[{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["identified for different fields such as politics (e.g. Colleoni, Rozza, and Arvidsson 2014;Gerber, Henry, and Lubell 2013;Halberstam and Knight 2016) and sports (Clavio, Burch, and Frederick 2012;Phua 2012).",1,-1,[],[4951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[4951]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",1,15563,[],[13855]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["readers predominantly reframe in selective ways, providing empirical evidence for what framing theory has long posited: that news consumers reformulate and engage with content selectively based on their preferences",1,-1,[],[30097]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["complete reframing",1,2043,[],[30097]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Reframing",1,19175,[],[30097]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The manual inspection of these tweet sets (especially the ones about political propaganda) revealed that the organized behavior characteristics can be summarized as: sharing a common goal, temporal synchronization among users, and the dissemination of messages.",1,-1,[],[52972]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bot account activity",1,-1,[],[52972]],["coordinated posts",1,-1,[],[52972]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["bot activities in-clude all three characteristics of organized behaviors, which were discovered upon our manual inspection, such as sharing a common goal, the temporal synchronization of tweets, and the dissemination of messages.",1,-1,[],[52972]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["For a written narrative like a novel or screenplay, the text is segmented into smaller sequential chunks like sentences, and the sentiment of each text chunk is used to form a numerical time series that is smoothed to visualize an emotional arc.",1,-1,[],[43957]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["People often have unjustifiably favorable views of themselves relative to others on various characteristics, which may include how well informed they are or how good they are at getting and understanding information.",1,-1,[],[14070]]],"sy":[["Overconfidence",1,28934,[],[36109]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Agency detection, as well as theory of mind, enabled ancestral humans to understand the (benevolent or hostile) motives behind each other's actions and thereby facilitated empathy with tribe members' mutual needs and desires, cooperation, and common norms of conduct.",1,-1,[],[9632]],["people have a tendency to detect agency, which may sometimes be accurate and sometimes not.",1,-1,[],[9632]],["together make sensational or conspiratorial misinformation more psychologically compelling",1,-1,[],[53654]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pattern perception",1,18971,[],[9632]],["proportionality bias",1,24624,[],[53654]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive tendencies",1,-1,[],[53654]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This commitment extends to advocating for women's rights, minority rights, and the rights of black individuals.",1,-1,[],[12840]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The interventions can help individuals to identify misinformation themselves.",1,-1,[],[41821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Phase Model of Misinformation Interventions",1,12371,[],[41821]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This understanding became apparent when a citation in a mainstream newspaper explicitly countered the implicit understanding that the perpetrators were 'allochthonous', or 'not from here'.",1,-1,[],[53307]]],"sy":[["not from here",1,-1,[],[53307]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Speech act theory",1,6548,[],[48230]],["sarcasm",1,30601,[],[22410]]],"ex":[["e.g. the act of marrying",1,-1,[],[48230]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["PESO model",1,-1,[],[38545]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["In this way, cyber hate can inflict serious psychological injury, including fear, stress, feelings of inferiority, and depression.",1,-1,[],[23202]],["It is a narrow and specific form of cyber-bullying and it can be defined as \"any use of electronic communications technology to spread racist, religious, extremist or terrorist messages\" it is different from cyber-bullying in that hate speech can target not only individuals but it also has implications on whole communities [1].",1,-1,[],[15893]],["Online hate can thus denigrate group members' basic standing in society and deprive them of their \"civic dignity.\"",1,-1,[],[23202]],["hate groups have used the Internet to express their viewpoints, sell their products, and recruit new members",1,-1,[],[8505]],["understood (in a non-restrictive way)",1,-1,[],[283]]],"sy":[["Online hate",1,27246,[],[23202]],["online hate speech",1,7507,[],[41980]]],"rt":[["cyber-bullying",1,30890,[],[15893]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[15893]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cyber-bullying",1,30890,[],[15893]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[15893]]],"ex":[["racial hatred as can be seen in the case of White supremacists in the USA",1,-1,[],[8505]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news values",1,27917,[],[4221]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[["Problematic information is even roomier, as it expands its field of vision beyond news to cultural commentary and satire (Jack, 2017).",2,-1,[],[30730,50451]]],"de":[["One of the challenges of describing problematic information is that many of these familiar terms do not have mutually exclusive definitions. Rather, their meanings overlap, and word choice can be a matter of perspective.",1,-1,[],[22514]],["When expanding the definition of problematic information to include hyperpartisan sites, however, in the first period nearly half would fall into that category, with the implication that social media (or at least a goodly share of users of political Twitter) appear to marginalize mainstream sources.",1,-1,[],[30730]]],"sy":[["anti-scientific",1,-1,[],[60681]],["counter-media content",1,-1,[],[60681]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[60681]],["false information",1,20964,[],[60681]],["malicious",1,10426,[],[60681]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[60681]],["untrustworthy",1,-1,[],[60681]]],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[30730]],["false news",1,34005,[],[30730]],["junk news",1,33566,[],[30730]]],"sb":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[60681]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[60681]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[60681]],["junk news",1,33566,[],[50451]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[60681]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[60681]],["post-truth",1,14186,[],[60681]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[60681]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[60681]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["completely madeup news",1,-1,[],[60681]],["conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[60681]],["from completely false news and conspiracy theories to gaslighting information, propaganda, and post-truth",1,-1,[],[60681]],["propaganda",1,-1,[],[60681]],["rumors",1,-1,[],[60681]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[["When genuine sources are impersonated",2,-1,[["When genuine sources are impersonated",1],["when genuine sources are impersonated",1]],[6175,57291]]],"de":[["Since audiences trust established agencies, they are less likely to doubt the validity of the content and consequently pay less attention to subtle clues.",1,-1,[],[23178]],["Since audiences trust established agencies, they are less likely to doubt the validity of the content and consequently pay less attention to subtle clues. Imposter content may damage the reputation of agencies and undermine audience trust.",1,-1,[],[23178]],["relies on imagery to attract users; using images of someone they recognize and then adding in manipulated information",1,-1,[],[27048]],["some visuals (9 percent) are used by producers of misinformation to impersonate authorities, such as governments or international health authorities.",1,-1,[],[9770]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",3,17423,[["disinformation",2],["Disinformation",1]],[27048,42742,50788]],["fake news",2,33960,[],[39226,41561]],["mis-and dis-information",2,1535,[["mis-and dis-information",1],["mis-and disinformation",1]],[6175,54278]],["mis-information and dis-information",2,25902,[["mis-information and dis-information",1],["misinformation and disinformation",1]],[13595,54681]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[27048,49505]],["false information",1,20964,[],[51120]],["information disorders",1,13397,[],[57291]]],"ex":[["Another example falsely claims that the Philippine Department of Health had issued orders that people infected with COVID-19 would be turned away from medical clinics",1,-1,[],[9770]],["a counterfeit document from March 2020 (falsely) claims that the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had declared a compulsory holiday for several states due to COVID-19",1,-1,[],[9770]],["a website that mimics the domain features of global news outlets, such as CNN 3 and BBC 4",1,-1,[],[23178]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["civic role",1,6846,[],[9492]],["infotainment role",1,11234,[],[9492]],["service role",1,20793,[],[9492]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Access to the conduit does not guarantee access to the content. For example, a person might have access to a book in Russian, but due to an inability to read Russian cannot access the content.",1,-1,[],[20397]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content",1,561,[],[20397]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["language, books, CDs and other electronic storage devices",1,-1,[],[20397]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These distinctions are based on a set of criteria, including whether there are de-facto multiparty elections and a rule of law",1,-1,[],[45030]],["we assign each leader to one of four regime types: Closed Autocracy, Electoral Autocracy, Electoral Democracy, or Liberal Democracy.",1,-1,[],[39320]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["authoritarian",1,7132,[],[39320]],["democratic",1,-1,[],[39320]]],"sb":[["Closed Autocracy",1,-1,[],[39320]],["Electoral Autocracy",1,4798,[],[39320]],["Electoral Democracy",1,8891,[],[39320]],["Liberal Democracy",1,33552,[],[39320]],["closed and electoral autocracies; electoral and liberal democracies",1,-1,[],[45030]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["concerned obsessively with defining what is and counts as factual, and what counts as false.",1,-1,[],[3919]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethical reflexions",1,14866,[],[37875]],["ethics",1,34741,[],[37875]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[38366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The I sees their Thou as a whole, unique, and complex person and cannot define them anymore by just the one part of their identity that is being judged.",1,-1,[],[60539]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["I-It",1,21589,[],[60539]],["I-It relationship",1,27956,[],[60539]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["mythopoesis is used in the form of personal stories and case studies to illustrate the harms of high bride prices or the bene ts of reform",1,-1,[],[57017]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[27731]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They can thus be seen as second-order duties, since their content and implications largely depend on the first-order duty to set a deliberative agenda, for whose realization they are instrumental.",1,-1,[],[28488]],["This is the specific duty that governs the selection of issues in deliberative newsmaking.",1,-1,[],[28488]],["the specific duty that governs the selection of issues in deliberative newsmaking",1,-1,[],[28488]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deliberative journalism",1,19668,[],[28488]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["assimilation frame",1,29799,[],[21080]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"a cheetah runs fast\"",1,-1,[],[22884]],["\"cheetahs run fast\"",1,-1,[],[22884]],["\"the Dutch are direct\"",1,-1,[],[22884]],["e.g., \"men are . . . \"",1,-1,[],[22884]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The envisioned failure acted as a 'dissociative jolt' for the participants (Lilienfeld et al, 1999), enabling them to reflect on the continuing consequences of the fragmentation in their narratives as well as the potentialities that were emerging from such fragmentation.",1,-1,[],[2065]],["the trigger to the defragmentation of stakeholder narratives",1,-1,[],[2065]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a 'eureka' moment (Kounios andBeeman, 2015)",1,-1,[],[2065]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Repetition also increases perceived social consensus",1,-1,[],[28393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["Data is a starting point for shaping the knowledge necessary for evaluation and decision-making",1,-1,[],[13392]],["In Foucault (1972)'s power-knowledge structure, knowledge is a key means of exercising power to mobilize various economic, social and cultural resources.",1,-1,[],[31432]],["It consists of those beliefs which people confidently hold to and live by.",1,-1,[],[6218]],["Knowledge is multifaceted and complex, being both situated and abstract, implicit and explicit, distributed and individual, physical and mental, developing and static, verbal and encoded",1,-1,[],[12653]],["Knowledge is the consequence of data interpretation and that process includes experience and facts.",1,-1,[],[13392]],["Knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes play a number of key roles, including representing reality, understanding objective features of the world, and comparing those features with subjective standards.",1,-1,[],[28365]],["data are interpreted",1,-1,[],[13392]],["discursive formations allow some thoughts and actions but occlude others, which means knowledge itself is an ideological work.",1,-1,[],[31432]],["knowledge of the exchange must exist when receiving the benefit, whether during acceptance or request.",1,-1,[],[36506]],["the sociologist will be concerned with beliefs which are taken for granted or institutionalised, or invested with authority by groups of people.",1,-1,[],[6218]],["what is collectively endorsed",1,-1,[],[6218]]],"sy":[["justified true belief",1,-1,[],[6218]],["true belief",1,-1,[],[6218]]],"rt":[["attitudes",1,13566,[],[28365]],["beliefs",1,8928,[],[28365]],["data",1,22097,[],[15258]],["information",1,18076,[],[15258]],["mere belief",1,-1,[],[6218]]],"sb":[["Social knowledge",1,32996,[],[15258]],["explicit knowledge",1,17537,[],[15258]],["individual knowledge",1,-1,[],[15258]],["tacit knowledge",1,21012,[],[15258]]],"sp":[["Single information",1,17289,[],[13392]],["criminal intent",1,18198,[],[36506]]],"ex":[["we write with the certainty that the keyboard in front of us exists, and we are similarly certain that we need the correct password to gain access to our computer",1,-1,[],[28365]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Need for Closure (NFC)",1,823,[],[1890]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Descriptions of the actual, expected, or estimated attention by the media or journalists (publicity) regarding an issue, actor, or event; often expressed by comparisons",1,-1,[],[4329]],["First, media response is illustrated by stating the amount of media stories published on a specific subject or event.",1,-1,[],[4329]],["Media response is often visualized by photographs depicting actors surrounded by microphones, cameras, and journalists, as shown in Figure 2.",1,-1,[],[4329]],["Second, media response is expressed by the (expected) number of journalists and camera teams attending an event",1,-1,[],[4329]],["Third, media response is visually represented by showing a small or large crowd of journalists, cameras, or microphones",1,-1,[],[4329]]],"sy":[["publicity",1,10904,[],[4329]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public response",1,8513,[],[4329]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In this context, 'creative' does not carry any positive connotations. It simply means that groups will engage in inter-group comparisons on unorthodox dimensions that tend to favour their own group.",1,-1,[],[8513]],["We defined social creativity as the extent to which the web-site content showed evidence of strategies that redefine or alter the elements of the comparative situation (from Haslam, 2001).",1,-1,[],[8513]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Socially creative strategies have the effect of redefining the position of the group without directly challenging the out-group (for low-status groups) or by indirectly reinforcing the out-groups inferiority (for high-status groups).",1,-1,[],[8513]],["social competition",1,-1,[],[8513]],["supremacist ideologizing",1,5503,[],[8513]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["No one race or culture is \"superior\" to others, but they are all different. Racial integration threatens all Peoples. Humane efforts towards separation and self-determination are better for us than endless repression, tension, and racial violence.",1,-1,[],[8513]],["groups can engage in strategies that create new dimensions of comparison with the out-group, or indeed compare themselves with another out-group",1,-1,[],[8513]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Lacking explicit data about how a user would \"rate\" a given web domain, we use a quantity derived from the number of user pageviews to a domain (based on TF-IDF; see also Methods C) as the rating.",1,-1,[],[59980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Some participants inject additional real facts into the fake news (manually or via the LLM) after the initial LLM output, making the story harder to detect.",1,-1,[],[56257]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Secondary Optimization Strategies",1,19158,[],[56257]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[3014]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["First, kokusaika or internationalization has come to stand for many of the processes formerly subsumed under the labels \"Westernization,\" \"modernization\" and \"liberalization\".",1,-1,[],[20498]],["The movement of internationalization of Japanese education involves forming and disseminating an ideology that will result in the identification of a commonly accepted set of values, goals, social practices, and social relations (Lincicome, 1993).",1,-1,[],[20498]],["The term internationalization is used to refer to various aspects of foreign policy while shifting attention away from major issues which divide the Japanese.",1,-1,[],[20498]],["When the term internationalization became a popular word in the early 1980s, Japan began to play a significant role in the world economy.",1,-1,[],[20498]],["While internationalization may help to bridge between societies and between peoples, it also creates power divides.",1,-1,[],[20498]]],"sy":[["Americanization",1,-1,[],[20498]],["kokusaika",1,-1,[],[20498]]],"rt":[["Westernization",1,-1,[],[20498]],["liberalization",1,-1,[],[20498]],["modernization",1,-1,[],[20498]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It was created with the intent to voice and maintain freedom as well as protect human dignity.",1,-1,[],[33614]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This term encompasses the disciplinary subfields of sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, socially oriented forms of discourse analysis (such as conversation analysis and critical discourse analysis), and linguistically oriented social psychology, among others.",1,-1,[],[25304]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["linguistic anthropology",1,-1,[],[25304]],["linguistically oriented social psychology",1,-1,[],[25304]],["socially oriented forms of discourse analysis (such as conversation analysis and critical discourse analysis)",1,-1,[],[25304]],["sociolinguistics",1,-1,[],[25304]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["actor role",1,1048,[],[43836]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["claim",1,178,[],[19583]],["modality",1,15247,[],[19583]],["rebuttal",1,28370,[],[19583]],["warrant",1,30743,[],[19583]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["constituents of a scientific presentation",1,-1,[],[19583]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["latent features",1,7370,[],[20632]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The \"not at-issue contents\" are therefore apparently irrelevant; in substance, however, they highlight, without explicitly stating it, an aspect, a profile, an element proper to what is to be accepted, uncontroversial, preferable or, what is to be described as objectionable, to be rejected, not accepted, blameworthy etc.",1,-1,[],[1235]],["They are often perceived as negligible clarifications, placed against the background of the discourse of \"at-issue content\", whose specific function, however, is to highlight the \"main issue\" (Piazza 2020), precisely, to which they are linked. They have the effect of concealing that, with their use, one casts a shadow of discredit or, conversely, one wants to exalt the main theme (at-issue content).",1,-1,[],[1235]]],"sy":[["evidence element",1,-1,[],[1234,1235]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Everyone knows that\", however, is related to what we can represent in sunsets: it alludes, in the specific context proposed, to certain elements, which are no longer only proposed as natural phenomena, but are qualified in a positive, praiseworthy way, so much so that in the message sunsets become \"source of inspiration.