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Acts may be shown, planned, or discussed, but must be central to the plot.",1,-1,[],[39337]],["desperate but ultimately futile acts against unstoppable human expansion",1,-1,[],[39337]],["frame eco-tage and eco-terrorism as not only morally wrong, but apocalyptic",1,-1,[],[39337]],["overblown, inaccurate, and fear mongering depictions of bomb-throwing masked vigilantes occupies much of the discussion of 'eco-terrorism'.",1,-1,[],[39337]],["portray eco-tage and eco-terrorism positively, framing nature as something to protect from human greed and exploitation",1,-1,[],[39337]],["responses to state and corporate inaction",1,-1,[],[39337]]],"sy":[["environmental violence",1,-1,[],[39337]],["radical environmentalism",1,-1,[],[39337]]],"rt":[["eco-tage",1,4508,[],[39337]],["environmental activism",1,-1,[],[39337]],["environmental violence",1,-1,[],[39337]],["radical environmentalism",1,-1,[],[39337]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["collective strength",1,-1,[],[55725]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, we estimate the spreading rate with the retweet count instead of the number of likes or replies of a tweet.",1,-1,[],[58692]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news popularity",1,-1,[],[58692]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["employed to assess the impact of persuasive news communication on perceived credibility and judgment",1,-1,[],[47551]],["vary in their construal levels",1,-1,[],[47551]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This type of bias is subtle and happens through the moderation of tone and frames that comply with the political interests of the government.",1,-1,[],[41121]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["World Association of News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)",1,-1,[],[41121]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Self-efficacious attitudes comprise an individual's confidence (feelings/thoughts) in their motivation, skills, and cognitive resources to successfully meet the demands made of them (Stajkovic and Luthans, 1998), which results in them making greater effort (behaviors).",1,-1,[],[14271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["they are all too often employed in discourse around transgender issues as if they were incontestable and unchanging axioms",1,-1,[],[59793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["scientific truths",1,-1,[],[59793]]],"sb":[["social facts",1,1820,[],[59793]],["social truths",1,3722,[],[59793]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["subjective qualifiers are closely related to spin words and phrases once they obscure the objective truth and insert subjectivity.",1,-1,[],[45068]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["spin words and phrases",1,-1,[],[45068]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[45068]]],"ex":[["For example, \"Rep. Madison Cawthorn issues sinister warning to anyone opposing Him. The extremist republican ranted about liberals trying to make people \"sexless\"\". Note that subjective qualifiers are closely related to spin words and phrases once they obscure the objective truth and insert subjectivity.",1,-1,[],[45068]],["Rep. Madison Cawthorn issues sinister warning to anyone opposing Him. The extremist republican ranted about liberals trying to make people \"sexless\"",1,-1,[],[45068]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Storytelling framing",1,9493,[],[55490]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",2,22777,[],[49218,61525]],["Framing strategies",1,33278,[],[55490]],["frames",1,7860,[],[61525]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["And it is a term which prefigures a social dimension of shared approaches toward navigating the digital landscape.",1,-1,[],[34652]],["From the ensemble of media that are available at a given point of time in their culture, people gradually build up a set of media (such as news brands, TV programs, weekly magazines, radio broadcasts, social media, etc.) into a repertoire which they routinely and habitually draw on in everyday life (cf. Bird, 2011).",1,-1,[],[34652]],["It is a term that creates space to consider diverse modes of audience participation, distinct gratifications, and differentiated engagement.",1,-1,[],[34652]],["enquiries about how news repertoires are negotiated at the level of the individual are best approached not in a Boolean sense of what is or is not a repertoire but rather in terms of what experiential significance do routinized news media activities have, how does this develop, and what types of change and instability in the media environment and the individual lifeworld have a destabilizing impact on formerly durable enactments.",1,-1,[],[34652]],["explore and compare audiences' news media diets-or repertoires-which we assess in relation to their political and ideological orientation and diversity",1,-1,[],[24230]],["news repertoires are not stable, but emergent.",1,-1,[],[34652]]],"sy":[["audiences' news media diets",1,-1,[],[24230]],["news repertories",1,-1,[],[34652]]],"rt":[["interpretive repertories",1,-1,[],[34652]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media repertoires",1,23690,[],[34652]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["It originates with the institutional communicator's intent to influence the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of the collective of recipients by constructing semiotic representations in such a way that they serve the former's own interests.",1,-1,[],[46581]],["It originates with the institutional communicator's intent to influence the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of the collective of recipients by constructing semiotic representations in such a way that they serve the former's own interests. It often relies on the sender's exploitation of the position of power or trust, together with their privileged access to various symbolic resources that can be drawn on to magnify the effect on the receivers.",1,-1,[],[46581]],["OPC becomes most forceful when it develops coercive dimensions that work through exploiting the actual or threatened inflict of costs, including such things as economic sanctions, use of physical force and withdrawal of benefits.",1,-1,[],[8574]],["The notion of coercion has been selected, instead of, e.g., manipulation, hegemony or ideology, primarily due to its better delimitation and analytic applicability.",1,-1,[],[46581]],["coercion here is not taken to mean manipulation in its most insidious sense of making the receiver do something that is against their best interests",1,-1,[],[46581]],["relying on conventionalized conceptualizations (as well as on easily retrievable \"common\" knowledge) is typical of communicators that intend to reproduce representations by facilitating a relatively unreflective processing of verbal input. This, in turn, is one of the main mechanisms of coercion.",1,-1,[],[46581]],["threatening or actually inflicting costs",1,-1,[],[8574]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["coercive persuasion",1,34688,[],[8574]],["deceptive coercion",1,25874,[],[8574]],["hegemony",1,1755,[],[46581]],["ideology",1,8315,[],[46581]],["incentivization",1,5772,[],[8574]],["manipulation",1,148,[],[46581]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[46581]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Non-Consensual Organized Persuasive Communication",1,-1,[],[8574]],["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[8574]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[46581]]],"ex":[["the 'propaganda of the deed' (Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 301) whereby a violent act is performed at least partly for propagandistic purposes, as with 9/11 (Louw, 2003) or US 'Shock and Awe' strategy during the 2003 Iraq invasion.",1,-1,[],[8574]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["authority 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dito",1],["geralmente indica de um modo mais evidente uma valorização sobre as palavras que cita, fato que lhe outorga uma maior responsabilidade pelo que foi dito.",1]],[46876]],["não há nenhum elemento de seu discurso que não esteja integrado na perspectiva do locutor",1,-1,[],[46876]],["portanto, geralmente indica de um modo mais evidente uma valorização sobre as palavras que cita, fato que lhe outorga uma maior responsabilidade pelo que foi dito.",1,-1,[],[46876]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discurso relatado",1,22636,[],[46876]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It is through the ability to be the other at the same time that he is himself that the symbol becomes significant.",1,-1,[],[2310]],["the sign (or significant symbol) is a composite of two different perspectives, namely, an actor perspective and an observer 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Nearly all known species of animal have their gay communities. Whether it be a lion or a whale, they have or had (if they are endangered) a gay community. Also marriage is an unnatural act. Although there are some species that do have longer relationships with a partner most known do not",1,-1,[],[22004]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is a genre of political communication which encompasses the complex process of exchanging information and ideas between various political actors, aimed at influencing public opinion, gaining power, or legitimising political decisions (Hart and Kelsey 2019).",1,-1,[],[45659]],["Striking is a means of collective action consisting of interrupting work, sometimes blocking a specific space, manifesting discontent, demanding changes, or drawing attention to a specific political, social, or economic problem.",1,-1,[],[45659]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist framing",1,24640,[],[38565]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It is vital to draw upon the 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and lack of understanding of the social world-with which they are correlated",1,-1,[],[8780]],["express the feeling of not being able to deal with such change",1,-1,[],[2341]],["feelings such as 'Everything has become so complex today that I no longer know what to do' and 'I no longer understand what is happening in the world today' are central.",1,-1,[],[2341]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["alienation from the political system",1,-1,[],[6416]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It describes a propaganda model primarily used to overwhelm information networks, making it challenging for users to discern what information is real and what is false, often by mixing real and fake news.",1,-1,[],[59057]],["It is therefore the most widespread and effective form of state-sponsored disinformation.",1,-1,[],[47096]],["The aim of this propaganda model is to eliminate the checks and balances and make democratic competition impossible in an environment in which the illusory, formal skeleton of democratic limits and competition still exists.",1,-1,[],[47096]],["The aim of this propaganda model is to eliminate the checks and balances and make democratic competition impossible in an environment in which the illusory, formal skeleton of democratic limits and competition still exists. This propaganda is therefore not simply aimed at convincing, enthusing, and mobilising, but at covering up government abuses and failures, disqualifying competitors, hiding or denigrating alternatives, and ultimately creating an illusory reality that is false in all its elements.",1,-1,[],[47096]],["This comprehensive propaganda model is so resource-intensive that it can only be carried out at the state level in practice, through the uncontrolled use of public money and the misuse of state power.",1,-1,[],[47096]],["This propaganda is therefore not simply aimed at convincing, enthusing, and mobilising, but at covering up government abuses and failures, disqualifying competitors, hiding or denigrating alternatives, and ultimately creating an illusory reality that is false in all its elements.",1,-1,[],[47096]],["focusing on four main qualities, which are that it is high-volume and multichannel, rapid, continuous, and repetitive, lacks commitment to objective reality, and lacks commitment to consistency",1,-1,[],[59057]],["high-volume and multichannel",1,-1,[],[59057]],["illustrates how legal and social control systems are systematically dismantled in a way that facilitates the circulation of unimpeded government messaging across diverse social groups, generously funded by public resources.",1,-1,[],[47096]],["lacks commitment to consistency",1,-1,[],[59057]],["lacks commitment to objective reality",1,-1,[],[59057]],["rapid, continuous, and repetitive",1,-1,[],[59057]],["repeated exposure to a statement has been shown to increase its acceptance as true",1,-1,[],[59057]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Gish Gallop",1,12149,[],[59057]],["state-sponsored disinformation",1,289,[],[47096]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[47096]],["propaganda model",1,16126,[],[59057]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Analysing internal narrative coherence helps to find inconsistencies and ambiguities in policy documents and positions",1,-1,[],[1636]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narrative coherence",1,5887,[],[1636]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Pseudo-religism serves as an alternative designation for pseudo-religion, where the prefix 'pseudo' signifies a striking yet deceptive similarity, representing a notably false form but bearing resemblance.",1,-1,[],[16156]],["Pseudo-religism terrorism is rooted in doctrines that were initially rejected or not aligned with mainstream religious teachings.",1,-1,[],[16156]],["The term 'pseudo' indicates a deceptive similarity, signifying that it appears similar but is misleading.",1,-1,[],[16156]],["These characteristics typically include having a founder, primarily written texts, worship rituals, and faith-based beliefs.",1,-1,[],[16156]]],"sy":[["pseudo-religion",1,14579,[],[16156]]],"rt":[["religion",1,26542,[],[16156]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Theosophy, Corporate Kabbalism, Christian Science, Takfiri ideology, and Scientology.",1,-1,[],[16156]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":64,"df":[],"de":[["Gender does shape the accepted, expected and rewarded behaviour and preferences based on social structures, norms and institutions.",1,-1,[],[3436]],["Gender is usually incorrectly conceptualized as a binary (female/ male) factor.",1,-1,[],[20472]],["Gender is usually incorrectly conceptualized as a binary (female/ male) factor. In reality, there is a spectrum of gender identities and expressions defining how individuals identify themselves and express their gender.",1,-1,[],[20472]],["Gender is usually incorrectly conceptualized as a binary factor (female/male). In reality, there is a spectrum of gender identities and expressions defining how individuals identify themselves and express their gender.",1,-1,[],[20472]],["Gender, on the other hand, unlike the concept of sex, refers to the roles and responsibilities of women and men determined by society.",1,-1,[],[60421]],["However, due to methodological and linguistic constraints, we are limited to working within a binary gender spectrum in this work.",1,-1,[],[48870]],["In reality, there is a spectrum of gender identities and expressions defining how individuals identify themselves and express their gender.",1,-1,[],[20472]],["It emphasizes the roles and demands of men and women, rather than just on women as a distinct and homogeneous group",1,-1,[],[22158]],["It influences how people perceive themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and the distribution of power and resources in society.",1,-1,[],[20472]],["It influences how people perceive themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and the distribution of power and resources in society. Gender is usually incorrectly conceptualized as a binary factor (female/male). In reality, there is a spectrum of gender identities and expressions defining how individuals identify themselves and express their gender.",1,-1,[],[20472]],["It is applied to a entire range of society and institutions from traditional anthropological concerns such as family, marriage and kinship to the market, to religion and the state.",1,-1,[],[22367]],["It is applied to a entire range of society and institutions from traditional anthropological concerns such as family, marriage and kinship to the market, to religion and the state. The concept \"gender\" helps us look at the ideological constructs as well as everyday practices that express, reproduce, and sustain unequal distribution of power, prestige and resources between boys and girls also between men and women in various spheres of our society.",1,-1,[],[22367]],["Texts that reinforce harmful gender stereotypes or discriminate based on gender identity or expression. Includes sexist or transphobic remarks.",1,-1,[],[42902]],["The concept \"gender\" helps us look at the ideological constructs as well as everyday practices that express, reproduce, and sustain unequal distribution of power, prestige and resources between boys and girls also between men and women in various spheres of our society.",1,-1,[],[22367]],["We take the neutral category to contain characters with either non-binary gender identity, or an identity which is unspecified for gender by definition (say, for a magic tree).",1,-1,[],[11531]],["decouple the various sociolinguistic aspects of gender, i.e. \"the different ways in which gender can be realized linguistically\"",1,-1,[],[7426]],["focuses on the social constructs, processes, actions and presentations that are not inherently or biologically linked with the sexes",1,-1,[],[3436]],["gender identities are a complex sociocultural product.",1,-1,[],[13269]],["gender is also the discursive/ cultural means by which 'sexed nature' or 'a natural sex' is produced",1,-1,[["gender is also the discursive/ cultural means by which 'sexed nature' or 'a natural sex' is produced",1],["gender is also the discursive/ cultural means by which 'sexed nature' or 'a natural sex' is produced.",1]],[59719]],["gender is considered a social construct",1,-1,[],[15628]],["gender is something that is unconsciously foregrounded when we think of what it means to be a 'politician'",1,-1,[],[42550]],["gender is the product of a cultural construction process and that the concept explains social classification through masculinity/femininity",1,-1,[],[60421]],["our conceptualization of gender is inclusive: 1) sex, gender and sexuality are treated as linked but separate elements of the overall concept of 'gender'; 2) it does not by definition predetermine what is considered to be a 'good' representation of women; and 3) first steps are made to include the lens of masculinity as an analytical strategy.",1,-1,[],[3436]],["shaped by social and cultural circumstances",1,-1,[],[20472]],["the concept of gender asserts that the characteristics allocated to sex come from the cultural context and not from nature.",1,-1,[],[29288]],["the most intimate aspect of one's identity",1,-1,[],[59719]],["there is nothing innate about gender",1,-1,[],[42550]],["we do not refer to speakers' gender identity but exclusively to their preferred linguistic expression of gender",1,-1,[],[40175]]],"sy":[["female",1,20646,[],[40175]],["male",1,422,[],[40175]]],"rt":[["sex",5,-1,[],[3436,15628,53326,59719,60421]],["Gender performativity",1,19093,[],[51930]],["female",1,20646,[],[40175]],["grammatical gender",1,3702,[],[7426]],["male",1,422,[],[40175]],["masculinities",1,28245,[],[3436]],["misandrist",1,-1,[],[42902]],["misogynistic",1,-1,[],[42902]],["sexist remarks",1,-1,[],[42902]],["sexuality",1,8312,[],[3436]],["social gender",1,28752,[],[7426]],["traditional gender roles",1,-1,[],[34097]],["transphobic speech",1,-1,[],[42902]]],"sb":[["feminine",1,-1,[],[11531]],["masculine",1,-1,[],[11531]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[11531]]],"sp":[["Demographic",1,14016,[],[51829]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[42902]]],"ex":[["Man; Woman",1,-1,[],[48022]],["androgynous",1,-1,[],[51829]],["e.g. Man; Woman",1,-1,[],[48022]],["genderqueer",1,-1,[],[7559]],["girl",1,-1,[],[51829]],["masculinity",1,-1,[],[51829]],["masculinity, girl, androgynous",1,-1,[],[51829]],["non-binary",1,-1,[],[7559]],["replace titles like mother with parent, daughter with child, sister with sibling, and female, woman or girl with person or simply with the name of the victim",1,-1,[],[54826]],["transgender",1,-1,[],[7559]]]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["The current experiment follows the three basic steps of the misinformation effect paradigm: the witnessing of an event, the receiving of misleading information and the test of recollection",1,-1,[],[55362]],["The experimental paradigm used to test the misinformation effect usually contains three steps. First, the participants witness an event, ordinarily on film. After this, new false information is given about some course of events or details in the film. Finally, the participants are tested on their recollection of the original event to see if any changes have occurred",1,-1,[],[55362]],["The experimental paradigm used to test the misinformation effect usually contains three steps. First, the participants witness an event, ordinarily on film. After this, new false information is given about some course of events or details in the film. Finally, the participants are tested on their recollection of the original event to see if any changes have occurred [21].",1,-1,[],[55362]],["The misinformation effect has been found to be highly dependent on who delivers the misleading information, i.e. who the source is",1,-1,[],[55362]],["a larger misinformation effect is created when the participants find the source reliable and trustworthy",1,-1,[],[55362]],["inadequate reliance on active, but invalid, information paired with insufficient retrieval control",1,-1,[],[14963]],["misleading postevent information can alter a person'srecollection of an event",1,-1,[],[14943]],["the misinformation effect also benefits from a long interval between the witnessed event and the later introduction of misleading information",1,-1,[],[55362]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["automatic retrieval processes",1,11404,[],[14963]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[1514]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In one study, when participants viewed a depiction of a car traveling through an intersection with a stop sign, if they were later exposed to a suggestive question that mentioned a yield sign, many falsely remembered a yield sign in a subsequent forced choice recognition test",1,-1,[],[18233]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["the 'being there' qualia that was referred to as 'presence' in the original literature",1,-1,[],[5740]]],"rt":[["terrorism",1,2923,[],[48428]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["presence",1,33629,[],[5740]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diffusion of information",1,24126,[],[24145]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The media system played a key role in transforming Libya into the \"people's mass state\" (jamahiriya) that Qadhafi had envisaged.",1,-1,[],[33508]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["counterfactual examples with small perturbations on target-domain data instead of relying on templates or specific datasets for bias detection",1,-1,[],[36441]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["critical-analytical journalistic discourses",1,-1,[],[4727]]],"rt":[["cultural journalism",1,10513,[],[4727]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Rather than advancing a fixed model of autocratic governance, commercialisation offers flexible narrative structures adaptable to diverse contexts. In so doing, it fosters demand by aligning narratives with the specific concerns of recipient regimes, enabling autocratic practices to be adopted when they are perceived to 'fit'.",1,-1,[],[48112]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Propicia, nesse sentido, a possibilidade de participação de centenas de pessoas com milhares de interações que são acessíveis por todos os atores, espalhando-as e fazendo com que migrem entre os grupos e entre os sites de redes sociais",1,-1,[],[10868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["top-down structure",1,-1,[],[45852]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They seek to remove impediments or harms",1,-1,[],[46965]],["They seek to remove impediments or harms and they receive widespread support.",1,-1,[],[46965]]],"sy":[["negative freedoms",1,-1,[],[46965]],["negative rights",1,32902,[],[46965]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["children should be free from sexual or violent abuse",1,-1,[],[46965]],["children should be free from sexual or violent abuse and that, today, protection is required online as well as offline.",1,-1,[],[46965]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Bolivarian missions",1,-1,[],[23964]],["colectivos (collectives)",1,-1,[],[23964]],["comunas (communes)",1,-1,[],[23964]]],"sp":[["pseudo participatory organizations",1,13680,[],[23964]]],"ex":[["Bolivarian missions",1,-1,[],[23964]],["colectivos (collectives)",1,-1,[],[23964]],["comunas (communes)",1,-1,[],[23964]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["see catastrophe as imminent and inevitable",1,-1,[],[23555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["climate risk realism",1,15515,[],[23555]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["fenômeno de disseminação nas redes sociais dos chamados fake papers -ou artigos científicos com dados falsificados -para finalidades bastante específicas, como no caso dos movimentos antivacina.",1,-1,[],[10873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["como no caso dos movimentos antivacina.",1,-1,[],[10873]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["demotic",1,-1,[],[32412]],["vernacular",1,7842,[],[32412]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lacanian discourses",1,17728,[],[48534]],["The Four Discourses theory",1,15132,[],[48534]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These things made up a great deal of the prisoners' identities and so by disavowing them they were betraying themselves.",1,-1,[],[25047]],["This included friends, colleagues and religious beliefs. These people and structures were core to who these prisoners were, and disavowal constituted a betrayal of self.",1,-1,[],[25047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Propagation-based",1,15685,[],[6796]],["Stance-based",1,19513,[],[6796]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[9736]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Proponents of the \"hard propaganda\" viewpoint suggest that the state may not care about citizens' trust at all; they contend instead that rather than aiming at indoctrination and persuasion, propaganda functions effectively to signal the state's power and thus deter citizens from mobilizing.",1,-1,[],[57469]],["effectively signals the state's power, deterring citizens from engaging in collective mobilization.",1,-1,[],[57469]],["hard propaganda under certain circumstances can be persuasive.",1,-1,[],[57469]],["may help to preserve stability by signalling the state's strength, but it is even less effective in persuasion today.",1,-1,[],[57469]],["to broadcast the Party's leadership in \"crude and heavy-handed\" language",1,-1,[],[26377]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["censorship",1,14297,[],[26377]],["framing tactics",1,9281,[],[26377]],["information control strategies",1,-1,[],[26377]],["soft propaganda",1,29670,[],[57469]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["information control strategies",1,-1,[],[26377]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["I based my identification of possible stereotypes on participants' orientations to these kinds of category-attribute links, rather than rigidly applying an a priori definition (cf. Schegloff's [2006] discussion of the notion of \"a possible X\").",1,-1,[],[46802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["We can call this way of looking forensic",1,-1,[],[23327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["a term which distinguishes them from the frames in communication entailed in news frames and issue frames.",1,-1,[],[15352]],["others by interviewing audiences",1,-1,[],[6263]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media frames",3,25284,[["media frames",2],["media frame",1]],[6263,43907,54858]],["news frames",2,21144,[],[15352,38591]],["issue frames",1,27651,[],[15352]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",2,22777,[],[43907,54858]],["Frames",1,7860,[],[36248]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[38591]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["spreadability",1,2793,[],[19131]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["allows for the consideration of complex relationships between elements of context-specific frames using various metrics from network analysis.",1,-1,[],[41617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["given the increasing popularity of social media in the last two decades, information diffusion, and especially rumor propagation nowadays, tends to be linked with the dissemination of information over specific digital social networking platforms",1,-1,[],[55086]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["adoption of information",1,12925,[],[24140]],["innovation diffusion",1,19366,[],[425]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic modality",1,31081,[],[57120]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Un sistema plural es aquel que reconoce que la diversidad cultural es parte constitutiva de la democracia y que la comunicación debe servir como espacio de encuentro entre identidades diversas",1,-1,[],[55072]],["el Reglamento configura un marco jurídico orientado a preservar un ecosistema mediático plural, transparente e independiente como elemento esencial del funcionamiento democrático de la Unión.",1,-1,[],[55072]],["la garantía de pluralismo no se limita al número de medios existentes en un país, sino que incorpora elementos estructurales, funcionales, culturales y tecnológicos que configuran el ecosistema comunicativo en su totalidad, tratando de dar cabida, también, a voces discordantes.",1,-1,[],[55072]],["la posibilidad de acceder a una variedad de servicios y contenidos de medios de comunicación que reflejen diferentes voces, opiniones y análisis",1,-1,[],[55072]]],"sy":[["sistema plural",1,-1,[],[55072]]],"rt":[["diversidad de voces",1,-1,[],[55072]]],"sb":[["pluralismo externo",1,29737,[],[55072]],["pluralismo interno",1,11176,[],[55072]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Vagueness is an inherent characteristic of natural language. It is inevitable in communication because no natural language is able to make an adequately precise statement of anything.",1,-1,[],[31044]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fallacies",1,6405,[],[36398]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["in those areas where algorithms are not capable of generating content, what we more often see is augmented journalism.",1,-1,[],[17053]],["not the use of augmented reality (AR)",1,-1,[],[17053]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["augmented reality journalism",1,-1,[],[17053]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As algorithmic systems mediate interactions between people and institutions, interpersonal harms do not necessarily emerge from direct interactions between people, as is the more classic understanding of interpersonal relations, but can emerge through the power dynamics of productionized ML models",1,-1,[],[7523]],["Like other sociotechnical harms, existing power asymmetries and patterns of structural inequality constitutively shape them. They have an intrapersonal element, however, through which people feel a diminished sense of self and agency.",1,-1,[],[7523]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Diminished health and well-being.",1,-1,[["Diminished health and well-being.",1],["diminished health and well-being",1]],[7523]],["Loss of agency or control.",1,-1,[],[7523]],["Privacy violation.",1,27488,[["Privacy violation.",1],["privacy violations",1]],[7523]],["Technology-facilitated violence.",1,8873,[["Technology-facilitated violence.",1],["technology-facilitated violence",1]],[7523]],["agency loss",1,-1,[],[7523]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They arise when an argument is rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure, that is, the underlying semantics of the statement need not even be considered.",1,-1,[],[45274]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["logical fallacy",1,6585,[],[45274]]],"ex":[["Take for example the propositional argument If A then B, A therefore B. As a popular example, this could read, 'If it rains then the ground is wet, it rained therefore the ground is wet.' It need not have rained for this argument to be valid. The invalid form of this argument would read like this 'If it rains then the ground is wet, the ground is wet, therefore it rained.'",1,-1,[],[45274]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["strategic forms of communication",1,-1,[],[56552]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Informational-instructive roles",1,-1,[],[9346]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the dialectics of Spirit, the hermeneutics of meaning, the emancipation of the rational or working subject, or the creation of wealth",1,-1,[],[6220]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["evaluation",1,19890,[],[44333]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["demonstrate such a behavior model within the described events or situations, which, according to the author, is the most reasonable",1,-1,[],[14693]],["uses various explanatory schemes designed to offer the audience a certain logic for understanding the described phenomenon or event",1,-1,[["uses various explanatory schemes designed to offer the audience a certain logic for understanding the described phenomenon or event",1],["uses various explanatory schemes designed to offer the audience a certain logic for understanding the described phenomenon or event.",1]],[14693]],["using direct author's assessments, which unambiguously indicate to the audience the only possible, in the author's opinion, attitude towards the described phenomena or situations",1,-1,[["using direct author's assessments, which unambiguously indicate to the audience the only possible, in the author's opinion, attitude towards the described phenomena or situations",1],["using direct author's assessments, which unambiguously indicate to the audience the only possible, in the author's opinion, attitude towards the described phenomena or situations.",1]],[14693]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["ex post fact-checking",1,-1,[],[5229]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Este concepto denuncia el fracaso y la complicidad de los Estados para prevenir y castigar estos actos.",1,-1,[],[47024]],["su uso indiscriminado en titulares sensacionalistas lo asemeja más a un crimen o un suceso entre particulares que a un fenómeno social con causas estructurales.",1,-1,[],[13053]]],"sy":[["femicide",1,2621,[],[13053]],["femicidio",1,1779,[],[47024]]],"rt":[["crímenes del patriarcado",1,-1,[],[13053]],["femicidio",1,1779,[],[47024]]],"sb":[["el aborto en condiciones inseguras",1,-1,[],[47024]],["mutilación de genitales",1,-1,[],[47024]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":44,"df":[],"de":[["Note that, in the original definition [17], an opinion is described as a quadruple (t, s, ti, h) where h is the opinion holder, and ti is the opinion posting time.",1,-1,[],[24045]],["OPN This is clearly an opinionated speculation.",1,-1,[],[61081]],["Opinions concern absolute judgments towards objects or persons (positive, negative, or neutral)",1,-1,[],[24856]],["Opinions concern absolute judgments towards objects or persons (positive, negative, or neutral), and preferences concern relative judgments towards actions (preferring them or not over others).",1,-1,[],[24852]],["The opinion of agent a i at step t is a function of a i 's perspective at step t. We define a universal elicitation function O to determine an agent's opinion: OPIN i t = O(PERSP i t )",1,-1,[],[17319]],["While the underlying facts can be verified, the derived opinion remains subjective and is not universally verifiable.",1,-1,[],[24457]],["opinions are regarded as the more specific sub-concept",1,-1,[],[21097]],["the extraction or identification of opinion holder and posting time is typically not the key focus of TSA, thus we use (t, s) to describe opinion for simplicity.",1,-1,[],[24045]]],"sy":[["belief",1,8928,[],[16358]],["political leaning score",1,13473,[],[19888]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[16358]],["view",1,19661,[],[16358]]],"rt":[["attitude",2,13566,[["attitude",1],["attitudes",1]],[21097,24602]],["implicit opinions",1,-1,[],[59327]],["preferences",1,5427,[],[24856]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["lies of omission",1,7906,[],[42371]],["news",1,8218,[],[19377]]],"ex":[["Don't ever use the word smart with me.",1,-1,[],[61081]],["each expert seemed to have a different opinion",1,-1,[],[16358]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["countries with strong public service media with high trust levels, low levels of affective polarisation, and weak populist movements are likely to be unaffected by information warfare, as citizens are less drawn to propaganda outlets and far less swayed by it.",1,-1,[],[53945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["simply misleading information",1,-1,[],[53945]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["contrarianism",1,-1,[],[42428]],["denialism",1,24745,[],[42428]],["skepticism",1,19443,[],[42428]]],"rt":[["denialism",1,24745,[],[42428]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["anti-environmental disinformation",1,32016,[],[42428]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["High-level affordances",1,-1,[],[23278]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Affordance",1,3089,[],[23278]]],"ex":[["Twitter's 140-character limit",1,-1,[],[23278]],["the ability to share a link using a tweet button",1,-1,[],[23278]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["fundamentals of cosmopolitanism",1,-1,[],[44170]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cosmopolitan consciousness",1,-1,[],[44170]],["cosmopolitan framing",1,20691,[],[44170]],["cosmopolitan values",1,-1,[],[44170]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Variable recogida mediante un instrumento de cinco preguntas de opción correcta o incorrecta. El instrumento es una adaptación al español de una escala previa de cinco ítems(Jones-Jang et al., 2019), la cual es la versión abreviada de la Online Information Literacy Test de 40 ítems desarrollada porBoh- Podgornik et al. (2016).",1,-1,[],[50082]]],"sy":[["AMI",1,-1,[],[50082]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["La descripción más fiable, verificada, concisa y completa de un concepto especializado desconocido se puede encontrar en... Respuesta correcta: léxico o enciclopedia",1,-1,[],[50082]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["El contenido fabricado circuló principalmente como texto (26%), seguido de video (17%) e imagen acompañada de texto (12%).",1,-1,[],[15227]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["this right is no longer concerned only with freedom of opinion and expression or to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers -a right understood primarily as an intellectual right.",1,-1,[],[20455]]],"sy":[["right of access to information",1,4581,[],[20455]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["pre-existing bias",1,18426,[],[15604]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Authority/respect",1,-1,[],[2743]],["Fairness/reciprocity",1,-1,[],[2743]],["Harm/care",1,15622,[],[2743]],["Ingroup/loyalty",1,-1,[],[2743]],["Purity/sanctity",1,-1,[],[2743]],["harm and fairness dimensions",1,-1,[],[2743]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["for instance, work patterns, work charts, and news production routines.",1,-1,[],[13247]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["sociocultural practice",1,1701,[],[39202]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["discourse analysis",1,13723,[],[13247]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["people in a good mood read more bad news than people in a bad mood",1,-1,[],[11017]],["those who were exposed to a bad environment were drawn to good news",1,-1,[],[11017]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Building large networks, gaining high recognizability, popularity, and visibility, and aiming to become trusted and engaged tastemakers are very important characteristics of an influencer",1,-1,[],[12571]],["From a political communication perspective, this study contributes to an emerging literature which not only considers social media influencers as brand ambassadors, but also as actors who potentially transmit political messages to their followers.",1,-1,[],[42916]],["It also in turn refers to the broader trend of companies using these social media celebrities to promote, advertise, or market their brands.",1,-1,[],[4551]],["Organizations, news media, journalists, or individuals have the potential to become social media influencers by expressing their opinions on Twitter.",1,-1,[],[47754]],["Social media influencers are considered to be online opinion leaders.",1,-1,[],[12571]],["Social media influencers are content creators across one or several social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, or personal blogs",1,-1,[],[12571]],["Social media influencers have their followers on social media, so they can have a significant influence on individual decision-making on various social issues.",1,-1,[],[13544]],["Their agenda signals may be stronger given their perceived genuineness and relational connection with followers.",1,-1,[],[60582]],["to understand political impact, we will look at social media influencers who regularly post political content on their profiles.",1,-1,[],[42916]],["use social media to communicate with journalists and the public to interact (or even attack) with their political opponents",1,-1,[],[13544]]],"sy":[["SMI",1,34014,[],[53773]],["digital celebrities",1,30748,[],[12571]],["media influencers",1,-1,[],[47754]],["online opinion leaders",1,15434,[],[12571]]],"rt":[["brand ambassadors",1,-1,[],[42916]],["online opinion leaders",1,15434,[],[12571]]],"sb":[["macro-influencers (with follower counts ranging from 100,000 to 1 million)",1,-1,[],[47754]],["mega-influencers",1,31910,[],[12571]],["mega-influencers (with over 1 million followers)",1,-1,[],[47754]],["micro-influencers (with follower counts between 10,000 and 100,000)",1,-1,[],[47754]],["nano-influencers",1,32545,[],[12571]],["nano-influencers (with fewer than 10,000 followers)",1,-1,[],[47754]]],"sp":[["opinion leaders",1,34387,[],[3934]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["el encuadre estratégico se centra en el estilo del político, sus acciones y motivaciones, pudiendo generar un aumento del cinismo político (de Vreese, 2005).",1,-1,[],[13967]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["encuadre de juego (game frame)",1,26188,[],[13967]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",1,12180,[],[13967]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["According to this approach information inequality is determined by the socio-economic status of people; and greater equality of information access and use can be achieved by a more even and fair distribution of information in the marketplace.",1,-1,[],[20466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["horizontal perspective",1,31003,[],[20466]],["information inequities",1,6698,[],[20466]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["comprising inappropriate (I), offensive (O) and violent (V) tweets.",1,-1,[],[55640]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Inappropriate",1,11155,[],[55640]],["Offensive",1,10180,[],[55640]],["Violent",1,6910,[],[55640]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it will not change it; either the oppositional candidates risk their lives, or they become part of the systemic opposition which is for kashin the same as the regime",1,-1,[],[21137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In the absence of such a ratio the interests are incommensurable.",1,-1,[],[18580]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["low discount rate",1,8625,[],[12035]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Exaggerating the seriousness of a situation, in order to motivate interlocutors to act as the arguer thinks they should, is deceptive.",1,-1,[],[21595]],["a deception in order to get people to agree",1,-1,[],[21595]],["common rhetorical device",1,-1,[],[21595]],["draws greater attention to the situation and may express the urgency of a given situation more so than an accurate statement.",1,-1,[],[21595]],["it is also used as a device to persuade, and in particular, to persuade an interlocutor that they should take or support a course of action. When it is so used, the exaggerated claims would, if true, provide greater support for the conclusion. But since the claims are not fully accurate, this \"greater support\" is only