[{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["allied radio, such as the BBC, supported resistance against the Nazi regime, for example, by providing tactical information on allied military activities",1,-1,[],[2852]],["radio was used as a propaganda tool by Nazi Germany",1,-1,[],[2852]],["radio was used to incite Rwandan Hutus to massacre the country's Tutsi minority",1,-1,[],[2852]],["using the same means to cause different ends, the radio soap opera 'Musekeweya' successfully reduced intergroup prejudice in a year-long field experiment",1,-1,[],[2852]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media partisanship",1,-1,[],[44211]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["conceived as a hermeneutic-rhetorical discipline, studies the contextual pragmatic dimensions within which knowledge is shared positively as information and negatively as misinformation particularly through technical forms of communication",1,-1,[],[15837]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Tagar memberikan banyak pengalaman dan opini bersama tentang topik yang relevan. Sebuah uggahan yang ada di timeline sendiri akan dapat dijangkau lebih luas oleh publik dengan menggunakan tagar.",1,-1,[],[25543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Real news is usually spread by ordinary users, while fake news however tends to be propagated by diverse types of users, which thereby results in heteromorphic transmission patterns.",1,-1,[],[18068]],["Such heteromorphic propagation structure is caused by (a) the intentional nature of users during fake news propagation. For example, spammers and bots are paid to propagate fake news for commercial or political purposes. (b) the varying nature of messages during fake news propagation, e.g., comments with incendiary language or related to hot topics.",1,-1,[],[18068]],["intrinsic characteristics of fake news diffusion process",1,-1,[],[18068]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["diffusion process",1,24084,[],[18068]]],"ex":[["fake news is typically posted by a low-impact user first and then widely spread by opinion leaders, while real news is usually initiated by an opinion leader and spread by normal users.",1,-1,[],[18068]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It involves the concept of hereditary transmission of the style of life in terms of occupation, status, and social interaction, and is commonly associated strongly with last names of persons",1,-1,[],[40124]],["It involves the concept of hereditary transmission of the style of life in terms of occupation, status, and social interaction, and is commonly associated strongly with last names of persons 3",1,-1,[],[40124]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Despite describing macro-level narratives as grand narratives that create socially constructed realities expressed, in turn, as institutions and cultural norms",1,-1,[],[915]],["grand narratives that create socially constructed realities expressed, in turn, as institutions and cultural norms",1,-1,[],[915]],["narratives used at the macro political institutional level",1,-1,[],[915]],["the NPF describes macro narratives as stable over large periods of time, forming the boundaries around which meso and micro narratives emerge.",1,-1,[],[915]]],"sy":[["macro narratives",1,20692,[],[915]]],"rt":[["macro narratives",1,20692,[],[915]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["encuadres noticiosos",1,34258,[],[13074]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Due to its inherent openness to creativity, the reportage genre enables greater individual expressive capability and offers the opportunity to experiment with innovative narrative forms.",1,-1,[],[36877]],["a genre that is continually innovative, diverse, and pliant",1,-1,[],[36877]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Political cartoonists know that what they create are not accurate or factual descriptions and would likely not dispute the claim that their work can be understood as propaganda.",1,-1,[],[20663]],["Political cartoons do not strive to report information, and often hardly report the events of a factual story at all. Their primary function is to communicate the author's biased, editorial opinion through persuasive visual and textual metaphor.",1,-1,[],[20663]],["So political cartoons contain the editorial stance of their authors; the cartoonist purposely creates ideologically biased imagery and narratives to persuade the reader to share his stance",1,-1,[],[20663]],["Some scholars see the genre of political cartoons as an important medium of formation and building of public opinion on salient political and social issues",1,-1,[],[31874]],["The purpose of the cartoon is often to persuade the reader to agree. A common feature of these cartoons is to use trite events (e.g. celebrity gossip) to make a statement of lasting importance about a more significant aspect of culture (e.g. the news media). Often these cartoons point out a problem in the world and in many cases present a solution. In practice, Political Cartoons serve to offer a summary of a news story and judgment about it all in one.",1,-1,[],[20663]],["Their primary function is to communicate the author's biased, editorial opinion through persuasive visual and textual metaphor.",1,-1,[],[20663]],["They form a distinctive media genre with its own history, specific styles, conventions and communicative purposes.",1,-1,[],[61116]],["cartoon communication is used for government propaganda, public catharsis, publicity stunt, or instructional aid",1,-1,[],[31874]],["political cartoons are considered as \"both opinion-molding and opinion -reflecting\"",1,-1,[],[31874]],["political cartoons as agenda setting functions set a stance in amusing manner.",1,-1,[],[31874]],["political cartoons as aggression reduction functions provide readers a place of catharsis and avenue to reduce their frustration and annoyance regarding certain situations.",1,-1,[],[31874]],["political cartoons as an entertainment functions possess the ability to make readers laugh at difference scenarios and personalities.",1,-1,[],[31874]],["political cartoons as framing functions provide specific frames about a certain issues in limited space and single configurations.",1,-1,[],[31874]],["political cartoons have developed a set of stylistic tropes that utilize visual metaphor and caricatures to explain complicated political situations.",1,-1,[],[20663]],["source of opinion and image building",1,-1,[],[31874]]],"sy":[["editorial cartoon",1,8014,[],[59615]]],"rt":[["Social Comment cartoons",2,11864,[["Social Comment cartoons",1],["social comment cartoons",1]],[20663,31874]],["media discourse",1,23130,[],[61116]],["proper political cartoons",1,-1,[],[31874]],["social agenda",1,-1,[],[61116]]],"sb":[["Social Comment cartoons",1,11864,[],[20663]],["agenda setting functions",1,8011,[],[31874]],["aggression reduction functions",1,27241,[],[31874]],["entertainment functions",1,30640,[],[31874]],["framing functions",1,28120,[],[31874]]],"sp":[["meme",1,12094,[],[59615]]],"ex":[["a caricature of Uncle Sam performing some unfavorable action will be used represent the U.S. government performing that action.",1,-1,[],[20663]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["actor diversity",1,10583,[],[48043]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Diversity dimensions",1,26106,[],[48043]],["news diversity",1,10746,[],[48043]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["taboo words",1,6478,[],[39912]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["characteristic of a metaphysical stance",1,-1,[],[28543]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["From a micro perspective, principal-agent problems can occur between shareholders and management.",1,-1,[],[41958]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Assigned text space, visual emphasis, and the placement of news stories served as indicators of editorial emphasis.",1,-1,[],[10640]],["In this view, to omit a certain aspect of reality from the news represents the lowest degree of editorial emphasis, comparable to the zero point of a measurement scale (Schulz, 1976).",1,-1,[],[10640]],["Three indicators of editorial emphasis are used: (1) assigned text space, (2) visual emphasis, and (3) placement of a news story.",1,-1,[],[10640]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In this thesis \"public intellectuals\" only refer to pro-liberal democracy opinion leaders.",1,-1,[],[18370]],["somewhat loosely defined term",1,-1,[],[56872]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["academics",1,-1,[],[56872]],["academics, think tank researchers, authors, and former political advisers",1,-1,[],[56872]],["authors",1,-1,[],[56872]],["former political advisers",1,-1,[],[56872]],["think tank researchers",1,-1,[],[56872]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The first type of misinformation",1,-1,[],[36001]],["They tend to think it is unethical to communicate a gist they perceive as false, regardless of whether the details of the message are true (palter) or false (blatant falsehood)",1,-1,[],[36001]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[36001]]],"ex":[["a person who believes vaccines are safe would perceive the statement \"The COVID-19 vaccine has killed a quarter of a million Americans\" as a blatant falsehood because (a) it has not actually killed that number of Americans (false verbatim) and (b) it implies that the COVID-19 vaccine is extremely dangerous (false gist)",1,-1,[],[36001]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This, then, is a very rich and complex content which is associated with the meaning of a slur term.",1,-1,[],[865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Pragmatist ethics considers the practical consequences of discourse for the people and communities concerned.",1,-1,[],[60546]]],"sy":[["pragmatic ethics",1,-1,[],[60546]]],"rt":[["situation ethics",1,21748,[],[60546]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Public attention to emerging topics decays over time or suffers the so called memory buoyancy from users",1,-1,[],[41788]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["si bien existen medios afines a la derecha, como el periódico Excélsior, la revista Contenido, la revista Letras Libres y los noticiarios de tv Azteca, etc., también existen medios de clara filiación de izquierda, como el periódico La Jornada, la revista Proceso y los noticiarios de Carmen Aristegui.",1,-1,[],[14002]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In large part, this is because we live in societies that are predicated on the notion that we can believe in faith and credit of our friends, neighbours and countrymen. When a person, group or institution betrays this assumption, they undermine the trust that makes possible everything from marriage and family life, to religion, politics, law, commerce and diplomacy.",1,-1,[],[32773]],["Their actions are viewed as a significant breach of trust.",1,-1,[],[61262]],["Their actions are viewed as a significant breach of trust. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",1,-1,[],[61262]],["When a person, group or institution betrays this assumption, they undermine the trust that makes possible everything from marriage and family life, to religion, politics, law, commerce and diplomacy.",1,-1,[],[32773]],["one of the strongest cultural organizing ideas in the collective Christian heritage",1,-1,[],[32773]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["antagonist",1,-1,[],[61262]]],"ex":[["Whistleblowers revealing sensitive information for personal gain, or soldiers defecting to enemy forces.",1,-1,[],[61262]],["Whistleblowers revealing sensitive information for personal gain, or soldiers defecting to enemy forces. Note that if whistleblowers are portrayed in a positive light, their role would be Virtuous. This could equally apply to both politics and CC.",1,-1,[],[61262]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Memory-based judgments are based on whatever information comes to mind at the time of judgment",1,-1,[],[8810]],["The main characteristic of this judgment-formation strategy is that people encode and store the information presented, but they do not form judgments at that point in time",1,-1,[],[8810]],["The main characteristic of this judgment-formation strategy is that people encode and store the information presented, but they do not form judgments at that point in time (Matthes et al., 2007)",1,-1,[],[8810]],["the resulting attitudes can be rather unstable: \"Memory-based judgments are based on whatever information comes to mind at the time of judgment\" (Matthes et al., 2007, pp. 247-248). This can result in different attitudes on the same issue at different points in time since memorybased judgments are prone to recency, availability, and salience effects (Hastie & Park, 1986;Tversky & Kahneman, 1973)",1,-1,[],[8810]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Immediate judgments",1,979,[],[8810]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["judgment-formation strategy",1,11323,[],[8810]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["where a model flags content likely to infringe platform rules, which is then reviewed by humans who decide whether or not to moderate it",1,-1,[],[34395]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["similarly to users evaluating the relevance of search results",1,-1,[],[18775]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["class imbalance",1,9607,[],[19293]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Audiences increasingly receive pre-selected information from their social network sites, general search engines and user reviews.",1,-1,[],[17013]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["algorithms",1,21155,[],[14836]],["architecture design",1,-1,[],[14836]],["low paid workers",1,-1,[],[14836]],["subscribers",1,-1,[],[14836]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Celem działań dezinformacyjnych jest podważenie reguł demokratycznych i promowanie ideologicznego przekazu o wyższości systemów autorytarnych, dlatego właśnie chodzi o wywołanie chaosu, niepokojów społecznych i dezorientacji.",1,-1,[],[19114]],["Dezinformacja może stać się bardzo potężnym destrukcyjnym narzędziem generującym podziały. Wykorzystuje bowiem napięcia etniczne, religijne, regionalne, społeczne i historyczne, a jednocześnie promuje postulaty antysystemowe, poszerzając ich zasięg i nadając im pozorną legitymizację⁵⁰.",1,-1,[],[19114]],["Dezinformacja pomaga aktywnie oddziaływać na obywateli innych państw, szczególnie o ustrojach demokratycznych. Jej celem jest osłabienie krajów zachodnich poprzez polaryzowanie ich społeczeństw.",1,-1,[],[19114]],["Jest ona wykorzystywana w ramach operacji informacyjno-propagandowych używających technik wpływu i oddziaływań psychologicznych w czasie pokoju, kryzysu i wojny w celu zaszkodzenia odbiorcom",1,-1,[],[27110]],["Ma więc na celu podważenie zaufania obywateli do instytucji rządowych w innych państwach, a w ślad za tym -doprowadzenie do ich wewnętrznej destabilizacji.",1,-1,[],[19114]],["Russia uses disinformation to weaken democratic institutions around the world and take advantage of international crises for its own benefit.",1,-1,[],[19114]],["W przeciwieństwie do propagandy dezinformacja nie przekonuje nikogo do swoich racji",1,-1,[],[19114]],["W przeciwieństwie do propagandy dezinformacja nie przekonuje nikogo do swoich racji -jej zadaniem jest podważanie zaufania",1,-1,[],[19114]],["Zamiast inspirować ludzi do działania, stara się ich od tego powstrzymać, aby pozostali bierni i wątpiący",1,-1,[],[19114]],["celem współczesnej rosyjskiej dezinformacji nie jest perswadowanie ani przekonywanie kogokolwiek, ale raczej podważenie istniejącego porządku.",1,-1,[],[19114]],["ma pomóc w ukryciu właściwego sprawcy tych działań i zdjąć odpowiedzialność za ich prowadzenie z Kremla",1,-1,[],[19114]],["zadaniem dezinformacji jest wykorzystanie rywalizacji międzynarodowej do osiągnięcia strategicznych interesów fr, czyli ochrony strefy wpływów w obszarze postsowieckim oraz włączenia Moskwy do procesów decydowania o bezpieczeństwie międzynarodowym.",1,-1,[],[19114]]],"sy":[["alternatywne fakty",1,-1,[],[27110]],["clickbaity",1,-1,[],[27110]],["fake newsy",1,-1,[],[27110]],["inżynieria społeczna",1,-1,[],[27110]],["komunikacja zaburzona/zakłócona (disrruptive communication)",1,-1,[],[27110]],["perswazja",1,9986,[],[27110]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[27110]],["socjotechnika",1,-1,[],[27110]],["techniki społecznej manipulacji",1,-1,[],[27110]]],"rt":[["czarną propagandą",1,-1,[],[27110]],["propagandy",1,-1,[],[19114]]],"sb":[["jako elementu działalności służb specjalnych",1,-1,[],[19114]],["jako elementu propagandy",1,-1,[],[19114]],["jako elementu wojny informacyjnej (hybrydowej)",1,-1,[],[19114]]],"sp":[["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[19114]],["wojna hybrydowa",1,7212,[],[19114]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A recent body of research suggests that this specific type of news consumption might have unique effects on civic participation because people are more frequently exposed to mobilizing information and calls for social interaction and political action.",1,-1,[],[38946]],["consuming news through a combination of platforms",1,-1,[],[38946]],["where citizens rely on various news outlets in a complementary manner",1,-1,[],[38946]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["textual deepfake",1,-1,[],[26576]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["exposed fabrications",1,7529,[],[26576]],["humorous fakes",1,1934,[],[26576]],["large hoax",1,7452,[],[26576]]],"sp":[["Deepfakes",1,4551,[["Deepfakes",1],["deepfake",1]],[26576]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It has little connection to a location's geographical specificity, as it is shaped by abstract, preordained models.",1,-1,[],[49981]],["Placelessness effectively visualizes the transformation of individual space in the accounts of American travelers.",1,-1,[],[49981]],["outlining its functions: manipulation, pressure, displacement of the other, limitation of opportunities, and the deprivation of individual space",1,-1,[],[49981]],["the absorption of space by propaganda-induced placelessness, a process marked by the gradual substitution of symbolic markers",1,-1,[],[49981]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["non-place",1,-1,[],[49981]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Soviet space",1,-1,[],[49981]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["ato vergonhoso para a comunidade científica, mas uma necessidade para manter a pureza da ciência",1,-1,[],[24752]],["o fenômeno da retratação científica é um ato vergonhoso para a comunidade científica, mas uma necessidade para manter a pureza da ciência",1,-1,[],[24752]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The reference to the people is the first defining feature. It is at the very core, the minimal defining element, also dubbed the \"empty populism\"",1,-1,[],[9737]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[9737]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A lifestyle influencer with 320,000 Instagram followers illustrates this strategy when captioning a post about personal investment: \"Providing for your future is the highest form of care for your family-this is what our grandparents taught us. \" Here, a neoliberal financial behavior (individual wealth accumulation) is semantically reframed through the traditional value of family provision, rendering it culturally legible and morally sanctioned.",1,-1,[],[33692]],["In a further example, a fitness blogger captioning images of gym training writes: \"A strong body is a gift you owe to yourself and your childrenthis is amanat [sacred trust]. \" The Islamic concept of amanat, conventionally applied to spiritual and communal obligations, is here reframed to authorize a Western self-optimization practice.",1,-1,[],[33692]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political bias",1,24880,[],[56943]],["truthfulness",1,13931,[],[56943]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["eco-frames",1,11365,[],[38282]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["detection",1,33431,[],[30582]],["normative thresholds",1,-1,[],[30582]],["public circulation",1,-1,[],[30582]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["estas mezclan «la hilaridad y provoca un juego de contextos en el que abundan con éxito los sobreentendidos, los juegos verbales y los contrasentidos»",1,-1,[],[40890]],["también se caracterizan por recurrir «al absurdo, la hipérbole y el sarcasmo, con las que consiguen llevar situaciones cotidianas [...] hasta el extremo»",1,-1,[],[40890]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["la manipulación fotográfica (photo manipulation), que consiste en «la manipulación de imágenes o vídeos reales para crear una narra-ción falsa»",1,-1,[],[40890]],["la propaganda, que consiste en «noticias creadas por una entidad política» con el objetivo de favorecer a una figura política o gobierno",1,-1,[],[40890]],["las noticias inventadas (news fabrication), que son noticias que no cuentan con una base objetiva, y con las que el autor pretende desinformar",1,-1,[],[40890]],["las noticias paródicas (news parody), que son parecidas a las satíricas, puesto que recurren al humor para atraer audiencia a través de la imitación de principales medios informativos y «juega con lo ridículo de los temas y los resalta inventando noticias totalmente ficticias»",1,-1,[],[40890]],["las noticias satíricas (news satire), que consisten en 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well, especially when the false information advanced inaccurately conveys information about a source of yet further information (such as the appropriate level of confidence one should take in objective news reporting).",1,-1,[],[23266]],["brazen dishonesty by a political figure-dishonesty that is manifest and therefore causes dissonance and destabilization in the audience-is very much an assertion of power over truth",1,-1,[],[23266]],["manipulate an audience as to confidence as well, especially when the false information advanced inaccurately conveys information about a source of yet further information (such as the appropriate level of confidence one should take in objective news reporting).",1,-1,[],[23266]],["one consequence of overt, indiscriminate political gaslighting is to shake the confidence of the public in the government itself",1,-1,[],[23266]],["reflects a core case of manipulation as to content, inserting false propositions (or casting doubt on true ones) with at least 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They are willing to accept false information if it allows them to build complete models. When that false information is later debunked, it creates a gap in their understanding of the world. Since people dislike gaps in their understanding and prefer their mental models to be complete, they continue to rely on information they know is false.",1,-1,[],[16840]],["Another explanation of the continued influence effect argues that attempts to correct misinformation often end up reinforcing it through repetition [67,68].",1,-1,[],[16840]],["Continued influence arises when (a) the misinformation is supplied by an automatic retrieval process, whose output is mainly determined by memory strength, and (b) the strategic retrieval process fails, either because the person does not engage in strategic retrieval (e.g., inadequate output monitoring under time pressure; cf. Jacoby, 1999), or because of genuine failure of the process.",1,-1,[],[20814]],["Following an unambiguous correction of earlier misinformation, participants continued to refer to the misinformation when answering inferential questions.",1,-1,[],[15022]],["Misinformation can have a lasting effect on people's reasoning, even when they demonstrably remember that the information has been corrected",1,-1,[],[15022]],["Most studies have found that retractions are partially successful at reducing reliance on misinformation but do not completely eliminate its influence back to baseline",1,-1,[],[53813]],["Once people process information that appears vaguely credible to them, it becomes difficult to retract it.",1,-1,[],[16840]],["Participants typically continue to refer to the corrected misinformation when making inferential statements about the event.",1,-1,[],[15022]],["Research in this area focuses on the basic cognitive mechanisms, e.g., memory processes, that make false information difficult to correct",1,-1,[["Research in this area focuses on the basic cognitive mechanisms, e.g., memory processes, that make false information difficult to correct",1],["Research in this area focuses on the basic cognitive mechanisms, e.g., memory processes, that make false information difficult to correct;",1]],[7682]],["Research in this area focuses on the basic cognitive mechanisms, e.g., memory processes, that make false information difficult to correct; and the subject matter in CIE experiments tends to be nonpolitical.",1,-1,[],[7682]],["The CIE is robust and occurs in a variety of contexts, regardless of the particular story being presented and regardless of the test applied",1,-1,[],[14955]],["This phenomenon is known as the Continued Influence Effect (CIE) of misinformation",1,-1,[],[1422]],["This phenomenon is known as the Continued Influence Effect (CIE) of misinformation (Ecker et al., 2010;Johnson & Seifert, 1994).",1,-1,[],[1422]],["a persistent cognitive bias",1,-1,[],[60142]],["and are given prior warnings about the persistence of misinformation",1,-1,[],[15022]],["attempts to correct misinformation often end up reinforcing it through repetition [67,68]. From this perspective, repeating misinformation when attempting to correct it makes it feel more familiar and fluent. By inadvertently increasing the ease with which misinformation is processed, correction attempts also increase the likelihood of it being accepted as true.",1,-1,[],[16840]],["information correction often fails to stop fake news and fake news continues to influence people's thinking even after correction",1,-1,[],[23109]],["it is extremely difficult to return the beliefs to people who have been exposed to misinformation to a baseline similar to those of people who have never been exposed to it.",1,-1,[],[12028]],["once people encountered critical information they kept relying on it, even after it had been retracted.",1,-1,[],[53813]],["participants continued to refer to the misinformation after it had been corrected.",1,-1,[],[15022]],["participants continued to use misinformation that had been subsequently corrected",1,-1,[],[15022]],["people build mental models of the world and want their models to be complete. They are willing to accept false information if it allows them to build complete models. When that false information is later debunked, it creates a gap in their understanding of the world. Since people dislike gaps in their understanding and prefer their mental models to be complete, they continue to rely on information they know is false.",1,-1,[],[16840]],["people frequently continue to draw inferences from the original misinformation",1,-1,[],[60142]],["the failure to correct initially believed information that turns out to be false",1,-1,[],[14955]]],"sy":[["CIE",1,34412,[],[15022]],["continual influence effect",1,29089,[],[60142]]],"rt":[["misinformation",2,10315,[],[15022,31306]],["backfire",1,34429,[],[7682]],["belief persistence",1,18911,[],[53813]],["correction",1,34305,[],[15022]],["memory bias",1,20328,[],[1764]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Following an unambiguous correction of earlier misinformation, participants continued to refer to the misinformation when answering inferential questions.",1,-1,[],[15022]],["if a fictional character is accused of a crime but is later exonerated, people continue to use the outdated misinformation (that the person is guilty) in subsequent inferences, even if they recall the correction.",1,-1,[],[20814]],["participants were told that a fire had developed at a commercial warehouse (Guillory & Geraci, 2010;Johnson & Seifert, 1994;Wilkes & Leatherbarrow, 1988;Wilkes & Reynolds, 1999). An initial message stated that the storage room contained carelessly stored paint cans and gas containers. Later, participants read a correction stating that this information was inaccurate and that the storage room was empty. Despite this correction, participants often disregarded the updated information when making inferences about the story. For instance, when asked about the possible cause of the fire, many participants still suggested that it could have been started by the flammable materials left in the storage room (Wilkes & Leatherbarrow, 1988).",1,-1,[],[53813]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the world of spectacle, celebrity encompasses every major social domain from entertainment to politics to sports to business.",1,-1,[],[17785]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Implicit approaches",1,1393,[],[49171]],["The explicit approaches",1,-1,[],[49171]]],"sp":[["News headline generation",1,23064,[],[49171]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Allegorical narratives can thus be rhetorically used to frame events and actors around distinct ethical precepts and, crucially, to induce moral reasoning along distinct metaphorical scenarios.",1,-1,[],[32410]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["characterized by its strong symbolic appeal",1,-1,[],[53232]],["reflecting an over-politicized interpretation of panda diplomacy within Western discourse.",1,-1,[],[53232]],["reporting on \"panda diplomacy\", has constructed a system of positive symbolic metaphors centered on peace, goodwill, cooperation and science.",1,-1,[],[53232]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["soft power",1,9524,[],[53232]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Implicit stances",1,21089,[],[303]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["user stance",1,6911,[],[18062]]],"ex":[["such as Facebook's \"like\" actions.",1,-1,[],[303]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As Mudde (2004: 560) has emphasized, it is sufficient that they create such an image.",1,-1,[],[2334]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["refugee crisis",1,28324,[],[5780]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This reference point causes people to view outcomes as either gains or losses.",1,-1,[],[238]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["obfuscation",1,27659,[],[23008]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Political power is shared among political and sectarian patrons commonly referred to as zu'ama (or za'im in singular).",1,-1,[],[33556]]],"sy":[["za'im",1,-1,[],[33556]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["At a minimum level there is a societal benefit in the provision of information in the marketplace. The provision of certain categories of information is benefiting society beyond the benefits to the individual.",1,-1,[],[20435]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Education serves as prime example, and the policy that underpins public education with public funding reflects this view of information as a merit good.",1,-1,[],[20435]],["The provision of public funds to support public libraries is based on the same argument.",1,-1,[],[20435]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which corresponds well with the religious tolerance of Ukrainians",1,-1,[],[40989]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["tunnel vision",1,28086,[],[8936]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["such as the commute to work or school",1,-1,[],[8936]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["found in all domains of social life and significantly shape practices through their role in facilitating activities and offering access to particular skills and material things needed for learning.",1,-1,[],[14683]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["workplaces, businesses, intergenerational and cross-cultural exchanges as well as educational settings.",1,-1,[],[14683]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The obvious approach to negation is simply to reverse the polarity of the lexical item next to a negator, changing good (+3) into not good (-3).",1,-1,[],[24299]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["One way an AI can be maliciously led to learn biased models is deliberately injecting spam-here intended as unwanted information-into the training data: this may lead the system to learn undesirable patterns and biases, which will affect the AI system's behavior in line with the intentions of the spammers",1,-1,[],[6940]],["manipulation of test data",1,-1,[],[6940]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["bias exacerbation: one of the major problems of modern-days AIs (and, in general, of supervised learning approaches based on Big Data) is that biases learned from training data will propagate into predictions",1,-1,[],[6940]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such a response can persuade an original speaker to delete his message or even a whole account, but is unlikely to either de-escalate the conversation or persuade the original speaker to recant or apologize.",1,-1,[],[21997]],["one end of the spectrum ('Hostile') can cause the original speaker to delete his post/account and thus is unlikely to de-escalate the conversation",1,-1,[],[21997]]],"sy":[["abusive",1,34854,[],[21997]],["hostile",1,-1,[],[21997]],["obscene",1,32742,[],[21997]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Tone",1,9331,[],[21997]],["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[21997]]],"ex":[["This is ridiculous!!!!!! I hate racist people!!!! Those police are a**holes!!!",1,-1,[],[21997]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a disabled person, a Deaf person",1,-1,[],[36263]],["e.g., a disabled person, a Deaf person",1,-1,[],[36263]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["link farming",1,-1,[],[6936]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The main feature of these songs is that their lyrics describe and portray a culture that gravitates towards drug trafficking.",1,-1,[],[42184]],["These songs are composed within a mafia-style community that supports a cultural industry that produces and distributes these cultural artefacts (i.e. songs, lyrics, and videos) to a transnational audience that has expanded throughout the entire continent, but primarily Mexico and the US (Burgos Dávila and Simonett, 2019).",1,-1,[],[42183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["corrido",1,13769,[],[42184]],["narco-propaganda",1,-1,[],[42183]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The attribution also entails that there are no reasons that would support holding the belief or carrying out the action.",1,-1,[],[6379]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Conditional upon this draw, we assume that each document is then drawn from a vMF distribution, with center m j and inverse dispersion parameter j j .",1,-1,[],[22914]],["Note, that all senators select from the same set of topics to ensure that their priorities are comparable.",1,-1,[],[22914]],["This version of the expressed agenda model, along with various extensions, is available in the free R software package expAgenda, which is forthcoming.",1,-1,[],[22914]],["can also be applied to study other forms of Congressional communication, like the attention allocated to issues in Senate floor speeches (Quinn et al. forthcoming) or the issues raised during Senate committee hearings.",1,-1,[],[22914]],["capable of retrieving a theoretically relevant set of topics",1,-1,[],[22914]],["ideal whenever scholars are interested in comparing the priorities that authors articulate in text",1,-1,[],[22914]],["measures the attention senators allocate to press releases",1,-1,[],[5651]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["expressed agenda",1,10762,[],[22914]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast, static polarization includes ideological polarization, political polarization, sociocognitive polarization, affective polarization, and network polarization.",1,-1,[],[28616]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[28616]],["ideological polarization",1,27446,[],[28616]],["network polarization",1,15060,[],[28616]],["political polarization",1,11048,[],[28616]],["sociocognitive polarization",1,20245,[],[28616]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["In order for religion to accomplish what Geertz believes it does, it must be accepted and embraced by those involved to the point that it becomes a template for establishing meaning within their lives.",1,-1,[],[7825]],["It is of vital importance to distinguish that \"religion\" according to journalism is far from the same thing as the actual variety of existing religious opinion",1,-1,[],[47370]],["Religion can serve, at all these levels, an individual, a social group, a broader community -and the community might be a religious community or a profane community using religion as an organising, constitutive or power structure -or a nation.",1,-1,[],[23499]],["The conceptualization of religion is not about the study of faith, of any transcendence and its existence, but a research that addresses religion as a fact.",1,-1,[],[51722]],["This category also includes statements that belittle a religion, its institutions, teachings, and other related aspects.",1,-1,[],[23752]],["To do this, religion must function as a cultural system. It must be such a part of the person's life that they interpret their events and experiences in relation to their religious worldview.",1,-1,[],[7825]],["poses an alternative authority to that of the state.",1,-1,[],[57186]],["religion (belief or faith) also promotes skepticism and the poor attitude of COVID-19 in Africa.",1,-1,[],[34487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["'the religious'",1,34245,[["'the religious'",1],["the religious",1]],[8401]],["religion as a collective fact (study of the actors), as a material fact (material sources), as a symbolic fact (study of representations and meaning) and as an experiential/sensitive fact (aspects of acting)",1,-1,[],[51722]],["religion online",1,19900,[],[23499]],["sacred",1,21516,[],[51722]],["spirituality",1,5469,[],[51722]]],"sb":[["religion online",1,19900,[],[23499]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Islamophobia",1,-1,[],[48379]],["e.g. Muslim; Christian; Bahai's",1,-1,[],[48049]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rumour resolution",1,294,[],[30320]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["clarification",1,33662,[],[27197]],["differentiation",1,21945,[],[27197]],["enforcement",1,26629,[],[27197]],["identification",1,5869,[],[27197]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["while the question may be concrete, the answer can contain either abstract, concrete, or mixed concepts.",1,-1,[],[32232]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["shifting",1,27425,[],[32232,32237]]],"ex":[["talking about abstract concepts (i.e. We appreciate the United States as a country of democracy and that is the basis of international diplomacy) when the questions were rather specific (Do you believe today in a joint and, above all, meaningful closing statement?)",1,-1,[],[32232]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Digital nationalism possesses dynamics that profoundly alter the rationale of nationalism itself. Once nationalism becomes filtered through digital systems, it behaves in new and at times unexpected ways.",1,-1,[],[18011]],["Governmental and non-governmental entities create various forms of nationalism, known as digital nationalism, and disseminate them through the internet, including websites, blogs, and social media platforms. Its purpose is to promote specific interpretations of the nation, gather backing for specific nationalist goals, and foster a feeling of affiliation with a particular nation",1,-1,[],[25719]],["In this sense, digital nationalism describes the overarching framework within which online nationalism and cyber-nationalism play out.",1,-1,[],[18011]],["It is driven by the interconnected activities of organizations, technologies, and users, and these activities generate digital nationalism as the emergent property of complex information and communication networks.",1,-1,[],[18011]],["digital nationalism describes the overarching framework within which online nationalism and cyber-nationalism play out.",1,-1,[],[18011]],["digital technology, particularly the use of social media algorithms, has transformed nationalism via Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, TikTok, etc., together with the provision of internet platforms by giant technology companies such as Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft, which have developed the traditional nationalism to digital nationalism movement around the world.",1,-1,[],[25719]]],"sy":[["cyber nationalism",2,34636,[["cyber nationalism",1],["cyber-nationalism",1]],[18011,25719]],["online nationalism",2,10081,[],[18011,25719]],["techno-nationalism",1,-1,[],[18011]]],"rt":[["cyber-nationalism",1,34636,[],[18011]],["online nationalism",1,10081,[],[18011]]],"sb":[["cyber-nationalism",1,34636,[],[18011]],["online nationalism",1,10081,[],[18011]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Take the example of the official smartphone app that promotes Xi Jinping thought, an application called 'Study (Xi), Strong Country' (Xue Xi Qiang Guo), but colloquially referred to as 'Xi's little red app' (Zhong 2021): the app itself is a form of infrastructure, and its interface design and algorithm shape how users interact with its contents.",1,-1,[],[18011]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Both terms -'gatewatchers' and 'gatebouncers'refer to curating already published information circulating online.",1,-1,[],[9483]],["news items in circulation can be bounced back through the gate due to fact-checking outcomes",1,-1,[],[4824]]],"sy":[["gatewatching",1,4988,[],[34532]]],"rt":[["gatebouncers",1,4605,[],[9483]],["gatewatchers",1,13172,[],[9483]],["gatewatching",1,4988,[],[34532]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["post-publication gatekeeping",1,4708,[],[4824]],["post-publication gatekeeping studies",1,-1,[],[4824]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["relational metaphors",1,-1,[],[653]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["a deliberative perspective entails that journalists focus on private citizens rather than authoritative decision-makers.",2,-1,[],[22339,38614]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Journalistic Compass",1,32636,[],[38614]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["a user is more likely to spread a piece of fake news when it confirms his/her existing beliefs/preferences",1,-1,[],[17088]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["where credibility is inferred from visibility and engagement rather than institutional integrity",1,-1,[],[29692]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["institutional integrity",1,-1,[],[29692]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A statement consisting of a plethora of poorly related information, half-truths, and misinterpretations designed to overwhelm by their sheer volume.",1,-1,[],[43752]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I do not think we even know the actual mortality rate for monkeypox. Has a Westerner ever died from it? Could this possibly be the same money pox that occurs in Africa? If so, how did it suddenly appear in so many countries at once? (. . . ) Perhaps it is here just to nudge us to get another shot?",1,-1,[],[43752]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["I feel as if it is my duty to enlighten other people",1,-1,[],[4632]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["cyberchondria",1,24431,[],[56146]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The root node of a news cascade represents the user who first shared the news article (i.e., initiator); Other nodes in the cascade represent users that have subsequently spread the article by forwarding it after it was posted by their parent nodes, which they are connected to via edges.",1,-1,[],[7152]],["a direct representation of news propagation",1,-1,[],[7152]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news propagation",1,-1,[],[7152]]],"sb":[["hop-based news cascade",1,9717,[],[7152]],["time-based news cascade",1,10477,[],[7152]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["evolution predisposed us to form a quick cognitive representation of strangers by first assessing whether they intend to harm us, captured in the primary dimension of warmth, and then judging if they are capable of acting on the perceived intention, reflected on the competence dimension.",1,-1,[],[45358]],["this makes it widely applicable, but also makes it reductive, ignoring features of stereotypes that may be of interest in specific contexts such as ours, perhaps only in those contexts.",1,-1,[],[33240]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[42497]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By