge",1,10388,[],[8824]]],"rt":[["objective knowledge acquisition",1,-1,[],[8824]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The important point here is that each premise requires the others in order to work fully.",1,-1,[],[8013]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ordinary people appear in news as actors commenting on a story topic as a passer-by or as an eyewitness to \"personalize and dramatize news\" (Bek, 2010;Wang, 2012).",1,-1,[],[32138]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conditions of discourse production",1,-1,[],[55274]],["ideological formations",1,-1,[],[55274]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["aflatoxin is not presented as an issue of public importance in rural media spaces",1,-1,[],[33435]],["since aflatoxin is not presented as an issue of public importance in rural media spaces",1,-1,[],[33435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["According to him, psychological warfare can be divided into four types: 'strategic psychological warfare', 'tactical psychological warfare', 'reinforcement psychological warfare', and 'provocation-type psychological warfare'.",1,-1,[],[48131]],["Armenia attempted to manipulate both its own population and the opposing side through psychological warfare tactics but ultimately failed to achieve its objectives.",1,-1,[],[48131]],["Armenia used psychological warfare tactics to project itself as a stronger state than Azerbaijan, both on the national and international stage.",1,-1,[],[48131]],["This system of influence includes, in most cases, immoral, inhumane meansdisinformation, rumors, and information-psychological sabotage and as the most extensive meansprovocation.",1,-1,[],[26788]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Manipulation of consciousness",1,14098,[],[26788]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[26788]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[28444]],["information-psychological sabotage",1,14374,[],[26788]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[8600]],["provocation",1,6090,[],[26788]],["psychological operation",1,29788,[],[28444]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[26788]]],"sb":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[26788]],["information-psychological sabotage",1,14374,[],[26788]],["provocation",1,6090,[],[26788]],["provocation-type psychological warfare",1,401,[],[48131]],["psychological operation",1,29788,[],[28444]],["reinforcement psychological warfare",1,-1,[],[48131]],["reinforcing psychological warfare",1,33059,[],[48131]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[26788]],["strategic psychological warfare",1,16785,[],[48131]],["tactical psychological warfare",1,30920,[],[48131]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":945,"df":[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",15,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",5],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",4],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal 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causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",5,-1,[["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",2],["to frame is to \"select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\"",1],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",1],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.",1]],[2479,28993,49273,56406,57313]],["to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",3,-1,[["to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",2],["to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem, definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",1],["«to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation»",1]],[12442,15849,51469]],["\"To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\" (Entman, 1993: 52)",2,-1,[["\"To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\" (Entman, 1993: 52)",1],["to frame is to \"select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\" (Entman, 1993: 52).",1]],[2479,28993]],["Framing is a strategic device and a central concept in political communication for representing different salient aspects and perspectives for the purpose of conveying the latent meaning about an issue",2,-1,[["Framing is a strategic device and a central concept in political communication for representing different salient aspects and perspectives for the purpose of conveying the latent meaning about an issue",1],["Framing is a strategic device and a central concept in political communication, for representing different salient aspects and perspectives for the purpose of conveying the latent meaning about an issue",1]],[48934,57427]],["Framing is a strategic device and a central concept in political communication for representing different salient aspects and perspectives for the purpose of conveying the latent meaning about an issue (Entman, 1993).",2,-1,[["Framing is a strategic device and a central concept in political communication for representing different salient aspects and perspectives for the purpose of conveying the latent meaning about an issue (Entman, 1993).",1],["Framing is a strategic device and a central concept in political communication, for representing different salient aspects and perspectives for the purpose of conveying the latent meaning about an issue (Entman, 1993).",1]],[48934,57427]],["Framing refers to interpretive processes that render events and occurrences subjectively meaningful",2,-1,[["Framing refers to interpretive processes that render events and occurrences subjectively meaningful",1],["Framing refers to interpretive processes that render events and occurrences subjectively meaningful.",1]],[26419,60448]],["framing involves choosing some aspects of a perceived reality and emphasizing them in a communicative text in order to stimulate a specific problem definition, causal interpretation, moral assessment, and/or treatment prescription.",2,-1,[["framing involves choosing some aspects of a perceived reality and emphasizing them in a communicative text in order to stimulate a specific problem definition, causal interpretation, moral assessment, and/or treatment prescription.",2],["framing involves choosing some aspects of a perceived reality and emphasizing them in a communicative text in order to stimulate a specific problem definition, causal interpretation, moral assessment, and/or treatment prescription",1]],[49550,49833]],["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",2,-1,[["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",1],["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world.",1]],[56053,56406]],["the process by which people develop a particular conceptualization of an issue or reorient their thinking about an issue",2,-1,[],[36311,51448]],["the process of culling a few elements of perceived reality and assembling a narrative that highlights connections among them to promote a particular interpretation",2,-1,[],[9783,53863]],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",2,-1,[["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",1],["to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",1]],[26510,57343]],["to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation",2,-1,[],[27703,36414]],["to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",2,-1,[],[8917,11118]]],"de":[["A common feature in most approaches to this concept is the basic assumption that we do not relate to the world in a direct and unfiltered way, but that we recognise and interpret events within existing ideas.",1,-1,[],[36687]],["A frame can therefore provide the ethical 'toolbox' and drive moral reasoning on the issue, especially when frames consolidate into socially agreed perspectives that become the dominant interpretation or the conventional schema for the community that consumes and reproduces a particular discourse",1,-1,[],[32416]],["A frame can thus be understood in terms of language, images or their multimodal combination deployed to articulate a discourse as well as in terms of reasoning devices, that is the conceptual framework through which the issue is made sense of and evaluated.",1,-1,[],[32416]],["A frame consists of a variety of components, including \"keywords, stock phrases, stereotype images, sources of information\" (Entman, 1993, p. 52), \"metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases, depictions, [...] visual images\" (Gamson and Modigliani, 1989, p. 3), and other devices that provide an interpretive lens or \"package.\"",1,-1,[],[51865]],["A frame is most effective when it becomes salient, as the frame is ultimately taken for granted as a natural means to think of an issue. The salience of a frame may be constructed through the regularity of reporting, or the characterisation of an issue (Jasperson et al. 1998)",1,-1,[],[42478]],["A frame may be used by individuals in target ranks as a powerful tool for self-advocacy, framing their personal experience with injustice as a matter of universal right and wrong to build solidarity.",1,-1,[],[51741]],["A frame, as it is used most often, is a definition of an issue or a situation.",1,-1,[],[4933]],["A framing approach enables the qualitative meanings attached to pertinent issues to emerge and allows for an understanding of the values embedded in their representation in the media (McMahon et al., 2011).",1,-1,[],[37812]],["According to Entman (1993), framing an issue is selecting certain aspects of a perceived reality and making them more prominent in ways that promote particular problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendations.",1,-1,[],[39016]],["According to Entman (1993), selection and salience are two key features of framing.",1,-1,[],[2479]],["According to Entman (1993;2004), framing creates and points to the importance of certain ideas, and activates \"schemas that encourage target audiences to think, feel, and decide in a particular way\"",1,-1,[],[54042]],["According to Todd Gitlin, framing is a strategy for shaping and simplifying reality or the world in order to present it to the audience.",1,-1,[],[53250]],["According to framing theory, the media manipulates public consciousness by connecting particular occurrences to a domain of significance",1,-1,[],[56702]],["According to framing theory, the media manipulates public consciousness by connecting particular occurrences to a domain of significance (Arowolo, 2017).",1,-1,[],[56702]],["According to the informant, framing is: Setting the type of message that will be published and it has become tradition that the framed media will be given priority in the media (Informant 1).",1,-1,[],[23662]],["Accordingly, framing signals a constructivist approach regarding how a news item will evoke a particular public common sense.",1,-1,[],[59800]],["Also Gamson and Modigliani (1989: 3) stress that framing is \"central organizing idea…for making sense of relevant events, suggesting what is at issue.\"",1,-1,[],[41698]],["Also, framing allows the media to exclude other relevant ideas by focusing solely on a few selected ones.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["Although audiences are able to choose their own constructs or opinions of issues, framing is particularly influential to audience perceptions of issues where the audience is not as well-informed or active participants of the issue being reported",1,-1,[],[9999]],["Ambiguity or the phenomenon that multiple possible frames can be connected to a cue, and multiple possible cues can be connected to a frame, is at the core of framing",1,-1,[],[4933]],["Analyzing frames can reveal how information from sources like speeches, news reports, or novels can shape human thinking and influence people's perception and understanding of the world (Edelman, 1993) (Entman & Rojecki, 1993) (Denzin & Keller, 1981).",1,-1,[],[43900]],["Any report frames issues to favor a particular interpretation by highlighting or excluding certain aspects of a story.",1,-1,[],[28822]],["As a macro construct, framing addresses presentation of information by media professionals in a way that reduces the complexity of issues for their audience.",1,-1,[],[35882]],["As framing certain social issues in various ways can make the readers conceptualize them more effectively",1,-1,[],[54179]],["As framing certain social issues in various ways can make the readers conceptualize them more effectively (D'Angelo, 2017)",1,-1,[],[54179]],["Based on Goffman's (1975) concept of frames, which refer to the cognitive structures that shape individuals' interpretation of events and experiences, Entman's (1993) approach to framing functions, involving notions of selection and salience, contributes to identifying holistic reasoning behind frames, that include a definition of the problem, diagnosis of the causes, moral judgements on the problem but also suggestions of treatment.",1,-1,[],[53031]],["Brüggemann (2014, p. 63) describes framing as the \"selection and salience\" of certain issue dimensions to produce coherent interpretive patterns.",1,-1,[],[27869]],["By carefully choosing language and framing issues, the media can influence public opinion of political leaders by defining problems, identifying causes, making evaluative judgments, and proposing solutions.",1,-1,[],[40670]],["By choosing to include or exclude details, or by highlighting salient details in a particular order, journalists unavoidably induce a preferred interpretation among readers",1,-1,[],[54825]],["By choosing to include or exclude details, or by highlighting salient details in a particular order, journalists unavoidably induce a preferred interpretation among readers (Iyengar, 1990).",1,-1,[],[54825]],["By emphasizing and excluding information, a communicator can select textual information to communicate public issues",1,-1,[],[56226]],["By emphasizing and excluding information, a communicator can select textual information to communicate public issues (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[56226]],["By emphasizing specific aspects of the issue, politicians create an association between the issue and a specific frame of reference, allowing them to influence public perception of an issue.",1,-1,[],[48198]],["By framing issues in a particular way, the media may shape the public opinion and with it, the public agenda",1,-1,[],[9667]],["By highlighting specific elements of a topic and minimizing others, communicators frame messages in ways they believe will resonate with audiences (Goffman, 1974) and can shape the way the topic is perceived by readers or viewers (Schudson, 2003).",1,-1,[],[29812]],["Cho and Grower (2006) see framing as the power of the media to select the aspect of information to be presented to create the desired effect.",1,-1,[],[44566]],["Cole & Fellows (2008). who suggested that media frame is a model for representation, choice, focus and exclusion. It refers to thought organization and problem defining",1,-1,[],[53903]],["Como el marco de un cuadro, el frame trata de organizar la percepción del sujeto, incitando a que se atienda a lo que está dentro y a que se ignore lo que está fuera.",1,-1,[],[15215]],["Different types of framing, such as titles, sources and attitudes are analysed",1,-1,[],[26851]],["Drawing on this conception, framing should be seen as an intentional and strategic process, part of the communication by interest groups.",1,-1,[],[25061]],["El frame, en definitiva, facilita la comprensión de los mensajes que contiene, recordando al que mira que los mensajes allí encerrados son relevantes y están conectados de alguna manera, y que los que están fuera han de ser ignorados.",1,-1,[],[15215]],["Emphasizing certain elements of a topic above others makes these aspects more salient in the communicating text and reveals a speaker's particular interpretation of an issue",1,-1,[],[53537]],["Entman (1993) also identifies four important functions of frames: they define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgements, and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[10850]],["Entman (1993) identified four locations of frames: the communicator, who, consciously or unconsciously, is guided by frames and/or schemas; the text, which may reinforce frames in stock phrases, stereotypes or thematic schemas; the receiver's mind, which may hold personal schemas related to the information, the frame, or the communicator; and culture, where commonly evoked frames become shared schemas.",1,-1,[],[40164]],["Entman (1993) was the first to introduce a formal definition of framing as a way to select and make specific aspects of a topic salient.",1,-1,[],[17661]],["Entman (2007: 164) notes that framing brings together 'a few elements of perceived reality and . . . assembles a narrative that highlights connections among them to promote a particular interpretation.",1,-1,[],[31705]],["Entman explicated that \"to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described\" (p. 52) [38].",1,-1,[],[57871]],["Entman's definition is useful for outlining the associative connections made by audiences between an issue and its interpretation in the context of its definition, causes, implications, and treatment",1,-1,[],[42274]],["Entman's definition is useful for outlining the associative connections made by audiences between an issue and its interpretation in the context of its definition, causes, implications, and treatment (Tewksbury and Scheufele 2009, 24).",1,-1,[],[42274]],["Events can be conveyed to the public through framing, a technique that highlights selected aspects of an event to present a particular interpretation, akin to placing an image within a frame.",1,-1,[],[808]],["Every discourse is an exercise in framing in that a discursive representation is always a clipping out of a perceivable reality.",1,-1,[],[38888]],["Every discourse is an exercise in framing in that a discursive representation is always a clipping out of a perceivable reality. Reality gains meaning only after it is marked and tailored through a symbolic representation.",1,-1,[],[38888]],["Facts do not stand alone but are given meaning by embedding them in a narrative.",1,-1,[],[38741]],["First, frames involve selectivity, rendering some aspects of an salient issue. Second, frames give meaning by following some central organizing idea. Third, frames perform argumentative functions: they define situations, establish causal chains, provide the evaluative standards against which propositions are evaluated, and chart the options for treatment and action lying ahead.",1,-1,[],[53337]],["For Robert M. Entman (1993, 52), '[f]raming essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described'.",1,-1,[],[2373]],["For this purpose, we adopted the concept of framing introduced in (Card et al., 2015) and the taxonomy of 14 generic framing dimensions, their acronym is specified in parenthesis: Economic (E), Capacity and resources (CR), Morality (M), Fairness and equality (FE), Legality, constitutionality and jurisprudence (LCJ), Policy prescription and evaluation (PPE), Crime and punishment (CP), Security and defense (SD), Health and safety (HS), Quality of life (QOL), Cultural identity (CI), Public opinion (PO), Political (P), and External regulation and reputation (EER).",1,-1,[],[57427]],["Frames are \"subtle devices'' used to represent social events in a way that would simplify people's reaction to them and guide their understanding of emerging incidents (Norris, McQueen and Cutler 2003).",1,-1,[],[27382]],["Frames are associated with issue, political party, and ideologies.",1,-1,[],[49130]],["Frames are consequential: they lead the audience to interpret issues in various ways.",1,-1,[],[2479]],["Frames are used in mass media research to explain how media present the content (Tankard, 2001).",1,-1,[],[56226]],["Frames can be regarded as patterns of presentation offering a coherent interpretation and evaluation of events, actors and actions.",1,-1,[],[10850]],["Frames can be thus regarded as cues for interpreting matters of public significance and for making judgements about appropriate remedies for particular problems.",1,-1,[],[61306]],["Frames can define the boundaries of public discussion of an issue by determining the causes of an event, making moral judgments, and suggesting possible solutions or remedies.",1,-1,[],[49064]],["Frames can influence how people come to understand problems and their causes [Entman, 1993], and single out responsible parties [Elliott, 2012].",1,-1,[],[53789]],["Frames can occur as stock phrases, i.e. \"death tax\" vs. \"estate tax\", but they can also occur as broader associations or sub-topics",1,-1,[],[17580]],["Frames capture the essence of a problem, describe the nature of a situation and suggest methods of analysis",1,-1,[],[34064]],["Frames capture the essence of a problem, describe the nature of a situation and suggest methods of analysis (see Berinsky & Kinder 2006).",1,-1,[],[34064]],["Frames define what counts as a problem, diagnose what is causing the problem, make moral judgments about those involved, and suggest remedies for resolving the problem (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[51865]],["Frames draw attention toward certain aspects of reality while marginalizing others",1,-1,[],[32697]],["Frames enable readers to see and recognise religious converts, who are thus made intelligible.",1,-1,[],[35193]],["Frames enable the construction and sharing of social realities persistently over time, which invariably shape and structure the social world in a certain determined manner.",1,-1,[],[59251]],["Frames explain to the reader why an issue should be considered a problem, the possible causes of such a problem and the likely solution to it, thereby enhancing the ability of the audience to easily understand complex issues discussed in the media",1,-1,[],[50098]],["Frames help people \"locate, perceive, identify, and label,\" i.e., organize and give meaning to, information about experiences in the world.",1,-1,[],[51865]],["Frames lead an individual to pay attention to specific characteristics and patterns of an issue, reducing the complexity of it to, seemingly, core elements",1,-1,[],[44233]],["Frames offer the opportunity for a coherent narrative that constitutes the diagnosis of the problem and its prognosis, respectively",1,-1,[],[53031]],["Frames offer the opportunity for a coherent narrative that constitutes the diagnosis of the problem and its prognosis, respectively (Entman, 1993), in a process that socially constructs problem definitions and guides policy decision-making.",1,-1,[],[53031]],["Frames operate as interpretative schemas, aiding audiences in understanding complex issues by simplifying and structuring information into recognisable patterns",1,-1,[],[30140]],["Frames play the role of giving meaning to the world, but their characteristic is that they operate at the individual level",1,-1,[],[55879]],["Frames select certain aspects of reality and \"hide\" others.",1,-1,[],[32013]],["Frames selectively emphasise certain aspects of an issue while omitting others, constructing particular narratives.",1,-1,[],[808]],["Frames serve as bridges between elite discourse about a problem or issue and popular comprehension of that issue",1,-1,[],[61306]],["Frames serve as metacommunicative structures that use reasoning devices such as metaphors , lexical choices , images , symbols , and actors to evoke a latent message for media users",1,-1,[],[29812]],["Frames serve to assist individuals in prioritizing, simplifying, categorizing, evaluating, and interpreting events",1,-1,[],[54032]],["Frames shape which cognitive schemas are activated and how events are interpreted",1,-1,[],[45129]],["Frames thus shape the narrative's focus and tone, influencing public perception and policy discourse.",1,-1,[],[37027]],["Framing Analysis looks at the ways in which news items are depicted and portrayed by news reports",1,-1,[],[61096]],["Framing analysis can be seen as part of critical discourse analysis, as it reveals \"the way in which content of the text is presented to its audience, and the sort of perspective, angle and slant the writer or speaker is taking. Related to this is what is foregrounded and what is backgrounded in the text; that is, what the author has chosen to emphasize or de-emphasize\"",1,-1,[],[41881]],["Framing analysis can be seen as part of critical discourse analysis, as it reveals \"the way in which content of the text is presented to its audience, and the sort of perspective, angle and slant the writer or speaker is taking. Related to this is what is foregrounded and what is backgrounded in the text; that is, what the author has chosen to emphasize or de-emphasize\" (Paltridge 2013: 100).",1,-1,[],[41881]],["Framing analysis is a method of examining how the media constructs reality.",1,-1,[],[53250]],["Framing analysis is also used to examine how the media interprets and frames events",1,-1,[],[53250]],["Framing calls \"attention to some aspects of reality while obscuring other elements, which might lead audiences to have different reactions\"",1,-1,[],[15264]],["Framing can involve word choice, imagery, and the inclusion or exclusion of certain entities or events; the overall aim is to promote a particular narrative or point of view",1,-1,[],[36342]],["Framing can involve word choice, imagery, and the inclusion or exclusion of certain entities or events; the overall aim is to promote a particular narrative or point of view (Bryant, et al., 2013).",1,-1,[],[36342]],["Framing can significantly shape public opinion",1,-1,[],[44233]],["Framing concerns defining a problem in a particular way and linking this problem definition to relevant solutions.",1,-1,[],[36936]],["Framing devices within a visual composition signify that elements 'belong or do not belong together in some sense",1,-1,[],[37603]],["Framing devices within a visual composition signify that elements 'belong or do not belong together in some sense (Kress and Van Leeuwen 2006: 177).",1,-1,[],[37603]],["Framing does not focus on the issues or topics that are chosen for coverage by the media, but on the specific ways in which they are presented",1,-1,[],[59029]],["Framing entails selecting and highlighting some facets of events or issues, and making connections among them so as to promote a particular interpretation, evaluation, and/or solution.",1,-1,[],[3786]],["Framing essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",1,-1,[],[30169]],["Framing explains the mechanisms by which language and selected images in the construction of a specific kind of discourse promote a particular interpretation of the presented events",1,-1,[],[39040]],["Framing has been shown to aid the formulation, establishment, and presentation of media coverage of events.",1,-1,[],[56015]],["Framing has long been studied as an instrument for creating a specific political image or favoring a particular point of view.",1,-1,[],[28822]],["Framing helps us to understand how salient issues are presented.",1,-1,[],[30897]],["Framing impacts what people notice about an issue, making it a key mechanism by which a text influences its audience.",1,-1,[],[57689]],["Framing imposes a select lens; it structures \"a particular area of life, and occurs when a trigger symbol is used in describing that area. It is the cognitive imposition of a package of knowledge from one area of life onto another area\"",1,-1,[],[38888]],["Framing influences public opinion on national and international issues such as geopolitics, international laws, investment projects, conflict, security, and religion.",1,-1,[],[41111]],["Framing influences the way people think by \"telling them what to think about\"",1,-1,[],[54825]],["Framing involves selecting aspects of perceived reality and making them salient, thereby promoting a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, or proposed solution",1,-1,[],[53582]],["Framing involves strong and emotive rhetoric that conveys a reporter's stance and serves to categorize issues (Andsager, 2000).",1,-1,[],[31705]],["Framing involves the selection and salience of news, choices that are made by the journalists and that define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgements and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[6559]],["Framing is a communication concept that brings others to accept one meaning and others.",1,-1,[],[34140]],["Framing is a communication concept that brings others to accept one meaning and others. The process of this form usually derived the communication resources to define and build a political issue or public controversy",1,-1,[],[34140]],["Framing is a field of research in communication theory and political science investigating how information is presented to audiences, especially in news media.",1,-1,[],[12442]],["Framing is a process of highlighting a certain aspect of an issue to make it salient",1,-1,[],[36162]],["Framing is a process of highlighting a certain aspect of an issue to make it salient (Entman, 1993;Chong and Druckman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[36162]],["Framing is a process that involves elements of selection and salience (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[44767]],["Framing is a social construction of a social phenomenon (Chong & Druckman, 2007) and helps explain how an issue is presented to the public (Entman, 2007;Fryberg et al., 2012;Gross & D'Ambrosio, 2004).",1,-1,[],[44233]],["Framing is about making choices about what exists, what happens, and what makes sense.",1,-1,[],[32384]],["Framing is also seen as the biases that media add to their published news and articles (Entman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[44566]],["Framing is an indispensable narrative device for news media because even the same facts may lead to conflicting understandings if deliberate framing is employed.",1,-1,[],[25167]],["Framing is closely related to downstream attitudes such as sentiment and stance, making it a useful intermediate representation for modeling social meaning.",1,-1,[],[48308]],["Framing is considered one of the most important theoretical perspectives for analyzing the influence of media information on the perception and evaluation of political content",1,-1,[],[29317]],["Framing is implemented by emphasizing certain aspects of an issue more than other aspects and making them more salient [7,13].",1,-1,[],[25167]],["Framing is important in explaining the ways in which the media subjectively chooses which news items to report and the factors -cultural, political or otherwise that shape the 'framing' of such news.",1,-1,[],[53863]],["Framing is key to public perception of a crisis",1,-1,[],[43453]],["Framing is meant to give misconceptions and conceal the fact, framing became more popular during the US presidential debate when most media will give misconceptions about what the political aspirant actually said.",1,-1,[],[5428]],["Framing is not confined to politics. It has been considered crucial in marketing (Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy, 1990;Homer and Yoon, 1992;Grewal et al., 1994), public health campaigns (Rothman and Salovey, 1997;Gallagher and Updegraff, 2011), and other domains (Pelletier and Sharp, 2008;Huang et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[36162]],["Framing is one strategy which politicians can use to bias these discussions towards their stance.",1,-1,[],[48198]],["Framing is related to gatekeeping processes as journalists select some aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient",1,-1,[],[56053]],["Framing is run by the media by selecting certain issues and ignoring other issues; and highlight aspects of the issue by using a variety of discourse strategies -striking placement (placing in the headline, front page, or back), repetition, using graphics to support and reinforce the prominence, the use of certain labels when describing the person or event being reported (Sobur, 2004: 164).",1,-1,[],[60801]],["Framing is seen as replacement to agenda setting which is not capable of telling what to think through a more systematic and in-depth news especially when it comes to the process of choosing and highlighting of certain news. Media will propose issues that should get society's attention and trying to influence the society's interpretation using emphasis, exception or explaination in the story line (Informant 2).",1,-1,[],[23662]],["Framing is then about selecting some key aspects of the perceived reality and making them more salient in the process of communication",1,-1,[],[36311]],["Framing is thus tightly connected to story-telling as the process whereby people organise the available data and make sense of reality at large.",1,-1,[],[26949]],["Framing is to focus the attention of those in the field of meaning.",1,-1,[],[34140]],["Framing is what allows communicators to focus their message and make particular aspects of information salient to their readers.",1,-1,[],[20306]],["Framing is, however, difficult to operationalize and detect",1,-1,[],[25167]],["Framing issues, such as gender, in particular ways can define social norms, even though such 'effect' can be complicated where there are competing 'frames' in the encoding-decoding processes (Chong and Druckman 2007).",1,-1,[],[60329]],["Framing itself is a theory in media analysis which has been widely applied to news related to politics (Iyengar, 1990a;Iyengar, 1990b;Iyengar, 1991;De Vreese, 2004;Becker & Scheufele, 2011), disasters (Entman, 1991;Merry, 2015;Haider-Markel, Delehanty, & Beverlin, 2007), racism and sexism (Poindexter, Smith, & Heider, 2003;Ben-Porath & Shaker, 2010), conflict (Adiprasetio, 2020b) and terrorism (Norris, Kern, & Just, 2003;Papacharissi & Oliveira, 2008).",1,-1,[],[50011]],["Framing manifests itself through the principles of selection and salience.",1,-1,[],[45850]],["Framing may be an individual decision-making process taken by journalists, but it is also an organizational product, process, and political-strategic tool",1,-1,[],[61039]],["Framing mechanisms also thereby act to prime the ways in which future events will be perceived and have an influence on both norms and politics.",1,-1,[],[36687]],["Framing of any particular event is a useful tool or approach to be learned and understood by not only researchers but also those budding scholars who intend to learn more about how it works",1,-1,[],[16220]],["Framing plays a central role in the process of defining social problems, raising public awareness and establishing specific ways of interpreting them",1,-1,[],[44233]],["Framing provides a theoretical foundation for the discretion that authors can exercise to influence the ways in which audiences interpret their texts, which goes hand in hand with the purposes of impression management.",1,-1,[],[45850]],["Framing reflects the judgments made by the communicator or message sender",1,-1,[],[44767]],["Framing reflects the judgments made by the communicator or message sender (Hallahan, 1999).",1,-1,[],[44767]],["Framing remains a powerful mechanism in media communication, shaping public perception, policy debates, and collective memory.",1,-1,[],[808]],["Framing selects and emphasizes aspects that attract the audience's attention (Andsager, 2000;Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[31705]],["Framing serves four functions: (i) defining problems, (ii) diagnosing causes, (ii) making evaluative judgments, and (iv) suggesting solutions",1,-1,[],[57689]],["Framing stories in such a way is a deliberate task and requires an effort to research information that would achieve that goal.",1,-1,[],[38200]],["Framing strategies therefore include negative-Other presentation (van Dijk 1997), often through metaphorical strategies such as militarisation, naturalisation or biologisation (Reisigl and Wodak 2001), as well as a strategy we can call 'structural configuration'.",1,-1,[],[8677]],["Framing theory assumes an issue can be interpreted in many ways and from various points of view.",1,-1,[],[44233]],["Framing theory assumes that an issue can be seen from different angles, with the idea that the issue can have multiple values which are considered in various ways, offering people perspectives/angles from which they view issues.",1,-1,[],[44566]],["Framing theory can be applied to analyzing information and news by examining how the language, metaphors, and images used in news coverage can shape the way people perceive and understand events",1,-1,[],[56280]],["Framing theory posits that the media actively shapes reality by choosing and highlighting particular aspects of complex issues (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[54869]],["Framing theory suggests that how something is shown to influence individual choices in decision making.",1,-1,[],[34140]],["Framing theory suggests that the way media present certain information strongly infl uences the perception of events by readers.",1,-1,[],[30211]],["Framing theory underscores the importance of recognizing how messages are created, designed, and presented by journalists to construct a coherent understanding of the world, using the verbal and visual resources available to them",1,-1,[],[54032]],["Framing uncovers the ideology behind narrations of news, thus, recognising media hegemony (Hackett 1984).",1,-1,[],[59853]],["Framing, according to Kosicki, is a communication strategy used in the processing of news.",1,-1,[],[53250]],["Framing, however, is culturally-specific and referential which represents and constructs world experiences in a narrative form rather than a stereotype.",1,-1,[],[11208]],["Framing, in particular, pays special attention to the organisation and presentation of news attributes as mean to impact attitudinal changes among its audience.",1,-1,[],[53620]],["Framing, like agenda setting and priming, is constrained by the anticipated reaction of the audience-or, to use a different language, by what the American political culture finds permissible.",1,-1,[],[6207]],["Framing, therefore, is an action influencing consequent interactions and actions (e.g. decisions, policies).",1,-1,[],[4933]],["Framing, therefore, may be studied as a strategy of constructing and processing news discourse or as a characteristic of the discourse itself.",1,-1,[],[54347]],["From this respect, framing should not be considered as the choice of a static entity but as a dynamic process driven by the journalistic dealings with sources and news values.",1,-1,[],[23791]],["Further, framing can perform an entire problem-solving function: define the problem and its cause, make a moral judgment, and suggest solutions",1,-1,[],[38888]],["Furthermore, he posits that frames serve four functions: to state problems, determine causes, make moral judgements and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[40164]],["Gamson (1992) says that the concept deals in several languages (such as catch phrases, metaphors, representations and visual images) and reasoning devices (such as causes and consequences, appeals to principles, or moral claims).",1,-1,[],[37071]],["George Lakoff (2004), defiende que la repetición de un marco, aunque sea para combatirlo, lo extiende.",1,-1,[],[16492]],["Gitlin (1980) argues that frames select and put emphasis on certain messages while ignoring others.",1,-1,[],[26851]],["Gitlin further connected framing with mass media in the context of news coverage when reporters employ frames to draw public attention to certain aspects of a phenomenon",1,-1,[],[57871]],["He described framing as \"the process of observing and making sense of events. \"",1,-1,[],[54347]],["Here, what is not reported can be critically interpreted in the same way as what is included in the text",1,-1,[],[44986]],["Herein, \"different actors frame reality or, rather, the basic problem at issue in different and, at any rate, competing or even conflicting ways.\"",1,-1,[],[58370]],["His approach encompasses defining the problem, identifying causes, proposing solutions, and providing a moral evaluation (Entman, 1993)",1,-1,[],[37812]],["How messages are 'framed' infl uences how the audience will perceive the reality, as the audience is not in real, physical contact with the events; people understand the reality mediated through the media, so it can be said that framing is a process of construction of social reality (Scheufele, 1999).",1,-1,[],[57918]],["However, \"frames serve as the underlying foundations on which narratives are expressed\" (Aukes, Bontje, & Slinger, 2020, \"'Narrative and Storytelling' vs. 