illusory. Its use is thus deceptive and counts as fallacious reasoning.",1,-1,[],[21595]],["its primary role being to express emotion or to bring desired emphases to a particular point.",1,-1,[],[21595]]],"sy":[["exaggeration",1,29154,[],[21595]],["slanter",1,8282,[],[21595]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["brute hyperbole",1,10344,[],[21595]],["disjunctive hyperbole",1,3243,[],[21595]],["hyperbole in argumentation",1,22848,[],[21595]],["hyperbolic causation",1,19810,[],[21595]],["metaphorical hyperbole",1,1423,[],[21595]],["understatement",1,7545,[],[21595]]],"sp":[["rhetorical device",1,1329,[],[21595]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The Chinese approach is to make operators of social networks responsible for removing a widely defined category of content considered to be 'rumours' and jail terms of up to 3 years for those responsible.",1,-1,[],[23902]]],"sy":[["online rumours",1,1337,[],[23902]],["rumours",1,17712,[],[23902]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["the authenticity of information",1,-1,[],[23902]],["the socialist system",1,-1,[],[23902]],["undermining morality",1,-1,[],[23902]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["European variation of neoliberalism",1,-1,[],[48571]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Interpretation is reduced in terms of clicks and page views.",1,-1,[],[9108]],["data are interpreted, i.e. meaning is added to the data and knowledge is shaped.",1,-1,[],[13390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["semantic type of claims",1,-1,[["semantic type of claims",1],["semantic types of claims",1]],[36387,36388]]],"ex":[["96.3% of the Italy's COVID-19 deaths were actually caused by other diseases",1,-1,[],[36387]],["The only reason why Italy has more cases, it is because they tested more",1,-1,[],[36388]],["the (COVID-19) cases are going up, but it's because the testing is going up.",1,-1,[],[36387]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["neuro-affirming vocabulary over de cit-based language",1,-1,[],[50663]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["socialism",1,13630,[],[29954]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Society is too complex, has too many variables, local and ephemeral, to offer a predictive science of politics and economics.",1,-1,[],[1435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such threats infect society generally. They falsify the legal ideal of equality and deny the importance of respect for individuals. Because the racial stigmatization that accompanies racially-motivated threats of violence obstructs members of racial minorities from participating equally in community life, the state has a special interest in prohibiting them.",1,-1,[],[20919]],["a means of depriving people of color of fundamental civil rights.",1,-1,[],[20919]],["will deprive some members of a community the opportunity to participate equally in the functioning of society",1,-1,[],[20919]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["threats of violence",1,14586,[],[20919]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["accuracy motivations-a normative ideal for an informed citizen",1,-1,[],[34422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["user agency",1,10322,[],[34422]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["methods of protest",1,-1,[],[24567]]],"ex":[["French farmers vandalized the office of Macron's party lawmaker protesting the European Union-Canada trade deal",1,-1,[],[24567]],["dumped several tons of manure and rotten vegetables in protest at falling food prices",1,-1,[],[24567]],["when French farmers vandalized the office of Macron's party lawmaker protesting the European Union-Canada trade deal",1,-1,[],[24567]],["when they dumped several tons of manure and rotten vegetables in protest at falling food prices",1,-1,[],[24567]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["such theories expanded into large master schemes of deceit where 'everything is connected'",1,-1,[],[9044]]],"sy":[["all-encompassing narratives of deceit",1,-1,[],[9044]],["all-encompassing super conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[9044]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["once separate suspicions are welded into Grand Unified Theories of Everything",1,-1,[],[9044]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In the case of poverty, a problematizing frame points to the responsibility of the person living in poverty, which may be stigmatizing.",1,-1,[],[4594]],["problematizing frames tend to dominate public discourse",1,-1,[],[4595]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["counter-frame",1,23503,[],[4594]],["deproblematizing frame",1,4822,[],[4594]],["deproblematizing framing",1,-1,[],[4595]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing theory",1,32672,[],[4594]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["conducting is an intentional use of power to guide, manage, control and order people, tools, actions, and processes towards a specific desired sound.",1,-1,[],[14821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["In the context of media, 'to conduct' is an important strategy to establish a power relation by creating the rhythm that orders subjects and territories.",1,-1,[],[14821]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["Because the media compete for the attention of users, and users for the attention of other users. Attention is a limited resource, and in the new media environment has to deal with an ever-increasing number of sources of information, which has led to an 'economy of attention' (Webster, 2011;Davenport;Beck, 2001).",1,-1,[],[13746]],["In an environment where the scarce commodity is time, digital spheres become an 'attention economy'",1,-1,[],[18009]],["One of the first consequences of the so-called attention economy is the loss of high-quality information.",1,-1,[],[50401]],["The overload of information enabled by the internet makes attention an extremely valuable resource.",1,-1,[],[16664]],["a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention",1,-1,[],[59054]],["considering that media offer an increasing amount of content while the attention by the audience is a limited resource (Webster, 2014).",1,-1,[],[44720]],["gathering eyeballs or access to the public's mind and selling it to advertisers",1,-1,[],[16986]],["making the spread of disinformation and fake news profitable for its creators",1,-1,[],[41012]],["this attention commodity is eventually monetized through advertising models, resulting in a proliferation of ads in online life.",1,-1,[],[43297]],["this attention commodity is eventually monetized through advertising models, resulting in a proliferation of ads in online life. With the commodity form of attention being key, the forces of news creation are swayed to work in ways such that their news can amass as much user attention as possible. The intent of news production becomes no longer just to inform, but also to accumulate attention. This attention incentive progressively crowds out other factors such as news quality, predicating increasing prevalence of highly sensationalized (Hendriks et al., 2018) and clickbait-style content within our news streams.",1,-1,[],[43297]]],"sy":[["attention economics",1,15861,[],[25322]]],"rt":[["platform economy",1,34306,[],[18009]],["virality",1,31933,[],[3361]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["likes, shares, comments, clicks, etc.",1,-1,[],[2108]]]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["Insertion of opinions of journalists",1,-1,[],[26836]],["No quote",1,-1,[],[26836]],["which leads to certain news being reported in a way that is more or less favorable towards a particular position",1,-1,[],[20741]]],"sy":[["presentation bias",1,22343,[],[403]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping",2,23978,[],[41216,42231]],["coverage",1,15065,[],[41216]]],"sb":[["ideological bias",1,27368,[],[41047]],["moral framing",1,1410,[],[41047]],["phrasing bias",1,11204,[],[41047]]],"sp":[["Bias",1,30859,[],[50044]],["Context Bias (Text Level)",1,12133,[["Context Bias (Text Level)",1],["Text-level Context Bias",1]],[20741]],["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[42231]],["media bias",1,3751,[],[37505]],["news bias",1,18991,[],[26836]]],"ex":[["A political protest in which people sat in the middle of a street blocking traffic can be described as \"peaceful\" and \"productive, \" or others may describe it as \"aggressive\" and \"disruptive\".",1,-1,[],[20741]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["At the centre should be placed the enormity of the tragedy caused by Russia's military actions transferred from the front line to populated cities and the ruthlessness of the Russians attacking civilians",1,-1,[],[13179]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it is often necessary for journalists and their editorial teams (as for the role of sub-editors, see Vandendaele 2017) to modify the quoted discourse.",1,-1,[],[49035]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[16401]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["examine OPC through the lens of commercial advertising and 'salemanship'",1,-1,[],[8597]],["it accepts that strategy and interests are involved and to the extent that it sees advertising, PR and propaganda as parts of a continuum.",1,-1,[],[8597]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Health rumors are typically categorized into dread and wish types according to people's underlying concerns (Di-Fonzo et al. 2012).",1,-1,[],[10982]],["can pose a major threat to public health by misleading people into action that is potentially harmful to their well-being",1,-1,[],[10982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["dread",1,10495,[],[10982]],["dread rumors",1,10185,[],[10982]],["wish",1,16875,[],[10982]],["wish rumors",1,24314,[],[10982]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["vitamins can cure coronavirus",1,-1,[],[10982]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["revenues are captured almost exclusively from advertising",1,-1,[],[59439]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["connective journalism",1,15831,[],[19629]],["digital journalism",1,30982,[],[3694]],["online journalism",1,12625,[],[48070]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the Swedish speakers' arrogance could imply that they see themselves as superior to the Finnish speakers and, therefore, act badly towards them",1,-1,[],[31768]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["posture",1,-1,[],[18236]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["A prominent feature of protest coverage is a focus on the negative consequences of the protest, such as the violence, property damage, traffic congestion, and expenditure of community resources (i.e., the cost of law enforcement), that result from the protest.",1,-1,[],[20952]],["Because of its selectivity, this form of propaganda involves distortion, omission, and/or misdirection",1,-1,[],[8546]],["Demonisation presents the enemy in contrast to the noble aims of the home state and like other devices it aims at enforcing the goals of the propagandist",1,-1,[],[8546]],["Demonisation presents the enemy in contrast to the noble aims of the home state and like other devices it aims at enforcing the goals of the propagandist (see Lasswell, 1971Lasswell, [1927]: 195)]: 195).",1,-1,[],[8546]],["It usually employs similar tools to labelling -though, in a more straightforward way.",1,-1,[],[17241]],["It usually employs similar tools to labelling -though, in a more straightforward way. The aim is to picture the opponent as an enemy not just with a different point of view but also as not even human.",1,-1,[],[17241]],["The aim is to picture the opponent as an enemy not just with a different point of view but also as not even human.",1,-1,[],[17241]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Negative association or name-calling",1,16263,[],[8546]],["dehumanisation",1,29272,[],[31773]],["labelling",1,11396,[],[17241]]],"sb":[["Name-calling",1,21181,[],[8546]]],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[33999]],["hate types",1,-1,[],[33999]],["manipulative techniques",1,-1,[],[38274]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[8546]],["protest paradigm",1,2409,[],[20952]]],"ex":[["'diseases'",1,-1,[],[33999]],["'monsters'",1,-1,[],[33999]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Clickbaits",1,6382,[],[251]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Societal depoliticisation suggests the emergence of a disinterested democratic culture and examines the changing nature of socio-political relationships, notably the role of intermediary institutions.",1,-1,[],[3164]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["depoliticisation",1,27325,[],[3164]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["AI technologies could exacerbate the scale of this risk by enabling conversational agents capable of gaining users' trust and guiding them to share sensitive information.",1,-1,[],[21047]],["AI technologies could exacerbate the scale of this risk by enabling conversational agents capable of gaining users' trust and guiding them to share sensitive information. For example, attackers can deploy such AI systems in high-stakes scenarios like healthcare and finance, and pose threats of breaching the confidentiality of the users by sharing the sensitive information they shared with the agent to third-parties.",1,-1,[],[21047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21047]]],"ex":[["For example, attackers can deploy such AI systems in high-stakes scenarios like healthcare and finance, and pose threats of breaching the confidentiality of the users by sharing the sensitive information they shared with the agent to third-parties.",1,-1,[],[21047]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["engaging with a tweet increases its visibility.",1,-1,[],[61963]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",1,32272,[],[42016]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nuclear 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\"entrepreneurial spirit\" as it was a specific practice or set of practices.",1,-1,[],[4748]],["It is defined broadly and loosely but generally in a positive way.",1,-1,[],[4748]],["Susan Forde (2009) emphasizes the role of entrepreneurial journalism as it pertains to publishing content that traditional media rarely covers.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["The latter",1,-1,[],[15335]],["These writers see entrepreneurialism as representing a fervent hope for the future in the midst of an uncertain present.",1,-1,[],[4748]],["an alternative space for these specific audiences and thus fills in the gaps left by media outlets.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["an emphasis on innovation and crafting new business strategies, including targeting niche audiences",1,-1,[],[4748]],["construed as something of a necessity",1,-1,[],[4748]],["digital native projects that practice forms of alternative journalism in the sense that they seek out different perspectives and voices from those of traditional media while advocating 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media",1,-1,[],[59435]],["seen as being able to save journalism from the crisis of traditional financing models that decrease advertising revenues and increase cutbacks to the number of newsroom professionals.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["seen as providing hope for journalism insofar as it can publish issues that receive less coverage and that the public need to know.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["some of the discourse does speak of entrepreneurial journalism in messianic or apocalyptic terms, with its evangelists using the term to reference a new and better kind of journalism that they see as desperately needed.",1,-1,[],[4748]],["the broad concept of entrepreneurial journalism which currently involves hope for a new type of journalism and hope that this new journalism can solve the various crises in the sector, from funding and business models to agendas and content.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["the concept emphasizes innovation, new models and business strategies, and searches for new audiences, which are sometimes niche",1,-1,[],[59435]],["the emergence and promotion of something labeled \"entrepreneurial journalism\" thus implies the need for risk and revitalization, inherently signaling instability.",1,-1,[],[4748]],["the fact that they are digital natives, they identify themselves as proposing innovation and nonconformity in journalism, and they strive to offer a product that differs from traditional media.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["the result of the combination of these difficulties and the re-evaluation of traditional practices and models of journalism, with the opportunity that new technologies provide for greater training and autonomy on the part of individuals.",1,-1,[],[59435]]],"sy":[["an emerging field, a set of skills, a spirit, a drive, and a serious act",1,-1,[],[4748]],["market innovation",1,-1,[],[59435]],["professional practices",1,-1,[],[59435]],["routines",1,174,[],[59435]],["technological innovation",1,-1,[],[59435]]],"rt":[["alternative journalism",1,19931,[],[59435]],["independent journalism",1,11486,[],[59435]],["journalistic innovation",1,19929,[],[4815]],["journalistic start-ups",1,9322,[],[59435]],["new journalistic ventures seeking to supplement and supplant them",1,-1,[],[59435]],["traditional media",1,3717,[],[59435]]],"sb":[["hyperlocal journalism",1,31825,[],[4748]],["non-profits",1,-1,[],[4748]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Divergente",1,-1,[],[59435]],["Faster Times, a general-interest publication built on the output of freelancers",1,-1,[],[4748]],["Fumaça",1,-1,[],[59435]],["Gawker",1,-1,[],[59435]],["Politico",1,-1,[],[59435]],["Sahara Reporters, a watchdog enterprise started up by a Nigerian living in New York",1,-1,[],[4748]],["San Francisco Bay Citizen, an investigative journalism site",1,-1,[],[4748]],["Setenta e Quatro",1,-1,[],[59435]],["Sportspress Northwest, which was described as \"featuring veterans from traditional journalism as well as citizen journalism\" with \"the right business model, intellectual capital, advertisers, sponsors and fans to sustain entrepreneurial journalism in the digital arena.\"",1,-1,[],[4748]],["The Huffington Post",1,-1,[],[59435]],["defining entrepreneurial journalism as non-profits and \"hyperlocal journalism,\" generally online but sometimes including print publications or digital production studios.",1,-1,[],[4748]],["journalistic projects that disseminate news of public interest and use journalism models and practices for obtaining information; 2) organizations made up of professional journalists; 3) projects which are created and managed online; and 4) not associated with economic groups or traditional media companies.",1,-1,[],[59435]],["the San Francisco Bay Citizen, an investigative journalism site",1,-1,[],[4748]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["not controlled by the state",1,-1,[],[61308]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They can recognize different emotional traits such as joy, surprise, irritation, 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but advocating common goods may create common ground across party lines.",1,-1,[],[43149]],["Advocates' loyalty therefore lies with the individual, the organization, or the idea that they seek to promote and not necessarily with what is perceived as right or true.",1,-1,[],[46525]],["Advocates' loyalty therefore lies with the individual, the organization, or the idea that they seek to promote and not necessarily with what is perceived as right or true. Just as lawyers defend the interest of their clients in a court of law, advocates typically defend the interest of their 'clients' in the court of public opinion (Hutton 1999).",1,-1,[],[46525]],["Even unwittingly, the simple inclusion of a comment or perspective from a source by the reporter may inject a degree of advocacy to a story.",1,-1,[],[9243]],["Media advocacy is, however, often complemented with other activities, such as the direct lobbying of politicians, civil servants, etc.",1,-1,[],[24612]],["Most importantly, philanthropy lacks the \"voice\" element that is characteristic for advocacy.",1,-1,[],[432]],["The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines it as 'verbal support or argument for a cause, policy, etc. The function of an advocate' (OED, 1997: 20).",1,-1,[],[9243]],["The result may be that scientists and journalists become advocates, but not necessarily in the conventional and narrow sense of pursuing self-interest or partisan politics.",1,-1,[],[43149]],["This kind of advocacy includes preparing press releases and talking to journalist both off and on the record.",1,-1,[],[24612]],["a reporter provides a vehicle for that support or argument through the selective process of creating stories.",1,-1,[],[9243]],["communicators who are perceived by an audience to be strongly committed to particular values are seen by their audience as having a knowledge bias as well as a reporting bias (Eagly, Chaiken et al. 1978, Eagly andChaiken 1993).",1,-1,[],[46525]],["elements of advocacy are present in all works of journalism, whether intentional or not.",1,-1,[],[9243]],["it loses First Amendment protection only in the narrowest, most dangerous situations.",1,-1,[],[31984]],["scientists and journalists are drawn into the world of advocacy because politicians and lobbyists use scientific knowledge for political causes, and scientists (at least in the case of climate science) and journalists themselves are coming under attack, particularly when interacting with the new wave of populists that political polarization has brought to power.",1,-1,[],[43149]],["the argument often put forward to separate PR practitioners from journalists is that 'their text is a form of advocacy, intended to persuade rather than inform '",1,-1,[],[9243]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["abstract discussion",1,13251,[],[31984]],["advocacy journalism",1,10223,[],[9243]],["advocacy reporting",1,-1,[],[9243]],["expertise",1,24528,[],[46525]],["knowledge bias",1,15381,[],[46525]],["philanthropy",1,-1,[],[432]],["reporting bias",1,16743,[],[46525]]],"sb":[["corporate political advocacy",1,13139,[],[1980]],["corporate social advocacy",1,-1,[],[1980]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["The example of the Marches for Science illustrates that some scientists have become advocates of broader goods and values such as the freedom and professional authority of science.",1,-1,[],[43149]],["freedom of speech",1,-1,[],[43149]],["sustainability",1,-1,[],[43149]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These systems leverage optimized 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pushback against regulation.",1,-1,[],[2589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["climate delay",1,7248,[],[2589]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Faithfulness",1,26691,[],[31320]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agent",2,827,[],[39001,57357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["This is done in part by teaching one's fellow human beings how they should behave on the Internet.",1,-1,[],[13156]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Netiquette is an example of this.",1,-1,[],[13156]],["The same is true of the use of \"flaming\".",1,-1,[],[13156]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Não tinham cidadania; eram obrigados a ter consigo uma caderneta (bilhete de identidade) e sujeitos a todos os regulamentos do Regime do Indigenato. Esse regime impôs obrigações de trabalho, negou o acesso a certas zonas das cidades depois de escurecer, bem como o direito de reunião e associação, e restringiu os indígenas a locais limitados de entretenimento ou reunião.",1,-1,[],[39859]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["coverage",1,15065,[],[28268]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The prototypical quotative form is say, but go has also entered widespread use to perform quotative functions.",1,-1,[],[25301]],["another form has emerged, especially on the West Coast: be all",1,-1,[],[25301]],["the form be like has been widely adopted by young people in the United States",1,-1,[],[25301]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["below-cost postal rates for all newspapers and other publications regardless of viewpoint; tax exemptions applicable to all media outlets; and governmental and philanthropic funds for independent, public-service broadcasting.",1,-1,[],[2257]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["administrators",1,-1,[],[52981]],["education policy institutions",1,-1,[],[52981]],["individual schools",1,-1,[],[52981]],["parents",1,-1,[],[52981]],["students",1,-1,[],[52981]],["teachers",1,-1,[],[52981]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It can be particularly observable in stressful situations because users tend to want to rid themselves of the negative consequences induced by technology, thereby restoring their well-being",1,-1,[],[2050]],["social media users are motivated to discontinue using social media services once they have an intention to avoid uncomfortable online situations and consequences",1,-1,[],[2050]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, media and journalism are under full government control, and no form of accountability practice is possible apart from informal and non-public dialogue between trusted individuals.",1,-1,[],[44528]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["lexicons for linguistic biased words",1,-1,[],[60947]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Example report verbs are dismissed, praised, claimed or disputed that are all references to discourse-related events.",1,-1,[],[60947]],["declare",1,-1,[],[43348]],["dismissed, praised, claimed or disputed",1,-1,[],[60947]],["praise, claim, dispute, feel",1,-1,[],[60947]],["report",1,-1,[],[43348]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural journalism",1,10513,[],[54476]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":87,"df":[["Peace journalism tries to depolarize by showing the black and white of all sides, and to deescalate by highlighting peace and conflict resolution as much as violence",2,-1,[["Peace journalism tries to depolarize by showing the black and white of all sides, and to deescalate by highlighting peace and conflict resolution as much as violence",2],["Peace journalism tries to depolarize by showing the black and white of all sides, and to deescalate by highlighting peace and conflict resolution as much as violence,",1]],[22344,38619]]],"de":[["A peace journalism approach may help New Zealanders understand the complexities of the Melanesian region, which is more than just the 'arc of instability'.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["A peace journalism practice avoids being lost in context, a structural threat that is always hanging over peace journalism in daily news reporting.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Also, it focuses on creative ideas for conflict resolution and the exposure of lies (Galtung, 2003;Lynch and McGoldrick, 2012).",1,-1,[],[29248]],["As a moral imagination of common humanity, peace journalism puts a special focus on the people.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Avoids labeling of good guys and bad guys.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["By employing varying modes of communication genres, a peace journalist is equipped to experiment with the semiosis of the message by taking into consideration the humanitarian appeal that the message is supposed to produce.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["From this perspective it is seen as an attempt to restore balance in media coverage by expanding the sources to include, not just elites, but other parties involved in the conflict in order to provide material that helps to explain the situation in more depth.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["How peace journalism can be used for health news reporting on vulnerable populations",1,-1,[],[45799]],["I argue for a peace journalist to be actively involved in the reconstruction of discourses by 'breaking out' of the original frame of reference (Butler, 2009, p. 11), and to do so without complicating the narrative.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Importantly, peace journalism is rooted in interpretative routines (Fong, 2009).",1,-1,[],[29248]],["Instead, peace journalism celebrates the people's right to know, even if the conflict is not in close geographic or cultural proximity or carries less political significance for a global audience. In doing so, peace journalism gives visibility to the conflict and voice to those affected through an agentic approach, where local agency is transferred into reportage through informed journalists, ideally local, who understand the political, cultural, and other historical complexities.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["It does not mean avoiding reporting on conflict, but rather reporting on conflicts in a way that helps reduce violence and contributes to peacebuilding efforts (Neumann & Fahmy 2012).",1,-1,[],[32058]],["It provides a new road map, which traces the connections between journalists, their sources, the stories they cover, and the consequences of their reporting.",1,-1,[],[16350]],["Its aim is to look deeper, contextualize, look for solutions and to not simply reproduce the official narrative of the elites",1,-1,[],[29248]],["Its focus on consciousness and a common humanity where people and events are reported critically and without bias",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Journalists act like mediators when they bring together the conflicting parties and help them talk to each other. They might not resolve the conflicts per se, but they do provide a basis for communication which is essential to resolving conflicts and offer possible solutions.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["Lynch and McGoldrick's theory of peace journalism seeks to transform the violence-centered language frequently found in conflict reporting, which typically labels parties as indisputably good or bad",1,-1,[],[40215]],["More than one source identified in item.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["Multiparty orientation (gives voice to many parties).",1,-1,[],[48094]],["Non partisan (neutral, not taking sides).",1,-1,[],[48094]],["On the other hand, peace journalism investigates the historical context for the present to make sense (Galtung, 2003;Nohrstedt and Ottosen, 2015;Youngblood, 2016), and asks how people are affected by conflict, what non-violent responses are available (Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005, p. 5), how the broader public can be informed about them, and how the available options can be utilized to prevent war and conflict.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["PJ follows the nonviolent responses to conflict",1,-1,[],[46196]],["Peace Journalism is a way to reflect on the consequences that reporting might have on the audience.",1,-1,[],[29248]],["Peace journalism also seeks to create a more informed public by presenting a broader perspective on conflicts (Ha et al. 2020), giving a voice to marginalised or underrepresented groups, and promoting understanding and empathy (Shin & Biocca 2018).",1,-1,[],[32058]],["Peace journalism focuses less on societal elites",1,-1,[],[29248]],["Peace journalism focuses less on societal elites (Lynch and McGoldrick, 2012).",1,-1,[],[29248]],["Peace journalism focuses on all suffering and humanizes all sides.",1,-1,[],[20780]],["Peace journalism keeps the underlying causes of a conflict and those affected by it in the news even after governments and military push them to the peripheral boundaries of media and public debate, and, this way, keeps bringing the forgotten back to life, thus enabling democratic reflexivity without the rush of an emergency media response to conflict.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Peace journalism process condemn the repetition of facts that degrade opponent and results in the escalation of conflicts",1,-1,[],[48153]],["Peace journalism professionalism expects reporters to be unprejudiced, tolerant, flexible, justice oriented, and ideally polyglot, with a lived experience in the region they report from and about, which adds the value of empathy.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Peace journalism realizes its potential in conflict prevention and influence for social and political change through pluralism, journalistic ethics, and the opportunity for variety (Becker, 2004), which demands an active involvement of local media and local journalists in the broader coverage of conflict.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["Peace journalism suggests a change in the focus of the mainstream media away from elite people, elite nations and negativity, towards people, processes and paths to peace.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["Peace journalism was always linked with conflict resolution but now it is also increasingly being applied to photojournalism, documentary making, film production, investigative journalism and community programmes.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["People-oriented (focuses on common people as actors and sources of information).",1,-1,[],[48094]],["Reports also on the issues behind the event.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["Reports areas of agreement that might lead to a resolution.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["Reports causes and consequences that led to the incompatibility/event.",1,-1,[],[48094]],["The current trend shows that the concept has gained greater acceptance among the academicians and journalists across the world and there is a paradigm shift of the traditional media approach towards conflict.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["The ideals of peace journalism do not fundamentally change journalistic good practice and as an approach, it has the flexibility to encompass other forms of media.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["The latter aims to provide a more balanced and constructive view of conflicts, e.g., focusing on the underlying causes and potential solutions, highlighting the human cost, emphasising the suffering of civilians, promoting dialogue, reconciliation, and conflict resolution, and encouraging journalists to be critical of official narratives and to question the motives and actions of all parties involved in the conflict.",1,-1,[],[32058]],["The main features of the concept of Peace Journalism have been embraced by the interviewees. This includes a stronger focus on contextualizing, proposing solutions, giving voice to the voiceless and turning away from the practice of only offering a voice to the elites",1,-1,[],[29248]],["The value of peace journalism lies in the possibility of it bringing a positive change in the media's coverage of conflict situations and a better understanding to the people as to why do they happen.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["The willingness to be 'open' in divergent modes of representation is crucial to the potency of peace journalism.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["This type of journalism explores contexts and causes of conflicts and promotes the transparent representation of all stakeholders, not only of the elites.",1,-1,[],[29248]],["This type of journalism explores contexts and causes of conflicts and promotes the transparent representation of all stakeholders, not only of the elites. Also, it focuses on creative ideas for conflict resolution and the exposure of lies (Galtung, 2003;Lynch and McGoldrick, 2012).",1,-1,[],[29248]],["To be effective, training emphasizes non-violence and creativity as reporters' imperatives.",1,-1,[],[16350]],["Ultimately, peace journalism creates environments in which people accept to share experiences, respect differences, employ ethics, and to focus on non-violent actions that lead to conflict and, above all, simply to love one another.",1,-1,[],[16350]],["While war journalism attaches only to -our side,‖ peace journalism is a journalism of attachment to all actual and potential victims.",1,-1,[],[20780]],["Within Peace Journalism, journalists are prescribed the role to contribute to peaceful conflict transformation.",1,-1,[],[29248]],["Within Peace Journalism, this selfreflection should ideally happen in a way that is comprehensible for the audience",1,-1,[],[29248]],["a 'normative mode of responsible and conscientious media coverage of conflict' (Shinar, 2007, p. 2)",1,-1,[],[44180]],["a symbolic intervention in conflict in the form of communication (Lynch, 2015) and a 'normative mode of responsible and conscientious media coverage of conflict' (Shinar, 2007, p. 2)",1,-1,[],[44180]],["an alternative approach that addresses everything that is wrong with the way wars, conflicts and military interventions are currently reported",1,-1,[],[44180]],["an alternative to propaganda, which is inevitable during war and conflict and destructive of the promotion of peaceful cohabitation",1,-1,[],[44180]],["and asks how people are affected by conflict, what non-violent responses are available (Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005, p. 5), how the broader public can be informed about them, and how the available options can be utilized to prevent war and conflict.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["as a version of watchdog journalism, peace journalism is likely to be most effective through a pre-emptive and long-term application, while its contributions may begin during an active conflict, but reach their highest potential before the conflict begins to escalate.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["based on an appeal to the notion that because we share a dependence on social relations as human beings, doing violence to each other goes against our shared precariousness as human beings in this world",1,-1,[],[44180]],["commitment towards justice and human rights",1,-1,[],[44180]],["cosmopolitan practice through which journalists and consequently the public effectively navigate the oceans of information where 'the currents of appearance and reality mingle'",1,-1,[],[44180]],["described as major advantage",1,-1,[],[29248]],["dismiss the notion of objectivity",1,-1,[],[29248]],["duty to inform leads to the embodiment of cosmopolitan consciousness",1,-1,[],[44180]],["e.g., focusing on the underlying causes and potential solutions, highlighting the human cost, emphasising the suffering of civilians, promoting dialogue, reconciliation, and conflict resolution, and encouraging journalists to be critical of official narratives and to question the motives and actions of all parties involved in the conflict.",1,-1,[],[32058]],["engages in an active labour of meaning-making, and requires journalists to take, as Hall (1990) puts it, the 'responsibility for how the knowledge they produce is then transmitted to society'",1,-1,[],[44180]],["focus on consciousness and a common humanity where people and events are reported critically and without bias",1,-1,[],[44180]],["focuses on the causes of conflict and non-violent solutions",1,-1,[],[33300]],["it becomes a form of journalistic witnessing that celebrates journalism's moral responsibility towards the vulnerable other through understanding that may lead to action.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["it is critical in resolving conflicts and forging peace.",1,-1,[],[16350]],["its focus on the civil society instead of on the elites",1,-1,[],[29248]],["journalists aim for a greater focus on information about conflict settlement, avoid reinforcing prejudices in coverage, get sensitized to false perceptions, incorporate early warnings for potential flashpoints in coverage, include all sides in peaceful proposals for conflict settlement, increase positive reporting for peacemakers, practice reconciliation-oriented framing, and create possibilities for dialogue",1,-1,[],[44180]],["longer length items are required to provide the explanations and discussion of alternative views and solutions advocated by peace journalism (Lee & Maslog, 2005).",1,-1,[],[48094]],["mission is to target particular types of issues, stories, angles and voices over others and thereby give non-mainstream perspectives an opportunity to present their views.",1,-1,[],[9264]],["more than a superficial absence of conflict, but something deeper. It presupposes an active search for justice -even if it results in non-violent conflict, thus a contestation of ideas in search of truth.",1,-1,[],[59116]],["negotiate an end to the conflict/war between the two",1,-1,[],[32058]],["new concepts have emerged such as 'civic journalism', 'caring journalism', 'peace journalism', 'citizen journalism', 'reliable journalism' and 'innovative journalism'. All of them are essentially drawn from notions which stress the social responsibility of the media and advocate a proactive role for the media in resolving conflicts.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["news stories aim to provide a platform for communication between all the conflicting parties and, at the same time, suggest possible solutions or initiatives that can reduce the intensity of the conflict.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["not compatible with journalistic working practices that emphasize conflict as a key news value",1,-1,[],[29248]],["offers an alternative approach to journalists (Galtung, 1998). While giving the physical account of the conflict, they ought also to give the structural and cultural causes of violence as they affect the lives of the people.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["peace journalism 'is when editors and reporters make choices-of what stories to report and how to report them-that create opportunities for society at large to consider and value non-violent responses to conflict' (p. 5).",1,-1,[],[48094]],["peace journalism as a counter-narrative to the dominant war-and conflict-oriented journalism practice",1,-1,[],[44180]],["peace journalism explores the reasons behind the violence and provides not only a voice to all parties, but also empathy and understanding.",1,-1,[],[20780]],["peace journalism has taken hold as a means to instill journalistic standards in reporters covering conflicts, including identifying of sources for stories and consequences of media coverage.",1,-1,[],[16350]],["potential to improve the journalistic praxis in Colombia",1,-1,[],[29248]],["realizes its potential in conflict prevention and influence for social and political change through pluralism, journalistic ethics, and the opportunity for variety (Becker, 2004), which demands an active involvement of local media and local journalists in the broader coverage of conflict.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["regarded as a desirable way of dealing with a conflict, but can be rather impracticable in many cases.",1,-1,[],[29248]],["researchers have successfully established its strong commitment to truth (Shinar, 2007), prevention of violence and war (Hanitzsch, 2004, p. 485), 'de-escalation-oriented war coverage' (Kempf, 2003a, pp. 9-10)",1,-1,[],[44180]],["serves as a tool for bringing pre-emptive attention to prevention, as Mowlana (1986) mentions, before the emergency situation hits.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["stresses on the resolution of conflicts by depolarizing every aspect of both parties involved in conflict and emphasize more on the promotion of peace rather than violence",1,-1,[],[48153]],["students would benefit as much from studying peace journalism and how media can interpret conflicts and shape public perception of conflicts as it would be for the students of journalism to study conflict resolution and analysis.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["the PJ is the kind of journalism that goes beyond the traditional press conferences organized mainly by the two parties",1,-1,[["the PJ is the kind of journalism that goes beyond the traditional press conferences organized mainly by the two parties",1],["the PJ is the kind of journalism that goes beyond the traditional press conferences organized mainly by the two parties.",1]],[46196]],["the practice of peace journalism is not about taking sides in reporting a conflict, but to report on the side of peace",1,-1,[["the practice of peace journalism is not about taking sides in reporting a conflict, but to report on the side of peace",1],["the practice of peace journalism is not about taking sides in reporting a conflict, but to report on the side of peace.",1]],[16350]],["the search for peace through justice can be described as a manifestation of peace journalism.",1,-1,[],[59116]],["there is now greater acceptance of it as an attitude that frames a news story.