\"",1,-1,[],[1235]],["\"I was told that\", on the other hand, it is a statement that is exempt from a form of verification or control, at least of a direct kind.",1,-1,[],[1235]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Asking participants about morality could have signaled that the researchers moralized fake-news sharing, which perhaps made participants feel pressured not to share it.",1,-1,[],[51752]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can be used to account for an online landscape that is less bound to traditional patterns of journalistic reporting and where multi-modality influences news experiences.",1,-1,[],[5045]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity in entities",1,6679,[],[5045]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dimensions of diversity",1,26106,[],[5045]],["diversity",1,22741,[],[5045]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["estrategias retórico-discursivas",1,-1,[],[49620]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["Generally, there are three major aspects of the social media context that we want to represent: user profiles, user posts, and network structures.",1,-1,[],[5522]],["It captures the context and history surrounding social interactions.",1,-1,[],[5898]],["It sheds light on information spread, user reactions, and interaction dynamics around the claim.",1,-1,[],[35286]],["Social context is relevant to human interactions as it influences or constraints individual's behaviours.",1,-1,[],[5898]],["e.g., comments, propagation patterns",1,-1,[],[35286]],["which can provide additional insight into how news spreads in social networks.",1,-1,[],[45072]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conversational threads",1,-1,[],[21145]]],"sb":[["network structures",1,14488,[],[18803]],["user posts and responses",1,-1,[],[18803]],["user profiles",1,-1,[],[18803]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["replies and retweets",1,-1,[],[21145]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Accepting a persuasive message from a heuristic route can occur based on simple cues, such as emotions, stereotypes, or straightforward cues that do not necessitate excessive cognitive effort",1,-1,[],[56823]],["Heuristic processing is associated with increased susceptibility to misinformation, particularly when content is emotionally engaging, visually appealing, or socially endorsed",1,-1,[],[34297]],["Unlike the systematic one, heuristic processing requires minimal cognitive efforts as it involves the use of simple heuristics as mental shortcuts in processing messages.",1,-1,[],[5554]],["born out of cognitive miser motive",1,-1,[],[5554]],["performance above chance is explained by initiation of heuristic processing",1,-1,[],[2569]],["the default mode of heuristic processing",1,-1,[],[5554]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["systematic processing",2,14976,[],[625,5554]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM)",1,4681,[],[56823]],["heuristic-systematic information processing model (HSM)",1,33690,[],[27461]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This is possible because each individual has a unique experience and knowledge base to engage in the hermeneutical process of understanding and applying knowledge.",1,-1,[],[20398]],["While intuitively, context accompanying hate speech is useful for detecting hate speech, context information of hate speech has been overlooked in existing datasets and automatic detection models.",1,-1,[],[13378]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, reactance is regarded as the motivational state of a person whose freedom is threatened.",1,-1,[],[16944]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["affective reactance",1,19134,[],[57335]],["cognitive reactance",1,11316,[],[57335]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It refers to practices and routines that display the journalist identity -what news is and how the journalist should act towards it",1,-1,[],[22745]],["It refers to practices and routines that display the journalist identity -what news is and how the journalist should act towards it (Broersma 2007: xiii).",1,-1,[],[22745]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Conventions of form",1,147,[],[22745]],["Stylistic routines (Tereszkiewicz 2012)",1,-1,[],[22745]]],"sb":[["Stylistic routines (Tereszkiewicz 2012) offer an ideological framework determining what is valuable, what should be included or excluded and what to expect from the story.",1,-1,[],[22745]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Mnemonic frames are conceived in analogy to other culturally available frames, which play a critical role in news production as sense-making structures that organize and interpret information while reinforcing broader cultural meanings (Hall 1997, as cited in Van Gorp 2007).",1,-1,[],[51604]],["Shaped by shared historical experience, they condense complexity into familiar templates.",1,-1,[],[51604]],["These mnemonic frames provide a culturally shared repertoire from which journalists draw when interpreting developments in relation to foreign groups.",1,-1,[],[51604]],["discursive templates that shape how events and actors are interpreted, contextualized, and morally evaluated in the news.",1,-1,[],[51604]],["they link present developments to familiar cultural meanings, lend coherence across time, and generate emotionally resonant narratives",1,-1,[],[51604]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["familiar cultural meanings",1,-1,[],[51604]],["framing",1,22777,[],[51604]],["narrative templates",1,18567,[],[51604]],["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[51604]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["literary information",1,33137,[],[17039]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["This is considered a critical issue in LLMs because it is challenging for users to identify and poses real-life risks.",1,-1,[],[22624]],["This type of hallucination occurs when LLMs generate information or text that contradicts established world knowledge.",1,-1,[],[22624]],["diverse metrics to identify fact-conflicting hallucination.",1,-1,[],[22624]],["we treat all unverifiable content as fact-conflicting hallucinations.",1,-1,[],[22624]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hallucination",2,4995,[],[12064,22624]],["hallucination in LLMs",1,23325,[],[22624]],["hallucination within the context of LLMs",1,29241,[],[22624]],["knowledge hallucination",1,33342,[],[27186]]],"ex":[["An example would be stating \"London is the capital of France\".",1,-1,[],[22625]],["in this case, the user asks the LLM about the mother of Afonos II. The LLM gave a wrong answer (Queen Urraca of Castile instead of Dulce Berenguer of Barcelone), which can easily mislead less knowledgeable users.",1,-1,[],[22624]],["stating \"London is the capital of France\".",1,-1,[],[22625]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Bei diesem Verfahren werden Frames mit Hilfe von datenreduzierenden Verfahren aus dem gesamten Textmaterial extrahiert.",1,-1,[],[16259]],["Beim Frame-Mapping werden zusammen auftretende Wörter durch Computeralgorithmen identifiziert.",1,-1,[],[16259]],["der Eindruck, dass die Objektivität des Frame-Mappings auf Kosten der Inhaltsvalidität geht.",1,-1,[],[16259]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["quantitative Methode",1,-1,[],[16259]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[["Hyperlocal media can be considered as an institution that holds local elites to account through covering political issues and investigative reporting",2,-1,[],[33960,47037]]],"de":[["a vehicle through which the socially conscious entrepreneur can extend the plurality and diversity of journalism while serving society",1,-1,[],[47037]],["have a news focus, a digital primary product, are locally based in the area that they cover, and that are independently owned and operated",1,-1,[],[47037]],["innovative, bottom-up, technology-led and a viable alternative to the institutionalized model of news production",1,-1,[],[47037]],["they are mostly web-based, have been started as alternatives to legacy media often with an emphasis on citizen participation and seek to drive civic engagement in some form",1,-1,[],[35622]],["they are web-based alternatives to legacy media and include citizen participation",1,-1,[],[35622]]],"sy":[["citizen journalism",1,34430,[],[35622]],["hyperlocals",1,3073,[],[47037]]],"rt":[["citizen journalism",1,34430,[],[35622]],["civic/public journalism",1,20220,[],[35622]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mediating institutions",1,-1,[],[23214]]],"sb":[["communication conduits",1,-1,[],[23214]],["content hosts",1,-1,[],[23214]],["search/application providers",1,-1,[],[23214]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["expertise",1,24528,[],[33584]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["source credibility",1,22078,[],[33584]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["various forms of aggressive communication",1,-1,[],[31610]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["scientific/physical scepticism",1,20767,[],[1674]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The negative triad refers to automatic negative biases in thoughts about the world, the future, and the self (Beck, 2008). Specifically, people suffering from depression, tend to believe that nobody would value them (negative world view), that negative things would keep happening to them and their future would be hopeless (negative view on future), and that they would be worthless (negative view on self).",1,-1,[],[27757]]],"sy":[["negative triad",1,-1,[],[27757]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["event relations",1,4218,[],[52033]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["event relations",1,4218,[],[52033]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["candidate trait perception",1,-1,[],[55323]],["trait evaluation",1,-1,[],[55323]],["trait inference",1,-1,[],[55323]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural identity",1,15391,[],[55972]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the domain of applicability of the phenomenological use of filtering techniques ranges from scales as small as elementary particles and atoms in physical systems (Brody & Hughston 2006) to scales as large as human activities in social systems (Brody, Hughston & Macrina 2007, 2008).",1,-1,[],[6616]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication theory",1,32567,[],[6616]],["phenomenology",1,24469,[],[6616]]],"sb":[["extrapolation, or prediction",1,-1,[],[6616]],["filtering",1,4512,[],[6616]],["interpolation, or smoothing",1,-1,[],[6616]]],"sp":[["communication theory",1,32567,[],[6616]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["four core framing functions: problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation",1,-1,[],[57374]],["framing functions operate as mechanisms through which leaders not only interpret crises but also project national values, define moral legitimacy, and pursue diplomatic objectives.",1,-1,[],[57374]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["moral evaluation",2,7941,[],[44898,57374]],["problem definition",2,19716,[],[44898,57374]],["causal attribution",1,27231,[],[44898]],["causal interpretation",1,24033,[],[57374]],["solution recommendation",1,-1,[],[44898]],["treatment recommendation",1,4269,[],[57374]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It acknowledges the transformative impact of online platforms in shaping and intensifying nationalist ideologies, leading to a persistent state of societal polarization and discord",1,-1,[],[24493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A potential social threat would include worry about terrorism or social unrest",1,-1,[],[5641]],["an actual social threat might entail facing racial discrimination or losing connection to your family",1,-1,[],[5641]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["can 'background the identity and/or role of social actors; it can lend impersonal authority or force to an action or quality of a social actor; and it can add positive or negative connotations to an action or utterance of a social actor.'",1,-1,[],[22868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["spatialization",1,24235,[],[22868]]],"sp":[["impersonalization",1,-1,[],[22868]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Dominant languages are presented as practical, interoperable, and future-oriented, while less dominant ones are implicitly cast as limited or technically burdensome.",1,-1,[],[44323]],["In the age of digital intelligence, power is exercised not only through policy, schooling, and cultural prestige but also through data accumulation, platform visibility, model performance, and infrastructural design.",1,-1,[],[44323]],["The issue is that such systems do not process all languages equally. They privilege some, neglect others, and in doing so reshape older language hierarchies in new ways.",1,-1,[],[44323]],["algorithmic dominance directs attention to the infrastructures through which that authority is now renewed.",1,-1,[],[44323]]],"sy":[["digital disadvantage",1,45,[],[44323]]],"rt":[["data dominance",1,-1,[],[44323]],["ideological dominance",1,29697,[],[44323]],["model dominance",1,2193,[],[44323]],["platform dominance",1,29466,[],[44323]]],"sb":[["data dominance",1,-1,[],[44323]],["ideological dominance",1,29697,[],[44323]],["model dominance",1,2193,[],[44323]],["platform dominance",1,29466,[],[44323]]],"sp":[["linguistic imperialism",1,7088,[],[44323]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["What is considered restitution, chaos, or quests for one group may not be so for another because of differences in whether the condition is congenital or acquired or because of differences in the condition's severity or anticipated trajectory.",1,-1,[],[43008]],["the active agents were the persons with aphasia themselves, as opposed to the external solutions that constituted the remedy in the restitution narratives.",1,-1,[],[43008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frank's typology",1,-1,[],[43008]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Here, we included statements in which groups compared themselves with the out-group on less orthodox dimensions that generally favour their own group. We also included statements where groups created new dimensions of comparison with the outgroup, or indeed made favourable comparisons with other out-groups. All statements were deemed to serve the purpose of altering the position of the group without direct hostility or competition towards the outgroup.",1,-1,[],[8510]],["exhibition of strategies of social creativity. These included examples where Whites were presented as victims of conspiracies organized by Jews, often involving using African Americans in some way, and policies of segregation were justified in terms of Biblical injunctions, individual freedom, and even to the purported benefits to other races.",1,-1,[],[8510]],["social creativity in these domains is not so much aimed at bolstering or creating a positive social identity but to help foster doubts amongst European Americans about relations with other groups as a means of promoting long-term conflict.",1,-1,[],[8510]],["social creativity may serve an intermediate tactical role in adversarial group relations",1,-1,[],[8510]],["social creativity may serve the communicative function of helping to create a climate which is conducive to conflict: one where European Americans feel righteously aggrieved on the basis of the information supplied about the out-groups",1,-1,[],[8510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social competition",1,-1,[],[8510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["No one race or culture is \"superior\" to others, but they are all different. Racial integration threatens all Peoples. Humane efforts towards separation and self-determination are better for us than endless repression, tension, and racial violence.",1,-1,[],[8510]],["a statement such as \"the White race is under threat of extinction in the USA\" is a socially creative redefinition of social reality but it is not comforting for people who define themselves as Whites, and it could hardly serve to create a positive social identity.",1,-1,[],[8510]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Hypertext, for example, challenges print's long-established prioritisation of linear directionality",1,-1,[],[24956]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["They are defined on a higher level than semantic frames",1,-1,[],[11674]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["semantic frames",1,14934,[],[11674]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[30179]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Mannheim was clear that generations were not subjected to the same experiences and that divisions of class and gender were significant.",1,-1,[],[13136]],["historical context had strong experiential effects on the formative years of a birth cohort (those who were born and grew up in the same period), effects which persist over the life course.",1,-1,[],[13136]]],"sy":[["birth cohort (those who were born and grew up in the same period)",1,-1,[],[13136]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["'APPRECIATION' concerns itself with the examination and analysis of linguistic 'resources that construe values of things including natural phenomena and semiosis' (Martin & White, 2005) specifically focusing on non-humans.",1,-1,[],[53859]],["(positive/negative assessment of objects, artefacts, events and states of affairs in terms of systems of aesthetics and other systems of social valuation)",1,-1,[],[53859]],["Appreciations are classified as either REACTIONs, assessments of COMPOSITION, or VALUATION of the thing in question.",1,-1,[],[21808]],["It is 'the evaluation of objects by reference to aesthetic principles and other systems of social value'",1,-1,[],[53859]],["Positive -Negative",1,-1,[],[39546]],["Since it is targeted towards the appraisal, it examines the reaction of writers in examining the impact, the quality, and the composition of an object.",1,-1,[],[43304]],["The majority of these items were expressed with negative polarity, reflecting critical or unfavorable assessments of the events, actions, or conditions described in the news coverage.",1,-1,[],[46702]],["reflect their responses to emerging situations",1,-1,[],[54065]],["the impact and quality of things",1,-1,[],[46779]]],"sy":[["aesthetic region",1,-1,[],[43304]]],"rt":[["Attitude Analysis",1,624,[],[54065]]],"sb":[["COMPOSITION",3,31824,[["COMPOSITION",1],["Composition",1],["composition",1]],[21808,46779,54065]],["REACTION",3,23118,[["REACTION",1],["Reaction",1],["reactions",1]],[21808,46779,54065]],["VALUATION",3,33281,[["VALUATION",1],["Valuation",1],["valuation",1]],[21808,46779,54065]],["negative