'Frame and Framing',\" para. 1).",1,-1,[],[42252]],["Identifying message frames allows for subjective, methodological analysis of the nature of news discourse.",1,-1,[],[15849]],["In Entman's (1993) frequently cited definition of framing, media frames are conceptualized as consisting of four frame-elements: a problem definition, a causal interpretation, a moral evaluation, and/or a treatment recommendation.",1,-1,[],[8300]],["In a news text, the frame represents an imprint of power, calling to attention some aspects of reality while obscuring others",1,-1,[],[11284]],["In communication studies, framing is thus about the ways in which mediations can shape and change perceiving and understanding",1,-1,[],[2373]],["In framing research, any text that could lead an impartial third party to recognise a non-neutral viewpoint towards a topic or entity can be said to contain framing, even if it is objective and neutral in tone.",1,-1,[],[11512]],["In framing, there are three levels, these are: framing at the language level, which refers to selecting a certain material of the text and using it as the communication center; the selected part shows some elements of the issue and overlooks others to serve the intention of the publisher. At the level of social context, the process of framing aims to present a model of natural life, or what natural things should be in life. Finally, framing at the level of media content refers to the way through which the means of media aim to create the ideal model for the targeted form of life.",1,-1,[],[53903]],["In journalism studies",1,-1,[],[51448]],["In other words, framing is a method used by journalists to determine their perspective or point of view when selecting issues and writing news.",1,-1,[],[53250]],["In other words, framing selects an aspect of reality to make it more prominent.",1,-1,[],[44767]],["In political conflicts, media frames can advance \"particular definitions and interpretations of political issues\" (Shah et al., 2002, p. 343) by simultaneously excluding other parts of reality (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[60465]],["In recent developments, this concept is used to describe the process by which the media selects and highlights specific aspects of a reality (Fauzi, 2019)",1,-1,[],[53250]],["In the Russo-Ukrainian, media frames are employed as a lens for disseminating political narratives, used by both sides to interpret the key \"elements\" of the wartime discourse (Tange & Jenks, 2023) such as \"enemy\" (Murphy, 2023), \"threat,\" and \"reason\" (Johnson, 2022).",1,-1,[],[41621]],["In the context of news reports, framing is about how an issue is characterized by journalists and how readers take the information to form their impression",1,-1,[],[34038]],["In the media context, theorists refer to the \"protest paradigm\" (Papaioannou, 2020;Mourão, 2019;McLeod, 2007).",1,-1,[],[60976]],["In this study, the perspective of the second level of agenda-setting approach was used because this study did not fit with the central theme definition of framing.",1,-1,[],[38866]],["In this way, framing supported transparency, moral leadership, and international cooperation, while reinforcing the urgency of addressing food security as a complex global concern.",1,-1,[],[49090]],["In this work, we consider communicative frames following Entman [8] regarding the selection and salience of aspects in a communicating text to promote a specific interpretation.",1,-1,[],[53967]],["In translation, framing can occur through lexical choices, metaphor shifts, reordering of information, and paratextual elements such as headlines, captions, introductions, and editorial commentary",1,-1,[],[55564]],["Informational bias can be considered a type of framing with a focus on entities.",1,-1,[],[11512]],["Issue framing goes hand in hand with political persuasion and both are key catalysts of opinion change",1,-1,[],[1329]],["It can manifest in loaded vocabularies, like the war on terror, or broader phrases with implicit assumptions.",1,-1,[],[28822]],["It is a concept that helps explain how communication can influence human consciousness.",1,-1,[],[43900]],["It is a macro mechanism that has connections with internal and external factors",1,-1,[],[23662]],["It is a process of presenting information (news items) from a focused angle to a target audience with the outcome being to achieve the desired perception of the event being presented (Entman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[56015]],["It is about selecting and deciding which parts of a situation or event to make salient to an audience.",1,-1,[],[1213]],["It is also a cultural process that mirrors the decision on what is considered more important than the others, influenced by news space, work routine and assumptions made by reporters and editors",1,-1,[],[23662]],["It is also a cultural process that mirrors the decision on what is considered more important than the others, influenced by news space, work routine and assumptions made by reporters and editors (Blood & Holland, 2004).",1,-1,[],[23662]],["It is assumed that interest groups strategically deliberate about which frames are best suited to promote their policy goals and ideas.",1,-1,[],[25061]],["It is basically driven by argument selection (Ajjour et al., 2019) and, hence, it belongs to the inventio canon in particular (Aristotle and Roberts, 2004).",1,-1,[],[45893]],["It is important for news media as the same topics can be discussed from different perspectives, which can influence our understanding, beliefs, and attitudes regarding what is happening in our society.",1,-1,[],[48934]],["It is often utilised as a means of defining problems, diagnosing causes, identifying solutions and making moral judgements",1,-1,[],[9999]],["It is often utilised as a means of defining problems, diagnosing causes, identifying solutions and making moral judgements [18].",1,-1,[],[9999]],["It is through the frame that communication mediums introduce certain ways of looking at a fact scheduled by the media, making it possible to activate reality reading processes that encourage the audience to think, feel and take action on certain frames",1,-1,[],[43565]],["It is, to some extent, flexible, situational, internally sequential in reasoning and repetitive in form.",1,-1,[],[11208]],["It organizes ideas that provide meanings in telling the audience what the problem of the crisis is or in short, it tells the essence of the issue.",1,-1,[],[56951]],["Journalists construct frames around worldly issues and events, in this way zooming in readers' attention on certain interpretations and structures of meaning.",1,-1,[],[27703]],["Journalists play an active role in this reality-shaping process by identifying common idea packages (i.e., frames) and employing them in their own stories, thus setting the public agenda",1,-1,[],[15849]],["Journalists use framing to present a topic from their perspective to \"promote a particular interpretation\"",1,-1,[],[386]],["Kalau pandangan psikologis lebih melihat pada proses internal seseorang, bagaimana individu secara kognitif menafsirkan suatu peristiwa dalam cara pandang tertentu, makan pandangan sosiologis lebih melihat pada bagaimana konstruksi sosial atas realitas.",1,-1,[],[10556]],["Knowing the frame of an argument helps users to choose arguments that better address the audience's cultural background.",1,-1,[],[17661]],["Logically, people will understand certain concepts based on the way it is coined, consumers will normally perceive something differently if framed in two different ways although it all meant the same thing.",1,-1,[],[5428]],["London (2013) defined framing as coordinating ideas, visualizing events and determining issues and news stories",1,-1,[],[53903]],["MFAs now operate in a minute-by-minute news cycle as they constantly respond to events unfolding on the ground (e.g., Hamas' use of tunnels), negate media frames (e.g., high death toll in Gaza) and emphasise different facets of a nation's policies (e.g., new government in Gaza).",1,-1,[],[31213]],["Many of these perspectives assume 'frames simply as content features that produce media effects'",1,-1,[],[50424]],["Media frames are also logically dependent on the genre of a given text, which necessarily incorporates a basic conventional schema.",1,-1,[],[33641]],["Media frames are described as central organizing ideas or storylines that give meaning to unfolding events; they suggest the essence of controversies and the core issues",1,-1,[],[34064]],["Media frames can be investigated as the dependent variable, or the output of the manufacturing process",1,-1,[],[41111]],["Media frames can be investigated as the dependent variable, or the output of the manufacturing process (Emami et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[41111]],["Media frames highlight or focus a receiver's attention on some aspects of a story or issue in favor of others, helping people make sense of an issue and understand implications and policy solutions",1,-1,[],[35640]],["Media frames may also be analyzed as independent variables, or the antecedents of audience perceptions.",1,-1,[],[41111]],["Media framing influences how people think about the issue in question and is, therefore, a crucial factor for explaining citizen's political attitudes and engagement",1,-1,[],[43075]],["Media framing is a process that leads news readers to accept one meaning over another, or provides a consistent, even though simplified or biased, understanding of an issue.",1,-1,[],[41881]],["Media will propose issues that should get society's attention and trying to influence the society's interpretation using emphasis, exception or explaination in the story line",1,-1,[],[23662]],["More narrowly, it allows political actors to select relevant aspects of real-life cases to present them to the audience more beneficially (Lakoff, 1996;Vliegenthart, 2012;Mejias & Vokuev, 2017).",1,-1,[],[41621]],["Nevertheless, the use of a specific frame can result in a biased narrative (Pastorino et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[51642]],["News also uses frames to position a story in a context so that the reader knows its meaning or importance.",1,-1,[],[14015]],["News reporters use framing to enable them to highlight a few elements whereby to produce a narrative that reinforces a particular interpretation.",1,-1,[],[39702]],["News stories are textual and visual constructions organised around a central axis of thought, a certain perspective (or frame) built by a journalist that provides a framework for the audience's interpretation of the message.",1,-1,[],[52256]],["Newspapers strategically prioritize certain aspects of messages over others through framing, either by accentuating inclusion of specific parts of the message or by neglecting or downplaying (exclusion) other aspects of events.",1,-1,[],[54032]],["One of the most fundamental effects of framing is that complex, dimensional, and irregular social realities are presented in the news as simple, orderly, and fulfilling a certain logic.",1,-1,[],[60801]],["Other scholars have conceived frames as being less dynamic and portraying fixed meanings, which journalists can select in order to present and comment on various political issues, making them clear to the general public",1,-1,[],[27703]],["Overall, framing theory suggests that the way information is presented can be just as important as the content of that information itself",1,-1,[],[56280]],["Papacharissi and De Fatima Oliveira (2008: 54) argue that 'frames present a central part of how individuals cognitively comprehend and file events, and as such, are an important determinant of how a news story is told, especially in times of conflicting accounts and factual uncertainty.'",1,-1,[],[31705]],["Politicians can use different contextual frames when referring to a specific topic, giving the public very different views on the topic at hand",1,-1,[],[17638]],["Politicians can use different contextual frames when referring to a specific topic, giving the public very different views on the topic at hand (Goffman, 1974;Gamson, 1989;Entman, 1993;Chong and Druckman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[17638]],["Psychologist, Gregory Bateson, used the Venn diagram and picture frame to illustrate how framing includes wanted and excludes unwanted materials in news (Ardevol-Abreu, 2015).",1,-1,[],[44566]],["Recall that framing is a media process where issues are selected and \"made sense of\" for the reader.",1,-1,[],[35640]],["Recent work on automatically identifying media frames includes developing coding schemes and semi-automated methods (Boydstun et al., 2013), datasets such as the Media Frames Corpus (Card et al., 2015), and systems to automatically detect media frames (Liu et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2019), large-scale automatic analysis of news articles (Kwak et al., 2020), and semi-supervised approaches (Cheeks et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[42989]],["Regarding the economic crisis due to COVID-19, framing permits us to recognize how the media approach the coverage of the pandemic",1,-1,[],[58526]],["Reporters and editors frame the news to ease reader's understanding, at the same time focusing the assumption to angle set by media agenda.",1,-1,[],[23662]],["Robert Entman (1993) applied the concept to explain how the media structures the news, promoting certain interpretations about events.",1,-1,[],[51428]],["Robert M. Entman's understanding of the concept of \"framing\" from communication science",1,-1,[],[14152]],["Scheufele (2000) states that in framing the changes to the description of a situation, even if they are mild, can affect how audiences interpret said situation.",1,-1,[],[37071]],["Se trata de un uso metacomunicativo del lenguaje, que permite contextualizar los mensajes que van a ser percibidos, con la característica (ya advertida por Bateson) de que la gran mayoría de los mensajes metacomunicativos permanecen implícitos",1,-1,[],[15215]],["Simply put, framing targets the cognitive aspect of its audiences in order to bring about an impact in their perceptions (see Carragee & Roefs, 2004;Endres, 2004;Gevorgyan, 2010;Scheff, 2005;Goftman, 1974;Simon & Xenos, 2000).",1,-1,[],[53620]],["Since framing, according to Page (1996), is the skilful manipulation of covering an event from the angle that best suits the reporter's standpoint, it was essential that we employ it in this study as one of the tools to exhibit the event(s) as presented through the reporter's lens.",1,-1,[],[39702]],["Social frameworks provide an understanding of events that incorporate the will, aim, and controlling effort of an intelligence, a live agency (Goffman, 1986).",1,-1,[],[44767]],["Stibbe\"s (2015) framework of \"Framing\" technique",1,-1,[],[54179]],["Such cues can occur either directly or indirectly, and include verbal, written and symbolic devices",1,-1,[],[39058]],["Such frames can highlight certain aspects of a given topic, making connections that can promote certain interpretations and evaluations favorable for the candidate",1,-1,[],[59554]],["Such frames can highlight certain aspects of a given topic, making connections that can promote certain interpretations and evaluations favorable for the candidate (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[59554]],["Such framing simplifies the process of transforming the economy into simple stories of progress, and makes people think that they understand what is going on by creating continuity and repetition.",1,-1,[],[31227]],["Such packaging happens at three levels: semantic, cognitive, and communicative",1,-1,[],[54394]],["The \"way of seeing\" the reality that is made news reflects the \"way of telling the story.\" This \"way of seeing\" influences the end result of reality construction.",1,-1,[],[53250]],["The audience's cultural background, regional dynamics, and editorial policies may influence Al Jazeera's reframing tactics.",1,-1,[],[49833]],["The basic assumption is that the selective accentuation of distinct aspects of reality in media contexts provides recipients with interpretive patterns that can simplify but also significantly shape their information processing.",1,-1,[],[29317]],["The basic premise laying behind the concept of framing is that selecting and highlighting bilig SPRING 2023/ISSUE 105 certain aspects of an issue while excluding others, framing can shape public's interpretation of reality including the issues in the political realm.",1,-1,[],[35882]],["The central dimension of a frame involves the selection, organization and emphasis of particular aspects of reality as well as the exclusion of other aspects",1,-1,[],[10850]],["The central premise of framing theory is that each issue can be viewed from multiple perspectives",1,-1,[],[53537]],["The concept of framing embodies a context-sensitive explanation for shifts in political beliefs and attitudes.",1,-1,[],[31676]],["The concept of framing revolves around the choice of interpretation of a given fact.",1,-1,[],[26949]],["The editorial office can manifest its own attitude (Figure 5) to the expressed propositions using a variety of techniques: framing the attitude in the title and lead, adding a suggestive illustration, putting the interviewee supportive or challenging questions or reminding about the unacceptability of racist statements.",1,-1,[],[31843]],["The first three analytical strategies are concerned with the structure and context of media representation.",1,-1,[],[44986]],["The framer renders that perspective more salient by invoking a \"value, theme, stereotype, or symbol that serves to organize and connect topic-relevant information\"",1,-1,[],[35072]],["The framing is expressed through the words chosen (at the expense of others) to name and describe topics",1,-1,[],[26479]],["The framing of accurate information by selectively highlighting certain aspects while omitting others can lead to the communication of a different message than the original, accurate narrative intended",1,-1,[],[1213]],["The framing process involves selective representation, which influence how audiences think about, interpret, and judge issues",1,-1,[],[9783]],["The framing process involves selective representation, which influence how audiences think about, interpret, and judge issues (Entman 2007;Iyengar 1991).",1,-1,[],[9783]],["The influence of media is that they can guide how audiences think about an issue",1,-1,[],[27407]],["The media employ framing to reorient how audiences think",1,-1,[],[45893]],["The media employ framing to reorient how audiences think (Chong and Druckman, 2007), or to promote a decided interpretation.",1,-1,[],[45893]],["The media is able to capture the public attention by highlighting specific ideological viewpoints through the framing process.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["The media is able to capture the public attention by highlighting specific ideological viewpoints through the framing process. Also, framing allows the media to exclude other relevant ideas by focusing solely on a few selected ones.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["The media use frames to control understanding and attitudes by selectively displaying information and elevating some meanings over others (Scheufele and Tewksbury 2007).",1,-1,[],[9783]],["The media's framing of current affairs plays a major role in setting the political agenda, and also influences how problems are conceived and examined.",1,-1,[],[35970]],["The nature of framing as bi-directional and interactively negotiable allows \"the strategic rendering of discourse positions: that is to say, for propaganda.\" (p. 6).",1,-1,[],[11208]],["The notion of framing was initially developed by Goffman as a way to help people organize and process information in everyday life",1,-1,[],[57871]],["The patterns that emerge from these decisions and assumptions are, in essence, what we refer to as framing.",1,-1,[],[57343]],["The phenomenon of framing categorizes changes/formulation of opinions (sometimes very strong) often originating from minute presentation modifications of issues.",1,-1,[],[27889]],["The press is reluctant to adopt parliamentary frames that have not previously been popular in the media.",1,-1,[],[30897]],["The process of framing involves \"construction of interpretive frames\" and \"representation\" of such frames (Kaufman, Elliott and Shmueli 2003).",1,-1,[],[27382]],["The process of framing involves selecting and promoting certain aspects of an event, and connecting them to offer a specific interpretation.",1,-1,[],[27929]],["The process of framing involves two key ingredients: selection and salience. Framing is then about selecting some key aspects of the perceived reality and making them more salient in the process of communication",1,-1,[],[36311]],["The production of realities by means of framing is an active process, but not necessarily a conscious one.",1,-1,[],[2373]],["The public treats it according to its reference framing to interpret and understand those issues' rationale, causes, and consequences",1,-1,[],[36640]],["The result is a framework that simplifies, structures and explains the reality presented",1,-1,[],[34523]],["The sources interviewed, the details selected to appear in the news, the data and information, and the illustrative material, among others, are part of the news framing; therefore, they will give sense.",1,-1,[],[30051]],["The way in which a certain subject is framed in a news text is not an isolated incident. Various news stories from diverse media contribute to the dynamic process of framing.",1,-1,[],[23791]],["The words and images that make up the frame can be distinguished from the rest of the news by their capacity to stimulate support of or opposition to the sides in a political conflict.",1,-1,[],[3786]],["Then, frame -define problems -determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of cultural values; diagnosis causes -identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments -evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies, offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict that they are likely effects.",1,-1,[],[38316]],["These are \"schemes of interpretation\" that help the recipient place the information in a specific context and label it in a specific way.",1,-1,[],[33641]],["These clues to how the event must be interpreted form its framing, highlighting certain aspects and blurring others, and are susceptible to presenting many forms with different scopes: they can refer to a concrete object, or be about symbolic and cultural constructions that serve as a context to a wide range of narratives",1,-1,[],[39327]],["These frames may manifest in either a generic or topic-specific manner, thereby influencing the accessibility of information, either by emphasizing message salience or subtly biasing information processing mechanisms",1,-1,[],[51215]],["These frames serve as cognitive shortcuts, aiding individuals in processing complex information and forming opinions about societal issues (Iyengar, 2019).",1,-1,[],[15442]],["These tools highlight specific meanings of media messages regarding the issue of media coverage, thereby identifying the public's views, ideas, and trends.",1,-1,[],[36640]],["They are the outcome of strategic communication decisions; namely what information to select and to give salience to when crafting a message",1,-1,[],[40164]],["They prioritise particular problem definitions as they make their moral evaluations, causal interpretations, and, sometimes, treatment recommendations; which justifies the use of frames in analysing news reports as an effective way of understanding how influence over human consciousness is exerted",1,-1,[],[33757]],["This approach explores the potential influences of media by examining its effects on audience's schemata or the human frames.",1,-1,[],[53620]],["This connotes beaming searchlight on an issue and pointing out its causes as well as delineating other people's reality by highlighting one interpretation while de-emphasizing a less favored one (Papacharissi & de Fatima Oliveira, 2008;Falkheimer & Olsson, 2014).",1,-1,[],[59251]],["This entails a selection to be made concerning the information that is shared and certain judgments, decisions and behaviours that are suggested to the individual receiving the message",1,-1,[],[4262]],["This entails a selection to be made concerning the information that is shared and certain judgments, decisions and behaviours that are suggested to the individual receiving the message (e.g., Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley 1997;Scheufele 1999).",1,-1,[],[4262]],["This essential function of metaphor is itself described metaphorically as 'framing' by Semino et al. (2018), who highlight its ability to shape our perception and interpretation of specific aspects of our lives.",1,-1,[],[39040]],["This framing acts as a form of representation that can emphasize certain aspects of a story while omitting or downplaying others, ultimately influencing how the information is perceived and interpreted.",1,-1,[],[42116]],["This framing gives information about the message, its emitter or the situation of emission, allowing ambiguities to be reduced, although not necessarily accurately.",1,-1,[],[37966]],["This includes \"moral evaluations, causal reasoning, appeals to principles, and recommendations for treatment of problems\" (Weaver 2007: 146).",1,-1,[],[42478]],["This indeed denotes frame as representing both the psychological and sociological constructs as explained by Iyengar & Simon (1993).",1,-1,[],[53620]],["This involves deliberate identification of an aspect of a perceived reality, and giving interpretation and evaluation of that reality.",1,-1,[],[55213]],["This involves emphasizing certain information and disregarding or suppressing other information to shape the audience's perception and comprehension of the message.",1,-1,[],[38532]],["This is achieved through four core functions: 1) problem definition, 2) causal interpretation, 3) moral evaluation, and 4) treatment recommendation.",1,-1,[],[43641]],["This is explained in detail by Entman (2004) that framing involves problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation which play a vital role in organizing ideas as well as shaping the news story while providing meaning to the news.",1,-1,[],[56951]],["This phenomenon is called framing and has been introduced in social science (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[17661]],["This process includes the framing and interpretation of news events since the news companies themselves are the ones that determine not only what to cover, but also what elements or questions about an event are worth addressing and in what way.",1,-1,[],[37071]],["This process influences public perception and opinion, particularly in political contexts (Schlehofer et al., 2011) and spreads across borders.",1,-1,[],[34083]],["This result supports our initial assertion that bias and framing, while conceptually related, are separate constructs that are each perceived and instantiated via different linguistic cues.",1,-1,[],[51865]],["This story-telling process is referred to as framing.",1,-1,[],[2479]],["This technique is a finegrained view of how issues are expressed.",1,-1,[],[49130]],["Those involved in the media business have a natural human limitation of not being able to cover all aspects of a story or analysis.",1,-1,[],[33757]],["Those involved in the media business have a natural human limitation of not being able to cover all aspects of a story or analysis. They prioritise particular problem definitions as they make their moral evaluations, causal interpretations, and, sometimes, treatment recommendations; which justifies the use of frames in analysing news reports as an effective way of understanding how influence over human consciousness is exerted (Entman 1993).",1,-1,[],[33757]],["Through framing constructivism approach can be seen as a process of social construction in interpreting reality.",1,-1,[],[37383]],["Through this practice of gatekeeping, journalists and editors can frame the news for their readers (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[53467]],["Through three methods available to the media, such as agenda-setting, priming, and framing, this process helps form public opinion and influence policymaking.",1,-1,[],[14015]],["To frame in news media is to select specific aspects of a text and emphasize them throughout a news story, which thereby increases the salience of a specific issue that allows for \"a causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\" (Entman, 1993, p. 52) of a particular item.",1,-1,[],[49064]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",1,-1,[],[9]],["To political scientists",1,-1,[],[51448]],["Treating translation as framing does not imply manipulation; it recognizes that any communicative act must choose a perspective, and that such choices have consequences.",1,-1,[],[55564]],["Typically, a frame represents the definition of a problem, its causal analysis, and a certain moral judgment in conjunction with the problem",1,-1,[],[54042]],["Una práctica periodística que en el contexto de las campañas electorales denota la manera como son narradas en las noticias las propuestas, discusiones y estrategias de los candidatos y partidos, enfatizando o excluyendo posibles enfoques acerca de la realidad existente",1,-1,[],[13988]],["Una práctica periodística que en el contexto de las campañas electorales denota la manera como son narradas en las noticias las propuestas, discusiones y estrategias de los candidatos y partidos, enfatizando o excluyendo posibles enfoques acerca de la realidad existente (Gerth & Siegert, 2012;Muñiz et al., 2018;Rodelo, 2020;Schuck, 2017).",1,-1,[],[13988]],["Van Gorp considers frames as 'metacommunicative (latent) messages', sent by the agent of discourse (journalist) to the receiver, which represent suggestion or instruction to understand the message in accord with the idea expressed through the frame",1,-1,[],[51469]],["Various frames are used in news articles to persuade the audience by establishing a point of view or supporting one.",1,-1,[],[55642]],["Various typologies are proposed for framing, for example some associate frames with specific issues (Entman (1993); Chong and Druckman (2007)), while others such as Card et al. (2015) believe that framing should be perceived as non-issue-specific, and be analyzed with a fixed set of framing dimensions.",1,-1,[],[55642]],["When news organizations frame political and social issues in certain ways, they are showing plausible causes and consequences and presenting ways of how to solve the problem",1,-1,[],[44233]],["When news organizations frame political and social issues in certain ways, they are showing plausible causes and consequences and presenting ways of how to solve the problem (Entman, 1993(Entman, , 2004)).",1,-1,[],[44233]],["While it is natural for any non-trivial argument to be framed by the presenter, its intentional (mis)use can create persistent associations and sway opinions on political issues.",1,-1,[],[28822]],["While most framing happens subconsciously, framing can thus be used as a strategy to reach communicational, commercial or political goals",1,-1,[],[4933]],["While that is mainly examined in the context of media coverage, it also applies to policy formation.",1,-1,[],[44447]],["While the first strand is based on the classical assertion that news tells us what to think about, the second argues that news also tell us how to think about things",1,-1,[],[5356]],["Who the public is shapes the frames that are ultimately selected",1,-1,[],[35640]],["Within a subversive story or hegemonic tale, framing can be used to prop up or subvert hegemonic norms, and different threads of narrative can be used in subversive or normative ways.",1,-1,[],[36342]],["a central concept in political communication",1,-1,[],[48071]],["a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them",1,-1,[],[43024]],["a collectively-constructed and shared way of creating meaningful representations of social situations in media.",1,-1,[],[41621]],["a conscious and intentional act used to promote a particular version of reality",1,-1,[["a conscious and intentional act used to promote a particular version of reality",1],["a conscious and intentional act used to promote a particular version of reality.",1]],[28723]],["a framing analysis examines the argumentative level of interviewees' accounts",1,-1,[],[11118]],["a schema of interpretation that enables individuals to locate, perceive, identify and label life experiences.",1,-1,[],[53266]],["a subjective aspect of news",1,-1,[],[18195]],["a way of organizing and guiding social reality",1,-1,[],[37071]],["a way to categorize and select what the media says",1,-1,[],[37071]],["a way to describe the power of a communicating text",1,-1,[],[36687]],["a way to help people organize and process information in everyday life",1,-1,[],[57871]],["ada dua konsepsi dari framing yang saling berkaitan, yaitu konsepsi psikologi, dan konsepsi sosiologis. Konsep psikologis lebih menekankan pada bagaimana seseorang memproses informasi dalam dirinya, sedangkan konsepsi sosioligis lebih melihat padabagaimana konstruksi sosial atas realitas.",1,-1,[],[24763]],["agenda setting further considers the impact of the frame on the public",1,-1,[],[52185]],["an academic emphasis regarding the influence of media representations in shaping public understanding and policy responses",1,-1,[],[54168]],["analysing or tracking public discourse through the lens of narrative and framing",1,-1,[],[34755]],["and impact readers' understanding of a story",1,-1,[],[51960]],["by emphasizing some aspects and ignoring others, the media guide people's perceptions on a specific topic",1,-1,[],[58776]],["by giving salience to aspects of perceived reality, framing seeks to promote \"a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation for the item described\"",1,-1,[],[3399]],["characteristics of framing, where selection and salience are fundamental",1,-1,[],[56015]],["concept of framing is used to investigate how media and audiences co-construct news events",1,-1,[],[17586]],["constructing various perspectives about one particular point or issue through headlines/bylines",1,-1,[],[54179]],["consumers will normally perceive something differently if framed in two different ways although it all meant the same thing.",1,-1,[],[5428]],["dalam konsepsi psikologi lebih menekankan pada bagaimana seseorang memproses informasi dalam dirinya. Framing berkaitan dengan struktur dan proses kognitif.",1,-1,[],[10556]],["deemed to underlie the process of sense making in order to give structure and meaning to the world (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[53266]],["deploy media framing as a form of heuristics or cognitive shortcut to enable the audience make sense of complex issues on which they lack adequate coping experience",1,-1,[],[50098]],["dominant framings can also contribute to legitimise the implementation of policy interventions",1,-1,[],[8982]],["el estudio del framing no debe realizarse sin atender al contexto cultural donde se ha presentado la información",1,-1,[],[13988]],["el frame, como el diagrama que engloba los elementos de un conjunto matemático, cumple una doble función: incluir ciertos elementos en su interior y excluir a los que están fuera.",1,-1,[],[15215]],["el framing implica la aceptación de la existencia de distintos encuadres que son enfatizados en las noticias para dar puntos de vista diferentes respecto del asunto informado (de Vreese, 2012).",1,-1,[],[13976]],["el tratamiento o framing particular que los medios utilicen para ofrecer su cobertura puede tener un peso muy importante en la conformación de una opinión pública más o menos activa",1,-1,[],[13976]],["emphasis (highlighting a particular theme, interpretation, or aspects) and equivalence (using differently valenced or oriented content that is logically equal",1,-1,[],[32618]],["emphasizing specific aspects can impact people's perceptions by making those highlighted elements seem more critical.",1,-1,[],[43900]],["employing different framing techniques in translation results in diverse interpretations of the same narrative",1,-1,[],[49833]],["entails selecting and highlighting some facets of events or issues, and making connections among them so as to promote a particular interpretation, evaluation, and/or solution.",1,-1,[],[3786]],["entails the power to define what and who are good and bad, to single out both the problems and solutions and to influence moral judgements of the events.",1,-1,[],[36687]],["even if it is objective and neutral in tone.",1,-1,[],[11512]],["examines the selection and salience of certain aspects of an issue by exploring images, stereotypes, metaphors, actors, and messages",1,-1,[],[53620]],["explained through applicability effects, that is immediate effects of exposure to issues and attributes, which later foster salience type effects (i.e. priming).",1,-1,[],[48175]],["explores the potential influences of media by examining its effects on audience's schemata or the human frames",1,-1,[],[53620]],["frame analysis is conducted using a wide variety of texts (e.g., news articles, television reports, online blogs, etc.) and the distinguishing attributes of those texts (e.g., use of certain terminology, phrases, ideas, etc.) which can be manipulated to augment public beliefs and perceptions about important issues.",1,-1,[],[45299]],["frame theory predicts that the use of certain interpretation patterns in messages influences the recipients' perception of the reported reality",1,-1,[],[34523]],["frames are never neutral and can be powerful, they can influence public opinion and policymaking -and sort reality effects",1,-1,[],[4933]],["frames are not just communication tools; they are mental models understood as forms of knowledge that underline a particular vision of the world based on the choice of certain words and therefore generate specific expectations and attitudes.",1,-1,[],[39066]],["frames become organizing principles that give a meaningful structure to both media content (media frames; Scheufele, 1999, p. 115), and the world (recipient frames; Matthes, 2014, p. 18).",1,-1,[],[60465]],["frames call attention to some aspects of reality while obscuring other elements, lead audiences to have different reactions",1,-1,[],[14670]],["frames can serve both as a persuasion technique and as an information accessibility mechanism (Shulman and Sweitzer, 2018) because they influence responses to a message by making related information or beliefs more available, accessible, or applicable (Chong and Druckman, 2007).",1,-1,[],[8776]],["frames construct a social reality by defining problems in terms of their causes, causal agents, costs, benefits, effects, and potential remedies.",1,-1,[],[45850]],["frames function as organising principles that structure experience and guide interpretation",1,-1,[],[43024]],["frames help to show what is going on with a certain problem or social issue.",1,-1,[],[38741]],["frames help to show what is going on with a certain problem or social issue. Facts do not stand alone but are given meaning by embedding them in a narrative.",1,-1,[],[38741]],["frames present a central part of how individuals cognitively comprehend and file events, and as such, are an important determinant of how a news story is told, especially in times of conflicting accounts and factual uncertainty.",1,-1,[],[31705]],["frames select and put emphasis on certain messages while ignoring others",1,-1,[],[26851]],["framing (deciding how topics are covered)",1,-1,[],[17580]],["framing aims at advancing the public perception toward a given issue and increasing the general agreement on its ultimate proposed solution.",1,-1,[],[11208]],["framing allows the media to exclude other relevant ideas by focusing solely on a few selected ones.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["framing can perform an entire problem-solving function: define the problem and its cause, make a moral judgment, and suggest solutions",1,-1,[],[38888]],["framing consists of two operations: organisation of the past experience and orientation of the future actions",1,-1,[],[47942]],["framing deals with the different way these issues are presented, which may be called an 'intra-issue' contest",1,-1,[],[30897]],["framing determines how reality is present before the reader.",1,-1,[],[37383]],["framing determines how reality is present before the reader. What we know about reality basically depends on how we frame the event that gives a certain understanding of an event.",1,-1,[],[37383]],["framing determines what aspects of reality are more salient in a text, influencing how people define problems, attribute causality, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies.",1,-1,[],[43900]],["framing effects arise when message structure and content activate particular considerations",1,-1,[],[45129]],["framing encapsulates a macro-attribute akin to an issue frame, wherein information sources strategically utilize various devices to meld and articulate opinions or preferences about a given situation.",1,-1,[],[51215]],["framing essentially involves selection and salience",1,-1,[],[34597]],["framing focuses on the production of meanings influencing attitude and behaviour defining public opinion",1,-1,[["framing focuses on the production of meanings influencing attitude and behaviour defining public opinion",1],["framing focuses on the production of meanings influencing attitude and behaviour defining public opinion.",1]],[35882]],["framing has important implications for political communication in that it constructs what is perceived as real",1,-1,[],[14670]],["framing in media research focuses on the textual content and the frame itself",1,-1,[],[52185]],["framing involves selecting specific fragments of reality and emphasising them in the transmitted information to influence recipients: 'it means making a piece of information more noticeable, meaningful, or memorable to audience'.",1,-1,[],[34523]],["framing involves the selection of specific \"aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient in a communicating text\".",1,-1,[],[32416]],["framing is a context in which the media chooses certain frames that will directly impact public opinion",1,-1,[],[37071]],["framing is a dynamic process, susceptible to change in response to shifting political landscapes, news cycles, and public opinion",1,-1,[],[55482]],["framing is a highly interactive and dynamic process that seeks to activate movement adherents so that they move, metaphorically, from the balcony to the barricades (action mobilization); to convert bystanders into adherents, thus broadening the movement's base (consensus mobilization); and to neutralize or demobilize adversaries (countermobilization).",1,-1,[],[46639]],["framing is a method used by journalists to determine their perspective or point of view when selecting issues and writing news. (Syarofina, 2019)",1,-1,[],[53250]],["framing is a much more fundamental process than spinning, because language-based frames constitute socio-political realities, through which entitlements of powerful elites and precarity of vulnerable social groups can be repeatedly normalized as 'the way things are'",1,-1,[],[4933]],["framing is a proactive and a reactive process as MFAs must compete with and respond to the framing of other actors.",1,-1,[],[31213]],["framing is a process that has been extensively examined in the fields of behavioural and social sciences.