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["this proposed style of reporting has been criticized for crossing the line to advocacy and opposes the notion of objective journalism",1,-1,[],[29248]],["tracing connections between the stories of people…and the big issues and eye catching events of the day -showing how the actions and concerns of individuals bear indirectly on the personal fortunes of every reader, listener or viewer.",1,-1,[],[60996]],["translated practically into an assemblage of discourses that are more centred around the victim, rather than being anchored in elitist representations and pseudo 'solutions'.",1,-1,[],[44180]],["van de Veen stresses that, the practice of peace journalism is not about taking sides in reporting a conflict, but to report on the side of peace.",1,-1,[],[16350]]],"sy":[["PJ",1,-1,[],[46196]],["conflict-resolving journalism",1,-1,[],[44180]],["conflict-sensitive",1,-1,[],[44180]],["conflict-sensitive journalism",1,33455,[["conflict-sensitive journalism",1],["conflictsensitive journalism",1]],[54998]],["conflict-sensitive or conflict-resolving journalism",1,-1,[],[44180]],["constructive journalism",1,2387,[],[44180]],["ethics of journalistic intervention",1,-1,[],[16350]],["solutions journalism",1,30518,[],[44180]]],"rt":[["war journalism",8,17302,[["war journalism",7],["War journalism",1]],[9264,20780,29248,44180,46196,48094,48153,54998]],["constructive journalism",3,2387,[],[22344,38619,53952]],["civic journalism",2,28200,[],[48094,60996]],["development journalism",2,32020,[],[48094,53952]],["advocacy journalism",1,10223,[],[9264]],["alternative media",1,7423,[],[44180]],["bystander journalism",1,32395,[],[44180]],["caring journalism",1,8298,[],[60996]],["citizen journalism",1,34430,[],[60996]],["citizenship journalism",1,-1,[],[48094]],["community and specialised media",1,-1,[],[60996]],["conflict resolution",1,12192,[],[60996]],["conflict sensitive reporting",1,-1,[],[40004]],["conflict-sensitive journalism",1,33455,[],[54998]],["cosmopolitan consciousness",1,-1,[],[44180]],["cosmopolitan framing",1,20691,[],[44180]],["cosmopolitan practice",1,-1,[],[44180]],["cosmopolitanism",1,15053,[],[44180]],["counter-narrative to the dominant war-and conflict-oriented journalism practice",1,-1,[],[44180]],["cultural and structural violence",1,-1,[],[60996]],["de-escalation-oriented war coverage",1,-1,[],[44180]],["documentary making",1,-1,[],[60996]],["film production",1,-1,[],[60996]],["innovative journalism",1,8558,[],[60996]],["interpretative journalism",1,27463,[],[29248]],["interpretative peace journalism",1,-1,[],[29248]],["investigative journalism",1,1762,[],[60996]],["mainstream media",1,25122,[],[44180]],["media reform/communication rights paradigms",1,-1,[],[54998]],["negotiator",1,-1,[],[32058]],["negotiator and protester roles",1,-1,[],[32058]],["negotiators",1,23753,[],[32058]],["peace",1,29523,[],[59116]],["peace PR",1,-1,[],[9264]],["peace education",1,-1,[],[44180]],["photojournalism",1,30650,[],[60996]],["propaganda model",1,16126,[],[60996]],["protestor",1,-1,[],[32058]],["protestors",1,-1,[],[32058]],["public journalism",1,32842,[],[22344]],["reliable journalism",1,11210,[],[60996]],["social agent for peace",1,-1,[],[60996]],["solutions journalism",1,30518,[],[22344]],["traditional journalism",1,24225,[],[54998]],["use and abuse of media in vulnerable societies",1,-1,[],[40004]],["war-and conflict-oriented journalism",1,7125,[],[44180]],["watchdog journalism",1,10463,[],[44180]]],"sb":[["advocates",1,8691,[],[29248]],["cosmopolitan peace journalism",1,-1,[],[44180]]],"sp":[["advocacy journalism",1,10223,[],[9264]],["media culture",1,34437,[],[16350]],["peace and war journalism",1,-1,[],[32058]],["war journalism",1,17302,[],[46196]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["with crisis framing often directing attention to immediate dangers while overshadowing long-term solutions",1,-1,[["with crisis framing often directing attention to immediate dangers while overshadowing long-term solutions",1],["with crisis framing often directing attention to immediate dangers while overshadowing long-term solutions.",1]],[31821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["association",1,19319,[],[14153]],["composition",1,31824,[],[14153]],["repetition",1,33616,[],[14153]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["words representing positive experiences are used to link readers/hearers (i.e. potential customers) to products that they might desire to purchase either now or in the near future.",1,-1,[],[14153]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The emotional suppression and the emotional transference are examples of inadequate coping strategies.",1,-1,[],[33124]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["does not have a good equivalent in the English language",1,-1,[],[32435]]],"sy":[["special agent",1,-1,[],[32435]],["special operative",1,-1,[],[32435]],["spy",1,8505,[],[32435]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["female tewu",1,1214,[],[32435]],["male tewu",1,21615,[],[32435]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["adding vectors in the direction of gradient ascent to each dimension of the initial feature.",1,-1,[],[53806]],["it has more negative impacts than random perturbations",1,-1,[],[53806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Malicious users also use bots to post induced comments containing specific high-frequency words, changing the stance of replying content.",1,-1,[],[53806]],["publishers can also remove responses against rumors, making rumors close to non-rumors, thereby fooling deep neural networks in detection models.",1,-1,[],[53806]],["rumor publishers can deliberately misspell some words to inject adversarial perturbations, causing wrong detection results.",1,-1,[],[53806]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[10310]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["content-based features",1,11555,[],[12487]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Use of modals, subjectivity, and general word choice",1,-1,[],[12487]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic category model",1,24425,[],[37417]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As a cognitive strategy, reappraisal modifies both appraisal and action readiness.",1,-1,[],[60595]],["Cognitive reappraisal, as a down-regulating strategy, changes the perception of emotional events to become more objective and analytical, decreasing felt emotion.",1,-1,[],[60595]],["has been considered one of the most effective and effortless antecedent strategies, preventing the emotional reponse from being perceived or expressed by the individual",1,-1,[],[37255]],["preventing the emotional reponse from being perceived or expressed by the individual",1,-1,[],[37255]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["antecedent-focused strategies",2,26973,[["antecedent-focused strategies",1],["antecedent-focused strategy",1]],[37255,60595]],["Emotion regulation",1,6774,[],[60595]],["antecedent strategies",1,-1,[],[37255]],["emotion regulation strategies",1,-1,[],[60595]]],"ex":[["someone who has recently lost a parent can think, \"Dying is natural to life and it happens sooner or later.\"",1,-1,[],[60595]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news framing effects",1,12423,[],[15371]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In addition, journalism should include ordinary people in public debates, should propose possible solutions for urgent problems, and should set the agenda (Cassidy, 2005).",1,-1,[],[29250]],["telling the stories of ordinary people and shedding light on what was going on in society were the main reasons for the journalists to choose this category.",1,-1,[],[29250]]],"sy":[["public mobilizer -who primarily wants to engage the masses into the public debate",1,-1,[],[29250]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Journalistic roles",1,28982,[],[29250]]],"ex":[["the mobilization of people to participate in shaping the country's future",1,-1,[],[29250]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Reduction",1,24614,[],[56657]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The notion of being an observer emphasises the users' invisible role in the story because the narrative does not directly address them",1,-1,[],[4793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["people are psychologically more interested in bad news than good news",1,-1,[],[10987]],["people tend to pay more attention to dread rumors than to wish rumors",1,-1,[],[10987]],["those evoking positive emotions such as trust and joy",1,-1,[],[10987]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dread rumors",1,10185,[],[10987]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["health rumors",1,24224,[],[10987]],["rumor type",1,-1,[],[50354]]],"ex":[["the free distribution of a medicine from Yashoda Hematology Cancer Institute in India touted to cure all types of cancer",1,-1,[],[50354]],["vitamin can cure cancer",1,-1,[],[10987]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Cognitive response",1,34844,[],[30099]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["personalized recommendation technology",1,-1,[],[16976]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast, \"responsive authoritarianism\" requires the state media to \"strike a balance between communicating information from society to the state\" while also communicating the government's goals and public opinion (Stockmann, 2013, p. 256).",1,-1,[],[32448]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Der erste grundlegende Schritt hin zur Medienöffentlichkeit ist die technische Entwicklung von massenmedialen Produkten",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Der erste grundlegende Schritt hin zur Medienöffentlichkeit ist die technische Entwicklung von massenmedialen Produkten (vgl. Gerhards / Neidhardt 1991: 54).",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Der öffentliche Raum ist in der Medienöffentlichkeit darüber hinaus am deutlichsten von der privaten Sphäre abgrenzbar (vgl. Strohmeier 2004: 81).",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Die Medien sind auf dieser Öffentlichkeitsebene die Organisationen, die dauerhaft präsent sind.",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Die Unterscheidung zwischen Leistungs-und Publikumsrollen ist auf der Ebene der Medienöffentlichkeit am eindeutigsten.",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Die Unterscheidung zwischen Leistungs-und Publikumsrollen ist auf der Ebene der Medienöffentlichkeit am eindeutigsten. Die behandelten Themen werden von professionellen Kommunikatoren des Mediensystems veröffentlicht (vgl. Jarren / Donges 2006: 104 und Gerhards / Neidhardt 1991: 54).",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Die behandelten Themen werden von professionellen Kommunikatoren des Mediensystems veröffentlicht",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Die unbeteiligte Rezipientenschaft hat auf der Ebene der Medienöffentlichkeit zwar ebenso die Möglichkeit, an der öffentlichen Diskussion mitzuwirken. Diese Eingriffsmöglichkeiten beschränken sich jedoch in den meisten Fällen auf Leserbriefe, Interviews oder Meinungsumfragen.",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Ein weiteres Definitionsmerkmal der Medienöffentlichkeit betrifft die geringe Beschränktheit des öffentlichen Raumes in zeitlicher, räumlicher und zahlenmäßiger Hinsicht, da die öffentlichkeitskonstituierenden Massenmedien prinzipiell alle Mitglieder einer Gesellschaft erreichen können",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Ein weiteres Definitionsmerkmal der Medienöffentlichkeit betrifft die geringe Beschränktheit des öffentlichen Raumes in zeitlicher, räumlicher und zahlenmäßiger Hinsicht, da die öffentlichkeitskonstituierenden Massenmedien prinzipiell alle Mitglieder einer Gesellschaft erreichen können (vgl. Schulz 1997: 97).",1,-1,[],[21255]],["In der Medienöffentlichkeit geschieht Rückkopplung durch Leserbriefe, Kommentaren zu Meldungen in Online-Medien oder anderen Mitteln.",1,-1,[],[21255]],["Sie wird, wie bereits im Namen ersichtlich, durch Massenmedien konstituiert und ist demnach größer als die beiden vorgelagerten Öffentlichkeitsebenen.",1,-1,[],[21255]],["größer als die beiden vorgelagerten Öffentlichkeitsebenen.",1,-1,[],[21255]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Encounter-Öffentlichkeit",1,26305,[],[21255]],["Versammlungsöffentlichkeit",1,-1,[],[21255]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Öffentlichkeit",1,30638,[],[21255]],["Öffentlichkeitsebene",1,-1,[],[21255]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fashionable friends",1,606,[],[53769]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media world",1,39,[],[43373]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hero's journey",1,-1,[],[36593]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["socio-relational model",1,-1,[],[24718]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Goertzel [10] argued that each conspiracy belief adopted by an individual reinforces other conspiracy beliefs, and makes the individual more receptive to conspiracy theories that they may encounter later.",1,-1,[],[1415]],["In contrast, other scholars have proposed that a conspiracy mindset comprises a set of specific beliefs held together by a general, \"nuclear idea\" [12, p.771].",1,-1,[],[1415]],["The \"conspiracy mindset\" characterizes the ideological significance of conspiracy belief, and is associated with measuring conspiracy belief by means of abstract propositions associated with aversion and distrust of powerful groups.",1,-1,[],[1415]],["Therefore, while the conspiracy mindset is defined as a political attitude, it could also be defined as comprising a general susceptibility to implausible beliefs [47].",1,-1,[],[1415]],["They argue that this mindset is a \"generalised political attitude\"",1,-1,[],[1415]],["They argue that this mindset is a \"generalised political attitude\" (p. 39), related to but distinct from other generalized political attitudes such as right-wing authoritarianism.",1,-1,[],[1415]],["characterizes the ideological significance of conspiracy belief, and is associated with measuring conspiracy belief by means of abstract propositions associated with aversion and distrust of powerful groups.",1,-1,[],[1415]],["its empirical contribution is essentially psychometric insofar as it introduces a new more abstract measure of conspiracy belief.",1,-1,[],[1415]],["one recent study found that a measure of conspiracy mindset, but not an aggregate measure of conspiracy beliefs, was negatively related to education and rational thinking [48].",1,-1,[],[1415]],["they have the advantage of applicability across time and contexts.",1,-1,[],[1415]]],"sy":[["conspiracy mentality",2,13698,[],[2844,45763]],["conspiracy thinking",1,20492,[],[45763]],["generalized political attitude",1,-1,[],[1415]]],"rt":[["conspiracy belief",1,29420,[],[1415]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[1415]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[1415]],["right-wing authoritarianism",1,26319,[],[1415]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["generalised political attitude",1,-1,[],[1415]],["political attitude",1,24899,[],[1415]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[23245]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["equivalents in other languages, such as Lügenpresse (lying press) in German",1,-1,[],[2020]]],"sy":[["lying press",1,10608,[],[2020]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethical egoism",1,23976,[],[13430]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["A democracy should have a system of checks and balances, the independent watchdog agencies and free press",1,-1,[],[30511]],["According to Okowa (Okowa 2015), democracy can be nurtured and sustained on the principles of popular sovereignty, majority rule, and the understanding that winning elections does not guarantee democracy.",1,-1,[],[26470]],["Democracy provides space for citizens to express their thoughts freely.",1,-1,[],[51067]],["Democracy today is not as decision-making as in ancient Athens, but is a manifestation of consenting to competitive leaders",1,-1,[],[14626]],["democracy can be nurtured and sustained on the principles of popular sovereignty, majority rule, and the understanding that winning elections does not guarantee democracy.",1,-1,[],[26470]]],"sy":[["a political system in which people have access to a range of fundamental civil and political rights, and their most influential political figures are chosen in free and fair elections and held to account by the rule of law (Dalton et al. 2007).",1,-1,[],[26470]]],"rt":[["press freedom",1,14172,[],[30511]]],"sb":[["deliberative democracy",1,30375,[],[51067]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":127,"df":[],"de":[["\"structuring, restricting and even creating reality\"",1,-1,[["\"structuring, restricting and even creating reality\"",1],["structuring, restricting and even creating reality",1]],[40144]],["A metaphor, represented by a specific word or phrase in a sentence, facilitates this shift.",1,-1,[],[52615]],["According to researchers, there is a systematic mapping between two conceptual domains: the source domain, seen as an inference source, and the target domain, the domain in which the inference will be applied.",1,-1,[],[44480]],["An effective metaphor holds our imagination because through it the initiator presents a puzzle that must be scrutinized and judged by the receiver if it is to reveal its sense.",1,-1,[],[59739]],["As the definition above suggests, metaphor is often viewed as a rhetorical device, something used in poetry or prose to make the text more vivid and imaginative.",1,-1,[],[25869]],["Cognitively, he views a metaphor as the result of \"a shift in the conceptual system\" which is based on \"the association between the attributes of the referent of a linguistic expression in its original source context and those of the referent in its novel target context\"",1,-1,[],[40144]],["Danesi (2003) argues that metaphor transfers associations from the source domain to the target domain.",1,-1,[],[25888]],["Far from being mere rhetorical flourishes, metaphors have profound influences on how we conceptualize and act with respect to important societal issues.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["For cognitive linguists, Lakoff [30] reports that metaphor is not restricted to literary texts, but it is pervasive in language, and it is thus interpreted effortlessly [28]",1,-1,[],[31389]],["From this cognitive perspective, metaphor is a matter of construal in which one frame is selected to provide structure to another inside a system of conceptual metaphors.",1,-1,[],[45173]],["If metaphors routinely influence how we make inferences and gather information about the social problems that confront us, then the metaphors in our linguistic system may be offering a unique window onto how we construct knowledge and reason about complex issues.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["In Cognitive Linguistics metaphor is treated as a matter of thought and action rather than primarily as a matter of language",1,-1,[],[41032]],["In cognitive linguistics, the all-encompassing view of metaphor states that it is fundamental to our conceptual system, and that metaphors in language are simply a reflection of our conceptual framework, whereby we conceptualize one domain by using language from a more familiar or basic one.",1,-1,[],[24842]],["In some cases, a weak metaphorical framing in one modality is strengthened by a metaphorical framing in another accompanying modality while in other cases a metaphorical framing arises specifically as the result of a co-textual interaction between expressive forms in two different modalities.",1,-1,[],[45173]],["In this context, we also mention the \"framing power\" of metaphors, as metaphorical concepts have the ability to influence how certain topics are perceived.",1,-1,[],[55513]],["In this paper, metaphor is treated as a mechanism through which cultural environments, including media, influence self-construal.",1,-1,[],[38753]],["It can affect how they think about crime",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It can also affect how people reason about social and political issues such as immigration",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It can even affect how people perform basic physical actions, such as walking in a straight line",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It influences how they reason about impacts of climate change",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It involves extracting meaning from an abstract conceptual domain, referred to as the source domain, and projecting it onto a concrete conceptual domain, referred to as the target domain.",1,-1,[],[52615]],["It is described as a stylistic device that consists in presenting one entity by associating it with the qualities of a different entity, mainly to impress recipients.",1,-1,[],[46592]],["It is grounded in our most basic embodied experiences and interactions in the world",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It is grounded in our most basic embodied experiences and interactions in the world (Gibbs, 1994(Gibbs, , 1996(Gibbs, , 2011;;Kövecses, 2000;Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Metaphor helps us make sense of abstract or complex things, including time (Clark, 1973), economics (Henderson, 1982), mathematics (Lakoff & Núñez, 2000), chemistry (Watkins, 1989), physics (Pulaczewska, 1999), medicine (Coulehan, J. (2003), electricity (Genter & Genter, 1983), politics (Lakoff, 2008), and even horror movies (Winter, 2014).",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It is grounded in our most basic embodied experiences and interactions in the world (Gibbs, 1994(Gibbs, , 1996(Gibbs, , 2011;;Kövecses, 2000;Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Metaphor helps us make sense of abstract or complex things, including time (Clark, 1973), economics (Henderson, 1982), mathematics (Lakoff & Núñez, 2000), chemistry (Watkins, 1989), physics (Pulaczewska, 1999), medicine (Coulehan, J. (2003), electricity (Genter & Genter, 1983), politics (Lakoff, 2008), and even horror movies (Winter, 2014). It is known to influence our reasoning about real world problems, such as cancer (Gibbs & Franks, 2002;Pensen, Schapira, Daniels, Chabner, & Lynch, 2004), crime (Thibodeau & Boroditsky, 2011), and climate change (Flusberg, Matlock, & Thibodeau, 2017).",1,-1,[],[58739]],["It is noted that language expressions used to talk about the target domain are reflections of profiled characteristics of the source domain entity",1,-1,[],[46592]],["Linguistically, a metaphor includes reification (using something concrete to refer to something abstract), personification (using something animate to refer to something inanimate) and depersonification (using something inanimate to refer to something animate).",1,-1,[],[40144]],["Metaphor helps us make sense of abstract or complex things, including time (Clark, 1973), economics (Henderson, 1982), mathematics (Lakoff & Núñez, 2000), chemistry (Watkins, 1989), physics (Pulaczewska, 1999), medicine (Coulehan, J. (2003), electricity (Genter & Genter, 1983), politics (Lakoff, 2008), and even horror movies (Winter, 2014).",1,-1,[],[58739]],["Metaphor is a Greek word, and it originally means 'transfer'",1,-1,[],[31389]],["Metaphor is a natural consequence of our ability to reason by analogy",1,-1,[],[25888]],["Metaphor is a rich linguistic phenomenon that encompasses cognitive, linguistic, and socio-communicative dimensions, making it a multifaceted tool for thought and expression.",1,-1,[],[36836]],["Metaphor is clearly not just an ornamental flourish, but a fundamental part of the language system",1,-1,[],[52709]],["Metaphor is ideological in so far as metaphorical construals accentuate particular aspects of the target frame while obfuscating others, problematize situations in particular ways and pave the way for decisions and actions which accord with the particular metaphor rather than an alternative mode of presentation.",1,-1,[],[41032]],["Metaphor is incredibly pervasive in everyday discourse.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["Metaphor is not only a cognitive but also pragmatic phenomenon, since its perlocutionary effects and felicitous uses are as important to study as its embodied bases or cognitive structuring.",1,-1,[],[46592]],["Metaphor may give rise to a further number of framing effects where the cognitive processes involved have consequences in directing decisions and, ultimately, actions.",1,-1,[],[45173]],["Metaphors accentuate certain aspects of a situation while simultaneously obfuscating others. In so doing, they problematize situations in specific ways, promote particular solutions to those 'problems', and pave the way for actions which accord with the metaphor.",1,-1,[],[45173]],["Metaphors are not only used to add beauty to the language, but also as a rhetorical device to persuade the audience and reflect ideology",1,-1,[],[57399]],["Metaphors define how social situations are to be understood, reasoned about, reacted to emotionally and responded to materially.",1,-1,[],[41032]],["Metaphors in non-literary writing give a sincere reflection of thought and culture",1,-1,[],[31389]],["Pragmatically, \"a metaphor is an incongruous linguistic representation that has the underlying purpose of influencing opinions and judgments by persuasion; this purpose is often covert and reflects the speaker's intentions within particular contexts of use\"",1,-1,[],[40144]],["SARS and Chernobyl both took place in communist countries and they both caused great damage and panic among societies.",1,-1,[],[30518]],["The comparison of a sophisticated international initiative to the everyday social and natural phenomenon is understandable to even the low-educated people; it tries to convey the economic benefits of the BRI.",1,-1,[],[48855]],["The writers highly depend on them to represent abstract ideas in terms of physical concepts.",1,-1,[],[57399]],["This definition presupposes a cognitive view of metaphor according to which metaphors do not only occur at a linguistic level but also at a cognitive one (Lakoff and Johnson 1980).",1,-1,[],[28091]],["This process involves comparing and projecting knowledge onto mental mappings, akin to creating a mental diagram that links abstract concepts with more familiar experiences for easier understanding.",1,-1,[],[39049,39051]],["Traditional views on metaphor primarily focus on its ornamental function at the linguistic level, emphasizing the underlying similarity between words as the basis for metaphorical expression",1,-1,[],[53227]],["Unlike the classical view which sees metaphor as a figurative use of language, Frame Semantics views it as modelled in terms of 'mapping' between two things from different areas of knowledge (Hamawand, 2016, p.85).",1,-1,[],[44540]],["a cognitive process of frame projection which is reflected in and effected through metaphorical expressions in discourse",1,-1,[],[45173]],["a means of conveying emotions",1,-1,[],[31779]],["a tool to understand and experience something from another thing's perspective",1,-1,[],[44480]],["act as more than just isolated words -their power appears to come from participating in elaborated knowledge structures",1,-1,[],[52709]],["as a form of movement, the Aristotelian metaphor primarily serves as a disruptive element within a framework of pre-established relations -it disturbs existing logical connections.",1,-1,[],[16166]],["conceived of in terms of conceptual mapping, blending, or mental simulation of embodied experience",1,-1,[],[46592]],["described as a stylistic device that consists in presenting one entity by associating it with the qualities of a different entity, mainly to impress recipients.",1,-1,[],[46592]],["earning trust, simplifying issues to comprehensible ones, implying evaluations of issues in order to establish an argument, triggering emotions that are favourable to the speaker, forming coherence in texts, representing issues through an ideology and providing narrative-based representations so that they create a myth",1,-1,[],[40144]],["even the subtlest instantiation of a metaphor (via a single word) can have a powerful influence over how people attempt to solve social problems like crime and how they gather information to make ''well-informed'' decisions.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["has been pervasive in understanding a wide range of human experiences such as time, causation, events, emotions, self, morality, and disease.",1,-1,[],[41493]],["illustrating the abstract or complex concepts, arousing emotions to influence readers to perceive the issue in a way desired by the writers, implying positive evaluations of the writers' stance and framing the issue as an ideology.",1,-1,[],[40144]],["is also widely adopted by clickbait.",1,-1,[],[893]],["it can be potentially useful or harmful when framing societal challenges, such as global pandemic.",1,-1,[],[41493]],["metaphor as a cognitive process is not restricted in its operation to discourses articulated in the verbal modality but may equally be found to function in discourses articulated through the visual (or for that matter the auditory) channel",1,-1,[],[45173]],["metaphor empowers writers with expression and persuasion",1,-1,[],[40144]],["metaphor has become a defining feature of football language.",1,-1,[],[31389]],["metaphor has been recognized as having linguistic, cognitive, and social properties, making it a multidimensional research object (Gibbs, 1994).",1,-1,[],[36836]],["metaphor involves a «highlighting and hiding» facet (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), selectively emphasizing certain aspects while downplaying others, and thus contributing significantly to the ideological relevance of metaphors.",1,-1,[],[39049]],["metaphor is a blended form of thought and meaning",1,-1,[],[57399]],["metaphor is produced in our everyday communication",1,-1,[],[40144]],["metaphor is recognised as an important ideological framing device which achieves framing effects in the legitimation of social actions and relations",1,-1,[],[41032]],["metaphor is regarded as an \"online pragmatic adjustment\" of the encoded lexical meaning that is formed as the consequence of a particular concept.",1,-1,[],[50696]],["metaphor is seen as omnipresent in our thoughts and language, associated to our daily life, language, thought and action",1,-1,[],[44480]],["metaphor is therefore an important framing device which defines how social situations and events are to be understood, reasoned about, and reacted to emotionally.",1,-1,[],[45173]],["metaphor is viewed as a cognitive tool deeply embedded in everyday thought, language and behavior, reflecting underlying conceptual structures and ways of understanding specific issues",1,-1,[],[53227]],["metaphor transfers associations from the source domain to the target domain",1,-1,[],[25888]],["metaphorical and figurative language, which may encode hostility more subtly than direct insults but can be equally potent in legitimizing violence",1,-1,[],[34007]],["metaphorical expressions are not treated as decorative rhetorical devices that enhance the experience of reception, but as potentially powerful triggers of specific conceptualizations, some of which may be ideologically charged.",1,-1,[],[46592]],["metaphorical language to turn abstract ideas into physical concepts to be easily understood by the audience.",1,-1,[],[57399]],["metaphors are important in highly precise and abstract academic texts to give a clear description in abstract instances, convey messages, give explanations, establish the writer's stance and persuade readers",1,-1,[],[40144]],["metaphors can gain power by coercing further incoming information to fit with the relational structure suggested by the metaphor.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["metaphors exert an influence over people's reasoning by instantiating frame-consistent knowledge structures, and inviting structurally-consistent inferences.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["metaphors function as crystallised frames that enable a smoother and more effective transfer of meaning by turning complex abstract concepts into familiar concrete images",1,-1,[["metaphors function as crystallised frames that enable a smoother and more effective transfer of meaning by turning complex abstract concepts into familiar concrete images",1],["metaphors function as crystallised frames that enable a smoother and more effective transfer of meaning by turning complex abstract concepts into familiar concrete images.",1]],[30759]],["metaphors have profound influences on how we conceptualize and act with respect to important societal issues.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["metaphors in particular are different from rhetorical devices because of their intrinsic constructive quality.",1,-1,[],[55513]],["metaphors were used to enhance the persuasiveness of an argument and link subject knowledge with the topic",1,-1,[],[40144]],["movement, in essence, is the fundamental characteristic of the \"metaphorical genus\", enabling it to encompass linguistic phenomena that differ greatly, well beyond the analogical transposition which today we call metaphor.",1,-1,[],[16166]],["often viewed as a rhetorical device, something used in poetry or prose to make the text more vivid and imaginative",1,-1,[],[25869]],["phenomenon of thinking instead of being purely linguistic expressions",1,-1,[],[40144]],["play a central role in the construction of social and political reality",1,-1,[],[46508]],["producing metaphors involves constructing an (implicit) analogy mediated through a relationship of similarity between elements.",1,-1,[],[16166]],["recognizing it as a cognitive device rather than as a literary tool",1,-1,[],[6001]],["serve particular political, technical or economic interests",1,-1,[],[44792]],["signal more complex meaning making",1,-1,[],[40144]],["signal more complex meaning making and thus can be useful as a means of qualitative data collection and analysis",1,-1,[],[40151]],["similes are a sort of metaphor, because «they always consist of two terms, like the proportional metaphor»",1,-1,[],[16166]],["that particular kind of language is affected by a multifaceted pragmatic process that provokes and enhances the appearance of affective and imagistic effects.",1,-1,[],[50696]],["the application of a strange term either transferred from the genus and applied to the species or from the species and applied to the genus, or from one species to another or else by analogy",1,-1,[],[16166]],["the choice of one metaphor rather than another has consequences for how a particular issue is 'framed' or structured, which aspects are foregrounded and which are backgrounded, what inferences are facilitated, what evaluative and emotional associations triggered, what courses of action appear to be possible and so on",1,-1,[],[45173]],["the influence of the metaphorical framing is covert: people do not recognize metaphors as an influential aspect in their decisions.",1,-1,[],[52709]],["the literal connotation of the metaphorically utilised language is sustained by metaphoric meaning.",1,-1,[],[50696]],["the metaphor has to disturb a whole network by means of an aberrant attribution",1,-1,[],[16166]],["the role of metaphor in argumentation and persuasion",1,-1,[],[40144]],["the use of metaphor (above and beyond a monster framing) can often make information seem more vivid",1,-1,[],[58739]],["there is a systematic mapping between two conceptual domains: the source domain, seen as an inference source, and the target domain, the domain in which the inference will be applied.",1,-1,[],[44480]],["used in news coverage to highlight public response, evoking perceptions of what society or different publics are watching or discussing",1,-1,[],[44792]],["using metaphor in 'sports talk' enhances precision in communicating meaning",1,-1,[],[31389]],["we perceive the world and its concepts in terms of other concepts, and our language reflects it too",1,-1,[],[6001]]],"sy":[["meaning making tools",1,-1,[],[40144]],["metapherein",1,-1,[],[16166]]],"rt":[["source domain",4,3883,[["source domain",3],["source domains",1]],[25888,30759,44480,46507,46508]],["target domain",4,19075,[["target domain",3],["target domains",1]],[25888,30759,44480,46507,46508]],["Conceptual metaphor",2,23399,[["Conceptual metaphor",1],["conceptual metaphors",1]],[28092,50696]],["Metonymy",2,25536,[["Metonymy",1],["metonymy",1]],[53585,57399]],["conventional metaphors",2,25750,[],[30759,40144]],["frame 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climate phenomena (target)",1,-1,[],[53585]],["mathematics (Lakoff & Núñez, 2000)",1,-1,[],[58739]],["media attention",1,-1,[],[44792]],["media frenzy",1,-1,[],[44792]],["medicine (Coulehan, J. (2003)",1,-1,[],[58739]],["physics (Pulaczewska, 1999)",1,-1,[],[58739]],["political and other debates often borrow the language of war and conflict to characterize their antagonistic nature (we win arguments; attack or shoot down the opponent's points; defend our point of view).",1,-1,[],[24842]],["politics (Lakoff, 2008)",1,-1,[],[58739]],["ratings bonanza",1,-1,[],[44792]],["ratings boon",1,-1,[],[44792]],["ratings machine",1,-1,[],[44792]],["shitstorm",1,-1,[],[44792]],["the BRI is also compared to the Marshall Plan after the Second World War (Club 'Z')",1,-1,[],[48855]],["the Chinese Communist Party's Chernobyl",1,-1,[],[30518]],["the action of non-participation of Bulgarian government in the BRI described as 'propusna vlaka' (missed the train) (Ataka)",1,-1,[],[48855]],["the concept of Chinese investment under the BRI is compared to 'dujdut na pari' (rain of money) (Ataka)",1,-1,[],[48855]],["the economy",1,-1,[],[52709]],["the metaphor \"TIME IS MONEY\". 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theft",1,-1,[],[17718]],["trolling",1,-1,[],[17718]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["neoliberalism",1,31767,[],[19408]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Governmentality",1,315,[],[27230]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["específicamente cuando quien ingresa es transformado en un sujeto \"incontrolable\" y, en cuanto tal, debe ser expulsado o no admitido.",1,-1,[],[35647]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Legal protection",1,11221,[],[13015]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["At the most concrete level are descriptive action verbs (e.g., punch, kiss), which refer to specific, observable behaviors. These are followed by interpretive action verbs (e.g., fight, care), which introduce inferred meaning. State verbs (e.g., love, anger) describe enduring emotional or psychological states. The most abstract form involves adjectives (e.g., aggressive, affectionate), which generalize across instances and imply dispositional traits",1,-1,[],[41330]],["At the most concrete level are descriptive action verbs (e.g., punch, kiss), which refer to specific, observable behaviors. These are followed by interpretive action verbs (e.g., fight, care), which introduce inferred meaning. State verbs (e.g., love, anger) describe enduring emotional or psychological states. The most abstract form involves adjectives (e.g., aggressive, affectionate), which generalize across instances and imply dispositional traits (see Table 1).",1,-1,[],[41330]],["LCM specifies four categories of predicates with respect to the level of abstraction in a description of a person",1,-1,[],[29385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["adjective",2,28575,[["adjective",1],["adjectives",1]],[29385,37420]],["descriptive action verb",2,25909,[["descriptive action verb",1],["descriptive action verbs",1]],[29385,37420]],["state verb",2,5140,[["state verb",1],["state verbs",1]],[29385,37420]],["State verbs (e.g., love, anger) describe enduring emotional or psychological states",1,-1,[],[41330]],["adjectives (e.g., aggressive, affectionate), which generalize across instances and imply dispositional traits",1,-1,[],[41330]],["descriptive action verbs (e.g., punch, kiss), which refer to specific, observable behaviors",1,-1,[],[41330]],["interpretative action verbs",1,24303,[],[37420]],["interpretive action verb",1,20309,[],[29385]],["interpretive action verbs (e.g., fight, care), which introduce inferred meaning",1,-1,[],[41330]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["aggressive, affectionate",1,-1,[],[41330]],["fight, care",1,-1,[],[41330]],["love, anger",1,-1,[],[41330]],["punch, kiss",1,-1,[],[41330]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the idea is to post a message that is provocative, offensive, or menacing with an intent to mislead the audience.",1,-1,[],[35668]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["harmful content",1,19937,[],[35668]]],"sb":[["a combination of both",1,-1,[],[35668]],["a meme",1,12094,[],[35668]],["textual",1,4207,[],[35668]],["visual",1,34349,[],[35668]]],"sp":[["harmful content",1,19937,[],[35668]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["GAN-generated fake images",1,9613,[],[1020]],["deepfake videos",1,15117,[],[1020]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[26789]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Quality of content",1,10214,[],[44953]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Although cyberchondria and information overload are generally considered to be negative, the results of the study showed that these factors contributed to the widespread adoption of recommended preventive behaviours by the population",1,-1,[],[43422]],["Although cyberchondria does not appear to be a distinct disorder, it has been associated with functional impairment and increased healthcare utilization, which has significant public health implications",1,-1,[],[15089]],["considered to be negative",1,-1,[],[43422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["felt confused",1,-1,[],[15089]],["felt frightened",1,-1,[],[15089]],["felt frustrated",1,-1,[],[15089]],["felt that once they started reading information about COVID-19 online it was hard for them to stop",1,-1,[],[15089]],["one study found them as beneficial factors that lead to preventive behavioural development",1,-1,[],[43422]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["media functions not merely as a backdrop to behavior, but as an affective infrastructure shaping perception, emotion, and decision-making",1,-1,[],[39296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["DPT has provided behavioral economists and neuroeconomists with psychologically plausible foundations to represent the internal dynamics of decision-making",1,-1,[],[978]],["Dual-Process Theory forms a 'pair of black boxes' (Gigerenzer & Hoffrage, 2007), which offers little explanatory power (Grayot, 2020).",1,-1,[],[32614]],["One is an evolutionarily old system that is associative, automatic, unconscious, parallel, and fast. It instinctively jumps to a conclusion. In this system, innate thinking processes have evolved to solve specific adaptive problems. The other is a system that is rule-based, controlled, conscious, serial, and slow.",1,-1,[],[18922]],["The Dual Process Theory proposes that information processing consists of two pathways: the first involves intuitive, fast, automatic thinking and the second, a more deliberate, slow and controlled mode of thinking.",1,-1,[],[47563]],["While these theories usually deal with how information is processed when judgments are formed (fast/heuristic/automatic vs. slow/systematic/controlled)",1,-1,[],[8802]],["the theory allows the study to further understand news consumers' cognitive ability and behavior when reading and selecting news.",1,-1,[],[54943]]],"sy":[["received view",1,-1,[],[978]]],"rt":[["deliberative cognitive processes",1,-1,[],[56091]],["intuitive cognitive processes",1,-1,[],[56091]]],"sb":[["(Cumulative) Prospect Theory",1,30150,[],[32614]],["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",1,23785,[],[47563]],["Fuzzy-Trace Theory",1,7255,[],[32614]],["Nested Sets Theory",1,-1,[],[32614]],["System 1 (automatic)",1,-1,[],[52519,52520]],["System 2 (reflective)",1,-1,[],[52519,52520]],["gistbased and verbatim in Fuzzy-Trace Theory",1,-1,[],[32614]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["FOMO is a widespread phenomenon that can be detrimental to physical and mental health",1,-1,[],[9942]],["In most people, however, it seems to be associated with a maladaptive ruminative style of thinking that can cause negative outcomes such as increased anxiety.",1,-1,[],[9942]],["It is not necessarily bad, as it can enhance the strength of social media connections and improve happiness in some",1,-1,[],[9942]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Rumination",1,2637,[],[9942]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion spam",1,29645,[],[6933]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Re-Stalinisation",1,-1,[["Re-Stalinisation",1],["re-Stalinization",1]],[27829]],["Stalinisation",1,24441,[],[27829]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A second group of indicators refers to story ambiance",1,-1,[],[9233]],["One group of indicators measures whether journalists' subjective impressions or opinions are apparent in a report.",1,-1,[],[9233]],["reports that include explicit expressions of journalists' personal impressions, interpretations or opinions and others that do not include such personal views. In addition, we distinguish between reports that include verbal and/or visual emotion-arousing elements and reports that do not include such elements.",1,-1,[],[9233]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["topic dimension",1,10886,[],[9233]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a more informal and colloquial vocabulary",1,-1,[],[9233]],["a sensational presentation which describes events as 'earthshaking/ unsettling/remarkable'",1,-1,[],[9233]],["commentary",1,-1,[],[9233]],["detached way",1,-1,[],[9233]],["feature style",1,-1,[],[9233]],["news analysis",1,-1,[],[9233]],["serious vs light-hearted",1,-1,[],[9233]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["comparisons",1,10605,[],[46039]],["jokes",1,7230,[],[46039]],["judgmental comments",1,-1,[],[46039]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[46039]],["whataboutery",1,-1,[],[46039]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["In this view, journalists take a more active, socially committed and assertive role in their reporting, and in so doing they involve themselves in social and political processes to the extent that they become participants.",1,-1,[],[4202]],["Intentionality is nevertheless a feature that distinguishes JI from other forms of bias that do not involve interventionism.