combining insights from critical discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, this approach looks at how discourse not only reflects but also constructs social reality",1,-1,[],[31824]],["Cognitive CDA combines critical discourse analysis (CDA) and cognitive linguistics to explore how linguistic patterns reflect and construct shared mental models, known as cognitive frames.",1,-1,[],[31824]],["The Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework consists of three analytical dimensions: textual analysis, cognitive analysis, and contextual analysis.",1,-1,[],[31824]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive linguistics",1,34493,[],[31824]],["critical discourse analysis",1,23921,[["critical discourse analysis",1],["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1]],[31824]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Facebook refers to it as an inform action",1,-1,[],[36973]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Trust is suggested to revolve around user expectations, such as social media will behave in a certain way when accessed, that the layout will always be the same and that the navigation of the interface is consistent and predictable.",1,-1,[],[38235]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["grammatical gender",1,3702,[],[49205]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Finally, SMCSE reflects a lack of experiencing unconditional positive regard from others as this regard depends on what one shares or expresses about oneself on social media.",1,-1,[],[31057]],["SMCSE also reflects feelings of incompetence in that one feels less in control of others' reactions to one's shared content, strongly seeking others' approval, and strongly avoiding others' disagreement and disapproval.",1,-1,[],[31057]],["When self-esteem is highly contingent, one becomes more emotionally invested in the judgments, evaluations, and behaviors within it, which can take on more substantial meaning for one's global sense of self",1,-1,[],[31057]],["cultivating like-minded social networks (identity bubbles) would be more likely when higher in SMCSE",1,-1,[],[31057]],["grounded in theoretical frameworks on the authenticity of self, basic psychological needs, and the dynamics of self-esteem contingencies",1,-1,[],[31057]],["to someone higher in SMCSE, minor \"positive\" and \"negative\" social media experiences can become significant because of their implications for global self-worth, provoking a stronger emotional response and greater undulations in one's selfworth.",1,-1,[],[31057]]],"sy":[["SMCSE",1,-1,[],[31057]]],"rt":[["contingent self-esteem",1,641,[],[31057]],["social media addiction",1,31549,[],[31057]],["social media disorder",1,-1,[],[31057]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["contingent self-esteem",1,641,[],[31057]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",1,27668,[],[38757]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["transitivity analysis",1,22065,[],[53800]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[663]]],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[663]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["we then track all threads over time, considering both their individual temporal 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life",1,-1,[],[9372]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["source monitoring",1,24611,[],[2638]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":49,"df":[],"de":[["Articles coded under the human-interest frame were identified as those emphasizing stories of individual migrants and their own voices, or when said articles placed the refugees themselves at the center of the storytelling.",1,-1,[],[37740]],["By featuring an individual case, the issue becomes not only more personal but also more emotional",1,-1,[],[28469]],["By using stories on an issue's human impact, it is possible to include direct expressions of emotions and evaluative statements in news articles, when journalists tend to avoid making these statements themselves in the name of objectivity",1,-1,[],[39527]],["By using stories on an issue's human impact, it is possible to include direct expressions of emotions and evaluative statements in news articles, when journalists tend to avoid making these statements themselves in the name of objectivity (Neuman et al., 1992).",1,-1,[],[39527]],["Cho and Gower (2006) demonstrate that this framing affects the reader's emotional reaction, affecting the reader's determination of guilt and responsibility in a crisis scenario.",1,-1,[],[59368]],["Cho and Gower (2006) show that this frame influences the emotional response of the reader, which influences how the reader determines who is guilty and responsible in a crisis situation.",1,-1,[],[50009]],["Does the story contain visual information that might generate feelings of outrage, empathycaring, sympathy or compassion?",1,-1,[],[29111]],["Does the story emphasize how individuals and groups are affected by the issue/problem?",1,-1,[],[29111]],["Does the story employ adjectives or personal vignettes that generate feelings of outrage, empathy-caring, sympathy, or compassion?",1,-1,[],[29111]],["Does the story go into the private or personal lives of the actors?",1,-1,[],[29111]],["Does the story provide a human example or \"human face\" on the issue?",1,-1,[],[29111]],["Figenschou and Thorbjørnsrud also highlight the human-interest frame used in telling stories about individual migrants, their lives, and their destinations, and argue that the use of such a frame endows the immigrant with agency.",1,-1,[],[37740]],["Human interest stories use a human example or put a 'human face' on an issue or problem, or go into the private or personal life of an actor and/or journalist, employing adjectives or personal vignettes that generate feelings of sympathy, empathy or outrage.",1,-1,[],[54144]],["In order to capture the audience's interest, this frame personalizes, dramatizes, or emotionalizes the news.",1,-1,[],[58488]],["Interviews within the human-interest frame are characterized by the nominalization of family members, personal emotions and reactions",1,-1,[],[45884]],["News stories that employ this frame usually follow a narrative format that explains how a particular issue affects a group of people.",1,-1,[],[37740]],["News stories that employ this frame usually follow a narrative format that explains how a particular issue affects a group of people. By doing so, a human-interest frame personalizes, dramatizes, and emotionalizes the news.",1,-1,[],[37740]],["Situated at a micro level.",1,-1,[],[61279]],["Specific to this frame is an individual's story or an emphasis on emotions, which adds to the narrative quality of the news.",1,-1,[],[9670]],["The dominance of the human-interest frame suggests that Bernama prioritised engaging the audience by focusing on personal stories and human experiences related to political issues.",1,-1,[],[55859]],["The human interest frame as such does not link the espionage cases to either a \"Cold War\" or a \"class struggle\" paradigm.",1,-1,[],[32765]],["The human-interest frame described the Finnish experiment mainly from the perspective of its participants. When using this type of framing, participants' stories were mainly positive, and they often expressed that they felt lucky to be chosen as part of the experiment.",1,-1,[],[39527]],["The human-interest frame makes a news story more appealing by highlighting individuals' experiences to evoke both emotions and opinions.",1,-1,[],[39527]],["The issue is personalized and dramatized to create an emotional response in consumers based on their own experience",1,-1,[],[9670]],["The media outlets in Bangladesh have presented a large number of COVID-related human stories with a soft standpoint showing the crisis in another outlook",1,-1,[],[58530]],["This frame explores the psychological effect on individuals in a crisis scenario, prompting the reader or audience to demonstrate a variety of wrong actions",1,-1,[],[59368]],["With this framing, a voice was given to people who had experienced periods of unemployment and struggled with the bureaucracy of social security.",1,-1,[],[39527]],["an analysis of news articles utilizing this frame provides insight into the forms of representations that are more humane and supportive.",1,-1,[],[37740]],["appears in the form of personalized narratives, where specific, symbolically charged public figures articulate views aligned with the newspaper's ideological stance",1,-1,[["appears in the form of personalized narratives, where specific, symbolically charged public figures articulate views aligned with the newspaper's ideological stance",1],["appears in the form of personalized narratives, where specific, symbolically charged public figures articulate views aligned with the newspaper's ideological stance.",1]],[60981]],["does not link the espionage cases to either the \"Cold War\" or the \"class struggle\" paradigm.",1,-1,[],[32765]],["elements of general society tend to use emotional and humanist narratives towards crisis",1,-1,[],[50009]],["emphasizing either the emotionalizing, dramatizing, or individualizing aspect of the frame",1,-1,[],[59281]],["human interest frames are indeed more emotionally arousing than economy-oriented frames",1,-1,[],[28469]],["human-interest frame used in our study potentially lead to a rather narrow processing of information and therefore to a rather one-sided, simplified perception of the topic at hand instead of a balanced and complex representation.",1,-1,[],[59281]],["human-interest frames can provide more emotional and direct involvement in a story than the dry recitation of statistics and quotes from politicians",1,-1,[],[49067]],["indicates a concerted effort to connect with audiences on a personal level, thereby humanising the election process.",1,-1,[],[55859]],["refers to an effort to personalize the news, dramatize or 'emotionalize' the news, in order to capture and retain audience interest",1,-1,[],[45884]],["this frame gives a psychological influence on humans, which directs the reader or audience to show various negative behaviors in a crisis",1,-1,[],[50009]],["this frame gives a psychological influence on humans, which directs the reader or audience to show various negative behaviors in a crisis (An & Gower, 2009;Kim & Cameron, 2011).",1,-1,[],[50009]],["we compared a neutral text (control condition) with three variants of the human-interest frame, which contained an emphasis on the different features constituting the human-interest frame, that is, either dramatizing or emotionalizing vocabulary, or an individualized storyline.",1,-1,[],[59281]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conflict",1,23803,[],[45884]],["conflict frames",1,12827,[],[45885]],["consequence frames",1,26997,[],[45884]],["episodic news frame",1,27861,[],[28469]],["issue-specific traitor frame",1,-1,[],[32765]],["strategy frame",1,19094,[],[32765]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["generic frames",4,19746,[],[9670,28469,55859,55880]],["news frames",3,21144,[["news frames",2],["news frame",1]],[28469,36642,59281]],["frames",2,7860,[],[37740,55859]],["Crisis Frames",1,27350,[],[50009]],["News framing",1,12351,[],[45884]],["five/frame model",1,-1,[],[29111]],["journalistic frames",1,10890,[],[55880]]],"ex":[["(2) Il nostro asilo non esiste più, è stato bombardato il 9 maggio di due anni fa. I bambini sono ansiosi, a volte isterici, alcuni si graffiano le braccia. Se sentiamo un'esplosione gli diciamo che è un tuono. Ho una bambina, ormai siamo abituate all'ansia. Leggi sui loro volti, chi ha il papà al fronte. Hanno anche iniziato a giocare alla guerra, ma cerchiamo di distrarli",1,-1,[],[45884]],["(3) Non so dove mi stanno portando, da due anni non sento mia moglie, la chiamo ma il numero non funziona, non so nemmeno se è viva. / Sono nato in Russia, mio padre era un pilota militare, ma da quando ho quattro anni vivo in Ucraina. / Sono come zombie, Putin li ha trasformati in carne da cannone. Prima di ammalarmi ero un pianista, potevo suonare Chopin per giorni, avevo un piano meraviglioso, i tasti erano così dolci, faceva un suono stupendo",1,-1,[],[45884]],["Agamenon da Silva Menezes, a farmer's union leader in Brazil, was used as a source in one story to illustrate the overreaction by many regarding the fires, as he considered them a normal part of the ecological cycle.",1,-1,[],[49067]],["This approach can help humanise complex political events, making them more relatable and emotionally engaging for the audience, which is crucial in shaping public sentiment and fostering voter engagement.",1,-1,[],[55859]],["With this type of frame, social and political decisions are presented using human stories, cases, and exemplars, which are said to be more effective than statistics presented in news articles",1,-1,[],[39527]],["human interest stories",1,-1,[],[61279]],["social and political decisions are presented using human stories, cases, and exemplars, which are said to be more effective than statistics presented in news articles",1,-1,[],[39527]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["journalists' use of normative markers to establish their relationship with outsiders",1,-1,[],[19984]],["two related aspects of social journalism that initially prompted journalists to declare their professional distance but that increasingly have come to be seen as at least potentially compatible with practitioner norms. The first involves content from outside the newsroom, and the second involves journalists' own activities in social media spaces.",1,-1,[],[19984]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["broader significance of poetic rhetoric in constructing political identity, shaping public perception, and engaging voters.",1,-1,[],[48347]],["persuasive and ideological tool that not only shapes political identity but also amplifies polarization through media complicity.",1,-1,[],[48347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["The gain sub-frames focuses on the reports suggesting economic benefits or stimulus package meant to cushion the effects of the pandemic on the economy.",1,-1,[],[14705]],["The loss economic consequence sub-frame is contained in the stories that predominantly report the negative economic impacts of the crisis.",1,-1,[],[14705]],["The positive consequences focus on the issues related to economic benefits (stimulus packages or other facilities by individuals, organizations, or by the government) to reduce the loss of the pandemic on the country's economy.",1,-1,[],[58523]],["can illustrate the short and long-term financial consequences following a crisis",1,-1,[],[49059]],["reflects concrete factors that can directly affect a community's immediate needs",1,-1,[],[49059]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["attribution of responsibility",1,7919,[],[29108]],["conflict",1,23803,[],[29108]],["human interest",1,3323,[],[29108]],["morality",1,10813,[],[29108]]],"sb":[["negative (loss)",1,-1,[],[58523]],["positive (gain)",1,-1,[],[58523]],["positive consequences",1,-1,[],[58523]]],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[37738]],["framing",1,22777,[],[32696]],["generic",1,9684,[],[39519]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such a move would \"collapse the distance between presentation and representation: the image is the presentation\" (Daston 2014: 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in",1,-1,[],[56172]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["\"formal\" news values",1,-1,[],[52924]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Without anchoring to any particular period or group, these items aim to capture collective nostalgia, which can be different periods for the respondents.",1,-1,[],[17987]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["nostalgia",1,22780,[],[17987]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["nostalgia",1,22780,[],[32723]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["for improved factual grounding and reliability",1,-1,[],[58106]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["expectancy value theory",1,20833,[],[10085]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a subsequent stimulus that arouses an emotion (e.g., a provocation arousing anger) may be perceived as more severe than it is because some of the emotional response stimulated by the media presentation is misattributed as due to the provocation transfer",1,-1,[],[23375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Building on this research, we propose a relevance-based account of source credibility effects in misinformation which posits that the presence and strength of source credibility effects in misinformation contexts may be determined by the relative relevance of source credibility information compared to substantive misinformation content.",1,-1,[],[33581]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["lets each side retain an equal number of principles",1,-1,[],[18499]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["substitution compromise",1,-1,[],[18499]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["compromise",1,34213,[],[18499]],["principled compromise",1,17974,[],[18499]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["This will generally be communicated as a list of caveats about the underlying sources of evidence, possibly amalgamated into a qualitative or ordered categorical scale.",1,-1,[],[5710]],["communicating indirect uncertainty (quality of evidence) deserves a separate treatment elsewhere",1,-1,[],[5710]],["indirect (underlying) uncertainties are expressed through a qualitative expression of confidence in the validity of a finding based on the type, amount, quality and consistency of evidence (which can include theory, models and expert judgement)",1,-1,[],[5710]],["indirect uncertainty is a reflexive summary of our confidence in the models or the experts.",1,-1,[],[5710]],["the strength of the underlying evidence (indirect uncertainty) is communicated through caveats which may or may not be read and understood by their audiences.",1,-1,[],[5710]]],"sy":[["meta-uncertainty",1,-1,[],[5710]]],"rt":[["Direct expressions of uncertainty",1,-1,[],[5710]],["Non-sampling errors",1,-1,[],[5710]],["direct 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mais utilizados pelos usuários na tentativa de condenar a homossexualidade. Outro fator bastante observado remete aos comentários que atribuem uma eventual \"antinaturalidade\" às práticas homossexuais, como distúrbio dos princípios que regem as leis da natureza.",1,-1,[],[10866]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[46007]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Bayesian topic modeling",1,-1,[],[56675]],["Latent Dirichlet Allocations (LDA)",1,-1,[],[56675]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["production cycle",1,19880,[],[29045]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Se capacita para cuestionar lo que está detrás de los mensajes y, con ello, identificar las noticias falsas",1,-1,[],[42048]],["esta capacidad crítica trasciende el análisis superficial para abordar las estructuras fundamentales que configuran la experiencia publicitaria, incluyendo la evaluación de las asunciones incorporadas en los diseños de interfaz existentes.",1,-1,[],[30609]],["identificación y articulación de las relaciones de poder presentes en los sistemas publicitarios, así como en la comprensión profunda de cómo los algoritmos y las estructuras técnicas influyen en la experiencia publicitaria.",1,-1,[],[30609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["dimensión transformadora del pensamiento crítico se materializa en la capacidad de los menores para manipular, reconfigurar y recontextualizar el contenido publicitario.",1,-1,[],[30609]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inactivism",1,13468,[],[42429]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["complex thinking",1,-1,[],[60547]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["empathic skill",1,-1,[],[961]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Indeed, the presence of the joker is much more closely linked to irony and political critiques on Twitter, while Instagram allows for self-expression and for journalists to play, wearing costumes or creating parodies of themselves and others",1,-1,[],[45970]],["humor and especially irony emerge as communication practices used across the board. This strategy nurtures interaction with audiences in that followers actively seek out humor (Images 18 and 19).",1,-1,[],[45970]],["the presence of the joker is much more closely linked to irony and political critiques on Twitter, while Instagram allows for self-expression and for journalists to play, wearing costumes or creating parodies of themselves and others (Image 20).",1,-1,[],[45970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda-Setting",1,425,[],[37483]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["1979 Revolution: Black Friday",1,-1,[],[14639]],["Assassin's Creed Unity",1,-1,[],[14639]],["Hearts of Iron",1,-1,[],[14639]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["if an image tagging system is intended to apply other tags, then it may associate visual characteristics that are common among members of particular social groups (e.g., long hair among women) with other properties (e.g., being a nurse).",1,-1,[],[10938]],["if an image tagging system is intended to apply tags that indicate membership in social groups, then it will necessarily associate particular visual characteristics (e.g., riding a snowboard) with particular social groups (e.g., men).",1,-1,[],[10938]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Representational Harms",1,4488,[],[7540]]],"ex":[["images of female snowboarders are often incorrectly tagged as depicting men",1,-1,[],[10938]],["some image tagging systems systematically apply the tag nurse to images of female doctors.",1,-1,[],[10938]],["some image tagging systems tend to apply tags that refer to professions to images that depict men, while applying tags that refer to appearance to images that depict women",1,-1,[],[10938]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political cynicism",1,25554,[],[56798]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Different from personalized news recommendations, our personalized news headline generation could be regarded as an NLP task than a user modeling and matching problem.",1,-1,[],[59922]],["the representation could personalize text generators and establish distinct headlines, even with the same news body, for different readers.",1,-1,[],[59922]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["personalized news recommendation",1,33394,[],[59922]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["According to Rubin and McHugh (1987), these mediated relationships follow a similar process of development to interpersonal relationships formed as a consequence of social attraction.",1,-1,[],[3086]],["In Chinese media, these parasocial interactions can foster a sense of closeness and emotional investment, even though the relationship is inherently asymmetrical.",1,-1,[],[52082]],["The illusion of intimacy at a distance is mediated by the commonalities publics share with the persona.",1,-1,[],[3086]],["mass media can generate parasocial interaction when the live broadcast of a message gives the receiver the illusion that they are having a face-to-face interaction with someone from their primary group (family and friends)",1,-1,[],[34829]],["this illusion of intimacy, which is initiated during viewing or through the exchange of messages, is often valued in the medium term as if it were a real interpersonal relationship",1,-1,[],[34829]]],"sy":[["intimacy at a distance",1,-1,[],[4377]]],"rt":[["interpersonal relationships",1,-1,[],[3086]],["parasocial relationship",1,23099,[],[14176]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These visions of critical mourning suggest opening up the past as a means to inquire into the present and the future, to celebrate the achievements and survivals and to grieve the shortcomings and mistakes of history as a means to reflect on how we might move forward differently.",1,-1,[],[24397]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["histories of mourning",1,32400,[],[24397]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender identity",2,29580,[],[11691,11853]],["gender identity i.e., how individuals experience their own gender",1,-1,[],[11853]],["sex",1,-1,[],[11691]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Agitprop focuses on the emotional, non-rational parts of the brain \"to arouse [the] audience to indignation or action\"",1,-1,[],[60242]],["the term also includes organized guerilla armies as Moscow has done in Spain, Ukraine, and Israel",1,-1,[],[60242]]],"sy":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[22499]]],"rt":[["agitation",1,12381,[],[57467]],["indoctrination",1,17923,[],[57467]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[57467]]],"sb":[["organized guerilla armies",1,-1,[],[60242]]],"sp":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[22499]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["critical participation in new media environments and the creation of media content with critical perspectives",1,-1,[],[45249]],["the creation indicator refers to the ability to create media content with a critical understanding.",1,-1,[],[45249]],["the participation includes the skills to participate in new media environments with interactive and critical perspectives. The underlined point is that individuals or participants are in mutual/bilateral interactions. People are expected to develop ideas by contributing to each other's thoughts in new media environments. The participation focuses on the social connection that values each individual's contribution.",1,-1,[],[45249]]],"sy":[["CP",1,-1,[],[45249]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["creation",1,12515,[],[515]],["creation indicator",1,28255,[],[515]],["participation",1,8272,[],[515]]],"sp":[["New Media Literacy (NML)",2,21230,[["New Media Literacy (NML)",1],["new media literacy (NML)",1]],[515,45249]]],"ex":[["An example of this dimension is the interaction of students by using such applications as Google Classroom, Classdojo, or other educational social networks in a course.",1,-1,[],[45249]],["Firstly, the participation includes the skills to participate in new media environments with interactive and critical perspectives. The underlined point is that individuals or participants are in mutual/bilateral interactions. People are expected to develop ideas by contributing to each other's thoughts in new media environments. The participation focuses on the social connection that values each individual's contribution.",1,-1,[],[45249]],["On the other hand, the creation indicator refers to the ability to create media content with a critical understanding.",1,-1,[],[45249]],["composing a textual message on new media platforms or on social media with a critical standpoint conveying his/her own opinions and ideologies",1,-1,[],[23953]],["interaction of students by using such applications as Google Classroom, Classdojo, or other educational social networks in a course.",1,-1,[],[45249]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["response skepticism",1,12533,[],[2986]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, topoi are the contexts in which the audience is expected to make sense of the mentioned arguments.",1,-1,[],[31861]],["In political discourse, topoi such as \"threat\" and \"savior\" are used to protect national interests and achieve political objectives",1,-1,[],[49858]],["These topoi function as one type of conversational rule (defined in §3), which is part of the inferential toolkit that interlocutors use to interpret speaker's meaning.",1,-1,[],[886]],["They help frame blame and reinforce desired perceptions.",1,-1,[],[42623]],["Topoi encompass general rules, shared knowledge within a given community, and common-sense principles embedded in the repository of implicit knowledge",1,-1,[],[39629]],["Topoi point at the place where the conclusion is to be drawn from.",1,-1,[],[31861]],["employed in discourse analysis as semantic units that help uncover the fundamentals of argumentation",1,-1,[],[49858]],["often employed to introduce widely accepted statements that aid in persuading audiences to adopt a particular point of view",1,-1,[],[49858]],["regulate argumentative reasoning, are integral to collective knowledge, and construct factual contexts created by the speaker",1,-1,[],[49858]],["serve to construct arguments and categorize reality in ways that support dominant narratives.",1,-1,[],[49858]],["topoi were identified as key elements, often employed to introduce widely accepted statements that aid in persuading audiences to adopt a particular point of view",1,-1,[],[49858]]],"sy":[["arguments",1,2086,[],[36209]],["commonplaces",1,22311,[],[49858]],["loci communes",1,-1,[],[49858]],["topoi",1,26665,[],[36209]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Topos of Islam, or Islamisation, underlying arguments about Islam and Islamism and its apparently direct relationship to multiculturalism and the ideologies or politics of, in particular, the left.",1,-1,[],[36209]],["Topos of integration, framing arguments that integration in Sweden is a largely failed project and that migrants are essentially unable to integrate for cultural and other reasons.",1,-1,[],[36209]],["Topos of threat, arguing that migrants pose a physical as well as otherwise understood threat to Swedish society.",1,-1,[],[36209]],["topos of burden",1,21627,[],[57027]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["threat",2,-1,[],[36209,49858]],["Islam and Islamisation",1,-1,[],[36209]],["comparison",1,-1,[],[42623]],["contrast",1,-1,[],[42623]],["demographic consequences",1,-1,[],[36209]],["generalization",1,-1,[],[42623]],["history",1,-1,[],[42623]],["immigrants",1,-1,[],[36209]],["immigration",1,-1,[],[36209]],["integration",1,-1,[],[36209]],["moral judgment",1,-1,[],[42623]],["savior",1,-1,[],[49858]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["We calculate the weighted average of contributions in each subreddit weighted by that subreddit's score on the conspiracy similarity scale.",1,-1,[],[18422]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Serendipitous recommenders do not select all items they present to users according to the principles presented above. Some items are included at random.",1,-1,[],[4083]],["Serendipity is not fully synonymous with diversity in this strand of literature.",1,-1,[],[4083]],["While both serendipity and diversity describe the relationship between user and item, diversity specifically describes the differences in content.",1,-1,[],[4083]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity",1,22741,[],[4083]],["novelty",1,14791,[],[7203]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["La afirmación sobre la que se sustenta dicha hipótesis consiste en que la progresiva incorporación de mujeres a la profesión transformará profundamente la estructura socio-demográfica del colectivo. Esta transformación, continúa el razonamiento, tendrá consecuencias en las prácticas profesionales y en los contenidos de los medios de comunicación",1,-1,[],[21978]],["identificar este proceso: prioridad a las noticias blandas, contextualizar las noticias y observarlas como procesos, no como hechos aislados; destacar las causas y las consecuencias de los acontecimientos; subjetividad e implicación; trabajo en equipo; implicar la vida personal en el periodismo en lugar de prolongar la vida laboral en los espacios de vida privada; y experimentar con nuevas formas y contenidos traspasando las fronteras de los géneros tradicionales",1,-1,[],[21978]]],"sy":[["feminización del colectivo profesional",1,-1,[],[21978]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[51384]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Moreover,Westwood et al. (2018) demonstrated that partyism influences behaviors and non-political judgments.",1,-1,[],[35272]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[44704]]],"ex":[["Os petralhas colocaram sua corja em todos os lugares, não salva ninguém, que tristeza. . . Esquerda parasita lixo. Translation: The petralhas g have puted their crowds everywhere, no one can be saved, how sad. They are parasite and wreckage .",1,-1,[],[44704]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["populist gatekeeping",1,-1,[],[28482]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deliberative journalism",1,19668,[],[28482]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["badly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["chiefly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["cynically",1,-1,[],[26056]],["deadly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["dyspeptically",1,-1,[],[26056]],["efficiently",1,-1,[],[26056]],["frighteningly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["not surprisingly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["painfully",1,-1,[],[26056]],["rapidly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["ruthlessly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["sadly",1,-1,[],[26056]],["seriously",1,-1,[],[26056]],["substantially",1,-1,[],[26056]],["uncritically",1,-1,[],[26056]],["understandably",1,-1,[],[26056]],["unfortunately",1,-1,[],[26056]],["woefully",1,-1,[],[26056]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["feminist witness",1,15314,[],[3768]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Calls for officeholders to act in a way that shows decency or acknowledges shame (\"do the honorable thing\")",1,-1,[],[9879]],["Framing the officeholder as a criminal deserving punishment",1,-1,[],[9879]],["Questioning moral standing via blame-implicating conditional sentences and presuppositions that imply immoral character",1,-1,[],[9879]],["References to officeholders acting with a goal of private gain, indifference toward public interest or disloyalty to one's country, and breaking certain (written) rules of conduct",1,-1,[],[9879]],["References to officeholders' lack of empathy, decency, or integrity (e.g., \"corrupt\")",1,-1,[],[9879]],["References to outcomes that imply corruption, such as \"payoff,\" \"cronyism\"",1,-1,[],[9879]],["Using presuppositions that suggest officeholders behave in an immoral manner",1,-1,[],[9879]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["judgments of social sanction",1,11839,[],[9879]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Judgment",1,10634,[],[9879]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hard news",1,34189,[],[37805]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These posts are clearly unsubstantiated claims",1,-1,[],[10368]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a new lamp made of actinides (e.g. plutonium and uranium) might solve problems of energy gathering with less impact on the environment",1,-1,[],[10368]],["one of the most popular memes that explicitly spread a false rumor (in text form) reads: Italian Senate voted and accepted (257 in favor and 165 abstentions) a law proposed by Senator Cirenga aimed at funding with 134 billion Euros the policy-makers to find a job in case of defeat in the political competition.",1,-1,[],[1307]],["the chemical analysis revealed that chem-trails contains sildenafil citratum (the active ingredient of Viagra TM )",1,-1,[],[10368]],["the undisclosed news that infinite energy has been finally discovered",1,-1,[],[10368]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sokol and Flach (2019) state that the user who is accessing the machine learning model's predictions and explanations will have prior knowledge and beliefs concerning inputs.",1,-1,[],[11493]],["They also state that there is a high degree of subjectivity concerning this property, however, for what they describe as basic coherence, explanations should be consistent with the natural laws.",1,-1,[],[11493]],["explanations should be consistent with the natural laws",1,-1,[],[11493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotional style",1,2224,[],[45886]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":23,"df":[],"de":[["Having news media literacy is important as it is the main competency that people need to rely on to avoid negativity bias",1,-1,[],[36337]],["Having news media literacy is important as it is the main competency that people need to rely on to avoid negativity bias (van der Meer and Hameleers, 2022).",1,-1,[],[36337]],["It helps individuals to access news content objectively to avoid media manipulation.",1,-1,[],[36337]],["It is thus a key userlevel factor that could shape attention to and interpretation of outlet cues.",1,-1,[],[58337]],["NML interventions can enhance critical media skills by (1) informing people about how news content is produced and consumed; (2) enhancing knowledge about the impact that information may have on society, politics, and individual media consumers, and (3) revealing the disconnect between the mediated reality and the external reality",1,-1,[],[18835]],["News media literacy is oriented toward understanding how and why people engage with news media, how they make sense of what they consume, and how individuals are affected by their own news consumption.",1,-1,[],[12972]],["Rather, news media literacy should promote civic reasoning and a lifelong engagement with social, cultural, political and economic perspectives, values and ideas, including knowledge about how to critique how news is created, circulated, used and consumed and the ability to think through issues of power, ownership and control.",1,-1,[],[1166]],["Some news media literacy (NML) scales measure specific knowledge of news production processes as well as media effects (Maksl et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[58337]],["This knowledge equips people to better access, evaluate, and analyze news content.",1,-1,[],[36337]],["When news consumers are literate, this means that they understand how (political) information is produced, consumed, and how personal biases and existing beliefs may play a role in how news is interpreted.",1,-1,[],[18835]],["When people are more literate, they know more about biases in both the production and consumption of news, which may also help them to distinguish false information from authentic news (Flynn, Nyhan, and Reifler 2017;Jones-Jang, Mortensen, and Liu 2021).",1,-1,[],[5161]],["capacity for active, conscious processing of information",1,-1,[],[12972]],["cultivating news media literacy helps people to have a more holistic understanding of how news is produced.",1,-1,[],[36337]],["greater knowledge about what is in the news, the conditions under which news is produced, and the effects news can have on people, as well as greater control and consciousness regarding news consumption",1,-1,[],[12972]],["helps individuals to access news content objectively to avoid media manipulation",1,-1,[],[36337]],["more frequent news users might hold higher levels of news media literacy which might make them aware of biases in both news production and news selection.",1,-1,[],[53547]],["news literacy requires an understanding of both the content and contexts of news production and consumption and that NML knowledge and skills therefore should be conceptualized across five domains: context, creation, content, circulation, and consumption.",1,-1,[],[5161]],["news media literacy encompasses far more than a set of technical, digital skills that aim to identify misinformation",1,-1,[],[1166]],["news media literacy includes far more than a set of skills that aim to identify misinformation-skills that will likely be made redundant or insufficient as technologies continue to develop",1,-1,[],[36337]],["teenagers with higher levels of news media literacy were more critical of news reports and were likely more knowledgeable about current affairs.",1,-1,[],[36337]],["touted as a promising antidote for the spread of misinformation",1,-1,[],[33404]]],"sy":[["news literacy",2,14494,[],[1166,5161]],["Media literacy",1,27668,[],[5161]],["NML",1,-1,[],[18835]]],"rt":[["circulation",1,10274,[],[5161]],["consumption",1,16169,[],[5161]],["content",1,561,[],[5161]],["context",1,32218,[],[5161]],["creation",1,12515,[],[5161]],["critical literacy skills",1,461,[],[1166]],["knowledge structures",1,21567,[],[12972]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[12972]],["personal locus",1,27131,[],[12972]],["skepticism toward news",1,-1,[],[33404]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy",2,27668,[],[12972,58337]]],"ex":[["Applied to misinformation, media literacy messages should inform people on how to recognize false information, inform people about the consequences of misleading information, and learn people how to distinguish truthful from false information",1,-1,[],[18835]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["This Movie should be amazing. It sounds like a great plot, the popular actors , and the supporting cast is talented as well.",1,-1,[],[15889]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["introducir dichos insultos entre tres paréntesis para no ser detectados por los bots que se encargan de localizarlos o utilizar sinónimos aparentemente no irrespetuosos",1,-1,[],[16005]]]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["(2) Faithfulness to the Claim: The CS should be consistent with the input claim, revolving around it and ensuring it stays true to the claim's main points and facts.",1,-1,[],[31316]],["(3) Faithfulness to the Evidence: The CS must accurately reference and interpret the provided evidence to support the claim, enhancing its persuasiveness and credibility.",1,-1,[],[31316]],["Any work that tries to maximize faithfulness thus focuses on minimizing hallucination.",1,-1,[],[7472]],["Language models are repeatedly reported to produce plausible and convincing but not necessarily faithful/factual statements",1,-1,[],[15760]],["The basic hypothesis is that the content of generated texts should be entailed by or at least not conflict with the source text.",1,-1,[],[15683]],["The scale for faithfulness is: 1. Unfaithful: The summary is almost entirely incorrect or unrelated to the source. 2. Mostly Unfaithful: The summary includes only a few relevant arguments or correct details but is largely incorrect or missing. 3. Neutral: The summary has about half of the important points correct, but also includes notable inaccuracies or omissions. 4. Mostly Faithful: The summary reflects most of the article's arguments accurately, with only minor errors or omissions. 