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["framing is a strategy for producing influence, or political capital, and also involves choosing the right path for delivering information to policymakers",1,-1,[],[28993]],["framing is about selection and salience.",1,-1,[],[54347]],["framing is also a reactive process in which MFAs must contend with media depictions of events.",1,-1,[],[31213]],["framing is an individual psychological process, but it is also an organizational process and product, and a political strategic tool",1,-1,[],[36239]],["framing is an interactive skill that opinion leaders or officials may develop. They are mental models in determining how to select and highlight the information framing and its use in achieving communication and organizational goals",1,-1,[],[36640]],["framing is concerned with elements/attributes/angles of news highlighted for intended public attention and consumption.",1,-1,[],[44566]],["framing is inescapable, and is at work every time someone crafts a message",1,-1,[],[56792]],["framing is not a neutral process. Instead, it actively constructs social reality by privileging specific interpretations over others.",1,-1,[],[54168]],["framing is not a theory that makes specific hypotheses, but an approach…or, for lack of a better word, a framework.",1,-1,[],[58370]],["framing is not inherently malicious and does not necessarily aim to spread false information, nor does it have to form part of a recurring narrative.",1,-1,[],[51642]],["framing is not static and can change in response to external events and political developments",1,-1,[],[51241]],["framing itself is a phase of agenda setting",1,-1,[],[52185]],["framing moves that lead to a fundamentally different interpretation of Stalin's role in history and different ideas about his support by Russians",1,-1,[],[31676]],["framing of topics implies a specific scale of positions",1,-1,[],[59260]],["framing processes generate distinct interpretive narratives that shape public understanding of economic leadership",1,-1,[],[39016]],["framing research is concerned with the selection and emphasis of different perspectives on an issue or an event",1,-1,[],[10850]],["framing revolves around how information is presented in public discourse.",1,-1,[],[9667]],["framing selects an aspect of reality to make it more prominent.",1,-1,[],[44767]],["framing serves as a broadly impactful, more implicit, and more universal mechanism for media effects (Scheufele and Lewenstein, 2005;Lecheler and De Vreese, 2019).",1,-1,[],[54869]],["framing should be seen as an intentional and strategic process, part of the communication by interest groups.",1,-1,[],[25061]],["framing should not be used to denigrate, attack, or alienate.",1,-1,[],[53789]],["framing specifies the image of the migrants, bringing to the fore their collective criminal activity and fatal threat to the citizens.",1,-1,[],[51469]],["framing theory explains how media frames can selectively emphasize some parts of global events while downplaying others",1,-1,[],[41111]],["framing, taking the media coverage a step further, is based on the assumption that media influence public perception through providing interpretation frames to consider the issues from a particular point of view.",1,-1,[],[35882]],["framing, while calling attention to some aspects of an issue in question obscures the others",1,-1,[],[30169]],["framing-how aspects of those topics are highlighted to promote particular interpretations",1,-1,[],[17580]],["good media frames enable the audience to comprehend issues discussed in the media, assist journalists in the packaging of discrete events into whole news reports, and guide policy makers in the definition of policy options and decisions making",1,-1,[],[50098]],["has a comparatively narrower focus that pinpoints on the presentation of the issue itself",1,-1,[],[53620]],["has a powerful effect on how reality is perceived",1,-1,[],[44107]],["has the ability to draw attention to either the negative or the positive aspects of an issue",1,-1,[],[386]],["highly effective methods that can be employed by the media or other relevant parties to influence the narratives surrounding an issue",1,-1,[],[42663]],["holds similarities to concepts of the explanatory theme and discourse analysis",1,-1,[],[17586]],["how an issue is portrayed influences public understanding and response",1,-1,[],[51741]],["how citizens make sense of politics (framing)",1,-1,[],[6207]],["how news stories selectively present particular elements of a reported event as most salient while neglecting other perspectives",1,-1,[],[31193]],["how opposite sides of the media are discussing or framing a subject",1,-1,[],[57272]],["how the media interpret and represent reality, which sociological studies can identify and contrast to empiric sources of the social sciences and history",1,-1,[],[51428]],["how the media structures the news, promoting certain interpretations about events",1,-1,[],[51428]],["how these issues are presented",1,-1,[],[30897]],["how topics are communicated",1,-1,[],[386]],["identifying and coding key themes (problem definition); 2. detect causal interpretations, specifically success or failure; 3. assess moral evaluations that could be positive, negative, or neutral; 4. analyze recommendations that could include a call for, or against certain action(s).",1,-1,[],[29995]],["identifying frames enables researchers to consider the way in which \"particular definitions and interpretations\" are promoted in discourse and their ensuing effects (Dhavan V. Shah, Mark D. Watts, David Domke and David P. Fan 2002, 343).",1,-1,[],[42274]],["impact readers' understanding of a story",1,-1,[],[51960]],["important feature of even seemingly neutral or objective language",1,-1,[],[57343]],["in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",1,-1,[],[55809]],["in the context of news media, it refers to which information is presented and how it is structured within a story",1,-1,[["in the context of news media, it refers to which information is presented and how it is structured within a story",1],["in the context of news media, it refers to which information is presented and how it is structured within a story.",1]],[61039]],["in theory framing of subjects also means creative decision of journalists and editors depending on audience, in the propaganda system as well.",1,-1,[],[59260]],["increases in the use of a certain frame in one arena leads to increases in the other arena, but almost exclusively for those frames that have already been used frequently in the latter arena.",1,-1,[],[30897]],["information, images, and headlines generated through framing, which involve the selection and omission of elements, can significantly influence our perspectives.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["interpreting framing as a presentation of reality in which the truth about an event is not completely denied, but is subtly deflected, highlighting only certain aspects, using terms with a specific connotation, using photos, caricatures, and other illustration tools.",1,-1,[],[53250]],["interpretive schema created through prior experiences.",1,-1,[],[44447]],["intersubjectivist",1,-1,[],[11118]],["involves a process of construing a particular conceptualization of a certain experience or an issue (Chong and Druckman, 2007, p.104).",1,-1,[],[53266]],["involves selecting certain aspects of perceived reality to highlight in textual communication. His approach encompasses defining the problem, identifying causes, proposing solutions, and providing a moral evaluation",1,-1,[],[37812]],["involves the foregrounding of specific problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations and treatment recommendations for an issue by selecting certain aspects while backgrounding others (Curran, 2017;Levin, Schneider, and Gaeth, 1998;Matthes and Kohring, 2008, p.258-260;Schmid-Petri and Arlt, 2016, p.265).",1,-1,[],[53266]],["is essentially based on shifting the reference point.",1,-1,[],[231]],["it means making a piece of information more noticeable, meaningful, or memorable to audience",1,-1,[],[34523]],["it seeks to shed light on a highly interactive and recursive process, involving various actors within a discursive context consisting of movement activists, actual and potential adherents, countermovement proponents, social control agents, government and social policy agents, the media, and often a watchful public.",1,-1,[],[46639]],["journalists do not simply repeat whatever information put forward by the news sources but rather select and organise this newsworthy information before getting it on print",1,-1,[],[53620]],["journalists select some aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient",1,-1,[],[56053]],["key issues and themes are often structured around specific frames",1,-1,[],[51241]],["language and framing were inseparable",1,-1,[],[46501]],["language that fits that worldview activates that worldview, strengthening it",1,-1,[],[46501]],["lies in the distillation or sorting out of frames of reference on political issues.",1,-1,[],[6317]],["link broader frames to group's existing conceptions of interest.",1,-1,[],[6021]],["local news sources, unlike national sources, carry an obligation to represent the interests of local communities",1,-1,[],[35640]],["los medios orientan las percepciones de las audiencias al destacar unos temas y soslayar otros",1,-1,[],[26247]],["lower values on the framing scores represent a tendency to portray protests as disorder, while higher values indicate a freedom to protest trend in framing",1,-1,[],[61306]],["making connections among them so as to promote a particular interpretation, evaluation, and/or solution",1,-1,[],[28723]],["mass media actively set the frames of reference that readers and viewers use to interpret and discuss public events",1,-1,[],[14670]],["media coverage can subtly shape not only how climate change is understood but also how its societal and policy implications are evaluated",1,-1,[],[54502]],["media frame too places borders around something (issues highlighted in media in our case), distinguishing it from what is around it",1,-1,[],[53620]],["media frames are conceptualized as consisting of four frame-elements: a problem definition, a causal interpretation, a moral evaluation, and/or a treatment recommendation.",1,-1,[],[8300]],["media framing of an issue not only brings information to readers but also presents interpretation of that information in a way that allows for public discussion and the formation of public opinion",1,-1,[],[39058]],["media framing often favors one side over another in political disputes, thus always resulting in some degree of bias (Entman, 2010).",1,-1,[],[54373]],["media impact comes not only from the information brought to the audience, but also from the way the media organize and package this information.",1,-1,[],[30211]],["modifying narrative angles in news coverage",1,-1,[],[59134]],["more intense framing activities",1,-1,[],[35428]],["negative news framing",1,-1,[],[35428]],["news not only conveys facts but also triggers pre-existing knowledge structures",1,-1,[],[45129]],["not in the vein of framing effects, which focuses on the influence of frames on audiences' attitudes and behavior",1,-1,[],[40164]],["often more complex than positive or negative sentiment",1,-1,[],[57343]],["or to promote a decided interpretation.",1,-1,[],[45893]],["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",1,-1,[],[56053]],["pays special attention to the organisation and presentation of news attributes as mean to impact attitudinal changes among its audience",1,-1,[],[53620]],["powerful framings can at times be resisted and even reframed by different actors",1,-1,[],[8982]],["promoting and guiding towards a particular causal interpretation or moral judgement, with a strong ideological footprint",1,-1,[],[39079]],["providing a cognitive basis for contextual understanding of meaning",1,-1,[],[41621]],["recognizing framing techniques provides insight into the construction and manipulation of narratives.",1,-1,[],[49550]],["reinforcing the centrality of framing in democratic communication processes.",1,-1,[],[808]],["reliable detection depends on nuanced linguistic cues and context such as framing, lexical choice, subjectivity markers",1,-1,[],[50184]],["reporters employ frames to draw public attention to certain aspects of a phenomenon",1,-1,[],[57871]],["research on framing is still characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness, i.e. by conceptual and operational problems, such as the lack of a commonly shared methodology for identifying frames, limiting the comparability of instruments and results",1,-1,[],[38168]],["revealing how meaning is manufactured through repetition, tone, narrative sequencing, and authority attribution within media texts",1,-1,[],[55897]],["revolves around conveying the salience of attributes of issues",1,-1,[],[54032]],["selection and highlighting of facets of events or issues to promote specific interpretations, evaluations, and solutions.",1,-1,[],[54032]],["selection and salience are two key features of framing.",1,-1,[],[2479]],["selection to prioritise some facts, images, or developments over others, thereby unconsciously promoting one particular interpretation of events",1,-1,[],[3399]],["setting the frame refers to selecting certain forms of reality and making them more apparent and effective in the media content",1,-1,[],[53903]],["social problems become more 'salient' in discourse due to framing.",1,-1,[],[51469]],["something, like a notion of a problem or solution, can be understood in different ways, according to different frames, highlighting specific aspects and leaving out others.",1,-1,[],[4933]],["state-controlled framing is responsible for underlining 'desired' aspects of those topics.",1,-1,[],[41000]],["strategic communication scholarship highlights the potential of framing, storytelling, and community -based narratives to enhance the visibility of sustainability messages",1,-1,[],[39943]],["strategies for navigating the space of sociolinguistic significance configured by webs of social relations and networks of competing indexical values and language ideologies",1,-1,[],[32806]],["study framing in order to establish whether particular \"presentation of an issue or an event\" results in a behavioral change",1,-1,[],[28279]],["the Arab and international coverage is selective in focusing on the economic diversification, technological development, and globalization, whereas the coverage of uncertainty or a structural contestation is marginalized",1,-1,[],[31227]],["the arrangement of text that both center sources of information, pose issues as problems, articulate stereotypical positions, and reinforce keywords tell us how frames are produced.",1,-1,[],[59453]],["the author clarifies that framing is selecting some aspects of an interpreted reality and highlighting them in a communicative text in order to promote (a) problem definition -determining what a causal agent is doing, with what costs and benefits; (b) causal interpretation -identifying the forces that create the problem; (c) moral evaluation -assessing causal agents and their effects; and/or (d) solution indication -presenting and justifying solutions to problems and predicting their likely effects (Entman, 1993).",1,-1,[],[31886]],["the choice of interpretation of a given fact",1,-1,[],[26949]],["the concept deals in several languages (such as catch phrases, metaphors, representations and visual images) and reasoning devices (such as causes and consequences, appeals to principles, or moral claims)",1,-1,[],[37071]],["the concept of 'frame' was coined by Gregory Bateson in 1955 to interpret why people entertain some aspects of reality and reject others.",1,-1,[],[38291]],["the concept of framing consists of two main dimensions; one that refers to the way certain aspects in a text are made more salient (media frames), and one that concerns how frames may affect how people perceive reality (individual frames).",1,-1,[],[55660]],["the content of news stories includes latent implied questions for which frames offer answers by performing four functions: (a) defining and diagnosing a problem, (b) identifying a source or cause, (c) providing a judgment, and (d) justifying a solution for the problem.",1,-1,[],[46681]],["the dynamic yet persistent nature of frames ensures that they play an important role in communication, especially when it comes to social issues that impact our daily lives.",1,-1,[],[38741]],["the effects of media framing of political and social issues, especially protests and social movements have become the considerable interest of research areas in the field.",1,-1,[],[37533]],["the essence of framing is \"selection to prioritise some facts, images, or developments over others, thereby unconsciously promoting one particular interpretation of events\"",1,-1,[],[3399]],["the frame in a news text is really the imprint of power -it registers the identity of actors or interests that competed to dominate the text",1,-1,[],[14670]],["the framing process in which particular elements of the real world engraved in words are noted and presented as important",1,-1,[],[57918]],["the framing process is an influential way through which the media may shape public opinion or alter citizens' attitudes",1,-1,[],[2479]],["the framing process is an influential way through which the media may shape public opinion or alter citizens' attitudes (Iyengar and Kinder, 1987).",1,-1,[],[2479]],["the framing technique only focus on the message construction and frame unique for certain news.",1,-1,[],[23662]],["the framing tells us that this is not just a single shooting, but also a much larger problem.",1,-1,[],[36687]],["the highlighted aspects of a news story can trigger certain feelings or thought patterns in the minds of the audience and increase their likelihood of reacting to issues discussed in the media in a somewhat predictable way",1,-1,[],[50098]],["the informative treatment or framing that media will confer to the issues of the campaign will be decisive",1,-1,[],[45873]],["the manner in which language is written and contextualized (e.g., rhetorical strategies, surreptitious wording, and withholding of details)",1,-1,[],[27115]],["the manner in which language is written and contextualized (e.g., rhetorical strategies, surreptitious wording, and withholding of details) may bias how the message is understood.",1,-1,[],[27115]],["the masses generally come to such gatherings for multiple reasons, which make such events 'thickly' polysemous and thus open to the interpretive work of framing.",1,-1,[],[46639]],["the means to construct different interpretations for the audience",1,-1,[],[26851]],["the media construct reality by selecting certain aspects of an issue/event over others and emphasizing those through a lens which is often influenced or obscured by the ideologies or cultural values of the authoring establishment",1,-1,[],[27153]],["the media contextualises news reports and events.",1,-1,[],[53863]],["the media framing define the story's meaning and thereby shape people's interpretations",1,-1,[],[27194]],["the media framing process can influence and form public opinion during times of war and international policy disputes",1,-1,[],[39058]],["the media have the ability to select some aspects from the reality and make them salient in a communication context",1,-1,[],[58776]],["the media offer, through framing an event or an issue, a certain direction of understanding",1,-1,[],[58776]],["the media provide a framework for the audience to interpret news by promoting the salience of some values and characteristics of the topics over others",1,-1,[],[28993]],["the news media's emphasis on certain elements and considerations of an issue give them the authorization to shape, interpret, and legitimize existing political dynamics and economic and power relations in the environmental discourse",1,-1,[],[61039]],["the newscast on Sunday evening was literally framed as news of terror",1,-1,[],[36687]],["the operationalization of framing is inherently vague (Scheufele, 1999;Sniderman and Theriault, 2004) and remains a challenging open question.",1,-1,[],[36162]],["the presentation of an event, or \"frame\", influences how people process information about the event and provides a lens through which the audience perceives the intended perspective of journalists or media in an event",1,-1,[],[29268]],["the public interprets this issue within the framing highlighted by those digital newspapers.",1,-1,[],[36640]],["the relation between news frames and audience frames is based on collective processes of negotiation over meaning, rather than on individual exposure to news frames",1,-1,[],[32764]],["the two essential elements of framing are selection and salience",1,-1,[],[57871]],["the way events and issues are organised and made sense of and given meaning to",1,-1,[],[14670]],["the way people interpret and experience situations are grounded in the generic or sport-specific factors",1,-1,[],[44447]],["the ways in which media define and construct political issues or public controversies",1,-1,[],[44233]],["they are the narrative elements of the topic that are highlighted and the lens through which the media and public examine the topic",1,-1,[],[35640]],["they influence how people interpret reality",1,-1,[],[30051]],["this framing angles the initial message",1,-1,[],[31676]],["those frames \"makes the world beyond direct experience look natural\"",1,-1,[],[35882]],["those who would like to introduce new ideas, strategies and so on, will have to use culturally known and acceptable ideas and develop new concepts that fi t in with existing frames.",1,-1,[],[57918]],["to analyze the framing of media content, Matthes and Kohring (2008) propose the use of Entman's (1993) definition based on clearly defined frame elements according to their functions",1,-1,[],[9783]],["to frame is to actively construct the meaning of the reality in question",1,-1,[],[53620]],["un esquema aplicable será empleado con mayor probabilidad cuanto más accesible sea.",1,-1,[],[15215]],["un proceso que comporta la creación, selección y establecimiento de ciertos encuadres noticiosos",1,-1,[],[13976]],["using framing, media influence public opinion and public agenda.",1,-1,[],[31843]],["weaving together a few fragments of perceived reality and then present a narrative that is convincing enough to persuade a particular audience.",1,-1,[],[42663]],["what key aspects are highlighted",1,-1,[],[57427]],["when editors and journalists favor, emphasize, downplay, or exclude certain aspects or issues of a story they define and shape it for their readers",1,-1,[],[28745]],["when editors and journalists synthesize information to construct a story, certain aspects or issues are emphasized or given greater salience and this is often at the expense or even exclusion of other aspects of the same story or theme.",1,-1,[],[28745]],["which comprises content bias and style bias.",1,-1,[],[33034]],["which means that the same area/concept can be perceived differently depending on how it is framed by the author(s) within its particular context.",1,-1,[],[54179]],["«La negación de un marco implica su evocación y activación en el cerebro de la audiencia expuesta a él. La repetición y circulación de un marco, ya sea para afirmarlo o para refutarlo, lo activa»",1,-1,[],[16492]]],"sy":[["encuadre",5,19710,[],[13078,13976,13988,26247,44307]],["frames",4,7860,[["frames",3],["Frames",1]],[386,2479,6207,32013]],["media framing",3,29447,[["media framing",2],["Media framing",1]],[3399,41881,60448]],["second-level agenda setting",3,1243,[],[273,6317,48175]],["Media frames",2,25284,[["Media frames",1],["media frames",1]],[41111,54869]],["encuadres noticiosos",2,34258,[],[13988,34675]],["spin",2,22992,[],[37707,50646]],["a tool for making sense of news",1,-1,[],[59800]],["analytical technique",1,-1,[],[50011]],["approach",1,-1,[],[50011]],["cues",1,21848,[],[54887]],["discourse",1,31797,[],[54394]],["enmarcados",1,1373,[],[16492]],["enquadramento",1,6729,[],[39848]],["enquadrar",1,-1,[],[39848]],["frame analysis",1,22238,[],[44986]],["framing analysis",1,5468,[],[37383]],["framing choice",1,2150,[],[28723]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[32013]],["issue-framing",1,11720,[],[34755]],["main storyline or perspective of a news story",1,-1,[],[47224]],["multi-paradigmatic research program",1,-1,[],[50011]],["narrative theme",1,-1,[],[54394]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[13988]],["packaging",1,-1,[],[54394]],["paradigm",1,22400,[],[50011]],["perspective",1,23315,[],[50011]],["predominant frame of interpretation",1,-1,[],[31227]],["psychological frames",1,23728,[],[57918]],["selection and filtering",1,-1,[],[19768]],["social frameworks",1,21489,[],[44767]],["spin, the deliberate and intentional filtering in the conveying (telling) of an event.",1,-1,[],[50646]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",21,425,[["agenda-setting",10],["agenda setting",9],["Agenda setting",1],["Agenda-setting",1]],[808,5356,6207,15215,15264,17580,23662,25167,26851,30169,30897,35882,37071,39016,39848,41000,42478,52185,53620,57918,61306]],["frame building",6,19371,[["frame building",3],["frame-building",3]],[23791,27153,27869,35640,39523,48149]],["media frames",6,25284,[["media frames",4],["Media frames",2]],[31213,34064,34083,37313,41111,57918]],["media framing",6,29447,[],[31705,34083,35640,39523,44447,50098]],["framing theory",5,32672,[["framing theory",4],["Framing Theory",1]],[808,1213,34064,37812,38200]],["news frames",5,21144,[],[13988,32764,37071,45873,54347]],["priming",5,19875,[],[808,2373,6207,15215,37071]],["problem definition",5,19716,[],[8982,9783,10850,40670,40953]],["framing effect",4,7994,[["framing effect",2],["framing effects",2]],[1329,26949,38291,40164]],["selection and salience",4,1570,[],[2479,8917,39523,53467]],["Frames",3,7860,[["Frames",2],["frames",1]],[386,27225,56226]],["Framing analysis",3,5468,[["Framing analysis",1],["framing analysis",1],["framing-analysis",1]],[3399,53250,53903]],["audience frames",3,24119,[],[32764,37071,57918]],["bias",3,30859,[],[45839,51865,56053]],["issue framing",3,11720,[["issue framing",2],["issue-framing",1]],[1329,34755,46501]],["issue-specific frames",3,19702,[],[29812,37071,60448]],["moral evaluation",3,7941,[],[9783,40670,40953]],["sentiment",3,11027,[],[17580,48308,51865]],["Reframing",2,19175,[["Reframing",1],["re-framing",1]],[45893,53668]],["causal interpretation",2,24033,[],[9783,40953]],["frame-setting",2,1915,[],[23791,48149]],["gatekeeping",2,23978,[],[39079,56053]],["interpretive frames",2,29470,[],[38456,39203]],["news framing",2,12351,[],[20236,29812]],["salience",2,31920,[],[2479,30897]],["spin",2,22992,[],[37707,51960]],["stance",2,2283,[],[17580,48308]],["story-telling",2,6370,[["story-telling",1],["storytelling",1]],[11118,26949]],["treatment recommendation",2,4269,[],[9783,40670]],["Attribute agenda setting",1,6991,[],[59029]],["Conflict framework",1,27134,[],[45873]],["Entman's four frames theory",1,30830,[],[43900]],["Event selection",1,9011,[],[57272]],["Frame semantics",1,16572,[],[26949]],["Media Framing Theory",1,927,[],[34064]],["Media framing is a process that leads news readers to accept one meaning over another, or provides a consistent, even though simplified or biased, understanding of an issue.",1,-1,[],[41881]],["Moral Foundation Theory (MFT)",1,4884,[],[11718]],["Selection and salience are key components of framing.",1,-1,[],[3399]],["Thematic framing",1,28621,[],[38017]],["agenda building",1,5358,[],[57918]],["arguments",1,2086,[],[54869]],["causal analysis",1,-1,[],[8982]],["causal attribution",1,27231,[],[40670]],["cognitive shortcut",1,25711,[],[50098]],["cognitive structure",1,3946,[],[42274]],["concept valence",1,-1,[],[28339]],["content",1,561,[],[33034]],["content bias",1,5060,[],[33034]],["counter-frames",1,23503,[],[60448]],["defining the problem",1,-1,[],[37812]],["diagnoses",1,-1,[],[26419]],["disaster frame",1,5643,[],[54502]],["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[17586]],["disinformation narratives",1,2246,[],[51642]],["economic frame",1,16655,[],[54502]],["emotional framing",1,28977,[],[1374]],["encoding-decoding processes",1,-1,[],[60329]],["entities",1,31541,[],[61039]],["episodic frames",1,15963,[],[30305]],["episodic framing",1,19540,[],[38017]],["equivalence framing",1,6088,[],[57343]],["establecimiento de la agenda (agendasetting)",1,-1,[],[40344]],["explanatory theme",1,-1,[],[17586]],["expression of moral judgement",1,-1,[],[8982]],["financial communication",1,-1,[],[45850]],["frame analysis",1,22238,[],[27869]],["frame effects",1,22120,[],[27869]],["frame in communication or media frame",1,32161,[],[56015]],["frame in thought or individual frame",1,-1,[],[56015]],["frame polarization",1,-1,[],[4933]],["frame-sending",1,18459,[],[23791]],["framing contests",1,10777,[],[55660]],["framing devices",1,3083,[],[34064]],["framing functions",1,28120,[],[39016]],["generic frames",1,19746,[],[37071]],["generic framing approach",1,11110,[],[29268]],["generic news frames",1,10074,[],[29812]],["heuristics",1,25648,[],[50098]],["identifying causes",1,-1,[],[37812]],["ideological sentiment",1,-1,[],[50184]],["individual frames",1,13515,[],[37071]],["informational bias",1,8372,[],[43431]],["interpretative frames",1,5352,[],[52256]],["interpretive framing",1,1458,[],[37071]],["intersubjectivist",1,-1,[],[11118]],["investigative, exposé-style frame",1,-1,[],[38456]],["issue frame",1,27651,[],[45873]],["issue selection",1,32652,[],[44595]],["issue-definitions",1,-1,[],[25061]],["journalistic frames",1,10890,[],[55879]],["lexical bias",1,23376,[],[43431]],["lexical choice",1,14518,[],[50184]],["local and national news framing",1,-1,[],[35640]],["marketing communication",1,-1,[],[45850]],["media agenda-setting",1,8700,[],[41000]],["media effect",1,4507,[],[16220]],["media narrative",1,19016,[],[60448]],["mental health policy framing",1,-1,[],[44447]],["metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases, depictions, and visual images",1,-1,[],[14670]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[28822]],["narrative frames",1,32804,[],[1213]],["narratives",1,10497,[],[37027]],["national branding",1,-1,[],[31227]],["negativity bias",1,17511,[],[59134]],["news angles",1,3004,[],[16220]],["news framing theory",1,-1,[],[34064]],["news media",1,13833,[],[38010]],["nudging",1,16197,[],[22443]],["organizational communication",1,14894,[],[45850]],["othering",1,13537,[],[42663]],["perspectives",1,23315,[],[54869]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[1329]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[56053]],["policy branding",1,7738,[],[53031]],["political agenda setting",1,28618,[],[57918]],["political identity",1,11773,[],[20236]],["politics of signification",1,30777,[],[20236]],["presentation of an issue or an event",1,-1,[],[28279]],["priming approach",1,-1,[],[34140]],["problem-oriented frame",1,2608,[],[54502]],["prognoses",1,-1,[],[26419]],["promoting a remedy",1,-1,[],[8982]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[28822]],["proposed solution",1,-1,[],[40953]],["proposing solutions",1,-1,[],[37812]],["providing a moral evaluation",1,-1,[],[37812]],["reframing tactics",1,-1,[],[49550]],["reframing techniques",1,-1,[],[49550]],["response scepticism",1,12361,[],[54502]],["rhetorical process",1,25052,[],[27889]],["schema theory",1,8338,[],[35072]],["second-level agenda setting",1,1243,[],[38866]],["selection bias",1,24952,[],[25167]],["semantic framing",1,31250,[],[1374]],["semantic negation",1,-1,[],[28339]],["solutions journalism",1,30518,[],[54502]],["state-controlled narratives",1,-1,[],[38456]],["stories",1,28479,[],[37027]],["strategic game frame",1,17272,[],[45873]],["strategic narrative",1,10600,[],[44107]],["style",1,5242,[],[33034]],["style bias",1,20825,[],[33034]],["sub-frames",1,6160,[],[29268]],["subjectivity",1,5279,[],[51865]],["subjectivity markers",1,-1,[],[50184]],["thematic frames",1,17606,[],[30305]],["themes",1,30079,[],[54869]],["thought frames",1,31451,[],[37071]],["tone of voice",1,3403,[],[61039]],["topics",1,24595,[],[2479]],["value framing",1,27851,[],[1374]]],"sb":[["issue-specific frames",5,19702,[["issue-specific frames",3],["Issue-specific frames",2]],[25061,28993,43024,51469,60448]],["media frames",5,25284,[["media frames",4],["media frame",1]],[39523,43914,54869,55660,60465]],["Health and safety",4,-1,[["Health and safety",3],["health and safety",1]],[29812,30169,37313,42989]],["Morality",4,10813,[],[29812,32697,37313,42989]],["Quality of life",4,-1,[["Quality of life",3],["quality of life",1]],[29812,30169,37313,42989]],["Crime and punishment",3,29410,[],[29812,37313,42989]],["Cultural identity",3,15391,[],[29812,37313,42989]],["External regulation and reputation",3,18857,[],[29812,37313,42989]],["Fairness and equality",3,31300,[],[29812,37313,42989]],["Policy prescription and evaluation",3,32594,[["Policy prescription and evaluation",2],["Policy prescription and evalua-tion",1]],[29812,37313,42989]],["Security and defense",3,33346,[],[29812,37313,42989]],["Thematic framing",3,28621,[["Thematic framing",2],["thematic framing",1]],[15442,38017,39016]],["causal interpretation",3,24033,[],[1213,36687,43900]],["emphasis framing",3,5946,[["emphasis framing",2],["Emphasis framing",1]],[25061,59279,61517]],["episodic frames",3,15963,[["episodic frames",2],["episodic frame",1]],[28993,30305,39079]],["episodic framing",3,19540,[],[15442,38017,39016]],["equivalence framing",3,6088,[],[25061,59279,61517]],["interpretive frames",3,29470,[],[37071,38456,39203]],["moral evaluation",3,7941,[],[1213,36687,43900]],["news frames",3,21144,[],[37071,59279,59800]],["problem definition",3,19716,[],[1213,36687,43900]],["prognostic framing",3,11588,[],[8614,26419,42131]],["thematic frames",3,17606,[],[30305,39079,50011]],["Attribution of responsibility",2,7919,[["Attribution of responsibility",1],["attribution of a responsibility",1]],[32697,39079]],["Capacity and resources",2,-1,[],[29812,42989]],["Conflict",2,23803,[],[32697,36640]],["Economic",2,9191,[],[29812,37313]],["Economic Consequences",2,26610,[["Economic Consequences",1],["Economic consequences",1]],[32697,36640]],["Economic frame",2,16655,[["Economic frame",1],["economic frame",1]],[49130,54502]],["Emotional framing",2,28977,[["Emotional framing",1],["emotional framing",1]],[1374,20306]],["Generic frames",2,19746,[["Generic frames",1],["generic frames",1]],[25061,43024]],["Human interest",2,3323,[["Human interest",1],["human interests",1]],[32697,36640]],["Informational bias",2,8372,[["Informational bias",1],["informational bias",1]],[11512,57703]],["Legality, constitutionality and jurisprudence",2,7895,[],[37313,42989]],["Political",2,759,[],[29812,37313]],["Public Opinion",2,31109,[["Public Opinion",1],["Public opinion",1]],[29812,42989]],["audience frame",2,24119,[["audience frame",1],["audience frames",1]],[43914,54869]],["conflict frame",2,12827,[],[45873,55879]],["content bias",2,5060,[],[9254,33034]],["diagnostic framing",2,1470,[],[26419,42131]],["economic consequence frame",2,26890,[["economic consequence frame",1],["economic consequences frame",1]],[49064,55879]],["emphasis frames",2,11834,[],[15377,48175]],["equivalence frames",2,498,[],[15377,48175]],["frame building",2,19371,[],[13976,38291]],["frame setting",2,1915,[["frame setting",1],["frame-setting",1]],[13976,23791]],["generic news frames",2,10074,[],[29812,58776]],["human interest frame",2,26607,[["human interest frame",1],["human-interest frame",1]],[39079,55879]],["individual frames",2,13515,[],[39523,55660]],["media framing",2,29447,[],[51448,56702]],["treatment recommendation",2,4269,[],[1213,43900]],["Achievement",1,-1,[],[36640]],["Among public opinion",1,-1,[],[37313]],["Attribution framing",1,16423,[],[15442]],["Celebrity frame",1,7186,[],[32013]],["Climate Frame",1,14174,[],[53031]],["Conflict framing",1,15836,[],[15442]],["Crime frame",1,30023,[],[32013]],["Diagnostic frames",1,17062,[],[51469]],["Economic Opportunity Frame",1,28898,[],[53031]],["Economy",1,19594,[],[42989]],["Emphasizing the issue which means being able to observe how media workers write facts",1,-1,[],[37383]],["Experience frame",1,10332,[],[32013]],["Generic frames (master frames, macro frames)",1,22432,[],[51469]],["Generic frames -broad interpretive structures that recur across multiple issues and contexts, such as responsibility and morality",1,-1,[],[43024]],["Humanitarian Concern Frame",1,18659,[],[53031]],["Issue-specific frames -tailored to particular topics and reflecting an issue's distinctive discursive features, such as \"scientific uncertainty\" in climate coverage",1,-1,[],[43024]],["Kedua, konsepsi sosiologis. Kalau pandangan psikologis lebih melihat pada proses internal seseorang, bagaimana individu secara kognitif menafsirkan suatu peristiwa dalam cara pandang tertentu, makan pandangan sosiologis lebih melihat pada bagaimana konstruksi sosial atas realitas. Frame disini dipahami sebagai proses bagaimana seseorang mengklasifikasikan, mengorganisasikan, dan menafsirkan pengalaman sosialnya untuk mengerti dirinya dan realitas di luar dirinya.",1,-1,[],[10556]],["Mixed",1,25060,[],[36640]],["Morality/religion frame",1,7446,[],[55879]],["Motivational frames",1,32735,[],[51469]],["National Security Frame",1,5,[],[53031]],["Other",1,28548,[],[42989]],["Patient/consumer/lifestyle frame",1,4877,[],[32013]],["Pertama, dalam konsepsi psikologi lebih menekankan pada bagaimana seseorang memproses informasi dalam dirinya. Framing berkaitan dengan struktur dan proses kognitif. Bagaimana seseorang mengolah sejumlah informasi dan ditunjukkan dalam skema tertentu.",1,-1,[],[10556]],["Politics",1,10504,[],[42989]],["Problematizing framing",1,23397,[],[51469]],["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[1012]],["Quality of Life frame",1,18605,[],[49130]],["Selection of meaningful issues in presenting an event a journalist or media crew has chosen the facts on the ground",1,-1,[],[37383]],["Social awareness frame",1,3357,[],[32013]],["action and accomplishment",1,-1,[],[36640]],["activism",1,17842,[],[2803]],["attribute",1,5975,[],[47543]],["cognitive frames",1,18475,[],[54394]],["coloniality",1,32471,[],[2803]],["communicative framing",1,6262,[],[54394]],["communicator",1,4192,[],[35640]],["confrontation",1,34289,[],[47224]],["coverage bias",1,12486,[],[9254]],["culture",1,19654,[],[35640]],["debate",1,5257,[],[47224]],["debate or political agreement",1,27794,[],[45873]],["decision making bias",1,33544,[],[9254]],["deproblematizing frames",1,4822,[],[51469]],["diagnostic (relating to problem definition and blame attribution)",1,-1,[],[46639]],["diagnostically frame",1,15844,[],[8614]],["disaster frame",1,5643,[],[54502]],["disorder frame",1,5105,[],[61306]],["economic frames (costs and benefits)",1,-1,[],[30169]],["emphasis or issue frames",1,19,[],[43273]],["encuadre de conflicto",1,18057,[],[13988]],["encuadre de debate y acuerdo político",1,3280,[],[13988]],["environmental impact frame",1,20357,[],[49064]],["episodic",1,25606,[],[50011]],["equivalency frames",1,21170,[],[43273]],["fairness and equality (equality between individuals and groups)",1,-1,[],[30169]],["frame seyng",1,1691,[],[38291]],["frame-sending",1,18459,[],[23791]],["framing bias",1,7181,[],[59639]],["framing devices that suggest how to think about the issue (a)",1,-1,[],[59260]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[13976]],["freedom to protest frame",1,23629,[],[61306]],["gatekeeper bias",1,16909,[],[9254]],["gender",1,24081,[],[2803]],["goal framing",1,30623,[],[47543]],["identification of a cause of the problem (causal interpretation)",1,-1,[],[31468]],["identification of the problem (how the event is seen, its positive or negative value)",1,-1,[],[31468]],["individual framing",1,22893,[],[56702]],["inequality/inequity",1,-1,[],[2803]],["information framing",1,8028,[],[36640]],["intergenerational justice",1,-1,[],[2803]],["interpretive framing",1,1458,[],[37071]],["intersectionality",1,15439,[],[2803]],["investigative, exposé-style frame",1,-1,[],[38456]],["issue frame",1,27651,[],[45873]],["issue framing",1,11720,[],[1329]],["issue-specific news frames",1,27908,[],[58776]],["it allows political actors to select relevant aspects of real-life cases to present them to the audience more beneficially",1,-1,[],[41621]],["journalistic news frames",1,23058,[],[15377]],["justice",1,709,[],[2803]],["la basada en las actitudes profesionales",1,-1,[],[15966]],["la constructivista",1,-1,[],[15966]],["la cultural",1,-1,[],[15966]],["la estratégica",1,-1,[],[15966]],["la metodológica",1,-1,[],[15966]],["la narrativa",1,-1,[],[15966]],["la simbólica",1,-1,[],[15966]],["losses and gains frames",1,13739,[],[53537]],["macro level",1,32111,[],[35882]],["macro-level framing",1,4841,[],[25061]],["media framing is not gender neutral",1,-1,[],[34083]],["micro level",1,2132,[],[35882]],["micro-level framing",1,32380,[],[25061]],["moral evaluation (an assessment of these causes)",1,-1,[],[31468]],["moral frames (duty, honor and anything linked to ethics)",1,-1,[],[30169]],["motivational framing",1,18209,[],[42131]],["motivational framing (providing a rationale for collective action)",1,-1,[],[46639]],["participation",1,8272,[],[2803]],["policy frames",1,12022,[],[53031]],["problem-oriented frame",1,2608,[],[54502]],["procesos a través de los cuales estos encuadres llegan a las mentes de las personas (frame-setting)",1,-1,[],[40344]],["procesos de construcción de encuadres noticiosos (frame-building)",1,-1,[],[40344]],["prognostic (focusing on potential solutions to alleviate problems and the actors that might deliver those solutions)",1,-1,[],[46639]],["prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[51469]],["protest as public disorder (the disorder frame)",1,27920,[],[61306]],["protest as representing the right of citizens to public assembly (the freedom to protest frame)",1,17494,[],[61306]],["reasoning devices (b) that justify what should be",1,-1,[],[59260]],["receiver",1,17563,[],[35640]],["recipient frames",1,18087,[],[60465]],["response scepticism",1,12361,[],[54502]],["responsibility",1,1758,[],[36640]],["responsibility frame",1,27143,[],[59044]],["rights",1,28812,[],[2803]],["riot",1,13132,[],[47224]],["risky choice",1,-1,[],[47543]],["risky choice, attribute, and goal framing",1,-1,[],[47543]],["scientific frames",1,16448,[],[42252]],["semantic frames",1,14934,[],[54394]],["semantic framing",1,31250,[],[1374]],["solution or treatment recommendation",1,-1,[],[36687]],["solutions journalism",1,30518,[],[54502]],["spectacle",1,17616,[],[47224]],["state-controlled framing is responsible for underlining 'desired' aspects of those topics.",1,-1,[],[41000]],["statement bias",1,24212,[],[9254]],["story framing",1,24020,[],[61517]],["strategic",1,16536,[],[36640]],["strategic framing",1,12399,[],[4933]],["strategic game frame",1,17272,[],[45873]],["structural framing",1,-1,[],[49090]],["style bias",1,20825,[],[33034]],["suggestions for dealing with the problems (recommendations on how to handle the problem and/or to predict its result",1,-1,[],[31468]],["text",1,7482,[],[35640]],["thematic news frame",1,18206,[],[28993]],["value framing",1,27851,[],[1374]],["voter fraud frame",1,16212,[],[27447]],["voter suppression frame",1,27817,[],[27447]],["vulnerability",1,2660,[],[2803]]],"sp":[["Framing Theory",3,32672,[["Framing Theory",1],["Framing theory",1],["framing theory",1]],[34140,47224,50098]],["agenda setting",3,425,[],[43987,52185,57918]],["Bias",1,30859,[],[29667]],["building a public problem",1,-1,[],[48159]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[5428]],["impression-management behavior",1,-1,[],[45850]],["intent-based fake news",1,23293,[],[1012]],["media framing",1,29447,[],[34597]],["narrative",1,10497,[],[34755]]],"ex":[["\"20% of German under-17-year-olds are smokers\" (negatively framed)",1,-1,[],[28339]],["\"80% of German under-17-year-olds are non-smokers\" (positively framed, emphasis added)",1,-1,[],[28339]],["\"In Africa, 40% of people make less than 1 Dollar per day\" (negatively framed)",1,-1,[],[28339]],["\"In Africa, 60% of people make more than 1 Dollar per day\"",1,-1,[],[28339]],["\"taxpayer money\" versus \"public funds\"",1,-1,[],[50184]],["'the terrorists assassinated ten innocent civilians' vs. 