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["JI is the creation of journalistic content, and the physical activism of journalists, with the specific intention of advancing a cause whether it be social, political, or economic.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["JI may be a self-marketing attempt that also caters to audience tastes and preferences, which is communicated on social media",1,-1,[],[4515]],["Journalistic interventionism is not a specific role or type of journalist; it is a set of practices and behaviors of journalists who, in certain contexts, intentionally deviate from objective journalism to advance a cause or position they personally uphold.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["Journalists emphasized the journalist's intention or motivation as a defining characteristic of JI, consistent with the definition and conceptualization of JI that distinguishes it from other forms of media bias.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["Journalists seem to conceive of their profession as a public service that entails responsibility, which legitimizes the use of their positions to protect and serve the public and to be change agents on the public's behalf.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["Journalists' definition of JI was not confined to a single type of intervention in news making or public life, thus reinforcing the conceptualization that the four types are complementary dimensions of the same phenomenon and share similar underlying motivations.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["The element of intentionality was also central in the definition of JI",1,-1,[],[4515]],["The element of intentionality was also central in the definition of JI, and it was clear to the interviewees that journalists' deviations from objective journalism were motivated by conscious, planned, and even strategic personal choices.",1,-1,[],[4515]],["The impetus behind interventionist journalism is not to stay apart from the flow of events, but to participate, intervene, get involved, and promote change.",1,-1,[],[4202]],["journalism is moving toward more involved and interventionist role perceptions",1,-1,[],[4515]],["journalists legitimized interventionism as part of their professional mission to be a watchdog for the public and change agents (see also Harlow, 2022;Standaert et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[4515]],["not being motivated purely by ideological or public goals and perhaps involving a personal need for attention and positive self-esteem",1,-1,[],[4515]],["pressures on journalists to stand out and succeed in a competitive market, to find an audience that shares the journalist's values and appreciates his or her specific deviation from objective journalism",1,-1,[],[4515]],["setting the political agenda",1,-1,[],[4202]],["the importance of influencing public opinion and advocating for social change",1,-1,[],[4202]],["the journalists argued that by being openly interventionist, the journalists' positionality and ideology become more transparent so that audiences can better assess the story.",1,-1,[],[4515]]],"sy":[["activism",1,17842,[],[4515]],["journalism in the service of ideology",1,-1,[],[4515]],["journalistic activism",1,8919,[],[4515]]],"rt":[["advocacy interventionism",1,3415,[],[4515]],["advocate",1,8691,[],[4202]],["civic or public journalism",1,20220,[],[4202]],["development(al) journalism",1,32020,[],[4202]],["driving action",1,22870,[],[4515]],["journalistic activism",1,8919,[],[4515]],["journalistic branding",1,21160,[],[4515]],["media bias",1,3751,[],[4515]],["missionary",1,22426,[],[4202]],["participant",1,16731,[],[4202]],["partisan activism",1,28873,[],[4515]],["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[4202]]],"sb":[["agenda setting",2,425,[["agenda setting",1],["agenda-setting",1]],[4202,4515]],["advocacy",1,24258,[],[4202]],["advocacy interventionism",1,3415,[],[4515]],["driving action",1,22870,[],[4515]],["partisan activism",1,28873,[],[4515]],["public influence",1,26175,[],[4202]]],"sp":[["monitorial role",1,4644,[],[4515]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["detective",1,32640,[],[9350]],["detective role",1,7118,[],[19036]],["monitor",1,20794,[],[9350]],["monitor role",1,7557,[],[19036]],["watchdog",1,30404,[],[9350]],["watchdog role",1,9103,[],[19036]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["detectives",1,-1,[],[31515]],["investigative journalists",1,-1,[],[31515]],["watchdogs",1,-1,[],[31515]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[62043]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The RDC government canceled every future exams for pupils, because of coronavirus",1,-1,[],[52818]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are also receptive to arguments and more willing to listen.",1,-1,[],[15763]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["These individuals often serve as ideal recipients of messages addressing social issues such as vaccination hesitancy",1,-1,[],[15763]]]},{"nd":54,"df":[],"de":[["Deception aims to produce suboptimal strategies, utilities or choices in the cognitive system of the victim.",1,-1,[],[37908]],["Deception impacts subjective probabilities of players, subjective utilities of players, or decision mechanisms, by means of hiding information, introducing uncertainty, introducing false beliefs, or changing how a player might interpret a situation.",1,-1,[],[37908]],["Deception is a form of surprise, providing a means to unbalance an opponent through uncertainty.",1,-1,[],[55164]],["Deception is the intentional practice of twisting information. It is a nuanced societal practice deeply intertwined with human societal evolution, characterized by a multitude of facets.",1,-1,[],[42353]],["Deception must be believable to the target audience, with sufficient resources and time invested in a coherent narrative to reinforce existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[55164]],["Deception online is aided by the virtue of anonymity [13]. It can occur as deceptive content as well as a deceptive agent [41].",1,-1,[],[19454]],["Deception relies on peoples' trust, doubt and strong emotions that may prevent them from thinking and acting clearly",1,-1,[],[1006]],["Deception seeks to manipulate a person's understanding of the world, potentially compromising his ability to act in his own best interest.",1,-1,[],[60916]],["Deception trespasses against the right to honest-dealing, treating a person as a mere means, a kind of instrument of another.",1,-1,[],[60916]],["For simplicity, we further assume that the outcome of a deception is a discrete state change in the receiver's perception, a reasonable assumption since in practice a successful deception typically captures the receiver.",1,-1,[],[37908]],["In other words, deception gets people to do things they would not otherwise do.",1,-1,[],[1006]],["In the context of online deception, several factors need to be considered: the deceiver, the purpose or aim of the deception, the social media service, the deception technique and the potential target",1,-1,[],[1006]],["It is a nuanced societal practice deeply intertwined with human societal evolution, characterized by a multitude of facets.",1,-1,[],[42353]],["It is nonconsensual because it violates the requirement of informed consent; the target of persuasion is unable to reach an informed decision because of inadequate information",1,-1,[],[8545]],["Mahon (2016) notes that \"deceive\" is \"an achievement or success verb\" which entails that \"[a]n act of deceiving is not an act of deceiving unless a particular result is achieved.\"",1,-1,[],[1146]],["Note that this taxonomy is intended to be comprehensive and capture all nuances of deception, which means also the legal aspects when the source of the deception is being charged with a crime for example. Hence, this taxonomy will take into account the intent of the source in contrast with the above section.",1,-1,[],[60016]],["Our definition of deception does not strictly require that the AI system have a goal of producing false beliefs. Instead of focusing on literal goal possession, we focus on the systematic way in which the AI causes false beliefs in the human user.",1,-1,[],[1915]],["Successful deceptions arise when the deceiver manipulates the channel or message in a manner, which the receiver is unable recognise or overcome, altering the receiver's perception, and thus subjective probabilities.",1,-1,[],[37908]],["The intent of a party producing a deception may or may not be to disadvantage the deceived party.",1,-1,[],[37908]],["This definition does not require that AI systems literally have beliefs and goals. Instead, it focuses on the question of whether AI systems engage in regular patterns of behavior that tend towards the creation of false beliefs in users, and focuses on cases where this pattern is the result of AI systems optimizing for a different outcome than merely producing truth.",1,-1,[],[1915]],["Thus, it has at least one source, one target, and one goal. The source is manipulating the target into beliefs, or action, or both, intended to achieve the goals.",1,-1,[],[60016]],["deception can be achieved through half-truths or omissions.",1,-1,[],[8580]],["deception essentially involves an intention, desire or goal to produce a false belief, along with the belief that one has done so",1,-1,[],[1915]],["deception is a behavior observed in various species and is considered an evolutionary adaptive trait.",1,-1,[],[42353]],["deception is an integral part of social interactions, with the majority of humans engaging in deceptive acts at least once or twice a day.",1,-1,[],[42353]],["evidently primary",1,-1,[],[50845]],["our definition does not require that AI systems literally have beliefs and goals.",1,-1,[],[1915]],["our definition focuses on the question of whether AI systems engage in regular patterns of behavior that tend towards the creation of false beliefs in users, and focuses on cases where this pattern is the result of AI systems optimizing for a different outcome than merely producing truth.",1,-1,[],[1915]],["reflects the use of false information for gain or advantage",1,-1,[],[50845]],["there is a difference between lying and deception",1,-1,[],[27334]],["threatening personal autonomy and potentially posing downstream AI safety risks (Kenton et al., 2021), for example in cases where humans overestimate the capabilities of LMs (Anthropomorphising systems can lead to overreliance or unsafe use).",1,-1,[],[22437]]],"sy":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[50845]],["engano",1,-1,[],[24743]]],"rt":[["disinformation",3,17423,[],[1006,50845,60016]],["fake news",2,33960,[],[1006,60016]],["active measures",1,191,[],[50845]],["information-theoretic phenomenon",1,-1,[],[37908]],["lie",1,11646,[],[10607]],["lying",1,32166,[],[27334]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[1006]],["phishing",1,11941,[],[60016]]],"sb":[["Bluffs",1,-1,[],[1915]],["Corruption",1,26870,[],[37908]],["Degradation",1,25304,[],[37908]],["Denial",1,3979,[],[37908]],["Feints",1,6530,[],[1915]],["Strategic deception",1,20981,[],[1915]],["Subversion",1,2947,[],[37908]],["cheating the safety test",1,-1,[],[1915]],["corruption, where the beliefs of others are mimicked",1,-1,[],[36093]],["degradation, where actual beliefs are concealed in some manner",1,-1,[],[36093]],["denial, where the information channel is blocked",1,-1,[],[36093]],["dissimulação",1,-1,[],[24743]],["distortion",1,28504,[],[48802]],["imitation",1,20313,[],[1915]],["lies of commission",1,-1,[],[42353]],["lies of influence",1,-1,[],[42353]],["lies of omission",1,7906,[],[42353]],["online deception",1,30635,[],[1006]],["simulação",1,7019,[],[24743]],["subversion where interpretation is manipulated",1,-1,[],[36093]],["sycophancy",1,26317,[],[1915]],["unfaithful reasoning",1,15715,[],[1915]]],"sp":[["Non-consensual communication",1,13412,[],[8545]]],"ex":[["The deception effect of increased uncertainty is produced by the overt form of Degradation, and by Denial.",1,-1,[],[37908]],["fake news, phishing, and job scams",1,-1,[],[60016]],["highlighting real military successes but downplaying failures thereby deceiving people about actual military progress",1,-1,[],[8580]],["instead of strictly pursuing the accuracy of outputs, AI systems instead try to win games, please users, or imitate text.",1,-1,[],[1915]],["where instead of strictly pursuing the accuracy of outputs, AI systems instead try to win games, please users, or imitate text.",1,-1,[],[1915]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["User 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This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",1,-1,[],[61259]]],"sy":[["extremists",1,23229,[],[61259]],["fanatics",1,-1,[],[61259]],["insurgents",1,-1,[],[61259]],["mercenaries",1,-1,[],[61259]]],"rt":[["common criminal",1,-1,[],[27860]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["antagonist",1,-1,[],[61259]]],"ex":[["Groups like ISIS or Al-Qaeda carrying out attacks, or lone-wolf terrorists committing acts of violence.",1,-1,[],[61259]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It includes articles of type, partially false, partially true, mostly true, miscaptioned, misleading etc.",1,-1,[],[33856]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Miscaptioned",1,-1,[],[33856]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["claims to omit necessary background information",1,-1,[],[33856]],["images that are miscaptioned",1,-1,[],[33856]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The zooming-out movement of the vulnerability approach makes it possible to 'denaturalize' disasters, and tease out their underlying political economy",1,-1,[],[16874]],["This methodological --framework extends the analytic gaze beyond the immediacy of the disaster onto the everyday workings of society, exploring the social, cultural, political and ecological conditions that play a role in the production of disaster (or exacerbate its severity).",1,-1,[],[16874]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["New Orlean~, for instance, was a highly vulnerable city, due to its bad levees, its location beneath sea level, the eradication of the coastal vegetation outside the city, its poor transportation system, but also as a consequence of its impoverished black population and racially segregated urban structure",1,-1,[],[16874]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Although denialism can take different forms, it involves primarily the presentation of fabricated or distorted evidence to negate historical events or to deny scientific discoveries.",1,-1,[],[41794]],["Denialism is not an entirely new communication strategy (Festinger, 1962), but the explosive growth of digital media and the resulting accelerated pace and diffusion of information have amplified its impact.",1,-1,[],[41794]],["Denialistic views often spread when various parties with vested interests related to contrarian alternatives coordinate communication campaigns, whilst appearing to be independent entities.",1,-1,[],[41794]],["First, we discuss the concept of denialism, an irrational cognitive process that leads to the refusal to accept an empirically verifiable reality (O'Shea, 2008).",1,-1,[],[41794]],["Since the underlying motivation of denialists is to influence public policy, an upsurge in the vigor and intensity of the denialist rhetoric in the public sphere can often be observed when a new scientific issue enters the political debate (Ceccarelli, 2011).",1,-1,[],[41794]],["The aim is to manipulate public opinion through the dissemination of rumors and misinformation in order to support specific political, social, or corporate agendas (also known as astroturfing; Ratkiewicz et al. 2011).",1,-1,[],[41794]]],"sy":[["contrarianism",1,-1,[],[42430]],["skepticism",1,19443,[],[42430]]],"rt":[["astroturfing",1,3066,[],[41794]],["rhetorical tactics of denialism",1,-1,[],[41794]]],"sb":[["Historical denial",1,15679,[],[41794]]],"sp":[["motivated cognition",1,1930,[],[36097]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Deepfake videos can have deep negative consequences for democracies: fake news created by deepfake videos may aim to tarnish the reputation of certain individuals, portray false events (e.g., fake terrorist attacks), or influence democratic processes such as election campaigns or other socially significant events",1,-1,[],[47714]],["unlike deepfakes, which rely on deep machine learning techniques",1,-1,[],[47714]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The benefit of labeling technique is that the results are ready to use and can be directly fed into other applications, while its drawbacks are that some useful information is lost during the iterations and it does not provide confidence scores for the identified truths.",1,-1,[],[6698]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["heteroglósica",1,-1,[],[15153]],["monoglósica",1,16033,[],[15153]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["diverted discussions away from the harms perpetrated and the matters of accountability, truth and justice to a hypothetical discussion of 'good' versus 'bad' police officers",1,-1,[],[42388]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["#notallcops narratives",1,17914,[],[42388]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["robust but fair procedures for rooting out the bad ones",1,-1,[],[42388]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Aún si lo que se informa es falso, haberlo leído repetidas veces aumenta la posibilidad de considerarlo como verdadero",1,-1,[],[15245]],["es más fácil que las personas crean algo si lo han escuchado antes, ya que los seres humanos utilizan la familiaridad como un atajo mental para evaluar la precisión de la información.",1,-1,[],[15245]],["es más fácil que las personas crean algo si lo han escuchado antes, ya que los seres humanos utilizan la familiaridad como un atajo mental para evaluar la precisión de la información. Aún si lo que se informa es falso, haberlo leído repetidas veces aumenta la posibilidad de considerarlo como verdadero",1,-1,[],[15245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Recently, departing from the affordances of social media, scholars have introduced the concept of self-personalization (Magin et al., 2024;McGregor, 2018;Metz et al., 2019;Russmann et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[26561]],["This concept comprises both private and professional dimensions",1,-1,[],[26561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["people can experience source confusion where the belief remains but the source is mis-attributed",1,-1,[],[41645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, people could falsely remember that information given in a postevent suggestion was actually contained in the original event.",1,-1,[],[14966]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["to refer to pro-Russian nationalist mobilization in Ukraine",1,-1,[],[61313]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["These multimodal elements in an Instagram post largely encompass (1) visual elements (e.g., photographs and posters), and (2) textual elements (captions, words in images, and hashtags).",1,-1,[],[19831]],["a variety of semiotic resources being used to produce the sign in concrete social contexts",1,-1,[],[44487]],["allows users to include multimodal content in their posts, including images, captions, and hashtags",1,-1,[],[19831]],["instead of restricting just for sensory media (e.g., text, image).",1,-1,[],[34670]],["multi-modality requires collect and infer over multi-modal evidence.",1,-1,[],[31627]],["texts are becoming more and more multimodal, dealing with the coexistence of different semiotic levels as, for instance, the visual, audio, gestural, etc.",1,-1,[],[44487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["semiotic modes",1,12275,[],[44487]],["semiotic resources",1,25921,[],[44487]],["textual elements (captions, words in images, and hashtags)",1,-1,[],[19831]],["visual elements (e.g., photographs and posters)",1,30534,[],[19831]]],"sb":[["the aural dimension",1,-1,[],[35813]],["the gestural dimension",1,-1,[],[35813]],["the linguistic dimension",1,10618,[],[35813]],["the spatial dimension",1,-1,[],[35813]],["the visual dimension",1,-1,[],[35813]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Unless it is known by the user to be disinformation, they may not readily perceive a piece of belief-consistent content as something that could potentially deceive others.",1,-1,[],[46314]]],"sy":[["belief-consistent disinformation",1,5693,[],[46314]]],"rt":[["belief-consistent disinformation",1,5693,[],[46314]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Displaying religious emotion is perceived as performing one's core identity.",1,-1,[],[32795]],["It both binds and separates.",1,-1,[],[32795]],["It shapes perceptions of who we are, but also who we are not.",1,-1,[],[32795]],["Religious emotion connects and binds people together in heightened, collective affect.",1,-1,[],[32795]],["Religious emotion rides on a sense of shared emotions, values, righteousness and ontological security about sticky objects.",1,-1,[],[32795]],["The notion is useful because it connotes an intensified emotional attachment to 'sacred sites, landscapes, artefacts, and beings' , or what Ahmed (2014) would simply call 'objects' .",1,-1,[],[32795]],["This intensified emotion is key to the construction of religious identities, shared worldviews, and moral outlooks.",1,-1,[],[32795]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ontological security",1,3993,[],[32795]],["righteousness",1,-1,[],[32795]],["shared emotions",1,11532,[],[32795]],["values",1,33193,[],[32795]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Emblematic symbols such as the cross or the hijab or a national flag are typical examples of objects likely to be imbued with this type of intensified religious emotion.",1,-1,[],[32795]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-serving or a self-enhancement bias",1,34913,[],[1833]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["third-person effect (TPE) hypothesis",1,32241,[],[1833]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["mobile vulgus",1,-1,[],[59743]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["4chan is an imageboard forum, organized in communities called \"boards,\" each with a different topic of interest.",2,-1,[],[17975,48289]]],"de":[["4chan is an anonymous community",1,-1,[],[17975]],["4chan is ephemeral, i.e., there is a limited number of active threads and all threads are permanently deleted after a week.",1,-1,[],[17975]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["boards",1,21698,[],[17975]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Due to their temporally persistent positions in such a chain of signifiers, moments become associated with distinctive meanings (i.e. signifieds) that continue from one practice of articulation to another.",1,-1,[],[22044]],["the element thereby becomes a known object, i.e. a moment.",1,-1,[],[4919]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["element",1,-1,[],[22044]],["signifying chain",1,21831,[],[4919]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["In the field of politics, it relates to the thematic agenda, framing and priming, or to the spiral of silence.",1,-1,[],[49949]],["It has many forms: economic, political, religious, communicative, technological, physical, etc.",1,-1,[],[13665]],["People use it in specific ways in social situations to control outcomes, and as a persuasive device through the use of language to cause the inequality and marginalisation of others.",1,-1,[],[53748]],["a set of practices which could be specified and which positively produced ways of behaving and predispositions in human subjects: indeed the most pervasive power is that which makes its subjects cooperate and connive in their subjection to it",1,-1,[],[52393]],["individuals have different levels of power and privilege depending on which identity axis is considered, which can strongly influence the pragmatic interpretations of statements",1,-1,[],[58638]],["omnipresent, 'produced from one moment to the next, at every point, or rather in every relation from one point to another.' It therefore covers the totality of discourses, institutions, social mores and practices",1,-1,[],[52393]],["operating in its capillary forms",1,-1,[],[53152]],["rather than reifying 'power', power can be interdependently recognised in, and, viewed as a formative part of, human relationships.",1,-1,[],[19816]],["traverses and produces things, it induces pleasure, forms knowledge, produces discourse",1,-1,[],[53152]],["whatever power relationship exists in an exchange relationship, it is constituted on interest, and the relationship is therefore considered to have been entered into voluntarily.",1,-1,[],[36020]]],"sy":[["relationships of power",1,-1,[],[19816]]],"rt":[["Authority",1,14203,[],[36020]],["agency",1,19283,[],[37457]],["dependence",1,-1,[],[20501]],["power constellations",1,-1,[],[13448]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["values",2,33193,[],[4206,38124]],["connotation frames",1,3299,[],[58283]]],"ex":[["gender differential",1,-1,[],[58638]],["racial power differential",1,-1,[],[58638]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To address this scalability challenge, computational fact-checking offers a promising augmentation, enabling systematic, semi-automated assessments of veracity.",1,-1,[],[61599]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A loss of amor propio would result in a loss of face and may compromise the cherished position of community acceptance",1,-1,[],[18204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["saving face",1,32830,[],[18204]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, whether citizens learn from exposure to a medium depends on the availability of information but also whether citizens pay attention to it (i.e., motivation) and have the resources to understand it (i.e., ability).",1,-1,[],[4893]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["in her perspective, it elicits the idea of qualities of attraction to a person or an object.",1,-1,[],[27651]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[27651]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Bibliografia oparta na źródłach internetowych, opracowaniach powstających w ramach pseudonaukowych kongresów, monografiach czy czasopismach tych samych pseudonaukowych kręgów lub na wynikach tendencyjnych eksperymentów",1,-1,[],[23551]],["Broni pojęć, które nie ewoluują",1,-1,[],[23551]],["Jej zwolennicy odbierają krytykę jako personalny atak na siebie",1,-1,[],[23551]],["Nie rozwija teorii, a proponowane w jej ramach koncepcje nie są oparte na dotychczasowej wiedzy",1,-1,[],[23551]],["Nie ulega naciskom politycznym czy też opiniom różnych \"autorytetów\"",1,-1,[],[23551]],["Odwołuje się do pojęć niemających naukowego uzasadnienia bądź łączy je z definicjami naukowymi",1,-1,[],[23551]],["Przyjmuje jedynie korzystne wyniki, odrzucając dane niepotwierdzające wywodu (tzw. wywód naiwny)",1,-1,[],[23551]]],"sy":[["fake science",1,29838,[],[23551]],["junk science",1,34644,[],[23551]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["the language of lawyers",1,-1,[],[24524]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the jargon of attorneys or possibly communication by law students as well.",1,-1,[],[24524]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["labeling challenge",1,7382,[],[1137]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["often have vastly different interpretations of facts or even entirely different sets of acknowledged facts",1,-1,[],[17185]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Essas regras servem para orientar cada indivíduo, nortear as suas ações e os seus julgamentos sobre o que é moral ou imoral, certo ou errado, bom ou ruim.",1,-1,[],[10874]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"casal é homem e mulher\"",1,-1,[],[10874]],["\"família é pai e mãe\"",1,-1,[],[10874]],["\"inversão de valores\"",1,-1,[],[10874]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["tends to prioritize and celebrate grandiose representations of pre-Hispanic ruins while overlooking the monumental process of their physical reconstruction",1,-1,[],[53876]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["As reviewed below, one stand-alone feature of myths is that they can be recycled whenever new developments, such as a new disease outbreak, allow for this.",1,-1,[],[61169]],["Myth does not deceive anyone, it does not lie, and it only slightly shifts meanings.",1,-1,[],[26781]],["Myth in advertising and politics is based on basic instincts and universal human values, which are based on the basic instinctsfood and sex, more often complementing and enhancing with the second one.",1,-1,[],[26781]],["Myths in the mental space of the consumer become tools of manipulation of the human psyche at the level of the unconscious, as the connection of concepts with objects and with each other is not understood by the consumer.",1,-1,[],[26781]],["The task of the myth is to give a purposeful meaning to the subject to be sold; to create a metalanguage, i.e. the language over the existing ones.",1,-1,[],[26781]],["They are accepted as true by a considerable portion of the population and can pertain to health, as well as a wide variety of domains (e. g., migration; e. g., Peter & Koch, 2016).",1,-1,[],[61169]],["This narrative clarifies the key values that the propaganda wishes to inculcate in the target audience and imposes on the audience a complete register of intuitive knowledge that allows for only one interpretation.",1,-1,[],[37047]],["This narrative clarifies the key values that the propaganda wishes to inculcate in the target audience and imposes on the audience a complete register of intuitive knowledge that allows for only one interpretation. In order to produce the desired effect on the target audience, the myths are constantly repeated and replayed",1,-1,[],[37047]],["Through these communication systems, communities explain and propagate their hegemonic values.",1,-1,[],[42182]],["clarifies the key values that the propaganda wishes to inculcate in the target audience and imposes on the audience a complete register of intuitive knowledge that allows for only one interpretation.",1,-1,[],[37047]],["devices that work as building blocks of propaganda",1,-1,[],[42182]],["myth is a secondary system that presupposes a primary system.",1,-1,[],[26781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hegemonic values",1,-1,[],[42182]],["provocation",1,6090,[],[26781]]],"sb":[["health myths",1,2903,[],[61169]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["advertising a phone",1,-1,[],[26781]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In PFCD, this means the model might systematically favor or recall a subset of popular or easily phrased debunks, regardless of whether they truly match the input post.",1,-1,[],[34389]],["In our context, retrieval bias manifests when a model systematically retrieves some claims (e.g., those with high semantic similarity, profile topics, or generic phrasing) more often.",1,-1,[],[34389]],["This bias can lead to reduced topical coverage and overlooked relevant claims, especially for underrepresented narratives.",1,-1,[],[34389]],["we analyze how frequently different claims are retrieved in the top-K results to identify retrieval biases",1,-1,[],[34389]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["generation accuracy",1,-1,[],[34389]],["popularity bias",1,682,[],[34389]],["popularity bias in recommender systems (RS)",1,-1,[],[34389]],["retrieval success",1,-1,[],[34389]]],"sb":[["source diversity bias",1,18312,[],[46946]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["if a model frequently matches unrelated posts to a well-known debunk about vaccine safety simply because that debunk appears often in data or is phrased generically, this indicates retrieval bias.",1,-1,[],[34389]],["some claims-especially those with generic phrasing and high topical prevalence are disproportionately retrieved.",1,-1,[],[34389]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["De Swert (2013), for instance, found vox pops to feature less often in event-related topics such as crime, accidents, disasters and sports compared to political news.",1,-1,[],[4257]],["Innocently looking, vox pops can exert considerable influence on the views of the public as they provide people with a cue about what other members of the public think about a news story or issue.",1,-1,[],[4256]],["Vox pops can be used as a means to display personal experiences or as a representation of opinions.",1,-1,[],[4256]],["an easy way to represent public opinion in the news and create the impression that views of members of the public are directly and transparently communicated to the public",1,-1,[],[4256]],["basically convey only one point of view",1,-1,[],[4256]],["citizenship is most clearly expressed and defined through vox pops.",1,-1,[],[4257]],["make the news recognizable and accessible for viewers",1,-1,[],[4256]],["more than in other news, vox pops are used to display the opinion among the population.",1,-1,[],[4257]],["not particularly involved in the issue covered",1,-1,[],[4256]],["refer to vox pops as tools to provide mood, background, emotions and light commentary",1,-1,[],[4257]],["replaceable source",1,-1,[],[4256]],["the presentation of opinions in vox pops",1,-1,[],[4256]],["used to add emotions and vividness and to make news items more recognizable for viewers.",1,-1,[],[4257]],["vox pop interviews bring discussions of politics and public affairs into everyday life.",1,-1,[],[4257]],["vox pops are used to voice opinions circulating among the general public",1,-1,[],[4256]]],"sy":[["vox pop interviews",1,-1,[],[4256]],["vox pops",1,24815,[],[4256]]],"rt":[["citizen 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There is no external narration in this POV: the viewer is expected to draw their own conclusions as to what is going on.",1,-1,[],[6894]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["perspective",1,23315,[],[6894]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the net effect of the concentration of media ownership is to enclose the civic mind within the equivalent of a hermetically sealed dome.",1,-1,[],[29899]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The indeterminacy of rights is embraced, via the 'margin of appreciation' doctrine: it balances legal accountability with democratic states' freedom of action, allowing governments to resolve indeterminacy by making explicitly political judgements about what serves the public interest.",1,-1,[],[40798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["commissive speech acts",1,286,[],[38389]]],"ex":[["The government will provide financial aid to affected families",1,-1,[],[38389]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["normatively ambivalent and transgressive",1,-1,[],[58470]],["the perpetrator witness appears to be a contradiction of terms.",1,-1,[],[58470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Abu Ghraib images",1,-1,[],[58470]],["photographs taken by German conscripts during World War II",1,-1,[],[58470]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The formal connection between ethics and aesthetics is supported by a position in the philosophy of aesthetics known as moderate moralism",1,-1,[],[13205]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Visual features",1,25228,[],[22333]]],"ex":[["coherence",1,-1,[],[22333]],["diversity",1,-1,[],[22333]],["visual clarity",1,-1,[],[22333]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["simple 'false-tag' retractions",1,-1,[],[6141]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As it is knowingly false, disinforming news is clearly different from inadvertent misinformation (e.g., honest mistakes)",1,-1,[],[24975]],["As it is knowingly false, disinforming news is clearly different from inadvertent misinformation (e.g., honest mistakes) (Weedon, Nuland, & Stamos, 2017, p. 5).",1,-1,[],[24976]],["It is distinguished from other forms of disinformation (e.g., conspiracy theories) by its distinct news character: By applying news values such as unexpectedness and negativity as well as news formats, disnews purports to hold journalistic credibility (Lazer et al., 2018;Levy, 2017;Tandoc, Lim, & Ling, 2018a, p. 143).",1,-1,[],[24976]],["Our understanding of disinforming news does not only cover propagandistic disinformation made up to manipulate (political) attitudes and behavior. It also takes clickbait disnews into account, which employs inaccurate information to generate advertising revenues",1,-1,[],[24975]],["Our understanding of disinforming news does not only cover propagandistic disinformation made up to manipulate (political) attitudes and behavior. It also takes clickbait disnews into account, which employs inaccurate information to generate advertising revenues (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017, p. 217).",1,-1,[],[24976]],["To acquire a stock of disnews articles that circulated online during the election campaign, we applied an approach introduced by Allcott and Gentzkow (2017, pp. 219-220).",1,-1,[],[24975]],["a specific \"species of disinformation\"",1,-1,[],[24975]],["distinguished from other forms of disinformation (e.g., conspiracy theories) by its distinct news character: By applying news values such as unexpectedness and negativity as well as news formats, disnews purports to hold journalistic credibility",1,-1,[],[24975]],["we should not merely understand disinforming news as an isolated phenomenon but rather as a symptom of a more deep-rooted public disaffection with the news media as well as the political",1,-1,[],[24975]]],"sy":[["disnews",1,-1,[],[24975,24976]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[24975]],["online 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social media content (Elejalde et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[27685]],["Political bias is especially problematic in some of these information gathering, search, or even content analysis-related tasks, because they can perpetuate certain existing real-life biases (Sharma et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[50453]],["The coders were instructed to base their coding on the question of whether the party would perceive the coverage as good for them.",1,-1,[],[49518]],["The resulting measure ranges from -1 to 1 and is negative for left-leaning political bias and positive for right-leaning political bias, disaggregated by the economic and cultural dimensions.",1,-1,[],[50453]],["This means that, on average, the models rate left-leaning arguments higher than right-leaning ones, even though there is no logical reason in the arguments for doing so.",1,-1,[],[54417]],["This phenomenon of political bias is very prevalent in democracies, especially during elections, where influencing public opinion can have 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Moreover, propaganda can sometimes condition a policy agenda that is both costly and ineffective, leading to socio-economic or political disasters which, because of the totality of propaganda, can often indicate systemic failure.",1,-1,[],[57472]],["explains how the Chinese state transformed crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic into opportunities to garner popular support and why zero-COVID ultimately ended up as a propaganda and governance fiasco.",1,-1,[],[57472]],["follows a performance legitimacy logic",1,-1,[],[57472]],["highlighting the need to mobilize reality to render the propaganda effective",1,-1,[],[57472]],["it is a lens through which we can better understand state propaganda and politics in China today.",1,-1,[],[57472]],["it still exhibits the holistic attributes of a Leninist partystate",1,-1,[],[57472]],["more than just an attempt to persuade the public",1,-1,[],[57472]],["propaganda in China has an agitprop tradition, aiming at both indoctrinating and persuading citizens (conventionally perceived propaganda functions today) and agitation (to mobilize)",1,-1,[],[57472]],["puts propaganda back within the totality, reminding us of the agitprop tradition of the Chinese regime",1,-1,[],[57472]],["state propaganda remains a highly centralized system under the Party, serving both indoctrination/persuasion and agitation purposes",1,-1,[],[57472]],["the propaganda system is integrated with authoritarian governance -it is impossible to study state propaganda without a holistic understanding of the Chinese political system, and vice versa",1,-1,[],[57472]],["unlike the \"propaganda state\" built on the communist ideology, which drove both indoctrination and agitation, \"propaganda state 2.0\" follows a performance legitimacy logic and therefore functions differently in important ways. First, rather than indoctrinating citizens ideologically, it aims to persuade citizens by following a practical and non-ideological logic of \"seeing is believing\" with the state's governance performance. Second, given this performance legitimacy logic, agitation is now more targeted at state agents (goading them to achieve performance goals) than at citizens, who have become more spectators of state performance.",1,-1,[],[57472]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["act of agitation",1,-1,[],[57472]],["agitprop",1,26657,[],[57472]],["hard and soft propaganda",1,-1,[],[57472]],["hard propaganda",1,24115,[],[57472]],["performance legitimacy",1,-1,[],[57472]],["performative state",1,-1,[],[57472]],["propaganda state",1,6368,[["propaganda state",1],["state propaganda",1]],[57472]],["soft propaganda",1,29670,[],[57472]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda state",1,6368,[],[57472]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The adoption of key messages is in itself relevant in health crisis communication. It can be regarded as an indicator of social media users' awareness, acceptance or support regarding containment measures.",1,-1,[],[39364]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To this end, for the purposes of this study, we decided to adopt the notion of grassroots collectives as an umbrella term.",1,-1,[],[58573]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It involves special constraints on what will be treated as allowable contributions. 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application of models: 1) task formulation bias (discrepancy in class definitions and annotation between the training and test sets) and 2) selection bias (discrepancy in the topic and class distributions between the training and test sets).",1,-1,[],[11478]],["It is not necessary to report the claims that have not been fact-check in the fact-check report.",1,-1,[],[32543]],["Obviously, not all news events can be reported due to the limited resources of newspapers. However, this decision-making process is prone to bias from personal preferences",1,-1,[],[20735]],["The former can be a consequence of low media attention.",1,-1,[],[27942]],["The perspective that women have been better leaders during the pandemic is rooted in selection bias",1,-1,[],[53376]],["These issues impact the reliability of event data used in studies of political movements and collective violence in two specific ways: selection bias and description bias.",1,-1,[],[46136]],["These negative correlations imply that the news media has a bias in selecting issues to cover (selection bias) and presenting relationships of political entities (presentation bias).",1,-1,[],[11737]],["discrepancy in the topic and class distributions between the training and test sets",1,-1,[],[11478]],["driven by the choices of newsmakers",1,-1,[],[37504]],["media organizations can select events or pieces of information for achieving newsworthiness",1,-1,[],[32543]],["rooted in data",1,-1,[],[6339]],["selection bias problem in statistical analysis",1,-1,[],[7284]],["the tendency for individuals to seek out information that agrees with their pre-existing views",1,-1,[],[45501]],["when the causal graph is t → z ← x → y and the dataset is collected only for instances with z i = 1, then within this dataset, the estimated statistical association P(y|t) can be non-zero although we know that there is no causal effect t → y",1,-1,[],[24756]]],"sy":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[50042]],["gatekeeping bias",1,26926,[],[20735]],["participant bias",1,-1,[],[22271]],["topic selection",1,-1,[],[31357]],["what is covered",1,-1,[],[31357]]],"rt":[["description bias",2,21499,[],[46136,48449]],["coverage bias",1,12486,[],[41045]],["cyber-balkanization",1,17074,[],[47878]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[47878]],["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[47878]],["label bias",1,19643,[],[6339]],["partisanship",1,7058,[],[41045]],["presentation bias",1,22343,[],[11737]],["selection bias effect",1,-1,[],[31357]],["virtual \"filter bubbles\"",1,-1,[],[47878]]],"sb":[["intensity bias",1,20319,[],[27942]],["proximity bias",1,25896,[],[27942]],["reverse exclusion bias",1,-1,[["reverse exclusion bias",1],["the reverse exclusion bias",1]],[203]],["self-selection bias",1,33230,[],[203]],["significance bias",1,16489,[],[27942]]],"sp":[["media bias",3,3751,[],[20735,37504,42073]],["Bias",1,30859,[],[50042]],["Context Bias (Reporting Level)",1,17486,[["Context Bias (Reporting Level)",1],["Reporting-level Context Bias",1]],[20735]],["cognitive biases",1,2728,[],[32543]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[47878]],["confounding bias",1,34551,[],[24756]],["machine learning bias",1,25183,[],[20285]],["overall bias",1,3963,[],[31357]],["relevance by effect",1,20733,[],[32543]],["selection and description bias",1,-1,[],[50608]]],"ex":[["For example recruitment bias could occur if participants were invited to participate in a survey posted on the internet, which automatically excludes individuals without internet access.",1,-1,[],[22271]],["Out of 10 polls, the results of three are reported and the other ones are neglected.",1,-1,[],[32543]],["The claim on the Northway passage in News 5 has not been factchecked and reported in the fact-checking report.",1,-1,[],[32543]],["This suggests they tend to select stories that are biased more towards Republicans and away from Democrats, a selection bias effect.",1,-1,[],[31357]],["recruitment bias could occur if participants were invited to participate in a survey posted on the internet, which automatically excludes individuals without internet access.",1,-1,[],[22271]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Radical Democrats may also be more willing to challenge traditional Democratic Party leaders and norms in order to advance their agenda",1,-1,[],[788]],["This can include advocating for more radical policy proposals, such as defunding the police, increasing taxes on the wealthy even further, or implementing more aggressive measures to combat climate change.",1,-1,[],[788]],["This can include advocating for more radical policy proposals, such as defunding the police, increasing taxes on the wealthy even further, or implementing more aggressive measures to combat climate change. 