appreciation",1,30715,[],[46702]],["positive appreciation",1,33066,[],[46702]]],"sp":[["Attitude",6,13566,[["Attitude",4],["ATTITUDE",2]],[21808,22134,46702,46779,53859,54065]],["Appraisal analysis",1,10236,[],[9862]],["Appraisal framework",1,26978,[],[43304]],["Attitude Analysis",1,624,[],[54065]],["Attitude domain",1,19369,[],[16421]],["Attitude item",1,34543,[],[46779]],["attitudinal appraisal",1,8990,[],[43304]]],"ex":[["advanced technologies",1,-1,[],[46779]],["beautiful, grand, huge, lively, excellent, bonus, ugly",1,-1,[],[54065]],["blocked road",1,-1,[],[46779]],["curang [cheating], kotor [dirty], fiksi [fiction], aroma busuk [foul smell], korupsi [corruption], kebohongan [lies], kampus jelek [bad university]",1,-1,[],[39546]],["shocking sights",1,-1,[],[46779]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It presents a specific news event or a number of such events in terms of a broader concept",1,-1,[],[30348]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Having stories automatically selected for me on the basis of what my friends have consumed is a good way to get the news",1,-1,[],[43738]],["News based on an algorithm does not limit my exposure to important news",1,-1,[],[43738]],["Relying on a news diet based on algorithms ensures that I receive news that is most relevant to me",1,-1,[],[43738]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["advertising products",1,488,[],[45979]],["professional branding",1,31365,[],[45979]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This professional strain mirrors minority stress (Meyer, 2003)",1,-1,[],[53836]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the Court's conceptualisation of the freedom to receive information and ideas concerns the social integration of citizens in society, enabling them to partake in public debate by providing them with information on the basis of which they can form an opinion",1,-1,[],[54597]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These practices can be conceptualised as a form of journalistic disinformation that is implicit rather than explicit, hard to detect for users, and easy for its authors to defend-since each individual element can be presented as technically accurate-while still having significant impact because audiences tend to attribute credibility to journalistic sources (Ecker et al., 2014;Lewandowsky et al., 2017).",1,-1,[],[45130]],["implicit rather than explicit, hard to detect for users, and easy for its authors to defend-since each individual element can be presented as technically accurate",1,-1,[],[45130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Constructing populist narratives based on the phantasmal formula of People-in-Nation -as I will show -is one of the forms of resistance to global capitalism, and at the same time is an effect of the form of life that affective capitalism imposes on us.",1,-1,[],[13362]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["news discernment is generally regarded as the more robust indicator because it accounts for judgments across both veridical and deceptive material",1,-1,[],[59891]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["belief in misinformation",1,18992,[],[59891]],["misinformation research",1,-1,[],[59891]],["perceived accuracy of false headlines",1,-1,[],[59891]],["perceived accuracy of false news (AF)",1,-1,[],[59891]],["perceived accuracy of real news (AR)",1,-1,[],[59891]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Sharing political opinions and personal experiences, being attentive and responsive might not just be beneficial to the performance of individual politicians but also increase democratic engagement.",1,-1,[],[26127]],["Twitter is an open system; citizens can follow their candidates and vice versa without necessarily being forced into a reciprocal relationship, while non-followers can easily browse the network's content.",1,-1,[],[26127]],["social media such as Twitter make it possible for representation to be rooted in lasting connections between citizens and representatives; it creates a sense of closeness, visibility and continuity.",1,-1,[],[26127]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct representation",1,12273,[],[26127]],["participatory and conversational democracy",1,2201,[],[26127]]],"sb":[["reciprocal connected representation",1,7542,[],[26127]]],"sp":[["representation",1,14984,[],[26127]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The image represents the simplification of a large number of associations and parts of information related to a place (Kotler, 2002, p. 141).",1,-1,[],[10749]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Factuality Veracity",1,15428,[],[35980]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Some, in particular the worst-off groups, live in the weakest social conditions for developing political sophistication.",1,-1,[],[28797]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["subtly puts down a woman to lower her self-esteem",1,-1,[],[21341]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["PUA technique",1,-1,[],[21341]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Myers-Briggs-Type-Indicator (MBTI)",1,-1,[],[48550]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["For example, feelings of familiarity or preexisting schemas or expectancies about source may be relied upon in making these attributions",1,-1,[],[6047]],["The use of such heuristic cues is relatively effortless and may occur without the perceiver's intention.",1,-1,[],[6047]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["feelings of familiarity or preexisting schemas or expectancies about source",1,-1,[],[6047]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Additionally, their structural domains evoke cognition and mind functioning.",1,-1,[],[50697]],["Consequently, ontological metaphors are designed to portray reality or various aims and to depict a part of the received experience.",1,-1,[],[50697]],["ontological metaphors are divided into three other subcategories which are ontological, container, and personification.",1,-1,[],[50697]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["metaphors of spatial orientation",1,-1,[],[55515]]],"sb":[["Container metaphors",1,20490,[],[50697]],["Container metaphors are frequently used by individuals since they possess the aspect of estimating human beings as \"containers\" with particular mental and emotional attributes.",1,-1,[],[50697]],["Personification",1,5472,[],[50697]],["Personification is observed as the most vivid metaphorical unit because of explicitness structure.",1,-1,[],[50697]],["container",1,-1,[],[50697]],["ontological",1,-1,[],[50697]]],"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",2,23399,[["conceptual metaphors",2],["conceptual metaphor",1]],[30762,50697]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[30762]]],"ex":[["Shakespeare's sonnets provide pertinent examples of ontological metaphors since the poet personifies 'time' as 'an enemy, ' 'an adversary, ' 'a reaper' and 'a besieger'",1,-1,[],[30762]],["Shakespeare's sonnets provide pertinent examples of ontological metaphors since the poet personifies 'time' as 'an enemy, ' 'an adversary, ' 'a reaper' and 'a besieger' in different poems",1,-1,[],[30762]],["WAR IS MACHINE: Russia launched a full-scale war",1,-1,[],[50697]],["the poet personifies 'time' as 'an enemy, ' 'an adversary, ' 'a reaper' and 'a besieger'",1,-1,[],[30762]]]},{"nd":13,"df":[["A person has epistemic power to the extent she is able to influence what people think, believe, and know, and to the extent she is able to enable and disable others from exerting epistemic influence",2,-1,[["A person has epistemic power to the extent she is able to influence what people think, believe, and know, and to the extent she is able to enable and disable others from exerting epistemic influence",1],["A person has epistemic power to the extent she is able to influence what people think, believe, and know, and to the extent she is able to enable and disable others from exerting epistemic influence.",1]],[2536,28548]]],"de":[["Being the focus of attention is a source of significant epistemic power for celebrities.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["Finally, attention provides celebrities with the power to set the agenda and determine which issues people think are important.",1,-1,[],[37571]],["First, attention provides a means by which testimony can be heard, so it influences what others believe and know.",1,-1,[],[37571]],["First, is the ability to influence what others believe, think, or know.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["Institutional positions may also bring epistemic power.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["It enables them to influence the topics people think about and, as a result, what people come to believe and know.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["Second, being the center of attention means that celebrities can direct attention to the testimony of others, making them conduits of testimony rather than sources.",1,-1,[],[37571]],["The ability to shape the political agenda is therefore also a source of epistemic power for those to whom attention is paid.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["The fact that someone possesses this power does not mean that they should possess it.",1,-1,[],[37571]],["The second is the ability to enable and disable others from exerting epistemic influence.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["There are different sources of epistemic power, some of which are entirely legitimate: an articulate person who possesses detailed knowledge of a particular subject may be able to influence what people believe simply by providing clear explanations to others.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["Those who possess epistemic power are often publicly known, operate under their real names, and frequently monetize their online presence.",1,-1,[],[28548]],["almost everyone possesses some degree of epistemic power, since most people can influence the beliefs of those around them to a limited extent.",1,-1,[],[28548]],["attention can increase one's epistemic power without one's perceived credibility increasing.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["epistemic authority is multidimensional; follower counts alone are insufficient and should be complemented by indicators such as average reach, engagement rate, or the individual's social role (e.g., journalist or medical professional)",1,-1,[],[28548]],["epistemic power is a much broader concept, traditionally encompassing individuals and groups who shape collective understanding and belief beyond digital platforms.",1,-1,[],[28548]],["inequalities in epistemic power seem likely to threaten the (substantive) requirement that participants have equal opportunities to influence others.",1,-1,[],[2536]],["this form of influence, like political or institutional power, can also be abused.",1,-1,[],[28548]],["this power comes from being admired and from being the focus of a great deal of unregulated attention and trust.",1,-1,[],[37571]],["those capable of shaping what others believe and know",1,-1,[],[28548]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic authority",1,12833,[],[37571]],["institutional power",1,-1,[],[28548]],["perceived credibility",1,29767,[],[2536]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["scientists, religious leaders, and public intellectuals",1,-1,[],[28548]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[41335]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["In the first case, a reporter chooses events that will become news and is mostly guided by professional standards that numerous researchers, starting with Galtung & Ruge (1965), have tried to systematize.",1,-1,[],[57977]],["The choice of topics, number of pages and articles in a newspaper and their positioning are the matter related to gatekeeping",1,-1,[],[47962]],["Translation is a gatekeeping process",1,-1,[],[51884]]],"sy":[["gate keeping",1,23978,[],[52923]]],"rt":[["news selection",1,3796,[],[57977]],["processing and presentation",1,-1,[],[57977]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Essentially, the personality or type of body or the actions associated with the digital representation would influence the actual real-time behaviors of participant, both in the VR and later outside it.",1,-1,[],[14449]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Self-Perception Theory",1,30968,[],[14449]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Products of mass culture are expressed in the number and quality of artistic myths embodied in books, films, music, theatre and concert performances, and media messages.",1,-1,[],[26778]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are usually depicted as people whose presence in the host country brings more negative outcomes than potential benefits.",1,-1,[],[36411]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["A common form of ambiguity",1,-1,[],[5466]],["A common form of ambiguity is equivocation",1,-1,[],[5466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambiguity",1,21439,[],[5466]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23615]]],"ex":[["The government admitted that many cases of credible UFOs (Unidentified flying objects) have been reported. Therefore, that means that Aliens have already visited Earth.",1,-1,[],[23615]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Facebook has a customisation feature that allows you to filter \"friends\" for a particular post and create circles within circles.",1,-1,[],[13382]],["This feature allows users to friend or follow individuals they wish to remain in their social circle, and they can \"like\" pages and groups that they are interested in.",1,-1,[],[13382]],["Through the usage of similar data that users have previously opened to watch, read, share, or remark on, the artificial intelligence utilised in this application facilitates users' access to their favourite persons or content.",1,-1,[],[13382]],["To foster a desired opinion environment, on the other hand, undesirable opinions can be avoided by using the unfriend, unfollow, unlike, and block buttons.",1,-1,[],[13382]],["people's evaluation of the opinion environment before to voicing their opinions is a significant phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[13382]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion environment",1,-1,[],[13382]]],"sb":[["macro climate of opinion",1,28981,[],[13382]],["micro climate of opinion",1,8193,[],[13382]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deliberative argumentation",1,30771,[],[25653]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["placebo news items were meant to control for a possible inflation of the disnews scores in the upcoming analysis",1,-1,[],[24980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic cues",1,9915,[],[13507]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It can be considered the minimal form that an argument can take.",1,-1,[],[7951]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["considerar o discurso como uma prática social.",1,-1,[],[14748]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It includes the mentioned accounts (P N @ ) and linked website domains (P N DM ) in the tweets the user likes.",1,-1,[],[17044]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["culture does not function as a direct predictor of fake news acceptance but rather as an interpretive lens through which political information is understood, evaluated, and discussed within digital communication environments.",1,-1,[],[34291]],["culture should be understood as a contextual and interpretive framework that shapes how voters process political information in digital environments.",1,-1,[],[34291]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Worshipers were beaten by policemen because they gathered in a church",1,-1,[],[52809]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a dominant representational practice in advertising, magazines, Internet sites and cable television",1,-1,[],[8997]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Besides, the novelty effect was related to learning and behavior. Hull's work on habit-family hierarchy and maze learning touches upon the role of novel stimuli in influencing learning and behavior [81].",1,-1,[],[51222]],["Mainstream psychology used it in the context of research related to human perception [80] elving into the role of curiosity and arousal and exploring how novelty can contribute to increased interest and attention.",1,-1,[],[51222]],["Regarding media psychology, the novelty effect has been observed in various technological advancements, influencing the perception and adoption of novel forms of media and entertainment [29,84], affecting whether they are seen as a source of entertainment or perceived as a potential threat.",1,-1,[],[51222]],["The novelty effect has also been associated with dispositional traits such as curiosity [82] and sensation-seeking [83].",1,-1,[],[51222]],["novelty effect in people, defined in psychology as a phenomenon that describes the initial surge of interest and attention individuals show when exposed to something new or novel.",1,-1,[],[51222]],["the novelty effect was related to learning and behavior.",1,-1,[],[51222]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["curiosity",1,33984,[],[51222]],["sensation-seeking",1,26308,[],[51222]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["influencing the perception and adoption of novel forms of media and entertainment [29,84], affecting whether they are seen as a source of entertainment or perceived as a potential threat.",1,-1,[],[51222]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["One of the extreme manifestations of such dependence is the virtualization of consciousness, when the person becomes unable to distinguish between objective reality and virtual reality.",1,-1,[],[48595]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["virtualization of consciousness",1,23148,[],[48595]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["men are assigned prominent positions in the public domain, assuming responsibilities as leaders and dads who exercise authority over their families, children, and possessions",1,-1,[],[34105]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It is believed that information from strong ties tends to be perceived as more credible, in comparison with information from weak ties",1,-1,[],[609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Beck's theory of the risk society, which provided a theoretical lens through which to interpret emerging themes.",1,-1,[],[30127]],["These are new types of risks resulting from technical and industrial innovations, which differ significantly from traditional risks.",1,-1,[],[30127]],["particularly in relation to global risk dynamics, reflexivity, and the distribution of technological risks and benefits across society.",1,-1,[],[30127]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["global risk dynamics",1,-1,[],[30127]],["reflexivity",1,5920,[],[30127]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["AI risks",1,-1,[],[30127]],["AI-mediated cybersecurity risks",1,-1,[],[30127]],["Pollution",1,-1,[],[30127]],["climate change",1,-1,[],[30127]],["nuclear accidents",1,-1,[],[30127]],["terrorism",1,-1,[],[30127]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["AAE is a linguistic variety with defined syntactic-semantic, phonological, and lexical features",1,-1,[],[15450]],["a linguistic variety with defined syntactic-semantic, phonological, and lexical features",1,-1,[],[15450]],["can be used as a proxy for racial identity when user race is not reported.",1,-1,[],[46272]]],"sy":[["Black English",1,-1,[],[56832]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["Copula Deletion",1,-1,[],[30827]],["Double Negation",1,32384,[],[30827]],["Habitual 'Be'",1,-1,[],[30827]],["Preverbal Markers",1,-1,[],[30827]],["Subject-Verb Agreement Adjustments",1,-1,[],[30827]]],"sp":[["dialect transformations",1,-1,[],[30827]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Deixis refers to a number of words that are context-dependent, and especially in the sense of spatial-temporal context. Typical deictic categories include pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns and adverbs. Deictic choices always involve a demarcation of boundaries that affects how readers and hearers receive and understand a text.",1,-1,[],[14148]]],"sy":[["pointing",1,-1,[],[14148]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["No Context",1,34270,[],[35385]]],"ex":[["Typical deictic categories include pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns and adverbs.",1,-1,[],[14148]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["re-education",1,-1,[],[25030]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":77,"df":[],"de":[["A better understanding of transparency makes it clear that the processes that produce information should themselves be transparent.",1,-1,[],[21551]],["As the principle, transparency shall be achieved through the set of measures established in law.