5. Perfectly Faithful: The summary includes all of the article's main arguments accurately and does not introduce any contradictory or unsupported claims.",1,-1,[],[28266]],["a long standing problem, faithfulness, still challenges current best dialog systems and attracts an increasing amount of attention.",1,-1,[],[15683]],["an antonym to \"hallucination.",1,-1,[],[7472]],["apply NLI (Natural Language Inference) to access the faithfulness of generated texts, that is whether the generated text is entailed, neutral, or conflicting with a given input",1,-1,[],[15683]],["evaluation should consider faithfulness of the summary with regard to the given article",1,-1,[],[43183]],["faithfulness has multiple aspects of meaning: (1) Faithfulness to Hate Speech: The CS must directly address and rebut the input HS, clearly pointing out its errors, biases, or inaccuracies.",1,-1,[],[31316]]],"sy":[["adequacy",1,-1,[],[7472]],["fact contradicting",1,-1,[],[7472]],["factual consistency",1,11908,[],[7472]],["factuality",1,21606,[],[7472]],["factuality 4",1,-1,[],[7472]],["factualness",1,5999,[],[7472]],["factualnessfoot_4",1,-1,[],[7472]],["fidelity",1,5134,[],[7472]]],"rt":[["coverage",1,15065,[],[28266]],["factual accuracy",1,8563,[],[28266]],["factual consistency",1,11908,[],[15683]],["hallucination",1,4995,[],[7472]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["LLM hallucinations",1,23325,[],[2975]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["flagging fake news reduces the impact of fake news by triggering users' critical thinking",1,-1,[],[23137]]],"sy":[["mitigation",1,28633,[],[23146]],["remedy",1,4365,[],[23146]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["flagging fake news",1,-1,[],[23137]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["identity",1,4047,[],[23355]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Causal aspects of agency and autonomy",1,-1,[],[23355]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["By making minimal label-changing modifications that preserve 'lexical/syntactic artifacts present in the original example' (Gardner et al., 2020(Gardner et al., , p. 1308) ) the risk of overfitting on spurious correlations is minimized.",1,-1,[],[11598]],["to better evaluate model decision boundaries",1,-1,[],[11645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["perturbations",1,13289,[],[11598]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["This assumption is known in the literature as first level agenda-setting.",1,-1,[],[3619]],["the order of priorities",1,-1,[],[58774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda setting",2,425,[["Agenda setting",1],["agenda setting",1]],[272,43986]],["Agenda Setting Theory's (AST) evolution",1,-1,[],[60567]],["agenda-setting theory",1,6096,[],[272]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Eine besondere Form der intendierten Selbstskandalisierung kann der sogenannte \"talk scandal\" sein, der oftmals unmittelbar durch Medien übertragen wird.",1,-1,[],[21309]],["In ihnen werden gesellschaftliche Grenzen durch umstrittene Aussagen überschritten.",1,-1,[],[21309]]],"sy":[["Gesprochene Grenzüberschreitungen",1,-1,[],[21310]],["first-order talk scandal",1,-1,[],[27203]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["first-order scandals",1,9079,[],[49695,49696]],["secondorder scandals",1,1294,[],[49695,49696]]],"sp":[["intendierte Selbstskandalisierung",1,32206,[],[21309]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["slow thinking",1,10380,[],[31404]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["in the Chinese context is fundamentally tied to the education system and the National College Entrance Examination (gaokao), whereby education is perceived as a means to acquire talent (through hard work) and standardized tests such as gaokao a verification of talent.",1,-1,[],[61018]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["content moderators",1,3139,[],[14806]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["content 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It operates in the intersection between criminal and immigration law to mark an ever-expanding group of outsiders by denying them the privileges that citizens hold, such as the right to vote or to remain in the United States.",1,-1,[],[19305]],["Only members and beneficiaries of the social contract are able to make claims against the government and are entitled to the contract's protections, and the government may act outside of the contract's constraints against individuals who are non-members.",1,-1,[],[19305]],["Those who are not parties to that agreement and yet are subject to government action have no claim to such positive rights, or rights equivalent to those held by members.",1,-1,[],[19305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Since the image and the text represent different actions of the same event, the text-image relations are displacement.",1,-1,[],[61789]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dichotomy",1,33396,[],[61789]],["overlap",1,12523,[],[61789]],["text-image relations",1,-1,[],[61789]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["displacements targeting the methods malign actors use can require them to have to develop new ones; temporal displacements can shift when opportunities for harm arise, and spatial displacement the location where they take place.",1,-1,[],[4127]],["the headline and the lead introduce a rally showing support for a president and the thumbnail shows the president, not the rallying supporters",1,-1,[],[61789]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacy",1,6405,[],[36392]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[36392]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A score of 0 should be given to answers that clearly adopt a long-term, strategic perspective, showing no signs of short-sightedness or impatience. 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Those that score 60 or above are shown in green.",1,-1,[],[59978]],["For example, it means that sources are fair, rational, and honest",1,-1,[],[8339]],["If a trustee is perceived as high on all three factors, it is argued here that the trustee will be perceived as quite trustworthy.",1,-1,[],[16204]],["It is calculated using NewsGuard scores in two ways: either using the numerical scores or the set of binary indicators for whether a site meets or exceeds the threshold score of 60 defined by NewsGuard as indicating that a site is generally trustworthy",1,-1,[],[59978]],["It is calculated using NewsGuard scores in two ways: either using the numerical scores or the set of binary indicators for whether a site meets or exceeds the threshold score of 60 defined by NewsGuard as indicating that a site is generally trustworthy [37]",1,-1,[],[59978]],["it means that sources are fair, rational, and honest",1,-1,[],[8339]],["relevant asset for their activity as persuasive communicators",1,-1,[],[12575]],["the trustworthiness of a list of recommendations does not use information on the actual ratings v u,d",1,-1,[],[59978]],["trustworthiness of the influencers on the attitude towards following the influencers",1,-1,[],[12575]]],"sy":[["veracidad",1,-1,[],[60239]]],"rt":[["expertise",3,24528,[],[16204,43362,59836]],["RMSE",1,-1,[],[59978]],["Trustingness",1,-1,[],[46267]],["accuracy",1,5235,[],[54267]],["believability",1,1989,[],[54267]],["bias",1,30859,[],[54267]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[51386]],["fairness",1,27748,[],[54267]],["news reliability",1,-1,[],[59978]],["precision",1,2631,[],[59978]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["source credibility",3,22078,[["source credibility",2],["Source credibility",1]],[33588,41174,43362]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[59836]]],"ex":[["the trustworthiness of domains in a list is defined as the fraction of domains that meet or exceed the threshold score.",1,-1,[],[59978]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["conflict",1,23803,[],[27019]],["errors of evolutionary theories",1,-1,[],[27019]],["human interest",1,3323,[],[27019]],["responsibility",1,1758,[],[27019]],["scientific interpretation",1,-1,[],[27019]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["recognizing textual entailment",1,20501,[],[46377]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A final rejoinder is what is known as the \"bellwether\" argument",1,-1,[],[20197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["will determine how the text is structured and how meaning is applied in the overall text.",1,-1,[],[46221]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Lifestyle-based topics",1,24030,[],[3928]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such an ethics views the self as part of a web of relationships and is committed to negotiating and promoting practices that enhance the flourishing of relevant parties.",1,-1,[],[461]]],"sy":[["care-sensitive ethics",1,-1,[],[461]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[],"de":[["Hate can include, but is not limited to, discrimination, negative stereotype, dehumanization, and humiliation.",1,-1,[],[44070]],["Its core or standard meaning is intense or extreme dislike, aversion, loathing, antipathy, enmity or hostility toward or against something or someone.",1,-1,[],[657]],["Often, this targeting focuses on distinguishing attribute of the group, such as age, gender, race, nationality, religion, or disability.",1,-1,[],[44070]],["Often, this targeting focuses on distinguishing attribute of the group, such as age, gender, race, nationality, religion, or disability. Hate can include, but is not limited to, discrimination, negative stereotype, dehumanization, and humiliation.",1,-1,[],[44070]],["[s]ince the mid-1980s, 'hate' began to be used in a much more restricted sense to characterize an individual's negative beliefs and especially feelings about the members of some other category of people based on their ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, or physical or mental disability.",1,-1,[],[657]],["in more specialised contexts, such as in the terms 'hate speech' and 'hate crime', the word 'hate' can mean simply against members of groups or classes of persons identified by protected characteristics.",1,-1,[],[657]],["the issue arises in defining the hate in memes. Sometimes the margins are too narrow in memes identifying from hilarious to hateful.",1,-1,[],[37595]],["the word 'hate' in 'hate speech'",1,-1,[],[657]],["the word 'hate' in 'hate speech' 'implies hostility, rejection, a wish to harm or destroy, a desire to get the target group out of one's way, a silent or vocal and a passive or active declaration of war against it'.",1,-1,[],[657]]],"sy":[["HATE",1,26782,[],[59941]],["attacks",1,22827,[],[11755]],["insults",1,21655,[],[11755]]],"rt":[["ableism",1,32407,[],[36285]],["hate crime",1,10872,[],[657]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[657]],["hateful",1,15429,[],[37595]],["misogyny",1,27981,[],[36285]],["nonhateful",1,-1,[],[37595]],["racism",1,28859,[],[36285]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[44070]]],"ex":[["hate mail",1,-1,[],[657]],["haters gonna hate",1,-1,[],[657]],["putting down a direct or indirect attack on someones race and 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Here, \"everyone else\" might refer to the general public, key entities and actors in a certain domain, countries, etc. Analogously, an attempt to persuade the audience not to do something because \"nobody else is taking the same action\" falls under our definition of Appeal to Popularity.",1,-1,[],[57407]],["Here, \"everyone else\" might refer to the general public, key entities and actors in a certain domain, countries, etc.",1,-1,[],[57407]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Justification",2,7321,[],[37213,57407]]],"ex":[["Because everyone else goes away to college, it must be the right thing to do.",1,-1,[],[57407]],["Example: Because everyone else goes away to college, it must be the right thing to do.",1,-1,[],[57407]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["functioned as a demarcation from critical theories such as constructivism and postmodern theory (which were then seen as not living up to the standards of scientific practice).",1,-1,[],[28514]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Based on the theory of media priming we proceed from the fact that while re-actualizing collective memory content, a message-producer manipulates public opinion to form and revaluate a new image of the past.",1,-1,[],[47801]],["The basic media-priming process consists of two steps. In the first step, information received through a media channel (i.e., the \"media prime\") activates preexisting associated knowledge in the mind of the receiver (i.e., \"available\" cognitive units or concepts). This activation makes the cognitive units more accessible, which means that the receiver is more likely to use them in interpreting and evaluating a subsequently encountered target stimulus (i.e., the attitude object). 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It is functionally an extra tax on citizens, leaving less money for public expenditures.",1,-1,[],[44621]],["rather than being seen as a more structural feature of (print) capitalism.",1,-1,[],[57221]],["the discursive function of corruption therefore consists in providing a symbolic representation of modernization deficiencies and cultural lags that can only be overcome by consistently observing the binding rules and procedures of administrative-technical professionalization",1,-1,[],[44621]],["the very logic of corruption involves exclusion: the corrupt use their control over resources to achieve gains at the expense of those excluded in collective decision making or organization of collective actions.",1,-1,[],[44621]]],"sy":[["Subversion",1,2947,[],[37902]]],"rt":[["integrity",1,25360,[],[44621]]],"sb":[["elites and the professional middle class who could benefit from tax evasion and avoidance",1,-1,[],[48558]],["public and private employees who are taxed at source",1,-1,[],[48558]]],"sp":[["Deception",1,24454,[],[37902]],["Deceptive behaviours",1,3517,[],[36092]]],"ex":[["Corruption, that deterministically changes the victim belief",1,-1,[],[37902]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["(We might more accurately call this \"propaganda.\")",1,-1,[],[16689]],["If this succeed to induce the acceptance of the attitudes and actions which would not be accepted by their own will, recipients becomes unfree object of manipulation.",1,-1,[],[37302]],["It tends to be more difficult to detect because it often represents a formal truth, although its content is actually a lie",1,-1,[],[14577]],["Media manipulation chooses methods and tactics, as a result of which the manipulated person is convinced that he has made his own decision, i.e., he is convinced that it is a decision of his own free will.",1,-1,[],[14577]],["Media manipulation chooses methods and tactics, as a result of which the manipulated person is convinced that he has made his own decision, i.e., he is convinced that it is a decision of his own free will. The aim of such manipulation is to mislead people. It tends to be more difficult to detect because it often represents a formal truth, although its content is actually a lie",1,-1,[],[14577]],["On one hand, people circulate content to push their worldview, often using the mainstream media to increase its audience. (We might more accurately call this \"propaganda.\") On the other, there are people who strategically spread so-called \"fake news\" to make money; trolls who create chaos for fun; politicians with a vested interest in propagating certain frames; and groups who use the media in an attempt to affect public opinion.",1,-1,[],[16689]],["With this type of manipulation, people are deceptively misled and often presented with the truth, but in reality, it is a lie",1,-1,[],[39133]],["is thus a less visible and coercive form of election manipulation",1,-1,[],[57388]]],"sy":[["propaganda",1,34203,[],[16689]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["editorial biases",1,13647,[],[58706]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, often the perpetrator misrepresents himself as another child or teenager, in order to establish a trusting relationship",1,-1,[],[14563]],["Online grooming, differently to offline sexual abuse, is simpler to perpetrate, due to internet's technology and accessibility.",1,-1,[],[14563]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["offline sexual abuse",1,-1,[],[14563]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Emotional appeal",1,17139,[],[44772]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media frames",1,25284,[],[50104]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[["When Headlines, Visuals Or Captions Don't Support The Content",2,-1,[["When Headlines, Visuals Or Captions Don't Support The Content",1],["When headlines, visuals or captions don't support the content",1]],[6173,32597]]],"de":[["False connections are designed to catch the audience's attention with clickbait headlines or provocative images",1,-1,[],[23177]],["False connections are designed to catch the audience's attention with clickbait headlines or provocative images [57,62].",1,-1,[],[23177]],["uses the titles to attract readers rather than true facts",1,-1,[],[27046]]],"sy":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[39222]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake news",4,33960,[["Fake news",2],["fake news",2]],[32597,39222,41559,61989]],["disinformation",3,17423,[["disinformation",2],["Disinformation",1]],[27046,42739,61989]],["mis-and disinformation",3,1535,[["mis-and disinformation",2],["mis-and dis-information",1]],[6173,54276,61989]],["mis-information and dis-information",2,25902,[["mis-information and dis-information",1],["misinformation and disinformation",1]],[13592,54677]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[27046,49502]],["false information",1,20964,[],[51112]],["information disorders",1,13397,[],[57288]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It informs how news content is assimilated. It enhances knowledge about the impact information can have on society and reveals the disconnect between mediated reality and external reality",1,-1,[],[15061]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Examining the entire website to judge the reliability of the information",1,-1,[],[15061]],["Scanning the search results found",1,-1,[],[15061]],["Spending adequate time identifying and evaluating online news",1,-1,[],[15061]],["Using multiple sources to answer a question",1,-1,[],[15061]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["have a greater capacity to successfully conduct fact-checking and data verification tasks, further limiting the circulation of rumours and fake news, as opposed to the digital environment.",1,-1,[],[13838]],["legacy media (print media, national open television, and cable television)",1,-1,[],[13838]],["legacy media, such as print newspapers",1,-1,[],[13838]],["television and the rest of the legacy media, such as print newspapers.",1,-1,[],[13838]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital media",1,4526,[],[13838]],["social media",1,6683,[],[2703]],["television",1,13225,[],[13838]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["print newspapers",1,-1,[],[13838]],["television",1,-1,[],[13838]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["formal features of sensational news coverage",1,1164,[],[32144]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["(e.g., a constant flow of biased information)",1,-1,[],[1607]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["sites that imitate local or national news sites",2,-1,[],[30722,50450]]],"de":[],"sy":[["imposter sources",1,-1,[],[30722]]],"rt":[["imposter sources",1,-1,[],[50450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["imposter sites also make an appearance (Denver Guardian)",1,-1,[],[30722]]]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Every TikTok user is a performer who externalizes personal political opinion via an audiovisual act, with political communication becoming a far more interactive experience than on YouTube or Instagram.",1,-1,[],[7118]],["Political communication is, however, not only about being present, but also about expressing viewpoints in a manner that help groups achieve their goals.",1,-1,[],[36945]],["political communication outside its 'traditional' settings such as electoral cycles, journalism, or public administration within the framework of democracies",1,-1,[],[42185]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frames",1,7860,[],[36945]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[42185]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["most models retain their intrinsic biases and fail to fully emulate the imposed personality",1,-1,[],[59890]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Need for Closure (NFC)",1,823,[],[1887]],["epistemic vice",1,32772,[],[30794]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["Economic consequences are considered to have great news value because the economic consequences resulting from certain events can have a large impact on individuals, communities, organizations, countries and even the whole world (Graber & Dunaway, 2018).",1,-1,[],[50008]],["Economic consequences is a common generic frame that can be applied to several debates (Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000), and similar frames were used in several technology and science communication studies (Dahinden, 2002;Nisbet, 2009).",1,-1,[],[59205]],["For the AI debate, we see two aspects of a pro position. First, economic optimism (Sun et al., 2020), which is the portrayal of AI as a positive economic development (Cools et al., 2024), bringing wealth and possibly leading to a new industrial revolution. Second, we also see a business application of pragmatic aspects. We summarize it as operation optimization, which includes increasing productivity, saving money, and optimizing business processes. The contra position consists of economic pessimism (Sun et al., 2020), pointing out possible job loss (Chuan et al., 2019), and dependence on other countries, if a country does not keep up with the global AI competition.",1,-1,[],[59205]],["Is there a mention of financial losses or gains now or in the future?",1,-1,[],[29109]],["Is there a mention of the costs/degree of expense involved?",1,-1,[],[29109]],["Is there a reference to economic consequences of pursuing or not pursuing a course of action?",1,-1,[],[29109]],["Neuman et al. (1994) identify this as a general framework in reporting.",1,-1,[],[50008]],["News media use it frequently to refer to the cost of pursuing governmental policies and it reflects the 'preoccupation with the bottom line, profit and loss'",1,-1,[],[39726]],["News media use it frequently to refer to the cost of pursuing governmental policies and it reflects the 'preoccupation with the bottom line, profit and loss' (Neuman, 1992: 63).",1,-1,[],[39726]],["Owing to its emphasis on \"cold facts,\" this frame is frequently deployed in broadsheet newspapers.",1,-1,[],[28462]],["These percentages represent the average presence of economic consequences frame and the average visibility of the economy in the outlets, for the days of the sampling.",1,-1,[],[39726]],["Thus, the media tends to the economic consequences of an individual, group, institution, or nation.",1,-1,[],[58484]],["appears sporadically in the form of corruption scandals involving opposition figures (Informer, May 12), or in statements contrasting the government's economic achievements with the purportedly destructive agenda of the opposition, described as \"blockers\" (Informer, May 19)",1,-1,[],[60975]]],"sy":[["economy-oriented frames",1,-1,[],[28462]]],"rt":[["generic frames",1,19746,[],[39726]],["news framing",1,12351,[],[39726]]],"sb":[["economic optimism (Sun et al., 2020), which is the portrayal of AI as a positive economic development (Cools et al., 2024), bringing wealth and possibly leading to a new industrial revolution.",1,-1,[],[59205]],["economic pessimism (Sun et al., 2020), pointing out possible job loss (Chuan et al., 2019), and dependence on other countries, if a country does not keep up with the global AI competition.",1,-1,[],[59205]],["operation optimization, which includes increasing productivity, saving money, and optimizing business processes.",1,-1,[],[59205]]],"sp":[["generic frames",4,19746,[],[28462,39726,55877,59205]],["news frames",3,21144,[["news frames",2],["news frame",1]],[28462,36647,59276]],["Crisis Frames",1,27350,[],[50008]],["deductively derived frame",1,-1,[],[59205]],["five/frame model",1,-1,[],[29109]],["journalistic frames",1,10890,[],[55877]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["People tend to trust news stories shared by a trusted news outlet (Tandoc 2019), their friends (e.g. Bene 2017a; Turcotte et al. 2015) and celebrities they already trust (Sterrett et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[5137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Popularity nudges can serve as powerful heuristic cues that make articles appear more interesting, relevant or important",1,-1,[],[46028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["desmentidos",1,6041,[],[37753]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["verificación",1,24376,[],[37753]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["language of fear",1,25872,[],[39114]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["modal particles are rather typical in speech instead of highly-edited written texts",1,-1,[],[31552]],["they subtly manipulate how a proposition should be received by the addressee, constituting framing devices par excellence.",1,-1,[],[31552]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["MODAL PARTICLES SIGNALING COMMON GROUND",1,1432,[],[31552]],["MODAL PARTICLES SIGNALING WEAKENED COMMITMENT",1,13975,[],[31552]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, conspiracy theories uniquely helped ancestral humans to navigate their social world better and anticipate and overcome imminent dangers in their environment.",1,-1,[],[9631]],["conspiracy theories have been directly adaptive for ancestral humans to navigate their social world, which was characterized by frequently recurring coalitional dangers.",1,-1,[],[9631]],["it may have paid to be suspicious of powerful, potentially hostile coalitions.",1,-1,[],[9631]],["it was adaptive to hold these beliefs.",1,-1,[],[9631]]],"sy":[["adaptation hypothesis",1,-1,[],[9631]]],"rt":[["agency detection",1,28012,[],[9631]],["alliance detection",1,15919,[],[9631]],["pattern perception",1,18971,[],[9631]],["threat management",1,-1,[],[9631]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news frames",1,21144,[],[44234]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These regimes are competitive in the sense that the democratic institutions are real and that \"opposition forces can use legal channels to seriously contest for (and occasionally win) power; but they are authoritarian in that opposition forces are handicapped by a highly uneven-and even dangerous-playing field. Competition is thus real but unfair\"",1,-1,[],[33491]],["repressive media culture and heritage that can be fairly described as a competitive authoritarian regime",1,-1,[],[33491]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inequitable protection",1,723,[],[57509]],["over-policing",1,19087,[],[57509]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["politicisation",1,11807,[],[32300]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This can encompass the application of cutting-edge deepfake techniques as well as simpler forms of manipulation such as image splicing or PS. Furthermore, it also includes the simulation of images imitating official websites or tweets, representing a unique circumstance within the realm of image forgery.",1,-1,[],[37764]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["multimodal fake news",1,23466,[],[37764]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populizm historyczny",1,17738,[],[13371]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Chinese emperors claimed that their rights to rule were granted by Heaven; thus this legitimacy claim is called the Mandate of Heaven.",1,-1,[],[18349]],["The Mandate of Heaven was a clear and deliberate state strategy designed to legitimize regime transition without throwing away all the other legitimizing tools of the previous regimes.",1,-1,[],[18349]],["the Mandate of Heaven is a prerequisite for a 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actions",1,-1,[],[60918]],["Influence operations can have impact based on their specific content or focus (e.g., through persuasion), or by eroding community trust in the information environment overall.",1,-1,[],[15724]],["Influence operations include operations that intend to activate people who hold particular beliefs, to persuade an audience of a particular viewpoint, and/or to distract target audiences",1,-1,[["Influence operations include operations that intend to activate people who hold particular beliefs, to persuade an audience of a particular viewpoint, and/or to distract target audiences",1],["Influence operations include operations that intend to activate people who hold particular beliefs, to persuade an audience of a particular viewpoint, and/or to distract target audiences.",1]],[15724]],["Such influence operations do not necessarily make false claims, push propaganda, or launch attacks on adversaries. Rather, they present as multimedia content, familiar metanarratives of the kind often seen in disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[45936]],["Such influence operations do not necessarily make false claims, push propaganda, or launch attacks on adversaries. Rather, they present as multimedia content, familiar metanarratives of the kind often seen in disinformation campaigns (Gaw et al. 2023).",1,-1,[],[45936]],["Such influence operations do not necessarily make false claims, push propaganda, or launch attacks on adversaries. Rather, they present as multimedia content, familiar metanarratives of the kind often seen in disinformation campaigns (Gaw et al. 2023). Covert influence operations use alternative images to construct a \"parallel reality\" beyond the false/truth distinction in which a (false) sense of \"reality\" is enhanced by their dissemination and circulation.",1,-1,[],[45936]],["The instrument identifies actions that are presumptively immoral. These are actions that liberal states have strong reasons to avoid.",1,-1,[],[60918]],["These operations often include persona creation (creating fake identities to spread a message), fake news properties, and inauthentic amplification efforts.",1,-1,[],[15724]],["by reducing the costs of propaganda campaigns by scaling them",1,-1,[],[35728]],["deceptive and manipulative operations",1,-1,[],[60918]],["influence operations, which are conducted in secret.",1,-1,[],[15724]],["maximally inclusive term for a family of actions",1,-1,[],[60918]],["online and on social media platforms specifically",1,-1,[],[15724]],["our definition is agnostic to the truth of the message (whether the content spread is true or false) and the identity of the actor spreading it",1,-1,[],[15724]],["relying on true, non-falsifiable, or politically slanted content",1,-1,[],[15724]],["taking into account different variations regarding the normatively important elements of content, attribution, target, and purpose.",1,-1,[],[60918]],["the success of an influence operation is a function of resources and the ability to get the desired content in front of one's target.",1,-1,[],[15724]]],"sy":[["information operations",3,21443,[],[37822,52549,60918]],["IOs",1,-1,[],[52549]],["cognitive warfare",1,30596,[],[60918]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[60918]],["political warfare",1,-1,[],[60918]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[60918]],["psychological operations",1,29788,[],[60918]]],"rt":[["Information warfare",2,6374,[["Information warfare",1],["information warfare",1]],[44110,60918]],["cognitive warfare",1,30596,[],[60918]],["covert networked disinformation",1,-1,[],[45936]],["digital agents of influence",1,-1,[],[15724]],["distraction",1,28386,[],[15724]],["information operations",1,21443,[],[60918]],["political warfare",1,-1,[],[60918]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[60918]],["psychological operations",1,29788,[],[60918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["troll farms",1,31792,[],[992]]],"rt":[["social bots",1,20136,[],[992]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["agricultural policies",1,-1,[],[48363]],["biofuels",1,-1,[],[48363]],["climate change",1,-1,[],[48363]],["the Fukushima disaster",1,-1,[],[48363]],["wind energy",1,-1,[],[48363]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["PTs' narratives started from their personal experiences but extended to broader society and their position in it, enabling conversations on social justice issues in a broader perspective",1,-1,[],[25436]],["such as expectations from a professional role or group membership (e.g., teacher candidate, (non)religious, Turkish/American citizen).",1,-1,[],[25436]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["moral and personal positioning",1,-1,[],[25436]],["personal positioning",1,13997,[],[25436]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Positioning",1,10894,[],[25436]],["modes of positioning",1,-1,[],[25436]],["positioning theory",1,7628,[],[25436]]],"ex":[["e.g., teacher candidate, (non)religious, Turkish/American citizen",1,-1,[],[25436]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This is about compromisers moderating and in part transforming their expectations in the light of the positions taken by persons on the other side of the debate",1,-1,[],[18669]],["We compromise in a principled way when we act on the belief that we owe it to others to concede something to their position",1,-1,[],[18669]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["dialectical quality",1,-1,[],[51043]],["mutual respect",1,7268,[],[18669]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Students gain in-depth knowledge and understanding about AI-generated images. 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(2013) used what they call meta-discourse markers (such as \"firstly\" and \"in conclusion\") that refer explicitly to aspects of the organization of a text.",1,-1,[],[14438]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["examples of online hate can be distinguished from less direct and explicit forms of oppression or discrimination, including acts of prejudice, which focus primarily on preconceived ideas and beliefs directed towards another individual/group",1,-1,[],[36289]],["hate detection models are a crucial tool for tackling it at scale.",1,-1,[],[21358]],["online hate is itself widely defined and understood",1,-1,[],[36289]],["performing the dual purpose of denigrating a specific group (or groups), while also fostering an atmosphere of hostility towards the targeted group(s).",1,-1,[],[36289]],["research should concentrate on how incorporate user-level features when scoring and automating the 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It makes me feel really awful about myself and my lifestyle. Also, seeing beautiful, fit, flawless, perfect women all the time over and over again is awful for my self-esteem, but I don't even do anything to try to limit my social media use. I just let it happen and let myself be upset, and I hate it.",1,-1,[],[37090]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Communication, in whatever mode or register, involves presenting a discoursal self to show where the agent stands in relation to their arguments and the audience.",1,-1,[],[1814]],["The employment of explicit self-mention markers is a conscious choice to show writers' authorial identity and their particular stance.",1,-1,[],[42504]],["The employment of self-mentions in both genres indicates that writers have a great tendency to attach themselves to the discourse community and present propositional, affective and interpersonal information",1,-1,[],[42505]],["the explicit reference to the speaker and his stance introduces him as a holder of discourse or an active discourse participant, thus making the speech more convincing and influencing",1,-1,[],[16398]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["First person pronouns",1,-1,[["First person pronouns",1],["first person pronouns",1]],[42504,42505]],["Nouns phrases",1,-1,[],[42504]],["noun phrases like the writer or the author",1,-1,[],[42505]]],"sp":[["Interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[16398]],["Resources",1,16723,[],[1959]],["interactional",1,29905,[],[16398]],["metadiscourse",1,4455,[],[1960]],["stance",1,2283,[],[42504]],["stance framework",1,-1,[],[42504]],["stance markers",1,785,[],[42505]]],"ex":[["I / we / my / our",1,-1,[],[1959]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":51,"df":[],"de":[["Botnets are usually tied to a large number of fake accounts that are used to propagate false information in the wild.",1,-1,[],[7004]],["Bots are identified as accounts whose bot probability, as determined by our algorithm, exceeds a threshold of 0.8.",1,-1,[],[55335]],["Bots are the primary applications used in carrying out distributed denial-ofservice and virus attacks, email harvesting, and content theft.",1,-1,[],[16818]],["Bots are versatile, cheap to produce, and ever evolving.",1,-1,[],[16818]],["Our definition thus includes both benign and malicious bots.",1,-1,[],[23857]],["These automated scripts generate content through these platforms and then interact with people.",1,-1,[],[16818]],["all bots share the property of being able to deploy messages and replicate themselves.",1,-1,[],[16818]],["automated spamming accounts (\"bots\"), which have similar features",1,-1,[],[44045]],["can artificially amplify the visibility of a message in the expectation that increased exposure will cause more people to align with it",1,-1,[],[6080]],["one of the most dangerous automatic message generators and disinformation sharing propaganda methods in the toolkit of various cyber criminals",1,-1,[],[44437]],["performing the same duties through the use of AI",1,-1,[],[55162]],["se hacen pasar por personas reales y publican, tuitean, likean y comparten.",1,-1,[],[42036]],["some bots may be relatively dormant, waiting to be activated and tweeting only occasionally.",1,-1,[],[16818]],["the widespread presence and weaponization of bots, or automated social media accounts, has been one of the most dangerous automatic message generators and disinformation sharing propaganda methods in the toolkit of various cyber criminals.",1,-1,[],[44437]],["to engineer virality and credibility of posts and inflate the social status of the bot accounts.",1,-1,[],[6949]],["we expect the actual number of bots to be higher-many bots, after all, would not disclose their activities.",1,-1,[],[16818]],["which have similar features (Eshraqi et al., 2015;Masood et al., 2019;Wang, 2010)",1,-1,[],[44045]]],"sy":[["automated accounts",2,-1,[],[1474,30565]]],"rt":[["Botnet",2,7306,[["Botnet",1],["botnets",1]],[7004,16818]],["trolls",2,4949,[["trolls",2],["troll",1]],[12588,55162]],["computational propaganda",1,19112,[],[12588]],["paid trolls",1,-1,[],[12588]],["political bots",1,1965,[],[16818]],["social bots",1,20136,[],[16818]],["sockpuppets",1,18,[],[19203]]],"sb":[["Broadcast bot",1,8731,[],[23857]],["Consumption bot",1,-1,[],[23857]],["Spam bot",1,10350,[],[23857]],["political bots",1,1965,[],[16818]],["self-disclosed bots",1,-1,[],[16818]],["social bots",1,20136,[],[16818]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["some bots only repost content, promote content (e.g., via vote manipulation on Reddit or similar platforms), and others post \"original\" content.",1,-1,[],[7004]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Each discourse has a distinctive pattern of common journalistic sources, and influence source tiers as described by Shoemaker and Reese (1996). That is to say: the use of different journalistic sources is rationalized differently, and different types of influences shape those rationalizations.",1,-1,[],[48642]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Consensual",1,5286,[],[48642]],["Contextual",1,4628,[],[48642]],["Ideological",1,10653,[],[48642]],["Pragmatic",1,25404,[],[48642]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["By making these specific linguistic choices, journalists reveal directly their true feelings and allow their own thoughts and experiences shape their news articles.",1,-1,[],[55878]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["trauma frame",1,9798,[],[55878]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This may be an indicator of media literacy and more desirable levels of scepticism: in times of information overload and high choice, citizens should be able to critically navigate their information environment and should not uncritically accept all incoming political information.",1,-1,[],[48715]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The research subjects include the different categories of emotional commitment, moral response and dispositions of the audience.",1,-1,[],[58131]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["backfire effect",1,16591,[],[2910]]],"ex":[["attempts to correct misconceptions regarding anthropogenic climate change or the existence of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq immediately prior to the invasion of 2003",1,-1,[],[5688]],["worldview backfire effects have been documented with attempts to promote vaccine safety",1,-1,[],[5688]],["worldview backfire effects have been documented with attempts to promote vaccine safety [21], as well as attempts to correct misconceptions regarding anthropogenic climate change or the existence of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq immediately prior to the invasion of 2003 [22,23].",1,-1,[],[5688]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["do not give quantitative information about absolute values or facts, but summarize the subjective confidence we have in any claim.",1,-1,[],[5711]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A simple version of this metric counts and compares the number of masculine and feminine words, defined by a word list, in the text.",1,-1,[],[8097]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lexicon Metrics",1,17355,[],[8097]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In this heuristic, commercial content is a strong negative credibility criterion, especially when not obvious, as it leaves the user feeling manipulated and therefore activates defense mechanisms",1,-1,[],[138]],["scholars have noted a persuasive intent heuristic for assessing credibility wherein information is deemed low in credibility if it aims to persuade",1,-1,[],[45386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive heuristics",1,22281,[],[34616]],["heuristics",1,25648,[],[34616]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, Template-based inputs are unsuitable for our proposed mechanism not only due to the unrealistic scenarios but also because of the inconsistent performance.",1,-1,[],[15774]],["cause LLMs to generate the largest number of biased sentences as expected.",1,-1,[],[15774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the realm of Islamic jurisprudence, such instances of takfir carry significant consequences, impacting matters such as inheritance, marriage, the permissibility of killing, and more. This doctrine serves as a shield for terrorist groups, providing a purported legal basis for their actions, including acts such as killing, confiscation of property, and defacement, which they justify by categorizing individuals who leave the faith as disbelievers (kafir murtad).",1,-1,[],[16161]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["posits that the press are more likely to report on violence if it is more visually striking",1,-1,[],[11389]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["entretenimiento publicitario",1,-1,[],[43821]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Chaperones are often witnesses or instrumental to claims that journalists make; they are necessary for facts to travel effectively, even if claims might be false.",1,-1,[],[45430]],["chaperones -spokespersons, users, 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to femicide, is useful for highlighting the causes of femicide and the contexts in which it occurs.",1,-1,[],[15946]],["The term is also used to describe femicide-rooted impunity, functioning as a \"tool of patriarchal oppression, while also serving as a tool of racism, economic oppression, and colonialism\"",1,-1,[],[15946]],["The term is also used to describe femicide-rooted impunity, functioning as a \"tool of patriarchal oppression, while also serving as a tool of racism, economic oppression, and colonialism\" (Smith 2006: 417).",1,-1,[],[15946]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Contributive justice is therefore primarily concerned with the responsibilities and duties of members to not only the group to which those members belong but also to the broader community and even strangers.",1,-1,[],[20370]],["It requires a person who receives certain benefits from a society to maintain and support that particular 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change",1,-1,[],[51297]],["These elements of storytelling, such as representing an issue through the lens of stakeholders and conflicts rather than direct description of the facts, make narrative frames a highly effective device, particularly in the context of contested issues such as climate change (Daniels and Endfield, 2009;Rodrigo-Alsina, 2019).",1,-1,[],[51297]],["the narrative story consists of four elements: setting, characters, plot, and a moral",1,-1,[],[54403]]],"sy":[["framing",1,22777,[],[51297]]],"rt":[["elements of narrativity",1,-1,[],[51297]],["media framing",1,29447,[],[51297]],["storytelling",1,6370,[],[51297]]],"sb":[["Heroes (fixers of a problem)",1,-1,[],[54403]],["Victims (harmed by the problem)",1,-1,[],[54403]],["Villains (causing the problem)",1,-1,[],[54403]],["blaming",1,17845,[],[51297]],["heroic",1,16336,[],[51297]],["victimizing",1,19630,[],[51297]]],"sp":[["media framing",2,29447,[],[51297,54403]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These may be fairies, spirits, mermaids or demons.",1,-1,[],[14030]],["a medium for the community's dialogue with itself",1,-1,[],[14030]],["images 'that [enable] the expression and negotiation of sensitive issues … it is a medium for the community's dialogue with itself '",1,-1,[],[14030]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["fairies, spirits, mermaids or demons",1,-1,[],[14030]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["A profile picture is one way to foster social presence.",1,-1,[],[13510]],["an important aspect of impression development through CMC is being able to give the communicator some form of social presence.",1,-1,[],[13510]],["how having a profile picture creates a sense of presence of those who are not physically present",1,-1,[],[13510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["machine heuristic",1,26074,[],[13510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic cues",1,9915,[],[13510]]],"ex":[["A profile picture is one way to foster social 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It includes deliberate attempts to disseminate wrong information to undermine the public health response and advance alternative agendas of groups or individuals",2,-1,[["an overabundance of information, both online and offline. It includes deliberate attempts to disseminate wrong information to undermine the public health response and advance alternative agendas of groups or individuals",1],["an overabundance of information, both online and offline. It includes deliberate attempts to disseminate