'ten people died in an attack'",1,-1,[],[26479]],["A notable example is the divisive partisan rhetoric used by U.S. politicians when referring to the legality of abortion. Democratic and Republican positions, framed as 'pro choice' and 'pro life', respectively, spin the abortion discourse as an issue of values of individual freedom (pro-choice) or validating the sanctity of life (pro-life).",1,-1,[],[17638]],["Conflict-Driven",1,-1,[],[51613]],["Economic Exploitation",1,-1,[],[51613]],["Female politicians are frequently subject to gender-biased coverage and stereotypical language",1,-1,[],[34083]],["Goffman gives the example of a picture frame where the frame represents the structure and the picture represents the content.",1,-1,[],[44233]],["Governance Failure",1,-1,[],[51613]],["Humanitarian Crisis",1,-1,[],[51613]],["Jiménez et al. found that depicting immigration as a FLOOD, as in «a wave of refugees», could lead to increased support for barriers on the US-Mexico border",1,-1,[],[39040]],["National news sources framed immigration as a health threat to the nation during covid-19 significantly more often than local news sources, while over half of the local news sources framed covid-19 as a health threat to immigrant communities.",1,-1,[],[35640]],["Republicans refer to the inheritance tax by the overwhelmingly negative coinage 'death tax', while Democrats use 'estate tax'",1,-1,[],[17638]],["Similarly, Republicans refer to the inheritance tax by the overwhelmingly negative coinage 'death tax', while Democrats use 'estate tax'.",1,-1,[],[17638]],["The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the debate over raising the minimum wage can be framed as an issue of social justice or in the context of the economic burden it incurs on tax payers and by potential job loss",1,-1,[["The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the debate over raising the minimum wage can be framed as an issue of social justice or in the context of the economic burden it incurs on tax payers and by potential job loss",1],["The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the debate over raising the minimum wage can be framed as an issue of social justice or in the context of the economic burden it incurs on tax payers and by potential job loss.",1]],[17638]],["The media can also influence responses and policy, such as around tobacco use-both for better and worse-depending on whether tobacco has been framed as socially acceptable or as a health hazard.",1,-1,[],[6559]],["The words and images that make up the frame can be distinguished from the rest of the news by their capacity to stimulate support of or opposition to the sides in a political conflict.",1,-1,[],[3786]],["Thibodeau showed that framing crime as a VIRUS rather than a BEAST influenced a shift to the favoring of social reforms over punitive measures",1,-1,[],[39040]],["To illustrate the concept, Goffman gives the example of a picture frame where the frame represents the structure and the picture represents the content.",1,-1,[],[44233]],["a frame of a conflict as sketched by Luhmann",1,-1,[],[33641]],["abortion can be framed in terms of the life of a child or a woman's freedom of choice",1,-1,[],[17580]],["brightness",1,-1,[],[37603]],["change, crisis, fight and ultimately declaring it as a collective responsibility",1,-1,[],[54179]],["choice of words, language and style of writing with metaphors, exemplars, descriptions, arguments and visual images",1,-1,[],[55879]],["different key frames in the framing of the pandemic by anglophone media (Chinese outbreak frame) vs. francophone media (economic crisis frame).",1,-1,[],[59453]],["discussion of COVID-19 in terms of outgroup threats [Dhanani & Franz, 2021]",1,-1,[],[53789]],["el marco de un cuadro y los diagramas de Venn utilizados en la teoría de los conjuntos matemáticos",1,-1,[],[15215]],["frame of desolates as concerned citizens",1,-1,[],[33641]],["frame of desolates as disobedient citizens",1,-1,[],[33641]],["framing done by the reporters would affect the reader's feelings, opinion or thinking.",1,-1,[],[23662]],["framing it as 'David versus Goliath'",1,-1,[],[23791]],["identifies ten issue-specific frames that problematize Kotleba in relation to either his general political actions or the regional elections",1,-1,[],[60448]],["if a politician emphasizes the economic burden a new bill would place on the public, then they are using the Economic frame",1,-1,[["if a politician emphasizes the economic burden a new bill would place on the public, then they are using the Economic frame",1],["if a politician emphasizes the economic burden a new bill would place on the public, then they are using the Economic frame.",1]],[49130]],["if they emphasize how people's lives will improve because of this bill, then they are using the Quality of Life frame",1,-1,[["if they emphasize how people's lives will improve because of this bill, then they are using the Quality of Life frame",1],["if they emphasize how people's lives will improve because of this bill, then they are using the Quality of Life frame.",1]],[49130]],["legality",1,-1,[],[57703]],["media outlets can manipulate public opinion by framing Israeli military actions as defensive while portraying Palestinian resistance as terrorism.",1,-1,[],[54168]],["migration may be framed, among others, as necessary for economic growth, emphasising the contribution of migrants to the labour market",1,-1,[],[53031]],["migration may be framed, among others, as necessary for economic growth, emphasising the contribution of migrants to the labour market (see Peri, 2012)",1,-1,[],[53031]],["news about increased oil drilling in the Arctic Sea, which can be framed as environmental problem, economic opportunity for the region or the answer to global energy demands.",1,-1,[],[4933]],["organizations may utilize framing to emphasize technological benefits if their target audience is particularly concerned with tech issues.",1,-1,[],[38532]],["presentation of climate change information in terms of scientific uncertainty [Nisbet, 2009]",1,-1,[],[53789]],["public opinion",1,-1,[],[57703]],["separations of space",1,-1,[],[37603]],["suppose a leader X says 'I will neutralize my opponent' simply meaning he will beat his opponent in each election. Such a statement will be framed such as 'leader X threatens to kill Y' such a framed statement has given a total misconception of the original meaning.",1,-1,[],[5428]],["the conservative frame for presenting single mothers",1,-1,[],[33641]],["the debate around increasing the minimum wage can be framed as a quality of life issue or as an economic issue.",1,-1,[],[48198]],["the discussion of COVID-19 in terms of outgroup threats",1,-1,[],[53789]],["the divisive partisan rhetoric used by U.S. politicians when referring to the legality of abortion. Democratic and Republican positions, framed as 'pro choice' and 'pro life', respectively, spin the abortion discourse as an issue of values of individual freedom (pro-choice) or validating the sanctity of life (pro-life)",1,-1,[],[17638]],["the presentation of climate change information in terms of scientific uncertainty",1,-1,[],[53789]],["those foregrounding economic sustainability or social inclusion",1,-1,[],[808]],["those who are exposed to the former framing of poverty were more likely to blame it on individual failings, while those exposed to the latter were more likely to blame it on the government or other forces beyond their control.",1,-1,[],[25167]],["through a security lens, highlighting measures to control borders and protect native interests",1,-1,[],[53031]],["through a security lens, highlighting measures to control borders and protect native interests (see Koser, 2005)",1,-1,[],[53031]],["through climate, recognising the role of environmental factors in driving migration patterns",1,-1,[],[53031]],["through climate, recognising the role of environmental factors in driving migration patterns (see Martin, 2010)",1,-1,[],[53031]],["through development, exploring how migration affects the development of both origin and destination countries",1,-1,[],[53031]],["through development, exploring how migration affects the development of both origin and destination countries (see de Haas, 2010)",1,-1,[],[53031]],["visual shape",1,-1,[],[37603]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["According to Stauth and Turner (1988, 47), nostalgia is yearning for 'some golden age of heroic virtue, moral coherence and ethical certainty, a period in which there was no gap between virtue and action, between words and things, or between function and being'.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["At this point, 'history is seen to be a collapse of values which had once provided the unity of social relations and personal experience'.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["First, 'there is the view of history as decline and loss, being a departure from some golden age of \"homefulness\"'.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["It promotes an 'us vs. them' dichotomy in which the 'us' aims to protect its moral coherence and ethical certainty.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["Last but not least, nostalgia is 'the sense of a loss of simplicity, spontaneity, and authenticity'",1,-1,[],[17991]],["Nostalgia is a sentiment of loss and displacement, but it is also a romance with one's own fantasy.",1,-1,[],[55457]],["Nostalgia offers a return to a lost paradise free of disruptions and corruption.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["Second is the problem that there exists 'a sense of the loss of wholeness and moral certainty'.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["Second is the problem that there exists 'a sense of the loss of wholeness and moral certainty'. At this point, 'history is seen to be a collapse of values which had once provided the unity of social relations and personal experience'.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["The contemporary view on nostalgia is, thankfully, less dramatic, virulent, and pathological.",1,-1,[],[55457]],["The third is related to 'the loss of individual autonomy and the collapse of genuine social relationships'.",1,-1,[],[17991]],["a double exposure, or a superimposition of two images-of home and abroad, past and present, dream and everyday life.",1,-1,[],[55457]],["a mode of temporal thought\" that collapses distinctions between past and present.",1,-1,[],[55457]],["a sentiment of loss and displacement, but it is also a romance with one's own fantasy.",1,-1,[],[55457]],["collective nostalgia triggers populist attitudes in terms of generating a 'pure people vs. corrupt elites' intergroup cleavage",1,-1,[],[17991]],["nostalgia for a fondly reimagined version of the past",1,-1,[],[29934]],["nostalgia generates an 'us' vs. 'them' duality in different societies in several different ways",1,-1,[],[17991]],["nostalgia has a significantly positive effect on populist attitudes",1,-1,[],[17991]]],"sy":[["the way we remember our past",1,-1,[],[17991]]],"rt":[["intergroup cleavage",1,-1,[],[17991]],["populism",1,20354,[],[17991]],["populist attitudes",1,5649,[],[17991]],["social identity",1,9282,[],[17991]]],"sb":[["collective nostalgia",2,26619,[],[17991,32727]],["national nostalgia",1,-1,[],[17991]],["personal nostalgia",1,19904,[],[32727]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["reclamation",1,5877,[],[888]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Neutral",1,31656,[],[59944]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["describe the actions of Everton player Reid, who restrained his teammates as they protested a decision made by the referee that they disagreed on.",1,-1,[],[25874]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["war metaphors",1,8251,[],[25874]]],"ex":[["Invidious to Everton, but in video veritas",1,-1,[],[25874]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Overall, these patterns suggest that journalists engaged in System 1 thinking when they navigated Twitter than when they composed texts and transcripts for traditional news media such as newspapers and informational broadcast programs.",1,-1,[],[44395]],["emotional and focused on the present",1,-1,[],[44395]],["fast and frugal",1,-1,[],[44395]],["inherently embedded in journalism practices",1,-1,[],[44395]],["more certainty but included fewer analytical words and fewer numerical terms",1,-1,[],[44395]],["self-validating and intuitive reasoning",1,-1,[],[44395]]],"sy":[["peripheral processing",1,33085,[],[46032]]],"rt":[["System 2 thinking",2,10255,[],[44395,46032]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["implicit attitude effect",1,-1,[],[17306]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["has the potential to worsen the impact of a pandemic",1,-1,[],[14411]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["coordinated inauthentic behavior",1,4632,[],[13224]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which promotes noteworthy cohort effects.",1,-1,[],[47001]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This Eurosceptic view tends to be emotive, patriotic, and sometimes xenophobic",1,-1,[],[39786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The production process here is seen as a complex mechanism involving internal and external media factors. The media basically has a mechanism to determine organizational patterns and rules, but the various patterns used to interpret the event cannot be separated from political-economic forces outside the media.",1,-1,[],[37379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["organizational approach",1,17514,[],[37379]],["political economy approach",1,-1,[],[37379]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["JUDGEMENT",1,10634,[],[50885]]],"sb":[["propriety",2,34905,[],[50885,54085]],["veracity",2,20431,[],[50885,54085]]],"sp":[["JUDGEMENT",2,10634,[["JUDGEMENT",1],["judgment",1]],[50885,54085]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["leads to biased adoption of presented words",1,-1,[],[22305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anchoring effects",1,24638,[],[32537]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["showing a picture of a cat before asking someone to name an animal primes them to respond more quickly with \"cat\" compared to an unrelated 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article's tone, and emphasis on certain facts.",1,-1,[],[401]],["In the translation of information from the journal article to the press release to the news media reporting, the use of spin, buzzwords and positive framing were introduced in the press release and were in many cases, directly translated in news media reports.",1,-1,[],[51969]],["It involves both the minimization of inconvenient facts and the exaggerating of helpful facts to make vague statements.",1,-1,[],[60268]],["Journalists create the spin of an article on all textual levels, e.g., by supporting a quote with an explanation (phrase level), highlighting certain parts of the event (paragraph level), or even by concluding the article with a statement that frames all previously presented information differently (article level).",1,-1,[],[401]],["Later newspapers spin stories consistent with his initial message.",1,-1,[],[14083]],["Note that \"gloated\" is evidence of subjective interpretation from the journalist meaning that Trump's tweet shows he is smug or taking pleasure in the layoffs.",1,-1,[],[45067]],["Spin is common in articles reporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) -clinical trials comparing health interventions, to which participants are allocated randomly to avoid biases -with nonsignificant primary outcome.",1,-1,[],[30592]],["The order in which facts are presented to the reader influences what is perceived (e.g., some readers might only read the headline and lead paragraph) and how readers rate the importance of reported information [85].",1,-1,[],[401]],["The term spin is applied so broadly that, like all generalizations, it masks diversity and presents a falsely coherent, unified view of PR that is a stereotype.",1,-1,[],[30167]],["The types of distorted presentation or ''spin'' are diverse, with, for example, a particular focus on statistically significant results (within-group comparison, subgroup analyses, and secondary outcomes) or an inadequate interpretation of nonstatistically significant differences as demonstrating equivalence in treatment effectiveness or lack of difference in adverse events.",1,-1,[],[10329]],["These spin were mainly related to misleading reporting (59%), misleading interpretation (69%) and overgeneralization/misleading extrapolation (41%) of study results.",1,-1,[],[27808]],["This eye-catching phrase shifts the focus from the initiative itself to the governance capacity of Bulgaria with the pre-set condition that BRI is beneficial and profitable.",1,-1,[],[48857]],["This sentence starts by setting us a pre-condition that China is not likely to comply with European principles, which inserts negative opinions into the frame of China's BRI.",1,-1,[],[48857]],["This spin -the need to tell the story -is also a source of reporting bias.",1,-1,[],[14083]],["We considered ''spin'' as being a focus on statistically significant results (within-group comparison, secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, modified population of analyses); an interpretation of statistically nonsignificant results for the primary outcomes as showing treatment equivalence or comparable effectiveness; or any inadequate claim of safety or emphasis of the beneficial effect of the treatment.",1,-1,[],[10329]],["We see spin, on the other hand, as coming from a newspaper's attempt to tell a simple and memorable story.",1,-1,[],[14083]],["While the term 'spin' originated in politics, it is now applied generally to PR, with its implications of twisting and fabrication derived from its original reference to yarn and fabrics",1,-1,[],[30167]],["competition only promotes the biases from spin",1,-1,[],[14083]],["found to be a frequently occurring phenomena employed to twist the facts and influence public opinion",1,-1,[],[33794]],["framing, attention shifts and agenda setting, commonly known as 'spin'",1,-1,[],[17641]],["misrepresentation of research results highlighted in the health section of Google News",1,-1,[],[27808]],["overinterpretation of research results",1,-1,[],[30592]],["reporting techniques such as spin, buzz words and positive framing",1,-1,[],[51969]],["reporting that emphasizes the beneficial effects of the experimental (new) treatment",1,-1,[],[10329]],["spin consists in exaggerating the beneficial effects of the studied intervention (Boutron et al., 2010).",1,-1,[],[30592]],["spin in research articles is linked to spin in press releases and health news (Haneef et al., 2015;Yavchitz et al., 2012), which has the negative impact of raising false expectations regarding the intervention among the public.",1,-1,[],[30592]],["spin stories to be consistent with pre-existing categories",1,-1,[],[14083]],["the bias caused by categorization",1,-1,[],[14083]],["the presence of spin in abstract conclusions could have an impact on readers' interpretation.",1,-1,[],[27808]],["the presence of spin was associated with an overestimation of the beneficial effect of the treatment from research articles to press releases and the news",1,-1,[],[27808]],["to distort the results of clinical studies",1,-1,[],[48888]],["which was found to be a frequently occurring phenomena employed to twist the facts and influence public opinion (Mullainathan and Shleifer (2002), Burke (2008))",1,-1,[],[33794]]],"sy":[["distorted presentation",2,-1,[["distorted presentation",2],["distorted presentation [5,6]",1]],[10329,27808]],["Framing",1,22777,[],[50658]],["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[49754]],["biased interpretation",1,-1,[["biased interpretation",1],["biased interpretation [14]",1]],[27808]],["boasting",1,-1,[["boasting",1],["boasting [10]",1]],[27808]],["distorted reporting",1,-1,[],[30592]],["exaggeration of research results",1,-1,[],[27808]],["exaggeration of research results [9][10][11]",1,-1,[],[27808]],["misinterpretation and inappropriate extrapolation",1,-1,[["misinterpretation and inappropriate extrapolation",1],["misinterpretation and inappropriate extrapolation 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focusing on the group results",1,-1,[],[27808]],["Interpreting non-significant outcome as a proof of equivalence of the treatments",1,-1,[],[30592]],["Outcome switching",1,-1,[],[30592]],["denigratory 'spin'",1,6078,[],[48888]],["directional 'spin'",1,-1,[],[48888]],["hyping 'spin'",1,23509,[],[48888]],["inappropriate extrapolations",1,-1,[],[27808]],["misleading interpretation",1,8890,[],[27808]],["misleading reporting",1,23817,[],[27808]],["overgeneralization/misleading extrapolation",1,5487,[],[27808]],["within-group comparisons",1,-1,[],[30592]]],"sp":[["media bias",2,3751,[],[401,45067]]],"ex":[["'natsionalna garantsiya' (national guarantee)",1,-1,[],[48857]],["'…ako Kitai ne bude nakaran da se pridurja kum evropeiskite printsipi za prozrachnost.'(if China is not made to adhere to the European principles of transparency)",1,-1,[],[48857]],["A new drug known as ALN-PCS, performed just as well, reducing cholesterol up to 57 per cent",1,-1,[],[27808]],["For example \"President Donald Trump gloated over mass layoffs at multiple news outlets on Saturday\". Note that \"gloated\" is evidence of subjective interpretation from the journalist meaning that Trump's tweet shows he is smug or taking pleasure in the layoffs.",1,-1,[],[45067]],["In the example below, the extrapolation of the research findings to reduce miscarriages and birth defects in the press release is an example of spin.",1,-1,[],[51969]],["President Donald Trump gloated over mass layoffs at multiple news outlets on Saturday",1,-1,[],[45067]],["a journal article may interpret nonstatistically significant differences as showing the equivalence of two treatments although such results actually indicate a lack of evidence for the superiority of either treatment",1,-1,[],[10329]],["concluding the article with a statement that frames all previously presented information differently (article level)",1,-1,[],[401]],["highlighting a single patient experience for the success of a new treatment instead of focusing on the group results",1,-1,[],[27808]],["highlighting certain parts of the event (paragraph level)",1,-1,[],[401]],["supporting a quote with an explanation (phrase level)",1,-1,[],[401]],["the extrapolation of the research findings to reduce miscarriages and birth defects in the press release is an example of spin.",1,-1,[],[51969]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in the land that was to become the country of the Turks.",1,-1,[],[28735]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In der Abschwungphase nimmt der Grad der Berichterstattung weiter ab, da der Ausgang des narrativ geprägten Skandalgeschehens bereits bekannt ist. 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As they disseminate information, they affect survival rates and contagion routes. They promote or mitigate the stigmatizing of individuals, groups, populations, locales (regional and global), behaviors, and lifestyles, and they change economies. They also influence how both scientists and the lay public understand the nature and consequence of infection, how they imagine the threat, and why they react so fearfully to some disease outbreaks and not others at least as dangerous and pressing.",1,-1,[],[16868]],["They also influence how both scientists and the lay public understand the nature and consequence of infection, how they imagine the threat, and why they react so fearfully to some disease outbreaks and not others at least as dangerous and pressing.",1,-1,[],[16868]],["They promote or mitigate the stigmatizing of individuals, groups, populations, locales (regional and global), behaviors, and lifestyles, and they change economies.",1,-1,[],[16868]],["a recurrent and Western centric framing of pandemic risk along the lines of an outbreak narrative, arguing that this shift produced a strong and misguided focus on obsessive fear of contagion spreading to the West (the US, Europe, and the UK) and an unhelpful focus on ineffective border control containment strategies.",1,-1,[],[8983]],["an outbreak narrative (Dry and Leach, 2010), in which certain risky individuals, including super-spreaders and socially marginalised groups, come to be stigmatised and blamed for the spread of the pandemic.",1,-1,[],[8983]],["the consequences of the outbreak narratives are productive; they reframe and reconfigure social life by creating and disseminating new models of public life, based on the principles of public health.",1,-1,[],[16868]],["the outbreak framing produces other consequences too, I argue, by focusing attention so intensely, even obsessively, on the issue of contagion. It results in privileging as the only viable and reasonable solutions those strategies that are heavily focused on geographical containment, reinforcing an unhelpful fortress mentality.",1,-1,[],[8983]],["the outbreak narrative is invariably accompanied by a construction of the disease as dynamic, fast emerging, and rapidly spreading.",1,-1,[],[8983]],["the outbreak narrative is triggered by a dominant framing of pandemic risk that identifies the system and goals to be global -that is, affecting the global population and seeking to protect/reduce its mortality.",1,-1,[],[8983]],["this construction leaves only a limited set of responses open -namely, targeting of at-source control and eradication of the disease, as opposed to envisaging it as an endemic disease likely to re-occur periodically and therefore requiring a rather different set of responses and management strategies.",1,-1,[],[8983]],["triggered by a dominant framing of pandemic risk that identifies the system and goals to be global -that is, affecting the global population and seeking to protect/reduce its mortality.",1,-1,[],[8983]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["localised African crisis",1,-1,[],[8983]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["outbreak framing",1,-1,[],[8983]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["sensory immersion",1,-1,[],[36876]],["system immersion",1,-1,[],[36876]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["enveloping image immersion",1,-1,[],[36876]],["interactive immersion",1,-1,[],[36876]],["spatial immersion",1,-1,[],[36876]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["enveloping image immersion, interactive immersion, or spatial immersion",1,-1,[],[36876]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["deceptive linguistic style in general presents negative polarity, weak employment of singular and third-person pronouns, and high employment of movement verbs.",1,-1,[],[58989]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The analysis workflows of most news aggregators find the most important news articles and summarize them for users.",1,-1,[],[57147]],["is often based on machine-based algorithms, human judgments, or a mix of both",1,-1,[],[34692]],["using news aggregation to minimize the resources required for original reporting",1,-1,[],[44793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalistic coorientation",1,9041,[],[44793]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["with a rating scale ranging from 1 (not sound) to 5 (very sound)",1,-1,[],[35287]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["brief, simple and objective declaration that summarizes the occurrence and general background of the crisis event, but does not include specific details",1,-1,[],[47830]],["it can be understood as a brief, simple and objective declaration that summarizes the occurrence and general background of the crisis event, but does not include specific details (Anthonissen 2009: 71-72).",1,-1,[],[47830]],["names the crisis spokesman as the sole representative of the organization and specifies their exact role",1,-1,[],[47830]],["not only could have prevented the dissemination of misinformation related to the crisis situation, but could also have created a public point of alignment",1,-1,[],[47830]],["presents the planned activities of the organization in the period following the crisis, and defines priority tasks",1,-1,[],[47830]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[32112]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Data augmentation",1,13460,[],[8074]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the rise of what has been called \"medical nationalism\" (Youde 2020)",1,-1,[],[2391]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the degree of balance in a news item with vox pops",1,-1,[],[4251]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In short, iconicity refers to the clarity of the intended meaning through its form.",1,-1,[],[22493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Hyper-partisan alternative media have also been associated with delegitimizing populist viewpoints that circumvent factual knowledge and expert interpretations by focusing on common sense and the experiences of ordinary people allegedly neglected in established information coverage",1,-1,[],[60005]],["the tendency to circumvent and attack conventional knowledge whilst selectively quoting sources that align with platforms' ideological perspectives makes alternative media a likely platform for the dissemination of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[60005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["alternative media",1,7423,[],[60005]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Each case is an example of a journalistic news frame offering a template to understand an issue or event. The journalistic news frame stresses some aspects of the case and pushes others to the background",1,-1,[],[15392]],["The sizeable input implies that in the framing process, journalism dominates in the highlighting of particular aspects of reality over others.",1,-1,[],[15392]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["equivalence frames",1,498,[],[15392]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Beyers et al (2008Beyers et al ( , p. 1106) ) point out that interest organizations should be interested in influencing public policies.",1,-1,[],[18873]],["Organizations may seek influence via direct interaction with officials or by other means. These other means, however, should not include directly seeking public office through elections.",1,-1,[],[18873]],["interest organizations should be interested in influencing public policies. This may entail changing existing policy, keeping the status quo policy, reducing government action or seeking government recognition of a problem.",1,-1,[],[18873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["interpretation bias",1,32289,[],[5933]],["transfer context bias",1,21416,[],[5933]]],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[5933]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["raises awareness of the experience of women of color",1,-1,[],[20493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[["the production of reasons for a claim without regard to whether the reasons given really support that claim",2,-1,[],[12816,32217]]],"de":[["A lack of concern for the supporting relation is what characterises argumentative bullshit.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["Bullshit arguments are not real arguments; they are vaguely related claims whose point is rather to make a humorous pun, to appeal to religious or political sentiments, to portray oneself in a good light, or to denigrate the interlocutor, among many other possible purposes.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["Counterexamples or, in general, evidence contrary to the supporting relation are disregarded outright by the speaker.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["The argumentative bullshitter, on the other hand, does not care about the supporting relation.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["The kind of argumentative bullshit that I find most interesting has to do with the supporting relation between a reason and a claim.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["The purported argument is manifestly incoherent with other arguments presented by the same arguer.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["The warrant that would be necessary to support the purported argument is a belief that would be very implausible to attribute to the arguer-or the arguer explicitly refuses to commit herself to it.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["When critically questioned about the supporting relation between reasons and claim, the arguer refuses to discuss it.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["argumentative bullshit could be the production of reasons for a claim without regard to whether the reasons given really support that claim.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["different from sophisms, which are argumentative tactics used to deceive an audience, from paralogisms, which are errors of reasoning (Walton 2013, p. 216), and also from simply bad arguments that are put forward sincerely.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["even though the arguer has produced something in the form of a reason, they do not seem committed to the belief that such a reason supports such a claim-either the arguer expressly refuses that commitment, or it is not plausible to attribute it to them",1,-1,[],[12816]],["some arguments are so grossly deficient precisely because the arguer does not care about the relationship between the reasons and the claim.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["the arguer has produced something in the form of a reason, they do not seem committed to the belief that such a reason supports such a claim-either the arguer expressly refuses that commitment, or it is not plausible to attribute it to them.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["therefore using the form of an argument to deceive about it being based on sound reasoning.",1,-1,[],[32217]]],"sy":[["Bullshit arguments",1,-1,[],[12816]]],"rt":[["bad arguments",1,6465,[],[12816]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[12816]],["obscurantism",1,16225,[],[32217]],["paralogisms",1,13217,[],[12816]],["sophisms",1,27222,[],[12816]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bullshit",2,29347,[],[12816,32217]]],"ex":[["Bullshit arguments are not real arguments; they are vaguely related claims whose point is rather to make a humorous pun, to appeal to religious or political sentiments, to portray oneself in a good light, or to denigrate the interlocutor, among many other possible purposes.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["I was elected to represent the citizens of Pittsburgh, not Paris.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["The fact that genitals need to breathe is a good reason not to wear underwear. The upper airways are similar to the genitals in this respect. Therefore, there is a good reason not to wear a mask.",1,-1,[],[12816]],["the anti-maskers",1,-1,[],[12816]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["passive reaction",1,5621,[],[58582]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["User-oriented headline generation",1,26506,[],[49168]],["content-based headline generation",1,16983,[],[49168]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["detection of metaphorical framing, including dehumanizing metaphors",1,-1,[],[54408]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[54408]],["media bias",1,3751,[],[27323]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Their body types, skin textures, and features closely resemble those of humans.",1,-1,[],[14174]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["virtual influencers",1,21576,[],[14174]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["categorizes contents of news articles around the main event",1,-1,[],[11433]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["genre-specific discourse structures",1,-1,[],[11433]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fact-checking",1,16098,[],[8186]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["were measured with the use of a single item. After reading the assigned article, participants were asked, \"Did the article present _________ as unethical or ethical?