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["In the case of ANRs, transparency can be treated as the ability to monitor and check the functionality of algorithmic systems involved in the news distribution.",1,-1,[],[5126]],["It also entails the disclosure of remaining uncertainties, as advocated by Funtowicz and Ravetz [1993].",1,-1,[],[43168]],["Journalists, by contrast, are less interested in such official information flows. Instead, they seek to move the markets and produce transparency by retrieving and reporting on information which has not yet been released or should not be released according to central bankers, but which is, according to journalists, relevant to the audiences they write for.",1,-1,[],[29883]],["Other interviewees argued that it is also important to explain to users how their recommendation profiles are compiled and what data is used for this purpose, so as to foster trust among them.",1,-1,[],[5126]],["Some practitioners claimed that it should be enough to show that news delivery is personalized, so that the users are aware that not everyone might be obtaining the same information.",1,-1,[],[5126]],["Such a communication would then need to be carefully designed so that it fits its purpose and avoids properties like redundancy and overload.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["The paper studied how the widely recognized interpretable algorithms LIME (Ribeiro, Singh, & Guestrin, 2016) and SHAP (Lundberg & Lee, 2017) could be hacked.",1,-1,[],[11060]],["The principle of transparency of data processing requires that the information provided to the data subject is \"concise, easily accessible and easy to understand\" (Recital 58, GDPR) and also that the data subject be informed \"of the existence of the processing operation and its purposes\" (Recital 60, GDPR).",1,-1,[],[49971]],["The values of transparency, credibility and trust served as indicators of truth",1,-1,[],[7231]],["This may involve providing clear explanations of the editorial process, disclosing potential conflicts of interest, or inviting input and feedback from readers and other stakeholders",1,-1,[],[41173]],["Thus, transparency is essential to ensure accountability.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["Transparency builds and sustains trust with the audience",1,-1,[],[33875]],["Transparency can be a \"powerful driver of accountability\" for different stakeholders such as health regulators, healthcare providers, and patients.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["Transparency can be achieved in several ways: through being able to simulate the model in your mind (for example, a linear regression with few weights), or having deep knowledge of the underlying algorithm used by the model (for example, proving some property of any solution an algorithm will produce).",1,-1,[],[24536]],["Transparency could be seen as a sharing of responsibility mechanism, which means that the communicating parties are collectively accountable when the information related to decision making and the collaborative process is made available.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["Transparency in practice is deeply political, contested, and oftentimes problematic",1,-1,[],[25486]],["Transparency is 20 by nature a property that includes different stakeholders as it incorporates the communication of information in essence.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["Transparency is meant to provide targeted or public audience with information that helps their decisions about using services and products or dealing with certain social parties.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["Transparency is one of those socio-technical properties involving the provider(s) of information, the receiver(s), and the communication channel.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["Transparency is understood as a prerequisite for the implementation of user agency",1,-1,[],[5126]],["Transparency shall be achieved through a set of measures such as interpretability and explainability, communication, auditability, traceability, information provision, record-keeping, data governance and management, and documentation.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["Transparency takes accountability a step further, covering truthful disclosure before and during an act as well as after it has been taken.",1,-1,[],[4167]],["Transparency was thus advocated as a core element of public accountability for business",1,-1,[],[25486]],["Transparency, of course, is all about communication across boundaries.",1,-1,[],[19985]],["We define what functions the transparency generally performs in healthcare, and we submit the ones applicable for AI: accountability; ensuring safety and quality; enabling making informed choices.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["asks for traceability, explanation and disclosure of limitations so biased patterns can be detected and contested",1,-1,[],[44739]],["building trust in and the credibility of the agency",1,-1,[],[6452]],["can be considered a \"substitute for (the impossibility of) impartiality\"",1,-1,[],[7231]],["central bankers seek to enact their understanding of transparency by releasing economic data and controlling information flows in such a way that monetary policy is fully predictable and markets are never taken by surprise.",1,-1,[],[29883]],["clarifying how a particular recommendation is made based on user data",1,-1,[],[5126]],["creating dialogue",1,-1,[],[6452]],["deeply political, contested, and oftentimes problematic",1,-1,[],[25486]],["elaborate on the organization's motivation for using ANRs",1,-1,[],[5126]],["enable audiences to better judge journalistic practice",1,-1,[],[55037]],["entitles journalism with the duty to become more transparent and disclose information about political and financial supporters",1,-1,[],[40730]],["fostering accountability by disclosing how the agency works and makes decisions",1,-1,[],[6452]],["fundamentally rooted in pessimistic expectations about human fallibility and the corrupting influence of power",1,-1,[],[25486]],["furthering traditional democratic values",1,-1,[],[25486]],["guaranteeing quality and safety",1,-1,[],[14427]],["it is important to explain how ANRs work from a technical perspective",1,-1,[],[5126]],["levels of transparency, ranging from simple disclosure to what Myles calls justification, explainability and full reproduction of stories based on the data used.",1,-1,[],[25252]],["openness can be understood to be both good and bad, it depends . . . .",1,-1,[],[6452]],["posited as an antonym to secrecy",1,-1,[],[25486]],["providing information as a service to citizens and stakeholders, including public access to documents according to the constitution",1,-1,[],[6452]],["the broadest concept, as a continuous process accompanying the whole life cycle of AI system, and as a legal principle.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["the concept of transparency became central to twentieth-century forms of power, visibility, and knowledge",1,-1,[],[25486]],["the system of measures rather than one single obligation",1,-1,[],[14427]],["transparency also entails normative connections to broader notions of social accountability and responsibility --the expectations, relations and obligations among people operating within a set of cultural and situational norms",1,-1,[],[4167]],["transparency characterizes the whole process of AI's development and use",1,-1,[],[14427]],["transparency in practice is understood as difficult to implement due to several identified adverse effects, such as security threats and causing possibly unjustified fear among members of the public.",1,-1,[],[6452]],["transparency involves a more proactive stance: a before-the-fact profession of goals or interests that supplements but also goes beyond an after-the-fact admission of responsibility.",1,-1,[],[19985]],["transparency is merely a form of regulation by other means",1,-1,[],[25486]],["transparency is not only explaining something to someone but also concerns varied activities at all the stages of the data/information life cycle.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["transparency is the opposite of opacity or black-boxness",1,-1,[],[14427]],["transparency may seem intuitive as a high-level concept",1,-1,[],[25486]],["transparency may seem intuitive as a high-level concept (often conceived narrowly as the disclosure of certain information that may not previously have been visible or publicly available; see Albu and Flyverbom 2016)",1,-1,[],[25486]],["transparency mechanisms that allow them to respond directly or indirectly to society regarding the content they publish, as an exercise of responsibility.",1,-1,[],[36066]],["transparency shall be context specific and role specific.",1,-1,[],[14427]],["transparency was referenced as a key factor in convincing users of the relevance of new technical features.",1,-1,[],[5126]],["transparency would not only mean making information available but indeed doing that in a way that makes it useful with a secured effort and time from the perspective of both the providers and receivers.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["transparency, a somewhat undervalued and even contested norm in traditional media, as a prominent norm in social journalism.",1,-1,[],[19985]],["urging that actions, motives and financial considerations be shared with readers",1,-1,[],[4167]]],"sy":[["accountability",1,33836,[],[19985]],["human-level understanding of the inner workings of the model",1,-1,[],[14427]]],"rt":[["accountability",4,33836,[],[4167,5126,7231,14427]],["auditability",2,-1,[],[14427,30241]],["information transparency",2,31607,[],[21551,30241]],["interpretability",2,27797,[],[11060,14427]],["process transparency",2,23158,[],[21551,30241]],["Openness",1,29316,[],[6452]],["Professional control",1,4752,[],[49052]],["accessibility",1,23493,[],[30241]],["acting in the public interest",1,-1,[],[7231]],["care quality/clinical outcomes",1,-1,[],[14427]],["choice",1,13644,[],[14427]],["communication",1,13329,[],[14427]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[7231]],["data governance",1,-1,[],[14427]],["data governance and management",1,-1,[],[14427]],["digital transparency studies",1,-1,[],[25486]],["disclosure",1,7426,[],[25486]],["documentation",1,25426,[],[14427]],["economic growth",1,-1,[],[14427]],["entrepreneurial journalism",1,24248,[],[19985]],["explainability",1,22976,[],[14427]],["freedom of information",1,1027,[],[25486]],["impartiality",1,32874,[],[7231]],["information flows",1,15760,[],[29883]],["information provision",1,17284,[],[14427]],["informativeness",1,1068,[],[30241]],["justification",1,7321,[],[25252]],["keeping the records and data",1,-1,[],[14427]],["management",1,-1,[],[14427]],["privacy",1,20684,[],[30241]],["productivity",1,-1,[],[14427]],["public accountability",1,25912,[],[25486]],["record-keeping",1,-1,[["record-keeping",1],["records keeping",1]],[14427]],["records keeping and documentation",1,-1,[],[14427]],["security",1,19618,[],[30241]],["social innovation",1,11112,[],[14427]],["social journalism",1,26608,[],[19985]],["traceability",1,20125,[],[14427]],["trust",1,34511,[],[7231]],["truth",1,9596,[],[4167]],["truthful forthrightness",1,33703,[],[19985]],["understandability",1,33024,[],[30241]],["usability",1,-1,[],[30241]],["user agency",1,10322,[],[5126]]],"sb":[["explainability",2,22976,[],[14427,25252]],["process transparency",2,23158,[],[21551,30241]],["\"opaque\" forms of transparency",1,4514,[],[25486]],["auditability",1,-1,[],[14427]],["communication",1,13329,[],[14427]],["corporate transparency",1,-1,[],[25486]],["data governance and management",1,-1,[],[14427]],["decision",1,18217,[],[21551]],["disclosure transparency",1,28388,[],[45392]],["documentation",1,25426,[],[14427]],["external",1,12359,[],[14427]],["external transparency",1,11667,[],[14427]],["global transparency",1,-1,[],[11060]],["information provision",1,17284,[],[14427]],["information transparency",1,31607,[],[30241]],["insider transparency",1,-1,[],[14427]],["internal",1,21777,[],[14427]],["internal transparency",1,-1,[],[14427]],["interpretability",1,27797,[],[14427]],["local transparency",1,-1,[],[11060]],["participatory transparency",1,31789,[],[45392]],["procedural",1,-1,[],[21551]],["procedural, decision and subjective",1,-1,[],[21551]],["record-keeping",1,-1,[],[14427]],["subjective",1,3607,[],[21551]],["the publication of information by actors such as the media which are beyond the central banker's control",1,-1,[],[29883]],["the release of information (for instance macro-economic data or information regarding the central bank's decision-making procedures) controlled by the central bank itself",1,-1,[],[29883]],["traceability",1,20125,[],[14427]]],"sp":[["boundary-breaching norm",1,-1,[],[19985]],["legal principle",1,-1,[],[14427]],["non-functional requirement (NFR)",1,-1,[],[30241]],["norm",1,13756,[],[19985]],["regulatory requirements",1,-1,[],[30241]],["socio-technical properties",1,-1,[],[30241]],["the transparency of the information provided",1,-1,[],[45860]]],"ex":[["Making AI system's decisions and processes understandable to users.",1,-1,[],[14621]],["a bank provides information on different current account products and their comparison with each other to the bank customer, so that the bank customer can make an informed decision on what current account product to choose.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["a customer of an insurance company may need to get some information from the company about their cancellation policies, so that the customer can decide whether to take that insurance product from that company.",1,-1,[],[30241]],["avoiding adjusted financial figures, qualifying financial figures, and adding analyst assessments",1,-1,[],[45860]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Intrinsic load",1,-1,[],[18050]],["germane load",1,13863,[],[18050]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Cognitive Load Theory",1,18018,[],[18050]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["having a negative attitude with an insufficient evidentiary basis",1,-1,[],[10118]],["many behaviours that lead to micro-discriminations and inequalities are linked to specific and fine-grained stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[22664]]],"sy":[["deficient judgment",1,-1,[],[10118]]],"rt":[["implicit bias",1,5775,[],[22664]],["implicit stereotype",1,32278,[["implicit stereotype",1],["implicit stereotypes",1]],[22664]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["implicit bias",1,5775,[],[22664]]],"ex":[["pleasant/ white",1,-1,[],[22664]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["Does the story contain any moral message?",2,-1,[],[9673,29114]],["An (2011) explained that the morality frame typically appears as a quotation from an individual, group, or party attributed as responsible for a crisis.",1,-1,[],[49070]],["Crises that affect the environment or the public can appear as the result of an immoral or antisocial act.",1,-1,[],[49070]],["Does the story make reference to morality, God, Allah, and other religious tenets?",1,-1,[],[9673]],["Does the story offer specific social prescriptions about how to behave according to democratic principles/rights/tools or mentions democracy in general?",1,-1,[],[29114]],["Does the story offer specific social prescriptions about how to behave?",1,-1,[],[9673]],["Neuman et al. (1994), show that moral frames are generally and indirectly used by journalists through quotations or inferences, rather than directly because of the various norms of objectivity in journalism activities.",1,-1,[],[50010]],["Neuman, Just and Crigler (1992) demonstrate that moral frameworks are typically employed indirectly by journalists via quotes or inferences rather than directly due to the varied objectivities associated with journalistic activities.",1,-1,[],[59369]],["Rather than defining negative and positive MF polarities (e.g., CARE or HARM), we use the five MFs as frame predicates, and associate positive and negative entity roles with each frame.",1,-1,[],[11725]],["References to morality, God, or religious tenets;",1,-1,[],[37511]],["References to traditions of the society.",1,-1,[],[37511]],["The extraction of latent moral information from text is a highly subjective task",1,-1,[],[47990]],["The morality frame can be regarded as a prerequisite of the propaganda frame, as its use was reduced heavily after the legislature banning propaganda of homosexuality was introduced.",1,-1,[],[37511]],["The morality frame is also ethicized and internationalized by associating the opposition with historical or perceived enemies of Serbia.",1,-1,[],[60983]],["The narrative is structured around a dichotomy between a morally upright and responsible government, embodied by Vučić, and an immoral opposition allegedly seeking to destabilize Serbia by exploiting public grief following recent tragedies to seize power through violent means.",1,-1,[],[60983]],["This may even include the government.",1,-1,[],[58491]],["This perceived immorality is expressed symbolically and rhetorically.",1,-1,[],[60983]],["a kind of criticism can be perceived",1,-1,[],[59671]],["in Danas, through the opposition's struggle representing citizens against repressive authorities; and in Informer, conversely, through the government's responsibility to protect the state and citizens from a violent and irresponsible opposition.",1,-1,[],[60983]],["the morality frame was present in both: in Danas, through the opposition's struggle representing citizens against repressive authorities; and in Informer, conversely, through the government's responsibility to protect the state and citizens from a violent and irresponsible opposition.",1,-1,[],[60983]]],"sy":[["immorality frame",1,24095,[],[49070]]],"rt":[["equality frame",1,10865,[],[37511]],["propaganda promoting homosexuality frame",1,7403,[],[37511]],["responsibility frame",1,27143,[],[60983]],["victim frame",1,33565,[],[37511]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",2,7860,[["frame",1],["frames",1]],[30175,37744]],["generic frames",2,19746,[],[9673,47990]],["Crisis Frames",1,27350,[],[50010]],["News framing",1,12351,[],[45887]],["collective action and status quo frames",1,-1,[],[37511]],["five/frame model",1,-1,[],[29114]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[59283]],["status quo frames",1,-1,[],[37511]]],"ex":[["using the view of an interest group to raise questions about sexually transmitted diseases (rather than what one should do to not get sexually transmitted diseases)",1,-1,[],[47990]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are an important example of language change and are mostly used by individuals belonging to already marginalized groups, e.g., non-binary individuals",1,-1,[],[23577]],["They are an important example of language change and are mostly used by individuals belonging to already marginalized groups, e.g., non-binary individuals (e.g., see the overview by Lauscher et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[23577]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fighting words",1,25796,[],[12525]],["true threats",1,28962,[],[12525]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[47104]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["individualism",1,9469,[],[6145]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["A high betweenness centrality signals a strategic position within the network",1,-1,[],[33070]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["interpersonal influence",1,-1,[],[2785]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Affect",1,12652,[],[46782]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["people might think that if a headline is plausible, they probably saw it reported somewhere.",1,-1,[],[10169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Using the passive voice together with a prepositional phrase pushes the agent into the background and shifts the focus of a sentence onto the object.",1,-1,[],[37169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["active formulation",1,-1,[],[37169]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A cyclist was hit by a driver",1,-1,[],[37169]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This is particularly done to make something seem less important or smaller than it is.",1,-1,[],[29172]]],"sy":[["meiosis",1,-1,[],[60258]]],"rt":[["downplaying of facts",1,-1,[],[60258]],["understatements",1,7545,[],[60258]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Another English example: \"I did not hit her; it was a slight pat\"",1,-1,[],[29172]],["Code-switched example: \"You are the top crypto scammer of Pakistan. Tumhain pata hai tum ne in masoom logon ke sath kya kya kiya hai kabhi ponzi scheme, kabhi courses aur kabhi paid subscriptions\"",1,-1,[],[29172]],["English translation: \"You are the top crypto scamer in Pakistan. You know what you have done to these innocent people -sometimes running Ponzi schemes, other times offering courses or paid subscriptions.