wrong information to undermine the public health response and advance alternative agendas of groups or individuals.",1]],[37308,48161]]],"de":[["a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\"",2,-1,[["a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\"",1],["a portmanteau of information and epidemic",1]],[5746,18851]],["6 definitions restricted it to false information while 9 definitions attributed it to a mix of valid and invalid information.",1,-1,[],[12737]],["Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, World Health Organization Director-General, at the Munich Security Conference, had already realized the impact of false and inaccurate information by saying that \"we're not just fighting an epidemic; we're fighting an infodemic\".",1,-1,[],[15835]],["Due to infodemics everyone has a private opinion and alternative truth, people may become confused, irrational, anxious, fearful, suspicious, xenophobic and prone to extreme behaviors.",1,-1,[],[13199]],["During a pandemic, when facts are often mixed with rumours, it becomes challenging to learn essential information about an issue",1,-1,[],[39842]],["Health studies incorporated \"misinformation\" but also employed other terms such as \"infodemic\" to describe the rapid spread of misleading health-related information.",1,-1,[],[59333]],["Health-related uncertainties give birth to a new phenomenon that is addressed as infodemic",1,-1,[],[5746]],["Health-related uncertainties give birth to a new phenomenon that is addressed as infodemic (a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\").",1,-1,[],[5746]],["Health-related uncertainties give birth to a new phenomenon that is addressed as infodemic (a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\"). In this situation, both true and false information galore.",1,-1,[],[39842]],["In the COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic, rumors and misinformation spread through social media are more contagious than the virus itself.",1,-1,[],[37308]],["In the language of journalists, this is how they began to denote an information virus, that is, the flow of unverified messages about the coronavirus in the media, blogs, chats and social networks.",1,-1,[],[58116]],["In this situation, misinformation and rumors appear on the scene, along with manipulation of information with doubtful intent.",1,-1,[],[36468]],["Infodemic had 19 of 24 definitions addressing \"information overload\"",1,-1,[],[12737]],["Infodemics are concerning because the spread of false or misleading information has the capacity to change transmission patterns (Kim et al., 2019) and consequently the scale and lethality of a pandemic.",1,-1,[],[35166]],["Infodemics, which have a negative impact not only on Internet users, but also on their cognition and mental state.",1,-1,[],[37407]],["It caused fear, speculation, and rumors among the population",1,-1,[],[57742]],["It could even speed up the epidemic by influencing and fragmenting social response",1,-1,[],[42992]],["It refers not only to a deluge of information, but also to the fact that the information could not be verified and much of it is probably not accurate (Gamble et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[60723]],["Mis-and disinformation can be harmful to people's physical and mental health; increase stigmatization; threaten precious health gains; and lead to poor observance of public health measures, thus reducing their effectiveness and endangering countries' ability to stop the pandemic",1,-1,[],[37308]],["Scholars have a relatively deep understanding of the definition, source, and development history of infodemic.",1,-1,[],[37407]],["Some of it is merely confusing, but some of the misinformation can be actively harmful to life",1,-1,[],[42865]],["The COVID-19 pandemic has also brought about an infodemic",1,-1,[],[57081]],["The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infodemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020 is the first infodemic of a global scale, relating to the spread of misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.",1,-1,[],[43618]],["The Covid19 pandemic saw a burst of information, which the WHOfoot_0 called an ''infodemic''",1,-1,[],[36214]],["The Vice President of the European Commission for Values and Transparency described this phenomenon a coronavirus 'infodemic'",1,-1,[],[46956]],["The World Health Organization (WHO) coined the term",1,-1,[],[39971]],["The end result is that an anxious public finds it difficult to distinguish between evidence-based information and a broad range of unreliable misinformation.",1,-1,[],[6176]],["The infodemics can be thought, similarly to epidemics, as an outbreak of false rumors and fake news with unexpected effects on social dynamics (see Fig. 1).",1,-1,[],[2819]],["The uncontrolled spread of (mis)information, news and propaganda related to COVID 19 created an 'infodemic' leading to panic and unscientific practices among the mass.",1,-1,[],[61299]],["The wildfire of Fake News in the times of COVID-19",1,-1,[],[45663]],["This infodemic now poses a serious problem for public health.",1,-1,[],[6176]],["This phenomenon, characterized by an overabundance of information-both accurate and false-created confusion, fear, and mistrust among the public",1,-1,[],[39963]],["This risk is exacerbated by the overabundance of information available and the rapid spread of inaccurate, premature, and misleading information online referred to as an infodemic.",1,-1,[],[61282]],["WHO again has declared that infodemic is a new burden for humanity which is related to excessive and fake or wrong news about COVID-19.",1,-1,[],[37308]],["When there is a lack of verified information, people feel great anxious and afraid and easily believe such tips, regardless of whether they are true [63,64].",1,-1,[],[44016]],["a massive spread of both accurate and inaccurate information, fake news and conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[61703]],["a massive spread of both accurate and inaccurate information, fake news and conspiracy theories (both ignorant or malevolent to provoke panic)",1,-1,[],[61703]],["a massive spread of both accurate and inaccurate information, fake news and conspiracy theories (both ignorant or malevolent to provoke panic), which can also take a physical form, causing protests and material damage, as well as the countermeasures that social media platforms used to contain them.",1,-1,[],[61703]],["a phenomenon named infodemics [16][17][18][19] , sharing similarities with more traditional epidemics and spreading phenomena [20][21][22]",1,-1,[],[2819]],["a situation of fear and insecurity in which the dissemination of false information has become widespread",1,-1,[],[61896]],["almost all definitions mentioned the information overload concept",1,-1,[],[12737]],["an epidemic of misinformation",1,-1,[],[61299]],["an offshoot of the crisis in media legitimacy",1,-1,[],[48161]],["an over-abundance of information -some accurate and some not -that makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it",1,-1,[],[61896]],["an overabundance of information -some accurate, some not -that spreads alongside a disease outbreak.",1,-1,[],[36468]],["an overabundance of information, especially misinformation/disinformation, that may harm societal response to the pandemic",1,-1,[],[14163]],["an overload of information, often false or unverified, about a problem, especially a major crisis. Quickly spreading in the news, online, and through social media, this information fuels fear and speculation, making the problem worse, not better",1,-1,[],[61896]],["as people shared misleading content on the origin, spread, prevention, cure, and vaccines",1,-1,[],[47106]],["called an 'infodemic' by WHO",1,-1,[],[44425]],["can hamper an effective public health response and create confusion and distrust among people",1,-1,[],[54159]],["caused by the COVID-19 threat and how the information about it has been managed by mainstream and alternative news outlet",1,-1,[],[1508]],["coined to categorize some of the common features of rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories during public health emergencies.",1,-1,[],[15287]],["contributed to a serious vaccine hesitancy problem in many countries, particularly where education is limited",1,-1,[],[35593]],["could even speed up the epidemic process by influencing and fragmenting social response",1,-1,[],[2924]],["different narratives (including false information) competing for space in the screens of social media users",1,-1,[],[25949]],["disrupting government response to the spread of coronavirus",1,-1,[],[46956]],["exacerbates public health concerns",1,-1,[],[52180]],["false or unreliable news that could be misleading and, as a whole, caused infodemic among the population",1,-1,[],[57742]],["had resulted in disbelief and over-information among a population that was no longer able to differentiate what was real from what was not.",1,-1,[],[47493]],["has been widely discussed in the literature.",1,-1,[],[10831]],["incorrect or malicious information being spread quickly and to a wide audience",1,-1,[],[18784]],["infodemic emergency",1,-1,[],[1508]],["infodemic of inaccurate information",1,-1,[],[44804]],["information overload, another characteristic of the infodemic (WHO, 2020), with different narratives (including false information) competing for space in the screens of social media users.",1,-1,[],[25949]],["is full of false claims, half backed conspiracy theories and pseudoscientific therapies, regarding the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, origin and spread of the virus",1,-1,[],[6180]],["it could even accelerate the process of the epidemic by influencing and fragmenting the response",1,-1,[],[10295]],["it is difficult to distinguish truthful news from misinformation.",1,-1,[],[60390]],["manipulative policy of a government that attempts to exploit the ignorance and gullibility of its citizens.",1,-1,[],[28912]],["might lead to different levels of COVID-19 concern in the population",1,-1,[],[3170]],["popularly referred to as an 'infodemic' by the WHO chief",1,-1,[],[45663]],["potentially dangerous myths and rumours which must be tracked and refuted, primarily through the channels for their most intense dissemination: social media platforms.",1,-1,[],[58725]],["referring to the faster spread of COVID-19 misinformation than the virus",1,-1,[],[19868]],["rumors of absurd and false medical tips spread rapidly in social media. When there is a lack of verified information, people feel great anxious and afraid and easily believe such tips, regardless of whether they are true",1,-1,[],[44016]],["secondary disaster of the Infodemic caused by information redundancy",1,-1,[],[37407]],["shorthand for information epidemic",1,-1,[],[1938]],["spreading an excessive amount of information about an issue, which makes it confusing and hinders to identify a solution",1,-1,[],[54159]],["that must tackle alongside the pandemic itself and the concern over the problem is global.",1,-1,[],[54159]],["the WHO labelled an infodemic",1,-1,[],[27182]],["the World Health Organization has defined the recent crisis not only a pandemic but an infodemic",1,-1,[],[36672]],["the claim of infodemic became a motto to indiscriminately refer to information or disinformation.",1,-1,[],[47106]],["the combination of information and epidemic",1,-1,[],[37308]],["the difference now with social media is that this phenomenon is amplified, it goes faster and further, like the viruses that travel with people and go faster and further.",1,-1,[],[6176]],["the direful effects of fake news during the times of COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[44425]],["the emergence of COVID-19 and its subsequent protective measures were accompanied by a vast array of information which made it difficult to find secure sources and guidelines",1,-1,[],[31744]],["the infodemic dimensions of a pandemic must be seen as two sides of the same coin.",1,-1,[],[2818]],["the infodemic hindered the implementation of virus control measures. This promoted the spread of fear, unnecessary confusion, and division at times when collaboration was required to save lives and end the health emergency",1,-1,[],[40649]],["the infodemic is not just an information overload problem because information disorders like misinformation and disinformation co-exist with verified information within social media platforms in various forms",1,-1,[],[25949]],["the infodemic metaphor and its construction of misinformation as a pathogen to be controlled and/or its harm reduced",1,-1,[],[19125]],["the proliferation of misinformation is viral in such a way that it is practically impossible to stop",1,-1,[],[1938]],["the spread of false or misleading information has the capacity to change transmission patterns (Kim et al., 2019) and consequently the scale and lethality of a pandemic",1,-1,[],[35166]],["the technology we rely on to keep connected and informed is enabling and amplifying an infodemic that continues to undermine the global response and jeopardizes measures to control the pandemic",1,-1,[],[31744]],["the term infodemic is increasingly being used to describe the circumstances in which we live from an informational perspective.",1,-1,[],[37523]],["this neologism (information + epidemic = infodemic)",1,-1,[],[34112]],["to describe the rapid spread of misleading health-related information",1,-1,[],[59333]],["treats the infodemic more as a continuous process, with each stage foreshadowing the nest, leading to the exponential increase of the infodemic in the absence of governance.",1,-1,[],[37407]],["undermining trust in science and verified sources at a time of high uncertainty",1,-1,[],[54447]],["understanding misinformation during a pandemic through the metaphor of infodemic, means that we are led to understand it as another form of global viral spread.",1,-1,[],[19125]],["was coined to categorize some of the common features of rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories during public health emergencies.",1,-1,[],[15287]],["we're not just fighting an epidemic; we're fighting an infodemic",1,-1,[],[44834]],["when epidemics become more common around the world, rumors of absurd and false medical tips spread rapidly in social media. When there is a lack of verified information, people feel great anxious and afraid and easily believe such tips, regardless of whether they are true",1,-1,[],[44016]]],"sy":[["information epidemic",2,-1,[],[40649,58116]],["information pandemic",2,-1,[],[45693,49997]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[39842]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[18784]],["false news",1,34005,[],[39842]],["inaccurate news",1,33994,[],[39842]],["infodemia -um excesso de informações que dificulta a veiculação de notícias de fontes confiáveis",1,-1,[],[10883]],["infodemic (a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\")",1,-1,[],[39842]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[39842]],["rumor",1,17712,[],[39842]]],"rt":[["misinformation",14,10315,[["misinformation",13],["mis/information",1]],[12737,13199,14163,19125,25949,32872,33446,36468,37407,39842,43618,45201,61166,61619]],["disinformation",10,17423,[],[10744,12737,14163,25949,31744,32872,37407,39842,47106,49377]],["fake news",4,33960,[],[12737,32872,44425,61355]],["rumors",4,17712,[["rumors",3],["rumours",1]],[6176,15287,36468,43618]],["collective perceptual bias",1,-1,[],[13199]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[15287]],["epidemics",1,-1,[],[2819]],["half-backed conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[6176]],["infodemic governance",1,-1,[],[37407]],["infodemic management",1,-1,[],[37407]],["information pandemic",1,-1,[],[47493]],["information virus",1,9495,[],[58116]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[12737]],["manipulation of information with doubtful intent",1,-1,[],[36468]],["medical misinformation",1,21943,[],[6176]],["misinformation and rumors",1,33861,[],[36468]],["post-truth era",1,2512,[],[37523]],["stigma",1,6427,[],[15287]]],"sb":[["disinformation",2,17423,[],[25949,37407]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[25949,37407]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["fake news",2,-1,[],[18784,29302]],["conspiracies",1,-1,[],[29302]],["every day in March 2020 there was an average of 46 000 new posts on Twitter linked to misleading information about the pandemic",1,-1,[],[6176]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["any attribute that is correlated with degree will produce a paradox",1,-1,[],[10399]],["can ultimately be traced to the power of high degree nodes to skew the observations of many others.",1,-1,[],[10399]],["distorting users' perceptions of the norms in a network-and, thus, their behavior-when popular users behave differently from non-popular users.",1,-1,[],[41193]],["has its origins in the heterogeneous degree distribution [14], and is more pronounced in networks with larger degree heterogeneity σ k",1,-1,[],[10399]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["generalized friendship paradox",1,22645,[],[10399]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the people you follow on Twitter post more frequently than you do",1,-1,[],[10399]],["your coauthors are cited more often than you",1,-1,[],[10399]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This style of journalism entails that news coverage is driven by the theme decided upon by the journalists or editors.",1,-1,[],[29245]],["global shift of journalism to strengthen its focus on the 'why' question",1,-1,[],[29245]],["interpretative journalism entails an emphasis on the meaning of news events, beyond describing the 'Who, What, Where and When'. (Salgado and Strömbäck, 2011: 149).",1,-1,[],[29245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Peace Journalism",1,24292,[],[29245]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["We consider denying people the ability to self-identify to be a type of individual harm",1,-1,[],[10933]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["denying people the ability to self-identify",1,-1,[],[10933]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["choque moral",1,-1,[],[43690]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The value of involving NGOs in public diplomacy efforts arises from NGOs' unique credibility, expertise, and access to local community and international resources.",1,-1,[],[59126]]],"sy":[["non-state actors",1,3316,[],[59126]],["nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations",1,-1,[],[59126]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["interactional metadiscourse",1,34212,[],[16386]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Emergent Bias",1,27194,[],[7355]],["Popularity Bias",1,682,[],[7355]],["Presentation Bias",1,22343,[],[7355]],["Ranking Bias",1,25643,[],[7355]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["transferencia de relevancia",1,26163,[],[13816]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Discrimination against women can be expressed in different areas, such as Economic Inequality; Gender Violence; Access to Education; Political Representation; Cultural Norms and Stereotypes; among others.",1,-1,[],[34867]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Access to Education",1,-1,[],[34867]],["Cultural Norms and Stereotypes",1,-1,[],[34867]],["Economic Inequality",1,-1,[],[34867]],["Gender Violence",1,4893,[],[34867]],["Political Representation",1,-1,[],[34867]],["intersectional discrimination (women who belong to minority groups may experience additional forms of discrimination, which further complicates their situation)",1,-1,[],[34867]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["High modernism with its unbounded confidence in scientific management by a white, male elite committed to publicly oriented professionalism",1,-1,[],[2230]],["These conditions were supported by an ideological frame, high modernism, which was oriented toward authority and expertise.",1,-1,[],[2230]],["oriented toward authority and expertise",1,-1,[],[2230]],["oriented toward authority and expertise. Leadership by expert elites pervaded political, economic, and cultural dimensions of the period, from Keynesianism, dirigisme, and the rise of the administrative state, through managerial capitalism and the social market economy; to centralized, national or highly concentrated media.",1,-1,[],[2230]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["race to the bottom",1,-1,[],[9722]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["bias",1,30859,[],[54418]],["political bias",1,24880,[],[54418]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["The parody pieces may generate a laugh, but their deeper thrust is subversion, an attack on the conventions and pretensions of television news.",1,-1,[],[3841]],["Thus, the voice alluded to becomes the target of ridicule and/or criticism (Baxter, 2014), and the butt of the humour.",1,-1,[],[8706]],["both satire and Parody uses comedy to pass out information in the form of entertainment",1,-1,[],[5438]],["both satire and Parody uses comedy to pass out information in the form of entertainment, satire uses factual information and modified or frame it to mean something else, contrary to parody",1,-1,[],[5438]],["concepts of mimicry, imitation, and parody play fundamental roles in how fake news itself is generated, how it is spread, further perpetuated, and how it may be counteracted.",1,-1,[],[1177]],["making that which is invisible and unthinkable, suddenly recognized and apprehended",1,-1,[],[40916]],["the author adopts a second voice that exaggerates, critiques, ridicules, interrogates, or otherwise polemicizes the first voice.",1,-1,[],[8706]],["the butt of the humour.",1,-1,[],[8706]],["the voice alluded to becomes the target of ridicule and/or criticism",1,-1,[],[8706]]],"sy":[["Satire",1,9893,[],[18799]]],"rt":[["satire",3,9893,[["satire",2],["satires",1]],[5438,7160,8247]],["dissociative echoing",1,6214,[],[8706]],["double voicing",1,30180,[],[8706]],["imitation",1,20313,[],[1177]],["intertextuality",1,27582,[],[56166]],["mimicry",1,7293,[],[1177]],["parody",1,27482,[],[22512]]],"sb":[["mimic vlogs",1,32416,[],[56166]]],"sp":[["fake news",2,33960,[],[5438,23139]],["Satire",1,9893,[],[22512]],["dissociative echoing",1,6214,[],[8706]],["problematic information",1,28030,[],[8247]]],"ex":[["Gorgias mainly parodies common understandings of Helen.",1,-1,[],[45541]],["SNL",1,-1,[],[1177]],["The Onion",1,-1,[],[1177]],["The Onion and Daily Mash",1,-1,[],[5438]],["the Daily Show",1,-1,[],[1177]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the purpose of the disclosure is 1) to help children recognize the commercial content and 2) disclose its persuasive intent.",1,-1,[],[3479]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["warning cues",1,-1,[],[3479]]],"sb":[["advertising break on television",1,-1,[],[3479]],["disclaimer identifying the presence of commercial content on a website or in a game",1,-1,[],[3479]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Generally, we observe that a statement is verifiable when it provides specific details for evidence search.",1,-1,[],[24459]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["experiential",1,31951,[],[8031]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["The WHO (2002) defined violence as:",1,-1,[],[6463]],["Violence can be self-directed, interpersonal or collective",1,-1,[],[6463]],["recognised as a broad term due to the visible and invisible harm that can be caused through its various forms.",1,-1,[],[6463]],["the WHO recognise that violence can include neglect and all types of physical, sexual and psychological abuse and is reflective of the broad scope of violence that can be experienced in today's societies.",1,-1,[],[6463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Physical violence",1,27687,[],[10553]],["abductions",1,32040,[],[27414]],["blackmail",1,34195,[],[27414]],["disappearances",1,-1,[],[27414]],["larceny",1,-1,[],[27414]],["murder",1,-1,[],[27414]],["physical, sexual, or psychological violence",1,-1,[],[10553]],["psychological violence",1,15345,[],[10553]],["queercide",1,5174,[],[27414]],["sexual violence",1,5266,[],[10553]],["torture",1,-1,[],[27414]]],"sp":[["Hate Speech Intensity Scale",1,33129,[],[52891]],["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[44074]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Aesthetic processing",1,15106,[],[12984]],["Cognitive processing of information",1,10788,[],[12984]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media literacy understanding",1,-1,[],[12984]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Here, privacy violations may reflect more traditional conceptualizations of privacy attacks or security violations [79,105] and privacy elements beyond what may be protected by regulations or under the traditional purview of a privacy officer [138,180].",1,-1,[],[7531]],["Privacy violations may also occur through ubiquitous surveillance, surveillance based on emotional/affective targeting [209], or coercive and exploitative data practices [117].",1,-1,[],[7532]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data harms",1,-1,[],[7531]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Interpersonal Harms",1,24137,[],[7531]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse",1,31797,[],[24891]],["downtoning",1,-1,[],[24891]],["extra-propositional aspects of meaning",1,2419,[],[24891]],["intensification",1,27403,[],[24891]],["irony",1,13113,[],[24891]],["presuppositions",1,7854,[],[24891]]],"sb":[["downtoners",1,23933,[],[24300]],["intensifiers",1,9805,[],[24300]],["negation",1,34265,[],[24300]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'so', 'rarely', and 'not'",1,-1,[],[18977]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[["These are words or symbols in the value system of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue.",2,-1,[],[11802,56117]]],"de":[["Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, \"The Truth\", etc. are virtue words. 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low-credibility content, which then disseminates widely",1,-1,[],[47845]],["we defined superspreaders as the top 1% of users that shared more retweets.",1,-1,[],[16754]]],"sy":[["repeat spreaders",1,2750,[],[47845]]],"rt":[["epistemic power",1,28168,[],[28557]],["superproducers",1,-1,[],[16754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["pundits with large followings, low-credibility media outlets, personal accounts affiliated with those media outlets, and a range of influencers",1,-1,[],[47845]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["season in the context of football",1,-1,[],[25860]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This comes from their utmost regard for the group, even at the expense of one's own interests or needs",1,-1,[],[33347]],["keeps them from correcting because of their utmost regard for the feelings of others (Chan & Litam, 2021).",1,-1,[],[33347]],["pakikisama (comradeship) keeps them from correcting because of their utmost regard for the feelings of others",1,-1,[],[33347]]],"sy":[["comradeship",1,-1,[],[33347]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["More specifically, the ideal of objective reporting required journalists to limit themselves to dispassionately describing the world, avoiding any \"analysis, interpretation, investigative reporting, dramatic description, theoretical speculation, strong comment, and campaigning\" (Ward 2015: 239).",1,-1,[],[28497]],["required journalists to limit themselves to dispassionately describing the world, avoiding any \"analysis, interpretation, investigative reporting, dramatic description, theoretical speculation, strong comment, and campaigning\"",1,-1,[],[28497]],["the ideal of objective reporting required journalists to limit themselves to dispassionately describing the world, avoiding any \"analysis, interpretation, investigative reporting, dramatic description, theoretical speculation, strong comment, and campaigning\"",1,-1,[],[28497]],["the ideal of objective reporting requires reporting not the argument itself, but rather the fact that someone made an argument (Tuchman 1972: 665).",1,-1,[],[28497]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["obstructionist discourse",1,11508,[],[47138]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Caplan, in contrast, views it as a result of instrumentally rational choices.",1,-1,[],[28946]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic",1,25648,[],[21575]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Crisis communication is a sub-discipline of the Public Relations profession.",1,-1,[],[47827]],["crisis communication is event centered",1,-1,[["crisis communication is event centered",1],["crisis communication is event centered.",1]],[1357]],["it is an important aim of information transmission in hazardous situations to successfully protect the images previously defined by the PR tools of the organization or entity being reputationally endangered (Pintér 2016b: 37). In this process, the scheduling and quality of interactions, a responsible crisis-reaction approach, and selected messages aligned with the interests of stakeholders are of key importance (Coombs 2007). The tools of communication primarily assist in the proactive interpretation and identification of the crisis event and the roles of those involved (Pintér 2016a: 41).",1,-1,[],[47827]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication management",1,-1,[],[1357]],["public relations",1,10627,[],[1357]],["risk communication",1,16929,[],[1357]]],"sb":[["being solved",1,-1,[],[60521]],["out-bursting",1,-1,[],[60521]],["potential",1,-1,[],[60521]],["spreading",1,11795,[],[60521]]],"sp":[["Public Relations",1,10627,[],[47827]]],"ex":[["business/corporate",1,-1,[],[1357]],["community",1,-1,[],[1357]],["food safety",1,-1,[],[1357]],["government",1,-1,[],[1357]],["organizational hazards",1,-1,[],[1357]],["organizations",1,-1,[],[1357]],["social amplification",1,-1,[],[1357]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Collective responsibility is built by a rational and emotional appeal that implies if the audiences 'sit up and think' about the protest action of children, they will conclude collective action is required.",1,-1,[],[5566]],["Collective responsibility is represented as a way to engender government support to solve the issue of climate change.",1,-1,[],[5566]],["Images of groups protesting have a strong emotional appeal and work to establish shared responsibility.",1,-1,[],[5566]],["these recognized government inaction and the political and economic challenges of meat.",1,-1,[],[5566]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political responsibility",1,-1,[],[5566]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this sense, tribal belonging is a source of sustenance, wellbeing, and identity validation. It is a space for health promotion.",1,-1,[],[14327]],["a site of mutual performance",1,-1,[],[14327]],["a survival strategy and a part of what might be seen as a tacit salutogenic practice",1,-1,[],[14327]],["can offer an affective haven or place/space of and for expression, comfort, pleasure, recreation, and play",1,-1,[],[14327]],["understood as a response to increasing social and cultural disruption and fragmentation",1,-1,[],[14327]]],"sy":[["a certain ambience",1,-1,[],[14327]],["community of feeling",1,800,[],[14327]]],"rt":[["tribal belonging",1,-1,[],[14327]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["refer to the prospect of overcoming Putin's grip on power in Russia and moving on to a more democratic type of government.",1,-1,[],[27811]],["suggesting that it also needed to carry out deputinization as the process of breaking free from the Kremlin's ubiquitous influence",1,-1,[],[27811]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["destalinization",1,-1,[],[27811]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["aligning with the radical role",1,-1,[],[60334]],["the role of the former is to mobilize against the ideological 'enemies' to the extent of spreading fabricated news, rumors, and misinformation.",1,-1,[],[60334]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["lapdog journalist",1,981,[],[60334]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["radical role",1,12032,[],[60334]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["aimance",1,-1,[],[1119]],["politics of friendship",1,-1,[],[1119]]],"sb":[["affective communities",1,9591,[],[1119]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Falsehood and Fabrication emerged as fundamental components, frequently mentioned across the literature, underscoring the fact that \"fake news\" is often built upon deliberately false or fabricated information.",1,-1,[],[46897]],["The concept of fabrication is interesting because it shows an overlap between falsehood and the intentional aspect of \"fake news, \" distinguishing it from other forms of misinformation, such as rumours or inadvertent errors, as well as stories that are simply false",1,-1,[],[46897]],["They usually take the form of misleading or completely false information presented as verified.",1,-1,[],[17243]],["distinguishing it from other forms of misinformation, such as rumours or inadvertent errors, as well as stories that are simply false",1,-1,[],[46897]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["inadvertent errors",1,-1,[],[46897]],["rumours",1,17712,[],[46897]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulative techniques",1,-1,[],[38277]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["so that citizens can be confident that they will not be subjected to group libel (catchall)",1,-1,[],[18475]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This method does not rely on predefined targets but instead evaluates stances based on the context of the discussion.",1,-1,[],[41706]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance detection",1,25533,[],[41706]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This could indicate a tendency to \"conceal\" negative opinions as seemingly objective statements, which can be related to social conventions (politeness, in particular).",1,-1,[],[24823]],["the latter, also known as fact-implied opinions (Liu 2012), are triggered by situations that describe a desirable or an undesirable activity or state.",1,-1,[],[24823]]],"sy":[["fact-implied opinions",1,11895,[],[24823]]],"rt":[["opinion implicatures",1,-1,[],[24823]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["is less harmful than incivility as it is a common phenomenon in debates and occurs spontaneously.",1,-1,[],[1315]],["it is deployed, among other goals, to assert one's power, viz. to appear superior, for instance via insults and putdowns.",1,-1,[],[17525]]],"sy":[["perceived instrumental rudeness",1,-1,[],[17525]],["rudeness",1,6934,[],[1315]]],"rt":[["first order politeness",1,7875,[],[17525]],["incivility",1,34677,[],[9117]],["netiquette norms",1,-1,[],[17526]],["power imbalance",1,-1,[],[17525]],["second order politeness",1,-1,[],[17525]]],"sb":[["negative impoliteness",1,13383,[],[17525]],["positive impoliteness",1,16177,[],[17525]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["word-stance associations",1,13752,[],[6724]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the activities, quotes, and background of and other related information on the ASEAN leaders",1,-1,[],[59089]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Typically, for fact-checking, bias is in the form of hyper-partisan language or opinions presented as evidence.",1,-1,[],[11505]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["the Real is at the same time the product, remainder, leftover, scraps of this process of symbolization, the remnants, the excess which escapes symbolization and is as such produced by the symbolization itself.",1,-1,[],[31819]],["the Real is simultaneously presupposed and posed by the symbolic",1,-1,[],[31819]],["the product, remainder, leftover, scraps of this process of symbolization, the remnants, the excess which escapes symbolization and is as such produced by the symbolization itself",1,-1,[],[31819]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["the Imaginary",1,2838,[],[4428]],["the 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is black and black is white\". It involves the reversal of the established meaning of concepts and resorting to lies in order to maintain control over individual human minds.",1,-1,[],[41970]],["changing the conventional way of understanding a word",1,-1,[],[61430]],["so common in the communist system with all its typical features -most frequently word-labels, metaphors (often of war and road), specific vocabulary, and atypical syntax (e.g., adjectives following nouns), all of which were intended to serve the purpose of propaganda",1,-1,[],[54458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic control",1,780,[],[32643]],["lexical hardening and adjusting semantic values",1,-1,[],[61430]],["linguistic minimalism",1,34196,[],[32643]]],"sb":[["neologisms",1,33796,[],[61430]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[61430]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The affective/cognitive balance applies to consumers and non-governmental stakeholders more than governments and was evident in Ansett and Rover where the Reputation and ethical behaviour in a crisis affective sympathy to both for historical reasons was out of alignment with the cognitive experience of the services of the airline and the carmaker's products.",1,-1,[],[24011]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive element",1,32905,[],[24011]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Story frames",1,25937,[],[35941]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These articles were considered to contribute to the overall culture of climate change acceptance and often contained information related to research reports or ways to participate in the climate-smart movement as well as the impact of climate change on agricultural production.",1,-1,[],[15852]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hypothetical distance",1,25326,[],[45559]]],"ex":[["A Farm Industry News article considered to be framed in scientific certainty was headlined \"Climate change expected to increase cost of farm programs\" (Farm Industry News, 2019).",1,-1,[],[15852]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["allowed us to run simulation models of networked populations of agents whose belief strength in a given proposition is influenced by an external agent",1,-1,[],[40094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[14288]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["According to him, public political culture creates the basis for a public agreement on the one hand and the conception of political justice on the other.",1,-1,[],[41975]],["distinct from the background culture",1,-1,[],[41975]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["categorizes users as susceptible, infected, and recovered and aims to quantify the dynamics of the spread of false information on social networks and its speed and scope on a macro scale",1,-1,[],[31253]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":26,"df":[],"de":[["Framing a debate in a particular way leads an audience's attention in one direction and not another in order to cultivate a desired response.",1,-1,[],[46505]],["In political media framing, especially during election campaigns, there are two common umbrella terms under which frames can be placed: game frames, where focus is on who is winning or losing, and issue frames, where there is more focus on political substance (Aalberg et al. 2011).",1,-1,[],[27199]],["Issue framing is a powerful way for advocates to appeal to the value systems of constituency groups to evoke their support.",1,-1,[],[46505]],["The generated outputs are limited to a few words, but are open-ended as the model is not instructed to choose from a given set of frames but rather generate them inductively.",1,-1,[],[29817]],["To determine the degree of congruence between the online communication of the climate skeptical counter-movement and traditional media coverage, and how it develops over time, we distinguish three different discursive dimensions [45]: (1) issues and frames, (2) the positions articulated, and (3) the visibility of actors.",1,-1,[],[27135]],["a powerful means of shaping public perceptions and attitudes about political issues (Brewer & Gross 2005;Nicholson & Howard 2003;Sniderman & Theriault, 2004).",1,-1,[],[46505]],["a scale of five items was used to measure the presence of issue frame within the news. It was assessed whether the note indicated, mentioned or addressed (1) or not (0) aspects such as",1,-1,[],[45876]],["connect to one or a few issues",1,-1,[],[50029]],["include more than a single argument, and address the essence of a problem. Thus, they are also implying possible solutions and treatment recommendations",1,-1,[],[43274]],["it is seen as an approach that prioritizes the coverage of substantive policy issues, such as programmatic proposals made by the candidates (Aalberg et al., 2012), as well as the debate about them and their implications for the citizenship, beyond the impact on the positioning of the politician himself (Dimitrova & Kostadinova, 2013;Muñiz, 2015;Pedersen, 2012)",1,-1,[["it is seen as an approach that prioritizes the coverage of substantive policy issues, such as programmatic proposals made by the candidates (Aalberg et al., 2012), as well as the debate about them and their implications for the citizenship, beyond the impact on the positioning of the politician himself (Dimitrova & Kostadinova, 2013;Muñiz, 2015;Pedersen, 2012)",1],["it is seen as an approach that prioritizes the coverage of substantive policy issues, such as programmatic proposals made by the candidates (Aalberg et al., 2012), as well as the debate about them and their implications for the citizenship, beyond the impact on the positioning of the politician himself (Dimitrova & Kostadinova, 2013;Muñiz, 2015;Pedersen, 2012).",1]],[45876]],["narrowly defined and often utilised strategically",1,-1,[],[50029]],["tactical ways for savvy framers to appeal to message recipients' deeply held moral beliefs in order to trigger their emotions and sway them towards a particular perspective (Haidt, 2012;Lakoff, 2008).",1,-1,[],[46505]],["typically connect to wide-ranging, specific, and well-developed discourses",1,-1,[],[50029]],["typically easier to identify and influence",1,-1,[],[50029]]],"sy":[["issue framing",1,11720,[],[46505]],["persuasive appeals",1,12753,[],[9795]],["thematic or issue-centered approach",1,-1,[],[45876]]],"rt":[["lexical perspective",1,-1,[],[46505]],["metaphors",1,24338,[],[46505]],["strategic game frame",1,17272,[],[45876]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[45876]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[43274]],["news frame",1,21144,[],[45876]],["political media framing",1,-1,[],[27199]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["every negatory rumour is coupled with an assertive rumour",1,-1,[],[44495]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["negatory rumour",1,28318,[],[44495]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Women who are successful in masculine job types and functions often claim that they were not held back by their gender, and others willingly accept the validity of these claims.",1,-1,[],[18944]],["their strategy to avoid being held back by gender stereotypes leads them to put down other women who make different life choices",1,-1,[],[18944]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Haiyan Lee (2006: 256) attributes the rise of this literary genre to the radicalization of the intelligentsia in the 1920s, and their need-from both the left and right ends of the ideological spectrum-to reconcile the tension between \"revolutionary fervor\" and a \"reluctance to relinquish the discourse of love.\"",1,-1,[],[44853]],["Liu (2003: 212) sees the revolution-plus-love formula as an attempt on the part of leftist writers, who are committed to proletarian literature, to \"mix utopian desires with reality anxiety.