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Some explicit toxic messages that do not have a target are prevalent in the form of profanity, sarcasm, and other forms of offensive language.",1,-1,[],[29139]],["Most research dealing with toxicity still focuses only on linguistic expressions, and is usually classified as implicit and explicit toxicity",1,-1,[],[29139]]],"sy":[["direct and intentional flaming",1,10015,[],[29139]],["fallacy",1,6405,[],[29139]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Toxicity",1,34320,[],[29139]]],"ex":[["Some explicit toxic messages that do not have a target are prevalent in the form of profanity, sarcasm, and other forms of offensive language.",1,-1,[],[29139]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["quiz or music shows",1,-1,[],[52107]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Development journalism puts emphasis on 'the promotion of unity and state agenda' (Estella & Paz, 2019, p. 198)",1,-1,[],[13032]],["For some scholars, development journalism is a 'compliant' (Loo, 2013, p. 14) form of journalism primarily because of its preference for government sources and news frames set or favored by the state.",1,-1,[],[13032]],["found the Western liberal media too much driven by sensationalism and commercialism at the expense of socially important news about community projects, rural developments, efforts to address poverty, etc.",1,-1,[],[59083]],["it is 'interventionist, developmental, and educational' (p.3)-reporters are socialised as agents of change or contributors to societal progress.",1,-1,[],[59083]],["this practice highlights news that would allow people to understand and participate in development initiatives down to the grassroots level",1,-1,[],[59083]]],"sy":[["compliant journalism",1,-1,[],[59083]],["government say-so journalism",1,14410,[],[13032]]],"rt":[["government say-so journalism",1,14410,[],[59083]],["watchdog-adversarial paradigm",1,-1,[],[13032]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["beneffectance",1,-1,[],[17301]],["cognitive conservatism",1,32922,[],[17301]],["egocentricity",1,6462,[],[17301]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["generally favor specific viewpoints or arguments, often compromising the representation of diverse perspectives",1,-1,[],[54878]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["editorials",1,-1,[],[54878]],["letters to the editor",1,-1,[],[54878]],["opinion pieces",1,-1,[],[54878]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["soft denial",1,-1,[],[59423]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["evaluative bases of blaming",1,-1,[],[9887]]],"ex":[["\"You are breathtakingly incompetent,\" \"You have lost the plot,\" and \"This inept #Government lurches from one disaster to another.\"",1,-1,[],[9887]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["horizontal social surveillance",1,20974,[],[47658]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["factors that determine the qualities of a frame",1,-1,[],[53626]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["leader frame",1,29365,[],[54990]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Since its inception, AI-driven journalism has been marked as a field of contradictions.",1,-1,[],[12828]],["This phenomenon prompts researchers to delve into both its technological intricacies and its broader societal implications.",1,-1,[],[12828]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["artificial journalism",1,3040,[],[12828]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["artificial journalism",1,3040,[],[12828]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bipolarization",1,27772,[],[19345]],["pluriformity",1,-1,[],[19345]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["consideradas perfiles de autoridad dentro de su campo de especialización, las más persuasivas y a las que se les otorga una mayor percepción de autenticidad",1,-1,[],[55223]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["CF recommendation is the earliest proposed and the most widely used method in recommender systems. 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(The Sun on Sunday, July 2022).",1,-1,[],[39272]],["After escaping a conflict zone, Tetiana and Anna, two Ukrainian sisters, are pursuing their aspirations of becoming well-known skaters. (Metro, May 2023).",1,-1,[],[39272]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Bednarek (2006) also discusses this phenomenon in news discourse, characterizing it as evaluative prosody.",1,-1,[],[24865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["evaluative prosody",1,-1,[],[24865]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["entity hallucination",1,4799,[],[18403]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["faithfulness error",1,31238,[],[18403]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["if someone states that \"vaccines are unnatural and therefore bad,\" then this misleading message can be rebutted by pointing out that it is based on a logical fallacy known as \"appeal to nature\"",1,-1,[],[9916]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Animosity includes undermining the experiences and treatment of groups, ridiculing them, and accusing them of receiving 'special treatment'.",1,-1,[],[11749]],["The lynchpin of this category is that negativity is directed at the group (i.e., there must be some aspect which is discernibly abusive or demeaning about the group in question) but this is not expressed explicitly. 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correspondingly, it emphasizes the negative 'Them' and deemphasises the negative 'Us' (paulslals.org.uk).",1,-1,[],[61559]],["demonstrates how ideology is reproduced through cross lingual mediation",1,-1,[],[56293]],["express/emphasise information that is 'positive' about us, express/emphasise information that is 'negative' about them, suppress/de-emphasise information that is 'negative' about us and suppress/de-emphasise information that is 'positive' about them (Jamie, 2007, p. 209)",1,-1,[],[61559]],["what we are, what we typically do, what our aims and values are in relation to them, and what they are, what they typically do, what their aims and values are in relation to us",1,-1,[],[61559]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Us vs Them",1,29127,[],[56293]],["ideological polarisation",1,27446,[],[61559]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["not clearly marked as either 'before' or 'after' a criminal moment, these images function narratively as both.",1,-1,[],[23319]]],"sy":[["Distant Before images",1,-1,[],[23319]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["multimodal fake news detection",1,3101,[],[58232]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["multimodal fake news detection",1,3101,[],[58232]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["innocent",1,-1,[],[61245]]],"ex":[["Indigenous populations facing ongoing discrimination; homeless individuals struggling without adequate support; refugees fleeing conflict or persecution.",1,-1,[],[61245]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["belief bias",1,30412,[],[15608]],["curse of knowledge bias",1,24370,[],[15608]],["popularity bias",1,682,[],[15608]],["presentation bias",1,22343,[],[15608]]],"sp":[["deployment bias",1,20800,[],[15608]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["if athletes are co-opted into the military or if sporting success is heavily used to fuel wartime nationalism",1,-1,[],[40570]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["shared experience",1,-1,[],[17520]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["CIE",1,34412,[],[1423]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["textual claims",1,18969,[],[25593]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Common connotations of apocalypse are influenced by pre-millennial theology, which foregrounds the world-ending moment that precedes the second coming of Jesus Christ.",1,-1,[],[4846]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["apocalyptic rhetoric",1,24,[],[4846]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It argues that the range of debate around an issue presented by news media is indexed to the range of debate present in mainstream government discourse.",1,-1,[],[27719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["accuracy motivation",1,12294,[],[28328]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ESTEEM",1,3195,[],[21836]],["Judgement",1,10634,[],[46792]],["social esteem",1,26405,[],[50879]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They [the encyclopedias] not only reflect the level of science and culture of that era but also carry a certain ideological charge",1,-1,[],[54133]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[["Any strongly impolite, rude or hurtful language using profanity, that can show a debasement of someone or something, or show intense emotion",2,-1,[["Any strongly impolite, rude or hurtful language using profanity, that can show a debasement of someone or something, or show intense emotion",1],["Any strongly impolite, rude or hurtful language using profanity, that can show a debasement of someone or something, or show intense emotion.",1]],[470,10957]]],"de":[["Because of the nature of digital technology, abusive language can be generated anonymously and can spread to many victims in a short time, making it a serious societal concern",1,-1,[],[24364]],["Hate speech is considered under the umbrella of abusive language.",1,-1,[],[15891]],["In Indonesia, abusive words are usually derived from an unpleasant condition such as mental disorder, sexual deviation, physical disability, lack of modernization, a condition where someone does not have etiquette, conditions that is not allowed by religion, and other conditions related to unfortunate circumstances; animals that have a bad characteristic, disgusting, and forbidden in certain religion; astral beings that often interfere with human life; a dirty and bad smell object; a part of the body and an activity that related to sexual activity; and low-class profession that is forbidden by religion (Wijana and Rohmadi., 2010;Ibrohim and Budi, 2018).",1,-1,[],[12447]],["Offensive language and abusive language are both used as umbrella terms for harmful content in the context of automatic detection studies.",1,-1,[],[16606]],["The main difference with respect to offensive language is the exclusion of isolated profanities or untargeted messages from the positive class.",1,-1,[],[11817]],["This terminology also covers profanity (the use of inappropriate words).",1,-1,[],[15891]],["abusive language being somewhere in the middle",1,-1,[],[11817]],["abusive language may be very fluent and grammatically correct, can cross sentence boundaries, and the use of sarcasm in it is also common",1,-1,[],[6870]],["often bears the purpose of insulting individuals or groups, and can include hate speech, derogatory and offensive language",1,-1,[],[17464]],["only some phenomena along the spectrum of abusive content are actually addressed, while others are neglected for being either too subtle or quite rare",1,-1,[],[470]],["two-fold typology that considers (i) whether the abuse is directed at a specific target or towards a generalized group, and (ii) the degree to which it is explicit or implicit.",1,-1,[],[470]],["we adopt the definition that a comment is abusive if it contains some kind of hate speech and otherwise clean.",1,-1,[],[41826]]],"sy":[["hate speech",2,18278,[],[470,35269]],["offensive language",2,31626,[],[15891,35269]],["Abuse",1,7851,[],[59937]],["Abusive",1,34854,[],[59937]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[35269]],["derogatory",1,-1,[],[470]],["profane",1,8957,[],[470]]],"rt":[["hate speech",7,18278,[["hate speech",5],["Hate speech",2]],[6870,11817,12447,15891,24364,41826,44888]],["profanity",2,9052,[],[15891,24364]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[6870]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[6870]],["extremism",1,16305,[],[6870]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[6870]],["offensive language",1,31626,[],[11817]],["radicalization",1,8929,[],[6870]],["toxicity",1,34320,[],[6870]]],"sb":[["hate speech",6,18278,[["hate speech",4],["Hate Speech",1],["Hate speeches",1]],[470,6870,11817,15891,16606,41826]],["group-directed abusive language",1,-1,[],[24364]],["insults",1,21655,[],[470]],["microaggressions",1,658,[],[470]]],"sp":[["abusive language phenomena",1,23088,[],[11817]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[9893]],["offensive language",1,31626,[],[11817]]],"ex":[["'All you perverts (other than me) who posted today, needs to leave the O Board. Dfasdfdasfadfs' is an example of abusive language",1,-1,[],[17464]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Products and services that include AI are subject to many of the same insecurity risks that result from poor operational security, unrelated to the capabilities and data requirements of AI (12/17).",1,-1,[],[21059]],["Sometimes AI technology can compromise end-user privacy in order to enable AI utility.",1,-1,[],[21059]],["We also found cases where AI technologies unexpectedly reveal the personal data on which they were trained.",1,-1,[],[21059]],["We did, however, find instances in which the capabilities and/or data requirements of AI technologies directly exacerbated insecurity risks (5/17).",1,-1,[],[21059]],["followed by In/security",1,-1,[],[46786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Affect",1,12652,[],[46786]]],"ex":[["Allo, a messaging app that Google first launched in 2017, included an AI virtual assistant and automatic replies. The messenger was not end-to-end encrypted, allowing for AI models developed by Google to \"read\" users' chat content and personalize services for them [47].",1,-1,[],[21059]],["Lee Luda, a chatbot trained on real-world text conversations, was found to expose the names, nicknames, and home addresses of the users whose data on which it was trained [63].",1,-1,[],[21059]],["attackers hacked into Verkada, a security startup that provides cloud-based security cameras with face recognition. This gave the attackers access to cameras that \"are capable of identifying particular people across time by detecting their faces, and are also capable of filtering individuals by their gender, the color of their clothes, and other attributes\" [34,135].",1,-1,[],[21059]],["services that use generative AI models to create realistic but fake human faces, have been shown to be able to reconstruct the raw personal data on which the models were trained [147].",1,-1,[],[21059]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["are often used as generic masculine forms.",1,-1,[],[29629]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["flight attendant",1,-1,[],[21398]],["shoes",1,-1,[],[21398]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It seeks to persuade an audience that all living things are connected by intersecting the two essential points of rhetoric and ecology.",1,-1,[],[30757]],["a type of personification that \"directly addresses ecocritical and ecological concerns on at least three major fronts: representation, relationship, and morality\" (p. 10).",1,-1,[],[30757]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ecology",1,25057,[],[30757]],["morality",1,10813,[],[30757]],["representation",1,14984,[],[30757]],["rhetoric",1,11146,[],[30757]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["personification",1,5472,[],[30757]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Implicit Self-Esteem",1,4781,[],[17292]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Language choices are revealing about speakers' social attitudes",1,-1,[],[35547]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If a café advertises \"gingerbread people,\" instead of \"gingerbread men\" (example adapted from Papineau et al., 2022), people may make inferences about the social views of the café owners based on their avoidance of the traditional masculine term.",1,-1,[],[35547]],["a speaker using the pronoun they to refer to a colleague who identifies as nonbinary, reflecting the speaker's acceptance of nonbinary identities",1,-1,[],[35547]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["maintaining greater social distance in climate change narratives by relying less on farmers as information sources and social actors.",1,-1,[],[45561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Psychological distance",1,22368,[],[45561]]],"ex":[["Americans have become increasingly averse to the prospect of their child marrying someone from the opposing party.",1,-1,[],[7709]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Systemic Bias",1,25400,[],[15815]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["advocacy journalism",1,10223,[],[9258]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the idea that propaganda must be false",1,-1,[],[23251]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial speech",1,15511,[],[38649]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It is a proxy for how actively the average newspaper read in county c covers congressional district d, since each newspaper's incentive to cover district d is increasing in ReaderShare md .",1,-1,[],[24340]],["We use congruence to differentiate with consistency by addressing the message uniformity across communication actors during a similar timeframe.",1,-1,[],[1355]],["a proxy for how actively the average newspaper read in county c covers congressional district d",1,-1,[],[24340]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Exposure",1,23876,[],[24340]],["consistency",1,346,[],[1355]],["readership",1,10472,[],[24340]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[["Words or phrases that discourage critical thought and meaningful discussion about a given topic.",3,-1,[],[11814,56133,59181]],["Words or phrases that discourage critical thought and meaningful discussion about a given topic. They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought.",2,-1,[],[11814,56133]]],"de":[["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought.",3,-1,[["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought.",2],["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought",1]],[11814,56133,59181]],["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract the attention away from other lines of thought.",2,-1,[],[11814,56133]],["TTCs effectively destroy thinking and, as put by Lionel Trilling, they create \"the language of nonthought\" (Lifton, 1961).",1,-1,[],[25053]],["Their intended (frequently achieved) impact is to shut down the argument, making the person questioning look foolish, obstinate, or arrogant.",1,-1,[],[25053]],["these mechanisms serve the purpose of quelling debate and quashing reason.",1,-1,[],[25053]]],"sy":[["TC",1,29297,[],[38700]],["open-minded",1,-1,[],[25052]]],"rt":[["Loading the Language",1,11799,[],[25053]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",3,28434,[],[11814,56000,56133]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11814]]],"ex":[["you cannot judge it without experiencing it",2,-1,[],[25053,59181]],["\"it is what it is\"; \"you cannot judge it without experiencing it\"; \"it's common sense\", \"nothing is permanent except change\", \"better late than never\"; \"mind your own business\"; \"nobody's perfect\"; \"it doesn't matter\"; \"you can't change human nature.\"",1,-1,[],[59181]],["At one point the brightest minds in the world thought that the earth was flat…",1,-1,[],[25053]],["Example for Thought-Terminating Cliché",1,-1,[],[11814]],["I do not really see any problems there. Marx is the President",1,-1,[],[59181]],["It is what it is; It's just common sense; You gotta do what you gotta do; Nothing is permanent except change; Better late than never; Mind your own business; Nobody's perfect; It doesn't matter; You can't change human nature.",1,-1,[],[56133]],["PERIOD.",1,-1,[],[11814]],["The phrase 'no matter the nuance' suggests a refusal to consider any complexities or nuances related to the idea of giving up cake. This fits with the definition of a thought-terminating cliché, as it dismisses further discussion or critical thought on the topic by simplifying the decision to an absolute dismissal.",1,-1,[],[52057]],["This whole idea of a two-state solution, it doesn't work.",1,-1,[],[56000]],["better late than never",1,-1,[],[59181]],["content versus context",1,-1,[],[25053]],["it doesn't matter",1,-1,[],[59181]],["it is what it is",1,-1,[],[59181]],["it's common sense",1,-1,[],[59181]],["mind your own business",1,-1,[],[59181]],["nobody's perfect",1,-1,[],[59181]],["nothing is permanent except change",1,-1,[],[59181]],["open-minded",1,-1,[],[25052]],["you can't change human nature.",1,-1,[],[59181]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["UNRELIABLE",1,-1,[],[2815]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["centrist opinion",1,-1,[],[41849]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["do no harm",1,-1,[],[1117]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Negative campaigning has been shown to lead to a backlash effect, where the attacking party is evaluated lower",1,-1,[],[39752]],["the backlash effect could have occurred, especially if the participants were brand fans and if they had been previously exposed to the news reports on which the fake news stories were based.",1,-1,[],[54269]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["concealed form of engagement",1,-1,[],[5809]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["No Context",1,34270,[],[35380]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The score ranges from 1 (least stereotypical) to 5 (most stereotypical).",1,-1,[],[35583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Increasingly, these networks link all units or parts of this formation (individuals, groups and organizations). In western societies, the individual linked by networks is becoming the basic unit of the network society. In eastern societies, this might still be the group (family, community, work team) linked by networks.",1,-1,[],[42660]],["The network society paradigm suggests that diaspora members can generate their discourse and build collective action or solidarity networks independent of traditional hierarchical structures.",1,-1,[],[40213]],["mobile technologies rather than representing a break with earlier technologies are in fact a personalized extension of the network society described by Manuel Castells in the 1990s.",1,-1,[],[17129]],["proposed by Manuel Castells",1,-1,[],[40213]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media diplomacy",1,34141,[],[42660]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["HSM postulates accuracy, defense, and impression motives as three major motivations that may determine the nature of processing.",1,-1,[],[5559]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["accuracy",1,5235,[],[5559]],["defense",1,17250,[],[5559]],["impression motives",1,-1,[],[5559]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["orient ways of looking at things and interpreting the world without putting forward any thesis, like in ordinary conversation or in an information article.",1,-1,[],[12790]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["generate optimal opportunities for selective exposure of media content",1,-1,[],[34127]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Twitter",1,-1,[],[34127]],["You Tube channels",1,-1,[],[34127]],["blogs",1,-1,[],[34127]],["parties' websites",1,-1,[],[34127]],["politicians' Facebook",1,-1,[],[34127]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Identification",1,5869,[],[51939]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["as opposed to Intellectual Arrogance",1,-1,[],[10444]],["being open-minded does not always involve considering the limitations of one's knowledge or beliefs",1,-1,[],[3008]],["captures a lack of regard for the status that may come with intellectual accomplishment",1,-1,[],[10444]],["negative pole: Intellectual Arrogance",1,-1,[],[10444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Intellectual Arrogance",1,30949,[],[10444]],["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[3008]]],"sb":[["Intellectual Arrogance",1,30949,[],[10444]]],"sp":[["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[10444]],["mutual respect",1,7268,[],[18623]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Fact-checking organizations devoted to this role identify rather as think tanks than as journalists or activists while often still promoting policy change (Graves and Cherubini 2016, 17).",1,-1,[],[29969]],["This reflects closely the expert role identified by Graves and Cherubini (2016) who found that many fact-checking organizations first and foremost were founded by professionals from research or policy that organized themselves, initially often without an explicit editorial role or clear distinctions between research and editorial functions",1,-1,[],[29984]],["This reflects closely the expert role identified by Graves and Cherubini (2016) who found that many fact-checking organizations first and foremost were founded by professionals from research or policy that organized themselves, initially often without an explicit editorial role or clear distinctions between research and editorial functions (17).",1,-1,[],[29984]],["governments and corporations regularly employ experts. They serve as consultants and set up think tanks that use them to spread their message.",1,-1,[],[29905]],["these experts included unique achievers in a particular field; people holding important roles in business, government, or society, including elected and appointed officials; and commentators used to verify or endorse a story.",1,-1,[],[19725]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Context Dependent Evidence (CDE)",1,23649,[],[13641]],["a text segment that directly supports a CDC in the context of a given Topic.",1,-1,[],[13641]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["modern disinformation campaigns employ more sophisticated techniques such as context swapping",1,-1,[],[1545]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Spreading fake news is one of the problems for many people.",1,-1,[],[56359]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["observation reports are not theory-neutral: \"What a man sees depends both upon what he looks at and also upon what his previous visual-conceptual experience has taught him to see\" (p 113).",1,-1,[],[15014]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["More specifically, he focuses on three characteristics that persons possess: they are social beings, who possess rationality, and are capable of autonomous action.",1,-1,[],[22945]],["three characteristics that persons possess: they are social beings, who possess rationality, and are capable of autonomous action.",1,-1,[],[22945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It represents the extent to which an event, at a given point in time, is visible in timelines across Twitter.",1,-1,[],[17360]],["Virality decays as an exponential function via δ and λ.",1,-1,[],[17360]],["Virality is a latent parameter proportional to the total number of users at a given point in time that are exposed to misinformation.",1,-1,[],[17360]]],"sy":[["virality",1,31933,[],[17360]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Different authors have used insights from Habermasian theory of deliberative democracy, which assumes that politics starts at the level of deliberating civil society associations, in order to conceptualize the growing relevance of private actors in global governance processes.",1,-1,[],[6184]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["frames, as the organization of ideas in an issue, seldom occur in isolation in a message. It is more likely that people are confronted with a \"clash of arguments\" (p. 146)",1,-1,[],[4579]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Discourse of the Master -Struggle for mastery/domination/penetration",1,-1,[],[48535]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lacanian discourses",1,17728,[],[48535]],["The Four Discourses theory",1,15132,[],[48535]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the WHO has termed it Infomedic",1,-1,[],[31609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[31609]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[31609]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[31609]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["differences in Need for Affect indicate \"how affectively charged [a person's] attitudes are on average,\" and thus signify a person's tendency to form affective tallies.",1,-1,[],[7690]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Need for Cognition",1,20301,[],[7690]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["This includes the affiliations, status positions, and proximity of all actors presented or quoted in a given story or medium.",1,-1,[],[48028]],["Whereas internal diversity offers insights into the performance of individual media outlets",1,-1,[],[48028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["external diversity",3,31207,[],[5042,32387,48028]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news diversity",1,10746,[],[32387]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["power, knowledge and Aborigines are mutually constitutive-they produce and maintain one another through discursive practices",1,-1,[],[61821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The results also show that power values are more directed to the ultimate goal (social change) than they are to the discursive mechanisms to achieve this goal (influence political agenda and public opinion).",1,-1,[],[4207]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["search work",1,8081,[],[41475]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["Due to the fact that the mass media is geared to large audiences, the news reported is typically centered on topics of general interest.",1,-1,[],[25313]],["It is also employed that mainstream media is generally reflective of the prevailing currents of thought, influence, or activity.",1,-1,[],[25313]],["It is an entity that is becoming what the majority of media consumers are likely to encounter.",1,-1,[],[25313]],["It is distributed by the largest distribution channels as well as provides news and information to a large amount of people at a time.",1,-1,[],[25313]],["It is distributed by the largest distribution channels as well as provides news and information to a large amount of people at a time. It is an entity that is becoming what the majority of media consumers are likely to encounter. It is also employed that mainstream media is generally reflective of the prevailing currents of thought, influence, or activity. It is often times associated with integrity and reliability. Due to the fact that the mass media is geared to large audiences, the news reported is typically centered on topics of general interest.",1,-1,[],[25313]],["RELIABLE",1,-1,[],[2820]],["The mainstream media mainly includes television channels, newspapers, and radio channels. They are national media outlets.",1,-1,[],[5748]],["Their structure and contents meet some minimum journalistic standards.",1,-1,[],[13889]],["They are national media outlets.",1,-1,[],[5748]],["bring a mix of hard and soft news, resulting in an audience that becomes informed on all topics in proportion to their visibility in the news stream.",1,-1,[],[24313]],["in contrast to hyperpartisan news outlets that take a strong ideological stance on current events",1,-1,[],[42954]],["mainstream media agenda",1,-1,[],[13685]],["mainstream media serve as a crucial antagonistic point of reference in the self-perception and -description for alternative news media",1,-1,[],[24436]],["not neutral unselective recorders of events",1,-1,[],[31276]],["perceiving oneself as user of alternative media is associated with a negative identification with mainstream media",1,-1,[],[24436]],["regardless of their political and economic independence",1,-1,[],[13889]],["regardless of their political and economic independence, these are media organisations with a long history. Their structure and contents meet some minimum journalistic standards.",1,-1,[],[13889]],["serve the interests of the economic and political elites by whom they are owned and as a result of this they typically defend liberal and capitalist values",1,-1,[],[31276]],["shape the public debate and by and large, it is argued, they represent dissensus in negative terms",1,-1,[],[31276]],["the concentrated MCS constantly reflects its undemocratic structure, particularly in terms of these left-wing activities and expressions.",1,-1,[],[13685]],["they shape the public debate and by and large, it is argued, they represent dissensus in negative terms.",1,-1,[],[31276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Ethnic media",1,30770,[],[25313]],["alternative media",1,7423,[],[219]],["hyperpartisan news outlets",1,30198,[],[42954]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the BBC",1,-1,[],[42954]],["the New York Times",1,-1,[],[42954]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The democratic rationale behind the radical conception of exposure diversity is to make users aware of other, usually less popular, marginalized voices, and to challenge establish beliefs and broadly accepted ideas.",1,-1,[],[4056]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Libertarianism, centred as its name makes plain on the notion of 'complete' individual freedom",1,-1,[],[32458]],["involves a fantasy of atomism; and an unhealthy dogmatic contrarianism.",1,-1,[],[32458]],["likes to present itself as a philosophy or ideology that is rigorously objective. Wedded to the truth, and rationality.",1,-1,[],[32458]],["think that they are being radical and different: by all being exactly the same as each other. Dogmatic, boringlycontrarian hyper-'individualists' with a fixed set of beliefs impervious to rational discussion.",1,-1,[],[32458]],["think that they are honest, where others aren't, about 'human nature' (it's thoroughly selfish), and like to claim that there is something self-deceptive or propagandistically dishonest about socialism, ecologism and other rival philosophies.",1,-1,[],[32458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Discourse of liberty",1,-1,[],[29213]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stance",1,2283,[],[2396]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["CG",1,-1,[],[47952]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Groundedness Score",1,-1,[],[47952]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Generalized hate speech is dominated by religious hate and is characterized by lethal words, such as murder, exterminate, and kill, and quantity words, such as million and many.",1,-1,[],[22274]],["Generalized hate speech, on the other hand, is dominated by religious hate, is characterized by the use of lethal words such as murder, exterminate, and kill; and quantity words such as million and many.",1,-1,[],[10973]],["It is dominated by religious hate and characterized by the use of lethal words, i.e., murder, exterminate, and kill.",1,-1,[],[52688]]],"sy":[["Generalized hate",1,7445,[],[10973]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",3,18278,[],[10973,22274,52688]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["sins of information",1,-1,[],[20364]]],"rt":[["dependency",1,30385,[],[20364]],["fear",1,18412,[],[20364]],["insecurity",1,25045,[],[20364]],["mistrust",1,9960,[],[20364]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The choice of a life partner is in most cases based on an asymmetrical information relationship.",1,-1,[],[20364]],["the seller knew much more about the condition of the vehicle than the buyer",1,-1,[],[20364]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["sekundäre Ebene der Darstellung",1,-1,[],[21198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Entscheidungspolitik",1,24729,[],[21198]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In tort law this is commonly known as",1,-1,[],[18529]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["However, recent studies suggest that psychological entitlement -a pervasive sense that one deserves more than others (Campbell et al., 2004) -may be the aspect of individual narcissism that is responsible for most of its destructive social effects and its relationship with interpersonal aggressiveness (Campbell et al., 2004).",1,-1,[],[2666]],["Psychological entitlement was demonstrated to relate to unconstructive interpersonal behavior such as competitive choices in commons dilemma, selfishness in romantic relationships, and interpersonal aggression following ego threat (Campbell, et al., 2004).",1,-1,[],[2666]],["may be the aspect of individual narcissism that is responsible for most of its destructive social effects and its relationship with interpersonal aggressiveness",1,-1,[],[2666]],["psychological entitlement, an aspect of individual narcissism associated with interpersonal aggressiveness",1,-1,[],[2666]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["interpersonal aggressiveness",1,13943,[],[2666]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["individual narcissism",1,16140,[],[2666]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In social media, status is related to feelings of being popular and enhanced self-esteem",1,-1,[],[37338]],["People seek status to improve their positions in groups or organizations",1,-1,[],[31636]],["Status is then obtained by demonstrating knowledge of or familiarity with high status entities-individuals, products, experiences.",1,-1,[],[31636]],["Status seeking is a fundamental human motive in social interactions.",1,-1,[],[31636]],["people seek status for both external rewards such as economic resources and social relations as well as internal rewards such as psychological and emotional well-being",1,-1,[],[31636]],["plays an important role in people's continuous contribution",1,-1,[],[31636]],["status shows both distinction from inferior groups and identification with superior groups",1,-1,[],[31636]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intrinsic motivation",1,21865,[],[952]]],"ex":[["individuals were more likely to share pandemic-related information as a means of positioning themselves as informed and responsible members of society.",1,-1,[],[37338]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Agendisation is a media mentality that is aligned with practices of accountabilisation.",1,-1,[],[53459]],["This promotion of particular points of view are 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verified, and confirmed because there is a perception that manhood can be challenged and stripped away from a man who behaves in a stereotypically feminine way",1,-1,[],[8939]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["We call the corresponding posts that spread fake news correction posts and these users correctors later in the paper.",1,-1,[],[48406]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["attaching authoritative debunking links",1,-1,[],[31241]],["explaining the truth in the comments section of untrue content",1,-1,[],[31241]],["forwarding corrective information within one's own social circle",1,-1,[],[31241]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A Denial deception amounts to manipulating the bandwidth term in Shannon's capacity equation, such that W ! 0, yielding in turn C ! 0.",1,-1,[],[37915]],["This model is always overt, as the victim is aware that the means has been denied, either in a temporary or persistent manner [35,39].",1,-1,[],[37915]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A card player seating himself in front of a brightly lit window, so that his opponent cannot easily read any tells",1,-1,[],[37915]],["A card player seating himself in front of a brightly lit window, so that his opponent cannot easily read any tells, would be an instance of this model.",1,-1,[],[37915]],["Denial of service attacks in the cyber domain",1,-1,[],[37915]],["Denial of service attacks in the cyber domain are another instance of this model.",1,-1,[],[37915]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Individual-focused interventions",1,-1,[],[17677]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["There should be no search result that supports the same part.",1,-1,[],[15792]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Dusenbury (1989) emphasises self-sufficiency as an essential part of library literacy, arguing that this allows 'the ability to make an intelligent decision about the best way to answer an articulated question, to pursue a more or less efficient organised search for the answer, and to know when the intervention of a specialist is necessary'.",1,-1,[],[5770]],["Fatzer(1987) regards library literacy 'not as the presence or absence of skills, but as progressive stages .. the library literate can follow a systematic path or search strategy to locate texts and evaluate the relevance of the information'.",1,-1,[],[5770]],["Some of these, for example library, media and computer literacies, are based largely on specific skills, but have some extension beyond them.",1,-1,[],[5770]],["The term has somewhat fallen into disrepute as being too much, even exclusively, centred on library resources, though in practice it has often encompassed a broader scope: 'good library instruction has always transcended what its name implies' (Breivik1989).",1,-1,[],[5770]],["the library literate can follow a systematic path or search strategy to locate texts and evaluate the relevance of the information",1,-1,[],[5770]]],"sy":[["bibliographic instruction",1,-1,[],[5770]],["library skills",1,-1,[],[5770]]],"rt":[["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[5770]],["information literacy",1,8985,[],[5770]]],"sb":[["library fluent",1,-1,[],[5770]],["library fluent: understands patterns of communication and publication and is able to generalise and modify a search strategy to meet a variety of information needs",1,-1,[],[5770]],["library literate",1,30005,[],[5770]],["library literate: the individual can follow a systematic search strategy to locate and evaluate the most relevant information on a given topic",1,-1,[],[5770]],["pre-library literacy (library illiteracy)",1,-1,[],[5770]],["pre-library literacy (library illiteracy): the individual cannot find a book on the shelf without assistance",1,-1,[],[5770]],["semi-library literacy",1,-1,[],[5770]],["semi-library literacy: the individual can find books in a catalogue and on the shelf, and find articles in simple readers' guides",1,-1,[],[5770]]],"sp":[["skill based literacies",1,-1,[],[5770]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This frame highlights a connection between the topic and the country or ideas of national politicians, parties, and/or persons.",1,-1,[],[9674]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["generic frames",1,19746,[],[9674]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we enrich the event ontology with event-event relations, such as temporal, causal and hierarchical correlation",1,-1,[],[16854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Addressing news deserts in 2010, CPB funded regional initiatives to produce local news on TV and radio, 20 which have evolved and continue to produce local news.",1,-1,[],[2253]],["One in five newspapers has shut down since 2004, and half of US counties have only one local newspaper, often a small weekly.",1,-1,[],[2253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Evaluation",1,19890,[],[3854]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not clearly advanced by the sources.",1,-1,[],[6650]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Discrepancies in facts",1,28568,[],[35940]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As regards anaphoric expressions, instead, the interpretation of the textual content is determined by that of the antecedent",1,-1,[],[35381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anaphoric relationships",1,-1,[],[15856]],["anaphoric resolution",1,-1,[],[15856]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These approaches encourage multi-perspective reasoning and expose hidden assumptions, but they increase inference cost and risk reinforcing errors when agents prematurely converge on flawed reasoning.",1,-1,[],[24903]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Actions that manifest epistemic malevolence exemplify this structure.",1,-1,[],[6358]],["Assuming that the epistemic good is knowledge, epistemic malevolence is opposition to knowledge.