\"",1,-1,[],[29172]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["While his costume and cosmetics do not stand out, his vocal intonations, facial expressions, physical gestures and movements clearly show that he is playing a part.",1,-1,[],[45539]],["in the tragic drama",1,-1,[],[59723]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Eye-tracking has the advantage that it measures the unconscious reactions of the consumer, facts that the consumer is unable to explain",1,-1,[],[57709]],["This method can be used to decide where a consumer looks at an advertisement, news article, or internet page, how long he holds his eye on a specific point, and follow his eye direction.",1,-1,[],[57709]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Implicit Association Test to document unconscious partisan bias",1,-1,[],[7702]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["authority",1,14203,[],[8394]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["exemplified by the 2013 theme: 'Promote Putonghua, Build the Chinese Dream Together'",1,-1,[],[60908]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It occurs when members of a group each make a decision that is counter to everyone's preferences, because each member seeks to avoid conflict with the group under a shared misperception of collective agreement",1,-1,[],[36083]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Groupthink",1,16696,[],[36083]],["pluralistic ignorance",1,9024,[],[36083]],["spiral of silence",1,5776,[],[36083]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["People clearly make such choices on the basis of a vision of the good society and the way to get there or get back there",1,-1,[],[2350]],["People do not make great political choices such as for or against the political establishment, for or against participation in the electoral process, for the thin ideology of populism or for one of the deep ideologies, on the basis of personal worries, satisfactions and dissatisfaction.",1,-1,[],[2350]],["People do not make great political choices such as for or against the political establishment, for or against participation in the electoral process, for the thin ideology of populism or for one of the deep ideologies, on the basis of personal worries, satisfactions and dissatisfaction. This is underscored by the complete absence of a direct effect of the satisfaction with personal life on populism. People clearly make such choices on the basis of a vision of the good society and the way to get there or get back there (Elchardus 2011).",1,-1,[],[2350]],["the ability and willingness to separate judgements about one's personal welfare from judgements about the common good and the state of society at large.",1,-1,[],[2350]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism",1,20354,[],[2350]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["source adjudication",1,16282,[],[30723]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["As a result they tend to downplay the risks or exaggerate the perception of their own ability to control the situation (Chambers and Windschitl, 2004).",1,-1,[],[16939]],["Many individuals exhibit a systematic \"optimism bias\" (Sharot, 2011a)",1,-1,[],[15006]],["This resistance strategy is particularly relevant in the context of health information. It is suggested that message recipients have the tendency to believe that negative things are less likely to happen to them than to others (Weinstein, 1987;Sharot et al., 2011;Shepperd et al., 2013). As a result they tend to downplay the risks or exaggerate the perception of their own ability to control the situation (Chambers and Windschitl, 2004).",1,-1,[],[16939]],["message recipients have the tendency to believe that negative things are less likely to happen to them than to others (Weinstein, 1987;Sharot et al., 2011;Shepperd et al., 2013).",1,-1,[],[16939]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Biased Processing Strategies",1,20320,[],[16939]]],"ex":[["probability of getting divorced or being in a car accident",1,-1,[],[15006]],["they construe all kinds of reasons why these threats do not apply to them personally and why they are less at risk than others. They might, for example, respond with \"While smoking may cause lung cancer, I do not think this risk is very high for me because it does not run in my family. \"",1,-1,[],[16939]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["designation strategies",1,7336,[],[38325]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social norms",1,2565,[],[30947]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["The assertive pole has been called 'masculine'",1,-1,[],[16632]],["The choice of games or sports metaphors and those of violent conflict further demonstrate the association of effective political leadership with traditionally masculine characteristics and behaviours.",1,-1,[],[42553]],["We treat masculinity in a similar manner to femininity, that is, with regard to how it stresses and reproduces gender differences.",1,-1,[],[3439]],["as culturally located as that of femininity",1,-1,[],[30535]],["how such masculinities are shaped socially and historically and as subject positions in relation to media representations",1,-1,[],[30534]],["masculinity is reinforced and normalised as the criterion by which audiences are encouraged to evaluate the capacity and ability of politicians.",1,-1,[],[42553]],["masculinity the 'norm' for which audiences are encouraged to view and evaluate politicians of all genders.",1,-1,[],[42553]],["not treated as an epistemologically dominant position in society that makes women's experiences invisible",1,-1,[],[3439]],["or as a synonym for 'the enjoyment of violation', as opposed to the enjoyment of being violated.",1,-1,[],[3439]],["the site of intersecting discourses of morality and masculinity",1,-1,[],[30535]],["tropes of strength and aggression are associated positively with masculinity",1,-1,[],[42553]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["femininity",4,33458,[["femininity",3],["Femininity",1]],[3439,16632,22203,41313]],["traditionally masculine credential of bravery",1,-1,[],[42553]],["traditionally masculine traits",1,-1,[],[42553]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["and link journalistic approaches of shaping the news to structures of meaning and, thus, stimulate the public to adopt the introduced frames and to view the urban reality from the perspective the journalists intend",1,-1,[],[57323]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["script",1,27831,[],[12792]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Physical abuse such as slapping, beating, arm twisting, stabbing, strangling, burning, choking, kicking, threats with an object or weapon, and murder.",1,-1,[],[22365]],["domestic violence is a pattern of behavior in a relationships by which the batterer attempts to control victim through a variety of policy . . . . These policies may include fear and intimidation any kind of abuse, destruction of property and pets, isolation and imprisonment, economic abuse, and rigid expectations of sex roles.",1,-1,[],[22365]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Physical abuse such as slapping, beating, arm twisting, stabbing, strangling, burning, choking, kicking, threats with an object or weapon, and murder. It also includes traditional practices harmful to women such as female genital mutilation in African society or honor killings as well as sexual abuse such as coerced sex through threats, intimidation or physical force, forcing unwanted sexual acts or forcing sex with others.",1,-1,[],[22365]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["bias tests are often poorly reported, missing critical details about what the paper conceptualises as the bias or harm to be measured, and sometimes even details about how the test is constructed.",1,-1,[],[50618]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical prosuming",1,26658,[],[514]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["human rights frame",1,18908,[],[33409]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital news start-ups",1,-1,[],[58184]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["long-term memory and the integration of new information mainly rely on the situation model",1,-1,[],[59290]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social progress",1,25419,[],[5571]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Dieses konstitutive Merkmal des medialisierten Skandals bedeutet gleichzeitig, dass Folgen und Konsequenzen eines Skandalgeschehens für einen längeren Zeitraum nachvollziehbar sind.",1,-1,[],[21250]],["In medialisierten Skandalen ist die Rechercheintensität nach sekundären Transgressionen weitaus höher als in lokalen Skandalen, weil Journalisten stets nach weiteren Informationen suchen, um das Skandalgeschehen zu bewerten",1,-1,[],[21250]],["Wichtiger ist vielmehr, dass die beteiligten Medien als Skandalisierer zur Entstehung einer Diskussion über eine bestimmte Normverletzung beitragen.",1,-1,[],[21250]],["Wird dies durch journalistische Akteure aufgedeckt, so berühren sich, schematisch formuliert, mediales und juristisches Sub-Feld-ein medialisierter Justizskandal entsteht.",1,-1,[],[21250]],["publizistische Brandsätze",1,-1,[],[21250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Konflikt",1,14602,[],[21250]],["Lokaler Skandal",1,30658,[],[21250]],["Medienskandal",1,17266,[],[21250]],["lokalen Skandal",1,-1,[],[21250]],["nicht-medialisierten Skandalen",1,-1,[],[21250]]],"sb":[["medialisierter Justizskandal",1,-1,[],[21250]]],"sp":[["Skandal",1,-1,[],[21250]]],"ex":[["Berichterstattung der New York Times über den Mixa-Skandal in Deutschland",1,-1,[],[21250]],["medialisierte Polit-, Justiz-oder Wirtschaftsskandale",1,-1,[],[21250]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["libertarian theory of the press",1,6143,[],[59568]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["SDO-D and SDO-E uniquely predict different types of intergroup beliefs.",1,-1,[],[2747]],["SDO-E represents more than system justification, status quo bias, or norm conformity alone",1,-1,[],[2747]],["SDO-E was hypothesized to be more related to beliefs that would justify inequality without necessarily entailing the forceful domination of some groups over others: for example, political conservatism in the U.S., opposition to an equal distribution of resources, and opposition to government policies (e.g., social welfare) that promote greater equality",1,-1,[],[2747]],["beliefs that would justify inequality without necessarily entailing the forceful domination of some groups over others",1,-1,[],[2747]],["individuals high on SDO-E prefer hierarchies where resources are inequitably distributed, and which can be defended by antiegalitarian ideologies",1,-1,[],[2747]],["support for the unequal distribution of resources, opposition to policies that would bring about equality, and relatively subtle prejudice",1,-1,[],[2747]],["the SDO-E dimension, that reflects a more subtle opposition to equality",1,-1,[],[2747]]],"sy":[["SDO-Egalitarianism",1,17320,[],[2747]],["intergroup anti-egalitarianism",1,25350,[],[2747]]],"rt":[["SDO-D",1,7049,[],[2747]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["SDO",1,10170,[],[2747]],["social dominance orientation",1,32509,[],[2747]]],"ex":[["opposition to an equal distribution of resources",1,-1,[],[2747]],["opposition to government policies (e.g., social welfare) that promote greater equality",1,-1,[],[2747]],["political conservatism in the U.S.",1,-1,[],[2747]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It extends FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998) to connect opinion source and target to semantic roles, and to add semantic features such as polarity, intensity, and affectedness (changes of state that leave an event participant in a changed state).",1,-1,[],[24869]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The comment can make readers very uncomfortable, implying that the comment should be censored in online platforms.",1,-1,[],[52787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a quick response by organization increases it credibility",1,-1,[],[3045]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Back-stage performances",1,30078,[],[29049]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They pursue few, transcendent goals of a return to traditional values and past glory (number and type of outcomes sought) with a small group of followers (target of influence) and largely attribute control over current events to external forces such as the situation (locus of causation). They are often in their element when chaotic conditions prevail, where their strongly held beliefs and past-oriented perspective can provide stability and guidance",1,-1,[],[43201]],["They pursue few, transcendent goals of a return to traditional values and past glory (number and type of outcomes sought) with a small group of followers (target of influence) and largely attribute control over current events to external forces such as the situation (locus of causation). They are often in their element when chaotic conditions prevail, where their strongly held beliefs and past-oriented perspective can provide stability and guidance (Hunter et al. 2011, 72-73;Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 467).",1,-1,[],[43201]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Such affective structures draw on emotion regulation literature which generally distinguishes between adaptive and maladaptive strategies for one's mental well-being",1,-1,[],[37938]],["The inclusion of this subcomponent builds upon the insight of traditional media literacy literature that cognitive structures alone are not sufficient to counter adversarial media effects (Austin & Pinkleton, 2016) and the importance of the capitalization of the positive outcomes that follow from social media interactions (Palmer, Ramsey, Morey, & Gentzler, 2016).",1,-1,[],[4709]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["adaptive and maladaptive strategies",1,-1,[],[37938]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",3,4202,[["social media literacy",2],["social media literacy (SML)",1]],[4709,37938,58139]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the simplest version of stereotyping by exemplars, a single exemplar pulls points towards itself, so that in the observed representation, points from one group are perceived to be closer to the exemplar (and thus closer in feature space) than they actually are.",1,-1,[],[6583]],["we pick an arbitrary exemplar within the unprivileged group and move the points representing the remaining individuals in this group towards it according to parameter 0 < α < 1",1,-1,[],[6583]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stereotyping under the geometric interpretation",1,-1,[],[6583]]],"ex":[["Once an exemplar (the larger red point) is chosen, the observation process associates other point more closely with it -this is effectively achieved by having the red points mapped closer to the exemplar, as we see in the right subfigure.",1,-1,[],[6583]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["cascades",1,9198,[],[10239]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They encapsulate conspiracy theories, \"fake news,\" discussions of political scandals, and negative campaigns.",1,-1,[],[2438]],["authentic rumors that could both fulfill partisan goals of denigrating political opponents and, alternatively, disruptive goals of harming the reputation of politicians from both camps",1,-1,[],[2438]],["included damaging information about the political actors portrayed in the stories",1,-1,[],[2438]],["spread what we call hostile political rumors in a way that goes \"farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than truth\"",1,-1,[],[2438]],["they all seek to incite hostility toward a specific target and are difficult to verify or disprove.",1,-1,[],[2438]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hostile misinformation",1,1933,[],[47721]],["hostile news",1,-1,[],[2438]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[2438]],["discussions of political scandals",1,-1,[],[2438]],["negative campaigns",1,-1,[],[2438]],["sparking significant small-scale incidents-such as protests (Tucker et al. 2017) and cyberbullying of political opponents (Buckels, Trapnell, and Paulhus 2014)-to influencing large-scale political outcomes (e.g., Allcott and Gentzkow 2017).",1,-1,[],[2438]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["data access via tools",1,-1,[],[20056]]],"ex":[["Gnip",1,-1,[],[20056]],["Gnip provide commercial access to Twitter data through a partnership",1,-1,[],[20056]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[18618]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Using music and specific camera techniques arouses the attention of the audiences as it directly affects the human sensory system (Grabe, Lang, & Zhao, 2003;Hendriks Vettehen, Nuijten, & Beentjes, 2005).",1,-1,[],[32136]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[32136]]],"ex":[["These sensational features include a fast editing pace, an eyewitness camera perspective, zoom-in camera lens movements, reenactment of news events, the use of music, and voice-over narration (Wang, 2012).",1,-1,[],[32136]],["a fast editing pace",1,-1,[],[32136]],["an eyewitness camera perspective",1,-1,[],[32136]],["fast editing pace, an eyewitness camera perspective, zoom-in camera lens movements, reenactment of news events, the use of music, and voice-over narration",1,-1,[],[32136]],["reenactment of news events",1,-1,[],[32136]],["the use of music",1,-1,[],[32136]],["voice-over narration",1,-1,[],[32136]],["zoom-in camera lens movements",1,-1,[],[32136]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["saying \"It is raining\"",1,-1,[],[38378]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Die Motive der Whistleblower können dabei höchst unterschiedlich sein. Sie können entweder aus idealistischen, politischen oder manipulativ-egoistischen Gründen handeln",1,-1,[],[21318]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Der idealistische Insider ist als Idealfall für den recherchierenden Journalisten anzusehen",1,-1,[],[21318]],["Informanten, die aus individuellen und egoistischen Gründen handeln",1,-1,[],[21318]],["idealistische Insider",1,-1,[],[21318]],["idealistischen",1,-1,[],[21318]],["politisch motivierte Whistleblower",1,5066,[],[21318]],["politisch motivierte Whistleblower, die Informationen bewusst zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten herausgeben, um bestimmte politische Ziele zu verfolgen",1,-1,[],[21318]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Der idealistische Insider ist als Idealfall für den recherchierenden Journalisten anzusehen",1,-1,[],[21318]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Political and civic harm",1,22667,[],[7530]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Spatial narrative demonstrates and enhances emotions, which enriches the character's VO by emphasising a sense of presence.",1,-1,[],[4806]],["Spatial narrative primarily affects what is experienced and how by demonstrating the circumstances