\"",1,-1,[],[44853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse of love",1,-1,[],[44853]],["grand narrative of class, nation, and revolution",1,-1,[],[44853]],["revolutionary fervor",1,-1,[],[44853]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[["Using words that are deliberately not clear, so that the audience may have their own interpretations.",2,-1,[],[42370,56123]]],"de":[["For example, when an unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.",1,-1,[],[56123]]],"sy":[["Confusion",2,28436,[["Confusion",1],["confusion",1]],[56123,59172]],["Intentional vagueness",2,20127,[["Intentional vagueness",1],["intentional vagueness",1]],[56123,59172]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["jailbreak techniques",1,-1,[],[32161]]],"ex":[["AdNauseam browser extension",1,-1,[],[47515]],["An example of obfuscation is the AdNauseam browser extension",1,-1,[],[47515]],["Encoding: Base64",1,-1,[],[32161]],["Encoding: Leetspeak applied on top-5 most frequent consonants (e.g., s → $, t → 7)",1,-1,[],[32161]],["Encoding: Leetspeak applied on vowels (e.g., e → 3, o → 0)",1,-1,[],[32161]],["It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do that.",1,-1,[],[56123]],["the AdNauseam browser extension",1,-1,[],[47515]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we assume we have a set D of rumours R i , each of which is composed of a collection of rumourous conversational threads. For simplicity here we refer to a rumour as the aggregate of its Twitter conversational threads, which is ultimately a collection of tweets. Each rumour has a variably sized set of tweets t i discussing it so that R i = {t 1 , ..., t |R i | }; the task consists in determining the stance of each of the tweets t j pertaining to a new, unseen rumour R i as one of Y = {supporting, denying, querying, commenting}.",1,-1,[],[22986]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Despite the early Han nationalists' narrow and racial definition of Zhonghua minzu as solely referring to a pure Han race, the meaning of the term quickly expanded, due to the geopolitical situation in the first few decades of the twentieth century.",1,-1,[],[40360]],["composite of peoples who either share the same ancestor (e.g. the Yellow Emperor, Peking Man) or have been living in a perpetual state of 'contact, exchange and intermingling' for thousands of years",1,-1,[],[40360]],["so fully drenched with Han-ness and assimilatory ideology in the propaganda texts that the recruited Mongolian neutral word dumdadu itself is destabilised",1,-1,[],[40360]]],"sy":[["Chinese nation",1,-1,[],[40360]]],"rt":[["dumdadu-yin ündüsten",1,15714,[],[40360]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["humiliation 'shows the victims that they lack even the most miniscule degree of control over their fate -that they are helpless and subject to the good will […] of their tormentors'",1,-1,[],[61665]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":501,"df":[["the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication",4,-1,[["the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication",2],["the 'ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication'",1],["the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create and act using all forms of communication",1]],[12894,17783,34090,54560]],["Most scholars agree that, at its core, media literacy depends on both knowledge and skills.",2,-1,[],[12936,20876]],["the ability of a citizen to access, analyze, and produce information for specific outcomes",2,-1,[["the ability of a citizen to access, analyze, and produce information for specific outcomes",1],["the ability of a citizen to access, analyze, and produce information for specific outcomes.",1]],[12936,43472]],["the ability to access, analyse, evaluate and create messages across a variety of contexts",2,-1,[],[21922,46088]],["the set of knowledge, skills and habits of mind required for full participation in a contemporary media-saturated society.",2,-1,[["the set of knowledge, skills and habits of mind required for full participation in a contemporary media-saturated society.",1],["the set of knowledge, skills, and habits of mind required for full participation in a contemporary media-saturated society",1]],[14927,28275]]],"de":[["(1) The term \"media\" refers to all forms of communication that are a part of daily life and reflect contemporary culture, regardless of their particular nature; (2) Access, analysis, evaluation, and creative production can be used to summarize the abilities related to media literacy; (3) Consciousness, critical thinking, and problem -solving abilities are all enhanced by these skills; (4) Media literacy is crucial for the full development of both the right to information and freedom of expression. It is also a requirement for active citizenship. As a result, it is crucial to both participatory democracy and cross -cultural communication. The conclusion drawn from these factors is that critical autonomy in relation to all media is the foundation of media literacy (Tanriverdi 2008).",1,-1,[],[26473]],["A high level of media literacy shall be perceived as the main protection against negative media phenomena such as the above -mentioned ones.",1,-1,[],[33808]],["A media literacy that seeks to promote learning, developing creative skills, communication, critical thinking, and the ability to participate in the public sphere",1,-1,[],[30134]],["A media literacy that seeks to promote learning, developing creative skills, communication, critical thinking, and the ability to participate in the public sphere (Hobbs, 2022).",1,-1,[],[30134]],["Access, analysis, evaluation, and creative production can be used to summarize the abilities related to media literacy",1,-1,[],[26473]],["Also, they should be able to apply this knowledge when accessing, analyzing and evaluating all kinds of media messages.",1,-1,[],[20876]],["And crucially, media literacy enables consciousness to draw as autistic minorities and expose any deceitful practices, thus supporting genuine diversity.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["And many other authors argued that media literacy is a particular combination of many of these things.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["Anders als im deutschsprachigen Kompetenzverständnis rückt demnach neben dem Sender und dem Inhalt der jeweiligen Botschaft (‹message›) das Medium mit seiner spezifischen Codierungsweise ins Zentrum der Analyse.",1,-1,[],[12578]],["As a result, in today's information society, media literacy is seen as being crucial to citizenship.",1,-1,[],[26473]],["As a result, it is crucial to both participatory democracy and cross -cultural communication.",1,-1,[],[26473]],["As such, media literacy is not innate but must be developed during socialization (Potter, 2010)",1,-1,[],[30407]],["Beyond just teaching students to be critical media consumers, media literacy also empowers them to create their own media messages, fostering the skills to produce their own content and engage with the world around them.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["But that process needs not be designed through a set of discrete skills, but through an articulation of civic values based on caring, critical consciousness, imagination, persistence, and emancipation.",1,-1,[],[17783]],["By providing students with the tools to navigate the complex web of online content, educators are helping to shape individuals who are equipped to think critically in the face of misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["Cognitive and emotional components are deeply intertwined and make up three (for example, with a two-stage information processing model: exposure and interpretation or storage and retrieval) or four (playing on the separation between cognitive and emotional reactions) essential components of media literacy",1,-1,[],[47505]],["Common media literacy interventions like deconstructing advertisements or learning about sources and credibility should not be considered ends in and of themselves.",1,-1,[],[17783]],["Consciousness, critical thinking, and problem -solving abilities are all enhanced by these skills",1,-1,[],[26473]],["Consequently, media education must focus on equipping learners with the competencies required to become both critical consumers and responsible producers of media content.",1,-1,[],[34090]],["Contemporary media literacy tends to organize around five themes: youth participation, teacher training and curricular resources, parental support, policy initiatives, and evidence base construction.",1,-1,[],[12878]],["Conventional media literacy instruction already underscores the importance of attending to the credibility of sources, emphasizing how distinguishing trustworthy information from biased, misleading, or fabricated sources",1,-1,[],[35785]],["Currently, media literacy and critical thinking are emerging as integrative cognitive and analytical abilities that provide a high level of objective comprehension of information flows, its relevant evaluation, reasoned analysis of reliability, and timely identification of risks of manipulative influence and disinformation strategies.",1,-1,[],[30418]],["Despite the perception of media literacy/media education in relation to the interaction between media and public opinion, sustainable democratic participation and active citizenship, is the solution to learning how critically evaluate information.",1,-1,[],[26473]],["Developing media education programs and raising the level of media literacy among citizens is an important step to ensure media safety.",1,-1,[],[28003]],["Developing media literacy and digital communication culture among young people is a complex, multifaceted process that encompasses ethical, cultural, and philosophical aspects.",1,-1,[],[60866]],["Die Verknüpfung mit Medienbotschaften kann bis zurück auf die Pionierarbeit zur Media Literacy von Len Masterman verfolgt werden.",1,-1,[],[12578]],["Digital literacy as media literacy aims to develop both critical understanding of and active participation in the media.",1,-1,[],[23710]],["Druick (2016) claims that typically, media literacy is understood as analytical, and specifically the \"critical study of the media\" (p.1126) or the application of critical thinking, and not just a functional skill (i.e. reading text, writing, using a computer etc.).",1,-1,[],[45280]],["Educational efforts should be strengthened to enable the population to discern and counter false information.",1,-1,[],[43817]],["Encouraging the development of critical and reflective media practices that contribute to informed and responsible citizenship.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["Enhancing students' ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in various forms.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["Expanding access to media education and building media literacy are essential for ensuring national information security and preserving social cohesion.",1,-1,[],[60866]],["Experimental studies suggest that even brief exposure to interventions that provide guidelines and recommendations for identifying accurate information can reduce belief in false claims and help people distinguish between false and mainstream news.",1,-1,[],[10174]],["First of all, the subject has been expanded. In an era of omni-media, the requirement for high-level media literacy is not only restricted to journalists, but extends to everyone.",1,-1,[],[48455]],["From the perspective of Alfonso López Quintás's levels of reality, this transformation can be described as a transition from a predominantly objectifying and instrumental relation to media messages (level 1) toward a deeper relational experience characterized by encounter, dialogue, and shared meaning-making (level 2).",1,-1,[],[36823]],["From the social perspective, media literacy contributes to social growth and competitiveness, while from the economic perspective, media literacy contributes to the competitive and innovative knowledge economy",1,-1,[],[29604]],["Further, media literacy is strongly associated with free, independent, democratic media (Carlsson 2019), critical awareness, and critical thinking (Forsman 2019;Kellner & Share 2019).",1,-1,[],[48973]],["General media literacy skills are associated with COVID-19 knowledge and political engagement",1,-1,[],[34326]],["Historically, media literacy emerged from the idea of protecting children from the harmful effects of mass communication",1,-1,[],[45097]],["Improved media literacy allows individuals to read fake news more critically",1,-1,[],[5802]],["Improving public resilience to misinformation requires education on media literacy, critical thinking skills, and the ability to discern credible sources from unreliable ones.",1,-1,[],[39964]],["In addition to all that, it is often characterized as being composed of many other factors beyond skills, such as many kinds of knowledge, a variety of behaviors, and motivations.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["In general terms, following Potter's cognitive theory of ML, it allows us to control our own exposure to media and media-mediated content and serves as the basis for constructing our own meanings (Potter, 2004, pp. 58-59).",1,-1,[],[49406]],["In particular, individuals need to acquire knowledge about key facets of the mass media phenomenon, such as media industries, media messages, media audiences, or media effects.",1,-1,[],[20876]],["In the Indian educational context, media literacy serves as a foundational tool for preparing students to tackle contemporary issues, including disinformation, privacy violations, mediated harassment, and ethical dilemmas in digital communication.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["In the United States, media literacy generally focuses on the idea of mass media  its purposeful means and production ends.",1,-1,[],[12894]],["In the context of fake news, media literacy captures how well an individual can critically process disinformation they encounter",1,-1,[],[5802]],["In the context of fake news, media literacy captures how well an individual can critically process disinformation they encounter (Jones-Jang et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[5802]],["In the context of organizational management, it involves understanding how information is communicated and perceived through various media channels and using this knowledge to effectively manage and lead an organization",1,-1,[],[55199]],["In the face of major public health events, if the public has a good media literacy, they can choose reasonable channels to access and interpret information, possess the ability to rationally discern the authenticity of information, and possess the ability to question passively accepting media influence, thus developing critical thinking and forming 'antibodies' against false information (Kuang & Wu, 2021).",1,-1,[],[35080]],["In this definition, media literacy comprises the competencies necessary to become informed consumers of the media.",1,-1,[],[9189]],["Individuals who are media literate are able to engage and participate at every level of public life, from social networking to e-Government.",1,-1,[],[28275]],["Integrating media literacy competencies across higher education -particularly within Mass Communication programmes -enhances students' critical and analytical abilities and strengthens their capacity for informed judgement.",1,-1,[],[34090]],["It also covers the ability to focus on creative problem -solving",1,-1,[],[33808]],["It also includes understanding political, ideological, and commercial motives as well as hidden meanings",1,-1,[],[44190]],["It empowers individuals with essential analytical skills, enabling them to engage thoughtfully with media content and navigate their roles as informed participants in a democratic society.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["It enables consumers to become active participants by fostering an aware, resilient, and participatory society",1,-1,[],[47820]],["It fosters critical thinking, promotes responsible media consumption habits, and encourages moral engagement in the face of rapid technological advancements.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["It includes aspects such as information acquisition, interpretation, critical awareness of content, basic scientific literacy, and information discernment",1,-1,[],[35080]],["It includes aspects such as information acquisition, interpretation, critical awareness of content, basic scientific literacy, and information discernment (Scott & Mumford, 2007).",1,-1,[],[35080]],["It is a lifelong skill for adults as well as younger generations",1,-1,[],[26473]],["It is also a requirement for active citizenship.",1,-1,[],[26473]],["It is also about the ability to search for relevant media and information.",1,-1,[],[32564]],["It is amiss to reduce media literacy to the technical ability to use language in written or spoken form or to use different IT platforms.",1,-1,[],[39480]],["It is amiss to reduce media literacy to the technical ability to use language in written or spoken form or to use different IT platforms. Media literacy is about critically analysing and evaluating media content and being able to create the content, not just critically consume media publications.",1,-1,[],[39480]],["It is an educational approach that aims to raise students' awareness of how the media works, how it is generated, how it is structured, and how it is used to develop society (DeNardis & Hackl 2015).",1,-1,[],[48973]],["It is essential for navigating the digital landscape, where misinformation and fake news are prevalent",1,-1,[],[61848]],["It is necessary to work on the media literacy of citizens by seeking a deeper understanding of how the media and science itself work",1,-1,[],[10785]],["It refers to critical thinking about media sources and content, including the meaning of stylistic characteristics, the content's accuracy and completeness, the source's implied values, and the context in which messages have been shared.",1,-1,[],[34326]],["Its aim is for the individual to develop the necessary cognitive skills that would allow them to use media as tools for learning and expanding their influence, rather than as gears in a giant media machine [10].",1,-1,[],[47505]],["Its universal aim is to equip individuals with the essential skills required to navigate the evolving media landscape in a well-informed manner.",1,-1,[],[49769]],["Knowledge, skills and critical thinking are relevant components to support media literacy",1,-1,[],[54743]],["Learning to assess news stories critically allows people to differentiate between genuine and fabricated news.",1,-1,[],[57617]],["Literacy will be crucial for audiences to verify the degree of credibility of the information they receive; and the literacy of journalists and the information producers themselves will also be crucial",1,-1,[],[10785]],["ML seeks to understand how media content shapes behaviour and values of the society.",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media -literate citizens can determine their preferences and make decisions in a deliberate and informed manner, while carefully weighing and evaluating the information they are confronted with daily.",1,-1,[],[33808]],["Media Literacy helps develops skills that develop Critical thinking among citizens.",1,-1,[],[26546]],["Media Literacy is like maps that help to navigate in the media world.",1,-1,[],[26546]],["Media Literacy nicht so sehr auf eine Eigenschaft oder Fähigkeit individueller Nutzer*innen reduziert werden könne, sondern auch der Prozess der Ko-Produktion im Rahmen der interaktiven Auseinandersetzung zwischen Technologie und Nutzer*innen im Fokus von Analysen stehen sollte.",1,-1,[],[46088]],["Media literacy also tackles the facilitation of reflecting potential media effects; it aims at enabling the intentional use of media for political information and will formation",1,-1,[],[30407]],["Media literacy also tackles the facilitation of reflecting potential media effects; it aims at enabling the intentional use of media for political information and will formation (Martens & Hobbs, 2015)",1,-1,[],[30407]],["Media literacy and critical thinking are key competencies that help people distinguish between fake and reliable sources of information.",1,-1,[],[28003]],["Media literacy builds an understanding of the role of media in society as well as essential skills of inquiry and self-expression necessary for citizens of a democracy.",1,-1,[],[17783]],["Media literacy can ideally serve to deepen students' understanding of media content as well as contextualize the social, economic and historical conditions in which media messages are created and circulated",1,-1,[],[12885]],["Media literacy can improve cognitive, ethical, philosophical and aesthetic skills (Hobbs, 1998).",1,-1,[],[50944]],["Media literacy centers on the idea that media representations of reality are often incomplete or inaccurate",1,-1,[],[12966]],["Media literacy challenges the dogmatic perspective propagated by mass media culture, such as class, race, and gender bias and over consumption.",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy comprehends a wide range of definitions and approaches with the foundation of various kinds of skills, knowledge, or beliefs",1,-1,[],[45117]],["Media literacy educates people to become aware and more critical of the media they consume, for protecting themselves from destructive information, have a better understanding of media content and enjoy the media content.",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy education can help individuals effectively search for information and discover credible sources, interpret and evaluate the information through a critical lens, and be aware of one's biases.",1,-1,[],[38256]],["Media literacy education, on the other hand, offers a proactive response to prepare audiences to engage with information more effectively.",1,-1,[],[27265]],["Media literacy efforts have bloomed during the last years, addressing strategies and practices for prevention, early identification, subsequent verification and combating misinformation and its dissemination.",1,-1,[],[30134]],["Media literacy emerges as a critical skill in addressing these issues",1,-1,[],[53395]],["Media literacy enhances critical thinking skills that enable individuals to make independent choices on accessing, evaluating, analysing, and creating content when exposed to digital media space.",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy equips individuals with vital skills to assess, analyse, evaluate, and create media content. These skills are essential for combating misinformation and promoting responsible digital citizenship.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["Media literacy further develops the skills of conscious decision-making under exposure to media content and its critical analysis, while it also creates opportunities for self-expression and production of media content; it is particularly important to use positive influences and prevent possible harmful effects of media exposure.",1,-1,[],[39480]],["Media literacy has an obvious overlap with more general concepts of information literacy, since the information gained from these sources often overlaps with, and complements, that from more formal library sources",1,-1,[],[5772]],["Media literacy has become an essential pedagogical focus due to its strong impact on students' understanding of history, politics, culture, and the dissemination of knowledge, as well as their diverse learning styles",1,-1,[],[31168]],["Media literacy has been identified as a core civic competency necessary for supporting participatory democracy (Mihailidis, Thevenin, 2013).",1,-1,[],[45246]],["Media literacy has been presented as a solution to the need for children and young people to cope with the risk of being deceived or misled by advertisements, news, and media messages from Hollywood.",1,-1,[],[45097]],["Media literacy has been widely acknowledged as a lifelong learning competency essential for empowerment, creativity, and informed citizenship",1,-1,[],[34090]],["Media literacy has been widely acknowledged as a lifelong learning competency essential for empowerment, creativity, and informed citizenship (Hobbs, 2010).",1,-1,[],[34090]],["Media literacy has evolved as a foundational skill for navigating today's complex digital landscape.",1,-1,[],[45246]],["Media literacy helps develop critical thinking skills, which include understanding the ways in which media messages shape our culture and society, recognising media strategies, noticing the ways in which media owners formulate content, detecting persuasive techniques at hand, recognising distorted information, misinformation and parts that are not clearly stated, evaluating media messages according to one's own set of experiences, skills, beliefs, and values, creating and disseminating one's content, and advocating for media justice",1,-1,[],[39480]],["Media literacy helps young people to understand media content correctly, to critically dissect media forms, and consequently to benefit from media intelligently.",1,-1,[],[26894]],["Media literacy here is meant to combine both the \"functional\" (i.e., \"skills\") and the \"critical\" (i.e., \"competencies\").",1,-1,[],[54749]],["Media literacy in the society, i.e. being able to make difference between truth and distorted messages, is an essential component of resilience.",1,-1,[],[34746]],["Media literacy includes the ability to use earlier forms of literacy, such as reading and writing (from comprehension to creative skills), audio -visual and digital media, as well as new skills necessary in a time of media convergence, or the blending of electronic media (mass communication) and digital media (multimedia communication), which takes place in the later stages of the development of the information society.",1,-1,[],[26473]],["Media literacy incorporates three stages that lead to the empowerment of citizens of all ages: (a) becoming aware of the importance of making choices and managing the amount of time spent with various media forms; (b) learning specific skills of critical viewing and surfinglearning to analyse and question what is in the frame/on the screen, how it is constructed, and what may have been left out; and (c) exploring deeper issues of who produces the media that people experience and for what purposes",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy integrates diverse disciplines, including critical thinking, psychology, linguistics, and ethics. It empowers individuals to access, analyse, evaluate, create, and act upon information across all communication forms.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["Media literacy interventions can increase students' awareness of factors that may affect the credibility of media messages, specifically that media content is created for a specific audience, is subject to bias and multiple interpretations, and does not always reflect reality",1,-1,[],[10053]],["Media literacy involves not only the ability to assess the reliability and legitimacy of information sources, but also the ability to identify cause-and-effect relationships between information messages, predict the social and cognitive effects of their impact, formulate logically sound conclusions and build hypothetical scenarios (Park et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[30418]],["Media literacy involves understanding how messages are produced, what interests and values shape them, and how they influence perceptions of reality and the construction of social identities.",1,-1,[],[36823]],["Media literacy is a concept and practice necessary to help citizens be informed and empowered in a world increasingly populated with diverse media and messages.",1,-1,[],[9189]],["Media literacy is a concept whose broad definition and range of applications lead to diverse approaches, creating some intriguing conflicts and tensions.",1,-1,[],[23710]],["Media literacy is crucial for the full development of both the right to information and freedom of expression.",1,-1,[],[26473]],["Media literacy is crucial for the full development of both the right to information and freedom of expression. It is also a requirement for active citizenship. As a result, it is crucial to both participatory democracy and cross -cultural communication. The conclusion drawn from these factors is that critical autonomy in relation to all media is the foundation of media literacy (Tanriverdi 2008).",1,-1,[],[26473]],["Media literacy is defined by a vast circle of policymakers and academics as the ability to access, analyse, and evaluate media in multiple forms and communicate competently within these forms",1,-1,[],[22522]],["Media literacy is just one frame in a complex media and information environment.",1,-1,[],[12878]],["Media literacy is not a primitive term, because there is no evidence for a commonly shared meaning.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["Media literacy is part of the solution to tackle disinformation",1,-1,[],[30134]],["Media literacy is particularly important for building resistance against media disinformation, fake news and hate speech.",1,-1,[],[33808]],["Media literacy is seen as a 'pre-emptive' approach [35] and has in the past been characterised as an 'psychological inoculation' approach",1,-1,[],[45142]],["Media literacy is seen as a 'pre-emptive' approach [35] and has in the past been characterised as an 'psychological inoculation' approach in that it seeks to arm the individual with the skills necessary to critically appraise and identify misinformation when coming into contact with it",1,-1,[],[45142]],["Media literacy is seen as a 'pre-emptive' approach [35] and has in the past been characterised as an 'psychological inoculation' approach in that it seeks to arm the individual with the skills necessary to critically appraise and identify misinformation when coming into contact with it [36], [12].",1,-1,[],[45142]],["Media literacy is seen as a promising way to get citizens informed and engaged in democracy (Mihailidis and Thevenin 2013).",1,-1,[],[50944]],["Media literacy is seen as a technique to defend people against the \"bad\" impacts of the media when governmental entities are in control of its creation and administration.",1,-1,[],[16143]],["Media literacy is widely accepted to be one of the most effective defences against belief in fake news because it \"inoculates\" individuals from the effects of disinformation",1,-1,[],[5802]],["Media literacy programs to empower citizens, Academic research on disinformation and citizenship-related issues, national fact-checking initiatives and projects have been conducted to promote media literacy competencies, trust in news and information, and responsibility toward informed consumption and sharing of information.",1,-1,[],[29028]],["Media literacy promotes critical thinking skills, enabling individuals to evaluate and choose information sources, interpret news, and make independent choices",1,-1,[],[61848]],["Media literacy should not be seen as a silver bullet for various problems without a clear explanation of how to use it.",1,-1,[],[29604]],["Media literacy skills appear important for empowering and informing communities of color.",1,-1,[],[34326]],["Media literacy skills must be balanced with individual competence so that it may lead to both individual and social character development",1,-1,[],[50944]],["Media literacy strikes a balance between protection and empowerment approaches of the media.",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy therefore concerns the relationship among textuality, competence and power.",1,-1,[],[21922]],["Media literacy traditionally aims to help individuals become better-informed users through proper consumption of media messages, which underscores a critical evaluation of media content by individuals",1,-1,[],[23957]],["Media literacy transforms individuals in the society from being the passive consumers of the media into being the active, critical thinkers and independent citizens in the society",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy transforms individuals in the society from being the passive consumers of the media into being the active, critical thinkers and independent citizens in the society (Vaeth, 2020).",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy was reduced to a matter of internet safety and basic digital skills, especially for disadvantaged people.",1,-1,[],[35065]],["Media literacy, however, cannot be treated as a panacea.",1,-1,[],[12878]],["Media literacy, in this sense, is not limited to training critical consumers of information, but aspires to form responsible participants in shared communicative spaces.",1,-1,[],[36823]],["Media literacy, is about understanding the media content, and use it as a source of information, growth and empowerment",1,-1,[],[14927]],["Media literacy, therefore, is about helping students become competent, critical, and literate in all media forms so that they control the interpretation of what they see or hear rather than letting the interpretation control them.",1,-1,[],[33467]],["Media literate citizens can integrate new information into the existing fabric of knowledge which motivates in constructive learning.",1,-1,[],[26546]],["Media literate persons are commonly defined as credibly informed, reflexive, critical persons, who are also able to participate in a digital environment actively and responsibly.",1,-1,[],[58056]],["Most media literacy scholars advocate a rich vision for media literacy that includes communal sense-making and empowers people to think critically and engage meaningfully, ideally contributing positively to their communities (Hobbs, 2013) and engaging in meaningful behavioral change (Hobbs and McGee, 2014;Buckingham, 2017).",1,-1,[],[12878]],["Most scholars agree that, at its core, media literacy depends on both knowledge and skills. In particular, individuals need to acquire knowledge about key facets of the mass media phenomenon, such as media industries, media messages, media audiences, or media effects",1,-1,[],[12936]],["N = 9 studies explicitly operationalize media literacy constructs, focusing on learners' abilities to evaluate sources, detect misleading framing of climate change, and critically engage with content such as social media posts, online news, or platform-specific formats (e.g., Abed & Barzilai, 2023;Kresin et al., 2024;Kresin et al., 2025).",1,-1,[],[35785]],["Other authors regarded the tool as being a set of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["Others regarded it as the alteration of beliefs and/or behaviors.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["Others, however, adopted a broader outlook, defining media literacy as an intellectual framework that encompasses critical thinking, analytical reasoning, ethical judgment, and participatory engagement with information consumed from diverse sources (Hobbs, 2021;Mihailidis et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[34090]],["Over the years, the main focus of media literacy has been on print and audiovisual media and peoples' skills regarding how to practically exploit those traditional communication channels.",1,-1,[],[26894]],["Prepare citizens for dealing with the media and reinforce their critical capacity.",1,-1,[],[10785]],["Promoting awareness of the ethical and societal implications of media consumption and production.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["Public media literacy is the fundamental factor and the most active force in socialized media.",1,-1,[],[48455]],["Raising awareness of media messages, how to create them, or critically engage them",1,-1,[],[12878]],["Respondents reported that they perceived that individuals high in media literacy were more likely to be \"inoculated\" from political fake news, while individuals low in media literacy were perceived to be vulnerable.",1,-1,[],[5802]],["Some authors talked about the need for exposure skills (how to search for messages, how to make good selections among all the available choices, and how to get access to particular messages)",1,-1,[],[12936]],["Some of these, for example library, media and computer literacies, are based largely on specific skills, but have some extension beyond them.",1,-1,[],[5772]],["Some researchers view media literacy as a tool to minimize potential negative impacts of media, such as media violence, cyberbullying, stereotyping, or consumer culture, when examining how media influences people's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[45097]],["Some respondents, in expressing their understanding of media literacy, placed greater emphasis on digital and technical skills such as content creation, fact-checking, and verification.",1,-1,[],[34090]],["Someone is said to have media literacy skills if he possesses such qualities as accepting the media impact on individuals and society, understanding of the mass communication process, developing strategies used to analyze and discuss media messages, realizing the media content as 'text' which provides insight and knowledge into the contemporary culture of humans and human beings themselves, increasing pleasure, understanding and appreciating the contents",1,-1,[],[50944]],["Specifically, this measure sought to gauge participant's sense of self-efficacy regarding critical media consumption.",1,-1,[],[5802]],["Taken together, the components of literacy discussed in this paper constitute a skillsbased approach centred on the abilities of the individual reader/viewer/user.",1,-1,[],[24961]],["The academic literature on media literacy offers a number of definitions of the phenomenon, but not one is universally accepted.",1,-1,[],[39480]],["The aim of media literacy is to help students become competent, critical and literate in media forms because they need to interpret what they see or hear and prevent the interpretation from controlling them.",1,-1,[],[47834]],["The components of media literacy differ in every country depending on media usage, the exact socio-technological dysfunction, the role media play in the problems, and the communication culture",1,-1,[],[47820]],["The creation of new media and We-Media have given rise to the ubiquity of the media, which are no longer a scarce resource. All the information we receive is in the form of news, which we need to understand through media literacy.",1,-1,[],[48455]],["The development of critical compassion through the joint cultivation of media literacy and worldview literacy supports the ability to recognize and critically interpret the values, messages, and assumptions embedded in various forms of communication and worldviews.",1,-1,[],[36615]],["The headings display the 20 configurations of elements that authors attributed to the definition of media literacy that was developed by the 1992 National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["The integration of digital and media literacy into formal curricula has been recommended as a crucial 21st-century educational goal, emphasizing the need for critical thinking about media (Hobbs, 2010).",1,-1,[],[45246]],["The issue of media literacy in terms of the ability of pupils and students to detect media manipulation is a relatively new topic in Slovakia and it is not yet anchored in the content of school education.",1,-1,[],[14576]],["The main goal of media literacy is to help people understand and evaluate the information they come across, and how it can impact their perceptions, decision-making, and behavior.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["The participants in the present study were found to consider media literacy to be related to following people and things in internet.",1,-1,[],[47834]],["The process from literacy to media literacy includes abilities: to communicate by means of different media, be they verbal, visual, oral, auditive, digital, iconographic or any combination of these",1,-1,[],[23710]],["The promise of media literacy, surely, is that it can form part of a strategy to reposition the media user -from passive to active, from recipient to participant, from consumer to citizen.",1,-1,[],[21922]],["The term \"media\" refers to all forms of communication that are a part of daily life and reflect contemporary culture, regardless of their particular nature",1,-1,[],[26473]],["The theoretical focus of media literacy bases on the three aims, first, facilitating democracy, participation, and active citizenship, second, knowledge economy, competitive and choice and last, lifelong learning, cultural expression, and personal fulfilment",1,-1,[],[14927]],["There seems here to be a strong flavour of media literacy, though these authors do not use the term.",1,-1,[],[5772]],["These competencies enhance critical thinking and problem-solving abilities",1,-1,[],[39190]],["These four components -access, analysis, evaluation and content creation -together constitute a skills-based approach to media literacy.",1,-1,[],[3857]],["These skills are essential for combating misinformation and promoting responsible digital citizenship.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["This ability extends beyond simply navigating the complex media landscape within educational settings; it acts as a crucial mechanism for ensuring equitable access to information and empowering individuals.