\"",1,-1,[],[48065]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a term that both juxtaposes and conflates an urge to idealize and desire Indians and a need to despise and dispossess them",1,-1,[],[57457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["New mechanisms for information sharing have consequences for contagion",1,-1,[],[39929]],["places the mainstream in a position of object, or even victim, rather than subject, simply being infected by and reacting to the far right",1,-1,[],[21605]]],"sy":[["diffusion",1,21763,[],[51620]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["public expressions evaluating news texts, the practices that produce them, or the conditions of their reception",2,-1,[["public expressions evaluating news texts, the practices that produce them, or the conditions of their reception",2],["public expressions evaluating news texts, the practices that produce them, or the conditions of their reception,",1]],[43158,53182]]],"de":[["evaluate fact checkers' self-reflection about the authority and legitimacy of their activity",1,-1,[],[3126]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["Sources that may be reliable but whose contents require further verification or to be read in conjunction with other sources.",2,-1,[],[22651,46610]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22651,46610]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Choice Blindness",1,21884,[],[22008]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such self-communication aligns with the populist argument that traditional media represent the corrupt elites, as demonstrated by the populist scapegoating of traditional media for disseminating fake news.",1,-1,[],[4098]],["a shift toward direct populist self-communication has become clear. Today's politicians, with an alternative discursive platform at their disposal allowing them to communicate their positions directly to the electorate, have become empowered to not only circumvent traditional media but also strengthen bonds with their followers",1,-1,[],[4098]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These neural subsystems are activated by different types of information (e.g., the \"surveillance\" system is activated through threatening treatments; the \"disposition\" system by information consistent with an individual's beliefs) and in turn generate discrete emotions (e.g., fear, fascination, or anger).",1,-1,[],[22569]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["aversion",1,-1,[],[22569]],["disposition",1,19805,[],[22569]],["surveillance",1,2504,[],[22569]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["correlation neglect",1,5660,[],[5669]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This makes offensive language the most generic form of abusive language phenomena and hate speech the most specific, with abusive language being somewhere in the middle.",1,-1,[],[11818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["abuse",1,7851,[],[11818]],["abusive language",1,25044,[],[11818]],["doxxing",1,5937,[],[11818]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[11818]],["microaggression",1,658,[],[11818]],["offense",1,11539,[],[11818]],["offensive language",1,31626,[],[11818]],["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[11818]],["threats",1,10758,[],[11818]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["abuse",1,-1,[],[11818]],["doxxing",1,-1,[],[11818]],["hate speech",1,-1,[],[11818]],["microaggression",1,-1,[],[11818]],["offense",1,-1,[],[11818]],["stereotyping",1,-1,[],[11818]],["threats",1,-1,[],[11818]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This bias exists mainly as biased word choices that change the nuance of the information that is being delivered.",1,-1,[],[34045]]],"sy":[["lexical bias",1,23376,[],[34045]]],"rt":[["Informational framing bias",1,28669,[],[34045]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media framing bias",1,105,[],[34045]],["framing bias",1,7181,[],[34045]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These expectations are rooted in one's culture -what one has learned explicitly or picked up implicitly through observation and socialization practices.",1,-1,[],[20252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In situations involving close contact with people experiencing war, violent death, fear, suffering, grief, and potential trauma, the photographers were more likely to ask for permission to photograph, avoid capturing sensitive and graphic material, and highlight the subject's privacy.",1,-1,[],[39801]],["It emphasizes ethics as a process of making judgements based in real, lived experiences and in the constellation of relationships and institutions in which caring is positioned.",1,-1,[],[463]],["It is an ethics that values interdependencies and caring relations that connect persons to one another, rather than privilege independence and individualization.",1,-1,[],[463]],["It is an ethics that values interdependencies and caring relations that connect persons to one another, rather than privilege independence and individualization. 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realm.",1,-1,[],[55109]],["it does not lead to much more than feel-good participation (i.e., \"slacktivism\") without much impact",1,-1,[],[4897]]],"sy":[["'loweffort' or 'thin' form of participation",1,14526,[],[24247]],["Online citizen participation",1,-1,[],[55109]],["Twitter Revolution",1,-1,[],[55109]],["online activism",1,718,[],[45531]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["simulated participation",1,-1,[],[39163]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["A package has an internal structure. At its core is a central organizing idea, or frame, for making sense of relevant events, suggesting what is at issue",1,-1,[],[31678]],["It encompasses the language, images, and other forms of representation used in these media, as well as the ways in which these representations are organized and presented",1,-1,[],[56282]],["It is intentionally produced by controlling the means of mass communication. Its power can be realized through strategies used in producing the media content",1,-1,[],[16226]],["Its power can be realized through strategies used in producing the media content",1,-1,[],[16226]],["We understand media discourses thus in a Foucauldian manner",1,-1,[],[35195]],["While the former concerns the ethical commitment to report accurately and objectively, the latter refers to the need to reach the widest possible audience.",1,-1,[],[41427]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news",1,8218,[],[40746]],["nuclear discourse",1,26950,[],[55742]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["news articles, television news broadcasts, talk shows, documentaries, and other forms of mediated communication",1,-1,[],[56282]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["explicit hate speech",1,6669,[],[54191]],["overt abuse",1,-1,[],[54191]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["de ellas no se espera exactitud, veracidad u honestidad.",1,-1,[],[18758]],["las ficciones basadas en hechos reales pueden ser artificiales o construídas",1,-1,[],[18758]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["documental",1,23300,[],[18758]]],"sb":[["ficciones basadas en hechos reales",1,-1,[],[18758]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["threshold model",1,29354,[],[422]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["technological interventions can lead to intervention-generated inequalities (IGIs). IGIs arise when the benefits of an intervention disproportionately accrue to a group that is already privileged in a particular context",1,-1,[],[7301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Highly controversial",1,-1,[],[22088]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Targeting offers different ways to reduce the target audience of job advertisements: first, via deliberate inclusion or exclusion of a person or group (audience selection)",1,-1,[],[32206]],["deliberate inclusion or exclusion of a person or group",1,-1,[],[32206]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["user-ad-matching",1,17093,[],[32206]]],"sb":[["Attribute-based targeting",1,25485,[],[32206]],["Look-alike 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11",1,-1,[],[48332]],["One way to attain this inducement is by portraying issues and considerations in a way that makes them more salient to audiences, thus framing.",1,-1,[],[1332]],["Persuasion is an indispensable part of the interaction between members of a society and it has been conventionally regarded as linguistic behavior and strategy used either to change the attitude and reaction of interlocutors or to affect their belief and degree of agreement.",1,-1,[],[16391]],["Persuasion normally takes the form of campaigns that \"are systematic, organized efforts to mold health or social attitudes through the use of communication\" (Perloff, 2003, p. 304).",1,-1,[],[1332]],["Persuasion predicts that Fox News permanently altered voting patterns in the United States.",1,-1,[],[14061]],["Persuasion, as a communicative process, seeks to influence others' views, behaviors, and emotions.",1,-1,[],[27105]],["Viewers do not fully take into account the bias of the media source and therefore are subject to persuasion upon exposure.",1,-1,[],[14061]],["We operationalize persuasion as its measurable effect on recipient's beliefs: given a claim x i and accompanying persuasive stances, we treat each response as a binary belief label (believe/disbelieve x i ) and compute a correctness/accuracy rate against the groundtruth veracity y i",1,-1,[],[28680]],["When reading text online, we encounter persuasion in news with political framing, advertisements for sales, teaser messages and headlines for getting clicks, chat forums discussing views, political messages for votes, etc.",1,-1,[],[36537]],["persuasion can help build the context in various ways.",1,-1,[],[16391]],["refers to the active attempt by an individual, group, or social entity (e.g., government, political party, business) to change a person's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors by conveying information, feelings, or reasoning.",1,-1,[],[4698]]],"sy":[["advising",1,-1,[],[36537]],["convincing",1,33702,[],[36537]],["educating",1,-1,[],[36537]],["manipulating",1,-1,[],[36537]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[36537]],["using rhetoric",1,-1,[],[36537]]],"rt":[["Manipulation",1,148,[],[43758]],["agenda setting",1,425,[],[33890]],["ethos",1,3975,[],[16391]],["framing",1,22777,[],[1332]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[54563]],["logos",1,29668,[],[16391]],["pathos",1,34540,[],[16391]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[43758]]],"sb":[["Attitude Change",1,18252,[],[8018]],["Belief Revision",1,-1,[],[8018]],["Compliance Gaining",1,-1,[],[8018]],["persuasion as a cognitive phenomenon",1,14105,[],[16391]],["persuasion as a social phenomenon",1,1744,[],[16391]]],"sp":[["agenda setting",1,425,[],[33890]],["social influence",1,8485,[],[4698]]],"ex":[["CR human for humans and CR LLM for LLM personas",1,-1,[],[28680]],["YouTube anti-smoking PSAs have been shown to positively influence viewers",1,-1,[],[1332]],["a simple Twitter handle in changing dietary habits",1,-1,[],[1332]],["firm-generated social media content uniquely influences consumer buying and spending decisions",1,-1,[],[1332]],["persuading individuals to stop smoking or make other better health choices",1,-1,[],[43758]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is a process of voicing, albeit not only physically but also psychologically. (Hydén, 2008, p. 40)",1,-1,[],[42995]],["Narratives become broken because tellers' bodies are somehow broken, lacking capacities essential for storytelling, such as speech or memory. (Frank, 2013, p. 201)",1,-1,[],[42995]],["Telling broken narratives \"requires someone else's collaboration\" (Frank, 2013, p. 201), i.e. a vicarious voice (Hydén, 2008)",1,-1,[],[42995]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["vicarious voice",1,920,[],[42995]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrative types",1,-1,[],[42995]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In a context where the illiberal public sphere is at the incipient stage, digital media are more likely to support the proliferation of illiberal attitudes",1,-1,[],[24221]],["PSM maintaining independence",1,-1,[],[24221]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["illiberal public sphere",1,16367,[],[24221]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Zero-sum thinking means that while it might be psychologically compelling to hoard protective materials (sanitizer, masks, even vaccines) beyond what is necessary, doing so could be self-defeating.",1,-1,[],[2837]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-zero-sum nature of pandemic infection",1,-1,[],[2837]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a larger (less negative) score signals more confident, less hedged language.",1,-1,[],[28664]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Social communication is also virtualized, and communication in social networks replaces real, live communication.",1,-1,[],[48602]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cyber disease",1,28192,[],[48602]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As the communication should not be unidirectional but the more reciprocal, journalists should focus on di alog and interactivity",1,-1,[],[32201]],["Journalists working for free print media are more inclined to advocate for social change, motivate people to participate in political activity, let people express their views and promote tolerance and cultural diversity.",1,-1,[],[32201]]],"sy":[["communication role",1,-1,[],[32201]],["mouthpiece",1,34,[],[32201]]],"rt":[["Democratic functions",1,-1,[],[32201]],["public service functions",1,-1,[],[32201]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["promote societal diversity and invite both politi cal and civil society actors to tolerate and accept diverging views of life.",1,-1,[],[32201]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This phenomenon, also called 'paranoia propaganda' , consists of fostering delusions of danger from external enemies and traitors at home and of complete dependency upon leadership, party and ideology.",1,-1,[],[61678]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Bayesian approaches to belief revision",1,-1,[],[1418]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mindful journalism",1,8159,[],[45721]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["BotPercent may introduce bias in the cold start circumstance",1,-1,[],[61913]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative other-presentation",1,33778,[],[36702]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Holding your breath can let you test whether you may have COVID-19.",1,-1,[],[52826]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["one can still consider process transparency to be a subcategory of information transparency.",1,-1,[],[30234]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["information transparency",1,31607,[],[30234]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["predominante en las plataformas VOD",1,-1,[],[51352]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["hybrid warfare implies that Russia is fomenting this tension between Belarus and Poland; in other words, Lukashenka and his team are attacking the EU on behalf of Russia.",1,-1,[],[39975]],["the era of hybrid warfare was introduced by the few to ensure that the existing imbalance would not only develop but become almost irreversible -an irreversible process -in the interests and favor of the minority.",1,-1,[],[39975]]],"sy":[["hybrid warfare",1,29255,[],[39975]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[57979]]],"rt":[["Fifth-generation war",1,-1,[],[50968]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[39975]],["disinformation campaigns",1,8138,[],[39975]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[39975]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["constitute the majority of audiences' productivity and form a central component of people's routes to content.",1,-1,[],[20835]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["routes to content",1,11635,[],[20835]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["examples from the validation set, which contain both, supporting and refuting evidence (which we refer to as bipolar evidence)",1,-1,[],[12026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["astroturf",1,5584,[],[1486]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["the perception of being somewhat immune to the threat of disinformation",1,31644,[],[13912]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[["Stating that a claim is true simply because a valid authority/expert on the issue supports it, without any other supporting evidence.",3,-1,[["Stating that a claim is true simply because a valid authority/expert on the issue supports it, without any other supporting evidence.",2],["Stating that a claim is true simply because a valid authority/expert on the issue supports it, without any other supporting evidence",1]],[51683,52040,59160]],["Stating that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true, without any other supporting evidence offered.",2,-1,[],[11791,56104]],["a weight is given to an argument, an idea or information by simply stating that a particular entity considered as an authority is the source of the information.",2,-1,[],[37210,57401]],["use authority's support as evidence",2,-1,[],[13210,38678]]],"de":[["Include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert,although it is referred to as testimonial in the literature.",2,-1,[],[51683,52040]],["We consider the special case in which the reference is not an authority or an expert in this technique, although it is referred to as Testimonial in literature.",2,-1,[],[11791,56104]],["Although some individuals or organizations referenced may not be universally considered an authority on a viral outbreak (e.g., political leaders), we decided to code such references as an authority appeal because the authority referenced may have influence on their supporters.",1,-1,[],[56995]],["Authority acts as an ally of the addresser (a third party), he (she, they) can be specified (e.g., a well-known person's opinion) or not (anyone/many/everyone meeting the criteria).",1,-1,[],[47780]],["If the tweet included an image of a medical professional or the logo of an organization, we coded the tweet as including an authority appeal.",1,-1,[],[56995]],["In particular, a self-reference as an authority falls under this technique as well.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["Include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert",1,-1,[],[52040]],["Referencing a valid authority is not a logical fallacy, while referencing an invalid authority is a logical fallacy, and both are captured within this label.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["The entity mentioned as an authority may, but does not need to be, an actual valid authority in the domain-specific field to discuss a particular topic or to be considered and serve as an expert.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["The entity mentioned as an authority may, but does not need to be, an actual valid authority in the domain-specific field to discuss a particular topic or to be considered and serve as an expert. What is important, and makes it different from simply sourcing information, is that the tone of the text indicates that it capitalizes on the weight of an alleged authority in order to justify some information, claim, or conclusion. Referencing a valid authority is not a logical fallacy, while referencing an invalid authority is a logical fallacy, and both are captured within this label. In particular, a self-reference as an authority falls under this technique as well.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["We also include here the special case where the reference is not an authority or an expert, which is referred to as Testimonial in the literature.",1,-1,[],[56104]],["We consider the special case in which the reference is not an authority or an expert as part of this technique, although it is referred to as Testimonial in the literature.",1,-1,[],[11791]],["We include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert, although it is referred to as testimonial in the literature",1,-1,[],[59160]],["We include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert, although it is referred to as testimonial in the literature (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012, p. 237).",1,-1,[],[59160]],["What is important, and makes it different from simply sourcing information, is that the tone of the text indicates that it capitalizes on the weight of an alleged authority in order to justify some information, claim, or conclusion.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["exploits trust in credible entities like the IPCC",1,-1,[],[7584]],["give credibility to a statement that rich politicians are crooks",1,-1,[],[56104]]],"sy":[["Testimonial",2,24660,[["Testimonial",1],["testimonial",1]],[11791,52040]],["AA",1,30697,[],[38678]],["authority reference",1,-1,[],[56995]]],"rt":[["Testimonial",2,24660,[],[11791,56104]],["authority reference",1,-1,[],[56995]],["nonemotional techniques",1,-1,[],[52453]]],"sb":[["Testimonial",1,24660,[],[56104]],["non-specific authority appeal",1,1831,[],[56995]],["specific authority appeal",1,3531,[],[56995]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",4,28434,[["propaganda techniques",4],["propaganda technique",1]],[11791,52453,55977,56104]],["Justification",2,7321,[],[37210,57401]],["Fallacies of Credibility",1,-1,[],[23604]],["nonemotional techniques",1,-1,[],[52453]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11791]]],"ex":[["\"According to Serena Williams, our foreign policy is the best on Earth. So we are in the right direction.\"",1,-1,[["\"According to Serena Williams, our foreign policy is the best on Earth. So we are in the right direction.\"",1],["According to Serena Williams, our foreign policy is the best on Earth. So we are in the right direction.",1]],[56104]],["... information released by investigative reporter Laura Loomer proves that authorities have directly lied to the American people about the case at least once ...",1,-1,[],[55977]],["A famous actor says this health supplement works, so it must be effective.",1,-1,[],[23604]],["BBC",1,-1,[],[56995]],["Code-switched example: \"Imran Khan keh raha hai isko follow nai karna chahye tou isko unfollow karna is the best option\"",1,-1,[],[29160]],["English example: \"Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and perhaps the foremost expert in the field says evolution is true, therefore it must be true.\"",1,-1,[],[29160]],["English translation: \"Imran Khan is saying that we shouldn't follow him so unfollowing him is the best option\"",1,-1,[],[29160]],["Example: Since the Pope said that this aspect of the doctrine is true we should add it to the creed.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["Latest IPCC Reports show global temperature forecasts exceeded actual readings.",1,-1,[],[7584]],["Monsignor Jean-Franc ¸ois Lantheaume, who served as first Counsellor of the Nunciature in Washington, confirmed that \"Viganò said the truth. That's all\"",1,-1,[],[59160]],["References to NASA and the UN are also common.",1,-1,[],[7584]],["Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and perhaps the foremost expert in the field, says that evolution is true. Therefore, it's true.",1,-1,[],[56104]],["Since the Pope said that this aspect of the doctrine is true we should add it to the creed.",1,-1,[],[57401]],["Snopes",1,-1,[],[56995]],["The World Health Organization stated the new medicine is the most effective treatment for the disease.",1,-1,[],[52512]],["World Health Organization",1,-1,[],[56995]],["emergency room doctors, nurses, research centers, empirical studies, news outlets, political leaders, and universities",1,-1,[],[56995]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["antithesis",1,5452,[],[10220]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The camera is placed at an appropriate height for the role (typically adult human, but occasionally child height or animal). Narration in a first person piece is typically diegetic -i.e. provided by another actor in the piece, or via the representation of an 'inner voice'.",1,-1,[],[6893]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["perspective",1,23315,[],[6893]]],"ex":[["e.g., people with disability",1,-1,[],[36268]],["people with disability",1,-1,[],[36268]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["desinformação",1,23575,[],[34197]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["appreciation",1,28137,[],[22938]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Weibo commentaries are expressed in a very approachable way; some have even begun to use internet buzzwords in recent years.",1,-1,[],[56437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["what does it say about six academicians teaching one course?",1,-1,[],[56437]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the most used appraisal resources in court discourses",1,-1,[],[43313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a critical perspective seeks to interrogate patterns and themes of meaning with a theoretical understanding that language can create, rather than merely reflect, a given social reality",1,-1,[],[793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["rashism",1,-1,[],[27824]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["According to Forni (2023), a typical feature of propaganda language is that it seems reasonable and commonly accepted by most of the people to whom it is addressed.",1,-1,[],[39464]],["As a result of this specialized communication process, the language of propaganda is function-oriented and its focus is always put on the objectives that are to be achieved.",1,-1,[],[39464]],["Defined as such, the language of propaganda is not a purely linguistic construct, but a multimodal tool able to make use of the visual and audiovisual output as well.",1,-1,[],[39464]],["Finally, the language of propaganda leads us to believe that culture and critical thinking dissenting from that expressed by those in power is the social problem to be remedied questions on different subjects.",1,-1,[],[1230]],["Its aim is to deliberately and systematically shape perceptions, (dis)inform, create knowledge and direct behavior in order to elicit a response that favors the intentions of those who implement it (Stanley 2015, Cole 2022, Diesen 2022)",1,-1,[],[39464]],["the language of propaganda is function-oriented and its focus is always put on the objectives that are to be achieved. These include shaping and manipulating public opinions.",1,-1,[],[39464]],["the language of propaganda is not a purely linguistic construct, but a multimodal tool able to make use of the visual and audiovisual output as well.",1,-1,[],[39464]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Realism Heuristic",1,8275,[],[935]],["Truthiness Effect",1,23382,[],[935]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They also reflect on \"sharing\" as a polysemic and complex activity, which includes not only endorsing, republishing, or quoting, but also questioning the news or denouncing fake news taking stances in a battle of narratives (Arielli, 2018;Metzger et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[11262]],["those who reflect on fake news' shareworthiness focus on the influence of motivated reasoning, partisanship, populism, and emotiveness on the willingness to share",1,-1,[],[11262]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[11262]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Content Equivalence",1,-1,[],[6628]]],"rt":[["Content Equivalence",1,-1,[],[6628]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["extração de características",1,-1,[],[25079]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic injustice",1,20171,[],[42863]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the tendency of the three analysed Kosovar media to reproduce Russian sources without any interpretation to the information taken by Russian and Serbian sources fall into the trap of what scholars refer to as a \"strategic ritual\" in reporting",1,-1,[],[26860]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reporting",1,21886,[],[26860]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["assumptions made by different repertoires can overlap (e.g. sharing moral evaluation standards); they may be mutually compatible -either as elaborations upon one another (e.g. one repertoire assumes that individual action matters, another one assumes that ideas shape individual action), or as assumptions that are indifferent toward each other (e.g. one repertoire's assumption that economic desires are causes and another's assumption that a legal evaluation is appropriate); then, there are assumptions that collide, but are not strictly incompatible: repertoires may emphasize different logics or aspects without necessarily excluding others (e.g. political subsidies as solution do not exclude that financial market recovery might also be helpful); finally, we should not normally find contradictory or competing assumptions within one repertoire, which would by implication become incoherent. However, across different repertoires, we can investigate whether their assumptions are mutually supportive, passively compatible, competing, or contradictory.",1,-1,[],[9284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["viewpoint diversity",1,13075,[],[9284]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Interactive two-way media",1,-1,[],[13406]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Esta modalidad discursiva, conocida como periodismo de declaraciones, no demanda reportería en profundidad y tampoco exige mayores recursos dado que se nutre de los dichos de figuras dotadas de notoriedad e influencia.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["Su finalidad consiste en trasladar al público comentarios que pueden ser reacciones frente a un hecho de actualidad o ante una declaración controversial.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["el discurso de los actores políticos difundido sin la interpretación ni la comprobación necesaria abunda en la oferta editorial de los medios.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["la confusión más peligrosa que provoca el periodismo de declaraciones se da \"cuando la opinión de alguien adquiere el tratamiento convencional de un hecho debido a que se olvida una diferencia básica: hablar no es lo mismo que hacer\"",1,-1,[],[26253]],["no demanda reportería en profundidad y tampoco exige mayores recursos dado que se nutre de los dichos de figuras dotadas de notoriedad e influencia.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["resulta particularmente útil para la aplicación de esta técnica de propaganda.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["se basa más en declaraciones que en acciones, más de dichos que de hechos",1,-1,[],[26253]],["soporte para trasmitir mensajes propagandísticos dentro de una envoltura en apariencia informativa.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["subgénero del periodismo que sitúa las opiniones en el foco de la producción noticiosa y soslaya la indagación y el relato de los acontecimientos.",1,-1,[],[26253]],["superficie pagada por donde los mensajes desfilan sin mediación. O sea propaganda.",1,-1,[],[26253]]],"sy":[["\"He said, she said\" journalism",1,29418,[],[26253]],["declaracionitis",1,26119,[],[26253]]],"rt":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[26253]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["el periodismo de declaraciones puede llegar a ser propaganda política.",1,-1,[],[26253]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["violence-inducing conspiracy networks",1,-1,[],[4130]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["opportunity frames that emphasize innovation and economic growth can inspire support from realistic audiences like company executives and legislators.",1,-1,[],[31838]]],"sy":[["economic opportunity",1,-1,[],[31838]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[31838]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["news media can act as so-called amplification stations by focusing on potential risks. In turn, the amplified risk can lead to behavioral responses that cause secondary impacts and ripple effects.",1,-1,[],[35962]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such bias can also induce the false perception that supernatural forces can be understood and even controlled, such as believing in the superstition that knocking on wood can make it impossible for bad events to happen.",1,-1,[],[34374]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["belief in the paranormal",1,13025,[],[34374]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sympathizers",1,30540,[],[13103]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["produce a disproportionate volume of social media content that can distort online discussions",1,-1,[],[55345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["measures of influence of a Twitter user",1,-1,[],[10014]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Hate speech regulation, he says, can be understood as the protection of a certain sort of precious public good: a visible assurance offered by society to all of its members that they will not be subject to abuse, defamation, humiliation, discrimination, and violence on grounds of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and in some cases sexual orientation.",1,-1,[],[643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Although the impact is sometimes closely related to superlativeness, impact focuses more on the consequences of an event.",1,-1,[],[58842]],["The news value of impact is present as the newsbite speaks of consequences of an event, i.e. evacuations suspended, preses US to secure Gaza ceasefire, calls for ceasefire.",1,-1,[],[61800]],["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",1,-1,[],[49018]],["This implication is very closely related to the received meaning from the listener's or targeted group's perspective and may differ from the speaker's intended meaning",1,-1,[],[58635]],["This implication is very closely related to the received meaning from the listener's or targeted group's perspective and may differ from the speaker's intended meaning (e.g., for microaggressions; Sue, 2010).",1,-1,[],[58635]],["impact focuses more on the consequences of an event.",1,-1,[],[58842]],["similar to Sap et al. 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Desde el inicio se cuantifica el patrimonio de Juan Antonio Roca (principal imputado) en unos 2.400 millones de euros (06/04/2006, página 21). Se añade que \"tendrá que justificar\" la posesión de la elevada cantidad de dinero o los objetos suntuosos, subrayando el perjuicio ocasionado a las arcas de Marbella.",1,-1,[],[15970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["In legal terms \"authentic\" means credible, competent, and reliable with all necessary formalities required.",1,-1,[],[11078]]],"sy":[["genuine",1,15269,[],[44360]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this definition, the opinions and experiences of ordinary citizens are the focal point of media coverage.",1,-1,[],[4473]],["the opinions and experiences of ordinary citizens are the focal point of media coverage.",1,-1,[],[4473]]],"sy":[["empty media populism",1,1554,[],[4473]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["SMPs have added various features like followers, reactions, comments, replies, streaming services, advertisements, feeds, and political and social influencers, to mention the least.",1,-1,[],[29156]],["Social media platforms are characterized by the combination of their infrastructural model as programmable and extendable infrastructures, and their economic model of connecting end-users to advertisers",1,-1,[],[23286]],["Social media platforms are designed for people to come together and share identity-relevant content.",1,-1,[],[28423]],["The primary source of revenue for SMPs is user engagement, i.e., how long users are glued to it.",1,-1,[],[29156]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Facebook",2,-1,[],[12624,24611]],["Instagram",1,-1,[],[12624]],["Twitter",1,-1,[],[12624]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["To protect existing beliefs, individuals tend to seek out reasons to dismiss or avoid engagement with information that is disconfirming of prior beliefs, while seeking out emotionally soothing truths that confirm convictions.",1,-1,[],[2213]],["individuals dismiss ideas that contradict their beliefs",1,-1,[],[8745]]],"sy":[["motivated skepticism",1,10087,[],[2213]]],"rt":[["Motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[17098]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[2213]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[2213]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["directional biases",1,-1,[],[8745]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Formally, PERSP i t = p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p k with p j ∈ POSTS ≤t for j = 1 . . . k.",1,-1,[],[17320]],["In our work, it involves different types of assembly of different modalities, following a popular classification method of existing misinformation detection approaches",1,-1,[],[52001]],["In our work, it involves different types of assembly of different modalities, following a popular classification method of existing misinformation detection approaches(Alam et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[52001]],["Investigating perspectives can provide useful insights into the reliability of information, changes in viewpoints over time, shared beliefs among social or political groups and contrasts with other groups, etc.",1,-1,[],[28854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content",1,561,[],[28854]],["stance",1,2283,[],[28854]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["we can conceptualize this kind of system of reciprocal relations between discourse and discursive materiality in terms of a \"discursive regime\" (cf. GLYNOS & HOWARTH, 2007, pp.104ff.)",1,-1,[],[22026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["claim credibility",1,15989,[],[12216]],["veracity",1,20431,[],[12216]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["assigning value to the personal, remarkable and rebellious, emphasis on a democratic sense of justice and its themes, including people in their existential border situations, family topics, etc.",1,-1,[],[46291]],["merges prose, poetry and often also music",1,-1,[],[46291]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Old French danced songs (chanson balladée)",1,-1,[],[46291]],["distributed commonplace books",1,-1,[],[46291]],["dramatic or lyrical romantic ballads",1,-1,[],[46291]],["literary narrative",1,-1,[],[46291]],["lyro-epic ballads or legends",1,-1,[],[46291]],["news ballads spread at market fairs",1,-1,[],[46291]],["sentimental newly composed ballads",1,-1,[],[46291]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Osobine koje se pripisuju ženama jesu emotivnost, empatičnost, marljivost i praktičnost, a muškarci su opisani kao usmjereni na cilj, agresivni, odlučni te racionalni",1,-1,[],[46249]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agresivni",1,-1,[],[46249]],["emotivnost",1,-1,[],[46249]],["empatičnost",1,-1,[],[46249]],["marljivost",1,-1,[],[46249]],["odlučni",1,-1,[],[46249]],["praktičnost",1,-1,[],[46249]],["racionalni",1,-1,[],[46249]],["usmjereni na cilj",1,-1,[],[46249]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Medijski su naslovi za vrijeme izvještavanja o smrti pisali i o \"Bandićevoj nasljednici u suzama\"",1,-1,[],[46249]],["političarke se diskursno konstruira kao povrijeđene, nemoćne i slabe",1,-1,[],[46249]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The beliefs and attitudes about the Soviet Union held by most Americans were not based on direct experience, but on information and images emanating from other people and media.",1,-1,[],[4556]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rhetoric of insecurity",1,30785,[],[57927]],["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[57927]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["We acknowledge that our framework produces partisan viewpoints through a language model, which can occasionally generate inaccurate or misleading representations, often referred to as LLM-hallucinations.",1,-1,[],[43437]],["partisan viewpoints through a language model, which can occasionally generate inaccurate or misleading representations, often referred to as LLM-hallucinations.",1,-1,[],[43437]]],"sy":[["hallucination",1,4995,[],[22627]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Context-conflicting hallucination",1,8575,[],[22627]],["Fact-conflicting hallucination",1,28103,[],[22627]],["Input-conflicting hallucination",1,945,[],[22627]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The distribution of words used in each domain is different, which prevents generalization to unknown domains.",1,-1,[],[50762]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["defined with respect to the core theme or idea of the article",1,-1,[],[58865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Persuasive articles",1,14304,[],[58865]],["persuasive",1,2405,[],[58865]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["more concrete, familiar frames act as source frames providing input structure to more abstract areas of experience",1,-1,[],[41038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Messages that constitute threats to freedom compel individuals to contest its source, and hence elicit source derogation (Smith 1977).",1,-1,[],[26290]],["This behavior has been referred to as source derogation",1,-1,[],[16953]],["This can be reflected as, for example, source derogation",1,-1,[],[41944]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["defensive stereotyping",1,28327,[],[16953]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["contesting strategies",1,2403,[],[16953]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["overgenaralization in terms of prejudice.",1,-1,[],[25664]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["favoritism",1,23477,[],[25664]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[25664]]],"sb":[["intra-target overgeneralization",1,9614,[],[25664]]],"sp":[["intra-target