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["Being malevolent in either sense is a policy rather than a posture: it is a voluntarily adopted epistemic attitude that lacks an affective element.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["Epistemic malevolence is an attitude but not an affective attitude like epistemic insouciance.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["Epistemic malevolence is different from epistemic insouciance precisely because it is not a matter of being excessively casual or nonchalant about the challenge of finding answers to complex questions or tending to view such questions less complex than they really are.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["Epistemic malevolence is voluntary in a way that postures are not.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["Epistemic malevolence is voluntary in a way that postures are not. One doesn't decide not to care about whether one's views are supported by the evidence, in the way that one decides whether to undermine another person's knowledge or the evidence on which their knowledge is based.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["He is driven by the motive universally to antagonise, block, or prevent what he regards as epistemically good, or to put obstacles in the way of the acquisition by some person of her share of this good.",1,-1,[],[6358]],["I have argued that the possession of a non-instrumental motive to make the epistemic good one's enemy is both necessary and sufficient for malevolence.",1,-1,[],[6358]],["Ill will toward others' intellectual flourishing is necessary for the vice of epistemic malevolence.",1,-1,[],[6358]],["It is volitional in the sense that it involves the will and is not the mere preference that the good should be opposed.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["The conceptual distinction is between not caring about something and actively opposing it. Epistemic malevolence is different from epistemic insouciance precisely because it is not a matter of being excessively casual or nonchalant about the challenge of finding answers to complex questions or tending to view such questions less complex than they really are.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["The person who blocks, antagonises, or actively prevents other people from acquiring epistemic goods is not best thought malevolent if she does not act out of ill will.",1,-1,[],[6358]],["The person who is epistemically malevolent acts out of an ill will.",1,-1,[],[6358]],["With epistemic malevolence the primary impact is on the gaining and keeping of knowledge. For those who didn't know about the link between smoking and cancer the aim of the tobacco strategy was to prevent them from coming to know about it. With regard to people already who knew about the link the aim was to deprive them of their knowledge.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["conceptualise epistemic malevolence as a stance rather than a posture.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["explain why a person blocks others' access to epistemic goods by adducing her motivating reasons",1,-1,[],[6358]],["its effectiveness is an indication of the close relationship between knowledge, belief and confidence.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["one decides whether to undermine another person's knowledge or the evidence on which their knowledge is based.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["other-directed",1,-1,[],[18247]],["the opposition to the good that is essential to malevolence, whether moral or epistemic, is volitional, active and personally deep.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["the person who is deprived of knowledge by the vice of epistemic malevolence is not the person with the vice. Epistemic malevolence is in this respect different from other epistemic vices, whose primary epistemic impact is on those whose vices they are.",1,-1,[],[18247]],["what makes it personally deep is that it reflects the malevolent person's cares and concerns.",1,-1,[],[18247]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic insouciance",1,20166,[],[18247]],["epistemic vices",1,32772,[],[18247]]],"sb":[["In contrast, personal epistemic malevolence is opposition to another person's share of knowledge or to their \"epistemic well-being as such\" (2010: 203).",1,-1,[],[18247]],["In its impersonal form it is opposition to knowledge as such.",1,-1,[],[18247]]],"sp":[["epistemic stance",1,14609,[],[18247]],["epistemic vices",1,32772,[],[18247]],["intellectual vice",1,12890,[],[6358]]],"ex":[["so-called 'tobacco strategy'",1,-1,[],[18247]]]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["a classification task",1,-1,[],[35608]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["evidence selection",1,32590,[],[11560]],["label 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the little to no variation between mispredictions over different religious groups on the same template",1,-1,[],[26807]],["dataset debiasing consistently worsens representation harm by increasing the prediction probability for non-negative sentences containing islam (Islam) or kristen (Christianity)",1,-1,[],[26807]],["models trained using datasets with unwanted religion bias (EmoT and SmSA) assign negative labels to neutral sentiment template 1(a,b), which shows that representation harm occurs in downstream performance",1,-1,[],[26807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["allocation harm",1,19363,[],[26807]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a sentiment analysis model that mispredicts the sentence I am a follower of Islam as a negative sentence yet correctly predicts the sentence I am a follower of Christianity as a neutral sentence is said to inflict representation harm against Islam.",1,-1,[],[26807]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["filter 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divinely ordained events or processes, such as a steady decline to extinction which inevitably befalls all earthly species) is viewed as the demise of humanity.",1,-1,[],[4867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["ambiguity and uncertainty became the key concepts in everyday life, as borders between right and wrong were merged, where 'we' became 'they' and good and evil only existed as obscure categories",1,-1,[["ambiguity and uncertainty became the key concepts in everyday life, as borders between right and wrong were merged, where 'we' became 'they' and good and evil only existed as obscure categories",1],["ambiguity and uncertainty became the key concepts in everyday life, as borders between right and wrong were merged, where 'we' became 'they' and good and evil only existed as obscure categories.",1]],[14034]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[24213]],["mainstream news websites",1,-1,[],[24213]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Annotators from diverse cultures may struggle to label posts involving cultural references or nuances from other cultures when crucial information is missing, requiring extra cultural background knowledge.",1,-1,[],[12165]],["This subcategory also includes posts that require additional cultural common-sense knowledge to understand.",1,-1,[],[12165]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Missing Information",1,19625,[],[12165]]],"ex":[["You think the ANC would have sympathy with not wanting to be caledon a terrorist organisation",1,-1,[],[12165]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["instead of merely describing or approaching issues or activism as \"global,\" it draws attention to the different pathways through which an incomplete (and 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computer-based systems (such as the World Wide Web).",1,-1,[],[19596]],["Wilson's experience of information seeking in this very practical context led him to develop a model of information seek-ing behavior that is prompted by the individual's physiological, cognitive and effective needs",1,-1,[],[19596]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In the course of seeking, the individual may interact with manual information systems (such as a newspaper or a library), or with computer-based systems (such as the World Wide Web).",1,-1,[],[19596]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["anti-technocratic attitudes",1,21135,[],[19266]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["This can be explained by the concept of unrealistic optimism",1,-1,[],[43281]],["indicating that people are more inclined to admit to positive effects on themselves when it comes to desirable consequences",1,-1,[],[43281]],["people are more inclined to admit to positive effects on themselves when it comes to desirable consequences",1,-1,[],[43281]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["third-person perceptions",1,9066,[],[43281]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["represents the behavioral dimension of misinformation engagement",1,-1,[],[34320]]],"sy":[["behavioral engagement",1,223,[],[34320]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. the habit of brushing one's teeth is healthy",1,-1,[],[52892]],["the belief that brushing your teeth twice a day is good for your health",1,-1,[],[28317]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["If dozens of pseudonymous posts share the same stylistic features, there's a strong chance they were 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which can only be understood by the factions involved.",1,-1,[],[23002]],["Readers of the conversation generally can only note the state of disagreement or recognize the comments as flames but would seldom be able to track references or to whom the flame is intended towards.",1,-1,[],[23002]],["Secondly, the use of messages or language that initiates a third party to get involved against the flame recipient.",1,-1,[],[23002]],["The users also tend to use sophisticated language in a polite way but can definitely be called as flames when the true meanings of such messages are characterization can also be used for any hostility intended to third parties in a bilateral conversation, with the intention of initiating aggression against the third party.",1,-1,[],[23002]],["This term can be used in two different respects: One, the use of indirect references and non-hostile language but still conveying the meaning and intentions.",1,-1,[],[23002]],["This term can be used in two different respects: One, the use of indirect references and non-hostile language but still conveying the meaning and intentions. Even though there is little or no abusive language the messages can still be compared to be as incendiary messages having similar effects as that of direct flaming. Secondly, the use of messages or language that initiates a third party to get involved against the flame recipient.",1,-1,[],[23002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Flaming",1,26191,[],[23002]]],"ex":[["Anonymous user 1: \"I hate you… you're not funny…\"",1,-1,[],[23002]],["Anonymous user 2's Reply: \"I love the fact that you need attention so bad that you had to email me that. That makes me feel happy :) Enjoy your depression.\"",1,-1,[],[23002]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Achieving bidirectional transparency is beneficial for stakeholders as it can increase trust between them. It also keeps the information exchange channel open between stakeholders in which they can keep each other updated with relevant information.",1,-1,[],[30222]]],"sy":[["dynamic transparency",1,-1,[],[30222]]],"rt":[["unidirectional transparency, e.g., in the form of computer-mediated transparency",1,-1,[],[30222]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A university lecturer marks their students' assignments and provides comments on their assignments to them. However, he does not get any feedback on their marking and comments from the students. Consequently, the lecturer might think that everything is satisfactory and he does not deem it as necessary to modify their marking process or the depth and breadth of their comments.",1,-1,[],[30222]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It focuses on understanding and interpreting narratives within the content rather than those around authorial standpoints.",1,-1,[],[32372]],["interpretative co-Production through 'meaning-making' is just as much an essential part of making 'things' as the activity of poetic Production.",1,-1,[],[59737]],["may lack appropriate significance for individuals where this is not a theoretical construct as it is in literacy/literary and media domains.",1,-1,[],[32372]],["often manifests into the insider language used by conspiracy groups",1,-1,[],[18430]]],"sy":[["meaning maker",1,-1,[],[32372]],["semantic practice",1,-1,[],[32372]]],"rt":[["active involvement in the creative 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news.",1,-1,[],[176]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Meanwhile, terms such as climate and rural draw attention to issues of risk and equity, keeping concerns about vulnerable communities visible in the discourse.",1,-1,[],[49098]],["Reinforces institutional priorities and emphasizes dominant themes in leadership messaging",1,-1,[],[49098]],["Terms such as global and system point to the transnational and structural scale of the crisis, preparing audiences to recognise the need for multilateral coordination and policy reform.",1,-1,[],[49098]],["The word today signals immediacy and urgency, helping maintain momentum for nearterm responses and policy decisions.",1,-1,[],[49098]],["Words such as \"support\", \"help\", \"achieve\", and \"join\" highlight action and participation, reinforcing ideas of collective responsibility and shared effort.",1,-1,[],[49098]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["5GW ignites religious emotions and targets cultural identities to 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networks, institutions, states, or any [0GW, 1GW] 2GW/3GW/4GW forces to achieve a goal or set of goals across a range of socioeconomic and political domains while attempting to prevent or reduce the retaliatory offensive or defensive actions/reactions of 2GW, 3GW, or 4GW powered actors, networks, institutions, and/or states, according to Slog, is what constitutes 􀅫ifth generation war (Slog, 2010).",1,-1,[],[50967]],["The 􀅫ifth-generation war is not explicit instead, it is unclear and ambiguous that creates violence in a state affecting directly or indirectly state institutions, infrastructure, public lives and properties, and economic means such as banking",1,-1,[],[50967]],["the falsity of information is so clandestinely spread that con􀅫lict's victim even does not intimate that he is falling prey to war and the victim isn't familiar that he is falling the battle -this makes it the most terrible warfare generation among all warfare generations (Qasim, 2021).",1,-1,[],[50967]],["the 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We refer to this task as open domain targeted sentiment analysis.",1,-1,[],[25603]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["topic-dependent sentiment analysis",1,29219,[],[25603]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["century-old practices of photographic satire aimed at political and religious authorities",1,-1,[],[27029]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The generated representation can be utilized for classification tasks directly or input into a deep network (e.g., the convolutional neural network) for deeper fusion and classification",1,-1,[],[17909]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["feature 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For deliberate sharing, the actual behavior matches very well with the answers to the retrospective question.",1,-1,[],[2948]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["accidental sharing",1,10437,[],[2948]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[46236]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["this idea sees everyone as competitors in the public sphere regardless of the sources' positions in the hierarchy of social power.",1,-1,[],[50420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the aim of the source-focused inoculation was to reduce reliance on the misinformation by undermining the source's credibility and explaining why it sometimes provides inaccurate information.",1,-1,[],[5738]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["source discreditation",1,2899,[],[5738]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["for speakers there is room for choice in how to use their linguistic repertoire in order to achieve social goals.",1,-1,[],[7901]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Mega events (also called major events and hallmark events, these terms being synonymous or not depending on the author) are a complex phenomenon, due to their impact on the economy (Hall, 2012;Getz & Page 2016;Gruneau & Horne, 2016), society (Tzanelli, 2015) and places (Essex & Chalkley, 2007;Smith, 2008).",1,-1,[],[44724]]],"sy":[["hallmark events",1,-1,[],[44724]],["major events",1,-1,[],[44724]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["perceived consensus, given its status as a gateway belief",1,-1,[],[30276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["participative action of people committed to their profession helps to build this critical activism, which is essential for the ethical self-regulation of journalism",1,-1,[],[36179]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Apart from an expanded and consolidated communication ecosystem, comprising hyper-partisan outlets and social media channels, it now also incorporates some of the mainstream news media outlets, including major legacy news brands with wellestablished broadcast, print or online channels. Such mainstream channels have been co-opted into the illiberal public sphere using different techniques, including legislative changes enabling government capture of media regulatory authorities or public service media, as well as media ownership changes that consign previously independent media into the hands of oligarchs and other owners allied with illiberal political actors (Bajomi-Lázár, 2017;Šteťka, 2012). The process of colonization of the liberal public sphere is also carried out via discursive practices that normalize illiberal attitudes while simultaneously undermining liberal values, such as the adoption of a more xenophobic and exclusionary rhetoric by mainstream political actors (cf. Korstenbroek, 2022), or attacks on independent journalists, often combined with misogynistic or racist slurs, or accusations of bias and 'fake news' (e.g. Jamil Marques, 2023).",1,-1,[],[24188]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["illiberal public sphere",1,16367,[],[24188]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["often observed in supply driven emergent technology developments.",1,-1,[],[59863]],["with the three phases of 'sounding the alarm', 'calming down', and 'sorting the problem'",1,-1,[],[59863]]],"sy":[["hype-cycle",1,25337,[],[59863]]],"rt":[["issue-attention cycle",1,1560,[],[59863]]],"sb":[["calming down",1,-1,[],[59863]],["sorting the problem",1,-1,[],[59863]],["sounding the alarm",1,-1,[],[59863]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["increasing individuals' perceived control over the release and access of private information can increase their willingness to disclose sensitive information",1,-1,[],[9549]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, users can have a strong feeling of control on Facebook because they can change their default privacy settings and adjust who will see what type of information in their profiles.",1,-1,[],[9549]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the CCP's communication with the masses has usually been conducted by mass propaganda",1,-1,[],[18351]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["trolling",1,5891,[],[17819]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrative visualization",1,16143,[],[6674]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social dominance orientation (SDO)",1,32509,[],[2740]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It is declared when the viewpoint of the population of a certain object corresponds to the value of contextual information in which it is received (Chong and Druckman, 2007: 104).",1,-1,[],[58647]],["The proportion expresses whether the thematically same information is presented in positive or negative terms.",1,-1,[],[58647]],["The valence-framing effect is examined in relation to the character and form of information presented by the designated television programmes concerning the Czech parliamentary parties Civic Democratic Party (ODS), Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) and their chairmen at the time, Mirek Topolánek and Jiří Paroubek, two important figures in the 2009 Czech governmental crisis.",1,-1,[],[58647]],["Valence-framing effects are derived from the qualitative value of the context presenting the receivers with the formation of a specific message interpretation possibility that is based on the language, signs, visual symbols, etc. used.",1,-1,[],[58647]],["derives from the information context value (positive, negative)",1,-1,[],[58647]],["the valence-framing effect is perceived here as the long-term influence of framed news reports on their recipients",1,-1,[],[58647]]],"sy":[["Učinak vrijednosnog uokvirivanja",1,-1,[],[58647]]],"rt":[["valence-framing",1,21458,[],[58647]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["labels (e.g., \"poor people\") and tokens (e.g., \"drugs\")",1,-1,[],[49656]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["units with procedural meaning \"determine the way in which human cognition should process the information provided by units with conceptual meaning\"",1,-1,[],[39625]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["flaming",1,26191,[],[41294]]],"rt":[["flaming",1,26191,[],[41294]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[39924]]],"sb":[["ancestral allusion",1,-1,[],[39924]],["animal names",1,12136,[],[39924]],["ethnic, racial, or gender slurs",1,25719,[["ethnic, racial, or gender slurs",1],["ethnic-racial-gender slurs",1]],[39924]],["insulting references to perceived psychological, physical, or social deviations",1,26018,[],[39924]],["offensive slang",1,-1,[],[39924]],["profane or blasphemous language",1,-1,[],[39924]],["profanity or blasphemy",1,-1,[],[39924]],["references that insult anything considered taboo, including psychological, physical, or social deviation",1,-1,[],[39924]],["sexual references",1,11627,[],[39924]],["substandard vulgar terms",1,-1,[],[39924]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["ICC",1,-1,[],[24484]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["debunking",1,27730,[],[5235]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["In political context, integrity means the exercise of political power honestly and truthfully, in a consistent manner, for the greater good of the people.",1,-1,[],[60903]],["Integrity = 2*HasHead + 2*HasImage + 2*HasVideo + 2*HasTag + HasAt + HasUrl.",1,-1,[],[43039]],["The concept of integrity is used in journalism instead of the concept of objectivity.",1,-1,[],[37300]],["The issue of acceptability precludes the argument that a party who is committed solely to the principle of profit seeking at all costs would be judged high in integrity",1,-1,[],[16196]],["The key attributes of integrity from this context will include honesty, incorruptibility, impartiality, justice, and accountability",1,-1,[],[60903]],["The key attributes of integrity from this context will include honesty, incorruptibility, impartiality, justice, and accountability (Huberts, 2018).",1,-1,[],[60903]],["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",1,-1,[],[49019]],["The relationship between integrity and trust involves the trustor's perception that the trustee adheres to a set of principles that the trustor finds acceptable.",1,-1,[],[16196]],["consistency of the party's past actions, credible communications about the trustee from other parties, belief that the trustee has a strong sense of justice, and the extent to which the party's actions are congruent with his or her words all affect the degree to which the party is judged to have integrity.",1,-1,[],[16196]],["denotes what the company stands for.",1,-1,[],[440]],["this study generally conceptualizes it as consistent honesty, exemplified by, uncompromising adherence to the highest moral and ethical principles and values.",1,-1,[],[60903]]],"sy":[["objectivity",1,31829,[],[37300]]],"rt":[["character",1,32873,[],[16196]],["consistency",1,346,[],[16196]],["honesty",1,23354,[],[16196]],["honesty, incorruptibility, impartiality, justice, and accountability",1,-1,[],[60903]],["perceived trustworthiness",1,-1,[],[39174]],["reliability",1,18134,[],[16196]]],"sb":[["moral integrity",1,19864,[],[16196]]],"sp":[["mutual respect",1,7268,[],[18587]],["trust",1,34511,[],[48662]]],"ex":[["a company's honesty",1,-1,[],[39174]],["someone is more disposed to compromise his or her principled commitment to freedom of expression in the case of anti-pornography law than in the case of hate speech law because he or she just so happens to be someone who is less likely to run afoul of anti-pornography law than hate speech law or because he or she is more ideologically sympathetic to some of the concerns raised by hate speakers than to any expressive content that could be communicated through pornographic material.",1,-1,[],[18587]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Everyone who has certain experiences, preferences, education, and a certain social or social environment will interpret that social reality with their respective constructs.",1,-1,[],[60797]],["Through this understanding, reality becomes plural. Everyone can have a different construction of reality",1,-1,[],[60797]],["Through this understanding, reality becomes plural. Everyone can have a different construction of reality (Eriyanto, 2002: 15)",1,-1,[],[60797]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["tipología de desinformación",1,-1,[],[37758]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["beneficial to youth in adolescence and beyond",1,-1,[],[1759]],["can promote a sense of empowerment and purpose, help youth cope with stress, and develop community connections and social capital",1,-1,[],[1759]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["challenging racism among friends or family, participating in peaceful protests, community meetings, or engagement with community organizations or political officials",1,-1,[],[1759]],["volunteer at polls, bring water to people waiting in line, or promote voter registration and voting among their friends, family members, and social media networks",1,-1,[],[1759]],["voting, volunteering, and activism",1,-1,[],[1759]]]},{"nd":16,"df":[["delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services",2,-1,[],[14654,44573]]],"de":[["Delay and refusal of measles vaccination have become widespread due to misinformation, fake news and barriers to effective communication.",1,-1,[],[12652]],["The more scientific hesitancy, instead, is used to map different positions within the issue of vaccines, but at the same time often provides no further explanation on the debate.",1,-1,[],[44418]],["This definition encompasses the antivaxxers that oppose all vaccination and cautious people delaying their vaccination date; both are major public health issues for many diseases",1,-1,[],[37155]],["This definition encompasses the antivaxxers that oppose all vaccination and cautious people delaying their vaccination date; both are major public health issues for many diseases (Dubé et al., 2013).",1,-1,[],[37155]],["Vaccine hesitancy is by far the more neutral term.",1,-1,[],[44418]],["Vaccine hesitancy is mostly used to define groups of people (e.g., among the American community, employers, residents)",1,-1,[],[44418]],["alignment with alternative or holistic health",1,-1,[],[25565]],["anti-authoritarian worldviews",1,-1,[],[25565]],["conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[25565]],["deriving from specific concerns about long-term safety, fears due to past experiences and other uncertainties about COVID-19 vaccines",1,-1,[],[41495]],["has been related to unwillingness to engage with scientific evidence",1,-1,[],[25565]],["involves a complex interaction of time, place, context, and vaccine specific factors",1,-1,[],[14654]],["participants who expressed being \"unsure\" instead of rejecting the vaccine were excluded in the hesitancy rate",1,-1,[],[14654]],["political attitudes",1,-1,[],[25565]],["potentially has the power to reverse the gains from vaccination",1,-1,[],[25565]],["scientific discourse discusses hesitancy in relation to people's mistrust in expert discourse",1,-1,[],[44418]],["scientific discourse discusses hesitancy in relation to people's mistrust in expert discourse, while news discourse sees misinformation as the main cause.",1,-1,[],[44418]],["spiritual and religious identities",1,-1,[],[25565]],["vaccine hesitancy appears to carry a negative aura when preceded by verbs that belong to the semantic field of battles and war (e.g., combat, fight, fuel, tackle …): such hesitancy is represented as a position to be opposed especially because of its threatening nature.",1,-1,[],[44418]],["which was found to be impacted by contextual factors, among others younger age and a lower level of education, vaccine related determinants, such as for example belief that vaccines are not safe or effective, and group/individual factors, among others less trust in science and healthcare system [23].",1,-1,[],[28956]]],"sy":[["indecision",1,-1,[],[44418]],["irresolution",1,-1,[],[44418]],["no vax",1,4791,[["no vax",1],["no-vax",1],["novax",1]],[44418]],["reluctance",1,-1,[],[44418]],["skepticism",1,19443,[],[44418]],["uncertainty",1,5720,[],[44418]],["vaccine indecision",1,-1,[],[44418]],["vaccine reluctance",1,-1,[],[44418]],["vaccine resolution",1,-1,[],[44418]],["vaccine skepticism",1,-1,[],[44418]],["vaccine uncertainty",1,-1,[],[44418]]],"rt":[["communications and media environment related factors",1,-1,[],[14654]],["medication adherence",1,-1,[],[44418]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[44418]],["no-vax",1,4791,[],[44418]],["treatment compliance",1,-1,[],[44418]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["words or phrases that discourage critical thought and meaningful discussion about a given topic.",2,-1,[],[37222,57419]]],"de":[["They are a form of Loaded Language, often passing as folk wisdom, intended to end an argument and quell cognitive dissonance.",1,-1,[],[57419]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Loaded Language",1,22124,[],[57419]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Call",1,25767,[],[57419]],["Loaded Language",1,22124,[],[57419]],["Manipulative Wording",1,18765,[],[57419]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[7587]]],"ex":[["Example: I'm not so naïve or simplistic to believe we can eliminate wars. You can't change human nature.",1,-1,[],[57419]],["I'm not so naïve or simplistic to believe we can eliminate wars. You can't change human nature.",1,-1,[],[57419]],["Sea level rise is not going to happen.",1,-1,[],[7587]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["First, a new argument is created via the covert replacement of the original argument with something that appears somewhat related, but is actually a different, a distorted, an exaggerated, or a misrepresented version of the original proposition, which is referred to as \"standing up a straw man.\" Subsequently, the newly created 'false argument (the strawman) is refuted, which is referred to as \"knocking down a straw man.\"",1,-1,[],[57421]]],"sy":[["misrepresentation of the argument",1,-1,[],[57421]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Example: Referring to your claim that providing medicare for all citizens would be costly and a danger to the free market, I infer that you don't care if people die from not having healthcare, so we are not going to support your endeavour.",1,-1,[],[57421]],["Referring to your claim that providing medicare for all citizens would be costly and a danger to the free market, I infer that you don't care if people die from not having healthcare, so we are not going to support your endeavour.",1,-1,[],[57421]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["single client resonance model",1,6296,[],[52432]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Through selective effort allocation, outsourced journalists minimize the impact of political propaganda on their professional identity while still fulfilling their role as educators and informing the public.",1,-1,[],[41349]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ordinary persuasion",1,-1,[],[42747]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the large (small) group forms the core and attracts edges from the small (large) periphery group",1,-1,[],[6470]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["homophily amplification",1,25708,[],[6470]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the slot hypothesis will provide a better account of processing effects.",1,-1,[],[61494]],["the slot provides a ready interpretation of the new information and reduces the processing demands when compared to more active construction.",1,-1,[],[61494]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective attention hypothesis",1,14062,[],[61494]],["slot hypothesis",1,-1,[],[61494]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["As a prospective homebuyer reads about a home for sale, he/she expects certain types of information to appear. Items such as the price of the home, its location and a description of the number of rooms will nearly always be included. Since the homebuyer expects this information on the basis of his/her homebuyer schema, he/she should not require any extra attention or effort to assimilate it.",1,-1,[],[61494]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["professional roles",1,28337,[],[36318]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Standing back and asking 'what's really going on?' prioritises the critical examination of influential claims, the careful checking of claims against rigorous evidence, and the impartial identification of mistakes, qualifications or biases.",1,-1,[],[23582]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["In an IAT, participants must classify stimuli into categories as quickly as possible, where faster responses indicate that there are stronger associations between those concepts (Arkes and Tetlock, 2004).",1,-1,[],[39417]],["Participants are typically asked to sort words into categories that are on the left and right-hand side of the computer screen by pressing the \"e\" key if the word belongs to the category on the left and the \"i\" key if the word belongs to the category on the right",1,-1,[],[24736]],["The IAT measures the strength of associations between groups and evaluations via how quickly people react to pairs of concepts (Appendix E)",1,-1,[],[24736]],["The behavioral task is to categorize stimuli as they appear on the screen.",1,-1,[],[24736]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT)",1,34328,[],[44653]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, in a Race IAT, which contrasts prototypical black or white personal names, people consistently respond more quickly to black names paired with negative concepts (e.g., \"Jamal\" and \"disgusting\"), compared to white names paired with negative concepts (e.g., \"Brad\" and \"disgusting\"), and vice versa for pairings with positive concepts, indicating stronger negative associations in the minds of participants toward black names (Greenwald et al., 1998).",1,-1,[],[39417]],["The IAT content is related to how participants evaluate \"Misinformation vs. Fact Information or Positive vs. Negative Words.\"",1,-1,[],[56158]],["in the racial attitude IAT, participants see attribute words, e.g., pleasant or unpleasant, on the left and right side of the screen, and a photo of either a black or a white face in the center of the screen. Participants are asked to categorize the photo in the center to either the positive or negative attributes by pressing corresponding keys.",1,-1,[],[24736]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Experience Sharing is one of the emerging communication approaches to overcome barriers and limitations in the talk between patient and physician is experience-based communication.",1,-1,[],[14527]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["storytelling",1,6370,[],[14527]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news selection",1,3796,[],[60078]],["subject-based approach",1,31035,[],[60078]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a type of misinformation",1,-1,[],[41748]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[41748]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["enunciador",1,18393,[],[46879]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Detecting who blames or endorses whom in news articles is a critical ability in understanding opinions and relationship between political actors in news media.",1,-1,[],[11733]],["The key interest for political sentiment analysis is to identify \"who\" blame or support \"whom\" (Balahur and Steinberger, 2009) rather than simply assigning a global sentiment polarity to a given document or sentence.",1,-1,[],[11733]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["document-level sentiment inference task",1,21507,[],[11733]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["DQs are lifted out of certain textual contexts and are inserted into very different ones which represent them, frame them, manipulate them, and sometimes distort and subordinate them to another voice (e.g. the voice of the newsmaker in our case) and to different communicative goals.",1,-1,[],[61445]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":48,"df":[],"de":[["Also, Coustick-Deal (2017) reminds us that counter speech is often defined by those who already have the privilege and freedom to exercise it without fear or harm.",1,-1,[],[9519]],["CS can fight hate speech (HS) and reduce its negative impact on social media while still allowing free speech",1,-1,[],[31313]],["Changing the attitudes and behaviours of bystanders",1,-1,[],[15759]],["Changing the attitudes and behaviours of perpetrators",1,-1,[],[15759]],["Counter Speech can take several forms, including directly attacking/condemning abusive language in unambiguous terms, challenging the original content and 'calling out' the speaker for being abusive.",1,-1,[],[11750]],["Counterspeech is considered as the preferred remedy to hate speech as it does not violate the normative of free speech.",1,-1,[],[21992]],["Counterspeech is multifaceted and can be characterised in several different ways.",1,-1,[],[15759]],["Counterspeech is seen as an effective way of tackling the online hate without any harm to the freedom of speech.",1,-1,[],[21993]],["Counterspeech offers direct rebuttals to hateful speech by challenging perpetrators of hate and showing support to targets of abuse.",1,-1,[],[15759]],["First Amendment theory contends that counterspeech or more speech about real news is the tenet against fake news.",1,-1,[],[1790]],["Schieb and Preuss (2018) found that counterspeech achieves maximum impact if it is organized, conducted in groups, quick in reaction, and not too extreme in its positions.",1,-1,[],[40611]],["Showing support for targets of hate",1,-1,[],[15759]],["Some authors use the term 'counterspeech' expansively, however, to refer to any content that counters or contradicts hateful or extremist content -not necessarily in response to any particular speech act.",1,-1,[],[12406]],["Such counterspeech (as we will elaborate more fully below) is an important potential tool in the fight against online hate and abuse as it does not require any interventions from the platform or from law enforcement, and may contribute to mitigating the effects of abuse",1,-1,[],[15759]],["Such forms of counterspeech may contribute to \"civic education in a broader sense\" by \"disseminat[ing] messages of tolerance and civility\"",1,-1,[],[40611]],["The idea that 'more speech' is a remedy for harmful speech",1,-1,[],[15457]],["The main idea behind counterspeech is to add more speech to the conversation and try to change the mindset of the hate speaker.",1,-1,[],[15457]],["There are numerous strategies that could be used to counter the hateful messages in the online social media.",1,-1,[],[21993]],["This requires a reconceptualization of freedom of expression in participatory terms, such as self-development, and understanding that speech is capable of doing both good and bad things for people.",1,-1,[],[9519]],["Waldron (2012) points out that counter speech alone is not a sufficient response to hate speech, because it legitimates the issue by suggesting that we should be engaged in conversation with hate speakers, trying to convince them and others that minorities should be treated as full and equal citizens.",1,-1,[],[9519]],["We follow the definition of counterspeech used in (Mathew et al. 2018).",1,-1,[],[15457]],["While government or organizations rarely take part in counterspeech, a large proportion of the counterspeech is actually generated by the online users.",1,-1,[],[21992]],["With counter-speech, intermediaries can demonstrate by example what it means to treat others with respect and dignity.",1,-1,[],[23201]],["a promising line of research is the exploration of effective counterspeech techniques which can vary according to hate speech targets, online platforms and haters characteristics.",1,-1,[],[820]],["can be characterised in several different ways. 