with aesthetical elements or selecting places in which the user is immersed",1,-1,[["Spatial narrative primarily affects what is experienced and how by demonstrating the circumstances with aesthetical elements or selecting places in which the user is immersed",1],["Spatial narrative primarily affects what is experienced and how by demonstrating the circumstances with aesthetical elements or selecting places in which the user is immersed.",1]],[4806]],["We have analysed how spatial narrative functions through formal elements and the inclusion and arrangement of different places and explored the ways spatial narrative simulates the emotional experiences of the characters.",1,-1,[],[4806]],["spatial narrative allows the user to extend their interpretation of a place to the character's story.",1,-1,[],[4806]],["spatial narrative eventually controls what is experienced and how it is experienced in VR journalism",1,-1,[],[4806]],["spatial narrative tells a story, develops it and supports the characters' accounts",1,-1,[["spatial narrative tells a story, develops it and supports the characters' accounts",1],["spatial narrative tells a story, develops it and supports the characters' accounts.",1]],[4806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["personal space",1,-1,[],[4806]],["physical proximity",1,33978,[],[4806]],["sensory perception",1,23934,[],[4806]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In We Who Remain, Hannan Osman Kajo, a mother from Al Azark, explains how the villagers fled to the safety of caves when airplanes approached to bomb her village. During the VO narration, the user is located in a cave where many children are hiding.",1,-1,[],[4806]],["Similarly, nine-year-old Chuol in The Displaced paddles a canoe in a swamp, and the user is located in the canoe with him. The camera movement follows the movement of the canoe, which creates a sense that the user is actually sitting in the canoe with him.",1,-1,[],[4806]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To determine the degree of congruence between the online communication of the climate skeptical counter-movement and traditional media coverage, and how it develops over time, we distinguish three different discursive dimensions [45]: (1) issues and frames, (2) the positions articulated, and (3) the visibility of actors.",1,-1,[],[27128]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["actor resonance",1,19133,[],[27128]],["positional resonance",1,22587,[],[27128]],["thematic resonance",1,16373,[],[27128]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["An MFA also asks the analyst to consider who the audience is and who they are invited to identify with.",1,-1,[],[35221]],["An important feature of an MFA is the identification of key individuals, those figures who recur frequently in the data set.",1,-1,[],[35221]],["MFA draws on elements of existing framing research from communication exploration alongside an incorporation of features relevant to psychology, such as narrative and characterisation (Giles and Shaw 2009).",1,-1,[],[35221]],["Media Framing Analysis has been developed in order to better understand the influence of news media in contemporary culture",1,-1,[],[6274]],["The first stage of an MFA is to identify the screening process.",1,-1,[],[35221]],["The second stage of an MFA is to identify specific units of time that could be regarded as the source or origin of a story.",1,-1,[],[35221]],["a series of steps that might be performed by a researcher wishing to paint a broad picture of the framing processes of a specified phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[6274]],["understanding how mediated news functions within the social world",1,-1,[],[6274]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["macroanalysis",1,28997,[],[6274]],["microanalysis",1,6952,[],[6274]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the number of people in a total workforce who receive a pay rise on a randomly selected day",1,-1,[],[20527]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["gatekeeper",1,23561,[],[9096]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["pure thematic congruence",1,-1,[],[27130]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["brokers benefit from greater control over the transmission of information while also adopting conciliatory attitudes that mediate tensions",1,-1,[],[6599]],["can form weak ties between polarized groups by linking users with access to complementary information and creating opportunities for intergroup contact and exchange of information",1,-1,[],[6599]]],"sy":[["bubble reachers",1,7279,[],[6599]]],"rt":[["brokerage",1,-1,[],[53286]],["structural holes",1,6171,[],[53286]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the fairness definition, metrics, and the basic algorithms are adapted from classification to regression.",1,-1,[],[11040]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bounded-group-loss",1,-1,[],[11040]],["statistical parity",1,13712,[],[11040]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Social Movement Theory",1,18527,[],[22734]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["female inappropriate",1,31581,[],[41307]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Badwords",1,-1,[],[20177]],["dirty words",1,-1,[],[20177]],["harsh words",1,-1,[],[20177]]],"rt":[["Badwords",1,-1,[],[20177]],["dirty words",1,-1,[],[20177]],["harsh words",1,-1,[],[20177]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate words",1,32958,[],[12448]]],"ex":[["\"anjing\"",1,-1,[["\"anjing\"",1],["anjing",1]],[20177]],["\"anjir\"",1,-1,[["\"anjir\"",1],["anjir",1]],[20177]],["\"babi\"",1,-1,[["\"babi\"",1],["babi",1]],[20177]],["\"monyet\"",1,-1,[["\"monyet\"",1],["monyet",1]],[20177]],["antek (henchman)",1,-1,[],[12448]],["bakar (burn)",1,-1,[],[12448]],["bunuh (kill)",1,-1,[],[12448]],["jelek (ugly)",1,-1,[],[12448]],["komunis (communist)",1,-1,[],[12448]],["murahan (gimrack)",1,-1,[],[12448]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["strategic messaging",1,27341,[],[28190]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda vectors",1,-1,[],[28190]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["National history was written to construct and legitimize this new identity, often rewriting significant parts of the past in national terms",1,-1,[],[23480]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Finding Sources For Claims",1,33191,[],[41824]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Ideally, the information group helps tell people who and what to accept and who to distrust through the experience and judgement of others",1,-1,[],[37971]],["Information groups provide filters, development and background but they make information accuracy secondary to group and identity dynamics, and to relationships with other groups.",1,-1,[],[37971]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Pro-Trump Republicans particularly cluster around Brietbart, owned by Steve Bannon, part of Trump's administration (Benkler et al. 2017)",1,-1,[],[37971]],["in the US, Republican information groups encompass libertarians, religious fundamentalists, conservatives and white supremacists",1,-1,[],[37971]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["decolonial theories will expand the practitioner's ability, including ourselves, to ask critical questions of technology research and design, to imagine alternative realities, to question who is developing AI and where, and to examine the roles of culture and power embedded in AI systems",1,-1,[],[1103]],["decolonial theories will provide key resources-whether these be through heterogeneous practice, intercultural dialogue, creole AIs, reverse tutelage, or a politics of friendship and love.",1,-1,[],[1103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["creole AIs",1,-1,[],[1103]],["heterogeneous practice",1,-1,[],[1103]],["intercultural dialogue",1,22733,[],[1103]],["politics of friendship and love",1,-1,[],[1103]],["reverse tutelage",1,-1,[],[1103]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["A characteristic feature of negatory rumours and legends is hypercritical thinking, which is expressed in strong suspicion, in considering real-life events as rumours, and in exposing them as another reality.",1,-1,[],[53746]],["It means that each negatory rumour is coupled with an assertive rumour, replacing the denied reality with a new reality.",1,-1,[],[53746]],["It means that every negatory rumour is coupled with an assertive rumour, replacing the denied reality with a new one.",1,-1,[],[44502]],["Negatory rumours open up or expose another reality, truer than the present one.",1,-1,[],[44502]],["The characteristic feature of negatory rumours is the hypercritical pattern of thinking -this is evident in the suspicions about both real and imagined events that are described in the stories.",1,-1,[],[44502]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["assertive rumour",2,27653,[],[44502,58727]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[58727]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Typical examples of negatory rumours known from history refer to beliefs about the death or secret life of a leader or celebrity.",1,-1,[],[44502]],["speculations concerning the whereabouts and identity of the targets of rumour arise: the dead are actually not dead or the living are in fact dead, being replaced by their lookalikes, etc.",1,-1,[],[44502]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The scale ranges between 0 and ten",1,-1,[],[9721]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Angell and de Beer (2021) emphasise that social cohesion involves both structural elements, such as participation, and cognitive elements, such as trust and sense of belonging.",1,-1,[],[46457]],["In TG, social cohesion is related to the need to \"prevent[ing] further unrest\" (TG, 07/08/24) and to \"protect communities\" from \"race riots\" (TG, 06/08/24).",1,-1,[],[46457]],["In TT, social cohesion is considered to be threatened by wider problems of modern British society, including weakened law and order, religious diversity, and migration.",1,-1,[],[46457]],["In the progressive media, the debate on social cohesion focuses on the fundamental elements that both define or divide Spain, and the place of otherness in Spanish society.",1,-1,[],[46457]],["The classical formulation of social cohesion was offered by Durkheim (1893), who emphasised the importance of social solidarity rooted in shared norms and values.",1,-1,[],[46457]],["We use the label social cohesion and not social capital because it is a more neutral and less convoluted concept.",1,-1,[],[7780]],["conception the media disseminates to the audience on minority groups (their place in society) and social cohesion",1,-1,[],[46457]],["conceptualising social cohesion as \"the glue\" or bonds holding a social system together.",1,-1,[],[46457]],["social cohesion can be distinguished by its target-the alters or the (group of ) person(s) with whom the respondent (ego) is connected.",1,-1,[],[7780]],["social cohesion involves both structural elements, such as participation, and cognitive elements, such as trust and sense of belonging.",1,-1,[],[46457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Trust",1,34511,[],[46457]],["belonging",1,5632,[],[46457]],["generalized social trust",1,-1,[],[7780]],["participation",1,8272,[],[46457]],["social capital",1,1018,[],[7780]],["social integration",1,-1,[],[46457]],["solidarity",1,30521,[],[46457]]],"sb":[["formal social cohesion",1,-1,[],[7780]],["informal social cohesion",1,-1,[],[7780]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["El eje narrativo sustenta una tesis, que incluye la construcción de los personajes y la interpretación de los acontecimientos.",1,-1,[],[44300]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Related to source derogation is the idea of defensive stereotyping.",1,-1,[],[16931]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["source derogation",1,23329,[],[16931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Hallucination snowballing is likely the result of exposure bias: LMs were only exposed to gold history during training, but during inference, conditions on possibly erroneous previous predictions.",1,-1,[],[20972]],["conditioning on faulty context leads LMs to produce extremely simple mistakes that they wouldn't otherwise make.",1,-1,[],[20972]],["hallucinations on simple facts that wouldn't otherwise occur",1,-1,[],[20972]],["leading to extremely simple mistakes.",1,-1,[],[20972]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["snowballed hallucinations",1,-1,[],[20972]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["We refer to this factorization as a snowballed hallucination, as GPT-4 appears to \"know\" that 13 is not a factor of 9677 when asked separately.",1,-1,[],[20972]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The process of",1,-1,[],[27919]],["This complexity allows involved actors in the framing process to select, emphasize, and organize aspects of it in order to define how an issue will appear in the public sphere and ensure that it will contribute to their end goal.",1,-1,[],[27919]],["the way an issue is framed can influence how it is perceived or dealt with in the political arena.",1,-1,[],[27919]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["sense-making",1,17172,[],[27919]],["storytelling",1,6370,[],[27919]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Anthropomorphism as a phenomenon makes itself present as a shared narrative among users, technologies, designers, innovators and regulators alike, with significant epistemological and ethical consequences",1,-1,[],[1252]],["anthropomorphization of AI technologies often is a deliberate design choice made by innovators, developers and deployers alike",1,-1,[],[1252]],["such a tendency might be related to conspirational thinking as both types of thinking styles assume agency where there may be none, like intentionality in a TV set or secret activities of conspirators in the absence of good evidence for such activities.",1,-1,[],[14207]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Personification of AI",1,-1,[],[1252]],["conspirational thinking",1,-1,[],[14207]],["mystification",1,10915,[],[1252]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["To what extent does a television set experience emotions?",1,-1,[],[14207]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["multimodal metaphors",1,11489,[],[53579]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Web 2.0",1,13871,[],[19636]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[["representation bias occurs when systems detract from the social identity and representation of certain groups",2,-1,[],[12310,15649]]],"de":[["A system exhibits representation bias if it produces different summaries for similar content that relates to different groups.",1,-1,[],[29082]],["By definition, the presence of any other biases, except hallucination bias, requires the presence of representation bias, but it does not necessarily entail any harms itself.",1,-1,[],[29082]],["Minority groups are underrepresented in available data and/or data annotators, thus causing biases against them when models are trained from this data.",1,-1,[],[16612]],["Non-representative samples lack the diversity of the population, with missing subgroups and other anomalies.",1,-1,[],[7341]],["This includes content only included for some groups, entities having different salience in the summary, and differences in summary quality.",1,-1,[],[29082]],["This misrepresentation can stem from the subjective selection of unfitting attributes or the incomplete collection of data",1,-1,[],[15595]],["Women are less likely to be represented in gender-neutral media content",1,-1,[],[53797]],["measures representation bias for the sensitive attribute s in the dataset.",1,-1,[],[37651]],["our approach assumes a uniform distribution of groups",1,-1,[["our approach assumes a uniform distribution of groups",1],["our approach assumes a uniform distribution of groups.",1]],[37651]],["quantify representation bias across the dataset",1,-1,[],[37651]],["reflected when associations between gender with certain concepts are captured in word embedding and model parameters",1,-1,[],[12310]]],"sy":[["Demographic bias",1,3427,[],[37651]],["Sample selection bias",1,25405,[],[37651]],["data bias",1,683,[],[15595]],["nonrepresentative input data",1,-1,[],[37651]],["sampling bias",1,3275,[],[7382]]],"rt":[["Demographic bias",1,3427,[],[37651]],["Representation bias",1,28344,[],[37651]],["Sample selection bias",1,25405,[],[37651]],["allocation bias",1,10696,[],[12310]],["hallucination bias",1,2127,[],[29082]],["nonrepresentative input data",1,-1,[],[37651]],["sampling bias",1,3275,[],[7341]]],"sb":[["denigration",1,29963,[],[12310]],["recognition bias",1,21702,[],[12310]],["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[12310]],["under-representation bias",1,30415,[],[12310]]],"sp":[["bias",3,30859,[["bias",2],["Bias",1]],[7382,12310,14619]],["Bias in AI",1,9111,[],[14619]],["data bias",1,683,[],[37651]],["data collection biases",1,9593,[],[15595]]],"ex":[["A medical dataset that underrepresents women, leading to less accurate diagnosis for female patients.",1,-1,[],[14619]],["Geographic Diversity in Image Datasets.",1,-1,[],[7382]],["Lack of geographical diversity in datasets like ImageNet (as shown in Figures 3 and 4) results in demonstrable bias towards Western cultures.",1,-1,[],[7341]],["approximately 45% of the images in ImageNet were taken in the United States, and the majority of the remaining images are from North America or Western Europe. Only 1% and 2.1% of the images come from China and India, respectively.",1,-1,[],[7382]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["audio instant messages",1,-1,[],[27841]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cultural and media omnivorousness",1,-1,[],[9027]],["informal dress",1,-1,[],[9027]],["informal modes of communication",1,-1,[],[9027]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["un estilo narrativo propio de la red social derivado de sus propias características de vídeos de formato corto",1,-1,[],[52544]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic biases",1,20696,[],[10507]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As the down-to-earth implementation of strategies, tactics are open to constant negotiation and change. They are operational, preliminary, and always deeply embedded in existing social, political, cultural, economic, and discursive realities -and thus often less easy to discern and they do not always leave archived traces behind.",1,-1,[],[56518]],["bottom-up media tactics of comparatively powerless parliamentarians",1,-1,[],[56518]],["media tactics both supported and subverted overarching media strategies",1,-1,[],[56518]],["media tactics have an obvious ephemeral dimension",1,-1,[],[56518]],["media tactics were messy in practice",1,-1,[],[56518]],["specific media tactics of subgroups of MPs",1,-1,[],[56518]],["the actions, practices, and vocabulary of the historical actors",1,-1,[],[56518]],["the contributors draw attention to the fascinating, messy world of media and communication 'tactics' and the many ways in which these tactics can expand, adapt, and sometimes subvert and resist strategic goals.",1,-1,[],[56518]],["the media tactics of individual MPs both reinforced and jeopardised the overarching media strategy of their collective parliamentary institution",1,-1,[],[56518]],["the study of media tactics, informed by historical methods, illustrates that communication more often than not is a messy and complex undertaking.",1,-1,[],[56518]]],"sy":[["individual media tactics",1,-1,[],[56518]]],"rt":[["media strategies",1,5477,[["media strategies",1],["media strategy",1]],[56518]],["strategies",1,6763,[],[56518]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These include emotions, awareness, self-efficacy, and communication skills.",1,-1,[],[52208]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it can include dehumanization (denial of a person's humanity), and toxification (language that com-pares the target with disease, insects, animals), both of which are early warning signs of genocide",1,-1,[],[54197]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["dehumanization",1,29272,[],[54197]],["toxification",1,4087,[],[54197]]],"sp":[["Implicit hate speech",1,16841,[],[54197]]],"ex":[["It's not a coincidence the best places to live are