overgeneralization",1,9614,[],[25664]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["guidance journalism",1,18253,[],[50588]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Specific algorithms determine how content is shared, recommended, or displayed to users. The algorithms consider factors such as content popularity (likes, comments, shares), user interaction history with content, and the sharing behavior of users' friends or followers",1,-1,[],[40318]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the receipt of information via TV led to cynicism about the polity and a subsequent malaise eff ect",1,-1,[],[59872]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["overt coercion",1,893,[],[6495]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["channeling",1,17230,[],[6495]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Discourse can depict ecological harm as nobody's fault (\"emissions increased\"), as an inevitable side effect of progress, or as the outcome of identifiable decisions by states, corporations, and consumers.",1,-1,[],[55561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["combinan diferentes dispositivos, lenguajes y funciones",1,-1,[],[46543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["led to a greater lack of interest in AI, which also resulted in a partial drying up of funding for research into the technology",1,-1,[],[38739]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["AI hype",1,2141,[],[1251]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["(such as in the 1970s)",1,-1,[],[1251]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Big Five personality",1,-1,[],[55543]],["stylometric features",1,-1,[],[55543]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["During perspective-taking, the self is applied to the other and this self-other overlap mediates decreased stereotyping [19] and increased helping [39].",1,-1,[],[10350]],["Perspective-taking has shown positive influence in improving intergroup relationships (Todd and Galinsky, 2014), decreasing sterotype expressing (Galinsky and Moskowitz, 2000), reducing prejudge (Vescio et al., 2003), and combating racial bias (Todd et al., 2011).",1,-1,[],[35587]],["Research has documented perspective-taking's numerous social benefits, including reducing stereotyping, prejudice, and intergroup bias towards the target and the target's group",1,-1,[],[10350]],["Taking another's perspective",1,-1,[],[14389]],["This conceptualization corresponds to psychological and neuroscience research on perspective-taking or Theory of Mind (ToM)",1,-1,[],[14389]],["cognitive representations of the self and other merge during perspective-taking, whereby individuals see more of themselves in others, and more of others in themselves",1,-1,[],[51654]],["increases in working memory could allow for simultaneous representation of the subject's and object's state, facilitating perspective taking.",1,-1,[],[2492]],["involves translation between egocentric and allocentric spatial coordinates.",1,-1,[],[1575]],["it demands a significantly higher computational overhead, chiefly because it necessitates enabling the LLM to engage in perspectivetaking.",1,-1,[],[35587]],["it requires more complex, abstract, and deliberate thinking",1,-1,[],[51654]],["once the LLM constructs a relevant context with a group of audiences (whether it be a media platform or an online forum, given that there are diverse audiences), it can effectively engage in perspective-taking even with the most concise prompts facilitating this process",1,-1,[],[35587]],["perspective-taking can backfire when the perspective-taker has a negative self-view and believes that aspects of the self are threatened",1,-1,[],[51654]],["perspective-taking effects tend to be group-specific, with perspective-taking decreasing prejudice towards the target group but not towards other groups",1,-1,[],[10350]],["perspective-taking has been shown to immediately decrease prejudicial thoughts [19,29]",1,-1,[],[10350]],["perspective-taking is an approach-oriented strategy that is geared towards creating and maintaining social bonds",1,-1,[],[10350]],["perspective-taking is an approach-oriented strategy that is geared towards creating and maintaining social bonds [28]",1,-1,[],[10350]],["perspective-taking is approach-based",1,-1,[],[10350]],["perspective-taking mechanisms are still activated, but do not produce positive outcomes",1,-1,[],[51654]],["perspective-taking's effects on decreasing stereotyping and prejudice extend from a target to the target's group",1,-1,[],[10350]],["perspective-taking's effects result from a cognitive merging of self and other mental representations",1,-1,[],[10350]],["reduces negative, prejudicial evaluations of the target and target group",1,-1,[],[10350]],["researchers propose that cognitive representations of the self and other merge during perspective-taking, whereby individuals see more of themselves in others, and more of others in themselves [8][9][10].",1,-1,[],[51654]],["social strategy that is geared towards approach tendencies as well as building and maintaining social bonds",1,-1,[],[10350]]],"sy":[["Theory of Mind (ToM)",1,14590,[],[14389]],["cognitive empathy",1,10143,[],[14389]],["mentalizing",1,34209,[],[14389]]],"rt":[["empathy",2,31296,[],[14389,18633]],["Cognitive process",1,28677,[],[14389]],["Theory of Mind (ToM)",1,14590,[],[14389]],["cognitive empathy",1,10143,[],[2492]],["cognitive merging of self and other mental representations",1,-1,[],[10350]],["egocentric judgments",1,-1,[],[51654]],["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[3009]],["intergroup contact",1,19020,[],[10350]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[10350]],["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[10350]]],"sb":[["the \"imagine other\" technique (dubbed PET-IO)",1,-1,[],[35587]]],"sp":[["Cognitive change",1,16036,[],[56099]]],"ex":[["taking the perspective of a homeless man",1,-1,[],[10350]],["taking the perspective of one stereotyped group",1,-1,[],[10350]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Political alienation",1,5506,[],[39239]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Idealism",1,20143,[],[4179]],["Relativism",1,11847,[],[4179]]],"sp":[["journalism culture",1,20611,[["journalism culture",1],["journalism cultures",1]],[4179]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["a share expresses the will to increase the visibility of a given information",2,-1,[],[10383,59491]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["truthfulness",1,13931,[],[1923]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["structural violence",1,4547,[],[24272]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This issue extends beyond chatbots to generative search engines. Studies scrutinizing generative search engines also found significant problems with proper citations, with nearly half of the generated sentences lacking citations and only three-quarters of those that have them actually supporting their claims",1,-1,[],[2980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["The API defines toxic language as",1,-1,[],[47848]]],"sy":[["abusive speech",1,25579,[],[12321]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[12321]],["offensive speech",1,34307,[],[12321]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["abusive speech",1,25579,[],[12321]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[12321]],["microaggressions",1,658,[],[11881]],["offensive speech",1,34307,[],[12321]],["vulgar insults",1,-1,[],[11881]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["hate speech",1,-1,[],[15737]],["insults",1,-1,[],[15737]],["insults, hate speech or threats",1,-1,[],[15737]],["threats",1,-1,[],[15737]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural capital",1,18978,[],[8612]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["formal education and engagement in political movements",1,-1,[],[8612]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["more amenable to users with limited domain expertise",1,-1,[],[11554]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["SRA is more reliable for explicit bias than implicit bias because subjects may answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others, which is known as social desirability bias",1,-1,[],[25913]],["from social psychology",1,-1,[],[52381]],["requires subjects to directly express their attitudes and views toward specific social groups while being aware of the measurement's purpose",1,-1,[],[52381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["explicit bias",2,19648,[],[25913,52381]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike the keyword and the focus, scope spans over the largest possible syntactic unit.",1,-1,[],[22152]],["scope involves the longest sequence of tokens to be affected by a cue.",1,-1,[],[18973]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["xscope",1,-1,[],[22152]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a claim about the origin of COVID-19, suggesting that the virus came from space, which is the claim object",1,-1,[],[60166]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["can contribute to harmful attitudes such as vaccine refusal and diminish trust in vaccination campaigns",1,-1,[],[36710]],["can negatively impact global public health and undermine trust in vaccination efforts",1,-1,[],[36710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["depopulation",1,-1,[],[36710]],["misleading information about effectiveness, emotional narratives about safety, and conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[36710]],["novaccine",1,-1,[],[36710]],["vaccinedeath",1,-1,[],[36710]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["online participant observation",1,-1,[],[19052]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational harms",1,4488,[],[8086]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8086]]],"ex":[["e.g., AAE* like \"he woke af\" is misclassified as not English more often than SAE † equivalents",1,-1,[],[8086]],["e.g., AAE* like \"he woke af\" is misclassified as not English more often than SAE † equivalents (Blodgett and O'Connor 2017)",1,-1,[],[8086]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Addi9onally, Gamson and Modigliani (1989, 3) stress the importance of these 'interpre9ve packages' that transcend the profession of journalism.",1,-1,[],[38293]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame",1,7860,[],[38293]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By evaluating the models ability to classify articles in specific contexts this metric ensures that it performs well across various types of fake news.",1,-1,[],[41375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":39,"df":[],"de":[["Articles about women contain more words that are genderspecific, such as 'female' or 'woman'.",1,-1,[],[11588]],["Lexical bias appears early in an article.",1,-1,[],[57706]],["Lexical bias can be evaluated at both dataset (source of harm) and modeling level (downstream harm).",1,-1,[],[23040]],["Such forms of bias typically do not depend on context outside of the sentence and can be alleviated while maintaining its semantics: polarized words can be removed or replaced, and clauses written in active voice can be rewritten in passive voice.",1,-1,[],[57706]],["The BASIL corpus contains annotations of lexical bias, i.e. bias through word choice, that can be used to investigate whether informational bias detection is helped by the presence of lexical bias.",1,-1,[],[11514]],["There should be a balance of sensitive words and phrases like explicit abuse, identity terms (especially that of minority groups), and topic words across the labels to not fabricate any spurious lexical correlations with the labels. These correlations can disrate the model's ability to capture the context of such terms.",1,-1,[],[23040]],["Words related to family and relationships are more present in female articles compared to male articles.",1,-1,[],[11588]],["articles about women tend to emphasize the fact that they are about a women (i.e., they contain words like \"woman\", \"female\" or \"lady\"), while articles about men don't contain words like \"man\", \"masculine\" or \"gentleman\".",1,-1,[],[16725]],["bias through word choice",1,-1,[],[11514]],["distinct influence of informational and lexical bias in news media writing styles",1,-1,[],[34813]],["explore gender-specific lexical inequalities",1,-1,[],[16725]],["lexical bias normally exists as a very short phrase that is hidden within an otherwise neutral sentence, thus, requiring more sophisticated mitigation.",1,-1,[],[15510]],["lexical bias spans are ob-served in concise words or phrases",1,-1,[],[55947]],["lexical biases may or may not be identity specific and can be generally spurred from the presence/absence of words in both toxic and non-toxic labels.",1,-1,[],[23040]],["measures internal token preferences by testing which political side the model assigns higher probability to in controlled masked contexts.",1,-1,[],[45756]],["normally exists as a very short phrase that is hidden within an otherwise neutral sentence",1,-1,[],[15510]],["the breakdown of lexical bias distinguishes FOX from the other two outlets: it comparatively has more negative bias spans towards liberals and fewer towards conservatives",1,-1,[],[57706]],["the lexical bias could be introduced due to spurious data collection and annotation biases.",1,-1,[],[23040]],["these word-level cues, though widely used in prior sentiment analysis studies, are insufficient to fully capture lexical bias.",1,-1,[],[57706]],["this concentrated attention towards a few geographies creates a knowledge gap and can lead to lexical bias",1,-1,[],[23040]],["usage of emotional or biased words",1,-1,[],[46348]],["we will refer to lexical bias as the narrow focal task",1,-1,[],[44938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["informational bias",6,8372,[],[15510,30556,34813,46348,55947,57706]],["annotation bias",1,1519,[],[23040]],["bias caused by word choice",1,8685,[],[30422]],["coverage bias",1,12486,[],[11588]],["media framing bias",1,105,[],[34044]],["sampling bias",1,3275,[],[23040]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",4,3751,[],[15510,30422,44938,55947]],["Biases based on the source of harm",1,-1,[],[23040]],["bias",1,30859,[],[55947]],["bias type",1,-1,[],[57706]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[11588]],["gender inequalities",1,22842,[],[16725]],["linguistic biases",1,20696,[],[10502]],["political bias",1,24880,[],[34813]],["taxonomy of bias",1,-1,[],[23040]]],"ex":[["\"put on hold\" and \"stalled\" both mean the same outcome, but the latter has a more negative connotations",1,-1,[],[34044]],["Donald Trump is investing more in conspiracy theories about President Obama's birth certificate as he explores his bid for the presidency.",1,-1,[],[48591]],["When biographies about women for example contain phrases as 'female scientist', whereas men are referred to as 'scientist', the word scientist would be more closely associated to female, despite there being both male and female scientists.",1,-1,[],[11588]],["articles about women are potentially more likely to mention their family (husband or kids) than articles about men.",1,-1,[],[16725]],["conflation of identity disclosures (e.g., 'I am gay') with identity attacks (e.g., 'I hate all gays')",1,-1,[],[23040]],["e.g. Donald Trump is investing more in conspiracy theories about President Obama's birth certificate as he explores his bid for the presidency.",1,-1,[],[48591]],["the fact that articles about women disproportionately focus on marriage and divorce compared to articles about men",1,-1,[],[16725]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Usually gendering involves seeing the male as the norm, and the female as the remarkable.",1,-1,[],[43264]],["Usually gendering involves seeing the male as the norm, and the female as the remarkable. In terms of the media and politics, this gendering includes the under-representation of women politicians, an emphasis on their appearance, marital and maternal status, and personality rather than the policies and issues of debate.",1,-1,[],[43264]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["made possible through the photojournalistic equivalent of the \"work of the break\" (Lynch and Galtung, 2010: 195) lays bare the \"newsgathering process\" as Tester (2004: 197) called for to enhance the moral message in news.",1,-1,[],[24329]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["work of the break",1,-1,[],[24329]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["annotated archive of Web data",1,-1,[],[56666]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["political actors identify isolated groups within the people as an internal enemy; stigmatising and excluding segments of the people from the specific population.",1,-1,[],[3181]],["used by the GD like lenses to amplify a subset of potentially relevant considerations, like the rise in crime in Greece, and the potential danger the immigrant poses to people's security, while blurring other concerns, like the usefulness of migrants in sectors where labour shortages are being experienced, like for example the caring sector.",1,-1,[],[6194]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Ostracising the others",1,6287,[],[3181]],["Ostracism towards out-groups",1,-1,[],[3181]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["This truthiness effect -that non-probative photos bias people to believe claims -also holds in other domains of judgment.",1,-1,[],[28431]],["This truthiness effect holds over several days and influences a range of judgments, including judgments about general knowledge facts, predictions about future events, and judgments about our own episodic memories.",1,-1,[],[28431]],["biasing effect of non-probative photos",1,-1,[],[28431]],["borrowing a word that US satirist Stephen Colbert coined for \"truth that comes from the gut and not books\"",1,-1,[],[28431]],["how the availability of conceptually relevant information can enhance processing, but bias judgment.",1,-1,[],[28431]],["the addition of semantic information, not photos per se, led to a truthiness effect.",1,-1,[],[28431]]],"sy":[["truth that comes from the gut and not books",1,-1,[],[28431]]],"rt":[["rose-colored cognitive biases about future events",1,-1,[],[28431]],["truthiness paradigm",1,-1,[],[28431]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["perturbations",1,13289,[],[21359]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the theory asserts that knowledge and resources are exchanged leading to the creation of value via social relationship",1,-1,[],[950]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It encompasses online measures including effective tools for personalising platform use, mechanisms to exercise and protect rights, and avenues for collective action.",1,-1,[],[58399]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This strategy is a type of in-camera editing that requires no technical skill, simply the desire and ability to find a lookalike for the target.",1,-1,[],[16829]],["using similar-looking actors to depict them in sexualized or pornographic footage.",1,-1,[],[16829]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["active listener's theory",1,-1,[],[47265]],["hypothesis of exposure selectivity",1,9294,[],[49665]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["Cultural imperialism operates through various mechanisms, including media, consumerism, and language",1,-1,[],[37712]],["Herbert Schiller elaborated on the cultural imperialism theory and described it as the dominant influence of the culture of Western countries over the culture of the weaker ones [18]",1,-1,[],[13527]],["In the colonial era, European powers enforced their languages, religions, and cultural norms on the populations they colonized, frequently eroding and displacing indigenous cultures and traditions.",1,-1,[],[37712]],["It has been one of the primary drivers of globalization where dominant nations and cultures overpower weaker cultures.",1,-1,[],[37712]],["It is this Western control that makes the concept of cultural imperialism clear.",1,-1,[],[13527]],["It most often occurs through cultural product and practice diffusion.",1,-1,[],[37712]],["It most often occurs through cultural product and practice diffusion. It has been one of the primary drivers of globalization where dominant nations and cultures overpower weaker cultures.",1,-1,[],[37712]],["The transnational flow of culture with film as the carrier creates more opportunities for cultural imperialism.",1,-1,[],[13527]],["These mechanisms facilitate the spread of dominant cultural values and practices, often at the expense of local traditions.",1,-1,[],[37712]],["This cultural dominance was not only a means of control but also a way of asserting the superiority of the colonizers' culture",1,-1,[],[37712]],["This has resulted in the relatively cheap distribution of large quantities of information from the West to developing communities without taking into account the level of knowledge in those communities.",1,-1,[],[20372]],["Western cultures have infiltrated Africa and all other minority cultures across centuries via colonization, globalization, and media distribution",1,-1,[],[37712]],["brings not only erosion from the ideological aspect, but also introduces new technologies and new ideas.",1,-1,[],[13527]],["cultural imperialism causes cultural destruction to developing countries. Western media can distort the image of other cultures and in some cases trigger the loss of indigenous cultures in developing countries, and therefore lead to the homogeneity.",1,-1,[],[13527]],["cultural imperialism is able to be prominent and significant in the global dissemination",1,-1,[],[13527]],["cultural imperialism no longer is imposed with force, but instead exerts its influence subconsciously",1,-1,[],[13527]],["cultural imperialism no longer is imposed with force, but instead exerts its influence subconsciously [8]",1,-1,[],[13527]],["cultural imperialism of the modern film industry mainly comes from the influence of the American film industry",1,-1,[],[13527]],["cultural imperialism often manifests in the representation of African culture through a Western lens, leading to the exoticization and commodification of African elements, thereby stripping of their original context and repackaged for Western consumption",1,-1,[],[37712]],["cultural imperialism today manifests itself more in the form of intercultural encounter",1,-1,[],[13527]],["describes how a hegemonic narrative legitimizes political and cultural domination",1,-1,[["describes how a hegemonic narrative legitimizes political and cultural domination",1],["describes how a hegemonic narrative legitimizes political and cultural domination.",1]],[49849]],["the centre of cultural imperialism has gradually turned to film and other industries.",1,-1,[],[13527]],["the practice of imposing the culture, language, and discourse of one dominant nation on subjugated territories.",1,-1,[],[49849]]],"sy":[["cultural colonialism",1,25490,[],[13527]]],"rt":[["Linguistic imperialism",1,7088,[],[49849]],["media imperialism",1,3707,[],[13527]]],"sb":[["Linguistic imperialism",1,7088,[],[49849]],["media imperialism",1,3707,[],[13527]],["non-Western cultural imperialism",1,3113,[],[13527]]],"sp":[["epistemic injustice",1,20171,[],[22940]]],"ex":[["the Internet",1,-1,[],[20372]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[51481]]],"ex":[["e.g. the poor are responsible for their social position",1,-1,[],[51481]],["the poor are responsible for their social position",1,-1,[],[51481]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["keywords like Arab Spring, uprisings, revolutions, unrest, protests, protesters and so on.",1,-1,[],[16233]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":35,"df":[],"de":[["Cognitive linguistics places a strong emphasis on how mental schemas and conceptual metaphors influence how people think",1,-1,[],[31827]],["Conceptual metaphors are determined by national culture and human experience, which is a major force in shaping metaphors",1,-1,[],[38324]],["Hence, it could be stated that the conceptual metaphor comprises the source and target domain.",1,-1,[],[50690]],["In this sense, the conceptual metaphor represents the conceptual basis, idea, or image that underlies a set of metaphors",1,-1,[],[5996]],["The target domain is structured similarly to the source domain, therefore metaphorical mappings are established between them.",1,-1,[],[33763]],["Theoretically, the target domain frequently consists of metaphorical expressions, while the source domain includes the linguistic units deeply rooted in the daily aspects of our life",1,-1,[],[50690]],["These metaphors do not merely describe migration; they prescribe emotional orientations and legitimate behavior within culturally specific value systems.",1,-1,[],[39303]],["conceptual metaphor is perceived as the original image, while metaphorical expressions are simply a verbal-linguistic reflection of that image",1,-1,[],[5996]],["conceptual metaphors are constituted not by words or linguistic units, but by ontological mapping across conceptual domains.",1,-1,[],[41518]],["in this case, mapping biological instinct onto social behavior",1,-1,[],[39303]],["metaphorical expressions which reflect an underlying conceptual metaphor",1,-1,[],[40133]],["the conceptual metaphor represents the conceptual basis, idea, or image that underlies a set of metaphors",1,-1,[],[5996]],["when conceptual metaphors become entrenched, they stop merely describing the world and begin to constitute its emotional and moral coordinates",1,-1,[],[39303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["source domain",2,3883,[],[39034,44474]],["target domain",2,19075,[],[39034,44474]],["metonymy",1,25536,[],[38324]]],"sb":[["ontological metaphors",1,28167,[],[50690]],["orientational metaphors",1,15410,[],[50690]],["structural metaphors",1,8242,[],[50690]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"escape\" (Vietnam), \"service\" (Philippines), \"survival\" (Myanmar), and \"responsibility\" (Malaysia)",1,-1,[],[39303]],["ARGUMENT IS WAR",1,-1,[],[25858]],["In varieties of English such as American English and British English, expressions such as 'saving time' and 'spending time' reflect conceptualisations of time as a commodity.",1,-1,[],[24476]],["The conceptual metaphor SOCIAL MEDIA IS A FREE SOCIETY",1,-1,[],[40133]],["the conceptual metaphor SOCIAL MEDIA IS A LOUDSPEAKER",1,-1,[],[40133]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["antidisinformation laws, which are frequently less about curbing disinformation and more about muffling opposing viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[39281]],["frequently less about curbing disinformation and more about muffling opposing viewpoints",1,-1,[],[39281]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[39281]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["with forgetting and remembering mechanisms to simulate rumor spreading in inhomogeneous networks.",1,-1,[],[6661]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Walter Lippmann set up a distinction between 'actors' (officials and citizens who try to influence politics directly) and 'spectators' (interested observers who constitute an audience for political performance)",1,-1,[],[59786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["actors",1,10818,[],[59786]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In the Western world, the interplay of social welfare policy and neoliberal consumerism released space for the media to reposition older people away from the discourse of compassion and intergenerational conflict so that new ageism, encouraging 'active and successful ageing' (Foster and Walker, 2015), emerged as a competing trend.",1,-1,[],[2505]],["The concept of new ageism was primarily rooted in intergenerational conflict",1,-1,[],[2505]],["new ageism, encouraging 'active and successful ageing'",1,-1,[],[2505]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["active and successful ageing",1,-1,[],[2505]]],"sp":[["Ageism",1,31210,[],[2505]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This form of accidental news consumption is likewise shaped by one's social networks-family members, friends, or coworkers-who may not share one's ideological or political orientations.",1,-1,[],[24186]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["ideology",1,8315,[],[54244]],["leaning",1,32631,[],[54244]],["polarity",1,8421,[],[54244]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["knowledge on the potential effects of the positivity bias",1,-1,[],[37940]],["knowledge on the presence of the positivity bias",1,-1,[],[37940]],["knowledge that is theoretically expected to bring about beneficial outcomes of their social media use",1,-1,[],[37940]],["makes them aware of the unrealistic nature of positively biased self-presentations; they are thus less likely to perceive others as similar and, therefore, as adequate social comparison targets",1,-1,[],[37940]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media literacy",1,4202,[],[37940]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["constraint recognition",1,5403,[],[39198]],["involvement recognition",1,5712,[],[39198]],["problem recognition",1,-1,[],[39198]],["referent criterion",1,13263,[],[39198]],["situational theory of publics (STP)",1,-1,[],[39198]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["situational theory of publics (STP)",1,-1,[],[39198]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["Biased intergroup behaviour (discrimination) derives from intergroup emotions (prejudice) that originate from cognitive beliefs about social groups (stereotypes).",1,-1,[],[44272]],["Higher negative regard percentages indicate prejudice-leaning",1,-1,[],[25666]],["Prejudice counts as an epistemic attitude to the extent that it is an affective posture towards another person's epistemic credentials.",1,-1,[],[18259]],["Prejudice is another attitude that obstructs the gaining and sharing of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[18259]],["Prejudice is usually regarded as a negative attitude",1,-1,[],[36351]],["Prejudice is usually regarded as a negative attitude 5,6 ,",1,-1,[],[36351]],["This cognitive component can be distinguished from an affective or evaluative response towards a social category",1,-1,[],[39670]],["We focus on only unfavorable prejudice",1,-1,[],[25666]],["We show here that prejudice is a special case of bias identifiable only by its negative consequences, and therefore impossible to eliminate purely algorithmically.",1,-1,[],[38027]],["What makes a prejudice a prejudice is that it is an attitude formed and sustained without any proper inquiry into the merits or demerits of its object.",1,-1,[],[18259]],["an attitude formed and sustained without any proper inquiry into the merits or demerits of its object.",1,-1,[],[18259]],["emotions",1,-1,[],[44272]],["negative sentiment/regard percentages which represent prejudices against targets",1,-1,[],[25666]],["prejudice is a special case of bias identifiable only by its negative consequences, and therefore impossible to eliminate purely algorithmically.",1,-1,[],[38027]],["prejudice is a value-laden socio-political construct",1,-1,[],[10122]],["prejudice that the Lithuanian government cares more about the Ukrainians than about their own citizens, the Ukrainians will occupy Lithuania and expel the Lithuanians from their own country, the Ukrainians will deprive the Lithuanians of jobs.",1,-1,[],[34331]],["presupposes an unwillingness to change one's opinion in response to new veridical information",1,-1,[["presupposes an unwillingness to change one's opinion in response to new veridical information",1],["presupposes an unwillingness to change one's opinion in response to new veridical information.",1]],[10122]],["the Anglophone text producers expressed less admiration and more contempt towards Chinese",1,-1,[],[44272]],["the negative image of the Ukrainian war refugees is based on the prejudice that they are and will be more attractive for employers than the Lithuanians.",1,-1,[],[34331]]],"sy":[["emotions",1,22181,[],[44272]],["prejudge",1,-1,[],[10122]]],"rt":[["stereotype",2,2334,[["stereotype",1],["stereotypes",1]],[36351,44272]],["affective",1,31557,[],[44272]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[44272]],["overgeneralization",1,23330,[],[25666]],["polarized perceptions",1,16402,[],[25666]]],"sb":[["benevolent prejudice",1,-1,[],[36351]],["direct prejudice",1,7640,[],[21779]],["indirect prejudice",1,27983,[],[21779]],["latent prejudice",1,14721,[],[21779]]],"sp":[["bias",2,30859,[],[38027,44272]],["epistemic vices",1,32772,[],[18259]]],"ex":[["In Fricker's example, the jury's prejudice prevented Tom Robinson from sharing his knowledge and thereby also prevented the jury from knowing what happened to Mayella Ewell.",1,-1,[],[18259]],["possible future scenarios where refugees will not be able to integrate into the European labour market, will destroy Christianity and even destroy the old continent",1,-1,[],[34331]],["scorn (versus admire) Chinese people yet equally envy and pity them",1,-1,[],[44272]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["leidinys labiausiai politizuotas iš visų nagrinėtų laikraščių",1,-1,[],[47485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["link-baiting",1,-1,[],[27333]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Such calculated smear campaigns became so persistent during this time that they even acquired their own acronym: FUD, for the 'fear, uncertainty, and doubt' that open-source advocates suspected them of trying to spread",1,-1,[],[48690]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the most common method of studying culture",1,-1,[],[19157]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["curating UGC as personalized, digital story-telling",1,-1,[],[29719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["authenticating strategies",1,-1,[],[29719]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54100]],["narrative registers of western reporting",1,-1,[],[29719]]],"ex":[["Opposition reports and market intelligence reports, such as from Edelman (e.g., Edelman Trust Barometer), Gartner (business insights and trends) and Nielsen (media industry ratings and analysis)",1,-1,[],[54100]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The people are viewed not only as sovereign, but also as homogeneous, pure, and virtuous.",1,-1,[],[8228]],["The people represent the backbone of society; they are the silent majority, constituting the basis of the good society",1,-1,[],[8228]],["They are what Taggart (2002) refers to as the heartland.",1,-1,[],[8228]],["the way in which the term is understood is dependent on the particular context.",1,-1,[],[2340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["popular sovereignty",1,10067,[],[45404]],["virtual image of the popular will",1,-1,[],[29886]]],"sb":[["here 'the people' is understood as a national community or ethnic group, with emphasis on belonging to the native population as the main criterion to discriminate who is part or not part of the nation.",1,-1,[],[3173]],["political actors refer to the people as 'underprivileged citizens who differ from the elites mainly with respect to their economic situation, formal education and access to power'",1,-1,[],[3173]],["the people is 'our people' not based on formal citizenship or ethnicity but rather on shared and common values, religion, history, customs.",1,-1,[],[3173]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Trump",1,-1,[],[48375]],["Woody Allen",1,-1,[],[48375]],["attacking memorial pages of deceased people",1,-1,[],[48375]],["known as RIP trolling",1,-1,[],[48375]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["as shown in Table 1.",1,-1,[],[60167]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Cascades are generated because all people tend to depend on others: if most of the people we know believe a rumor, we are also inclined to believe it.",1,-1,[],[51147]],["Cascades mechanism ensues as people rely heavily on each other's thoughts and conduct.",1,-1,[],[13092]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["group polarization",2,32744,[],[13092,51147]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["when one feels lacking information, the person might approve the views of others.",1,-1,[],[13093]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Editors are a marker of quality control which legitimises news journalism.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["Editors are markers of quality control (Singer, 2010) which legitimises news.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["They are gatekeepers (White, 1950;Janowitz, 1975;Shoemaker and Vos, 2009) who decide what passes through the gate and by that decision, legitimise the result.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["one of the key ingredients in the amalgam that constructs journalism as authoritative, credible and valued in society.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["one who negotiates among four groups with distinct values: the audience, the organisation, journalism as practice, and society.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["simultaneously a communicator and a manager and interfaces with the society they inform.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["the editor is simultaneously a communicator and a manager and interfaces with the society they inform.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["they are in supervisory positions, they are likely to be aware of organisational level goals and policies, and are also concerned with audience-centric content selection.",1,-1,[],[9311]],["they lead a team and also decide what goes onto the page, broadcast or newsfeed.",1,-1,[],[9311]]],"sy":[["producer",1,2216,[],[9311]]],"rt":[["news executives",1,-1,[],[9311]],["newsroom managers",1,-1,[],[9311]],["reporter",1,8820,[],[9311]]],"sb":[["copy editors",1,-1,[],[27972]],["desk editors (sports, lifestyle, arts, health)",1,-1,[],[9311]],["editors of newspapers, magazines, broadcasts or websites",1,-1,[],[9311]],["editors-inchief",1,-1,[],[27972]],["news chiefs",1,-1,[],[27972]]],"sp":[["journalists",1,10518,[],[27972]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inward orientation",1,7277,[],[38197]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake 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NOTE: (1) Political parallelism is a standardized measure taking the following categories into account: lacking separation of news and commentary, partisan influence, and policy advocacy, political orientation of journalists, media-party parallelism, political bias, and PSB dependency. 