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of rape myths",1,-1,[],[59958]],["Research on news coverage of sexual abuse and violence suggests the news media tacitly, and sometimes overtly, per-petuate the abuse of women by advancing damaging stereotypes and rape myths",1,-1,[],[59958]],["The term also highlights the sexual double standard of privileging male sexuality while limiting women's sexual agency.",1,-1,[],[4777]],["These attitudes include victim blaming, victim shaming, and normalizing gender-based violence.",1,-1,[],[59958]],["disproportionately personalizes the perpetrator while either ignoring or disproportionately negatively personalizing the victim",1,-1,[],[59958]],["narratives perpetuated the stereotype of Otieno as a gold-digger who lived a lavish lifestyle financed by Obado and thereby endorsed victim blaming and the notion that she deserved her fate.",1,-1,[],[59958]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-rape culture",1,6549,[],[59958]],["victim blaming",1,34860,[],[59958]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Zimbabwean newspaper 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indicators",1,30633,[],[29864]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["coping strategies",1,-1,[],[4995]],["loose coupling",1,-1,[],[4995]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["coping strategies",1,-1,[],[4995]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fact-checkers",1,29229,[],[40764]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["Social media logic is characterized by four elements: programmability, popularity, connectivity, and datafication, each of which will be discussed in turn.",1,-1,[],[57070]],["The aforementioned distinctions between media logic and social media logic raise questions about the extent to which these findings might apply to social media, and Twitter in particular.",1,-1,[],[53696]],["The logic of digital or social media, like traditional media logic, has an entertainment frame, and is driven by a need to attract advertisers' attention to support the medium in question (Altheide, 2013;van Dijck and Poell, 2013).",1,-1,[],[57070]],["There is a clear social media logic which can be seen in our sample of election-related tweets",1,-1,[],[57070]],["This is no doubt due in part to the platform's technical affordances (Altheide, 2016), which promote and facilitate distribution via single-click actions and integrated hosting, which in turn reinforces the core element of shareability that characterizes social media logic.",1,-1,[],[53696]],["This social media logic modifies the processes of production, distribution and media usage (Klinger and Svensson, 2015), so that the media employs the news values and narrative techniques that work best on each platform",1,-1,[],[9417]],["forces journalists and their organizations to cater both content and presentation style to user demands and platform requirements",1,-1,[],[4403]],["social media logic amplifies existing aspects of media logic and adds new ones.",1,-1,[],[53696]]],"sy":[["network media logic",1,614,[],[9417]]],"rt":[["media logic",2,18548,[],[53696,57070]],["traditional media",1,3717,[],[53696]],["traditional media logic",1,-1,[],[53696]]],"sb":[["connectivity",3,19497,[],[14890,53696,57070]],["datafication",3,32813,[],[14890,53696,57070]],["popularity",3,14321,[],[14890,53696,57070]],["programmability",3,30480,[],[14890,53696,57070]],["logic of popularity",1,6012,[],[57070]],["social media logic of connectivity",1,6628,[],[57070]]],"sp":[["media logic",1,18548,[],[53696]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["audience selection",1,23141,[],[32205]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["casting the abstract notion of \"climate change\" as an enemy in the war scenario hides the fact that the real culprits are humanity and its behavior.",1,-1,[],[53598]],["the crisis is personified and depicted as a malevolent agent with a human-like, destructive nature",1,-1,[],[53598]],["the war metaphor underpins an anthropocentric master frame in which humans appear chiefly as victims of an external threat.",1,-1,[],[53598]]],"sy":[["war metaphor",1,8251,[],[53598]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It implies a desire on the part of the perpetrator to create by his actions a particular state of mind necessary to commit such a crime in the minds of the person(s) he is so engaging.",1,-1,[],[27532]],["the aim being to forestall the occurrence of such acts",1,-1,[],[61650]],["the crux of establishing the direct element of incitement to commit genocide relies on whether the intended audience perceived the implications of the discourse.",1,-1,[],[27532]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate propaganda",1,817,[],[61650]],["propaganda tending to provoke genocide",1,-1,[],[61650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["global cultural orientation",1,25842,[],[42405]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["more based on ideology rather than the trend of globalization",1,-1,[],[13526]]],"sy":[["cultural imperialism",1,23395,[],[13526]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political and issue advertising",1,-1,[],[38657]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion clustering",1,-1,[],[18219]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["although this terminology can be confusing in a political discussion",1,-1,[],[57821]]],"sy":[["political right",1,25689,[],[20217]],["right-leaning",1,-1,[],[20217]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Because many corporations are deeply embedded in mediatized environments, they are implicitly forced to enter socio-political debates that are high on the media, public, and political agenda. In other words, with processes of mediatization, corporations' societal visibility and responsibility has grown, which inextricably relates them to a public and media sphere that has become more and more political. As a result, corporations and their environment have become increasingly politicized.",1,-1,[],[1996]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such relational communication traits foster more positive evaluations and are associated with greater trust, which in turn can enhance compliance with rules and guidelines",1,-1,[],[11226]]],"sy":[["relational communication traits",1,-1,[],[11226]]],"rt":[["relational communication traits",1,-1,[],[11226]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Ele é tão instantâneo quanto o percipuum, mas, dotado de memória e expectativa, cumpre a função do reconhecimento daquilo que vemos.",1,-1,[],[7886]],["Os perceptos não aparecem aos nossos sentidos carregando rótulos. É o julgamento de percepção, portanto, que se encarrega da função de informar que aquilo que vemos é isto ou aquilo. Ele é tão instantâneo quanto o percipuum, mas, dotado de memória e expectativa, cumpre a função do reconhecimento daquilo que vemos.",1,-1,[],[7886]],["terceiro elemento cognitivo que entra em cena: o julgamento perceptivo.",1,-1,[],[7886]]],"sy":[["julgamento de percepção",1,-1,[],[7886]]],"rt":[["percipuum",1,34279,[],[7886]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an illegitimate business model whereby organizations and individuals can buy Likes through 'clickfarms'",1,-1,[],[14818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Discourse of the University -Provision and worship of \"objective\" knowledge -usually in the unacknowledged service of some external master discourse",1,-1,[],[48536]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lacanian discourses",1,17728,[],[48536]],["The Four Discourses theory",1,15132,[],[48536]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This mechanism relies more on cognition than affect.",1,-1,[],[46168]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["no citan fuentes, están construidas en plataformas de blogs con una misma estructura, no tienen una sección de contacto o de información sobre quién dirige el portal, utilizan mayúsculas y símbolos de exclamación en los títulos, así como adjetivos calificativos en artículos que suelen estar editorializados y a menudo no llevan la firma de su autor (López et alt, 2018).",1,-1,[],[13304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inter-imperiality",1,9444,[],[57478]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[45574]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the framing bias reflects an affect heuristic by which individuals incorporate a potentially broad range of additional emotional information into the decision process.",1,-1,[],[18863]],["the framing effect is driven by an affect heuristic underwritten by an emotional system.",1,-1,[],[18863]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic",1,25648,[],[21569]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["conflict framing",1,15836,[],[47124]],["exaggeration/hyperbolisation",1,-1,[],[47124]],["unilateral coverage",1,-1,[],[47124]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["impersonators are those accounts that are pretending to be someone well-known or representative of a known brands, company etc.",1,-1,[],[51341]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake accounts",1,753,[],[51341]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Este encuadre se camufla frecuentemente mediante el empleo de citas, atribuyendo a otro actor (y no al periodista ni al medio) las recomendaciones o evaluaciones morales o religiosas",1,-1,[],[15220]],["Este encuadre se camufla frecuentemente mediante el empleo de citas, atribuyendo a otro actor (y no al periodista ni al medio) las recomendaciones o evaluaciones morales o religiosas (D'Haenens y De Lange, 2001).",1,-1,[],[15220]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadres",1,19710,[],[15220]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social endorsement cues",1,15494,[],[34317]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["likes, shares, and comments",1,-1,[],[34317]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["characterised by fear, uncertainty and desperate hope, as scarce investigative resources are negotiated and allocated to the search, and public appeals are made by police officers and anguished parents",1,-1,[],[19493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["to be neutral is to describe debates rather than engage in them. In other words, when discussing a subject, we should report what people have said about it rather than what is so.",1,-1,[],[6648]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["neutrality",1,3242,[],[6648]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["this approach minimizes platform intervention in user content, except in explicit calls for violence or terrorist activities.",1,-1,[],[5285]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["ideological representations",1,25520,[],[56766]]],"rt":[["Stylistic-semiotic systems",1,24805,[],[56766]],["connotative",1,31894,[],[56766]],["visuals as denotative",1,-1,[],[56766]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["levels of visual analysis",1,-1,[],[56766]]],"ex":[["do the images present and confirm a perpetuated stereotype of the protestors?",1,-1,[],[56766]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It involves documents that incorporate logos or identifying elements of public institutions to spread false measures. The document's authenticity and the information contained in it are then denied by the institution concerned. In this case, fact checkers simply report the denial, without any investigation or recourse to external experts.",1,-1,[],[3129]],["Soft fact checking is prominent, above all, in bottom-up verifications (usually generated by users on social networks, by partisan digital media, and by websites that create hoaxes). It involves documents that incorporate logos or identifying elements of public institutions to spread false measures. The document's authenticity and the information contained in it are then denied by the institution concerned. In this case, fact checkers simply report the denial, without any investigation or recourse to external experts.",1,-1,[],[3129]],["prominent, above all, in bottom-up verifications (usually generated by users on social networks, by partisan digital media, and by websites that create hoaxes). It involves documents that incorporate logos or identifying elements of public institutions to spread false measures. The document's authenticity and the information contained in it are then denied by the institution concerned. In this case, fact checkers simply report the denial, without any investigation or recourse to external experts.",1,-1,[],[3129]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact checking",1,16098,[],[3129]],["performance of fact checking",1,-1,[],[3129]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The score of dramatic pictures refers to the presence of one such picture in the item",1,-1,[],[10138]]],"sy":[["compelling negative images",1,-1,[],[10138]],["emotional pictures",1,-1,[],[10138]],["negative video",1,-1,[],[10138]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["pictures of riots, pursuits, fires, disasters, dead people, starved people, and havoc",1,-1,[],[10138]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["opinion leaders",1,34387,[],[17958]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["competência em informação conecta-se com as experiências solidárias e coletivas vivenciadas nas dinâmicas de aprendizagem continuada a partir de uma perspectiva ética e crítica, o que exige o acesso, a avaliação e o uso da informação de forma responsável, interdependente e colaborativa.",1,-1,[],[11391]]],"sy":[["alfabetização informacional",1,-1,[],[11391]],["information literacy",1,8985,[],[11391]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The purpose of participatory justice is, in other words, to ensure that each person in a particular community has an equal opportunity, not only to gain access to essential information, but also to receive education in order to benefit from access to information (Britz, 2004:202).",1,-1,[],[20445]],["there can in certain circumstances be justification for the application of inequality to ensure the creation of equal opportunities in society.",1,-1,[],[20445]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["positive presentation",1,-1,[],[47783]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Facts and evidence, a clear distinction between original and synthetic content, editorial independence, and human responsibility will serve as fundamental guarantees of the right to reliable news and information in the media in the era of artificial intelligence.",1,-1,[],[41489]],["It helps define principles for media outlets when working with artificial intelligence.",1,-1,[],[41489]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the overcoming or neglect of truth, scientific knowledge, and evidence in the current epoch.",1,-1,[],[3923]]],"sy":[["postfaktisch",1,20769,[],[44280]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":238,"df":[["Stance detection is the task of automatically determining from text whether the author of the text is in favor of, against, or neutral towards a proposition or target.",3,-1,[],[6719,12345,21654]],["for an input in the form of a piece of text and a target pair, stance detection is a classification problem where the stance of the author of the text is sought in the form of a category label from this set: Favor, Against, Neither.",3,-1,[["for an input in the form of a piece of text and a target pair, stance detection is a classification problem where the stance of the author of the text is sought in the form of a category label from this set: Favor, Against, Neither.",2],["For an input in the form of a piece of text and a target pair, stance detection is a classification problem where the stance of the author of the text is sought in the form of a category label from this set: {Favor, Against, Neither}",1],["For an input in the form of a piece of text and a target pair, stance detection is a classification problem where the stance of the author of the text is sought in the form of a category label from this set: {Favor, Against, Neither}.",1]],[7092,11902,16790]],["Understanding attitudes expressed in texts, also known as stance detection",2,-1,[],[11902,16790]]],"de":[["The target may be a person, an organization, a government policy, a movement, a product, etc.",4,-1,[],[6719,10022,12345,21654]],["A favorable stance toward a target opinion or an entity E can be expressed using a negative sentiment without any explicit mention of E.",1,-1,[],[59247]],["A major difference between stance detection and traditional aspect-level sentiment classification [Liu, 2012] is that stance detection is dependent on both subjective expressions found in text and the associated target which might not be explicitly mentioned.",1,-1,[],[13208]],["A prominent area of NLP that focuses on expressions of favour",1,-1,[],[12445]],["A prominent area of NLP that focuses on expressions of favour is stance detection",1,-1,[],[12445]],["An article's stance can either agree or disagree with the headline, discuss the same topic, or it is completely unrelated.",1,-1,[],[19026]],["Automatic stance detection is a strongly motivated mining operation on social media and networks",1,-1,[],[31062]],["Automating the detection of stances in moderators' comments can be helpful to content moderation at large, as it allows moderators to get a high-level overview of the opinions voiced in a discussion.",1,-1,[],[60368]],["Compared to the more general sentiment analysis, stance detection is a more topic-dependent task that requires a specific target [1] or a set of targets [5,6]",1,-1,[],[48490]],["Detecting the position of someone is a fundamental step in knowing if such a person is for the truth or against it",1,-1,[],[5443]],["Detecting the stance of a text with respect to a certain topic is vital to many NLP tasks (Hardalov et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[40184]],["Given a target topic, the task of stance detection aims to determine whether a user or his/her text is in favor (agree), against (disagree), or neutral towards it.",1,-1,[],[30859]],["Given these two inputs, the aim is to find out whether the author is in favor or against the topic.",1,-1,[],[985]],["However, in stance detection, systems are to determine favorability towards a given target of interest-and the target may not be explicitly mentioned in the text.",1,-1,[],[21654]],["However, in the context of fake news detection, stance detection has been adopted as a primary step to detect the veracity of a news piece.",1,-1,[],[43677]],["Identifying the speaker's opinion towards a particular target is the main goal of SD.",1,-1,[],[24588]],["Identifying user stance (favor, against) in online debate forums attracts researchers in last years.",1,-1,[],[25429]],["In stance detection we attempt to mea-sure how an author's opinion is expressed in spontaneous, unstructured messages rather than the explicit prompts of formal opinion polls.",1,-1,[],[20159]],["In stance detection, the task moves from estimating the positive or negative sentiment of a given text to evaluating whether the authoring individual is for, against, or neutral towards some target concept.",1,-1,[],[54363]],["In the context of fake news detection, we are interested in the stance of a user reply with respect to the title of a questionable news article.",1,-1,[],[49911]],["In this module, it is determined whether the summary and the news headline are similar.",1,-1,[],[41860]],["It can be viewed as a subtask of opinion mining and it stands next to the sentiment analysis.",1,-1,[],[17669]],["It delves into the full context of an Arabic sentence to discern whether the author's stance is supportive, opposing, or neutral regarding the embedded topic.",1,-1,[],[41705]],["It involves examining agreement expressed by a text in relation to a claim. The text could be a headline (Ferreira and Vlachos, 2016), a topic (Mohammad et al., 2016) or a lengthier text fragment (Pomerleau and Rao, 2017). Stance detection can be thought of as a two-part task: we first aim to determine if the text and claim are sufficiently close with respect to their subject matter, and then, once relatedness of the text and claim is established, we want to know whether the text takes a favourable or unfavourable view of the claim.",1,-1,[],[28847]],["It is crucial for understanding opinions and analyzing how opinions are presented in texts regarding specific issues",1,-1,[],[20231]],["It is identified through understanding the similarity of the headline and body of news content or article",1,-1,[],[39972]],["It is identified through understanding the similarity of the headline and body of news content or article [22].",1,-1,[],[39972]],["It is usually considered as a subproblem of sentiment analysis and aims to identify the stance of the text author towards a target (an entity, concept, event, idea, opinion, claim, topic, etc.) either explicitly mentioned or implied within the text",1,-1,[],[7092]],["Most commonly, stance detection has been defined with respect to a claim as agree, disagree, discuss or unrelated",1,-1,[],[52806]],["Occasionally, the category label of Neutral is also added to the set of stance categories",1,-1,[],[7092]],["Occasionally, the category label of Neutral is also added to the set of stance categories (Mohammad et al., 2016), and the target may or may not be explicitly mentioned in the text",1,-1,[],[16790]],["Stance Detection (StD) represents a wellestablished task in natural language processing and is often described by having two inputs; (1) a topic of a discussion and (2) a comment made by an author. Given these two inputs, the aim is to find out whether the author is in favor or against the topic.",1,-1,[],[985]],["Stance detection aims to automatically determine the perspective (or stance) of a document to a claim as agree, disagree, discuss, or unrelated.",1,-1,[],[22584]],["Stance detection and TS differ in that the author may take an indirect stance without explicitly mentioning the target.",1,-1,[],[44662]],["Stance detection could not only provide useful information for improving the performance of SA but it could also help to better understand the way in which people communicate ideas in order to highlight their point of view towards a particular target entity.",1,-1,[],[24588]],["Stance detection differs from sentiment analysis in its opaqueness.",1,-1,[],[59247]],["Stance detection focuses on detecting the user stance (favor, against) on a particular debate topic or hot-debated event.",1,-1,[],[25429]],["Stance detection has been addressed as a task in its own right, where models have been developed based on data from the Fake News Challenge",1,-1,[],[12206]],["Stance detection has been studied so far disjointly from fact checking.",1,-1,[],[12242]],["Stance detection has emerged as a crucial approach to effectively analyze underlying biases in shared information and combating misinformation.",1,-1,[],[31656]],["Stance detection has subsequently been used for a variety of purposes, including annotation of political messages (Törnberg 2023), assessing views on COVID-19 health mandates (Alizadeh et al. 2025), and tracking news media stance on political topics (Mets et al. 2024).",1,-1,[],[26362]],["Stance detection in NLP classifies views in texts as \"in favor\", \"against\", or \"neither\"",1,-1,[],[60775]],["Stance detection in social media is concerned with individuals' views toward objects of evaluation through various aspects related to the users' post and personality traits.",1,-1,[],[62051]],["Stance detection in social media presents an optimal technique for various applications and has been used heavily in interdisciplinary studies including politics, religion and humanities.",1,-1,[],[62051]],["Stance detection is a key component in downstream tasks like fake news detection, argumentation systems and recommendation systems, and has become an important research direction in the field of Natural Language Processing and Social Media Analysis.",1,-1,[],[30859]],["Stance detection is a useful task for ideology analysis because co-partisans are generally positive towards each other and negative towards counterpartisans",1,-1,[],[39343]],["Stance detection is an important step in analyzing social media discussions, assisting public opinion analysis and decision making",1,-1,[],[30859]],["Stance detection is often utilized to gauge public opinion toward products, political issues, or public figures.",1,-1,[],[12008]],["Stance detection is used in natural language processing, social sciences and beyond in order to understand subjectivity and affectivity in the forms of opinions, evaluations, emotions and speculations [4].",1,-1,[],[48490]],["Stance detection refers to a set of loosely connected tasks in NLP such as argumentation mining and rumor verification.",1,-1,[],[44662]],["Stance detection was identified as the basic step to detect the news is fake or real.",1,-1,[],[41860]],["Stance detection, the problem of automatically identifying positions or opinions in text, is becoming increasingly important for social media (e.g., Twitter), as more and more people turn to it for their news.",1,-1,[],[40204]],["Stance is certainly relevant to task of incongruence detection, but we argue that it is not sufficient for our task, as the headlinearticle relation may be incongruent in ways separate from (dis)agreement.",1,-1,[],[35851]],["The aim of stance detection is to determine people's opinionated standpoint or attitude (e.g. Favor, Against, or Neutral ) expressed in text towards a specific target",1,-1,[],[26506]],["The applicability of stance detection models depends on their training data, architecture, and task-specific adaptation.",1,-1,[],[60775]],["The goal of stance detection is to categorize an overall position of a subject towards an object into one of the four classes: agree, disagree, discuss, and unrelated.",1,-1,[],[36716]],["The objective is to classify the given post into one of four categories: support, query, deny, and comment.",1,-1,[],[31656]],["The objective of stance detection in our case is to classify the stance of an author's news article towards a given topic as 'in favour', 'against', or 'neutral'.",1,-1,[],[61398]],["The process of detecting the stance of a given person on social media is still in its infancy, as it is still unclear what roles of language and social interaction play in inferring the user's stance.",1,-1,[],[62051]],["The significant difference is that in sentiment analysis, systems determine whether a piece of text is positive, negative, or neutral. However, in stance detection, systems are to determine author's favorability towards a given target and the target even may not be explicitly mentioned in the text.",1,-1,[],[17669]],["The stance detection justifies whether the news article agrees, disagrees, discusses or is unrelated to the news title.",1,-1,[],[56156]],["The stance label set Y consists of Favor, Against, and None.",1,-1,[],[7384]],["The target can be mentioned explicitly in the text, or sometimes the idea of the target can be conveyed indirectly",1,-1,[],[33929]],["The task of monitoring people's opinion towards particular targets in political topics or public life debates",1,-1,[],[38528]],["The task of monitoring people's opinion towards particular targets in political topics or public life debates has grown in the last decade, thus leading to the creation of a specific area of investigation in NLP named Stance Detection (SD).",1,-1,[],[38528]],["The task of stance detection is to identify the stance of an evidence towards a given news claim",1,-1,[],[36716]],["Therefore, stance detection can be applied to understand if a news written from an unknown reputation source is agreeing or disagreeing with the majority of the media outlets.",1,-1,[],[43677]],["This is an important component for automatic fact-checking systems and veracity inference (Nadeem et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2019;Atanasova et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[52806]],["This is usually inferred by a mixture of signals besides the linguistic cues, such as the user's feelings, personality traits, and cultural aspects",1,-1,[],[62051]],["This task is a well-explored research problem, where early studies employed various machine learning and deep learning techniques (Hardalov et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[40184]],["This task is distinct from sentiment analysis in that an in favor or against stance can be measured independently of an author's emotional state.",1,-1,[],[20159]],["Unlike sentiment analysis, which can be applied to any text without a specific target, stance detection requires a predefined target for analysis.",1,-1,[],[60775]],["a stance detection system would allow fact-checkers to automatically know which documents, messages or users agree or disagree with a given document thereby helping to identify contentious content.",1,-1,[],[52275]],["a stance is not usually transparent in the text, but sometimes must be inferred implicitly from a combination of interaction and historical context.",1,-1,[],[62051]],["advancing natural language understanding systems for political science, opinion research and other application areas.",1,-1,[],[22490]],["assign a stance label which is one of for, against, or observing, indicating whether the article is supporting, refuting, or just reporting the claim, respectively.",1,-1,[],[61542]],["automatically evaluating what a news source is saying about a particular issue",1,-1,[],[26113]],["benchmarks (Mohammad et al., 2016a) are composed of short pieces of text commenting on politicians or public issues and are manually annotated with their stance towards a target entity (e.g. Climate Change, or Trump).",1,-1,[],[22490]],["building on sentiment analysis methods",1,-1,[],[26362]],["building on sentiment analysis methods (AlDayel and Magdy 2021; Bestvater and Monroe 2023;Mohammad, Sobhani, and Kiritchenko 2017) which simply gauge the overall sentiment of the text.",1,-1,[],[26362]],["by means of automatic stance detection, whether a community is in favor of or against a topic of interest can be estimated",1,-1,[],[7092]],["classify whether a given document agrees, disagrees, discusses or is unrelated with respect to a previously published headline or news document",1,-1,[],[52275]],["classify whether the stance expressed is in favour, against, or whether is unrelated or none with respect to the given target",1,-1,[],[52275]],["detecting stances in both explicit and nonexplicit cases",1,-1,[],[33929]],["detecting the user stance (favor, against) on a particular debate topic or hot-debated event.",1,-1,[],[25429]],["determine the attitudes (e.g., in favor of, against or neutral) toward predefined targets (e.g., entities, controversial topics or events) from a given text.",1,-1,[],[42033]],["determine the position of the text towards the rumour as a category label from the set {Support, Deny, Query, Comment}",1,-1,[],[16790]],["determine whether a tweet is in favor, against, or neither to a given target entity (person, organization, etc.)",1,-1,[],[23455]],["determine whether it constitutes an appropriate method for further processing and classifying news articles as \"agree,\" \"disagree,\" or \"irrelevant.\"",1,-1,[],[27988]],["emerging task",1,-1,[],[22564]],["evaluating what a news source is saying about a particular issue",1,-1,[],[26334]],["identify whether the author of a text is in favor of, neutral or against a specific target",1,-1,[],[47538]],["identifying individuals' stances towards specific targets from the given text",1,-1,[],[39343]],["identifying individuals' stances towards specific targets from the given text (Thomas et al., 2006;Walker et al., 2012;Hasan and Ng, 2013).",1,-1,[],[39343]],["in stance detection, systems are to determine favorability towards a given target of interest-and the target may not be explicitly mentioned in the text.",1,-1,[],[21654]],["including favor, against, and neutral.",1,-1,[],[29239]],["involves classes such as favour and against",1,-1,[],[8055]],["it is labeled at the message-level, the stance itself is presumed to be held by the author with a history of messages.",1,-1,[],[60370]],["labeled for stance: agrees, disagrees, discusses, and unrelated",1,-1,[],[12242]],["lack of evidence for 'favor' or 'against', does not imply that the tweeter is neutral towards the target. It may just mean that we cannot deduce stance from the tweet.",1,-1,[],[6719]],["no training data in target language is available",1,-1,[],[42033]],["one of the fundamental social computing tasks in natural language processing",1,-1,[],[55700]],["positioning them as a potential supplement or replacement for traditional public opinion surveys",1,-1,[],[54363]],["recognizing the relationships among targets in advance can potentially improve the stance detection performance for the unseen targets",1,-1,[],[11833]],["research on stance detection (the position or attitude expressed with respect to a specific topic) within the Natural Language Processing field has largely been done for English.",1,-1,[],[52275]],["specifically geared towards identifying the relative position or perspective of the author or speaker on a particular topic",1,-1,[],[60775]],["splitting the stance detection task into two sub-tasks, related/unrelated and agree/disagree/discuss classification sub-tasks",1,-1,[],[36716]],["stance detection aims at identifying the stance (perspective) of a document towards a claim, namely whether the document agrees with the claim, disagrees with the claim, discusses about the claim without taking a stance, or is entirely unrelated to the claim.",1,-1,[],[54189]],["stance detection by design typically outperforms sentiment detection methods within shared tasks (e.g., SemEval) aiming to measure targets' approval.",1,-1,[],[44662]],["stance detection has been adopted as a primary step to detect the veracity of a news piece",1,-1,[],[43677]],["stance detection is instead applied at the level of single sentences.",1,-1,[],[7115]],["stance detection is predicting one's stance on what we are interested in what she/he writes.",1,-1,[],[7092]],["stance detection is the core task within factchecking",1,-1,[],[16790]],["stance detection of headlines with regard to their corresponding article bodies",1,-1,[],[23367]],["stance detection plays a pivotal role in analyzing public opinion on social media topics",1,-1,[],[29239]],["systems are to determine favorability towards a given (pre-chosen) target of interest.",1,-1,[],[6719]],["targeted methods, especially stance detection, have high fluctuations and perform worse than sentiment lexicons for certain datasets",1,-1,[],[44662]],["the problem of stance detection using the associated toxic, moral, and speech act traits present in tweets",1,-1,[],[59967]],["the separate tasks of (a) determining whether a headline-body pair is unrelated or related and, in the latter case, (b) the task of determining whether the body agrees, disagrees, or discusses the subject of the headline.",1,-1,[],[26334]],["the stance representations learned from known targets can be better generalized to the unseen targets",1,-1,[],[11833]],["the target can be expressed in different ways which impacts whether the instance is labeled 'favour' or 'against'.",1,-1,[],[6719]],["the target even may not be explicitly mentioned in the text",1,-1,[],[17669]],["the target may or may not be explicitly mentioned in the text",1,-1,[],[7092]],["the task of SD",1,-1,[],[33929]],["the task of inferring whether a document is written in favor or against the given target",1,-1,[["the task of inferring whether a document is written in favor or against the given target",1],["the task of inferring whether a document is written in favor or against the given target.",1]],[44662]],["the text may express positive opinion about an entity contained in the text, but one can also infer that the author is against the defined target (an entity or a topic)",1,-1,[],[17669]],["typically modeled using labels such as agree, disagree, discuss, and unrelated",1,-1,[],[52806]],["used in natural language processing, social sciences and beyond in order to understand subjectivity and affectivity in the forms of opinions, evaluations, emotions and speculations",1,-1,[],[48490]],["veracity is modelled as stance detection as outlined in Section 3.1",1,-1,[],[11902]],["views \"stance detection\" tasks as distinct from general sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[2402]]],"sy":[["stance classification",6,7751,[["stance classification",4],["Stance classification",2]],[7092,13208,20231,30317,33929,48490]],["stance identification",3,7620,[],[7092,20231,42033]],["stance prediction",3,30125,[],[7092,18959,20231]],["debate stance classification",2,21591,[],[7092,20231]],["debate-side classification",2,-1,[],[7092,20231]],["SD",1,-1,[],[24588]],["Stance Detection Task (SDT)",1,2868,[],[24429]],["identification",1,5869,[],[48490]],["perspective",1,23315,[],[62051]],["perspective/view",1,-1,[],[49793]],["prediction",1,33879,[],[48490]],["stance evaluation",1,-1,[],[26113]],["stance methods",1,-1,[],[44662]],["textual entailment model",1,-1,[],[11468]],["viewpoint",1,33516,[],[62051]]],"rt":[["sentiment analysis",27,8212,[["sentiment analysis",23],["Sentiment Analysis",3],["Sentiment Analysis 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subtask of fake news identification",1,-1,[],[27988]],["stance prediction",1,30125,[],[62051]],["stance prediction, inferring the stances of users on certain targets, which are not expressed or implied on social media",1,-1,[],[30859]],["support with negative sentiment or negative support",1,-1,[],[49911]],["support with neutral sentiment or neutral support",1,-1,[],[49911]],["target-specific stance detection",1,28735,[],[62051]],["target-specific stance prediction",1,3217,[],[5863]],["topic-specific stance",1,15059,[],[11572]],["unrelated",1,14126,[],[23455]]],"sp":[["opinion mining",3,5224,[],[17669,25429,41705]],["Cognitive / Perception Bias",1,-1,[],[20740]],["Stance",1,2283,[],[7092]],["evidence retrieval",1,10772,[],[8197]],["fake news detection",1,15605,[],[29404]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[2402]]],"ex":[["one can infer from Barack Obama's speeches that he is in favor of stricter gun laws in the US.",2,-1,[],[6719,12345]],["''The pregnant are more than walking incubators.'' express the favor stance for the target 'legalization of abortion'",1,-1,[],[25429]],["For example, the tweet \"Handguns should be banned in the US\" illustrates a supportive stance on gun control.",1,-1,[],[41705]],["Target: Hillary Clinton (2) Tweet: Hillary Clinton has some strengths and some weaknesses.",1,-1,[],[6719]],["Target: legalization of abortion (1) Tweet: The pregnant are more than walking incubators. They have rights too! Humans can deduce from the tweet that the tweeter is likely in favor of the target.",1,-1,[],[6719]],["Topic: Climate Change is a Real Concern Tweet: Gone are the days where we would get temperatures of Min -2 and Max 5 in Cape Town #SemST Stance: FAVOR",1,-1,[],[985]],["agree",1,-1,[],[27988]],["disagree",1,-1,[],[27988]],["e.g., an event, a person, or a claim",1,-1,[],[7384]],["fake news detection",1,-1,[],[23386]],["identifying if the body of text agrees, disagrees, discusses or its unrelated with the headline.",1,-1,[],[43677]],["identifying stance in debates [24,35,40] or forums [36]",1,-1,[],[7384]],["irrelevant",1,-1,[],[27988]],["labeled for stance: agrees, disagrees, discusses, and unrelated",1,-1,[],[12242]],["labels such as agree, disagree and discuss",1,-1,[],[23774]],["labels such as agree, disagree, discuss, and unrelated",1,-1,[],[52806]],["relation extraction",1,-1,[],[23386]],["sarcasm detection",1,-1,[],[23386]],["stance of a tweet towards an entity or topic",1,-1,[],[54189]],["stance of a user post or argument/claim towards a controversial topic or statement",1,-1,[],[54189]],["stance of an article towards a claim",1,-1,[],[54189]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["although it performs well in data-rich environments, it faces the problems of high cost of data collection, technical challenges, and lack of generalization capabilities",1,-1,[],[37065]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance detection",2,25533,[["Stance detection",1],["stance detection",1]],[37065,47537]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Metonymy is used particularly in political discourse when a nominalized actor is used to represent a broader group",1,-1,[],[46509]],["conceptual metonymies correspond to various kinds of physiological, behavioural, and expressive reactions",1,-1,[],[38341]],["metonymy and its concepts help us organize our thoughts and actions.",1,-1,[],[58765]],["metonymy as a cognitive process is generally regarded as universal",1,-1,[],[58765]],["metonymy shifts agency and responsibility for actions away from agentive actors",1,-1,[],[37167]],["this results in partial exclusion",1,-1,[["this results in partial exclusion",1],["this results in partial exclusion.",1]],[37167]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conceptual metaphor",1,23399,[],[38341]],["metaphors",1,24338,[],[46456]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["it is the Common Core itself that becomes the actor, a metonymy in which the Common Core is personified and acts as a proxy for transmitting ideology",1,-1,[],[46509]],["referring to the press instead of journalists",1,-1,[["referring to the press instead of journalists",1],["referring to the press instead of journalists.",1]],[37167]],["the metonymy excludes an actor through a depersonalizing semantic shift, letting the object, the vehicle, stand for the person driving it.",1,-1,[],[37167]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculation",1,14922,[],[22852]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Justification Production",1,15799,[],[48651]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact-checking tasks",1,9452,[],[48651]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["AMI should include among its concerns what data does with the media, since user information is captured through the regulation of algorithms linked to people's search history.",1,-1,[],[50057]],["It thus serves as a tool that assists the user in analyzing the material they are exposed to and increases the possibility of verifying the news, photos, and videos they are watching.",1,-1,[],[12955]],["MIL also integrates critical pedagogy, emphasizing the role of education in promoting agency and consciousness-raising in students' digital experiences.",1,-1,[],[34200]],["MIL could be considered a crucial competency in today's societies and one of the most effective tools for counteracting fake news, as well as promoting independent, pluralistic media and information systems.",1,-1,[],[54839]],["MIL is not merely a skillset, but a framework rooted in constructivist theories of learning. It supports learners in co-constructing knowledge, questioning sources, and engaging with content through a lens of skepticism and analysis",1,-1,[],[34200]],["MIL is primarily intended to promote the adequate use and consumption of media products so that citizens develop the capacities to analyze, use, and even express, in different ways, the messages presented to them.",1,-1,[],[12955]],["MIL is understood as the set of competencies that enable citizens to access, analyse, evaluate, and produce information in a critical manner (Grizzle et al., 2013).",1,-1,[],[29034]],["Media and information literacy (MIL) has accordingly emerged as a strategy \"in the fight against disinformation, especially in a world where the overabundance of information and the speed at which it spreads can overwhelm people\" (Abuín-Penas et al., 2024, p. 23).",1,-1,[],[29034]],["Questioning whether or not a source is credible, cross-checking facts with trusted sources of information about COVID-19, and not falling prey to headlines that are meant to elicit an emotional response are all important",1,-1,[],[50973]],["This training involves the development of media competencies that encompass specific skills and essential knowledge to face the emerging challenges of the media ecosystem, which can be structured into four levels",1,-1,[],[27619]],["This training involves the development of media competencies that encompass specific skills and essential knowledge to face the emerging challenges of the media ecosystem, which can be structured into four levels (Kačinová, Sabada-Chalezquer, 2022): the personal level, focused on individual empowerment through critical thinking and resilience against misinformation; the social level, which fosters collaboration and dialogue within diverse communities; the civic level, which encourages active participation in the digital public sphere and citizen empowerment; and the cultural level, which promotes understanding and respect for diversity.",1,-1,[],[27619]],["is widely recognized as the most effective measure to tackle fake information",1,-1,[],[40329]],["it includes the diversity of dimensions -i.e. technological, culture, social, and economic",1,-1,[],[26893]]],"sy":[["AMI",1,-1,[],[50057]],["MIL",1,28928,[],[12955]]],"rt":[["Media Literacy",2,27668,[["Media Literacy",1],["media literacy",1]],[12955,47504]],["ICT literacy",1,-1,[],[25959]],["critical literacy",1,34457,[],[34200]],["digital",1,-1,[],[25959]],["information",1,18076,[],[25959]],["information identification",1,-1,[],[40329]],["media",1,25574,[],[25959]],["verification skills",1,-1,[],[34200]]],"sb":[["Medialogy",1,-1,[],[47504]],["Technologcalogical",1,-1,[],[47504]],["Visualogical",1,-1,[],[47504]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[40329]],["information literacy",1,8985,[],[40329]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[40329]],["the civic level, which encourages active participation in the digital public sphere and citizen empowerment",1,-1,[],[27619]],["the cultural level, which promotes understanding and respect for diversity",1,-1,[],[27619]],["the personal level, focused on individual empowerment through critical thinking and resilience against misinformation",1,-1,[],[27619]],["the social level, which fosters collaboration and dialogue within diverse communities",1,-1,[],[27619]]],"sp":[["scientific discipline situated within the realm of education sciences",1,-1,[],[12955]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["focus on the consequences of an event or the number of people who are or could be affected by an issue.",1,-1,[],[4335]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Algorithmic filtering",1,31041,[],[8879]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news factor",1,9995,[],[4335]],["superlativeness",1,5907,[],[4335]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["idiomatic",1,-1,[],[25891]],["metonymical",1,-1,[],[25891]]],"sb":[["metaphorical",1,18929,[],[25891]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The Daily Show often focused on international stories that could be told through 'cheap framing'",1,-1,[],[9213]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Depicting repressive measures as being in accordance with legislation",1,-1,[],[3957]],["has been a strategy of priority for judicializing repression since Mursi's ouster.",1,-1,[],[3957]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Ballot Harvesting",1,25547,[],[26164]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["allegations made by Project Veritas (Astor 2020)",1,-1,[],[26164]],["allegations that operatives targeted and misled elderly voters",1,-1,[],[26164]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["During interactions, individuals actively manage and construct their positive image to influence others' perceptions.",1,-1,[],[41952]],["MPs use Twitter as a tool of impression management.",1,-1,[],[3996]],["They have a subconscious desire to be viewed positively",1,-1,[],[41952]],["They have a subconscious desire to be viewed positively [13,14].",1,-1,[],[41952]],["This assumes a conscious and deliberate managerial disclosure strategy",1,-1,[],[49176]],["deliberate choices of managers aiming at strategically manipulating stakeholders' opinions and decisions through a firm's disclosures",1,-1,[],[49176]],["impression management involves two components: the motivation to create favourable impressions; and the ability to impress the target audience.",1,-1,[],[3996]],["the blogger may be attempting to create an impression that implies they understand and have expertise on the cited material.",1,-1,[],[25326]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disclosure (quantity, thematic content, and attribution)",1,-1,[],[49176]],["dramaturgical framework",1,13423,[],[25326]],["exemplification",1,28424,[],[3996]],["ingratiation",1,15361,[],[3996]],["intimidation",1,8617,[],[3996]],["presentation (language and verbal tone)",1,-1,[],[49176]],["relationship management emphasizes that countries and foreign publics co-adapt to each other through mutual understanding and mutual influence",1,-1,[],[3085]],["self-presentation",1,17472,[],[25326]],["self-promotion",1,32899,[],[3996]],["supplication",1,17615,[],[3996]]],"sb":[["Exemplification",1,28424,[],[3996]],["Ingratiation",1,15361,[],[3996]],["Intimidation",1,8617,[],[3996]],["Self-promotion",1,32899,[],[3996]],["Supplication",1,17615,[],[3996]],["concealment",1,23741,[],[49176]],["image enhancement",1,-1,[],[49176]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["leverage verbal complexity to befog unpleasant information",1,-1,[],[49176]],["managers can skew the disclosure tone more positively than what is justified",1,-1,[],[49176]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["coping strategies",1,-1,[],[55672]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Affected users can no longer be found on the platform and are not notified that they have been censored",1,-1,[],[180]],["Some of these inductive mechanisms, which influence the perception of science-related information, are specific to the social media environment",1,-1,[],[180]],["This practice de-facto limits their visibility and reach so that, from the user's perspective, the platform appears to be working as usual, despite the fact that their content is much less visible to other users than usual",1,-1,[],[27572]],["the account just doesn't show up, even though the account still exists.",1,-1,[],[180]]],"sy":[["expulsión/exclusión silenciosa",1,-1,[],[29400]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["content moderation technique",1,-1,[],[27572]]],"ex":[["But on the other hand, Instagram shadow bans content that includes highly political information.",1,-1,[],[180]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, political cynicism indicates the existence of belief that politicians are wicked, selfish, corrupt and insencere.",1,-1,[],[11360]],["In other words, political cynicism indicates the existence of belief that politicians are wicked, selfish, corrupt and insencere. The construct of political cynicism, used in this research, was primarily defined in terms of perceived immorality of politicians following the perceived incompetence of the government.",1,-1,[],[11360]],["Political cynicism can surely be the threat to democracy, undermining, as Goldfarb (1991) says, the capacity to think about society's strength and weaknesses.",1,-1,[],[11360]],["The construct of political cynicism, used in this research, was primarily defined in terms of perceived immorality of politicians following the perceived incompetence of the government.",1,-1,[],[11360]],["consists of anger and disgust with politics, where anger and hostility is \"endemic part of the political psyche\"",1,-1,[],[11360]],["entails more negative connotation and emotions",1,-1,[],[11360]],["political cynicism indicates political distrust toward politicians and perceived threat posed the domestic political system that is to a very small degree responsive to voters' concerns",1,-1,[],[11360]],["political cynicism indicates the existence of belief that politicians are wicked, selfish, corrupt and insencere.",1,-1,[],[11360]]],"sy":[["political distrust",1,2180,[],[11360]]],"rt":[["perceived threat",1,2983,[],[11360]],["political distrust",1,2180,[],[11360]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["perceived threat",1,2983,[],[11360]],["political mistrust",1,-1,[],[11360]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["information re-sharing can be viewed as co-joining of two informing acts, where the focal actor first acts as a client. Then, depending on the framing of the received message, the client may act as a sender and transmit the message to additional clients with or without reframing it",1,-1,[],[34347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["information disclosure on SNS",1,-1,[],[34347]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["high-threshold OCI involves direct participation in civil counter speech and encouraging people who generate hate speech or derogatory language to be courteous of others",1,-1,[],[33453]]],"sy":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[4905]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["online civic intervention (OCI)",2,18844,[],[4905,33453]],["Online civic intervention in online discussions",1,-1,[],[4905]]],"ex":[["hashtag activist group known as #jagärhär [#iamhere] in Sweden and #ichbinhier in Germany, which attempts to collectively fight hate speech through polite counterspeech",1,-1,[],[4905]],["individuals enjoin the commenter to be respectful toward others",1,-1,[],[4905]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["consisting of a short text pointing out various ways to spot false news, such as looking at the validity of the source",1,-1,[],[6525]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["I suggest that the representation of migrant subjects in print media and policies is deeply intertwined with perceptions of their \"inherent nature.