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["This approach goes beyond simply mastering digital technologies; it also encompasses the ability to interpret, analyze, and create media content-skills that are essential in an increasingly digitized world.",1,-1,[],[53395]],["This competence is especially relevant in digital environments characterized by the circulation of fake news, informational manipulation, and the amplification of extreme discourses",1,-1,[],[36823]],["This education's expected result is a specific behaviour pattern in the media space. This pattern includes a critical evaluation of available information, a negative attitude toward the independent creation of fake news and its dissemination, as well as respect for the rights and privacy of other users",1,-1,[],[58592]],["This empowers users to engage thoughtfully with media content, while also enabling them to identify biases.",1,-1,[],[51220]],["This encompasses not only recognizing bias and propaganda but also fostering a healthy level of skepticism when encountering new information",1,-1,[],[47505]],["This four-component model has the advantage of applying equally well to print, broadcasting and the internet.",1,-1,[],[21922]],["This kind of education equips students with the tools necessary to navigate the complex and rapidly changing media landscape, giving them the ability to critically assess information and contribute meaningfully as informed, engaged citizens",1,-1,[],[47505]],["This term is used to imply critical thinking in assessing information gained from the mass media: television, radio, newspapers and magazines, and (increasingly) the Internet",1,-1,[],[5772]],["This view of information literacy as the ability to obtain an individual and independent view of news events does not seem to have been followed subsequently, though it has something in common with media literacy, as noted above.",1,-1,[],[5772]],["Thus, an individual who has access to and is familiar with media literacy should be able to build an autonomous relationship with the different media, consuming each of them critically and aware that the content is produced in a certain context [Aufderheide, 1993; Mcdougall, 2019].",1,-1,[],[52903]],["To Frau-Meigs (2007),media literacy education helps individuals to become informed media consumers and producers.",1,-1,[],[47834]],["To be media literate, means one has developed an ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate media messages in a variety of forms (Aufderheide 1993).",1,-1,[],[12993]],["To become media literate is not to memorize facts or statistics about the media, but rather to learn to raise the right questions about what you are watching, reading, or listening to.",1,-1,[],[33467]],["Traditionally, this definition understands media literacy as the ability to critically evaluate mass media",1,-1,[],[37950]],["Tully et al. (2022) explain that media literacy -in all its dimensions: news literacy, information literacy, digital literacy and misinformation literacy -is an approach toward citizens acquiring the knowledge and skills with which to navigate the current information ecosystem, being aware of and able to struggle with the misinformation problem.",1,-1,[],[45117]],["Vraga et al. (2021) explain that literacy development promotes the critical and thoughtful engagement of citizens with news content, allowing them to differentiate truthful content from falsehoods and other non-informative content, to identify misinformation and evaluate news quality through verification techniques.",1,-1,[],[45117]],["We agree that media literacy, that is the public's ability to discern reliable from unreliable information, should be foregrounded in education.",1,-1,[],[50192]],["We can even relate it to advertising, tv shows, etc.",1,-1,[],[32564]],["While media literacy as a field covers media messages broadly, in fiction, advertising, film, etc., this paper focuses primarily on media literacy approaches to news consumption and evaluation.",1,-1,[],[12878]],["a combination of protectionism and empowerment",1,-1,[],[12936]],["a first-hand understanding of those struggles, disappointments, and creative solutions",1,-1,[],[22977]],["a fluid practice that is both individual and communal and not simply inoculation against negative messaging but empowerment to engage with media as citizens (Hobbs, 1998;Hobbs, 2010;Hobbs, 2017).",1,-1,[],[12878]],["a high level of media literacy contributes to the audience's ability to recognize, analyse and evaluate a variety of information coming from the media.",1,-1,[],[28003]],["a key skill in the 21st century that allows individuals to navigate the information environment and make informed choices.",1,-1,[],[42767]],["a media-literate person, according to Aufderheide (1992), is able to decode, evaluate, analyze and produce both print and electronic media.",1,-1,[],[47834]],["a particular skill or a combination of particular skills",1,-1,[],[12936]],["a prerequisite for full participation in late modern society, involving as it does the critical skills of analysis and appreciation of the social dynamics and social centrality of media as framing the cultures of the everyday.",1,-1,[],[20876]],["a set of knowledge",1,-1,[],[12936]],["abilities in detecting commercial messages, assessing accuracy, and complying with legal and ethical guidelines",1,-1,[],[55115]],["ability to critically analyze and navigate the media flow",1,-1,[],[30418]],["ability to critically interpret information",1,-1,[],[30418]],["access to quality content and ability to analyze, evaluate, and apply it",1,-1,[],[47834]],["acquiring media literacy is not a linear process that runs from the more practical skills of operation to the more reflective understanding of the role of media in our society. Instead, all competencies in the model are created equal and work together in the development of media literacy.",1,-1,[],[54749]],["aims is to help people better understand and analyse the media content.",1,-1,[],[54560]],["all media are constructed and construct perceptions of reality, media have commercial as well as ideological and political implications, form and content are intertwined within each medium, each of which has a particular aesthetic and accepted conventions, and that audiences negotiate meaning from media messages",1,-1,[],[12885]],["almost all of the articles that provided a definition for media literacy said something about the need for skills",1,-1,[],[12936]],["among the fundamental theoretical areas of media literacy are cognitive (development of analytical skills) and sociocultural (a means of socialization and prevention of manipulation and disinformation).",1,-1,[],[38730]],["an apparently democratic alternative: markets cannot be regulated, so consumers need to regulate themselves",1,-1,[],[35065]],["an individual who has access to and is familiar with media literacy should be able to build an autonomous relationship with the different media, consuming each of them critically and aware that the content is produced in a certain context",1,-1,[],[52903]],["an overt goal of media literacy education",1,-1,[],[57566]],["approaches tend to center on enhancing critical thinking (Silverblatt 2008), analysis and evaluation (Aufderheide & Firestone 1993;Hobbs 2010), and conscious processing (Potter 2004) of mediated messages.",1,-1,[],[12966]],["assessment of the overall effectiveness of media literacy curricula are essential within the implementation of media literacy programs",1,-1,[],[12885]],["at a fundamental level, is the application of critical thinking to media texts",1,-1,[],[45280]],["basic information described the tools that fact-checkers used to assess credibility",1,-1,[],[52816]],["becoming wise consumers of the media messages is to be media literate",1,-1,[],[26546]],["being a critical receiver of media messages",1,-1,[],[47834]],["bestehen aus der schrittweisen Decodierung medienspezifischer Codes",1,-1,[],[12578]],["both cognitive and affective mechanisms are theorized to determine the cognitive, attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of media literacy practices.",1,-1,[],[20876]],["build critical competencies for identifying biased and misleading information",1,-1,[],[32914]],["characterises media literacy in terms of both consumption and prosumption, taking into account both the critical/analytical and functional skills required to efficiently operate in this new environment.",1,-1,[],[45280]],["cognitive processes involved in media literacy, including the need to filter information, interpret messages, and construct meaning from media texts.",1,-1,[],[28758]],["conceived as the key means, even a right, by which citizens participate in society and by which the state regulates the manner and purposes of citizens' participation",1,-1,[],[24961]],["conceptions of media literacy in policies cannot be taken for granted",1,-1,[],[29604]],["contemporary approaches conceive it as the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media messages in a critical and responsible manner",1,-1,[],[36823]],["critical thinking for media literacy, including the ability to access, understand, and judge contrasting features of media content while creating diverse communication contexts",1,-1,[],[44190]],["current research emphasizes the importance of implementing comprehensive educational initiatives focused on the development of digital and media literacy, in particular through the integration of artificial intelligence, innovative teaching methods and the creation of training modules that stimulate critical thinking and digital resilience",1,-1,[],[30418]],["das Konzept sei im Gegensatz zum medienpädagogischen Kompetenzbegriff tendenziell stärker an Debatten rund um das Decodieren von Medienbotschaften geknüpft",1,-1,[],[46088]],["developed from print and audiovisual media",1,-1,[],[3857]],["developing solid media literacy competencies",1,-1,[],[26473]],["educating in media entails teaching learners to understand messages as social constructions situated in specific cultural, economic, and political contexts",1,-1,[],[36823]],["educational dimension that promoted media literacy.",1,-1,[],[27265]],["educational institutions can empower the public to discern between credible information and misinformation.",1,-1,[],[15445]],["effective longer-term solution for addressing misinformation because it extends beyond single false claims",1,-1,[],[27265]],["efforts have been made to improve media literacy among schoolkids and youngsters, develop resilience and address fake news on time.",1,-1,[],[34746]],["emerges as a crucial tool for safeguarding society against the adverse effects of manipulation, as evidenced by comparative studies of European and Kazakhstani media systems (Sultanbayeva et al., 2025)",1,-1,[],[35636]],["enables all people to participate in the global media environment.",1,-1,[],[28275]],["enables individuals to critically evaluate the information they encounter",1,-1,[],[52650]],["enables learners to analyse and assess messages shared across various media outlets, such as social media, television, and the internet.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["enables one to acquire the ability to critically analyze and evaluate media content",1,-1,[],[14576]],["enabling an individual to acquire a high level of media literacy familiarity is indeed vital to harness the power of information responsibly and safeguard the individual against the negative influence of unhealthy and non-beneficial media content.",1,-1,[],[47505]],["enabling them to evaluate online information's validity critically",1,-1,[],[49147]],["encourages students to question, analyse, and evaluate the messages conveyed through different media forms, cultivating their comprehension, vocabulary building, and critical thinking skills",1,-1,[],[49634]],["equip media consumers with technical-know-how on how to consume media content critically as a strategy of combating misinformation",1,-1,[],[27265]],["equip users with the skills necessary to navigate the intricate information landscape of the digital age",1,-1,[],[52650]],["especially concerns the type of media literacy that aims to increase information and digital media skills",1,-1,[],[54749]],["essential for navigating complex information environments, engaging constructively and fostering equitable and democratic societies",1,-1,[],[58416]],["essential not only for countering misinformation but also for promoting critical thinking, autonomy, and democratic participation",1,-1,[],[45246]],["expands the concept of literacy, as today's messages come in many forms, and literacy can no longer relate simply to the ability to read and write",1,-1,[],[28275]],["favours citizens flagging misinformation and discerning between factual and fake stories.",1,-1,[],[45117]],["focus on the interpretive responsibilities of the individual.",1,-1,[],[12878]],["focusing on learners' abilities to evaluate sources, detect misleading framing of climate change, and critically engage with content such as social media posts, online news, or platform-specific formats",1,-1,[],[35785]],["focusing on understanding media operations, fact-checking techniques, and awareness of manipulative content's dangers",1,-1,[],[52650]],["fostering consciousness about media literacy and media education",1,-1,[],[26473]],["framing media literacy as both a protective and empowering skill.",1,-1,[],[28758]],["frequently regarded as a substitute for centralized regulation",1,-1,[],[35065]],["für Media Literacy die Medienbedingtheit von Kommunikation zentral ist",1,-1,[],[12578]],["gauge participant's sense of self-efficacy regarding critical media consumption",1,-1,[],[5802]],["growing recognition of educational interventions as crucial solutions",1,-1,[],[50335]],["guiding students on how to identify credible sources amidst misinformation.",1,-1,[],[31168]],["has undergone dramatic changes historically to reflect the characteristics of the tools used to consume or produce such messages.",1,-1,[],[23957]],["helps to improve interactions among people in society",1,-1,[],[12936]],["higher media literacy scores correspond to lower levels of distrust in scientists and journalists.",1,-1,[],[29028]],["historically focused on developing citizens' critical capacities to engage meaningfully with media and popular culture",1,-1,[],[17836]],["how they understand, access, use media?",1,-1,[],[45142]],["identifying four components of media literacy: access, analysis, evaluation and content creation",1,-1,[],[24961]],["improve the flow of accurate information that results in a well-informed citizenry that is required for the successful working of a democracy",1,-1,[],[12936]],["includes all technical, cognitive, social, civic and creative capacities that allow a citizen to access, have a critical understanding of the media and interact with it",1,-1,[],[33808]],["increases activism that results in improving many areas of society",1,-1,[],[12936]],["individuals need skills of analysis, evaluation, grouping, induction, deduction, synthesis, and abstracting",1,-1,[],[20876]],["individuals need to acquire knowledge about key facets of the mass media phenomenon, such as media industries, media messages, media audiences, or media effects.",1,-1,[],[20876]],["integrate information with the existing ones",1,-1,[],[26546]],["integrated competencies that include technical proficiency, critical analysis, and ethical reasoning",1,-1,[],[31168]],["interpreting, evaluating, downloading, integrating and generally making the most of the wealth of information potentially available",1,-1,[],[24961]],["investment in media literacy and digital skills not only contributes to economic growth and social cohesion, but also helps make citizens less susceptible to hostile propaganda.",1,-1,[],[60866]],["is an essential component of resilience.",1,-1,[],[34746]],["is crucial to a well-informed citizenry's participation in society.",1,-1,[],[47630]],["is increasingly a matter of media literacy",1,-1,[],[24961]],["is increasingly recognized as a crucial skill for informed citizenship and societal resilience against digital threats",1,-1,[],[45246]],["is multidisciplinary",1,-1,[],[12993]],["it allows us to control our own exposure to media and media-mediated content and serves as the basis for constructing our own meanings",1,-1,[],[49406]],["it develops their analytical skills, enabling them to distinguish between real and fake news and form their own opinions",1,-1,[],[49634]],["it helps students see how bias in the news can impact how a story is understood, and learn to understand the author's perspective and how it can affect their views",1,-1,[],[49634]],["it helps them understand the message behind every story they read or watch and evaluate whether it is positive or negative",1,-1,[],[49634]],["it incorporates the features of critical approach, analysis, evaluation, and media content production, regardless of the fact whether we have traditional or new media in mind.",1,-1,[],[52066]],["it is often characterized as being composed of many other factors beyond skills, such as many kinds of knowledge, a variety of behaviors, and motivations.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["it makes citizens resilient to those political messages that contain these elements.",1,-1,[],[33808]],["it teaches to create media responsibly, such as writing blog articles, making videos, or composing music, makes producing media content more accessible",1,-1,[],[49634]],["key competencies that help people distinguish between fake and reliable sources of information",1,-1,[],[28003]],["leading to debates on the efficacy of current initiatives and the optimal methods for incorporating them into educational institutions",1,-1,[],[50335]],["learning how critically evaluate information",1,-1,[],[26473]],["make people more aware of their world",1,-1,[],[12936]],["making the ability to \"read\" and understand a range of mediated formats an essential skill to successfully navigate today's culture",1,-1,[],[12885]],["managers must be media literate to effectively navigate the digital landscape. They must be able to discern reliable information sources, understand how media messages are constructed and for what purpose, and interpret these messages accurately.",1,-1,[],[55199]],["measuring the level of media literacy of respondents in relation to obtaining and evaluating media information in specific situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[52066]],["media literacy (Brodsky et al., 2021;Potter, 2010), as well as inoculation and debunking approaches (Cook, 2016), dominate as intervention-oriented frameworks.",1,-1,[],[35785]],["media literacy also contains the principles of media preferences and choices that condition the media choices of young people.",1,-1,[],[49406]],["media literacy among the consumers of media content to curb the spread of misinformation.",1,-1,[],[27265]],["media literacy awareness should be taught in education, so that it is a basic knowledge for everyone.",1,-1,[],[48455]],["media literacy can no longer refer only to audiovisual material but must include the internet -this in turn referring not only to the world wide web but also to email, internet-chat, online games, etc.",1,-1,[],[24961]],["media literacy can no longer refer only to audiovisual material but must include the internet -this in turn referring not only to the world wide web but also to email, internet-chat, online games, etc. Since use of the internet relies on use of computers (and, soon, use of mobile telephones, digital television, etc), technological convergence is sweeping all forms and uses of mediated symbolic texts under the umbrella term 'media'.",1,-1,[],[24961]],["media literacy can open up opportunities for people to get involved and to participate in culture in different ways.",1,-1,[],[29604]],["media literacy comprises a set of multi-faceted skills that highlight the skills used by individuals to not only consume but also critically analyze what they have viewed, heard or read on the media platforms.",1,-1,[],[23957]],["media literacy comprises two core components: media competency and media text analysis.",1,-1,[],[39178]],["media literacy curricula are often targeted toward children and youth, but media literacy for adults is equally important as impacts of the \"diminishing degrees of institutional support\" become evident across demographics.",1,-1,[],[12878]],["media literacy education can occur before exposure to false information and can be applied to more than one specific piece of false content as a proactive response",1,-1,[],[27265]],["media literacy education provides a framework for new literacy needed for living, working, and citizenship in the 21st century",1,-1,[],[61848]],["media literacy education teaches audiences to analyze and deconstruct media messages and understand the process of message construction. potential impact of information, and revealing the gap between mediated and external realities.",1,-1,[],[27265]],["media literacy emerged from print/audiovisual contexts",1,-1,[],[49920]],["media literacy empowers people to be critical thinkers and makers, effective communicators and active citizens",1,-1,[["media literacy empowers people to be critical thinkers and makers, effective communicators and active citizens",1],["media literacy empowers people to be critical thinkers and makers, effective communicators and active citizens.",1]],[17783]],["media literacy encourages greater awareness of the overall media landscape and the necessary skills to advocate for systemic change",1,-1,[],[12885]],["media literacy for this group of citizens was linked to personal, social, and cultural enrichment to reinforce a sense of selffulfillment",1,-1,[],[32914]],["media literacy has a favourable influence on sustainable democratic participation and active citizenship",1,-1,[],[26473]],["media literacy has become a key concern in our contemporary society, as it promises to educate our children to become and remain active and critical members of our increasingly mediatized society thereby fostering civic engagement and overall socio-cultural well-being.",1,-1,[],[54749]],["media literacy has been considered an aid for many societal ills in the Western world: from fighting against stereotypical representations of different (marginalized) groups to combating mis-and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[47529]],["media literacy has been seen as one of the central skills in future working life",1,-1,[],[29604]],["media literacy has been treated as a civic skill, developed over time",1,-1,[],[32914]],["media literacy has the power to help us improve a wide range of other skills and abilities; it can also protect us from false messages in the media, create positive habits from scratch, and transform risky behaviors into positive actions; it can alter faulty beliefs (about self, identity, health, community, religion, and media bias) while protecting our existing beliefs that are not faulty in some way; and it can increase our degree of engagement with the media, other people, institutions, and society at large.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["media literacy helps young people understand how information shapes their consciousness and perception of the world",1,-1,[],[28003]],["media literacy implies developed digital literacy and ICT skills",1,-1,[],[33808]],["media literacy in terms of information also refers to individuals' abilities to seek, locate, and select information to suit their needs",1,-1,[],[47834]],["media literacy initiatives designed to equip individuals with the skills to critically evaluate and interpret media content",1,-1,[],[61848]],["media literacy interventions across a variety of topics can be an effective in reducing the impact of media messages.",1,-1,[],[12885]],["media literacy involves a person's ability to critically question what they see, hear and read",1,-1,[],[50944]],["media literacy involves the ability to analyse and evaluate the content of information.",1,-1,[],[28003]],["media literacy is a factor that effectively inhibits the spread of rumors.",1,-1,[],[35080]],["media literacy is a learned skill that is actively developed in formal education in the UK.",1,-1,[],[5802]],["media literacy is a necessary element among all segments of the population, in particular within the framework of the Russian Federation's war in Ukraine.",1,-1,[],[28003]],["media literacy is a necessary part of active citizenship and is key to the full development of freedom of expression and the right to information.",1,-1,[],[23710]],["media literacy is based on a wide range of knowledge that simplifies the process of managing media information, provides us with a full understanding of media and media communication, enhances our appreciation of media goods, and enhances our aesthetic sense",1,-1,[],[16143]],["media literacy is having a critical approach to media in terms of both quality and accuracy of content; yet, further awareness is reported to be the nature and impact of mass media and the techniques used by them",1,-1,[],[47834]],["media literacy is multi-dimensional.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["media literacy is not innate but must be developed during socialization",1,-1,[],[30407]],["media literacy is not only used personally but also communally -throughout the media community.",1,-1,[],[50944]],["media literacy is not reducible to a feature or skill of the user, but is better understood as a co-production of the interactive engagement between technology and user.",1,-1,[],[21922]],["media literacy is not something you either are or not. Rather, individuals permanently move on a continuum.",1,-1,[],[20876]],["media literacy is one of the major competencies for life in the 21 st century",1,-1,[],[54688]],["media literacy is the main protection against negative media phenomena such as disinformation and fake news.",1,-1,[],[33808]],["media literacy is vital for developing critical thinking and analytical skills necessary to identify and resist disinformation.",1,-1,[],[58416]],["media literacy might become the link that repairs those broken relationships between citizens and systems, because it provides us with the tools needed to place informed (rather than blind) trust on credible channels of communication.",1,-1,[],[22977]],["media literacy programmes that go beyond simple fact-checking to address the emotional and social dimensions of misinformation",1,-1,[],[50335]],["media literacy remains a dynamic and evolving construct within the broader field of media and communication studies.",1,-1,[],[34090]],["media literacy should be formally recognised as an essential and emerging skill within India's higher education policy",1,-1,[],[34090]],["media literacy should no longer be treated as a peripheral or optional skill. Instead, it must be recognised as a core educational priority in preparing future communicators, journalists, and opinion leaders.",1,-1,[],[34090]],["media literacy should not be limited to decoding media texts; rather, it should cultivate critical thinking and active engagement, encouraging audiences to explore the deeper meanings embedded in media messages",1,-1,[],[39178]],["media literacy should not be perceived merely as an academic construct but as a vital tool for strengthening the democratic values of society.",1,-1,[],[34090]],["media literacy skills can be empowering despite systemic barriers to formal education and other resources.",1,-1,[],[34326]],["media literacy training mainly focuses on individual responsibility rather than questioning the role of the community, state, institutions or technology companies",1,-1,[],[23194]],["media literacy will make the public spot reliable information and less inclined to spread fake news",1,-1,[],[55115]],["media literacy, as a skill, is something that needs to be developed; and media literacy involves several dimensions, such as cognition, morals, aesthetics, and emotions",1,-1,[],[43472]],["more media literate individuals are less likely to believe fake news because they are more able to accurately discern between real and disinforming content",1,-1,[],[5802]],["most media education frameworks focus on the enhancement of critical thinking skills within their desired objectives and encourage active engagement by audiences with the media content they encounter",1,-1,[],[12885]],["multi-dimensional",1,-1,[],[12936]],["my focus will be on challenges posed by the convergence of print, audiovisual and computer media, particularly since widespread public use of the internet.",1,-1,[],[24961]],["necessary aspects to access, analyse, evaluate, and create online information",1,-1,[],[50058]],["needs to be developed",1,-1,[],[12936]],["needs to resist adopting a reductive or mechanistic approach to assessing media literacy because groups develop and require different forms of media literacy to address their unique needs and disciplinary standpoints",1,-1,[],[12993]],["not limited to training critical consumers of information, but aspires to form responsible participants in shared communicative spaces.",1,-1,[],[36823]],["offers solutions to public health issues, such as body image and substance use problems, which are exacerbated by reports of toxic media",1,-1,[],[28275]],["one of the central competences for engaged citizenship in a participatory democracy",1,-1,[],[29604]],["other key media literacy skills today include the production of self-generated content along with access, comprehension and critiquing skills.",1,-1,[],[23957]],["others argued for the importance of production skills (technical abilities, conceptual abilities, and creative abilities)",1,-1,[],[12936]],["others specified some kind of information processing skill (how to read messages in more depth, how to evaluate messages on all sorts of standards, how to construct one's own meaning)",1,-1,[],[12936]],["participation in constructive learning",1,-1,[],[26546]],["people needed to employ skills in order to use this knowledge both to protect themselves from potentially negative effects as well as to empower them to use the mass media more self-consciously and make choices that can improve their lives in many ways.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["people with a high level of media literacy show better skills in choosing information that satisfies their information needs, they are able to consciously and selectively interact with various media sources, in particular with the mass media.",1,-1,[],[28003]],["perception of their ability to identify misinformation",1,-1,[],[45117]],["positive self-esteem, reflecting the fact that media literacy helps in resisting media effects and promoting a healthier self-perception",1,-1,[],[47505]],["pre-emptive strategies to address misinformation",1,-1,[],[52816]],["preconditions for the democratic development of the modern information society, enabling the participation of citizens in societal discussions and decision-making",1,-1,[],[29604]],["proactive strategy that can empower audiences to be critical media consumers and to engage in their own fact-checking",1,-1,[],[27265]],["promote a democratised, diverse, antielitist approach to online representations",1,-1,[],[24961]],["promote ideals of selfactualisation, cultural expression and aesthetic creativity",1,-1,[],[24961]],["promote it as a set of skills that audiences can build and apply to their own news and information practices",1,-1,[],[27265]],["promoting media and information literacy",1,-1,[],[26473]],["provides digital media users with: (a) a sovereign orientation in the various contents; (b) the ability to quickly distinguish essential and serious information from non-serious information, including the reliable identification of false information, incomplete information or inaccurate information; (c) the ability to distinguishing serious, verified message/statement from subjective content and unsubstantiated facts [121]; and (d) the ability to use as well as develop critical thinking, which is a prerequisite for prudent use of the media [122].",1,-1,[],[14576]],["reading comprehension, writing skills, critical reading, critical listening, and critical viewing skills",1,-1,[],[20876]],["recognizing underlying meanings",1,-1,[],[26546]],["reframe our approaches to teaching and learning about media as we enter into new media realities that further push us away from traditional systems and structures and toward ever embedded, abundant, and pervasive digital ecosystems.",1,-1,[],[17783]],["science media literacy is associated with less acceptance of COVID-19 disinformation.",1,-1,[],[34326]],["several authors have warned about the risk of reductionist approaches that conceive media literacy as a mere technical skill focused on error detection or factual verification.",1,-1,[],[36823]],["should apply to all media",1,-1,[],[12936]],["skills like checking claims and considering sources and motivations actively minimise the risk of disseminating incorrect information",1,-1,[],[55115]],["still others detailed the importance of social skills and/or reflection skills.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["systemic support for media literacy and critical thinking requires the integration of educational, cultural, and information and communication strategies aimed at increasing the cognitive autonomy of the individual in a complex information ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[30418]],["the MIL skills needed to detect the credibility of media news",1,-1,[],[12957]],["the ability to critically understand, analyze, and evaluate media messages is essential to make consumers responsible, critical, and creative citizens",1,-1,[],[47820]],["the alteration of beliefs and/or behaviors",1,-1,[],[12936]],["the development of cognitive, ethical, aesthetic and philosophical skills and knowledge.",1,-1,[],[39480]],["the formation of a responsible attitude towards information, based on ethical principles of honesty, objectivity, and respect",1,-1,[],[60866]],["the fourth component is better labelled 'content creation', the key being creation (or production) rather than reception of content.",1,-1,[],[24961]],["the key is to have a citizenry that understands the importance of obtaining quality information from reliable sources, that is capable of identifying potentially false content and that values the truth",1,-1,[],[49998]],["the most effective means of combating fake news",1,-1,[],[39480]],["the notion of media literacy is not a novel one and the emergence of new media has certainly had no impact on its essence, since it incorporates the features of critical approach, analysis, evaluation, and media content production, regardless of the fact whether we have traditional or new media in mind.",1,-1,[],[52066]],["the online realm makes it necessary to expand the concept with regard to digital media content",1,-1,[],[30407]],["the overall assessment of media literacy remains an arena that can benefit from additional consideration.",1,-1,[],[12885]],["the technical skills associated with using the Internet to search for data, access social services, produce various media products (i.e., videos, blogs, websites), using media products as teaching materials (i.e., for reading, listening)",1,-1,[],[49634]],["thereby creating critical autonomy in relation to all media",1,-1,[],[30407]],["thinking critically is media literacy",1,-1,[],[26546]],["this article will use the term 'media literacy' to cover the use of material either broadcast or published on electronic communications networks",1,-1,[],[24961]],["those with better media literacy abilities behave responsibly when sharing information. They are more likely to do critical analysis before sharing and to authenticate information's veracity, source, and intentions.",1,-1,[],[55115]],["to distinguish between fake and real news, individuals need to develop competencies and acquire skills to assess the veracity of published information",1,-1,[],[34824]],["traditional media literacy education around authenticity, propaganda, financial power, and audiences",1,-1,[],[20356]],["traditional media literacy education has enabled students not to easily accept what they see as 'truth'",1,-1,[],[20356]],["traditional media literacy education remains possible in contexts that demand such skills.",1,-1,[],[20356]],["transformative tool that empowers individuals to critique and contribute to the media ecosystem",1,-1,[],[58416]],["transforming the notion of media literacy into relevant policy with defined aims",1,-1,[],[26473]],["underpin a more traditional, hierarchical discrimination of good from bad, authoritative from unauthorised, information and communication",1,-1,[],[24961]],["understand the multifacetedness of media literacy",1,-1,[],[29604]],["use of literacy to achieve a competitive advantage vital to a globalised information society",1,-1,[],[24961]],["vital to counter the spread of false information.",1,-1,[],[43817]],["während für Media Literacy die Medienbedingtheit von Kommunikation zentral ist",1,-1,[],[12578]]],"sy":[["media education",3,30536,[["media education",2],["Media Education (ME)",1]],[20876,29291,48973]],["Digital Literacy",2,16150,[["Digital Literacy",1],["Digital literacy",1]],[23710,29291]],["Computer Literacy",1,-1,[],[29291]],["MIL",1,28928,[],[12957]],["MLE",1,-1,[],[12993]],["Media and Information Literacy (MIL)",1,25540,[],[29291]],["Medienkompetenz",1,31848,[],[46088]],["NML",1,-1,[],[34303]],["News literacy",1,14494,[],[36389]],["deutschsprachigen Medienkompetenzbegriff",1,-1,[],[46088]],["digital (new media) literacy",1,-1,[],[48973]],["educational media",1,-1,[],[48973]],["educommunication",1,-1,[],[30134]],["functional literacy",1,30352,[],[45280]],["media education program",1,-1,[],[20876]],["media literacy education",1,15408,[],[20876]],["media literacy intervention",1,21202,[],[20876]],["media literacy program",1,-1,[],[20876]],["media pedagogy",1,-1,[],[48973]],["mediawijsheid",1,-1,[],[54749]],["mídia-educação",1,-1,[],[10891]],["skills",1,7138,[],[48973]],["technology utilization",1,-1,[],[47834]],["the ability to decode, analyze and evaluate the presentation of events in a variety of media",1,-1,[],[47505]],["the ability to examine the media contents critically",1,-1,[],[47505]],["umiejętność korzystania z mediów",1,-1,[],[28275]]],"rt":[["digital literacy",16,16150,[["digital literacy",15],["Digital literacy",1]],[2704,23710,24961,26894,28275,29028,32914,33808,34303,35636,39190,42296,45280,47505,50335,55115]],["information literacy",12,8985,[],[5772,8749,12894,23710,24961,26473,26894,39190,45280,47505,55115,57040]],["media education",10,30536,[["media education",9],["Media Education",1]],[12578,12885,12957,22522,26473,28275,29028,29604,52780,58056]],["critical thinking",8,29451,[["critical thinking",7],["Critical thinking",1]],[12936,14576,14927,28003,30418,31168,33808,35636]],["disinformation",6,17423,[],[12878,28003,30418,31168,33808,44190]],["fake news",5,33960,[],[12878,14927,28003,30418,33808]],["news literacy",5,14494,[],[27265,36389,45280,50335,55115]],["misinformation",4,10315,[],[12878,14576,14927,27265]],["digital and information literacies",3,-1,[["digital and information literacies",1],["digital or information literacy",1],["information and digital literacy",1]],[23710,45246,51220]],["social media literacy",3,4202,[],[9189,34303,55219]],["Digital skills",2,-1,[["Digital skills",1],["digital skills",1]],[28275,49406]],["Fact-checking",2,16098,[["Fact-checking",1],["fact-checking",1]],[27265,32604]],["Media and Information Literacy (MIL)",2,25540,[["Media and Information Literacy (MIL)",1],["media and information literacy",1]],[36823,58416]],["active citizenship",2,1892,[],[20876,26473]],["audiovisual literacy",2,-1,[],[24961,39190]],["critical literacy",2,34457,[],[24961,45280]],["internet literacy",2,-1,[],[21922,24961]],["media audiences",2,-1,[],[14927,20876]],["media effects",2,4507,[],[14927,20876]],["media industries",2,-1,[],[14927,20876]],["media literacy education",2,15408,[["media literacy education",1],["media literacy education (MLE)",1]],[49634,55115]],["media manipulation",2,26871,[],[12878,14576]],["media messages",2,25406,[],[14927,20876]],["print literacy",2,-1,[],[21922,24961]],["AI literacy",1,23931,[],[35785]],["Critical Media Literacy",1,13038,[],[26546]],["Cross-referencing",1,2029,[],[32604]],["Decodieren von Medienbotschaften",1,-1,[],[46088]],["ICT literacy",1,-1,[],[24961]],["ICT skills",1,-1,[],[33808]],["Media literacy is part of communication skills.",1,-1,[],[50944]],["NML",1,-1,[],[34303]],["Protectionism",1,15007,[],[12993]],["aesthetics",1,5933,[],[20876]],["algorithmic literacy",1,13940,[],[45142]],["analytical thinking",1,5108,[],[30418]],["audiovisual literacy (often referred to as image or visual literacy)",1,-1,[],[23710]],["civic competence",1,-1,[],[31168]],["civic education",1,28801,[],[25570]],["cognitive autonomy",1,32354,[],[30418]],["cognitive components",1,17401,[],[30418]],["cognitive reflection",1,32688,[],[30418]],["communication skills",1,33371,[],[50944]],["communicative abilities",1,26812,[],[50944]],["competence",1,11733,[],[21922]],["computer literacy",1,-1,[],[24961]],["computer, network, technology, information, visual, and media literacies",1,-1,[],[12993]],["conspiracies",1,13415,[],[14576]],["constructivism",1,2511,[],[14927]],["countering destructive information influence",1,-1,[],[30418]],["creative problem -solving",1,-1,[],[33808]],["critical analysis",1,25289,[],[31168]],["critical civic and democratic engagement",1,-1,[],[12906]],["critical communication",1,-1,[],[30418]],["critical consumption",1,226,[],[519]],["critical consumption of information",1,-1,[],[57566]],["critical coping skills",1,-1,[],[32914]],["critical prosumption",1,840,[],[519]],["critical source verification skills",1,-1,[],[30418]],["critical thinking skills",1,20906,[],[61848]],["critical understanding",1,3537,[],[50944]],["cross -cultural communication",1,-1,[],[26473]],["cultural literacy",1,21164,[],[24961]],["cyber-literacy",1,-1,[],[24961]],["cyberbullying",1,30890,[],[54749]],["cybersecurity",1,16592,[],[54749]],["data literacy",1,25415,[],[45142]],["democratization of communication",1,-1,[],[14927]],["democratization of knowledge",1,-1,[],[14927]],["digital",1,-1,[],[32564]],["digital citizenship",1,19080,[],[30418]],["digital competencies",1,-1,[],[53395]],["digital media literacy",1,14536,[],[47505]],["digital resilience",1,8447,[],[30418]],["each viewer interacts in a unique way with the media",1,-1,[],[52903]],["empowerment",1,33337,[],[12993]],["ethical dilemmas in digital communication",1,-1,[],[31168]],["ethical reasoning",1,-1,[],[31168]],["ethics",1,34741,[],[31168]],["form and content are related in each medium, with each medium having unique aesthetics, codes and conventions",1,-1,[],[52903]],["fostering a positive organizational culture",1,-1,[],[55199]],["functional consumption",1,2709,[],[519]],["functional prosumption",1,5830,[],[519]],["health literacy",1,30831,[],[2704]],["implied messages",1,-1,[],[47834]],["individual competence",1,-1,[],[50944]],["information analysis",1,-1,[],[28003]],["information appropriation, utilization and reproduction",1,-1,[],[12906]],["information disorder",1,13397,[],[54743]],["information security awareness",1,-1,[],[30418]],["informational",1,6414,[],[32564]],["integrated media and language literacy",1,9000,[],[49634]],["internal communication",1,-1,[],[55199]],["lifelong learning",1,-1,[],[30134]],["linguistics",1,32339,[],[31168]],["literacy",1,2766,[],[24961]],["literacy at the level of the word, the sentence and the text, across different media (reading, writing, speaking, etc)",1,-1,[],[24961]],["logical generalization",1,-1,[],[30418]],["manipulative influence",1,-1,[],[30418]],["media and information landscape",1,-1,[],[31168]],["media and language literacy (MLL)",1,17829,[],[49634]],["media competency",1,24855,[],[39178]],["media fluency",1,14104,[],[12906]],["media have commercial, political and ideological implications",1,-1,[],[52903]],["media interpretation and creation skills",1,-1,[],[30418]],["media knowledge",1,-1,[],[16143]],["media literacy of the oppressed",1,5686,[],[47529]],["media literacy skills",1,18632,[],[12885]],["media production",1,-1,[],[12936]],["media production and media use",1,-1,[],[12936]],["media security",1,9695,[],[28003]],["media text analysis",1,-1,[],[39178]],["media use",1,31583,[],[12936]],["media, information, and digital literacies",1,21478,[],[31168]],["mediated harassment",1,-1,[],[31168]],["mindful exposures",1,-1,[],[12936]],["mis/disinformation",1,21699,[],[34090]],["multiple or multimodal literacy",1,-1,[],[47834]],["news media literacy",1,26685,[],[12966]],["online intervention",1,-1,[],[30407]],["oral literacy",1,-1,[],[24961]],["parental mediation",1,17996,[],[12936]],["participatory democracy",1,1577,[],[26473]],["power",1,24789,[],[21922]],["privacy",1,20684,[],[54749]],["privacy violations",1,27488,[],[31168]],["psychology",1,-1,[],[31168]],["public health",1,11583,[],[20876]],["rank propaganda",1,-1,[],[12878]],["rational assessment of issues",1,-1,[],[14576]],["reading and writing literacy",1,-1,[],[23710]],["reading and writing skills",1,-1,[],[39190]],["recognition and response to media content",1,-1,[],[30418]],["reflection",1,11087,[],[30418]],["reflection on reality",1,-1,[],[14576]],["selfreflexivity",1,34204,[],[12936]],["social literacy",1,-1,[],[24961]],["socialization",1,33184,[],[30418]],["societal resilience",1,24153,[],[30418]],["source criticism",1,2284,[],[43472]],["strategies for verifying the credibility of information sources",1,-1,[],[14576]],["sustainable democratic participation",1,-1,[],[26473]],["technical proficiency",1,-1,[],[31168]],["technical skills",1,-1,[],[50944]],["technical skills aimed at managing information flows",1,-1,[],[36823]],["textuality",1,-1,[],[21922]],["the media build and are built by reality",1,-1,[],[52903]],["understanding the framing techniques used in climate change coverage and their potential impact on perceptions and behaviors",1,-1,[],[15445]],["visual literacy",1,18775,[],[24961]],["visual media literacy",1,7256,[],[28758]],["web literacy",1,-1,[],[34303]],["willingness to examine one's beliefs and behaviors",1,-1,[],[12936]],["worldview literacy",1,5888,[],[36615]]],"sb":[["digital literacy",5,16150,[["digital literacy",4],["Digital literacy",1]],[42296,45117,45280,47529,47834]],["news literacy",5,14494,[],[12894,45117,45280,47529,52903]],["Access",4,2057,[["Access",3],["access",1]],[21922,24961,45246,46088]],["Analysis",4,7380,[["Analysis",3],["analysis",1]],[21922,24961,45246,46088]],["Evaluation",4,19890,[["Evaluation",3],["evaluation",1]],[21922,24961,45246,46088]],["information literacy",4,8985,[],[45117,45280,47529,52903]],["Content Creation",3,4418,[["Content Creation",1],["Content creation",1],["content creation",1]],[21922,24961,46088]],["Critical media literacy",2,13038,[["Critical media literacy",1],["critical media literacy",1]],[12885,29604]],["\"ecomedia\" literacy",1,-1,[],[47529]],["AI and data literacy",1,-1,[],[31168]],["AI literacy",1,23931,[],[47529]],["Active participation",1,7112,[],[58416]],["Advanced",1,31417,[],[50944]],["All media messages are 'constructed'",1,-1,[],[52066]],["Basic",1,13448,[],[50944]],["Civic engagement",1,18703,[],[58416]],["Civic media literacies",1,5482,[],[17783]],["Cognitive reactions",1,8910,[],[47505]],["Communicative abilities refer to a person's ability to construct communication which is one of the characteristics of media literacy.",1,-1,[],[50944]],["Creation",1,12515,[],[45246]],["Critical engagement",1,3081,[],[58416]],["Cultural awareness",1,5989,[],[58416]],["Different people experience the same message differently",1,-1,[],[52066]],["Emotional reactions",1,19444,[],[47505]],["Future working competences",1,25722,[],[29604]],["GLOBAL MEDIA LITERACY",1,24587,[],[20356]],["Logical evaluation",1,19231,[],[58416]],["Media and Information Literacy (MIL)",1,25540,[],[36823]],["Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules",1,-1,[],[52066]],["Medium",1,4434,[],[50944]],["Most media messages are organised to gain profit and/or power",1,-1,[],[52066]],["Network media literacy",1,18805,[],[16143]],["Personal media literacy",1,24643,[],[16143]],["Protectionism",1,15007,[],[12993]],["The media have embedded values and points of view",1,-1,[],[52066]],["algorithmic and AI literacy",1,-1,[],[47529]],["analyze",1,-1,[],[12936]],["avoid influence",1,-1,[],[12936]],["challenge meanings",1,-1,[],[12936]],["cognitive access",1,29370,[],[49406]],["communicative abilities",1,26812,[],[50944]],["communicative components",1,-1,[],[58592]],["content production",1,-1,[],[39480]],["counter-argue",1,-1,[],[12936]],["crafting meaningful responses (Create)",1,-1,[],[31168]],["critical approach",1,10941,[],[20356]],["critical consumption",1,226,[],[519]],["critical digital media literacy",1,6035,[],[58056]],["critical literacy",1,34457,[],[45280]],["critical prosumption",1,840,[],[519]],["critical thinking/acceptance skills and practises",1,-1,[],[39480]],["critical understanding",1,3537,[],[50944]],["data",1,22097,[],[47630]],["decipher sender intent",1,-1,[],[12936]],["decoding and interpreting messages (Analyze)",1,-1,[],[31168]],["deconstruct messages",1,-1,[],[12936]],["dig for truth",1,-1,[],[12936]],["digital",1,-1,[],[47630]],["digital or multiple media literacies",1,-1,[],[20876]],["empowerment",1,33337,[],[12993]],["evaluate",1,7461,[],[12936]],["evidence base construction",1,-1,[],[12878]],["exposure skills",1,1764,[],[12936]],["functional consumption",1,2709,[],[519]],["functional literacy",1,30352,[],[45280]],["functional prosumption",1,5830,[],[519]],["global critical",1,-1,[],[20356]],["identifying content origins (Access)",1,-1,[],[31168]],["imagine possibilities",1,-1,[],[12936]],["information",1,18076,[],[47630]],["information gathering",1,-1,[],[54749]],["information processing skill",1,22931,[],[12936]],["judge credibility",1,-1,[],[12936]],["local media literacy",1,9021,[],[20356]],["making informed decisions about disseminated information (Act)",1,-1,[],[31168]],["media",1,25574,[],[47630]],["media competency",1,24855,[],[39178]],["media literacy of educators",1,5730,[],[28275]],["media skepticism",1,11526,[],[12885]],["media text analysis",1,-1,[],[39178]],["misinformation literacy",1,32449,[],[45117]],["multimodal",1,17072,[],[47630]],["network",1,26379,[],[47630]],["news media literacy",1,26685,[],[12966]],["online privacy and safety",1,-1,[],[49406]],["open, investigative attitude toward software and hardware (exploring applications)",1,-1,[],[54749]],["organizational media literacy",1,31428,[],[16143]],["parental support",1,-1,[],[12878]],["participatory, creative