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circles",1,-1,[],[45990]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["strategies",1,6763,[],[56551]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In the advertisement of the car Hyundai i30, we have this type of metaphor. In this advertisement, there is the picture of the product juxtaposed to a chessboard and chess pieces, together with the words: \"Hyundai I30, be part of this game\". We can consider the visual metaphor of this advertisement, a simile, as HYUNDAI I30 IS A CHESS PIECE.",1,-1,[],[44494]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media outlet popularity",1,-1,[],[60552]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Higher scores indicate greater intensity.",1,-1,[],[11076]],["The magnitude is indicative of the degree of association.",1,-1,[],[11076]]],"sy":[["valence score",1,5741,[],[41662]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Publisher Emotion",1,2666,[],[7280]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["heteroglossic contraction",1,20333,[],[43309]]],"sb":[["DENY",2,3965,[["DENY",1],["deny",1]],[16433,21819]],["COUNTERing",1,21962,[],[21819]],["counter",1,9543,[],[16433]]],"sp":[["Contract",1,29295,[],[16433]],["Dialogic contraction",1,26395,[],[21819]],["contraction strategies",1,-1,[],[16433]],["heteroglossic contraction",1,20333,[],[43309]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["visuality serves both as an affordance and a necessity on Instagram.",1,-1,[],[5276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic curation",1,19428,[],[5276]],["hypertextuality",1,33040,[],[5276]],["interactivity",1,3312,[],[5276]],["news storytelling",1,-1,[],[5276]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["adversarial challenges",1,32149,[],[46113]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["perspective-taking",1,23348,[],[35585]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["final dispersion is high, and final congruent links percentage is high (but not 100%)",1,-1,[],[59318]],["final system state in structural polarization with disconnected groups",1,-1,[],[59318]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["un-structural polarization",1,34517,[],[59318]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["objective captions",1,15555,[],[6748]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[30526]]],"rt":[["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[30526]],["linguistic analysis",1,25212,[],[17399]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["actualmente la literatura académica (Vehlow, Bernd, 2006) utiliza news quality como el término más integrador para referirse a la materia objeto de análisis en este trabajo.",1,-1,[],[15193]],["utiliza news quality como el término más integrador para referirse a la materia objeto de análisis en este trabajo.",1,-1,[],[15193]]],"sy":[["calidad de las noticias",1,-1,[],[15193]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reflexivity",1,5920,[],[44144]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["asynchronously",1,-1,[],[45983]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Indigenous tourism is not necessarily a strong and emancipating industrial or societal development factor",1,-1,[],[4610]],["indigenous tourism is not neutral, as its activities are strongly influenced by politics, economy, and ideology.",1,-1,[],[4610]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mainstream outlets",1,-1,[],[10913]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Counterfactual analysis: If I had not seen the textual context, would I still extract the same relation?",1,-1,[],[19259]],["The counterfactual analysis essentially gifts humans the hypothesizing abilities to make decisions collectively based on the textual context and entity mentions, as well as to introspect whether the decision is deceived",1,-1,[],[19259]]],"sy":[["alternative position",1,-1,[],[6030]],["alternative scenario",1,-1,[],[6030]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["However, in reality, it is a strategy used to shift the focus away from overt discrimination, exclusion, or violence, disguised under the guise of inclusive rhetoric.",1,-1,[],[42769]]],"sy":[["rainbowwashing",1,-1,[],[42769]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["washing",1,2152,[],[15173]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["evidence drawn from experts (providing authoritative backing)",1,-1,[],[45349]],["personal experience (whether the author's own or that of a witness)",1,-1,[],[45349]],["popular sentiment (of the masses or of a particular community)",1,-1,[],[45349]]],"sp":[["Reasoning",1,20614,[],[45349]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["In the Latin American academic tradition, this contradiction is understood as the tension between what is acceptable in the modern conception of the world and in openly pre-modern daily life.",1,-1,[],[52287]],["In their view, melodrama is an \"adulteration of reality\" through the intervention of a \"clean showing\" of news events (Editor 2, C13) in order to exacerbate emotions.",1,-1,[],[52287]],["It stimulates the audience to the point where it is left with a certain emotion, with a yearned emotional proximity, but [that's] using a resource that is inappropriate",1,-1,[],[52287]],["One of the central characteristics of melodrama is the coexistence of the representation of commonplace subjects through emotional excess.",1,-1,[],[52287]],["Television in general, and telenovelas in particular, are understood by Jesús Martín-Barbero as spaces of mediation between the logics of modernization -represented by industrial production reasoning-and cultural logic -represented in convoluted plots, repetitive sequences, and anachronistic quests for love and familial identity",1,-1,[],[52287]],["a resource to produce emotion beyond the goal of delivering information. It stimulates the audience to the point where it is left with a certain emotion, with a yearned emotional proximity, but [that's] using a resource that is inappropriate",1,-1,[],[52287]],["a sentimental, artificially plotted drama that sacrifices characterization to extravagant incident, makes sensational appeals to the emotions of its audience, and ends on a happy or at least morally assuring note",1,-1,[],[21374]],["an exaggeration of emotion",1,-1,[],[52287]],["characterized by emotional exacerbation through resources such as the use of background music, as it seeks to stimulate the audience's emotions",1,-1,[],[52287]],["in melodrama, these traits are combined with a focus on personal or even domestic stories, and information about emotions such as sadness, happiness and love.",1,-1,[],[52287]],["melodrama is framed negatively as an excess of emotion that damages information.",1,-1,[],[52287]],["melodrama loads the plot with a social sense (Rowe & Schelling, 1991), links traditional modes of representation and action, promises a sort of finality anchored in ethical certainty (Fernández & Paxman, 2000)",1,-1,[],[52287]],["melodrama needs to be read metaphorically to understand its typical focus on the family",1,-1,[],[21374]],["melodrama operated as a safety valve for the contradictions created by the family in bourgeois society",1,-1,[],[21374]],["melodrama's main characteristics (i.e., personalization and emotionalization)",1,-1,[],[52287]],["regarded as the opposite of quality coverage",1,-1,[],[52287]],["usually described in negative terms",1,-1,[],[52287]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotionalization",1,1276,[],[52287]],["personalization",1,10101,[],[52287]]],"sb":[["family melodrama",1,20629,[],[21374]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["quotes and images of suffering, negative emotions, and gory visuals, especially when shown through close-up; image repetition and slow motion footage; the use of adjectives and adverbs that intensify emotions, like words such as \"shocking,\" \"horrible\" or \"desolate\"; and intensely dramatic or \"editorializing\" music",1,-1,[],[52287]],["the damsel in distress, the villain, the lover",1,-1,[],[52287]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["describes conventionality as a continuum, and therefore, at the opposite end of highly conventional metaphors are highly unconventional or novel metaphors",1,-1,[],[40137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Holding the power to accept or reject a scientific article",1,-1,[],[57226]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["True, False and Unverified labels refer to tweets containing unsubstantiated claims that could not be verified at the time of posting.",1,-1,[],[55095]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["determiner",1,-1,[],[27361]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive pull factors",1,-1,[],[12703]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["filtering",1,4512,[],[28784]],["microtargeting",1,4014,[],[28784]],["nudging",1,16197,[],[28784]]],"sb":[["Digital gerrymandering",1,33381,[],[28784]]],"sp":[["nudging",1,16197,[],[28784]]],"ex":[["A recommender system also has this characteristic",1,-1,[],[28784]],["Google map directions given when a person is already driving toward some goal",1,-1,[],[28784]]]},{"nd":85,"df":[["controlling the flow of information",2,-1,[],[2229,9365]]],"de":[["Editors and journalists have, seemingly irreversibly, lost their former role as \"gatekeepers\"",1,-1,[],[54680]],["Furthermore, editors act as a \"mediator of competing interests,\" negotiating audience metrics, journalistic principles, the profit objectives of the news organization's management, and the interests of society (Duffy 2021: 636).",1,-1,[],[59952]],["Gatekeepers present a picture of the world for an audience to view.",1,-1,[],[9314]],["In our case, we consider consumption and production of content jointly, and define gatekeepers as users who consume content from both sides of the political spectrum but only produce content from one side.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["Individuals and institutions such as film studios, producers, and distributors play a significant role in shaping the representation and marketability of African cultural heritage in Afrofuturistic films.",1,-1,[],[37714]],["Lewin labeled gatekeepers as those who control what information is included in media content.",1,-1,[],[41668]],["Search engine providers, such as Google or Bing, are under academic scrutiny due to their role as gatekeepers: they decide on the relevance of content by filtering and ranking sources of information available on the web",1,-1,[],[53795]],["Serving as gatekeepers of posts in the groups, that is deciding which posts to be published or not",1,-1,[],[48286]],["That may involve generating original news items or curating from other news organisations, selecting stories based on both whether they are 'in the public interest' and whether they are 'of interest to the public'.",1,-1,[],[9313]],["Their clustering coefficient is usually lower, as they have links to both communities, which are unlikely to be closed.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["These users are border spanners in terms of location in the social network, who remain aware of the positions of both sides, but align their content with one side.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["These users block or filter information from one side, and hence can be considered gatekeepers.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["These users lie inbetween the two opposed communities in network terms, but side with one in content terms.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["They are a small group, which enjoy higher than average network centrality, while not being very embedded in their community.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["They assign reporters tasks, give guidance on sourcing and framing, and decide which events are worth reporting on, and to what degree of intensity. They also socialize reporters into the values, norms, and routines of journalism (Schudson 1989) such that eventually reporters frame stories and pursue a news agenda that is likely to appeal to their editor.",1,-1,[],[59952]],["This definition captures a slightly broader set of users (compared to Equation 5), e.g., users who consume from both ends of the political spectrum and produce balanced 'centrist' content.",1,-1,[],[18042]],["described by DeIuliis (2015) as a small number of users that consistently share links of news stories.",1,-1,[],[25941]],["double-check their (citizen journalists') facts, and the authenticity of their reports",1,-1,[],[36601]],["group administrators",1,-1,[],[48286]],["media in \"the contemporary era continues to be influenced by expert knowledge holders who act as gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[50509]],["subject to general and sector-specific competition law, most prominently in the area of communications regulation.",1,-1,[],[24351]],["the ability to influence, on the basis of the accumulated knowledge of and interaction with users, their informational choices.",1,-1,[],[24351]],["the influence of gatekeepers which control critical resources is of a more structural nature.",1,-1,[],[24351]],["the overall objectives of communications law are less focused on fostering public debate or media diversity than preventing control over critical resources from distorting competition.",1,-1,[],[24351]],["they are the ones who shape the direction of research in a field by determining what types of work will be published (or not)",1,-1,[],[39004]],["they can control to a certain extent what kind of actors and which issues are introduced into the public sphere",1,-1,[],[57898]],["they possess attributes that allow them to authenticate the information they receive.",1,-1,[],[25943]]],"sy":[["group administrators",1,-1,[],[48286]],["information controllers",1,11511,[],[25943]]],"rt":[["Diffusing Gatekeeping Activities",1,19531,[],[25943]],["Gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[18042]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[18042]],["editors, boards, referees",1,-1,[],[39004]],["gated",1,3337,[["gated",1],["the gated",1]],[24350,24351]],["gatekeeping process",1,28170,[],[46612]],["information intermediaries",1,-1,[],[24350,24351]],["media diversity",1,4530,[],[24351]],["navigator",1,29498,[],[50582]],["open-minded net-citizens",1,-1,[],[18042]],["restricting gatekeeping activities",1,33624,[],[25943]],["sentinels",1,-1,[],[18042]]],"sb":[["editor-like gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[24351]],["gatekeepers which control access to information",1,-1,[],[24350]],["gatekeepers which have a facilitating role through control of critical intermediary resources or services that are necessary to link users and content, to mediate between the different players in the information chain, to produce, transport and distribute content, etc.",1,-1,[],[24350]],["group administrators",1,-1,[],[48286]],["journalistic gatekeeper",1,28298,[],[9090]],["structural gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[24351]]],"sp":[["Informational-instructive roles",1,-1,[],[9365]],["information intermediaries",1,-1,[],[24351]]],"ex":[["editor who, by virtue of his position, authority and knowledge selects the type, format and order of content that is ultimately presented to the audience",1,-1,[],[24351]],["internet service providers (ISPs) or operators of cable network channels or pay-TV platforms",1,-1,[],[24351]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The goal was to incorporate IO elements beyond DCO, OCO and CNE to include OSINT and cognitive influence aspects of operations in the IE.",1,-1,[],[32485]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hybrid warfare",1,29255,[],[32485]]],"sb":[["diplomacy",1,3364,[],[32485]],["fake-news",1,33960,[],[32485]],["political subversion",1,-1,[],[32485]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[32485]],["social media manipulation",1,9705,[],[32485]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Hybridity also encourages a close look at the local media reactions to top-down (national and international media), and at the variance of alternative and new media without excluding more traditional forms of media.",1,-1,[],[30448]],["Hybridity does not envisage the simple joining together of two separate processes to create a new third entity. Instead, it rests on the notion of 'prior hybridity' whereby all actors are the result of constant processes of social negotiations, conflict and coalescence.",1,-1,[],[30448]],["Hybridity is a means of capturing complexity and can make comprehensible the kinds of interaction between local, national and international media, audiences, and conflict actors discussed in the previous section.",1,-1,[],[30448]],["Kraidy (2005) proposes hybridity as the cultural logic that emerges from the intermingling of people and media across different cultural boundaries, shaped by communication dynamics, uneven power relations and the broader political economy.",1,-1,[],[52958]],["The analytical lens offered by hybridity allows scholars to maintain the importance of agency at all levels, viewing the media as both a bottom-up and top-down enterprise, in which power is distributed across different types of media and in a manner that captures the significance of the all important local/glocal dimensions highlighted earlier.",1,-1,[],[30448]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multilevel interactions",1,-1,[],[30448]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["stanowi analogię do freudowskiej zasady przyjemności, która kieruje produktywnością naszego pragnienia. Oznacza wieczną produkcję pragnienia i poczucie tymczasowego sensu, którego dostarcza nam sublimacja (zastępcze zaspokojenie)",1,-1,[],[13370]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["instrumentally impulsive individuals with poor behavioural controls who callously and remorselessly bleed others for purely selfish reasons via manipulation, intimidation, and violence",1,-1,[],[11382]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["A Unesco prefere chamá-las de campanhas de desinformação",1,-1,[],[29494]],["As fake news são a disseminação deliberada de desinformação",1,-1,[],[19993]],["Ele combina linguagem e política pública, discurso e prática institucional, algoritmos e decretos.",1,-1,[],[50391]],["Os estudos sobre desinformação, inicialmente a definiam como falta de informação, mas a partir dos anos 2000, as pesquisas relacionadas ao tema introduziram aspectos mais abrangentes, dada a complexidade do fenômeno, como informação distorcida, imprecisa, descontextualizada, e apelativas às crenças pessoais e emoções (Heller; Jacobi; Borges, 2020).",1,-1,[],[34195]],["Reforça a reflexão de que \"desinformação\" não é só ausência de informação do receptor.",1,-1,[],[20667]],["a desinformação engloba diferentes aspectos de conteúdo enganoso, impostor, fabricado, de conexões falsas, descontextualizado, manipulado, de teorias da conspiração e de mito (Grizzle et al., 2021)",1,-1,[],[34195]],["a desinformação não é apenas sobre ser mal-informado e poderá conter elementos mais insidiosos e possivelmente mais perigosos",1,-1,[],[19993]],["a desinformação vem de alguém que está ativamente envolvido em uma tentativa de enganar",1,-1,[],[19993]],["a partir de sete classificações: falsa conexão (legendas que não correspondem ao conteúdo), falso contexto, manipulação do contexto, sátira ou paródia (sem intencionalidade explícita), conteúdo enganoso (uso equivocado de dados), conteúdo impostor (uso de fontes falsas) e conteúdo fabricado (com intenção de manipular a opinião pública e prejudicar)",1,-1,[],[7852]],["a) desinformação é informação; b) desinformação é uma informação enganosa; c) desinformação não é uma informação acidentalmente enganosa.",1,-1,[],[11392]],["associam a desinformação a fatores exógenos, como forças externas, estrangeiras, anti-democráticas ou anti-institucionais (Jamieson, 2018;Boyd-Barrett, 2019) que atacam estas instituições que se auto-legitimam como produtoras e disseminadoras de conhecimento, de informação de confiança e de verdade.",1,-1,[],[24744]],["caracterizando-a como instrumento de manipulação",1,-1,[],[34195]],["desinformação",1,-1,[],[19993]],["desinformação e o caos informacional têm possibilitado o consumo e a partilha de informações falsas, distorcidas, manipuladas, servindo assim as mais diversas finalidades pessoais e institucionais.",1,-1,[],[19993]],["desinformação engloba diferentes aspectos de conteúdo enganoso, impostor, fabricado, de conexões falsas, descontextualizado, manipulado, de teorias da conspiração e de mito",1,-1,[],[34195]],["engloba diferentes aspectos de conteúdo enganoso, impostor, fabricado, de conexões falsas, descontextualizado, manipulado, de teorias da conspiração e de mito",1,-1,[],[34195]],["fake news são uma espécie de desinformação",1,-1,[],[19993]],["fluxos de conteúdos falsos nas redes digitais",1,-1,[],[19993]],["ganhou visibilidade devido à capacidade de influenciar os sistemas políticos sobretudo processos eleitorais, por contribuir para acentuar a polarização política e ideológica",1,-1,[],[19993]],["pensar a desinformação requer um esforço analítico que vai além de categorias estanques que tendem a simplificar a informação em torno de definições dicotômicas e maniqueístas acerca da verdade, de suas fontes de confiança ou da intencionalidade dos sujeitos.",1,-1,[],[24744]],["persistem em enquadrar a partir da intencionalidade ou legitimar as instituições epistêmicas como fonte de confiança",1,-1,[],[24744]],["promoção ativa da dúvida e da desinformação como estratégia comunicacional",1,-1,[],[50391]],["veículo à disseminação de falsas assunções que afetam a sociedade e as Instituições quer porque conduzem a crenças de que algo falso é real como ao oposto, toldando assim o bom discernimento no que concerne à tomada de decisões",1,-1,[],[19993]]],"sy":[["a informação errada",1,-1,[],[19993]],["a má informação",1,-1,[],[19993]],["desordem da informação",1,-1,[],[7852]],["desordem informacional",1,22010,[],[24744]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[19993]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[19993]],["notícias falsas",1,16553,[],[11392]],["poluição da informação",1,-1,[],[7852]]],"rt":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[19993,34195]],["clickbaits",1,6382,[],[19993]],["desordem da informação",1,-1,[],[7852]],["disputas sobre a 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The contradiction will go undetected, and an illusion of knowing will occur.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["On such occasions, the illusion of knowing becomes an obstacle to effective learning and instruction.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["Our formulation can account for one facet of the illusion of knowing, the failure to detect contradictions.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["The illusion of knowing was defined operationally as failure to detect a contradiction, coupled with a rating of high comprehension.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["The illusion of knowing, however, is not simply a failure to detect the contradiction",1,-1,[],[14941]],["The illusion of knowing, however, is not simply a failure to detect the contradiction: It is a failure to detect a contradiction while having confidence that understanding is complete.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["one facet of the illusion of knowing, the failure to detect contradictions",1,-1,[],[14941]],["the discrepancy involves a mismatch between a subjective assessment and an objective fact.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["the discrepancy is between self-assessment of understanding and objective accuracy of understanding.",1,-1,[],[14941]],["we propose that confidence arises from a default assumption made by readers. That is, in dealing with expository text, a reader assumes by default that comprehension is progressing smoothly, and this assumption is maintained until the reader is alerted otherwise by an error signal arising from a failure in some comprehension process.",1,-1,[],[14941]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This explanation or anticipation helps to establish a logical and coherent mental representation of the story and helps to support the on-line comprehension process.",1,-1,[],[16481]],["This helps to stablish a coherent mental representation and to construct the global meaning of the text.",1,-1,[],[16481]],["the emotions are deduced across the reading of the context that involves the character, playing a very important role in the coherence of the text",1,-1,[],[16481]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["causal explanatory inference",1,26384,[],[16481]],["causal predictive inference",1,-1,[],[16481]]],"sb":[["causal explanatory inference",1,26384,[],[16481]],["causal predictive inference",1,-1,[],[16481]],["emotional inference predictive",1,-1,[],[16481]],["explanatory inference",1,11944,[],[16481]]],"sp":[["inferences",1,4149,[],[16481]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["as a kind of metacommunication, which directed the participants' understanding of their social interaction by current roles and rules.",1,-1,[],[16091]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This process involves an aggregate indexing of the word's usage across multiple, repeated contexts over time.",1,-1,[],[867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In solidarity with the BLM movement, many major sports leagues chose to follow Kaepernick's protest, with professional athletes kneeling at the start of sporting events.",1,-1,[],[24168]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["BLM movement",1,-1,[],[24168]],["police brutality",1,-1,[],[24168]],["racial discrimination",1,-1,[],[24168]],["racial inequality",1,-1,[],[24168]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["provenance",1,5845,[],[33725]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public engagement with science and technology (PEST) paradigm",1,-1,[],[51959]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["can be exploited in election discourse with the aim to influence the voters and win them over",1,-1,[],[36707]],["manipulating the stance features are of great value to the politician as it helps emphasize or de-emphasize social actions or social actors, persuade recipients into believing or doing something, and build a strong and appealing image as a leader",1,-1,[],[36707]],["the strategic use of stance features is of great value to the politician as it helps emphasize or de-emphasize social actions or social actors and persuade recipients into believing or doing something.",1,-1,[],[36707]]],"sy":[["viewpoints",1,33516,[],[6802]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a blog or vlog or other social media posts",1,-1,[],[54124]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a process of concealment of blatant and visible antisemitism takes place, largely by relegating clearly articulated expressions (e.g. Jews control the world, or the Holocaust never happened) to alternative semiotic resources (i.e. dog whistles and encrypted language; visual and iconographic resources), relying in this process on a degree of shared knowledge to decrypt and understand what is happening.",1,-1,[],[39382]],["rhetorical strategies such as \"beautification\" and \"camouflage\" are used to weaken its positive image.",1,-1,[],[53220]]],"sy":[["cover-ups",1,-1,[],[50523]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The culturalization of politics analytically vanquishes political economy, states, history, and international and transnational relations. 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[26].",1,-1,[],[30243]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["An employee is asked through an email to send their bank account details to the finance department of their organisation (i.e., they are provided with \"data\"). 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deal",1,-1,[],[42212]],["Yao Jiaxin death penalty case",1,-1,[],[42212]],["black brick kiln slavery cases in Shanxi and Henan provinces",1,-1,[],[42212]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["durable yet malleable (political) perceptions",1,-1,[],[15384]],["permanent disposition or traits",1,-1,[],[15384]],["short-lived psychological states",1,-1,[],[15384]]],"sp":[["moderator",1,-1,[],[15384]]],"ex":[["a person ' s issue and political knowledge (e.g., Nelson et al., 1997 ;Schuck & de Vreese, 2006 ) or his or her values (e.g., Shen & Edwards, 2005 )",1,-1,[],[15384]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["communicates truthful or covertly untruthful speaker meaning by means of fulfilment, flouting or violation of this maxim and the other ones as well",1,-1,[],[49331]],["the continuum of speaker intention in speaker-meaning-telic humour is between 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However, these two terms are slightly different. As I discussed earlier Weber's \"rational-legal legitimacy\" rests on a belief in the \"legality of patterns of normative rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands\". This concept includes the elements of \"normative rules\" however \"procedural legitimacy\" purely refers to procedures and laws.",1,-1,[],[18368]]],"sy":[["rational-legal legitimacy",1,11199,[],[18368]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Añade que en él participan personas reales que no actúan como lo hacen los actores",1,-1,[],[51356]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["periodismo criminal",1,-1,[],[51356]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["it is less plausible that such differences have an analogous influence on power motivation (i.e., the motivation to maintain or improve one's economic status).",1,-1,[],[24700]],["the desire to improve one's own economic status",1,-1,[],[24700]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["security motivation",1,15077,[],[24700]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the desire to improve one's own economic status",1,-1,[],[24700]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This hypothesis assumes that intercultural contact will promote mutual acceptance under certain conditions, especially equality.",1,-1,[],[14685]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The word \"core\" signifies a form of affective responding that functions as a kind of core knowledge about whether objects or events are helpful or harmful, rewarding or threatening, calling for acceptance or rejection",1,-1,[],[7787]],["The word \"core\" signifies a form of affective responding that functions as a kind of core knowledge about whether objects or events are helpful or harmful, rewarding or threatening, calling for acceptance or rejection (for a discussion of core knowledge, see Spelke 2000).",1,-1,[],[7787]],["all instrument-based measures of emotion give evidence of a person's pleasant and unpleasant state or its intensity",1,-1,[],[7787]],["core affective feelings can be attributed to some situational cause, thereby forming the basis of an emotion experience",1,-1,[],[7787]],["experiences of pleasure and displeasure are present at birth",1,-1,[],[7787]],["pleasure and displeasure constitute a neuropsychologic barometer of the individual's relationship to an environment at a given point in time",1,-1,[],[7787]],["the capacity to experience pleasure and displeasure is universal to all humans",1,-1,[],[7787]],["they form the core of consciousness",1,-1,[],[7787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["construals",1,34129,[],[7787]],["core affective feelings",1,-1,[],[7787]],["displeasure",1,-1,[],[7787]],["pleasure",1,-1,[],[7787]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["switching attention between tasks instead of concentrating on one specific task",1,-1,[],[9594]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["TV, text messages, and websites",1,-1,[],[9594]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["editado en formato libro",1,-1,[],[13940]]],"sy":[["periodismo de larga duración",1,-1,[],[13940]]],"rt":[["slow journalism",1,30478,[],[13940]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["has been demonstrated in science communication, where publications from male authors are associated with greater perceived scientific quality",1,-1,[],[49885]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["discursive online combats",1,-1,[],[55588]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":157,"df":[],"de":[["A critical discourse analyst tends to raise the consciousness of language users to the nuances of language use, which conceal the full import of the manipulative tendencies embedded in discursive structures.",1,-1,[],[61555]],["According to Van Dijk (2008), discourse both creates and reflects social reality, supporting or contradicting prevailing ideas.",1,-1,[],[31830]],["According to Van Dijk (2008), discourse both creates and reflects social reality, supporting or contradicting prevailing ideas. CDA shows how frames represent conflicting interests, like political ideologies or corporate profit objectives, in the context of climate change.",1,-1,[],[31830]],["Analysis of discourse critical is the study of the text, speech or talk, and images visually to find or express a variety of meanings that were distributed as well as contribute to or represent the structures of social and ideological",1,-1,[],[57091]],["At its core, CDA seeks to understand the linguistic mechanisms underpinning social domination, power imbalances and the perpetuation of inequalities and injustices",1,-1,[],[8716]],["Because critical discourse analysis perceives language as a social practice, it presupposes that it cannot function in isolation, but only within a cultural or social setting [9]",1,-1,[],[13550]],["By focusing on CDA, the research aimed to unveil the macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure in the discourse on antivaccine COVID-19. This approach enabled a nuanced examination of how language constructed and disseminated specific narratives, contributing to a deeper understanding of textual analysis concerning anti-vaccine sentiments during the ongoing pandemic.",1,-1,[],[39988]],["CDA acknowledges that language is imbued with power dynamics and is therefore not neutral.",1,-1,[],[39269]],["CDA acknowledges that language is imbued with power dynamics and is therefore not neutral. It recognizes that diverse power dynamics and ideologies impact media discourse and can mold how social groups like refugees are portrayed.",1,-1,[],[39269]],["CDA aims to clarify and put forward the different relationships of power, dominance, and inequality that are reflected in written and spoken discourse",1,-1,[["CDA aims to clarify and put forward the different relationships of power, dominance, and inequality that are reflected in written and spoken discourse",1],["CDA aims to clarify and put forward the different relationships of power, dominance, and inequality that are reflected in written and spoken discourse.",1]],[52874]],["CDA aims to move beyond textual analysis to the interpretation and explanation stages of analysis.",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA analyzes real instances of social interaction which take a complete or partial linguistic form as it aims to make visible \"the ideological loading of particular ways of using language and the relations of power\" which underlie them (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 258).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA as a methodology emphasizes the importance of the context of the chosen data (discourse).",1,-1,[],[58344]],["CDA as a theoretical approach claims that language cannot be a neutral communication tool as it actively influences the meaning-making processes. Neither is discourse a neutral phenomenon: by communicating about specific topics in a certain way using certain language, discourse shapes our perception of every field.",1,-1,[],[58344]],["CDA conceptualizes language as a form of social practice",1,-1,[],[50200]],["CDA conceptualizes language as a form of social practice (Fairclough, 1995, 93).",1,-1,[],[50200]],["CDA details how media texts reproduce power asymmetries and reveals the linguistic choices, narrative structures, and ideologies behind it.",1,-1,[],[56291]],["CDA draws attention to \"the substantively linguistic and discursive nature of social relations of power in contemporary societies\" (ibid., p. 272).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA emerged from the integration of diverse theories, leading it to be predominantly recognized as a theoretical framework (Fitriani et al. 2021).",1,-1,[],[39988]],["CDA emphasizes the relationship between discourse and the broader social context by asserting that all social activities and behaviors are represented or categorized theoretically",1,-1,[],[54882]],["CDA has an inherently qualitative nature that seeks to expose underlying ideologies, abuses of power, hidden dynamics of control, discrimination, hegemony, and dominance",1,-1,[],[51927]],["CDA has been increasingly embraced by media researchers who are interested in examining social contexts through critical investigations of linguistic patterns in journalistic discourse.",1,-1,[],[44390]],["CDA intends to find out opaqueness and relations of power.",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA interrogates how the frames identified by RTA are shaped by ideological interests and power relations, such as the drive for market commodification.",1,-1,[],[52657]],["CDA is \"about making connections between social and cultural structures and processes on the one hand, and properties of text on the other\" (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 277).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA is a \"socially committed scientific paradigm\" that tries to alternate and involve what is happening in institutional and social contexts",1,-1,[],[52874]],["CDA is a field that is concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality, and bias.",1,-1,[],[55726]],["CDA is a qualitative analytical technique concerned with describing, analyzing, and explaining how discourse perpetuates social inequality (Wodak & Meyer, 2008).",1,-1,[],[39988]],["CDA is firmly embedded in the contemporary research paradigm of the humanities.",1,-1,[],[50200]],["CDA is known for its characteristics as an analysis tool that carries out social politics movement",1,-1,[],[42628]],["CDA is not a uniquely distinctive approach but rather one of many related models that currently engage with discourse at the interface of language and society.",1,-1,[],[55726]],["CDA is problem-oriented; it addresses social problems especially as it concerns the role discourse plays in the production and re-production of power abuse and dominance (van Dijk 2001, p. 96).",1,-1,[],[61555]],["CDA is used to analyze texts in order to discover what \"structures, strategies or other properties of text, talk, verbal interaction or communicative events play a role\" in production or reproduction of unequal power relations (Van Dijk, 1993a, p. 250).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA not only concentrates on language and the use of language, but also focuses on the \"linguistic character of social and cultural processes and structures\" (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, P. 271).