majority white.",1,-1,[],[54197]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["One central challenge emanates from the changing gatekeeper role forcing journalists and media outlets to curate what they consider relevant pieces of information from the abundance of content published on social media (McGregor and Molyneux 2020).",1,-1,[],[4388]],["it corresponds with a practice of aggregating news from other journalistic sources instead of widely including non-journalistic content",1,-1,[],[4388]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["An accident is commonly related to something that generates a severe consequence. It is understood that news consumption, when unintentional, also generates something severe: it relies on third parties to actually reach an individual.",1,-1,[],[50918]],["better reflect the involuntary nature of the reading, which is not merely casual but may also contribute to the decrease in the active search for news",1,-1,[],[50918]],["this concept more satisfactorily encompasses not only how news is read but also the consequences of this action.",1,-1,[],[50918]]],"sy":[["incidental news consumption",1,41,[],[50918]]],"rt":[["incidental news consumption",1,41,[],[50918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this situation, the probability is zero that agents interact who belong to different subgroups (see equation 3). Argument exchange between the subgroups is thus precluded.",1,-1,[],[23510]],["That is, the members of the subgroups have coordinated on the opposite poles of the opinion scale and the pairwise similarity (sim i,j,t ) between agents of different subgroups is zero.",1,-1,[],[23510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Tracing the temporal dynamics of rumor propagation and source attribution requires aligning timestamps, tracking changes in content and context, and accounting for delays and latency in information dissemination",1,-1,[],[39899]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["All words in these lists are positive",1,-1,[],[33243]],["These lists were validated at the time of those studies as good operationalizations of their respective concepts",1,-1,[],[33243]],["a feeling of trust",1,-1,[],[5727]],["assessing whether they intend to harm us",1,-1,[],[45368]],["caring is associated with the warmth dimension more than sentimental",1,-1,[],[45368]],["positive and negative warmth",1,-1,[],[45368]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["competence",5,11733,[["competence",4],["Competence",1]],[5727,18951,33243,45368,57642]],["coldness",1,-1,[],[45368]]],"sb":[["Morality/Trustworthiness",1,-1,[],[44276]],["Sociability/Friendliness",1,-1,[],[44276]],["morality",1,10813,[],[57642]],["sociability",1,2723,[],[57642]]],"sp":[["dimensions of stereotype content",1,-1,[],[57642]],["near-universal aspects of human social cognition that assist people in determining whom and what information to trust",1,-1,[],[5727]],["stereotype content",1,18809,[],[37426]]],"ex":[["Warm, Tolerant, Good-natured, Sincere, Friendly, Well-intentioned, Trustworthy, Nice, Kind, Nurturing, Understanding",1,-1,[],[33243]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Sadin (2020) warns about the risks of a silicolonisation of life",1,-1,[],[52781]],["where AI assumes an increasingly dominant role in decision-making",1,-1,[],[52781]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["anthropocentric hierarchies",1,-1,[],[30764]],["humancentric perspective",1,-1,[],[30764]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["claim",1,178,[],[19588]],["grounds",1,28080,[],[19588]],["modality",1,15247,[],[19588]],["warrant",1,30743,[],[19588]]],"sb":[["technique rebuttal",1,15405,[],[17687]],["topic rebuttal",1,10921,[],[17687]]],"sp":[["Debunking and rebuttals",1,671,[],[17687]],["constituents of a scientific presentation",1,-1,[],[19588]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["occupy an atypical middle ground between being a fairness metric and a significance test",1,-1,[],[20307]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fairness metric",1,-1,[],[20307]],["significance test",1,-1,[],[20307]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["emphasis on affected groups, frequently mentioning \"贫困家庭\" (impoverished families) and \"低收⼊\" (low-income) households to evoke empathy and moral outrage among readers",1,-1,[],[57025]],["position officials as \"先锋\" (pioneers) challenging outdated customs to promote social stability and economic development",1,-1,[],[57025]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["categorization",1,32107,[],[30928]],["classification",1,20310,[],[30928]],["exclusion",1,29081,[],[30928]],["indetermination",1,17049,[],[30928]],["nomination",1,4661,[],[30928]],["role allocation",1,13382,[],[30928]]],"sp":[["discourse-historical approach (DHA)",1,1770,[],[57025]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast to organization-centred values, audience-centred ones (i.e. those explicitly concerning the audience and its needs) are currently less prominent in journalistic norms and standards.",1,-1,[],[5110]],["The integration of ANRs into journalistic routines moves audience-centred perspectives more to the fore, as the technology is typically implemented in such a way as to shape (or reshape) and manage the relationship with the audience, and to do so in a more fine-grained and personalized way (Guzman 2019).",1,-1,[],[5110]],["Unlike more inward-looking organization-centred values, which deal primarily with internal journalistic practices and their products, outward-looking audience-centred values concentrate on interactions between journalistic organizations and their audiences, in particular as these values undergo fundamental changes caused by evolving distribution practices (e.g. using ANRs).",1,-1,[],[5110]],["privacy/data protection, broad information offer/personal relevance, usability/enjoyment of usage/surprise, and user agency",1,-1,[],[5110]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["organization-centred",1,-1,[],[5110]],["organization-centred values",1,2712,[],[5110]]],"sb":[["broad information offer/personal relevance",1,-1,[],[5110]],["privacy",1,20684,[],[5110]],["privacy/data protection",1,-1,[],[5110]],["usability/enjoyment of usage/surprise",1,-1,[],[5110]],["user agency",1,10322,[],[5110]]],"sp":[["journalistic values",1,21952,[],[5110]]],"ex":[["privacy",1,-1,[],[5110]],["user agency",1,-1,[],[5110]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["helped Duterte during his campaign",1,-1,[],[41458]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[41458]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[["-the argument takes focus away from the main topic or argument to distract the reader.",2,-1,[["-the argument takes focus away from the main topic or argument to distract the reader.",1],["The argument takes focus away from the main topic or argument to distract the reader.",1],["the argument takes focus away from the main topic or argument to distract the reader.",1]],[37226,37227,57420]]],"de":[["Distraction even has the advantage of reducing anger compared to ruminating on the same issue",1,-1,[],[2418]],["Letting an argument die, or changing the subject, usually works much better than picking an argument and getting someone's back up (as new parents recognize fast).",1,-1,[],[2418]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Humor Enhancement",1,-1,[],[10386]],["information control",1,20937,[],[2418]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[60018]]],"sb":[["Red Herring",1,31078,[],[57420]],["Red Herring [D:RH]",1,17549,[],[57420]],["Strawman",1,4827,[],[57420]],["Strawman [D:SM]",1,469,[],[57420]],["Whataboutism",1,19307,[["Whataboutism",1],["Whataboutism [D:W]",1]],[57420]]],"sp":[["Adaptive Emotion Regulation",1,-1,[],[10386]],["Attentional deployment",1,10745,[],[56089]],["Persuasion",1,23143,[],[60018]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[57420]]],"ex":[["I do something fun",1,-1,[],[10386]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In such approaches, analytics goes beyond purely linguistic characteristics. It involves data on activity in social networks, in particular, the number of subscribers, the frequency of publications, and the level of engagement (comments, likes, reposts).",1,-1,[],[44666]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["transparency",1,28207,[],[45374]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["estratégia dos profissionais da negação \"tradicionais\" consistia em simular uma controvérsia científica",1,-1,[],[19427]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["negacionismo",1,11634,[],[19427]]],"ex":[["vão desde alegações de que o vírus foi criado artificialmente pela China até temores de que a vacina seja um pretexto para instalar microchips na população.",1,-1,[],[19427]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The angel change happens when organizations or political figures stress their potential to fix an issue and de-emphasize villains.",1,-1,[],[14013]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["dominated by men",1,-1,[],[37617]],["dominated by women",1,-1,[],[37617]],["monopolized by men",1,-1,[],[37617]],["monopolized by women",1,-1,[],[37617]],["shared between genders",1,-1,[],[37617]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. father, judge, enemy, etc.",1,-1,[],[883]],["father, judge, enemy, etc.",1,-1,[],[883]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Experts use this term to highlight how information and its sharing and processing in the Net have changed the relationships between people due to the new communication technologies",1,-1,[],[31205]],["Scholars use the term 'infosphere' to identify the space in which the physical body, mental extensions and communicative interactions with others (including virtual ones) combine to influence our lives and phantasmatic activities, the human nervous system and, consequently, our knowledge.",1,-1,[],[31205]],["This is the whole cyberspace (including Internet) and all mass media -both traditional and new media.",1,-1,[],[31205]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Information Operations (IO)",1,21443,[],[4563]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Civic cultures are potentially both strong and vulnerable: They help to promote the functioning of democracy, they can serve to empower or disempower citizens, yet like all domains of culture, they can easily be affected by political and economic power.",1,-1,[],[3802]],["Civic cultures point to both the conditions and the manifestations of such participation; they are anchored in the mind-sets and symbolic milieu of everyday life.",1,-1,[],[3802]],["The idea of civic culture takes as its starting point the notion of citizens as social agents, and it asks what the cultural factors are behind such agency (or its absence).",1,-1,[],[3802]],["To facilitate the use of this materialist and constructionist concept, I treat it as comprising a number of dynamically interrelated parameters: values, affinity, knowledge, identities, and practices.",1,-1,[],[3802]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affinity",1,21664,[],[3802]],["identities",1,4047,[],[3802]],["knowledge",1,28054,[],[3802]],["values",1,33193,[],[3802]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["This understanding is based on three pillars: working methods (formats, relationship with sources); attitudes and values; and perception of reality (newsworthiness criteria).",1,-1,[],[10783]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalists are a transnational, interpretative community",1,-1,[],[10783]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In Indonesia, hate speech in this form categorized as weak hate speech because it is a personal problem. It means, if the target of hate speech does not report to the authorities (feeling ordinary and forgiving people who spread the hate speech towards him) then that hate speech is not too prioritized to be resolved by the authorities.",1,-1,[],[12461]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[12461]],["hate speech level",1,-1,[],[12461]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["soft coercion",1,9450,[],[25851]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Brazil's Supreme Court of Justice has placed itself on the media and public agenda by following a strategy, seeing opportunities and constraints. This is what is called a strategic agenda.",1,-1,[],[54310]],["It is a policy that sets the tone for the Judiciary to communicate.",1,-1,[],[54310]]],"sy":[["strategic agenda",1,18627,[],[54310]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[54310]],["strategic model",1,17443,[],[54310]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The basic idea of topic modeling is that a text is a mixture of multiple topics, and a topic is a probability distribution of characteristic words.",1,-1,[],[33830]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nación",1,-1,[],[16566]],["reclamación programática específica",1,-1,[],[41238]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social belief",1,8477,[],[18301]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["impersonation",1,16902,[],[59767]],["personification",1,5472,[],[59767]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["This approach reduces the dependence on a large amount of labeled data by identifying common features among different targets, enabling the model to accurately detect stances even when data is scarce, enhancing the applicability and flexibility of the model, and providing an effective strategy for dealing with multi-topic social media",1,-1,[],[37064]],["aiming to develop flexible and generalized models that leverage knowledge across multiple targets to improve the detection of new targets",1,-1,[],[37064]],["different from traditional stance detection tasks, which usually analyze stances with respect to specific targets",1,-1,[],[37064]],["which is a task related toZSSD.",1,-1,[],[11832]]],"sy":[["Cross-target stance classification",1,-1,[],[37064]]],"rt":[["ZSSD",1,-1,[],[11832]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",6,25533,[["stance detection",4],["Stance detection",2]],[7078,7262,7387,11730,26504,37064]],["generic stance detection",1,-1,[],[11730]]],"ex":[["training classifier on \"Hillary Clinton\" and predicting on \"Donald Trump\"",1,-1,[],[11730]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["connotations of special medical status",1,-1,[],[39734]],["medical labels for recently medicalized disorders",1,-1,[],[39734]]],"sy":[["medical labels",1,-1,[],[39734]],["medical terminology",1,-1,[],[39734]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["medical terminology",1,-1,[],[39734]]],"ex":[["Erectile Dysfunction Disorder",1,-1,[],[39734]],["myalgic encephalopathy",1,-1,[],[39734]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Kennzeichnend für Krisen sei, dass es grundsätzlich eine öffentlich legitimierte Position zum Diskursgegenstand gibt.",1,-1,[],[21321]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Finanzkrisen",1,-1,[],[21321]],["der Reaktorunfall von Tschernobyl",1,-1,[],[21321]],["die Entdeckung von AIDS",1,-1,[],[21321]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Moral Foundations Theory",1,4884,[],[19735]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["music streaming services",1,-1,[],[9850]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Bandcamp",1,-1,[],[9850]],["SoundCloud",1,-1,[],[9850]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Claiming moral values",1,-1,[],[3994]],["Claiming worthy attributes",1,-1,[],[3994]],["Exemplification operates in three distinct ways. First, it argues that people evaluate information subjectively, relying on biases in making their own assessment, rather than using a systematic assessment process. It supposes that perception is altered through exposure to exemplars when viewed frequently and recently. Second, an exemplar is representative of similar cases through one instance, and functions by means of a quantification heuristic. The frequency of exemplars is continually monitored and the prevalence of a particular exemplar directly impacts its retrieval from one's memory. Third, exemplars can have a positive or negative valence.",1,-1,[],[54056]],["Exemplification theory acknowledges the large amounts of information individuals filter daily, and argues that the use of various heuristics serves as cognitive shortcuts to assist with information processing",1,-1,[],[54056]],["Exemplification theory is rooted the notion that everyone is familiar with examples and how these can represent large, complex ideas in intelligible ways.",1,-1,[],[54056]],["The sense of familiarity, which is emphasized by exemplification, is likely to contribute to an enhanced agenda setting effect",1,-1,[],[54056]],["They provide this understanding by exemplifying important properties of the targetby instantiating important properties of the target in a way that renders them more salient than they would otherwise be",1,-1,[],[2447]],["This behaviour focuses on the actor's worthy personal traits",1,-1,[],[3994]],["exemplification may serve as a heuristic which, by evoking a sense of familiarity, invites certain judgements about news quality.",1,-1,[],[54056]],["the use of exemplars in news stories does increase readers' perception that the content is important.",1,-1,[],[54056]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["negative exemplars",1,-1,[],[54056]],["positive exemplars",1,-1,[],[54056]]],"sp":[["impression management",1,25549,[],[3994]]],"ex":[["Claiming moral values",1,-1,[],[3994]],["Claiming worthy attributes",1,-1,[],[3994]],["the ideal gas law (the model) represents certain gases (the target) in a way that exemplifies, and so highlights, the mathematical relationship between their volume, temperature and pressure",1,-1,[],[2447]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These mismatches reflect overgeneralization where the model applies technique labels to rhetorical elements that are technically present but not persuasive or manipulative in intent.",1,-1,[],[52050]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Sit0 (situation zero)",1,-1,[],[45470]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Onesidedness is a phenomenon that influences the perception of information seekers",1,-1,[],[60664]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["global bias",1,31577,[],[60664]],["local bias",1,27880,[],[60664]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["what strategies are used to address certain aspects (local bias)",1,-1,[],[60664]],["which aspects are included or excluded (global bias)",1,-1,[],[60664]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":42,"df":[],"de":[["According to psychologists, collective memories are kept alive if they meet the needs and motivations of group members.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["Both the processes of promoting and denoting a specific aspect of an issue (framing) and contesting and revising of memories are rhetorical processes.",1,-1,[],[27884]],["Collective memories are instrumental in defining, maintaining, and mobilizing social identities.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["Collective memories influence the present, but they are also influenced by present psychological states and needs.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["Collective memories shape how foreign groups are perceived in the present, guiding both amity and hostility through stories of the past",1,-1,[],[51586]],["Collective memory also lies at the heart of many public discussions and national debates about current and historical events.",1,-1,[],[19240]],["Collective memory approaches anchored in cognitive psychology or social cognition already pay due attention to interactional factors.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["Collective memory can be a source of such an account, for example, when narratives of political militancy in Latin America counter the official version of national history propagated by the dominant oligarchy or military dictatorships",1,-1,[],[23466]],["Collective memory can, under certain circumstances, offer reporters alternatives to the frames and stories promulgated by officials and elites by helping them customize their professional practices.