or socially oriented competencies",1,-1,[],[54749]],["policy initiatives",1,-1,[],[12878]],["positive self-esteem",1,-1,[],[47505]],["practical skills (operating devices and software)",1,-1,[],[54749]],["produce messages",1,-1,[],[12936]],["production skills",1,-1,[],[12936]],["protectionist approach to media literacy",1,31563,[],[12885]],["psychological components",1,-1,[],[58592]],["read",1,-1,[],[12936]],["recognising embedded goals and biases (Evaluate)",1,-1,[],[31168]],["recognize patterns",1,-1,[],[12936]],["reflect on media use",1,-1,[],[54749]],["reflection skills",1,12601,[],[12936]],["science media literacy",1,14549,[],[34326]],["science-specific media literacy",1,-1,[],[34326]],["social skills",1,21644,[],[12936]],["teacher training and curricular resources",1,-1,[],[12878]],["technical competencies",1,-1,[],[39480]],["technical components",1,-1,[],[58592]],["technical skills",1,-1,[],[50944]],["technicist",1,-1,[],[49406]],["traditional/hierarchical",1,-1,[],[20356]],["understand media",1,170,[],[54749]],["visual literacy",1,18775,[],[20876]],["visual media literacy",1,7256,[],[28758]],["youth participation",1,-1,[],[12878]]],"sp":[["information literacy",3,8985,[],[5772,12894,27996]],["literacy",2,2766,[],[3857,24961]],["Digital Capital",1,-1,[],[49406]],["a form of digital cultural capital",1,-1,[],[49406]],["communication skills",1,33371,[],[50944]],["digital competencies",1,-1,[],[53395]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[27996]],["skill based literacies",1,-1,[],[5772]],["umbrella term encompassing various literacies",1,-1,[],[47630]]],"ex":[["Furthermore, scholars claim that media literacy has the power to help us improve a wide range of other skills and abilities; it can also protect us from false messages in the media, create positive habits from scratch, and transform risky behaviors into positive actions; it can alter faulty beliefs (about self, identity, health, community, religion, and media bias) while protecting our existing beliefs that are not faulty in some way; and it can increase our degree of engagement with the media, other people, institutions, and society at large.",1,-1,[],[12936]],["It is easy for you to identify news or information that you believe misrepresent reality or are even false",1,-1,[],[45117]],["a media-literate individual would check the source of a news article, examine the author's credentials, and look for corroborating evidence from other sources.",1,-1,[],[57617]],["be an informed voter",1,-1,[],[12878]],["cautioning about pseudoscientific claims encountered in advertising, entertainment, and promotional media, practices that are directly transferable to the detection of climate change misinformation, e.g., through lateral reading",1,-1,[],[35785]],["create, to produce symbolic texts",1,-1,[],[24961]],["discern accuracy",1,-1,[],[12878]],["engage with information productively",1,-1,[],[12878]],["evaluate bias",1,-1,[],[12878]],["evaluating who is behind the information, their expertise,and credibility, e.g., civic online reasoning",1,-1,[],[35785]],["lateral reading",1,-1,[],[35785]],["media literacy describes being able to access media and to critically understand, produce, and negotiate meanings in a culture of images, words and sounds",1,-1,[],[23194]],["reading the \"tips\" for spotting untrustworthy news provided by Facebook and WhatsApp increased participant discernment between mainstream and false news headlines",1,-1,[],[10174]],["television, video, cinema, advertisements, Internet and so on",1,-1,[],[50944]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["chain",1,-1,[],[6911]],["loop",1,-1,[],[6911]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Individuals who have the need for affection will process the information obtained then process the information with their affections.",1,-1,[],[44065]],["Need for affection with the extent to which individual attitudes are guided by affective information",1,-1,[],[44065]],["needs include the desire to experience and understand emotions and that places the belief that emotions are useful for forming",1,-1,[],[44065]],["these needs include the desire to experience and understand the emotions of oneself and others, and that places the belief that emotions are useful for forming judgments and behavior.",1,-1,[],[44065]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["generic persona",1,12731,[],[20110]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Yumi",1,-1,[],[20111]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The tendency of individuals to overestimate the benefits associated with disseminating fake news rather than its costs",1,-1,[],[7175]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["understanding",1,2776,[],[2445]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In his paradigm-shifting paper Hilgartner [1990] showed how this term keeps knowledge to the exclusive realm of scientists and hence this approach is not able to deal with the aims scientists and the society had set for communication of science.",1,-1,[],[58460]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["At least six factors are involved. For some people, one or two of them produces the lion's share of the disinhibition effect. In most cases, however, these factors intersect and interact with each other, supplement each other, resulting in a more complex, amplified effect.",1,-1,[],[5485]],["But online, in what feels more like a peer relationship-with the appearances of authority minimized-people are much more willing to speak out and misbehave.",1,-1,[],[5485]],["Online disinhibition can be both benign and toxic (Suler, 2004): It can inspire acts of generosity and help shy people socialize, but it can also lead to increased incivility in online conversations",1,-1,[],[9603]],["They loosen up, feel less restrained, and express themselves more openly.",1,-1,[],[5485]],["a term has surfaced for it: the online disinhibition effect.",1,-1,[],[5485]],["that is not seen offline",1,-1,[],[9603]]],"sy":[["disinhibition effect",1,20179,[],[5485]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["benign disinhibition",1,32424,[],[5485]],["toxic disinhibition",1,12803,[],[5485]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Violence",1,27486,[],[10550]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Harm to social systems is thus about how algorithmic systems adversely shape the emergent properties [129] of social systems [162].",1,-1,[],[7538]],["Societal harms reflect the \"widespread, repetitive or accumulative character\" of algorithmic systems in the world [207, p. 10], which contribute to institutional exclusions [231].",1,-1,[],[7538]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Cultural harms.",1,4751,[],[7538]],["Environmental harms.",1,-1,[],[7538]],["Information harms.",1,-1,[],[7538]],["Macro socio-economic harms.",1,14979,[],[7538]],["Political and civic harms.",1,22667,[],[7538]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intercambio dialógico",1,-1,[],[10530]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["framing shift",1,-1,[],[30904]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["like 9/11",1,-1,[],[30904]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["In such cases, silence is not merely the absence of response but a mode of structural violence operating through the selective withdrawal of recognition, audibility, and discursive uptake (cf. : Galtung, 1969).",1,-1,[],[32277]],["silence is an important matter for excellence, a significant continuum. The real meaning is silence",1,-1,[],[45590]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["through advertising and commissioning of public projects",1,-1,[],[25700]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["clientelism",1,12019,[],[36744]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["i.e., low p for L and high p for R",1,-1,[],[61638]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Literary translation often permits ambiguity, polyphony, and slow interpretation; news translation, by contrast, privileges speed, coherence, and a single authoritative voice",1,-1,[],[55577]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["transediting",1,14677,[],[39086]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Email spam has mainly two purposes, namely advertising (e.g., promoting products, services, or contents), and frauds (e.g., attempting to perpetrate scams, or phishing).",1,-1,[],[6924]],["historically the first example of digital spam (cf. Figure 1) and remains uncontested in scale and pervasiveness with billions of spam emails generated every day",1,-1,[],[6924]]],"sy":[["junk emails",1,-1,[],[6924]]],"rt":[["digital spam",1,17769,[],[6924]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital spam",1,17769,[],[6924]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[1238]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The abuse here was exacerbated by the victim's gender and by her race",1,-1,[],[15321]],["is still behaviour which ought to fall within that contemplated as reprehensible by Lord Mackay in 1997",1,-1,[],[15321]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["civil unrest",1,-1,[],[57965]],["political violence",1,13268,[],[57965]],["riots",1,13132,[],[57965]],["uprisings",1,-1,[],[57965]],["violent protest",1,5295,[],[57965]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["NML",1,-1,[],[9990]],["new media literacy (NML)",1,21230,[],[9990]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["comprehensively affected by multiple factors, including the characteristics of the rumor itself, the psychological factors of the audience, the social environment, and factors related to information dissemination.",1,-1,[],[35075]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["At the level of the semiosphere it represents the division of self from other, the filtration of external communications and the translation thereof into its own language, as well as the transformation of external non-communication into communications, i.e. the semiotization of incoming materials and the transformation of the latter into information.",1,-1,[],[10194]],["The boundary has another function in the semiosphere: it is the area of accelerated semiotic processes, which always flow more actively on the periphery of cultural environments, seeking to affix them to the core structures, with a view to displacing them.",1,-1,[],[10194]],["The function of any border or film -from the membrane of a living cell to the biosphere as a film (according to Vernadsky) covering our planet, to the delimitation of the semiosphere -comes down to a limitation of penetration, filtering and the transformative processing of the external to the internal.",1,-1,[],[10194]],["characterised by 'discourses and practices through which certain forms of socio-spatial difference … [come] to be seen as the key dividing line between the \"west\" and the \"rest\"'",1,-1,[],[30785]],["dominant discursive processes that apportion physical territory, separating people from one another, and emphasize lived experiences that examine borders through lenses of (im)mobility which connect populations and communities in border areas",1,-1,[],[44232]],["the boundary unites two spheres of semiosis",1,-1,[],[10194]]],"sy":[["buffer mechanism",1,-1,[],[10194]]],"rt":[["facts on the ground",1,-1,[],[14677]],["lines on the map",1,-1,[],[14677]],["residual phenomena",1,-1,[],[14677]],["semiosphere",1,9932,[],[10194]],["semiotic space",1,-1,[],[10194]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a person who, by virtue of particular talent (magicians) or type of employment (blacksmith, miller, executioner), belongs to two worlds, operates as a kind of interpreter, settling in the territorial periphery, on the boundary of cultural and mythological space",1,-1,[],[10194]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["moderation has become more important as online harassment and hate speech have become more usual",1,-1,[],[19153]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["algorithm-assisted moderation",1,-1,[],[19570]],["community moderation",1,1840,[],[19570]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Breakdown in community structures (e.g., religious organizations, other civic-oriented groups), so there is a lack of community support and stability",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Breakdown in family structures, so there is a lack of familial support and stability",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Social pressures that may incite someone to violence (e.g., cliques/bullying and isolation)",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Violence in media (e.g., TV/movies and video games)",1,-1,[],[28841]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"There's Not A Single Ounce Of Evidence To Link Mass Shootings To Video Games\"",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Breakdown in community structures (e.g., religious organizations, other civic-oriented groups), so there is a lack of community support and stability",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Breakdown in family structures, so there is a lack of familial support and stability",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Social pressures that may incite someone to violence (e.g., cliques/bullying and isolation)",1,-1,[],[28841]],["Violence in media (e.g., TV/movies and video games)",1,-1,[],[28841]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[25235]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Stance",1,2283,[],[25235]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["alternative",1,-1,[],[50316]],["censorship",1,-1,[],[50316]],["propaganda",1,-1,[],[50316]],["truth",1,-1,[],[50316]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The media-pragmatic scientist finds it difficult, not because he finds it silly, but he feels a sort of responsibility for the article, and is worried about how he is perceived",1,-1,[],[28933]],["feels a sort of responsibility for the article, and is worried about how he is perceived, which is very different from the strategy of the media-positive scientist of leaving it up to the journalist.",1,-1,[],[28933]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[32117]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Tries to move as little as possible to retain its similarity to the original embedding as much as possible, while reducing the gender bias. This trade-off is controlled by a parameter",1,-1,[],[7347]]],"sy":[["Soft-debiasing",1,31356,[],[21404]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They state that a word may have a literal sense and a sarcastic sense. Their goal is to identify the sense of a word in order to detect sarcasm.",1,-1,[],[22418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["NML",1,-1,[],[9981]],["new media literacy (NML)",1,21230,[],[9981]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":61,"df":[["presenting a corrective message that establishes that the prior message was misinformation",3,-1,[],[8650,39173,44949]],["Debunking refers to exposing falseness or manipulating systematically and strategically (based on a chosen topic, classifications of selected techniques, narrative).",2,-1,[],[37223,38772]]],"de":[["Because the effectiveness of debunking fades over time, it should be repeated through trusted channels and evidence-based methods.",1,-1,[],[2693]],["Corrections should feature prominently with the misinformation so that accurate information is properly processed and later retrieved.",1,-1,[],[2693]],["Debunking carries specific connotations arising from the focus on misinformation circulating anonymously on social media.",1,-1,[],[5234]],["Debunking interventions involve retroactively correcting misinformation after it has been encountered",1,-1,[],[5730]],["Debunking was linked to varying degrees with material that is outlandish; that is less overtly political; that therefore can seem less important or serious; and that is often easier to refute than nuanced political claims.",1,-1,[],[5234]],["Debunking was more effective than labeling, emphasizing the power of feedback in boosting memory.",1,-1,[],[3350]],["If a tweet indicated skepticism of the claim or disbelief of the myth, the tweet was labeled debunking.",1,-1,[],[56996]],["Our sustained intervention allowed us to examine whether fact-checking can play both debunking and prebunking roles by correcting existing misinformation and warning participants about future misinformation.",1,-1,[],[45040]],["This intervention is deployed after people have been exposed to misinformation and believe it or are unsure of its veracity.",1,-1,[],[2693]],["What practitioners call \"debunking,\" once a minor focus, now dominates the agenda of leading outlets and accounts for the bulk of fact-checks produced worldwide, driven in part by commercial partnerships between fact-checkers and platform companies.",1,-1,[],[5234]],["a basic principle in debunking work is harm reduction",1,-1,[],[5234]],["a debunk is different to a fact check, because a debunk looks at something that's gone viral on social media or being shared on social media, but we can't find where the claim originally came from.",1,-1,[],[5234]],["and is often used for risk communication related to vaccination (Vivion et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[39173]],["debunking is a recommended strategy to combat misinformation",1,-1,[],[39173]],["debunking often consists of \"false frame\" fact-checks in which genuine evidence is used to support a false conclusion that only \"officials\" and \"experts\" can refute",1,-1,[],[5234]],["effectively reduces its influence on peoples' beliefs and activates their analytical thinking",1,-1,[],[48284]],["en accentuant désormais la participation des publics",1,-1,[],[13295]],["fact checking functions with the purpose of debunking",1,-1,[],[44949]],["for example, through fact-checking",1,-1,[],[6524]],["form-fitting response to a new style of hoax",1,-1,[],[5234]],["informants highlighted practical differences arising from viral misinformation typically having no clear origin.",1,-1,[],[5234]],["intervention takes place reactively after misinformation has already been introduced to the public",1,-1,[],[8182]],["is often used for risk communication related to vaccination",1,-1,[],[39173]],["it also involves addressing why the misinformation is incorrect and/or providing accurate information",1,-1,[],[2693]],["much or most debunking work relies on basic reporting skills, such as interviewing authoritative sources",1,-1,[],[5234]],["often used for risk communication related to vaccination",1,-1,[],[39173]],["once a minor focus, now dominates the agenda of leading outlets and accounts for the bulk of fact-checks produced worldwide, driven in part by commercial partnerships between fact-checkers and platform companies.",1,-1,[],[5234]],["policing viral misinformation on social networks",1,-1,[],[5234]],["reactive and passive debunking",1,-1,[],[48284]],["se centra en contenido online que circula con el objetivo principal de detener esa información falsa, pero sin ofrecer, necesariamente, una explicación en profundidad",1,-1,[],[37751]],["simply labeling information as false or incorrect is generally not sufficient because correcting a myth by means of a simple retraction leaves a gap in people's understanding of why the information is false and what is true instead.",1,-1,[],[2892]],["the debunking post disproved misinformation claims about Ukrainian refugees from the same outlet",1,-1,[],[48284]],["therapeutic (post-exposure)",1,-1,[],[2892]],["this discourse reflected a broad sense that debunking is defined by 1) a focus on viral, anonymous, and often ridiculous content on social media (as opposed to more serious claims by politicians), and also by 2) forensic techniques such as image verification and network analysis (as opposed to conventional reporting methods, although in practice these prove important).",1,-1,[],[5234]],["well-crafted corrections delivered by trusted sources can positively impact beliefs, attitudes, and intentions toward behavior favored by science",1,-1,[],[16841]]],"sy":[["fact-checking",4,16098,[["fact-checking",3],["Fact checking",1]],[2693,5234,24023,45136]],["Corrections",1,34305,[],[8650]],["desacreditación",1,-1,[],[46369]],["desmentido",1,6041,[["desmentido",1],["desmentidos",1]],[37751]],["démystification de rumeurs",1,-1,[],[13295]],["post-hoc debunking",1,-1,[],[8182]],["therapeutic (post-exposure)",1,-1,[],[2892]]],"rt":[["prebunking",5,12061,[["prebunking",4],["pre-bunking",1]],[2892,3350,42582,45040,47561]],["fact-checking",4,16098,[["fact-checking",3],["Fact-checking",1]],[2892,10181,37751,38772]],["automated fact-checking",1,34400,[],[8182]],["counter-misinformation",1,-1,[],[48284]],["debunking tweets",1,28842,[],[56996]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[18115]],["labeling",1,11396,[],[3350]],["misinformation correction",1,7432,[],[45040]],["political fact-checking",1,27105,[],[5234]],["source exposure",1,10204,[],[48284]],["verification",1,13930,[],[5234]]],"sb":[["Corrections may be partial, such as those that update details of the information, or complete, such as retractions of scientific articles based on inappropriate or fabricated evidence that the authors or the journal no longer endorse.",1,-1,[],[8650]],["debunking manipulated images and video, often using sophisticated forensic tools to spot suspicious content that turns out to be fake",1,-1,[],[5234]],["merely expressed suspicion of the myth",1,-1,[],[56996]],["overt debunking",1,-1,[],[56996]],["paid debunks targeting ridiculous hoaxes",1,-1,[],[5234]],["technique rebuttals",1,15405,[],[35772]],["topic rebuttals",1,10921,[],[35772]]],"sp":[["Debunking and rebuttals",1,671,[],[17672]],["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[5234]]],"ex":[["debunk",1,-1,[],[50319]],["debunking misinformation about autism interventions has shown to be effective in reducing support for non-empirically supported treatments, such as dieting",1,-1,[],[2892]],["determining whether an image has been doctored",1,-1,[],[5234]],["disinformation",1,-1,[],[50319]],["intox",1,-1,[],[50319]],["on how it's not true that if you put sliced onions in your socks, it'll detoxify you overnight",1,-1,[],[5234]],["something like, 'the woman in this photo gave birth to a child at age of 54′",1,-1,[],[5234]],["veracity",1,-1,[],[50319]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["trolling",1,5891,[],[16675]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the operative logic is, roughly, that '25,000 solid New Hampshirites (probably) can't be too far wrong.'",1,-1,[],[5450]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Este recurso intangible entonces se puede entender como compuesto de tres elementos: el interés político (political interest en los términos originales de estos autores), el conocimiento del sistema político y de los asuntos públicos (political knowledge), y el juicio sobre la capacidad de las instituciones públicas de responder a las necesidades sociales (political efficacy).",1,-1,[],[15982]],["recursos intangibles",1,-1,[],[15982]]],"sy":[["compromiso político",1,18355,[],[15982]]],"rt":[["resiliencia a la desinformación",1,-1,[],[15982]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["recurso intangible",1,-1,[],[15982]],["recursos intangibles",1,-1,[],[15982]]],"ex":[["Interés en la política local",1,-1,[],[15982]],["Interés en la política nacional",1,-1,[],[15982]],["los asuntos políticos locales importan",1,-1,[],[15982]],["los asuntos políticos nacionales importan",1,-1,[],[15982]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["All these words carry a very negative valence and denote aspects of the war that relate to actions and events.",1,-1,[],[10466]],["As Semino (2008) observes, the WAR frame is particularly wide in scope, at least in Anglo-American English, where it may be metaphorically applied to \"any domain of experience that involves difficulties, danger, effort and uncertain outcomes\" (p. 100).",1,-1,[],[45190]],["For example, the WAR frame instantiates, and therefore entails, a more general frame for VIOLENT ENCOUNTER which, in turn, entails an OPPOSITION frame.",1,-1,[],[45190]],["Inherited from these more basic frames or schemas, the WAR frame includes core elements of two opposing groups of actors, military actions, and some purpose or issue at stake (i.e. what the war is being fought for/over).",1,-1,[],[45190]],["The WAR frame invoked by expressions such as these is made up of a number of structural properties.",1,-1,[],[45190]],["The WAR frame, like any other frame, is useful and apt to talk about some aspects of the pandemic, such as the treatment of the virus and the operations performed by doctors and nurses in hospitals, but not to talk about other aspects, such as the need to feel our family close to us, while respecting the social distancing measures, or the collaborative efforts that we should undertake in order to #flattenthecurve, that is, diluting the spreading of the virus over a longer period of time, so that hospital ICU departments can work efficiently without getting saturated by incoming patients.",1,-1,[],[10466]],["The images awakened in the war frame call to mind the struggles over who should dictate what is taught in America's schools.",1,-1,[],[46523]],["a highly conventional one, is the frame used most frequently",1,-1,[],[10466]],["extended with further details from the war frame (references to weapons, mobilisation, etc.), creating a vivid picture of the battlefield in the mind of the audience",1,-1,[],[26955]],["hereby investigated by means of automated methods (topic modelling) applied to real-world data",1,-1,[],[10466]],["is used to talk about specific topics, such as the virus treatment, but not others, such as the effects of social distancing on the population",1,-1,[],[10466]],["this frame is used to talk about specific aspects of the current epidemic, such as its treatment and diagnostics.",1,-1,[],[10466]],["using war- related words is a communicative phenomenon that we use to express aspects of the Covid-19 epidemic related to the measures needed to oppose (fight!) the virus.",1,-1,[],[10466]]],"sy":[["WAR framing",1,22556,[],[10466]]],"rt":[["OPPOSITION frame",1,-1,[],[45190]],["VIOLENT ENCOUNTER",1,-1,[],[45190]],["figurative frames",1,-1,[],[10466]],["literal frame",1,-1,[],[10466]],["military metaphor",1,12742,[],[10466]],["propaganda frame",1,4305,[],[46523]],["war imagery",1,-1,[],[46523]],["war metaphor",1,8251,[],[46523]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[10466]]],"ex":[["effects of social distancing on the population",1,-1,[],[10466]],["it is the discourse around the disease treatment and its diagnostics that are likely to be framed figuratively in terms of a war",1,-1,[],[10466]],["virus treatment",1,-1,[],[10466]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["normative motivations",1,23701,[],[53354]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Basically, secondorder hermeneutics implies that the research is focused on the supra-subjective -existing beyond social subjects' conscious conceptions of reality-and social structures recurring from one context to another (see Section 3.1).",1,-1,[],[22064]],["second-order hermeneutics constitutes the first methodological premise of the PDA",1,-1,[],[22064]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["positive and negative messaging",1,-1,[],[19637]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["considered to be more damaging for EU legitimacy than specific negativity which may indicate dissatisfaction with particular institutions but not necessarily a delegimisation of the integration project as a whole",1,-1,[],[5304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["'specific' negativity",1,9929,[],[27070]],["negativity that fosters distrust in the EU",1,-1,[],[5304]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["negativity",1,2653,[],[5304]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":66,"df":[],"de":[["Because SRAs is a decision-making process commensurate with social values, we here adopt a fairness definition in the context of decision-making",1,-1,[],[11041]],["Fairness & Equality",1,-1,[],[49128]],["Fairness can be evaluated by examining the framing and tone of media coverage, the use of loaded language or emotive appeals, and the degree to which news reporting adheres to ethical guidelines and professional standards",1,-1,[],[41158]],["Fairness is essentially a contested concept as it is context-dependent and highly conflicts with different ethical, political, and cultural understandings.",1,-1,[],[567]],["Fairness, in essence, can be understood in different manners depending on its nature, formal or substantive; the context it applies to, legal or technical, or the actor it refers to, public or private.",1,-1,[],[567]],["Interpreted narrowly. For example, a reference to equality doesn't automatically fall into this category.",1,-1,[],[29791]],["Lee postulates that the content of fairness will depend upon the context in which it is used and argues that a market which is attractive to engage in is that which contains an internal morality characterized by fair ground rules.",1,-1,[],[21534]],["ML techniques generally conceive fairness in terms of statistical metrics [76] and observe whether specific quantifiable indicators are above or below the thresholds set for a certain application.",1,-1,[],[26041]],["More specific to the task of summarization, fairness is measured by the ability of algorithms to capture the peculiarity in all represented groups (Shandilya et al., 2018;Dash et al., 2019;Keswani and Celis, 2021;Olabisi et al., 2022;Ladhak et al., 2023).",1,-1,[],[49913]],["The definition of fairness may vary for humans",1,-1,[],[49913]],["The value of fairness represents a complex concept that accepts multiple definitions [15,103], some of which cannot be satisfied simultaneously [80,86,103].",1,-1,[],[26041]],["This concept is mostly subjective, changes over social context, and evolves over time, making fairness a rather challenging goal to achieve in practice.",1,-1,[],[11041]],["This may include avoiding the use of biased language, refraining from favoring one side over another, and ensuring that all relevant information is presented in a clear and accurate manner",1,-1,[],[41158]],["a summary that produces relatively similar representation scores across all groups can be considered as fair because it likely contains comparable representation from all groups such that no one group is significantly underrepresented.",1,-1,[],[49913]],["analyze fairness, i.e., to which degree a report accurately represents activities of all parties as they occurred in reality",1,-1,[],[29354]],["fairness encapsulates the balance between the consequences of publishing news stories for individuals and groups mentioned in them with the public interest.",1,-1,[],[5115]],["on a 1 -5 scale",1,-1,[],[22173]],["parity of information on the basis that exploiting a party's informational disadvantage is inconsistent with respect for another's autonomy.",1,-1,[],[21534]],["rules which operate against coercion, deception, and dishonesty, and rules requiring those who have made promises to keep them.",1,-1,[],[21534]],["the bias-specific fairness score (ϕ b ) is computed by averaging over T",1,-1,[],[32156]],["the normative force of fairness may come from a deontological obligation to treat others as equals",1,-1,[["the normative force of fairness may come from a deontological obligation to treat others as equals",1],["the normative force of fairness may come from a deontological obligation to treat others as equals.",1]],[21534]],["we believe the term fairness better reflects the current philosophy of professional journalism while at the same time recognizing the subjective nature of decision-making throughout the entire journalistic process.",1,-1,[],[56393]],["we evaluate summary fairness using proxy metrics such as semantic similarity to each represented group.",1,-1,[],[49913]]],"sy":[["objectivity",2,31829,[],[5115,56393]],["market fairness",1,1887,[],[21534]],["unbiasedness",1,21896,[],[19505]]],"rt":[["Non-discrimination",1,3097,[],[26041]],["Respect for public interest",1,12014,[],[26041]],["bias",1,30859,[],[29354]],["demographic parity",1,33889,[],[15814]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[19065]],["efficient prices",1,-1,[],[21534]],["equal bargaining power",1,-1,[],[21534]],["equal opportunity",1,22938,[],[15814]],["equal processing power",1,18654,[],[21534]],["freedom from coercion",1,-1,[],[21534]],["freedom from impulse",1,19488,[],[21534]],["freedom from misrepresentation",1,22922,[],[21534]],["impartiality",1,32874,[],[41158]],["individual fairness",1,1616,[],[15814]],["information",1,18076,[],[21534]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[5115]]],"sb":[["Individual Fairness",3,1616,[["Individual Fairness",1],["Individual fairness",1],["individual fairness",1]],[7242,7319,26041]],["Group Fairness",2,33164,[["Group Fairness",1],["group fairness",1]],[7242,7319]],["Conditional Statistical parity",1,-1,[],[26041]],["Demographic parity",1,33889,[],[26041]],["Direct discrimination",1,15406,[],[11041]],["Direct discrimination results from protected attributes of individuals",1,-1,[],[11041]],["Equality of opportunity",1,7668,[],[26041]],["Equalized odds",1,15034,[],[26041]],["Procedural fairness",1,20027,[],[26041]],["Statistical discrimination",1,17986,[],[11041]],["Statistical discrimination occurs when decision makers use average statistics to represent individuals.",1,-1,[],[11041]],["Subgroup Fairness",1,3313,[],[7319]],["Systemic discrimination",1,8835,[],[11041]],["Systemic discrimination relates to policies that may show discrimination against subgroups of population.",1,-1,[],[11041]],["Test fairness",1,-1,[],[26041]],["Treatment equality",1,-1,[],[26041]],["indirect discrimination",1,15486,[],[11041]],["indirect discrimination from seemingly neural and non-protected attributes.",1,-1,[],[11041]]],"sp":[["Balance and fairness",1,19309,[],[41158]],["Ethical considerations",1,24711,[],[41158]],["Moral Foundation Theory",1,4884,[],[22906]],["Universalism",1,6916,[],[26041]]],"ex":[["a sentence can be unfair to women because it makes blatant sexist comments (toxicity), depicts women as weak and subordinate (stereotypes), or drives away female users because of unfriendly content (inclusiveness).",1,-1,[],[51583]],["promise-keeping and truthfulness",1,-1,[],[21534]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Because companies are increasingly choosing online advertising, fake news producers are driven to produce more fake content for increasing web traffic. As a result, programmatic advertising and fake news reinforce each other, worsening the impact of fake news on corporate branding and consumer brand perceptions [173,175,176].",1,-1,[],[14551]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[14551]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["online misinformation consumption is low in the global north, but this may not be the case in the global south",1,-1,[],[14801]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[14801]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["normal tweets",1,-1,[],[55626]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["While everyone might be subject to some kind of obligation to set a good example for others, the wide-ranging influence of celebrities gives us good reason to view them as subject to special duties to serve as good role models. In other words, celebrities have a duty to encourage people to become virtuous rather than vicious",1,-1,[],[37576]],["the wide-ranging influence of celebrities gives us good reason to view them as subject to special duties to serve as good role models. In other words, celebrities have a duty to encourage people to become virtuous rather than vicious",1,-1,[],[37576]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In some clickbait news, the content can present real events and true facts. In other clickbait news, the reported events or facts can be fake.",1,-1,[],[52915]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["abusive language",1,25044,[],[11473]]],"ex":[["stupid or scum",1,-1,[],[11473]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They are among the most important opinion leaders, who are often considered by citizens to be intellectual and moral authorities, and therefore have a great influence on how they perceive the world and what is happening in it.",1,-1,[],[33807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion leaders",1,34387,[],[33807]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["editors, presenters, anchor commentators and columnists",1,-1,[],[33807]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This dimension is grounded in the ideal of journalism acting as 'Fourth Estate', with journalists voicing criticism and holding powers to account and, in so doing, creating a critically minded citizenry",1,-1,[],[18149]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["detective",1,32640,[],[18149]],["monitor",1,20794,[],[18149]],["watchdog",1,30404,[],[18149]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political selective exposure (PSE)",1,15248,[],[47245]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A particularly simple version is the so-called replicator dynamics inspired by evolutionary biology.",1,-1,[],[18304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fictitious play",1,13476,[],[18304]],["regret-based update rules",1,-1,[],[18304]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["More generally, these account for cases where the core frame elements in a frame are wrong. This also captures directionality errors where the elements are interchanged (similar to agent-patient swap).",1,-1,[],[11775]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Semantic Frame Errors",2,15030,[],[11775,15673]]],"ex":[["The COVID-19 vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2019.",1,-1,[],[11775]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As for availability bias, this leads to reduced cognitive load for processing it.",1,-1,[],[32508]],["When information is easily retrievable, it requires fewer cognitive resources for access and processing, leading to reduced cognitive load",1,-1,[],[32508]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance by effort",1,16674,[],[32508]]],"ex":[["A piece of info appears on your news feed and it is shared on your social media walls, making you assume it is accurate.",1,-1,[],[32508]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["An immediate response may be to jump to a conclusion, powerfully motivated by fear, instead of taking a more realistic look at all the factors involved in a decision.",1,-1,[],[18926]],["Fear is an emotion that moves people powerfully to action and may tend to make them put more careful considerations of the complex features of a situation aside.",1,-1,[],[18926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the exploitation of fear appeal arguments in public policy-making on President Obama's proposed health care reforms, which called for more of a government role in health care funding.",1,-1,[],[18926]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["religious mediation",1,28664,[],[8213]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["bi-polarization can emerge even when individuals do not seek to increase opinion differences to disliked members of the population.",1,-1,[],[23503]],["bi-polarization of continuous opinions",1,-1,[],[23503]]],"sy":[["bipolarization",1,27772,[],[23503]]],"rt":[["pluriformity",1,-1,[],[19338]],["uniformity",1,24983,[],[19338]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":82,"df":[["the preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other",2,-1,[],[7427,12305]]],"de":[["Among various gender-biased behaviours of pre-trained models, bias on professions is the most prominent and wellstudied",1,-1,[],[53573]],["Bias in the above methods influences many downstream tasks for which these methods are used, which presents a risk of propagating and amplifying gender bias",1,-1,[],[15629]],["Especially in machine translation systems, male defaults lead to overestimating the distribution of male instances over female ones.",1,-1,[],[15629]],["For example, a model might associate certain professions with one gender more frequently than another, or generate gender-stereotyped language",1,-1,[],[15816]],["Gender bias can be expressed in language in many nuanced ways which poses stating a comprehensive definition as one of the main challenges in this research field.",1,-1,[],[15629]],["Gender bias in media can severely impact perceptions of professions and role models",1,-1,[],[40299]],["Gender bias is grounded in societal and cultural views on gender, and thus, its expressions vary across languages.",1,-1,[],[15629]],["Gender bias, when it impacts training data, may decrease the performance of the system on certain gender groups",1,-1,[],[30113]],["In the context of narrative generation, gender bias is particularly concerning, as it can influence how characters are portrayed and the agency attributed to them",1,-1,[],[35793]],["In the context of our study of the BERT language model, gender bias occurs when one gender is more closely associated with a profession than another in language use, resulting in biased language models.",1,-1,[],[25921]],["It's evident in language, attitudes, and actions implying one gender's superiority. This issue perpetuates inequality and is recognized as a key factor in maintaining gender disparities, often unintentionally.",1,-1,[],[38816]],["LLMs frequently inherit biases present in their training data",1,-1,[],[35793]],["LLMs like LLaMA can exhibit gender bias in generated sentences even if the inputs are in the absence of gender information.",1,-1,[],[18849]],["NLP models may learn associations of gender-specified pronouns (for a gendered language) and gender-neutral ones for lexicon pairs that frequently collocate in the corpora",1,-1,[],[15629]],["NLP systems that exhibit such biased behavior can perform better for the favored gender, e.g., speech recognizers that achieve higher accuracy for male voices (Tatman, 2017), or reinforce harmful stereotypes, e.g., social media platforms that misgender LGBT+ community members (Villaronga et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[28171]],["Prior studies have shown that models tend to depict male characters as more intellectual and female characters in terms of appearance, reinforcing harmful stereo-types",1,-1,[],[35793]],["Stereotyped gender representations in picture books reproduce gender biases by implanting them to the next generation's minds.",1,-1,[],[54889]],["Such gender-biased search results are harmful to society as they change people's cognition and worsen gender stereotypes",1,-1,[],[22350]],["The general consensus is that these biases are learned from the statistical distributional cooccurrence of words relating to a group (such as terms relating to men or women) with a context in which that group is often mentioned in corpora",1,-1,[],[46770]],["These differences occur more often in a presence of the male default phenomenon ( §4).",1,-1,[],[15629]],["This bias can perpetuate stereotypes and limit the perceived roles of different genders in various contexts",1,-1,[],[15816]],["This bias often arises from the encoding of discriminatory societal norms and values within the training data, resulting in representational harms that perpetuate stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[36589]],["Though usually tacit, bias range from the use of gender defaults to associating between occupation and gender.",1,-1,[],[20280]],["When impacting evaluation data, it may push the system designers to deploy a system that causes harm by favoring one group over others",1,-1,[],[30113]],["While gender stereotypes refer to general social beliefs about gender roles",1,-1,[],[58609]],["While gender stereotypes refer to general social beliefs about gender roles, gender bias represents the partiality that stems from these stereotypes",1,-1,[],[58609]],["a severe fairness issue in image search",1,-1,[],[22350]],["all the above three image search engines are deemed to have a gender bias with search terms that include 'United States' in them",1,-1,[],[58580]],["as well as voting decisions",1,-1,[],[40299]],["bias encoded in word embeddings leads to sexism in coreference resolution",1,-1,[],[15629]],["bias is the action or consequence that results from these beliefs",1,-1,[],[58609]],["bias toward binary gender associations",1,-1,[],[36589]],["biases are learned from the statistical distributional cooccurrence of words relating to a group (such as terms relating to men or women) with a context in which that group is often mentioned in corpora",1,-1,[],[46770]],["can also limit opportunities for marginalized groups, particularly in areas such as employment, education, and healthcare.",1,-1,[],[23595]],["can negatively impact the accuracy and fairness of natural language processing (NLP) applications, affecting the user experience and reliability of these systems.",1,-1,[],[23595]],["can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and biases, leading to unfair treatment and discrimination.",1,-1,[],[23595]],["can perpetuate outdated gender stereotypes, contribute to societal inequality, and hinder progress toward gender parity.",1,-1,[],[37437]],["capture unwanted biases and stereotypes found in the training data which raise concerns about socioeconomic, ethnic and gender discrimination",1,-1,[],[12339]],["engineering interventions alone are not a panacea (Chang, 2019) and should be integrated with long-term multidisciplinary commitment and practices (D' Ignazio and Klein, 2020;Gebru, 2020) necessary to address bias in our community, hence in its artifacts, too.",1,-1,[],[8147]],["even when input texts are in the absence of explicit gender bias, LLMs may still exhibit gender bias.",1,-1,[],[18849]],["exhibits large gender bias due to training on uncurated image-text pairs collected from the internet",1,-1,[],[22350]],["gender bias in MT is a socio-technical problem.",1,-1,[],[8147]],["gender bias is not linear in embedding space",1,-1,[],[12219]],["gender bias is often conveyed indirectly through context rather than explicit gender markers.",1,-1,[],[58609]],["gender biases are translated from sourced data to existing algorithms that may reflect and amplify existing cultural prejudices and inequalities (Sweeney, 2013) by replicating human behavior and perpetuating bias.",1,-1,[],[12467]],["impacts women and marginalised groups' ability to fully participate in social, economic, and political spheres",1,-1,[],[53803]],["implicit and explicit biases",1,-1,[],[36589]],["language models not only inherit but often amplify gender biases present in their training data",1,-1,[],[35793]],["measure bias in the MT system as the frequency each gender is represented in the generated hypothesis.",1,-1,[],[34931]],["perpetuate and, in some cases, amplify existing gender imbalances and stereotypes present in their training data.",1,-1,[],[35793]],["resulting in the under-representation of the less dominant gender and the formation of stereotypes",1,-1,[],[20709]],["resulting in the under-representation of the less dominant gender and the formation of stereotypes [43,183]",1,-1,[],[20709]],["spreading misinformation and shaping misconceptions about society and individuals",1,-1,[],[37437]],["tend to perpetuate and potentially amplify existing biases learned from their training data.",1,-1,[],[35793]],["the model may still convey gender bias either in logits or in the generated text, which undoubtedly brings about negative societal impacts.",1,-1,[],[18849]],["these models tend to reflect and even exacerbate social biases related to race, gender, and other demographic factors",1,-1,[],[35793]],["unequal inclusiveness between males and females in image search results, even when the search terms are gender-neutral",1,-1,[],[22350]]],"sy":[["Social Bias",1,242,[],[15816]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[42876]]],"rt":[["selection bias",2,24952,[],[20709,28171]],["context bias",1,28588,[],[20709]],["context bias at the text level",1,12133,[],[20709]],["coreference resolution tasks",1,-1,[],[35793]],["coverage bias",1,12486,[],[20709]],["coverage bias [32,135]",1,-1,[],[20709]],["discrimination in algorithmic systems",1,-1,[],[7560]],["explicit gender bias",1,-1,[],[18849]],["gender inflections",1,-1,[],[15629]],["gender stereotypes",1,22254,[],[58609]],["gender stereotyping",1,30593,[],[52742]],["implicit gender bias",1,32463,[],[18849]],["narrative generation",1,-1,[],[35793]],["nationality",1,-1,[],[37437]],["race",1,30379,[],[37437]],["recognition bias",1,21702,[],[28171]],["religion",1,26542,[],[37437]],["selection bias [10,116]",1,-1,[],[20709]],["semantic bias",1,-1,[],[28171]],["word embeddings",1,-1,[],[35793]]],"sb":[["Contextual Bias",1,6259,[],[12467]],["Structural Bias",1,1055,[],[12467]],["anti-stereotyped condition",1,-1,[],[12236]],["explicit bias",1,19648,[],[18849]],["explicit gender bias",1,-1,[],[18849]],["implicit bias",1,5775,[],[18849]],["implicit gender bias",1,32463,[],[18849]],["pro-stereotyped condition",1,-1,[],[12236]]],"sp":[["Demographic bias",2,3427,[["Demographic bias",1],["demographic biases",1]],[15816,58580]],["Group bias",2,27934,[["Group bias",1],["group bias",1]],[20709,40299]],["Social Bias",2,242,[["Social Bias",1],["social biases",1]],[15816,35793]],["Non-inclusive",1,19711,[],[38816]],["bias",1,30859,[],[50129]],["sociodemographic bias",1,24943,[],[12135]]],"ex":[["A system that inaccurately translates a gender-neutral sentence in English e.g. they are professors to a sentence with a masculine noun ils sont professeurs in French may also lead to serious representational harm.",1,-1,[],[30113]],["a system that translates text that includes feminine nouns more poorly than text with masculine nouns may lead the end users to miss important information or misunderstand the sentence",1,-1,[],[30113]],["associations linking male terms with cognitive processing, professional success, and risk-taking are more pronounced in the generated texts, while connections between female terms and emotional expression, domesticity, and caregiving remain strong.",1,-1,[],[35793]],["gender bias in advertisement delivery systems",1,-1,[],[12339]],["gender bias in coreference resolution",1,-1,[],[12339]],["the PLM is more inclined towards associating male (female) attributes with programmers (nurses).",1,-1,[],[33568]],["the sentence \"Margaret Caroline Rudd was born in Britain. She was a notorious female forger.