\" So much so that terms like \"immigrant,\" when repeatedly linked with descriptors like \"illegal,\" begin to signify specific and distinct characteristics of all \"immigrants.\"",1,-1,[],[39455]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance",1,2283,[],[61539]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":52,"df":[],"de":[["It is one of the most important tools that are used by the elites and government to influence the masses attitudes and control them.",1,-1,[],[827]],["Media are not a uniform phenomenon; each medium has its own characteristics, and they vary in both use and content between cultures and societies.",1,-1,[],[10680]],["Media cannot determine public opinion but can influence it, offering an interpretative structure through how they frame the stories",1,-1,[],[30056]],["The phrase 'the media', in this sense, while it maps onto the broad institutional sphere that links television, radio and the press, is a constructed term, that operates by contrast to another constructed term, 'the ordinary' (that is, the part of the social world that is not 'in' the media).",1,-1,[],[43366]],["The term 'media', in this context, connotes mainly the print and electronic media",1,-1,[],[54977]],["When we think of media, what comes mostly to our minds are the old traditional forms of media such as radio, TV, and newspaper, however with modernization, new forms of media have emerged such as digital and social media.",1,-1,[],[41741]],["a constructed term, that operates by contrast to another constructed term, 'the ordinary' (that is, the part of the social world that is not 'in' the media).",1,-1,[],[43366]],["an independent actor that creates pressure for action on issues it deems necessary",1,-1,[],[30452]],["commonly refers to all the communication channels or platforms to broadcast news, information, education, entertainment, and promotional messages through magazines, newspapers, TV, social apps, and internet, etc.",1,-1,[],[54180]],["media is a socially rooted platform with the undeniable power to disseminate social agendas and shape people\"s opinions and practices",1,-1,[],[54180]],["our broader sense of 'the media' as a site of value and truth within the social landscape",1,-1,[],[43366]],["the evolving definition of media can be taken into account, or better included, in the scope of the assessment of all the various services, both online and offline, that offer news and information on current affairs and that, in the end, contribute to the shaping of \"public opinion,\" regardless of the means of distribution.",1,-1,[],[21179]],["the latter referring to the social and cultural practices surrounding the technology.",1,-1,[],[56510]],["the latter signifying the values, norms, uses, and practices surrounding media technologies",1,-1,[],[56510]],["their function is to convey information about various relevant social phenomena and processes",1,-1,[],[33806]]],"sy":[["discourse",1,31797,[],[31563]],["plural form of \"medium\"",1,-1,[],[54180]]],"rt":[["communication channels or platforms",1,-1,[],[54180]],["concept of discourse",1,-1,[],[31563]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["digital and social media",1,-1,[],[41741]],["fake news",1,-1,[],[48370]],["fake reviews of tourist destinations and hospitality businesses",1,-1,[],[48370]],["movies",1,-1,[],[29593]],["newspapers",1,-1,[],[29593]],["radio, TV, and newspaper",1,-1,[],[41741]],["social media",1,-1,[],[29593]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Epistemic Aims",1,26716,[],[50231]],["Epistemic Ideals",1,1266,[],[50231]]],"sb":[["Seeking to purposefully support or refute the claims in the post may lead individuals to seek additional information by checking external sources (Level 6)",1,-1,[],[50231]],["browsing (Level 2) indicates more selective attention",1,-1,[],[50231]],["checking post content (Level 4), indicated by clicks within the social media post (e.g., opening a URL)",1,-1,[],[50231]],["reading (Level 3), indicated by the time spent on the post",1,-1,[],[50231]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[52547]],["offensive langue",1,-1,[],[52547]],["toxic content",1,8033,[],[52547]]],"sb":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[52547]],["offensive langue",1,-1,[],[52547]],["toxic content",1,8033,[],[52547]]],"sp":[["offensive speech",1,34307,[],[12430]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Elitism is populism's mirror image, while sharing its Manichean distinction between good and evil.",1,-1,[],[8223]],["In sharp contrast to populism, elitism considers \"the elite\" as pure and virtuous and \"the people\" as corrupt.",1,-1,[],[8223]],["Politics is ultimately a struggle between good and evil",1,-1,[],[8223]],["elitism considers \"the elite\" as pure and virtuous and \"the people\" as corrupt.",1,-1,[],[8223]],["elitism shares a key feature with populism: the Manichean division of society into the people and the elite.",1,-1,[],[8223]],["reflects a particular dissatisfaction with who represents the people",1,-1,[],[8223]],["the compromises praised in pluralism are condemned in elitism",1,-1,[],[8223]],["the focus is on strong and decisive leadership as well as a distain for contemporary politicians.",1,-1,[],[8223]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism",2,20354,[],[6237,8223]],["Manichean distinction",1,-1,[],[8223]],["charismatic leadership",1,-1,[],[8223]],["personalization",1,10101,[],[8223]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The state as sovereign has the authority to control the territory within its boundaries and protect it from external and internal enemies.",1,-1,[],[19309]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["classify social media posts retweeted from news accounts into verified and suspicious categories -propaganda, hoax, satire and clickbait.",1,-1,[],[51172]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["clickbait",2,6382,[["clickbait",2],["click baits",1],["clickbaits",1]],[725,51172]],["hoaxes",2,13150,[["hoaxes",2],["hoax",1]],[725,51172]],["propaganda",2,34203,[],[725,51172]],["satire",2,9893,[],[725,51172]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I feel that my actions will not affect the outcome of Coronavirus",1,-1,[],[6148]],["I feel that the Coronavirus is too big for my actions to have an impact",1,-1,[],[6148]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["tweets in which the content is not compatible with reality (low facticity)",1,-1,[],[24032]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["consider the user's demographic information, history and search behaviour in suggesting new content by social media and search engines, creating a filter bubble for the information the user receives",1,-1,[],[29613]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["filter bubble",1,6507,[],[29613]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Rhetorical and poetic prosopopoeia is frequently as much concerned with making a sound or producing a voice as with purely visible aspects of making a face.",1,-1,[],[59766]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["poiéin",1,-1,[],[59766]],["prósopon",1,-1,[],[59766]]],"sb":[["impersonation",1,16902,[],[59766]],["personification",1,5472,[],[59766]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["A sensitive utterance can be both implicit and explicit in nature and is loaded with potential tension which might lead to aggression.",1,-1,[],[25243]],["A sensitive utterance can be both implicit and explicit in nature and is loaded with potential tension which might lead to aggression. The notion of sensitivity is deeply rooted in the power position or people power and always bear a negative sentiment. The definition of sensitivity encompasses an array of terminologies such as hate, offensive and abusive text provided an identity is targeted.",1,-1,[],[25243]],["ROC curves plot HR against FAR across thresholds, and the area under the curve AUC summarizes the overall ability to distinguish true from false statements.",1,-1,[],[55781]],["Sensitivity was measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Swets, 1996).",1,-1,[],[55781]],["The definition of sensitivity encompasses an array of terminologies such as hate, offensive and abusive text provided an identity is targeted.",1,-1,[],[25243]],["The notion of sensitivity is deeply rooted in the power position or people power and always bear a negative sentiment.",1,-1,[],[25243]],["response-bias-free measure of sensitivity",1,-1,[],[26985]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["AUC",1,-1,[],[55781]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"The Jews are again using holohoax as an escape to spread their agenda.\" is a sensitive statement against Jews.",1,-1,[],[25243]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["emphasised the involvement of government and industry in generating conditions that led to obesity",1,-1,[],[13193]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dramatic focus on individuals",1,-1,[],[31190]]],"rt":[["thematic",2,12425,[],[31965,57685]],["protest framing",1,1634,[],[50605]],["thematically",1,-1,[],[58276]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[50002]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Articles often focus on the urgent need for action, invoking fear and a sense of impending disaster.",1,-1,[],[31822]],["Key terms such as \"emergency,\" \"point of no return,\" and \"catastrophic consequences\" are commonly used to portray climate change as an immediate and critical threat.",1,-1,[],[31822]],["aligning with advocacy goals to raise awareness about the severity of climate change",1,-1,[],[31822]],["while the frame effectively conveys the magnitude of the issue, it risks overwhelming audiences if not paired with actionable pathways.",1,-1,[],[31822]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Terms like \"climate emergency\" or \"crisis\" suggest a need for immediate, drastic action.",1,-1,[],[31822]],["The climate crisis is real",1,-1,[],[31822]],["We're in the midst of a crisis",1,-1,[],[31822]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["some studies use the linked entity in KG as external knowledge to supplement news content",1,-1,[],[41125]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news detection methods",1,18968,[],[41125]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news detection methods",1,18968,[],[41125]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["frame analysis",1,22238,[],[34709]],["social constructionist",1,-1,[],[34709]],["symbolic interactionism",1,-1,[],[34709]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["commercial logic",1,8473,[],[57253]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fact-checking",1,16098,[],[6752]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Body Text: Main text that elaborates the details of the news story; there is usually a major claim that is specifically highlighted and that shapes the angle of the publisher",1,-1,[],[6778]],["Headline: Short title text that aims to catch the attention of readers and describes the main topic of the article",1,-1,[],[6778]],["Image/Video: Part of the body content of a news article that provides visual cues to frame the story",1,-1,[],[6778]],["Source: Author or publisher of the news article",1,-1,[],[6778]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news frames",1,21144,[],[54350]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["When an opponent's proposition is substituted with a similar one, which is then refuted in place of the original proposition.",2,-1,[],[11805,56121]]],"de":[["One who engages in this fallacy is said to be \"attacking a straw man\".",1,-1,[],[29173]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11805]],["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[11805]]],"ex":[["Aurat march is trash as rather than helping women who actually needs helps all they talk about is nanga honei do, lesbian honei dou",1,-1,[],[29173]],["Claiming that all vegans are opposed to all forms of animal captivity, including pet ownership.",1,-1,[],[29173]],["Example for Misrepresentation of Someone's Position (Straw Man)",1,-1,[],[11805]],["Zebedee: What is your view on the Christian God? Mike: I don't believe in any gods, including the Christian one. Zebedee: So you think that we are here by accident, and all this design in nature is pure chance, and the universe just created itself? Mike: You got all that from me stating that I just don't believe in any gods?",1,-1,[],[56121]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Contextualised in this study, hostile ageism was defined as addressing generally derogatory attitudes; thus, viewing older people as troublemakers would be categorised into this type.",1,-1,[],[2502]]],"sy":[["Hostile ageist beliefs",1,17229,[],[2502]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ageism",1,31210,[],[2502]]],"ex":[["Old people are a drain on the health-care system and economy",1,-1,[],[2502]],["Old people are too easily offended",1,-1,[],[2502]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance adverbials",1,16111,[],[58091]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The emphasis in such a genealogy would be on questions of power and bodily discipline.",1,-1,[],[13442]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Principle of Interests-Based Balancing",1,16846,[],[18637]],["interests-based balancing",1,13034,[],[18637]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Principle of Interests-Based Balancing",1,16846,[],[18637]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Formal relations, for example between an employer and an employee, are not included (unless a formal relation also involves a personal relation).",1,-1,[],[49897]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Formal relations",1,-1,[],[49897]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["trust, deception or gratitude",1,-1,[],[1752]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, it may be said that axiology is directly related to the emotional spectrum and feelings and in some way depicts the speaker's mood and attitude towards a particular situation.",1,-1,[],[50687]],["R.L. Boyd, S.R. Wilson, J.W. Pennebaker and D. Stillwell states that the phenomenon of values reflects the actual way of human thinking in a particular situation",1,-1,[],[50687]],["it may be said that axiology is directly related to the emotional spectrum and feelings and in some way depicts the speaker's mood and attitude towards a particular situation.",1,-1,[],[50687]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["including protest tactics, protest size, and the protest group",1,-1,[],[51266]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["illocutionary act",1,11039,[],[18570]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It has been designed to highlight the sources of variations considered pivotal for the understanding of the phenomenon, in order to easily identify the connection between different studies addressing persuasion.",1,-1,[],[45745]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["persuasion",1,23143,[],[45745]]],"sb":[["actors (speakers and receivers)",1,-1,[],[45745]],["outcomes (attitudes, behaviors, emotions and identities)",1,-1,[],[45745]],["settings (competition, space, time, process, and culture)",1,-1,[],[45745]],["treatments (topics, content and media)",1,-1,[],[45745]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Diverse critical recommenders hence do not simply give people what they want. Instead, they actively nudge readers to experience otherness, and draw attention to the marginalised, invisible or less powerful ideas and opinions in society.",1,-1,[],[7191]],["critical recommenders would also offer room for alternative forms of presentations: narratives that appeal to the 'normal' citizen because they tell an everyday life story, emotional and provocative content, even figurative and shrill tones -all with the objective to escape the standard of civility and the language of the stereotypical \"middle-aged, educated, blank white man\" [56].",1,-1,[],[7191]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it means just what I choose it to mean-neither more nor less.",1,-1,[],[6216]]],"sy":[["arbitrary redefinition",1,-1,[],[6216]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Built on the notion of discursiveness, statements are interpreted as instances of practices (i.e., discursive practices, according to Foucault).",1,-1,[],[41434]],["They can be identified in the language signs, although they are not reduced to them, since they lie in the pragmatic context of discourse production.",1,-1,[],[41434]],["They can be identified in the language signs, although they are not reduced to them, since they lie in the pragmatic context of discourse production. Built on the notion of discursiveness, statements are interpreted as instances of practices (i.e., discursive practices, according to Foucault).",1,-1,[],[41434]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["advice",1,17548,[],[6549]],["human inference",1,-1,[],[6549]],["main causal claims",1,-1,[],[6549]],["secondary causal claims",1,-1,[],[6549]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["audience-oriented approach",1,14660,[],[37265]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This bias affects search engines",1,-1,[],[7339]],["and crowdsourcing applications",1,-1,[],[7339]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["User Interaction bias",1,27469,[],[7339]]],"ex":[["This bias affects search engines [9] and crowdsourcing applications [93].",1,-1,[],[7339]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["At the centre of the right-wing populist political imagination is the idea of a 'heartland' (Taggart, 2004, p. 274). It constitutes a political ideal that is mainly derived from an idealised 'golden past'. Thus, this 'heartland' is a backward-looking utopia.",1,-1,[],[3162]],["For right-wing populists, \"the people\" signify the nation or a particular part of it.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["One's own people are represented as a collective with a uniform identity and homogeneous interest.",1,-1,[],[3162]],["Populist political candidates and public officials often mobilize their supporters using \"us versus them,\" antielitist, or Manichaean appeals.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["RWP takes up societal issues and brings them into a context of meaning via semiotic practices that naturalise social inequalities and power relations.",1,-1,[],[3988]],["Right-wing populist political candidates and public officials believe that \"the people\" are at the heart of politics rather than any specific social class, ethnic group, or nation, although particular social groups frequently overlap.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["Right-wing populist political parties and social movements are openly hostile to parliamentary democracy, but, at the same time, they make every effort to be elected.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["Right-wing populists argue that the elites overlook the difficulties \"the people\" face.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["Right-wing populists believe that common sense regarding ordinary affairs and shared values and traditions unify society. Thus, they ought to preserve them at all costs.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["Right-wing populists frame politics in polemical terms.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["Right-wing populists usually target angry white straight men with poor education, looking for scapegoats to blame and a strong leader who can articulate their grievances.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["The growth of right-wing populist political parties and social movements results from increasing disillusionment with the political and economic elites that supposedly control the government.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["The right wing populism discourses are characterized in a set of common and recurring discursive strategies, albeit in varying degrees of intensity and scale. Firstly, there is the call for a swift and radical shift from a globalization rationale towards a national and nativist politics.",1,-1,[],[38420]],["The rise of right wing populism (i.e. the support from the underclass) is basically a protest against normalization of neoliberal economy, economic globalization, pursuit of growth, disregarding issues around distribution of wealth and the constant normalization of such practices in the West which has caused a democratic defi-cit in the West.",1,-1,[],[38420]],["This leads to an amalgamation of identity politics with interest politics.",1,-1,[],[3162]],["This mutual support concerns the ingroup, usually at the expense of minorities and other marginalized groups.",1,-1,[],[29950]],["offers the working class an allegedly counter-hegemonic alternative but does not seek to transform society's social system and organization",1,-1,[],[29950]],["stress racial, cultural, and gendered divisions",1,-1,[],[29950]],["they consider the demands and complaints of outgroups as unmerited, whereas their feelings, such as suspicion of the elite and minority groups, are warranted and reasonable",1,-1,[],[29950]],["to the typical elements of populism, they have combined some specific right-wing issues, such as neo-nationalism and social conservatism.",1,-1,[],[8479]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-globalization",1,-1,[],[29950]],["left-wing populism",1,2274,[],[29950]],["white working class",1,-1,[],[29950]],["xenophobia",1,30438,[],[29950]]],"sb":[["left-and right-wing populism",1,-1,[],[3988]]],"sp":[["populism",3,20354,[],[3162,3988,8479]]],"ex":[["In the case of RWP in Europe and North America, for example, Muslim immigrants and climate activists loom large as central enemy images.",1,-1,[],[3988]],["Political candidates and public officials such as Trump, Le Pen, Geert Wilders, Jimmie Åkesson, and Giorgia Meloni",1,-1,[],[29950]],["The profiles of the Brexit vote in Britain and the U.S. presidential election in 2016 show that sizable sections of working class have casted their protest vote in favor of a shakeup in an attempt to presumably reclaim lost power of the 'ordinary, ' marginal, rural, poorer, local populations from the dominance of the elite, central, urban, cosmopolitan, richer populations.",1,-1,[],[38420]],["commitment to free markets, deregulation, and privatization but opposition to immigration, minority rights, and socialism",1,-1,[],[29950]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["semantic filtering",1,-1,[],[60637]]],"rt":[["collaborative",1,-1,[],[60637]],["hybrid",1,30960,[],[60637]],["propagation-based",1,15685,[],[15702]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news detection methods",1,18968,[],[23107]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":46,"df":[],"de":[["As a result, the non-poor end up with a view of the world about the poor that it is much simpler and more perverse (but -paradoxically-more coherent in their minds) than facts and data can justify, leading to a 'blaming-the-victim' morality that justifies the disenfranchisement of the poor from human development",1,-1,[],[21578]],["In politics, the simplicity of heuristics is expected to allow citizens to reach value-consistent attitudes or vote choices without needing to invest cognitive resources in acquiring political knowledge or thinking through all of the potential alternatives",1,-1,[],[18100]],["The general function of heuristics, in this perspective, is to save processing effort without sacrificing decision-making accuracy",1,-1,[],[18100]],["The notion of heuristics-that is, the utilization of narrow rules for decision-making-is one of the most successful theoretical notions in political psychological research and beyond",1,-1,[],[18100]],["These decision-making processes are usually relied upon when there is an abundance of information being presented in our immediate world",1,-1,[],[38232]],["They can be conscious or unconscious",1,-1,[],[135]],["also found that the heuristics are not mutually exclusive because many decision-making situations require multiple and combined heuristics.",1,-1,[],[135]],["are frequently applied when evaluating claims and evidence",1,-1,[],[30277]],["heuristics -that is, mental shortcuts -are particularly relevant to define what news and noise is.",1,-1,[],[27662]],["information shortcuts",1,-1,[],[44056]],["simplifying heuristics, or efficient rules of thumb",1,-1,[],[18865]],["source citations may act as a heuristic for news consumers when analysing the credibility or veracity of a news story",1,-1,[],[21719]],["the utilization of narrow rules for decision-making",1,-1,[],[18100]],["to judge news reliability and make a quick decision, audiences rely on mental shortcuts based on previous knowledge.",1,-1,[],[27662]],["ultimately such biases are an adaptive strategy that helps us navigate our environment.",1,-1,[],[55171]],["use cues and heuristics (intellectual rule of thumb) to estimate the credibility in online environments.",1,-1,[],[20481]]],"sy":[["cognitive shortcuts",2,25711,[],[10392,55171]],["mental shortcuts",2,-1,[],[2117,49345]],["cognitive biases",1,2728,[],[55171]],["h-processes",1,-1,[],[21578]],["shortcuts news audiences use",1,-1,[],[27662]],["unconscious decision-making",1,-1,[],[38232]]],"rt":[["cognitive biases",1,2728,[],[49504]],["trust",1,34511,[],[27662]]],"sb":[["persuasive intent heuristic",2,27282,[],[34613,45377]],["Affect heuristics",1,25507,[],[21578]],["Associative activation heuristics",1,10306,[],[21578]],["Confirmation heuristics",1,27599,[],[21578]],["Familiarity heuristics",1,32315,[],[21578]],["Halo heuristics",1,21960,[],[21578]],["Possibility heuristics",1,15968,[],[21578]],["Priming and reciprocal-priming heuristics",1,34727,[],[21578]],["Stereotyping heuristics",1,22186,[],[21578]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[55171]],["consistency",1,346,[],[27662]],["endorsement",1,21305,[],[27662]],["expectancy violation",1,21875,[],[27662]],["expectancy violation heuristic",1,32616,[],[45377]],["persuasive intent",1,5253,[],[27662]],["reputation",1,5210,[],[27662]],["reputation heuristic",1,18828,[],[34613]],["secrecy heuristics",1,30325,[],[55171]],["self-confirmation",1,17464,[],[27662]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["consistency",1,-1,[],[34613]],["endorsement",1,-1,[],[34613]],["expectancy violation",1,-1,[],[34613]],["party cues",1,-1,[],[44056]],["persuasive intent",1,-1,[],[34613]],["reputation",1,-1,[],[34613]],["rhyming aphorisms (woes unite foes) are judged as more likely to be true than ones that do not rhyme",1,-1,[],[28341]],["statements written in an easy-to-read font are more likely to be judged as true than those written in more difficult-to-read fonts",1,-1,[],[28341]],["symbols, numbers, and labels -the latter is frequently a colored rectangle with text on it, such as fact-checking agencies present verified information, or how news organizations signalize the use of content modified by artificial intelligence (ai).",1,-1,[],[27662]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["diplomatic image",1,-1,[],[53225]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["an affective contagion that infects and spreads through the body politic",1,-1,[],[35017]],["the affective contagion receives reciprocal energy with which to mutate.",1,-1,[],[35017]],["the affective, asignifying particles emitted from Trump's face transmit empty populist, alt-Right slogans as an affective contagion that infects and spreads through the body politic.",1,-1,[],[35017]],["the analogical modeling of misinformation as contagion addresses the question of language and the body more comprehensively. It maps the commingling of the body, semiotics, and the digital",1,-1,[],[35017]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It examines the interplay between personal religious expression and adherence to community norms.",1,-1,[],[44750]],["This process of identity performance reflects the mediatization of religious identity construction.",1,-1,[],[44750]],["This process of identity performance reflects the mediatization of religious identity construction. As Hjarvard (2016) argues, religious authority and identity formation are increasingly influenced by media logics as communities engage with digital platforms. Religious users must navigate how to present their identities online in ways that align with community values while adapting to the affordances and norms of social media. It examines the interplay between personal religious expression and adherence to community norms.",1,-1,[],[44750]]],"sy":[["symbolic creation of their worlds",1,-1,[],[32369]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These usually revolve around themes that construe negativity in terms of newsworthiness -violence, scandals, and accidents.",1,-1,[],[61799]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["cultural repertoires shape cognition and that their distribution varies among diverse social groups",1,-1,[],[45742]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social differentiation",1,32193,[],[45742]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["translation tasks are framed as practices of accountable mediation",1,-1,[],[55555]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It provides a fair and balanced perspective that does not favor or disfavor any particular group, identity, or viewpoint. This category represents an ideal, neutral response.",1,-1,[],[32151]],["This category represents an ideal, neutral response.",1,-1,[],[32151]]],"sy":[["unbiased",1,15131,[],[8077]]],"rt":[["bias-aware",1,-1,[],[32152]],["bias-neutral",1,-1,[],[32152]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.\"",1,-1,[["\"Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.\"",1],["Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.",1]],[32151]],["offering a neutral perspective without invoking group-based generalizations or providing evidence-based information without linking it to group identity.",1,-1,[],[32151]],["offering a neutral perspective without invoking group-based generalizations or providing evidence-based information without linking it to group identity. Example: \"Either gender can be good providers depending on skills.\"",1,-1,[],[32151]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["When such coverage is both highly politicized and polarized, motivated reasoning (Taber et al., 2009) and a predisposition of the public to rely on political over scientific views (Bolsen et al., 2014;Slothuus & de Vreese, 2010) mean that news coverage can amplify partisan differences in risk perceptions and responses to an issue.",1,-1,[],[8815]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["socially liberals become also economically liberal",1,-1,[],[31371]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It relates to aspects such as racial and ethnic origin, religious or gender identity, physical appearance, or socioeconomic status.",1,-1,[],[60865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambivalent critique",1,-1,[],[30734]]],"sb":[["partisan duetting and stitching",1,29472,[],[30734]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["multimodal deception",1,-1,[],[1554]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["We assessed this based on the standing of the source, as determined through external indicators such as historical veracity, accountability, and retrospective corrections.",1,-1,[],[28404]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["public broadcasting, newspapers of record, and public authorities",1,-1,[],[35523]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["More advanced levels of awareness might include if the subject is aware of the photographer's ideological or ethical perspectives and how those might influence conscious production decisions, such as the camera angle or vantage point, which can communicate a mood or feeling",1,-1,[],[53350]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["connotative",1,31894,[],[56763]]],"rt":[["visuals as denotative",1,-1,[],[56763]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["levels of visual analysis",1,-1,[],[56763]]],"ex":[["a police officer hugging a black male during the protest will have a different connotation to a police officer hugging a white male",1,-1,[],[56763]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Its content is usually given from a personal perspective. This type of sites is a high-risk area for information since it comes directly from a user's bias rather than finding credibility in facts on a specific topic",1,-1,[],[58904]],["This type of sites is a high-risk area for information since it comes directly from a user's bias rather than finding credibility in facts on a specific topic",1,-1,[],[58904]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["standalone website",1,22507,[],[58904]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["which causes users to consume for long continuous periods fed by curiosity without being fully aware that they are doing so, similar to the effect of the YouTube recommendation algorithm optimized for viewing time (van Es, 2020).",1,-1,[],[9409]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["-of individual demographics (Cheng et al., 2023)",1,-1,[],[37672]],["A caricature is a depiction that not only exaggerates particular features of the subject but also exaggerates in a manner that meaningfully differentiates the subject from others. 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This can be difficult when navigating spaces that are dominated by cisnormativity. However, I have found solace and empowerment in connecting with other nonbinary people and advocating for inclusivity and understanding. It is important to remember that gender is a social construct, and it is up to us to define our own identities and push for a more accepting world.",1,-1,[],[11999]],["As a nonbinary individual, I often find myself in situations where people are not aware of or don't understand my gender identity. While it can be frustrating at times, I choose to take it as an opportunity to educate others and promote a more inclusive society. It's important to recognize and respect everyone's experiences and identities, even if they differ from our own.",1,-1,[],[11999]],["These descriptions focus solely on general statements regarding gender identity and inclusion.",1,-1,[],[11999]],["caricatures have historically been used in literature and media to justify slavery, imperialism, and war",1,-1,[],[11999]],["caricatures of stereotypes in various domains and how they facilitate misogyny, racism, and other forms of oppression",1,-1,[],[11999]],["women in the Two-Thirds World...are constructed as one-dimensional, oppressed caricatures without an understanding of their real experiences, agency, and struggles",1,-1,[],[11999]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["All of these texts underline the protection of human rights and the dignity of human beings in scientific research endeavours and the application of their results.",1,-1,[],[38166]],["It includes articles which emphasize ethical issues of scientific research and discovery, 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Thinking back to the Cold War, individuals were threatened [because] their way of life was under attack, and they believed they had to protect the US and everything that makes an American. It was the same here in England too and harks back to the Second World War. Individuals felt the need to protect what it meant to be English and the English way of life. This disinformation attempts to chip away and [raise] a reaction from the reader. (P6, male, 65 years old)",1,-1,[],[5804]],["The West is always trying to paint Communists as trying to invade our spaces or do things they shouldn't, so it fits with that aura. 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Eastern Europe",1,-1,[],[18523]],["crimes against humanity committed by the Communist regime in Eastern Europe (e.g., Hungary 127 )",1,-1,[],[18523]],["genocides are at stake (e.g., Rwanda 128 )",1,-1,[],[18523]],["statements that deny the genocide committed by the National Socialist regime in Germany, namely, the Holocaust",1,-1,[],[18523]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[["The analytical-deliberative dimension pertains to journalistic roles that are politically more active and assertive by making a direct intervention in a political discourse (e.g. by news commentary), by engaging the audience in public conversation, by empowering citizens, or by providing means for political participation",2,-1,[["The analytical-deliberative dimension pertains to journalistic roles that are politically more active and assertive by making a direct intervention in a political discourse (e.g. by news commentary), by engaging the audience in public conversation, by empowering citizens, or by providing means for 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This form of commissive speech act encompasses various roles, including promise, swear, threaten, declare, and offer.",1,-1,[],[49390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["offer",1,20878,[],[38376]],["promise",1,19230,[],[38376]],["threat",1,10758,[],[38376]]],"sp":[["speech acts",1,28860,[],[49390]]],"ex":[["promise, swear, threaten, declare, and offer",1,-1,[],[49390]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hostile political rumors",1,28283,[],[2443]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To spread the second type of hate speech, modern mass media exploits contempt and ridicule, deliberate exaggeration, or bracketing, which gives the word a figurative meaning or so-called affirmative forms to elucidate historical events.",1,-1,[],[33179]]],"sy":[["indirect hate speech",1,-1,[],[33179]],["manipulative hate speech",1,30168,[],[33179]]],"rt":[["hidden and manipulative language of hostility",1,-1,[],[33179]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[33179]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["It can optionally try to collect additional data from other sources such as news media, or other websites and databases.",1,-1,[],[6853]],["It can use as input the set of posts collected in the rumour tracking component, as well as the stance labels produced in the stance classification component.",1,-1,[],[6853]],["The output of the component can be just the predicted truth value, but it can also include context such as URLs or other data sources that help the end user assess the reliability of the classifier by double checking with relevant sources.",1,-1,[],[6853]],["the task consists of assigning one of the following labels to the rumour, Y ∈ {true, false, unverified}.",1,-1,[],[6853]]],"sy":[["rumour verification",1,27997,[],[22291]],["veracity prediction",1,25175,[],[38589]]],"rt":[["rumor detection",1,3268,[],[16603]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Digital platforms dramatically reduce the costs of citizen participation for both citizen and state (Chen, Huang, & Hsaio, 2003) and, hence, makes it easier and more cost-effective to incorporate the views of citizens into the policymaking process.",1,-1,[],[42217]],["draws on Castells' (2000) concept of political participation.",1,-1,[],[42217]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Eparticipation",1,20565,[],[42217]],["electronic democracy",1,-1,[],[42217]],["online participation",1,26826,[],[42217]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By denouncing the persecutor -the state, the justice system, or the employer -hunger strikes provide a public testimony of injustice. They not only mobilise the victim against the perpetrator, but they also count on having an audience. The protesters seek to inflict shame and then social reprobation on the figure targeted by the strike. They seek the recognition of social responsibility. The suffering of the protester renders indifference impossible for the public or the target, and it calls on the public to get involved. The hunger striker emphasises that the authorities are accountable for the fate of the protesters",1,-1,[],[45642]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Knowledge requires personal experience; thus, we only trust our senses, not book knowledge, to find the truth.",1,-1,[],[26694]],["accordingly, flat-earthers anchor the human experience as the baseline for knowledge.",1,-1,[],[26694]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Because I can see it by myself\"",1,-1,[],[26694]],["flat-earthers anchor the human experience as the baseline for knowledge. 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