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["CDA provides a critical evaluation of how these discursive sources are made, remade, and justified within social practice and interaction",1,-1,[],[52874]],["CDA provides tools to study and analyze 13 types of written and spoken texts to examine discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias",1,-1,[["CDA provides tools to study and analyze 13 types of written and spoken texts to examine discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias",1],["CDA provides tools to study and analyze 13 types of written and spoken texts to examine discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias.",1]],[52874]],["CDA shows how frames represent conflicting interests, like political ideologies or corporate profit objectives, in the context of climate change.",1,-1,[],[31830]],["CDA takes a clear position to understand, expose, then challenge social inequality.",1,-1,[],[42628]],["CDA's fundamental objective is to uncover and critique the covert power structures and ideological frameworks that permeate discourse",1,-1,[],[12838]],["Carvalho's (2008) functionalist approach to critical discourse analysis, to interpret the textual meanings situated in their cultural context.",1,-1,[],[53312]],["Central to CDA is the concept of power, with a focus on how discourse perpetuates inequalities and shapes social realities.",1,-1,[],[54882]],["Common analytical methods, such as corpus analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), are employed to explore themes including gender, ideology, culture, and language teaching.",1,-1,[],[58566]],["Critical discourse analysis examines social practices based on their discourse moments (Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["Critical discourse analysis or CDA is an amalgamation of a variety of micro-sociological theories and also theories on society and power based Michael Foucault's definition of power",1,-1,[],[13550]],["Critical discourse analysis or CDA is an amalgamation of a variety of micro-sociological theories and also theories on society and power based Michael Foucault's definition of power [10]",1,-1,[],[13550]],["Critical discourse analysis, which generally analyzes media texts, can also be used to analyze literary works, including novels.",1,-1,[],[13242]],["Discourse analysis does use language in texts to be analyzed, but the language analyzed here differs from the understanding of language in the traditional linguistic sense. The language analyzed is not merely describing only its linguistic aspects, but also relates to the context in which the context here can mean that language is used for specific practice purposes, including the practice of power (Mills, 2001).",1,-1,[],[57091]],["Fairclough (2015) conceptualises discourse not only as language but as a social practice through which ideology is circulated and authority is legitimised",1,-1,[],[55892]],["Furthermore, CDA explains how the portrayal of initiatives on government websites is not neutral information but a discursive practice that reflects specific policy priorities and power.",1,-1,[],[52657]],["In Language and Power, Fairclough (1989) demonstrated the structure and potential usages of an analytical technique that he referred to as critical discourse analysis (CDA) and that has been applied widely since (Pennycook, 1994;Fairclough, 1995).",1,-1,[],[12547]],["In critical discourse analysis, social practice is related to occurrences from reality and social structure.",1,-1,[],[13242]],["In the realm of generative AI research, CDA is a useful methodology because it allows us to deconstruct the outputs of generative AI models, thus enabling us to unveil the underlying reasons and biases driving specific representations.",1,-1,[],[8716]],["In this context, discourse is considered to be a great conditioner of public opinion and, therefore, a key tool in the social construction of reality",1,-1,[],[41394]],["In this last step, authors applied Fairclough's three-dimensional model. This study selected representative textual excerpts from the themes generated in Step 2 and analyzed them at the level of text (linguistic choices), discourse practice (production and consumption of the texts), and sociocultural practice (ideological effects).",1,-1,[],[52657]],["In treating discourse as a social practice and text as a social event (Fairclough, 1992), CDA takes social problems as a starting point for its analyses.",1,-1,[],[51927]],["Informed by Fairclough (1995) and van Leeuwen (2008)",1,-1,[],[51612]],["It advocates for marginalized groups by interrogating and challenging the entrenched narratives that support and propagate societal dominance and inequality",1,-1,[],[12838]],["It advocates for marginalized groups by interrogating and challenging the entrenched narratives that support and propagate societal dominance and inequality (Van Dijk, 2008).",1,-1,[],[12838]],["It connects the textual features (description) and discursive practices (interpretation) to the wider sociocultural and political context (explanation), revealing why certain sustainability narratives become dominant while others are marginalized (Bernardi, 2019;Jin et al., 2024;Lyon et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[52657]],["It helps in understanding how ideology functions through language",1,-1,[],[40504]],["It helps in understanding how ideology functions through language (Breeze 2011;Haider & Hussein 2020;Haider & Olimy 2019) and how language constructs identities and social relationships (Berger 2016).",1,-1,[],[40504]],["It highlights the significance of language as a source of power and explores how language usage can contribute to social control and psychological impacts (Mullet, 2018;Willig, 2000).",1,-1,[],[39988]],["It is not a critique of discourse but rather a critical examination of how and why discourse is produced.",1,-1,[],[33246]],["It prioritizes examining how discourse interacts with power dynamics, ideologies, institutions, and social identities, emphasizing the role of language in constructing and reflecting social realities.",1,-1,[],[54882]],["It recognizes that diverse power dynamics and ideologies impact media discourse and can mold how social groups like refugees are portrayed.",1,-1,[],[39269]],["It reveals how language perpetuates and maintains power dynamics, sociocultural norms and ideologies, and influences text production, translation, interpretation, and reception",1,-1,[],[56291]],["It simultaneously takes into account other factors, contexts, and disciplines such as sociology, political science, linguistics, and psychology etcetera.",1,-1,[],[56291]],["It simultaneously takes into account other factors, contexts, and disciplines such as sociology, political science, linguistics, and psychology etcetera. It reveals how language perpetuates and maintains power dynamics, sociocultural norms and ideologies, and influences text production, translation, interpretation, and reception",1,-1,[],[56291]],["Moving beyond conventional linguistic investigation, CDA explores the intricate relationships among text, its contextual environment, and the cognitive processes of social actors, thereby recognizing discourse as an integral component of social interaction that goes beyond mere exchange of information",1,-1,[],[12838]],["Specifically, CDA has been used to analyze how language operates within society, delineate linguistic processes within social contexts, and unveil underlying ideologies and politics.",1,-1,[],[39988]],["The aim of CDA is to highlight the connection between language, values, power, ideology, society, and opinions",1,-1,[],[53421]],["The aim of CDA is to highlight the connection between language, values, power, ideology, society, and opinions (van Dijk, 2011).",1,-1,[],[53421]],["The approach examines texts as sites of ideological struggle, where differing discourses and ideologies vie for dominance",1,-1,[],[54882]],["The core aim of CDA is to reveal both transparent and hidden power relations such as dominance, discrimination, and control encoded in language (Wodak, 2011).",1,-1,[],[42608]],["The core objective of CDA is to thoroughly analyze the relationship between communication and power dynamics, with a specific emphasis on how communication serves as both a means and a result of social power systems",1,-1,[],[12838]],["The critical issues or topics vary among different societies, yet power abuse, inequality, and ideological struggle are central concerns.",1,-1,[],[29772]],["The emphasis on CDA reflected a commitment to critically examine the language used in anti-vaccine discourses, revealing the implications of textual analysis on anti-vaccine COVID-19 news in American and Indonesian online media.",1,-1,[],[39988]],["The purpose, intention, and implicit ideologies of the text producers are unearthed working through the carefully designated stages.",1,-1,[],[10763]],["The technique involves three stages: Description, Interpretation and Explanation, the first stage being a series of 10 questions to be asked of the discourse, with relative subqueries:",1,-1,[],[12547]],["These social practices are believed to be controlled by an uneven distribution of power and may be attributed to sociocultural and sociopolitical reasons that render one or more social groups as dominant and others as dominated.",1,-1,[],[29772]],["This approach thus enables us to comprehend \"the underlying reasons and biases driving specific representations\" (Breazu and Katsos, 2024, p. 693).",1,-1,[],[29848]],["This methodology is particularly effective for examining media discourse, as it allows the researcher to analyze the linguistic characteristics of texts while placing them within their wider socio-political and ideological frameworks.",1,-1,[],[40735]],["Through the examination of language and discourse employed in news stories, CDA seeks to reveal implicit prejudices, preconceptions, and ideological frameworks that could sustain either favorable or unfavorable depictions of refugees.",1,-1,[],[39269]],["allows us to deconstruct the outputs of generative AI models, thus enabling us to unveil the underlying reasons and biases driving specific representations.",1,-1,[],[8716]],["an approach, which constitutes itself at different levels",1,-1,[],[26849]],["classifies three categories of discourse: text, discourse practices, and sociocultural practices.",1,-1,[],[13242]],["critical discourse analysis is a model of text analysis as well as a theory that is less than ideal if it has not been paired with a theory.",1,-1,[],[57091]],["designated as a framework, rather than a singular method of research",1,-1,[],[26849]],["discourse analysis which aims to (a) systematically explore the relationship between causality and determination among discursive practices, events, and texts; (b) broader social structures and cultural structures, relationships, and processes; (c) to investigate how practices, events, and texts develop outside and are ideologically shaped by power relations and survive from power; and (d) to explore how the opacity of the relationship between discourse and society itself is a factor in securing power and hegemony.",1,-1,[],[57091]],["enables us to comprehend \"the underlying reasons and biases driving specific representations\"",1,-1,[],[29848]],["functioning as a tool for analyzing political and ideological agendas (Liando & Tatipang, 2022)",1,-1,[],[42608]],["helps to systematically investigate power relations and ideologies embedded in discourse",1,-1,[],[35443]],["how language constructs identities and social relationships",1,-1,[],[40504]],["it focuses on how social relations, identity, knowledge and power are constructed through written and spoken texts in communities. The prime target of critical discourse analysis is to disclose the hidden ideological and power relations which are embedded in text",1,-1,[],[13550]],["it is generally agreed that CDA must not be understood as a single method but rather as an approach, which constitutes itself at different levels",1,-1,[],[26849]],["its main goal is to \"describe and explain how power abuse is enacted, reproduced or legitimised by the text and talk of dominant groups or institutions\" (Van Dijk, 1996, p. 84).",1,-1,[],[21624]],["multidisciplinary approach that underscores the interplay between discourse and power dynamics",1,-1,[],[35443]],["pivotal when examining the interplay of language and communication, particularly their intersection with political and societal dynamics.",1,-1,[],[8716]],["serves as a powerful tool to unmask these dynamics, it helps see how the media, subtly (or explicitly) influences our conceptions of politics",1,-1,[],[40735]],["stresses discourse as a kind of interaction and that using spoken and written language is a social activity",1,-1,[],[13242]]],"sy":[["CDA",3,6378,[],[13550,55892,61555]],["analysis of discourse critical",1,23921,[],[57091]]],"rt":[["discourse analysis",7,13723,[["discourse analysis",4],["Discourse analysis",2],["Discourse Analysis",1]],[13242,13550,49848,50200,53421,56700,57091]],["discourse",4,31797,[],[21624,51375,55892,58344]],["Discourse Studies",1,-1,[],[8716]],["Functionalisation, which relates to the roles or actions ascribed to actors (e.g.the philanthropist, the thief)",1,-1,[],[8716]],["Ideologies",1,8315,[],[21624]],["Individualisation (Maria, a Romani woman) versus Collectivisation (The Roma, the immigrants), emphasising specific characteristics or generalising actors as a group",1,-1,[],[8716]],["Mediated Discourse Analysis",1,33215,[],[20022]],["Nomination (e.g. Professor Katsos) versus Anonymisation (a university professor/a Fellow), where unique identities are either highlighted or obscured",1,-1,[],[8716]],["Personalisation (The President has informed. . .) versus Impersonalisation (The government has informed. . .), differentiating humanising representations from dehumanised or abstract ones",1,-1,[],[8716]],["Polarisation, reflecting the division of 'Us and Them'",1,-1,[],[8716]],["communication studies",1,-1,[],[12838]],["corpus analysis",1,-1,[],[58566]],["critical communication studies",1,-1,[],[13550]],["critical linguistics",1,8147,[],[55726]],["descriptive analysis (DA)",1,-1,[],[29772]],["discourse as social practice",1,1838,[],[33246]],["discourse theory",1,2785,[],[58344]],["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[52874]],["framing analysis",1,5468,[],[30355]],["ideological struggle",1,8545,[],[29772]],["inequality",1,21529,[],[29772]],["linguistic and semiotic aspects of these social relations",1,-1,[],[26849]],["literary studies",1,-1,[],[12838]],["orders of discourse",1,10079,[],[17395]],["power abuse",1,-1,[],[29772]],["semiotics",1,34499,[],[12838]],["social -power abuse",1,-1,[],[52874]]],"sb":[["Discursive practice (meso-level): production, circulation, and intertextuality (e.g., quoted officials, reposts)",1,-1,[],[30355]],["Norman Fairclough's dialectical-relational approach",1,-1,[],[35443]],["Ruth Wodak's discourse-historical approach",1,-1,[],[35443]],["Social practice (macro-level): links to broader ideologies such as Islamic solidarity, humanitarianism, or diplomacy",1,-1,[],[30355]],["Textual analysis (micro-level): lexical choices, metaphors, presuppositions, modality",1,-1,[],[30355]],["Tuen van Djik's socio-cognitive approach",1,-1,[],[35443]],["discourse practice (production and consumption of the texts)",1,-1,[],[52657]],["discursive practice",1,29356,[],[55738]],["discursive practice dimension",1,5348,[],[55892]],["level of text (linguistic choices)",1,-1,[],[52657]],["socio-cultural practice",1,1701,[],[55738]],["sociocultural dimension",1,9902,[],[55892]],["sociocultural practice (ideological effects)",1,-1,[],[52657]],["text",1,7482,[],[55738]],["textual dimension",1,33479,[],[55892]],["the sociocognitive (van Dijk, 2015)",1,-1,[],[29772]]],"sp":[["discourse analysis",8,13723,[["discourse analysis",7],["Discourse Analysis",1]],[282,13242,29772,33246,49848,50200,56278,57091]],["applied linguistics",1,-1,[],[55726]],["discourse analytic study",1,-1,[],[50200]],["discourse theory",1,2785,[],[58344]]],"ex":[["gender inequality and racism",1,-1,[],[57091]],["how men and women are represented in the media",1,-1,[],[57091]],["how various ethnic groups appear in policy documents",1,-1,[],[57091]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an ideal fact-based one retrieves to check whether the hotline accepts reports of dog meat selling",1,-1,[],[39593]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["dissolve",1,-1,[],[10137]],["fade-in",1,-1,[],[10137]],["fade-out",1,-1,[],[10137]],["repeated images",1,-1,[],[10137]],["repeated sounds",1,-1,[],[10137]],["slow motion",1,-1,[],[10137]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The others are that the political and economic take primacy over the social and that as subjects, we can influence the political and economic.",1,-1,[],[19375]],["the structures that shape our subjective experience come from outside ourselves.",1,-1,[],[19375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Language Errors",1,-1,[],[11842]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["I do not mean the power (ideological or otherwise) exercised upon us by specific media texts; I mean more generally media institutions' differential symbolic power",1,-1,[],[43368]],["it is precisely the media's claim to represent the social whole that is the basis of their power.",1,-1,[],[43368]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["AI literacy, as part of media literacy, entails understanding how these systems function and their ethical and societal implications.",1,-1,[],[56566]],["Addressing synthetic media and AI-driven persuasive content that may distort scientific information or simulate authenticity.",1,-1,[],[35765]],["Developing AI literacy especially in evaluating AI-generated content, affordances, and risks of AI-generated content extends broader media literacy efforts aimed at detecting mis-and disinformation",1,-1,[],[35765]],["it is an essential component of media literacy.",1,-1,[],[56566]],["research must expand its focus to include AI literacy as a component of climate change education",1,-1,[],[35765]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media literacy",2,27668,[],[35765,56566]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[56566]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[56566]]],"ex":[["deepfakes",1,-1,[],[35765]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Downtoners seem to be significant for premises",1,-1,[],[12189]],["Downtoners, which increase the credibility of a claim by understating or mitigating the intensity of how it is expressed, were over three times higher in the science talks, where they function to either add precision to statements that are unproven (3) or protect the speaker against inaccuracy (4):",1,-1,[],[1804]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["amplifiers",1,28443,[],[12189]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hedges",1,3780,[],[1804]],["intensifiers",1,9805,[],[24283]],["valence shifters",1,27489,[],[24283]]],"ex":[["slightly",2,-1,[],[1804,12189]],["barely",1,-1,[],[1804]],["quite",1,-1,[],[1804]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sensory perceptions emphasise experience, particularly when the user is positioned in the hectic London Victoria Coach Station after being kept locked inside for nearly 10 min with minimal human contact.",1,-1,[],[4805]],["The user is immersed in stimuli, which overloads the mind but also creates a sense of being on a street in London.",1,-1,[],[4805]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[],"de":[["Arts education can be utilised to create efficient counter narratives, which can provide space to support diverse viewpoints that can question hate speakers' simplified generalisations.",1,-1,[],[9518]],["Counter narratives do not necessarily discredit the beliefs that have been previously established, but rather deconstruct the narratives on which they are based by offering a different way of thinking about the issues.",1,-1,[],[9518]],["In counter-narratives, the singular experiences of individuals provide evidence of exceptions to the rule of the master narrative.",1,-1,[],[51911]],["In this sense, counternarratives play a role in storytellers' positioning themselves against, or critiquing, the themes and ideologies of master narratives.",1,-1,[],[51911]],["Rather than manufacturing diversity (e.g., by flipping male and female names and roles, such as a victim for a robber), counter-narratives provide depth, complexity, and liberation through diversity of representation.",1,-1,[],[7545]],["also refers to narratives that challenge a much broader view or category such as forms of education, propaganda, and public information",1,-1,[],[15757]],["an effective means of combating online hate without compromising freedom of speech",1,-1,[],[23743]],["between their critical counter-narrative potential and their dependence on the same generic elements which they critique.",1,-1,[],[51911]],["counter narratives usually aim to construct something new",1,-1,[],[9518]],["counter-narrative stimuli designed in social experiments are generally long form",1,-1,[],[15757]],["counternarratives play a role in storytellers' positioning themselves against, or critiquing, the themes and ideologies of master narratives.",1,-1,[],[51911]],["fights hate speech by discrediting and deconstructing its content and by basing their arguments on human rights",1,-1,[],[30188]],["respond to an oppressive narrative with another narrative, which helps to construct an alternative framework to interpret reality",1,-1,[],[30188]]],"sy":[["counternarrative",1,23935,[],[23743]],["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[15756,15757]]],"rt":[["counter speech",2,25396,[["counter speech",1],["counterspeech",1]],[9518,15756,15757]],["Hate Speech (HS)",1,18278,[],[33472]],["competing narratives",1,450,[],[35350]],["cultural master narratives",1,-1,[],[51911]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[3681]],["master narrative",1,10827,[["master narrative",1],["master narratives",1]],[51911]],["one-sided narratives",1,-1,[],[9518]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[3681]],["white savior narrative",1,-1,[],[51911]]],"sb":[["Contradiction and Hypocrisy",1,30817,[],[23743]],["Contradiction and Hypocrisy are types of counternarratives that point out any inconsistencies or hypocrisy in the hate-filled statement.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["Counter questions are thought-provoking questions that challenge or probe its underlying assumptions, biases, or implications.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["Denouncing counter-narratives",1,11138,[],[23743]],["Denouncing counter-narratives are statements that involve openly and emphatically condemning a negative or harmful statement, idea, or action.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["Fact-based counter-narrative",1,887,[],[23743]],["Fact-based counter-narrative provides factual evidence to correct or refute any misperceptions and prevent the spread of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["Humor and sarcasm counter-narratives",1,21996,[],[23743]],["Humor and sarcasm counter-narratives use witty satirical statements to mock or ridicule hate speech.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["Positive Response are statements that involve presenting an optimistic, constructive, or supportive viewpoint in response to a negative or hostile statement.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["Warning of consequences",1,21590,[],[23743]],["Warning of consequences are counter-narratives that inform the user of the potential negative outcomes or repercussions associated with a particular statement, action, or viewpoint.",1,-1,[],[23743]],["alternative accounts",1,20194,[],[15757]],["counter-stereotypical exemplars",1,8630,[],[15757]],["inoculation",1,14922,[],[15757]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[15757]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Wall of Hope\" was a 15 meters wide and 2 meters high art work made by artists EGS and Jani Leinonen at the World Village Festival 2017 in Finland",1,-1,[],[9518]],["A counter narrative campaign can be a counteractive community newsletter, an awareness program, a discussion workshop about the effects of hate speech, a workshop on writing replies and opinions to newspapers, producing radio or television advertisements or an online video, or creating community art projects",1,-1,[],[9518]],["Ana Teresa Fernández's artwork \"Borrando la Frontera\" (Erasing the Border)",1,-1,[],[9518]],["Demonstrating the hypocrisy of extremist groups and how their actions are often inconsistent with their own stated beliefs.",1,-1,[],[30188]],["Emphasizing factual inaccuracies used in extremist propaganda and setting the record straight.",1,-1,[],[30188]],["HS: Women are basically childlike, they remain this way most of their lives. Soft and emotional. It has devastated our once great patriarchal civilizations. CN: Without softness and emotions there would be just brutality and cruelty. Not all women are soft and emotional and many men have these characteristics. To perpetuate these socially constructed gender profiles maintains norms which oppress anybody.",1,-1,[],[33472]],["Highlighting how extremist activities negatively impact the people they claim to represent.",1,-1,[],[30188]],["In her \"Precious Baby Project\", photographer Angela Forker has photographed medically fragile babies, or babies with disabilities, in her home studio in Indiana, as a way to show strength, potential, and love.",1,-1,[],[9518]],["Mocking or satirizing extremist propaganda to undermine its credibility.",1,-1,[],[30188]],["They allow readers and writers alike to imagine a reality not limited by the historical or current realities of systemic oppression.",1,-1,[],[7545]],["a counteractive community newsletter, an awareness program, a discussion workshop about the effects of hate speech, a workshop on writing replies and opinions to newspapers, producing radio or television advertisements or an online video, or creating community art projects",1,-1,[],[9518]],["counter narratives can provide alternative and accurate information against hate speech propaganda, and aim to deconstruct or delegitimise hate speech narratives by using humour, appealing to emotions on the topics involved, and offering different perspectives focusing on what we are for rather than against",1,-1,[],[9518]],["graffiti-erasing is used as a way to counter hate speech",1,-1,[],[9518]],["the \"Wall of Art\", in a park in Helsinki in 2017, where people could imprint the figure of their hand with different colours.",1,-1,[],[9518]],["the Living Library is a participatory work meant to challenge prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, by offering the possibility to borrow people, who can be, for example, victims of hate speech or activists in combating hate speech, instead of books.",1,-1,[],[9518]],["the work of [114] presents two parallel stories, one that depicts current systems of power and one that embodies abolitionist theories and practices of Black life. They use storytelling and speculative fiction as a methodology to affirm their own lived experience and counteract erasure of less documented experiences.",1,-1,[],[7545]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["debunked false stories shared on social media and messaging apps",1,-1,[],[29072]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a highly portable medium that stitched together snippets and reports from far-flung places and chronologies",1,-1,[],[36038]],["could draw together different texts and cast them widely",1,-1,[],[36038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["serial publications",1,-1,[],[36038]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Personal action frames embrace diversity and inclusion, lower the barriers of identification with the cause, and validate personal emotion",1,-1,[],[50284]],["the inclusive character of the personal action frames adopted by the Indignados, as these 'everyperson' frames are easier to be positively reported and publicly accepted",1,-1,[],[50284]],["these 'everyperson' frames are easier to be positively reported and publicly accepted than the exclusive 'collective action frames', which define social movements more narrowly against the established order",1,-1,[],[50284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["collective action frames",1,1648,[],[50284]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The explanations may be detailed, accurate, and valid, but they may not apply to other similar situations, even involving the same person, and are hence not generalizable.",1,-1,[],[25790]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["nomothetic explanations",1,-1,[],[25790]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["you did poorly on an exam because: (1) you forgot that you had an exam on that day, (2) you arrived late to the exam due to a traffic jam, (3) you panicked midway through the exam, (4) you had to work late the previous evening and could not study for the exam, or even (5) your dog ate your text book.",1,-1,[],[25790]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the concepts of news professionalism such as \"objectivity\", \"independence\", \"reality\", and \"first time\" are abstract concepts which cannot be practically realized.",1,-1,[],[48457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["first time",1,-1,[],[48457]],["independence",1,15267,[],[48457]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[48457]],["reality",1,4067,[],[48457]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4231]]],"ex":[["I've just seen a video posted by a Patriot, of Muslim men of fighting age sleeping in a church because the asylum hotels are full. Free food, clothes and blankets. . . they don't do that for our homeless! Why did the Patriot post this video? What was his intention in sharing it? What are your thoughts on this video?",1,-1,[],[60930]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["CTF",1,-1,[],[20515]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["second screen",1,1528,[],[56444]],["two-screen",1,-1,[],[56444]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["recontextualization",1,6805,[],[14165]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Frames in communication help to shape frames in thought.",1,-1,[],[3065]],["Frames of communication are ubiquitous in social media discourse and can impact how people understand issues and, more importantly, how they form their opinions",1,-1,[],[57552]],["Frames stress certain facts or values making them salient when individuals make decisions",1,-1,[],[3065]],["the former usage focuses on what a speaker says (e.g., the aspects of an issue emphasized in elite discourse)",1,-1,[],[27151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frames in thought",3,31451,[],[3065,27151,36309]],["frame evocation",1,-1,[],[57552]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Calculation",1,-1,[],[57552]],["Collective",1,-1,[],[57552]],["Complacency",1,-1,[],[57552]],["Confidence",1,-1,[],[57552]],["Conspiracy",1,-1,[],[57552]],["Constraints",1,-1,[],[57552]],["the media naturally feature certain aspects of a problem or situation in a story",1,-1,[],[3065]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The hypothesis posits that repeated exposures to an idea are particularly crucial for adopting the idea",1,-1,[],[10372]],["the exposure hypothesis focuses on the probability of retweeting other users' tweets",1,-1,[],[10372]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication 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rate",1,-1,[],[5364]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["effectively undercutting normative claims for altruism",1,-1,[],[13422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["altruism",1,32615,[],[13422]],["psychological egoism",1,24336,[],[13422]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":111,"df":[],"de":[["Control of information does not exclusively belong to communication workers (e.g., journalists, editors, and broadcasters) and platform owners and administrators anymore",1,-1,[],[25944]],["Even before information reaches journalists, any information content passes through various \"filters\" that decide whether the topic is processed further or not.",1,-1,[],[26267]],["Gatekeeping examples range from a reporter deciding which sources should be included in a story to editors deciding which stories will be published.",1,-1,[],[46613]],["Gatekeeping is a diverse phenomenon that can be applied to several areas of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[32940]],["Gatekeeping receives attention as the journalistic core task of information selection changed with the establishment of social media",1,-1,[],[4389]],["In the context of cultural heritage, gatekeeping takes a specific form -it is not only about selecting elements of cultural heritage, but also about deciding what will be preserved from the past, interpreted (and in what way) and mediated to current and future generations.",1,-1,[],[26267]],["Institutionally, this practice is known as 'gatekeeping'",1,-1,[],[53468]],["It describes the news selection process that operates under several layers of influences-from the individual to the routine, organizational, social institution, and social system levels (Shoemaker and Vos, 2009).",1,-1,[],[9107]],["KPI and KPID, as national and regional regulatory bodies, consistently perform a gatekeeping function as conceptualized by Lewin (1947) and expanded by Shoemaker and Vos (2009), filtering which political content proceeds to the public and which is blocked.",1,-1,[],[33884]],["Persons involved in media are acting as gatekeepers between true events and media messages to the general public.",1,-1,[],[46613]],["Shoemaker and Vos (2009) define gatekeeping as the mechanism that transforms countless bits of information into a limited number of messages that shape public discourse.",1,-1,[],[33884]],["The fundamental point of the gatekeeping theory, as developed by Kurt Lewin (1947), is that there are forces or pressures that can either impede or facilitate the flow of news items through the 'gates' (Shoemaker 1996).",1,-1,[],[19281]],["The process of news production process starts with gatekeeping addressing a selective power",1,-1,[],[35884]],["The process of news production process starts with gatekeeping addressing a selective power and continues with agenda setting in which gatekeepers decide how much salience to give news story.",1,-1,[],[35884]],["This point of interaction constitutes the gate through which information passes to the public.",1,-1,[],[59564]],["This process also determines the content of these messages.",1,-1,[],[32940]],["This process is key to understanding how the media filter content and influence societal perception in electoral contexts.",1,-1,[],[33884]],["Users of social media partake in the gatekeeping process by deciding what to do with the information received",1,-1,[],[25944]],["a concept central to the practice of journalism, indeed journalism's very essence",1,-1,[],[50584]],["among the actors able to influence and shape messages are markets, audiences, but also public relations, governments, and interest groups",1,-1,[],[39080]],["changed with the establishment of social media",1,-1,[],[4389]],["channels, pathways of the food (e.g., supermarkets to households)",1,-1,[],[25944]],["debates within news organizations over the public's right/need to know and negotiations with political elites over the shape and content of what is news",1,-1,[],[59564]],["filtering news stories either gathered by mobile journalists (MoJos) or received by citizen journalists",1,-1,[],[38808]],["forces, factors affecting the passage of food into the gates",1,-1,[],[25944]],["framing gatekeeping as a process present in the communication environment of the Internet",1,-1,[],[25944]],["gatekeepers sort through vast amounts of information, and these gatekeepers allow or constrain information flowing through the gates to the audience",1,-1,[],[25944]],["gatekeeping operations are affected by corporate philosophies and policies of newspaper organizations irrespective of type of ownership",1,-1,[],[19281]],["gatekeeping role in the selection, presentation and targeting of news",1,-1,[],[53197]],["gatekeeping, which relates to the most fundamental dilemma in their work -of all the artists who approach cultural organisations or sponsors for financial assistance in order to get closer to their audiences, only a very small number actually select those who actually do receive this assistance.",1,-1,[],[26267]],["media ethics exist primarily to reproduce gatekeeping and hierarchical structures in the journalistic field",1,-1,[],[17432]],["potential bias in the system",1,-1,[],[17001]],["selective choices are made by journalists and content providers in what is called gate-keeping",1,-1,[],[44208]],["social media users assume the role of gatekeepers in social networks like Facebook, and through different activities, they influence the movement of information, even information disorders like misinformation.",1,-1,[],[25944]],["the communications network of the United States of America proved itself incredibly easy to infiltrate",1,-1,[],[17065]],["the distribution of information has radically changed, whereby social media and search engine algorithms become the new gatekeepers for the dissemination of stories.",1,-1,[],[17065]],["the gate, the entrance to a channel",1,-1,[],[25944]],["the gatekeeper, the regulator of food supply and consumption",1,-1,[],[25944]],["the gatekeeping molds the reality of the audience",1,-1,[],[25944]],["the gatekeeping role of news agencies",1,-1,[],[39080]],["the process happens at the macro level, like government and industry performing the roles of gatekeepers, as well as in the micro level, where individuals apply information control",1,-1,[["the process happens at the macro level, like government and industry performing the roles of gatekeepers, as well as in the micro level, where individuals apply information control",1],["the process happens at the macro level, like government and industry performing the roles of gatekeepers, as well as in the micro level, where individuals apply information control.",1]],[25944]],["the process of gatekeeping could be utilized to examine media consumption",1,-1,[],[25944]],["the relationship between participation in editorial processes and publication rates is an important indicator of women's opportunity to publish",1,-1,[],[17001]],["the theorist also broadens the scope of gatekeeping from information selection to information control to incorporate different types of information treatment.",1,-1,[],[25944]],["took part in the gatekeeping process by deciding what to do with the information they received from the sources",1,-1,[],[25944]]],"sy":[["information controllers",1,11511,[],[25944]]],"rt":[["framing",2,22777,[],[39080,56055]],["gatekeeper",2,23561,[["gatekeeper",1],["gatekeepers",1],["the gatekeeper",1]],[18043,25944]],["statement bias",2,24212,[],[41195,42222]],["Algorithmic Gatekeeping",1,16671,[],[36047]],["Network Gatekeeping",1,22482,[],[32940]],["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[13928]],["channels",1,34389,[],[25944]],["coverage",1,15065,[],[41195]],["facilitation",1,34244,[],[4958]],["forces",1,34269,[],[25944]],["gate",1,8205,[["gate",1],["the 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gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[17065]],["diffusing gatekeeping activities",1,19531,[],[25944]],["individual decisions about the newsworthiness of a story",1,-1,[],[17065]],["media gatekeeping",1,17155,[],[26267]],["networked gatekeepers",1,-1,[],[17065]],["organisational levels (is this story consonant with our business or organisational mission?)",1,-1,[],[17065]],["pre-media gatekeeping",1,19707,[],[26267]],["restricting gatekeeping activities",1,33624,[],[25944]],["social institutional levels (such as whether it will be profitable in a market-oriented publication)",1,-1,[],[17065]],["social system level",1,2422,[],[59953]],["social system levels (the wider social and cultural values that shape our relations with each other)",1,-1,[],[17065]],["statement bias",1,24212,[],[42222]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Kurt Lewin (1947) first used the term 'gatekeeping,' to describe a wife or mother as the person who decides which food finally ends up on the family's dinner table.",1,-1,[],[19281]],["a reporter deciding which sources should be included in a story",1,-1,[],[46613]],["editors deciding which stories will be published",1,-1,[],[46613]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The NS \"redneck\" is formed in metonymic association of the part and the whole, focusing on the prominent visual feature of a social group.",1,-1,[],[38348]]],"sy":[["hillbilly",1,25941,[],[38348]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["nomen of a sociocultural stereotype (hereafter NS)",1,13302,[],[38348]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Secondly, it immerses the user in that world using VR headsets or goggles (HMD) and other haptic devices and/or rooms or automatic virtual environments (CAVE) through which the device detaches the user from the physical world (Cotton, 2021;Owen et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[54930]],["it immerses the user in that world using VR headsets or goggles (HMD) and other haptic devices and/or rooms or automatic virtual environments (CAVE) through which the device detaches the user from the physical world",1,-1,[],[54930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["immersive journalism",1,9728,[],[54930]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["people think others notice their stigmatized characteristics more than they actually do. When someone is the only member of an ethnic minority, or the only member of their gender in a group, and attention is brought to their ethnicity or gender, people feel like others are looking at them more, and this makes them experience more negative affect",1,-1,[],[8945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["someone might think they are having a \"bad hair day,\" because they compare their own hair on that day to how it looked on other days, whereas others are less likely to notice subtle day-to-day differences.",1,-1,[],[8945]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The third type of misinformation",1,-1,[],[36005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[36005]]],"ex":[["a person who believes that vaccines are safe would perceive the statement, \"Not a single death has been linked to the COVID-19 vaccine\" as a truthy falsehood if (a) they knew that the AstraZeneca vaccine has been linked to death as a rare side effect [31] (false verbatim), but (b) they agreed with the statement's implied broader truth that COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe (true gist)",1,-1,[],[36005]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Aligning AI technologies to users' values rather than their intentions, preferences or interests can provide broad constraints to the design space, serving as guiding principles rather than prescriptive guidelines",1,-1,[],[7233]],["advances the discussion on AI value alignment",1,-1,[],[7233]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["technical AI safety",1,-1,[],[1124]],["value embodiment",1,-1,[],[7233]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This normative impetus is typically indicated through a wide range of terms referring to proactive practices of researching and investigating facts, such as to 'chase', 'dig up', 'discover', 'ferret out', or 'delve into' the truth or even to act as 'whistle-blower'.",1,-1,[],[9369]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical-monitorial",1,27759,[],[9369]],["critical-monitorial function of journalism",1,-1,[],[9369]],["critical-monitorial roles",1,-1,[],[9369]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These individuals are often celebrated for their selflessness and dedication.",1,-1,[],[61252]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["protagonist",1,11436,[],[61252]]],"ex":[["Civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., who was assassinated while fighting for equality, or journalists who risk their lives to report on corruption and injustice.",1,-1,[],[61252]]]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["In the context of fact-checking efforts on social media platforms, partisan bias can influence the way in which information is evaluated and classified as true or false",1,-1,[],[56223]],["Issue-level model vs. partisan bias on the 20 issues in IssueBench for which we collected Republican and Democrat voter stances from iSideWith.com.",1,-1,[],[56140]],["Selective attention to world-view-consistent news has led to research on the effects of political identity.",1,-1,[],[20729]],["if a fact-checker has a political bias toward a particular party or ideology, they may be more likely to label information that corresponds with their beliefs as true and information that contradicts their beliefs as false.",1,-1,[],[56223]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["LLM issue biases",1,-1,[],[56140]]],"sb":[["Direct political bias",1,30734,[],[20228]],["Indirect political bias",1,12787,[],[20228]]],"sp":[["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[20729]]],"ex":[["in 2020, Twitter received criticism for labeling a tweet from a conservative commentator as \"manipulated media,\" while tweets with similar content from left-leaning sources were left unchecked",1,-1,[],[56223]],["one of the fact-checkers, who was affiliated with a conservative think tank, was found to have labeled true posts from leftleaning sources as false, while false posts from right-leaning sources as true.",1,-1,[],[56223]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]}]