\" [13] contains gender bias by using \"female\" to qualify the term \"forger\" which unnecessarily emphasizes gender.",1,-1,[],[37437]],["the word \"nurse\" may be more closely associated with the female gender than the male gender in a word embedding model.",1,-1,[],[23595]],["women are quoted more frequently than men for \"Lifestyle\" or \"Healthcare\" topics, while men are quoted more frequently in \"Business\" or \"Politics\" [186]",1,-1,[],[20709]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The Gezi Park space had transformed into something more than a mere green space. The park was a place of memories and experiences-a site of memory.",1,-1,[],[27898]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ground of memory",1,-1,[],[27898]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Gezi Park",1,-1,[],[27898]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["An organization that is able to appreciate dissent is likely to react to the dissent by diversifying its own reality and become polyphonic, and might be perceived as being legitimate even by those same critical stakeholders and observers who question its behaviors.",1,-1,[],[17007]],["Dissent can itself become a central norm in network societies and therefore directly constitutive for legitimacy at a meta level. This is what we outline here as communicative legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[17007]],["both sides of communication-the ''loved'' side of consensus, control and consistency as well as the ''unloved'' side of conflict or dissent, uncontrol and inconsistency-are fundamental for the constitution of legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[17007]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dissent",1,30389,[],[17007]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The primary objective of clickbait detection is to extract crucial linguistic features from textual content.",1,-1,[],[35355]],["a headline not related to the actual article is more likely to be clickbait",1,-1,[],[23366]]],"sy":[["automatically identifying misleading news titles",1,-1,[],[52914]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["headline vs. article body",1,-1,[],[23366]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["historical falsification",1,20512,[],[55865]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Donation of Constantine, fabricated to legitimize the temporal power of the popes and unmasked by Lorenzo Valla in the fifteenth century",1,-1,[],[55865]],["Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic forgery designed to promote the idea of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy",1,-1,[],[55865]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news intervention",1,13149,[],[6784]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These include references to experiential or scientific knowledge and appear in disinformation texts as definitions, explanations, and predictions of activities, often in relation to vaccination, public health measures, or medical research, as in examples (5-7).",1,-1,[],[53505]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["rationalization",1,11914,[],[43956]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[["Alternative news media represent a proclaimed and/or (self) perceived corrective, opposing the overall tendency of public discourse emanating from what is perceived as the dominant mainstream media in a given system.",2,-1,[["Alternative news media represent a proclaimed and/or (self) perceived corrective, opposing the overall tendency of public discourse emanating from what is perceived as the dominant mainstream media in a given system.",1],["Alternative news media represent a proclaimed and/or (self-) perceived corrective, opposing the overall tendency of public discourse emanating from what is perceived as the dominant mainstream media in a given system.",1]],[24433,47182]]],"de":[["Alternative media need always be discussed as a reflection of society, since they are a result of the cultural and, thus, temporal environment of society.",1,-1,[],[47182]],["combine strong media criticism and counterhegemonic discourses",1,-1,[],[5196]],["common perception of alternative news media as one-sided, ideologically and politically slanted forums for radical discourse on politicized issues",1,-1,[],[5131]],["digital media that are met with lower thresholds for organization and distribution in the online information environment.",1,-1,[],[5131]],["this definition addresses two levels of alternativeness: first, on the side of the news outlets themselves, which proclaim to incorporate aspects of alternativeness, and second, a perceived alternativeness-most likely attributed by the user of these outlets to fulfil functions of alternativeness.",1,-1,[],[24433]]],"sy":[["alternative media",1,7423,[],[5131]]],"rt":[["dominant mainstream media",1,-1,[],[24433]],["mainstream news media",1,5538,[],[5131]],["mainstream news outlets",1,-1,[],[5131]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Human explanations are contrastive",1,-1,[],[23062]],["Human explanations are selective",1,-1,[],[23062]],["Human explanations are social",1,-1,[],[23062]],["The preference for contrastive explanations is not due merely to the cognitive complexity of non-contrastive explanations, for example the number of links in a causal chain. 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and negatively in another, which leads them to appear uncorrelated in the overall sample (e.g., Baldassarri and Goldberg 2014:56).",1,-1,[],[10730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In some cases, the agency of Muslim extremists is nevertheless questioned, as they are often simultaneously framed as victims who have been \"brainwashed\" by their partner, friends, or groups like Sharia4Belgium.",1,-1,[],[35196]],["Whereas Muslim male extremists are often framed in proximity to cultural others who stand out from their environment due to their physical appearance or radical beliefs, female Muslim extremists are more often framed as victims whose conversions are portrayed as influenced by male Muslim partners.",1,-1,[],[35196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["The figure of the extremist",1,27024,[],[35196]]],"ex":[["Muslim extremists can be well-known individuals who took a radical turn in their lives, such as the singer Yusuf 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Yeah it's not welcome because it's not our it's not our festival. I don't know. It's, we don't need to celebrate it. I don't know. Yeah, our parents don't like it. It's like a party a reason to party. And our parents say you don't need to do that and it's not our, it's not a part of our culture so it's not very welcome here. Maybe in Istanbul they celebrate it, but the normal people don't do that in Turkey.",1,-1,[],[25435]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["complex contagion",1,17711,[],[44581]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"The XYZ of North America was considered \" a vile group, \" and \" a terrorist organization. \"",1,-1,[],[7253]],["Migrants could become the biggest security threat since World War II",1,-1,[],[38079]],["Person appears in a TV interview, saying \"I feel really bad. \"",1,-1,[],[7253]],["Person died of lung cancer on Oct. 3, 2017 in New Jersey.",1,-1,[],[7253]],["Person sometimes referred to as just the \"dumb blonde\"",1,-1,[],[7253]],["Person: Her Journey from Poverty to Global Economic Disorder and from Racist Racism to",1,-1,[],[7253]],["Tighter acceptance rules: Croatia decided to close the border to economic migrants",1,-1,[],[38079]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["civil society",1,18534,[],[28712]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The guidelines contain a checklist of descriptions of the hateful and non-hateful content (Talat and Hovy, 2016;Sachdeva et al., 2022;ElSherief et al., 2021); some previous work further provides codebooks containing more detailed instructions on what is not considered as hateful for each guideline (Golbeck et al., 2017;Vidgen et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[46767]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["scripts that the media coverage of VC might make available for childless individuals in general",1,-1,[],[43356]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["life script",1,819,[],[39495]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["structural dimensions of frames",1,-1,[],[57924]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["negation",1,34265,[],[24840]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Negation",1,34265,[],[24840]]],"ex":[["It hasn't been my best day.",1,-1,[],[24840]],["This student is not bad.",1,-1,[],[24840]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Only messages with a level of criticism parallel to overt aggression were considered as such.",1,-1,[],[13902]],["Reguero-Sanz, Berdón-Prieto, and Herrero-Izquierdo (2023) continue to delve into the characteristics of this emerging concept, stressing that crypto hate speech is structured around emotional rhetoric and that, not only is it used by representatives of various parties, but it is also adopted by anonymous users.",1,-1,[],[13902]],["This term, recently incorporated into the Royal Academy of Spanish, should be further elaborated upon, and new concepts should be incorporated to substantiate it.",1,-1,[],[13902]],["crypto hate speech is structured around emotional rhetoric and that, not only is it used by representatives of various parties, but it is also adopted by anonymous users.",1,-1,[],[13902]],["one of the first descriptions of this type of communication that adds a new interpretation of the traditional rhetoric of hate.",1,-1,[],[13902]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["traditional rhetoric of hate",1,12259,[],[13902]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["News selection is therefore conceptualized to be driven by the available media content that resonates with self-concepts, affective states, and anticipated exposure effects. 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concerns.",1,-1,[],[17552]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["online diasporic news websites and advocacy networks established by journalists",1,-1,[],[17552]],["online private diasporic communities where ordinary refugees reported discussing and debating politics and national concerns",1,-1,[],[17552]],["the Facebook pages and digital transnational networks created by political and human right activists",1,-1,[],[17552]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["major mistakes",1,13207,[],[29781]],["minor errors",1,6600,[],[29781]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By introducing designated procedures and standardized language, schools embed the topic within everyday pedagogical cycles and create stable entry points for detecting and formally handling conflicts as administratively relevant cases",1,-1,[],[30571]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Personalized News Recommendation",1,33394,[],[59916]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["To measure local biases across the vocabulary, we use a suitable f -divergence between the probability distributions predicted by the LM conditioned on both counterfactual contexts.",1,-1,[],[22179]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["global biases",1,31577,[],[22179]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational biases",1,9267,[],[22178,22179]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["cultural conceptualisations are not equally shared by members of a speech community, and thus not everyone in Hong Kong shares the conceptualisations discussed in this section equally.",1,-1,[],[24480]],["cultural conceptualisations feed into the semantic and pragmatic levels of meaning, providing speakers with pools of meaning which are to some extent shared across the community of speakers.",1,-1,[],[24480]],["places a stronger emphasis on the cultural construction of the conceptualisations that serve as the basis for particularly the semantic and pragmatic components of language.",1,-1,[],[24480]]],"sy":[["cultural category",1,17646,[],[24480]],["cultural metaphor",1,-1,[],[24480]],["cultural model",1,28380,[],[24480]],["cultural prototype",1,-1,[],[24480]],["cultural schema",1,9454,[],[24480]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["cultural categories",1,17646,[["cultural categories",1],["cultural category",1]],[24480]],["cultural metaphor",1,-1,[["cultural metaphor",1],["cultural metaphors",1]],[24480]],["cultural schema",1,9454,[["cultural schema",1],["cultural schemas",1]],[24480]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["can be effective in early detection of fake news.",1,-1,[],[18089]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social/moral dimension",1,25702,[],[24669]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dimensions of ideology",1,-1,[],[24669]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The theoretical foundations that we have provided indicate that the model may be used when an investigator can assume an equality of the direct interpersonal effects on an individual.",1,-1,[],[20541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["interpersonal influences",1,-1,[],[20541]],["social influence",1,8485,[],[20541]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["basic model",1,-1,[],[20541]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["radical right",1,6730,[],[33280]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, information regarding theatre reflects not only cultural, artistic or qualitative aspects of the theatrical event (common to theatre research and historiography) but also its social impact.",1,-1,[],[32802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These frames directly influence the meanings and inferences we attach to the information we receive.",1,-1,[],[31414]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["overtuiging dat het nieuws een sociale constructie is, die slechts één mogelijke interpretatie van de realiteit vertelt",1,-1,[],[19977]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy mentality",1,13698,[],[14251]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["orthodox marketing",1,-1,[],[20564]]],"sb":[["political advertising",1,6929,[],[20564]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive hegemony",1,-1,[],[361]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Being an enraged fan is an aggressive and antagonistic defence of all things sacred.",1,-1,[],[32789]],["whose outrage and emotional turmoil fuel the enactment of mediatized conflicts.",1,-1,[],[32789]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["enraged fan",1,-1,[],[32789]],["religious emotion",1,24776,[],[32789]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As a vital aspect of political participation, political engagement concerns citizens' contribution to shaping leadership through democratic means.",1,-1,[],[30984]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political participation",1,12312,[],[30984]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["political participation",1,12312,[],[30984]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rugged individualism",1,-1,[],[59015]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social media",1,6683,[],[1057]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this comparative study, headlines and direct quotes were examined for thematic manipulation, both of which have also been studied in previous research on self-promotion in press releases and their journalistic transformations (Pander Maat & de Jong, 2012).",1,-1,[],[45858]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These strategies are often used when the intensity of the conflict is low or when public institutions feel unable to manage the conflict properly.",1,-1,[],[3568]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["coping (chameleon strategy)",1,-1,[],[3569]],["learning (dolphin strategy)",1,-1,[],[3569]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["caso particular de elipse",1,-1,[],[7896]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["and social services along lines of class",1,-1,[],[7528]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["allocative harms",1,3221,[],[7528]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["democratic resilience is that quality of a democratic system that can stand despite the narrowest intersection of agreement on the issues that matter.",1,-1,[],[34754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["community participation and inclusion",1,-1,[],[34754]],["diversity (of groups, individuals)",1,-1,[],[34754]],["learning",1,32021,[],[34754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Social support is multi-dimensional, with different scholars developing various constructs in their studies.",1,-1,[],[452]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["appraisal",1,32170,[],[452]],["emotional support",1,18196,[],[452]],["informational support",1,33311,[],[452]],["instrumental",1,-1,[],[452]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["dirty words",1,-1,[],[17548]],["profanity",1,9052,[],[34767]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":83,"df":[["twelve news factors that could help explain what events made the news",2,-1,[["twelve news factors that could help explain what events made the news",1],["twelve news factors that could help explain what events made the news.",1]],[22341,38616]]],"de":[["All the news values the journalists regarded as extremely important were among the factors most widely cited as criteria for news selection-timeliness or novelty, importance or impact, influence, prominence, unusualness, conflict or controversy",1,-1,[],[19289]],["As explained earlier, news values provide crucial insights into how some events are packaged as \"news\" by news media.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["As society and culture evolve, news values change accordingly",1,-1,[],[34414]],["Frequency, threshold, unambiguity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity, composition, reference to elite nations, reference to elite people, reference to persons and reference to something negative",1,-1,[],[22341]],["Galtung and Ruge (1965) proposed the widely known criteria to guide the news selection process, providing a systematic way to understand why certain events become news while others do not. They categorized 12 news values into several characteristics such as meaningfulness, unexpectedness, and threshold. These characteristics are independent of each other and collectively define the principles that guide news production.",1,-1,[],[34414]],["In choosing stories, editors are attempting to reflect the interests and concerns of the audience. Depending on the target demographic, certain stories are going to be given more prominence or ignored providing some voices and issues greater opportunities for advocacy than others.",1,-1,[],[9261]],["In respect of news routines, news factors or values can be seen as a set of selection rules which govern journalistic judgments.",1,-1,[],[19289]],["In the new digital context, the original elements of news value theory, such as timeliness, significance, and proximity, have become less effective in explaining contemporary news practices",1,-1,[],[34414]],["It is the way news values work in practice that results in them being articulated and conveyed to new journalism trainees and journalism students, and they are also used by public relations professionals and others aiming to obtain maximum news coverage of events (or pseudo-events).",1,-1,[],[4238]],["News values can be seen less as a reflection of what type of information citizens want or need, and more as a reflection of organisational, sociological and cultural norms combined with economic factors",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Selection is driven by what researchers have called news values (Galtung and Ruge, 1965;Harcup T andO'Neill D, 2001, 2017), which determine whether a story is newsworthy.",1,-1,[],[49215]],["Specifically, news values are defined as qualities of events that increase the likelihood of their being covered in the news.",1,-1,[],[19289]],["Stories gain most news attention when they, for example, have a negative tone, focus on elites or specific countries, and are geographically and culturally closer.",1,-1,[],[53549]],["The value of news is used as a guide by journalists, who decide which aspects of events are worth reporting on and which aspects are not newsworthy.",1,-1,[],[37326]],["These characteristics are independent of each other and collectively define the principles that guide news production.",1,-1,[],[34414]],["They categorized 12 news values into several characteristics such as meaningfulness, unexpectedness, and threshold.",1,-1,[],[34414]],["They influence journalists' decision-making throughout the whole news production process",1,-1,[],[53185]],["Within the media logic paradigm, this concerns particularly those news values involving conflict, negativity, personalization and entertainment",1,-1,[],[6101]],["about what is newsworthy from a 'discursive perspective'",1,-1,[],[40240]],["among the most common news values a given news item embodies are timeliness, controversy, bizarre, prominence, magnitude and range.",1,-1,[],[19289]],["an updated set of contemporary news values that, in various combinations, seem to be identifiable within published news stories.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["are measured according to sales volumes, not the relevance of an event to society.",1,-1,[],[30060]],["developed in journalism studies",1,-1,[],[58853]],["it considers the level of the audience an event can generate, not its importance to society.",1,-1,[],[30060]],["linguistic techniques such as tagged lemma frequencies, collocation, part-ofspeech tags, and semantic tagging to extract news values.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["national status (1 = local; 3 = regional; 9 = national); hierarchical status (1 = lower level; 2 = middle level; 3 = higher level); personalization (0 = no personalization; 1 = professional life; 2 = private life; 3 = intersection of professional and private life); prominence (0 = not prominent personalized actor; 3 = prominent personalized actor); intimacy (0 = intimate issue of personalized actor is not addressed; 3 = intimate issue of personalized actor is addressed); relevance (1 = consequences for one individual; 2 = consequences for two or more individuals; 3 = consequences for one organization; 4 = consequences for two or more organizations; 5 = consequences for one system; 6 = consequences for two or more systems); negativity (1 = positive; 2 = neutral; 3 = negative).",1,-1,[],[58456]],["negativity (i.e., negative aspects of events), timeliness (i.e., temporal relevance), proximity (i.e., geographical/cultural nearness), prominence (i.e., status/eliteness), consonance (i.e., alignment with expectations/stereotypes), impact (i.e., effects), novelty (i.e., newness/unexpectedness), superlativeness (i.e., large scale/ scope/intensity), and personalization (i.e., human aspects)",1,-1,[],[41888]],["news values are equally added to the news story in retrospect, in line with the applied frame, which implies that the newsworthiness of the story may be increased by the way it is told.",1,-1,[],[23797]],["news values external to the event, such as the competition between various media and the importance of an 'exclusive' story",1,-1,[],[23797]],["news values provide crucial insights into how some events are packaged as \"news\" by news media.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["news values sometimes blur the distinction between news selection and news treatment",1,-1,[],[60076]],["strategically designed to maintain social stability and promote national achievements",1,-1,[],[34414]],["the concept of news values can equally well be applied to text and image content",1,-1,[],[58853]],["the criteria involved in the selection of news",1,-1,[],[4238]],["the identification of prevalent news values can be used to inform future research into potential ideological impacts.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["they are guidelines for the presentation of items, suggesting what to emphasize, what to omit, and where to give priority in the presentation of the items to the audience",1,-1,[],[19289]]],"sy":[["news factors",4,9995,[],[19289,28055,52926,57725]],["news criteria",2,1667,[],[19289,52926]],["values by which one fact is judged more newsworthy than another",1,-1,[],[61804]]],"rt":[["news factor",2,9995,[["news factor",1],["news factors",1]],[4333,10646]],["newsworthiness",2,12343,[],[10646,57724]],["unexpectedness",2,4923,[],[34414,37326]],["Cognitive perspective",1,32389,[],[58853]],["Conflict",1,23803,[],[23797]],["Discursive perspective",1,491,[],[58853]],["Material perspective",1,25311,[],[58853]],["News writing objectives",1,9193,[],[58853]],["Selection",1,15321,[],[49215]],["Selection factors",1,90,[],[58853]],["audience impact (audiences are more interested in things that affect them directly and in important ways than in things that have a tangential relationship to daily life)",1,-1,[],[48883]],["author intent",1,14839,[],[58853]],["commercial news values",1,5499,[],[4238]],["core journalistic values",1,32373,[],[34568]],["cross-modal relations",1,19026,[],[58853]],["doxic news values",1,20954,[],[4238]],["drama (dramatic stories are more interesting to follow and conflict stories are more easily told)",1,-1,[],[48883]],["explicit news values",1,29714,[],[4238]],["familiarity (audiences are more interested in the doings of familiar persons like the president or Hollywood stars than of abstract social trends or anonymous institutions like Congress)",1,-1,[],[48883]],["geographic proximity (news is something that happens close to where audiences reside)",1,-1,[],[48883]],["human interest",1,3323,[],[23797]],["meaningfulness",1,21690,[],[34414]],["news judgement",1,1039,[],[29195]],["news selection",1,3796,[],[60076]],["news threshold",1,28463,[],[30903]],["news treatment",1,-1,[],[60076]],["novelty (news is something that is unusual or out of the ordinary rather than typical and expected)",1,-1,[],[48883]],["proximity",1,17836,[],[37326]],["social influence",1,8485,[],[37326]],["text-image relations",1,-1,[],[58853]],["threshold",1,259,[],[34414]],["timeliness (news is something that just happened)",1,-1,[],[48883]],["valoración (jerarquización)",1,-1,[],[55441]]],"sb":[["timeliness",6,9039,[["timeliness",4],["Timeliness",2]],[11331,19289,53185,58853,60810,61804]],["proximity",5,17836,[["proximity",3],["Proximity",2]],[11331,53185,58853,60810,61804]],["Prominence",4,22450,[["Prominence",2],["prominence",2]],[11331,19289,60810,61804]],["impact",4,23216,[["impact",3],["Impact",1]],[11331,53185,58853,61804]],["Conflict",3,23803,[["Conflict",2],["conflict",1]],[4238,42104,60810]],["negativity",3,2653,[["negativity",2],["Negativity",1]],[11331,53185,61804]],["novelty",3,14791,[["novelty",2],["Novelty",1]],[19289,53185,61804]],["superlativeness",3,5907,[["superlativeness",2],["Superlativeness",1]],[53185,58853,61804]],["Human interest",2,3323,[["Human interest",1],["human interest",1]],[42104,60810]],["Magnitude",2,13092,[["Magnitude",1],["magnitude",1]],[4238,19289]],["Audio-visuals",1,28028,[],[4238]],["Bad news",1,13693,[],[4238]],["Bad news: Stories with particularly negative overtones, such as conflict or tragedy.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Celebrity",1,20230,[],[4238]],["Celebrity: Stories concerning people who are already famous.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Consequence",1,33347,[],[60810]],["Consonance",1,21740,[],[61804]],["Consonance refers to the expectedness (unlike novelty) of the event or presence of certain stereotypical aspects, which can be with respect to a person, community, organization or country in the news article.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Development",1,712,[],[60810]],["Disaster and Crimes",1,-1,[],[60810]],["Drama",1,13730,[],[4238]],["Eliteness refers to the involvement of known individuals, organizations, or nations in an event.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Entertainment",1,26702,[],[4238]],["Entertainment: Stories concerning sex, showbusiness, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Exclusivity",1,1920,[],[4238]],["Follow-up",1,23945,[],[4238]],["Follow-up: Stories about subjects already in the news.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Good news",1,13766,[],[4238]],["Good news: Stories with particularly positive overtones, such as rescues and cures.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Impact refers to positive or negative effects and consequences of the event covered in the news article.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Magnitude: Stories that are perceived as sufficiently significant either in the numbers of people involved or in potential impact.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Material perspective",1,25311,[],[58853]],["News organisation's agenda",1,17444,[],[4238]],["Newspaper agenda: Stories that set or fit the news organisation's own agenda",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Novelty refers to the new or unexpected aspects of the event.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Personalization",1,10101,[],[61804]],["Personalization refers to personal aspects in the news article.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Proximity is defined by Caple and Bednarek (2016) as a geographical or cultural nearness of an event or issue.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Relevance",1,33428,[],[4238]],["Relevance: Stories about issues, groups and nations perceived to be relevant to the audience.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Sentiment refers to the negative and positive evaluation of events etc. in addition to language and vocabulary used in the news article.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Shareability",1,19916,[],[4238]],["Sport",1,-1,[],[60810]],["Superlativeness refers to intensified or maximized aspects in the news article.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Surprise",1,13760,[],[4238]],["Surprise: Stories that have an element of surprise and/or contrast.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["The power elite",1,12405,[],[4238]],["The power elite: Stories concerning powerful individuals, organisations or institutions.",1,-1,[],[4238]],["Timeliness is defined as the relevance of an event in terms of time of occurrence.",1,-1,[],[58853]],["Weather",1,-1,[],[60810]],["audio-visuals -stories with engaging visuals, videos, or infographics",1,-1,[],[34414]],["bad news -stories with negative events",1,-1,[],[34414]],["bizarre",1,-1,[],[19289]],["celebrity -stories involving well-known people",1,-1,[],[34414]],["conflict -stories that cover disputes and confrontations",1,-1,[],[34414]],["continuity",1,3954,[],[26392]],["controversy",1,10840,[],[19289]],["culture-bound",1,12552,[],[58853]],["culture-free",1,25774,[],[58853]],["current affairs",1,21357,[],[42104]],["drama -stories involving unfolding events like accidents",1,-1,[],[34414]],["eliteness",1,13820,[],[58853]],["entertainment -soft stories designed to amuse or engage audiences",1,-1,[],[34414]],["exclusivity -stories uniquely obtained by the news organization",1,-1,[],[34414]],["follow-up -stories providing updates to previous reports",1,-1,[],[34414]],["frequency",1,9956,[],[26392]],["good news -stories emphasizing positive developments",1,-1,[],[34414]],["magnitude -stories reflecting the large scale or significant impact of an event",1,-1,[],[34414]],["meaningfulness",1,21690,[],[26392]],["news organization's agenda -stories that align with the news outlet's ideological, commercial, or strategic objectives",1,-1,[],[34414]],["range",1,-1,[],[19289]],["relevance -stories concerning cultural, social, or historical connections of the stories to the audience",1,-1,[],[34414]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[58853]],["shareability -story likely to be widely shared and discussed on social media platforms",1,-1,[],[34414]],["surprise -stories that highlight unexpected or unusual elements",1,-1,[],[34414]],["the power elite -stories about influential figures, organization, or institutions",1,-1,[],[34414]]],"sp":[["journalistic doxa",1,2226,[],[9110]]],"ex":[["Frequency, threshold, unambiguity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity, composition, reference to elite nations, reference to elite people, reference to persons and reference to something negative",2,-1,[],[22341,38616]],["conflict",2,-1,[],[23797,34414]],["drama",2,-1,[],[34414,45600]],["elite people",2,-1,[],[19289,23797]],["entertainment",2,-1,[],[34414,45600]],["unambiguity",2,-1,[],[5119,19289]],["Common news values used in studies include timeliness, proximity, impact, and novelty",1,-1,[],[53185]],["Negativity, Proximity, Timeliness, Prominence, Novelty, Consonance, Impact, Superlativeness and Aesthetics",1,-1,[],[58853]],["audio-visuals",1,-1,[],[34414]],["bad news",1,-1,[],[34414]],["celebrity",1,-1,[],[34414]],["compositional balance",1,-1,[],[19289]],["consonance",1,-1,[],[5119]],["continuity",1,-1,[],[19289]],["elite nations",1,-1,[],[19289]],["exclusivity",1,-1,[],[34414]],["exclusivity, bad news, conflict, surprise, audio-visuals, shareability, entertainment, drama, follow-up, the power elite, relevance, magnitude, celebrity, good news, news organization's agenda",1,-1,[],[34414]],["follow-up",1,-1,[],[34414]],["frequency",1,-1,[],[19289]],["frequency, threshold, and proximity",1,-1,[],[58853]],["good news",1,-1,[],[34414]],["human interest",1,-1,[],[23797]],["impact",1,-1,[],[45600]],["magnitude",1,-1,[],[34414]],["meaningfulness",1,-1,[],[19289]],["most articles displayed the news value of prominence, using datasets from well-known organizations and featuring prominent companies and countries in their reports",1,-1,[],[53185]],["normality",1,-1,[],[45600]],["power elite, bad news, magnitude, and media agenda",1,-1,[],[34414]],["prominence",1,-1,[],[45600]],["proximity",1,-1,[],[45600]],["reference to persons and reference to something negative",1,-1,[],[19289]],["relevance",1,-1,[],[34414]],["shareability",1,-1,[],[34414]],["surprise",1,-1,[],[34414]],["the involvement of elite personalities (e.g., celebrities, politicians) or the impact of an event and its negative consequences",1,-1,[],[58853]],["the news organization's agenda",1,-1,[],[34414]],["the power elite",1,-1,[],[34414]],["threshold",1,-1,[],[19289]],["timeliness",1,-1,[],[45600]],["unexpectedness",1,-1,[],[19289]],["visual quality",1,-1,[],[45600]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["condition individuals to be less critical about the news sources to which they are exposed",1,-1,[],[55005]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["polarized beliefs",1,-1,[],[55005]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In a disorder story, we might see protesters as marginal figures, or we might be shown pictures of armed police in riot gear",1,-1,[],[61310]],["frames on one end stigmatize street protest",1,-1,[],[61310]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[61310]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["La demonización del enemigo a través de su identificación con el mal absoluto justifica el uso de todos los métodos posibles para luchar contra él y legitima la continuación del enfrentamiento.",1,-1,[],[48212]],["Los investigadores destacan las siguientes funciones de la imagen del enemigo: la función de la consolidación de la identidad colectiva, de la movilización, de legitimación del poder y de la violencia, de predicción de la victoria [11, pp. 13-16]. El cumplimiento eficaz de la función de legitimar la violencia es imposible sin atribuirle a esta imagen las cualidades malignas, que provocan las emociones profundamente negativas. Para lograr este efecto, se utiliza el mecanismo de formar o deshumanizar la imagen del enemigo. Puede realizarse mediante su asimilación a un animal, a una máquina o a las fuerzas del mal [11, pp. 14-16].",1,-1,[],[48212]],["la función de la consolidación de la identidad colectiva, de la movilización, de legitimación del poder y de la violencia, de predicción de la victoria",1,-1,[],[48212]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deshumanizar",1,19296,[],[48212]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The problem of digital divergence is also largely a consequence of surveillance capitalism and the incentive structure underlying the attention economy.",1,-1,[],[22099]]],"sy":[["informational universes",1,-1,[],[22099]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[22099]]],"sb":[["real-world filter bubbles",1,11423,[],[22099]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["scapegoating",1,4045,[],[22995]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the case of adjectival nominalization (i.e. for our target forms), pejoration occurs as certain adjectival forms begin to be used as nouns.",1,-1,[],[12426]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["loss and security arguments were repeatedly found to be more persuasive for prevention-focused individuals",1,-1,[],[56637]],["prevention focus leads to protective strategies that are conservative in nature",1,-1,[],[24703]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Regulatory Focus Theory",1,2329,[],[56637]],["promotion and prevention",1,-1,[],[56637]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["episodic memory",2,14245,[],[2155,2384]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["explicit memory",1,33069,[],[2384]],["organizational memory",1,-1,[],[15260]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["play a significant role in shaping public opinion and fostering division",1,-1,[],[42233]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[45070]]],"ex":[["Examples of Polarizing Word Choices: \"pro-choice -anti-choice\", \"gun rights -gun control\", \"riot -protest\", \"illegal immigrants -migrants\".",1,-1,[],[45070]],["Polarizing Word Choices: \"pro-choice -anti-choice\", \"gun rights -gun control\", \"riot -protest\", \"illegal immigrants -migrants\".",1,-1,[],[45070]],["gun rights -gun control",1,-1,[],[45070]],["illegal immigrants -migrants",1,-1,[],[45070]],["pro-choice -anti-choice",1,-1,[],[45070]],["riot -protest",1,-1,[],[45070]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In our work, this contextualized relational structure is what we define as a talking point.",1,-1,[],[43445]],["These properties include (1) the lens through which it is discussed, identified using media-frames (Boydstun et al., 2014), (2) relevant entities mentioned, (3) roles assigned to these entities, and (4) attitudes towards them (Khanehzar et al., 2021;Roy et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[43445]],["We then enrich this information by contextualizing it with relevant entities, their associated roles (via activity), and the surrounding media frame.",1,-1,[],[43445]],["a relational structure to characterize ideological differences",1,-1,[],[43445]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["entities",1,31541,[],[43445]],["media frame",1,25284,[],[43445]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Their presence in a linguistic message is typically indexed by",1,-1,[],[40776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Presupposition",1,7854,[],[40776]]],"sb":[["existence presuppositions",1,15338,[],[40776]],["truth presuppositions",1,14554,[],[40776]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Change-of-state verbs",1,-1,[],[40776]],["Change-of-state verbs: …commencer à bâtir une Europe-puissance …' (E. 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