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["In other words, they appear in the context of a particular inherited social and political past.",1,-1,[],[23465]],["It also helped to shape the deep structure of stories by influencing the narratives used to present information.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["It can also provide reporters with an independent perspective, balancing elite-dominated news frames.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["Media is a substantial entity in a society, with an apparatus to frame collective memory by framing certain issues (or aspects of issues).",1,-1,[],[27884]],["Rather than providing an accurate account of the past, their main function is to provide a usable past (Wertsch, 2002)",1,-1,[],[22590]],["Such cognitive structures retrospectively structure the past to give meaning to it in the present as well as efforts, such as in this paper, to envision the future and its transition and transformation.",1,-1,[],[1657]],["The distinction between collective memory as a static representation and collective remembering as an active process is critical to understanding the dynamics of memories shared within and between mnemonic communities.",1,-1,[],[19240]],["The interpretive, intentional and communicative nature of collective memory is manifested in language.",1,-1,[],[47784]],["The main function of CM is moral reflection on the collective past, shaping an image of the past and its value judgments, supporting group and national identities as well as legitimization of power in the modern state.",1,-1,[],[47784]],["These elements structure how groups remember their pasts, construct identities, and interpret present realities",1,-1,[],[51587]],["They are shaped by, and transmitted through, narratives.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["allows reporters to resist official frames without giving up their claim of objectivity.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["can also encompass small groups, such as couples' or families' recollections of, say, a first date, the birth of a child, or a trip",1,-1,[],[19240]],["can also provide reporters with an independent perspective, balancing elite-dominated news frames.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["can offer reporters storytelling opportunities they would otherwise be hard-pressed to employ.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["can resist and contribute alternative versions to \"official\" history",1,-1,[],[23466]],["can structure both news stories and reporters' search for information within the broader context of journalistic practices.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["centered in a generally nationalist perspective",1,-1,[],[23466]],["collective memories are kept alive if they meet the needs and motivations of group members.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["collective memory entails on the one hand the recollection of facts, which is influenced by social filters largely independent of personal experience, influencing which events are remembered and which are forgotten, and the way mnemonic communities remember the general shape of past events.",1,-1,[],[1657]],["collective memory influenced reporters' search for information and thus the material available for constructing stories.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["collective memory is in fact an active process of the re-construction of the past in the function of a/the present",1,-1,[],[1657]],["collective memory of the space shuttle Challenger's crash played an important role in structuring reporting of Columbia's destruction for these journalists",1,-1,[],[52296]],["collective memory, which serves as a reservoir of historical narratives and intergroup experiences that shape and sustain stereotypes over time",1,-1,[],[51587]],["digital archives as repositories of collective memory",1,-1,[],[27884]],["emphasizes similarities between past and present.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["may be an especially important tool for reporters in resisting official stories that are offered up to account for events. It can suggest an alternative interpretation, and its status as a 'real' event certifies the 'objectivity' of the interpretation it suggests.",1,-1,[],[52296]],["present situations influence the choice and interpretation of particular memories, which in turn are used to make sense of present situations and to tailor people's attitudes and behaviors",1,-1,[],[22589]],["recollection of facts, which is influenced by social filters largely independent of personal experience, influencing which events are remembered and which are forgotten, and the way mnemonic communities remember the general shape of past events.",1,-1,[],[1657]],["representations of history influence the interpretation of current situations: past to present",1,-1,[],[22589]],["social (re)construction of a collective memory of place that extends back to the Indigenous culture of the Muiscas",1,-1,[],[1657]],["the past is continually re-made, reconstructed as a function of present interests",1,-1,[],[22589]],["the social meaning of past events is essentially a function of the way they are structurally positioned in our minds vis-à-vis other events",1,-1,[],[1657]],["they appear in the context of a particular inherited social and political past.",1,-1,[],[23465]],["they are involved in intergroup relations, particularly in intergroup conflict and reconciliation processes.",1,-1,[],[22590]],["transcends time and space",1,-1,[],[23466]]],"sy":[["CM",1,-1,[],[47784]],["public memory",1,9617,[],[27884]]],"rt":[["collective remembering",1,584,[],[19240]],["conversations",1,16555,[],[22590]],["history",1,14205,[],[43396]],["individual and collective memory",1,-1,[],[42141]],["public past",1,-1,[],[52296]],["social representations",1,17518,[],[22589]],["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[51587]],["typification",1,15266,[],[52296]]],"sb":[["national memory in narrative form",1,-1,[],[23466]],["the strong and the distributed versions",1,-1,[],[22590]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["The past is not simply 'received' by the present. The present is 'haunted' by the past and the past is modeled, invented, reinvented, and reconstructed by the present.",1,-1,[],[22589]]]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Propaganda messages are conveyed via specific rhetorical and psychological techniques",1,-1,[],[22533]],["These techniques are often employed in mass media, advertising, politics, and public relations.",1,-1,[],[42373]],["We follow the taxonomy introduced in SemEval-2020 Task 11 on the Detection of Propaganda Techniques in News Articles (Da San Martino et al., 2020a), which defines a closed set of fine-grained rhetorical devices",1,-1,[],[51695]],["they 'focus on manipulating emotions and preconceptions, at the expense of the faculties of reasoning and judgment'",1,-1,[],[61682]],["used propaganda techniques to convince the audience that the fake information was actually authentic",1,-1,[],[52456]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotion-triggering language",1,-1,[],[52456]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[52456]]],"sb":[["Appeal to Fear",2,30866,[["Appeal to Fear",1],["Appeal-Fear",1]],[22533,52868]],["Doubt",2,29372,[["Doubt",1],["doubt",1]],[22533,52868]],["Flag-Waving",2,29045,[["Flag-Waving",1],["flag waving",1]],[22533,52868]],["Slogans",2,1044,[["Slogans",1],["slogans",1]],[22533,52868]],["Bandwagon,Reductio ad hitlerum",1,5417,[],[52868]],["Black-White",1,-1,[],[52868]],["Casual-Oversimplification",1,16914,[],[52868]],["Exag.-Min.",1,-1,[],[52868]],["Loaded-L.",1,-1,[],[52868]],["Namecalling",1,21181,[],[52868]],["Reductio-Hit.",1,-1,[],[52868]],["Repetition",1,33616,[],[52868]],["Thought-terminating Cliches",1,1875,[],[52868]],["appeal to authority",1,23175,[],[52456]],["cherrypicking",1,33694,[],[22533]],["labeling",1,11396,[],[22533]],["loaded language",1,22124,[],[52456]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[22533]],["omission",1,32390,[],[22533]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Appeal to Fear or Prejudice",1,-1,[],[51695]],["Flag Waving",1,-1,[],[51695]],["Loaded Language",1,-1,[],[51695]],["Name Calling or Labeling",1,-1,[],[51695]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["event-based target-aware (EBTA) contexts",1,-1,[],[34816]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Operacje terrorystyczne to w samej istocie operacje informacyjne, w których moment danego czynu, miejsce, sposób jego wykonania, czy też wybór ofi ary lub narzędzi są środkami symbolicznego przekazu.",1,-1,[],[13487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["sometimes can be a cat-and-mouse game; any success at detection, in turn, will inspire future countermeasures by fake news writers.",1,-1,[],[7172]],["style-based fake news detection also focuses on analyzing the news content.",1,-1,[],[7172]],["style-based methods can assess news intention, i.e., is there an intention to mislead the public or not?",1,-1,[],[7172]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["knowledge-based fake news detection",1,28939,[],[7172]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news detection models",1,28974,[],[48912]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["actores dentro del entorno informativo digital",1,-1,[],[42314]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["argumentative relations",1,15004,[],[7991]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["amplifiers for claims",1,-1,[],[12180]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["downtoners",1,23933,[],[12180]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["communication roles",1,-1,[],[50953]],["intensifiers",1,9805,[],[24277]]],"ex":[["very",1,-1,[],[12179,12180]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The most common proxies for assigning gender to an individual author are first names, profile photos, or a combination.",1,-1,[],[7428]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["These editorial capitals are, for instance, professional experience (years of work experience, kind of experience, etc.), ''formal'' organisational position (reporter or editor, general reporter or specialist reporter, etc.), news beat (political news or human-interest news, etc.), journalistic prizes, etc. (Schultz, 2005).",2,-1,[],[24084,60277]]],"de":[["The type and amount of editorial capital of the individual agent and the total distribution of capital in a field will constitute the habitus.",1,-1,[],[60277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust",1,34511,[],[22227]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["attempts to avoid certain thoughts, desires, and so forth",1,-1,[],[14947]],["attempts to avoid certain thoughts, desires, and so forth, produces effects that are diametrically opposed to the original intent",1,-1,[],[14947]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["ironic effects of repetition",1,-1,[],[14947]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["how media stimulate public connection among citizens",1,-1,[],[61284]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[39978]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["health gain-frame/low-risk",1,34380,[],[56227]],["health loss-frame/ high-risk",1,-1,[],[56227]],["no-tendency",1,31845,[],[56227]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For each verified user j ∈ M i , we let y i,j ∈ {0, 1} denote the user's opinion on the news, i.e., y i,j is 1 if the user thinks the news is real; and 0 otherwise.",1,-1,[],[59360]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If the user k replied to the tweet, then its opinion can be extracted by employing off-the-shelf sentiment analysis (Gilbert 2014) or conflicting opinion mining techniques (Dave, Lawrence, and Pennock 2003;Trabelsi and Zaiane 2014).",1,-1,[],[59360]],["y i,j can be defined as the sentiment of Tweet i,j (Gilbert 2014), or if the opinion of Tweet i,j is nonconflicting to that of News i (Dave, Lawrence, and Pennock 2003;Trabelsi and Zaiane 2014).",1,-1,[],[59360]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news values",1,27917,[],[30902]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mediatization",1,10835,[],[56987]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Islam being radical or Jews playing violins",1,-1,[],[45616]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["filling the media void when the regional papers do not cover the local news or do it sporadically and incompletely, for example, primarily reporting crimes",1,-1,[],[33961]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ela sedimenta como necessários e naturais os elementos contingentes da realidade, ocultando o fato de que eles podem ser transformados pela práxis humana.",1,-1,[],[10761]]],"sy":[["coisificação do sujeito",1,-1,[],[10761]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["focalization",1,24956,[],[31187]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The NPF posits that while the content of narratives may vary across contexts, structural elements are generalizable.",1,-1,[],[910]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content",2,561,[],[910,19680]],["stance",1,2283,[],[19680]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["DQs",1,4631,[],[61446]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["DQs",1,-1,[],[61446]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In the digital realm, these dynamics are shaped by the specific affordances of social media platforms, including algorithmic curation, viral sharing, and the collapse of traditional spatial and temporal boundaries.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["Our analysis demonstrates that digital othering is neither a uniform global phenomenon nor entirely determined by local factors but rather emerges through the complex interplay of technological affordances, cultural norms, and religious traditions.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["Pakistani users tended to engage in more direct and confrontational forms of othering, often invoking historical conflicts and doctrinal disputes in their online interactions.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["The difference is maintained through language and representation.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["These others are linked to the self as a subordinate relation and are characterized by what the self perceives of them.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["These others are linked to the self as a subordinate relation and are characterized by what the self perceives of them. The difference is maintained through language and representation. In the digital realm, these dynamics are shaped by the specific affordances of social media platforms, including algorithmic curation, viral sharing, and the collapse of traditional spatial and temporal boundaries.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["digital othering frequently manifested through more subtle cultural signifiers rather than overt religious symbolism.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["digital othering is neither a uniform global phenomenon nor entirely determined by local factors but rather emerges through the complex interplay of technological affordances, cultural norms, and religious traditions.",1,-1,[],[44745]],["while it has the potential to broaden exposure to diverse religious perspectives, it often reinforces existing boundaries and beliefs",1,-1,[],[44745]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["amplification of othering",1,32884,[],[44745]],["belonging",1,5632,[],[44745]],["epistemic enclosure",1,11998,[],[44745]],["identity performance",1,25653,[],[44745]]],"sp":[["othering",1,13537,[],[44745]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["In practice, it is often difficult to differentiate between distinct stories, especially when they map to the same narratives within a disinformation campaign.",1,-1,[],[26183]],["Often, several stories will share similar content, such as claims that voting machines and voting software were systematically altering votes to advantage a certain candidate -but they may differ as to the specific claim around which technology, which location, and which candidate was implicated.",1,-1,[],[26183]],["a common vehicle for meaning making is socially circulating stories",1,-1,[],[12542]],["stories are especially prone to be misunderstood because so much of what is conveyed in them is in subtle images rather than in explicit statements.",1,-1,[],[12542]],["story refers to the \"what\" of the narrative.",1,-1,[],[56980]]],"sy":[["narrative",1,10497,[],[4939]],["recit",1,-1,[],[56980]]],"rt":[["discourse",2,31797,[],[17227,56980]],["framing",1,22777,[],[37039]],["narrating",1,3937,[],[17227]],["narrative discourse",1,11387,[],[56980]],["narratives",1,10497,[],[37039]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["narrative theory",1,26976,[],[52409]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["According to spatial models, citizens will vote for candidates whose issue positions are closest to their own (Downs 1957).",1,-1,[],[53130]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["ChatGPT produces very few, if any, oscillations",1,-1,[],[17847]],["nearly all hallucinations into English for mid-and highresource language pairs are oscillatory.",1,-1,[],[17847]]],"sy":[["oscillatory character hallucinations",1,-1,[],[17847]]],"rt":[["detached hallucinations",1,10607,[],[17847]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["natural hallucinations",2,17851,[],[7481,17847]],["hallucinations",1,4995,[],[17847]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["manipulations are performed by social media networks before uploading any content",1,-1,[],[22614]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["O percepto é aquilo que aparece e se força sobre nós. É físico, ou seja, é não-psíquico, não-cognitivo. É um acontecimento singular que se realiza aqui e agora, portanto irrepetível. Percepto etimologicamente tem o significado de apoderar-se, recolher, tomar, apanhar, ou seja, alguma coisa que não pertence ao eu e que é tomada de fora. É algo compulsivo, teimoso, insistente, que chama a nossa atenção. Algo que se apresenta por conta própria e, por isso, tem força própria.",1,-1,[],[7889]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Differences between styles are most easily observed during periods of crisis, which are managed differently based on the leader's prevalent style.",1,-1,[],[43199]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This confirms the widespread belief that iconic images require 'no caption' because they are thought to be self-explanatory and unite audiences in the same understanding",1,-1,[],[20847]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It sets \"limits to the inner dynamic of media-steered subsystems and to subordinate them to decisions arrived at in unconstrained communication\"",1,-1,[],[25190]],["once viewed as the formal process of handing over the instruments of government",1,-1,[],[32286]]],"sy":[["formal process of handing over the instruments of government",1,-1,[],[32286]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Abstract descriptions of a target individual provide more information about their perceived traits and characteristics, and less about a particular situation they are in or action they have taken.",1,-1,[],[29386]],["Given that expected behavior is considered to be more stable, diagnostic and typical than unexpected behavior it is more appropriately described with abstract terms.",1,-1,[],[24133]],["In contrast, stereotype-congruent people and behaviors are likely to be described more abstractly, using language that makes reference to their general disposition and traits.",1,-1,[],[29386]],["Studies have shown that when a target individual violates our expectations, we are likely to focus on more tangible, concrete details in our descriptions of him or her",1,-1,[],[29386]],["When something or someone is unexpected, LEB predicts that the biographer would tend to focus on more concrete descriptions, avoiding the use of more abstract language that is subjective or inferential.",1,-1,[],[29386]],["the basis for this bias is cognitive (Karpinski and von Hippel 1996): unexpected information, which does not align with our existing prototypes, is more difficult for us to process.",1,-1,[],[29386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Linguistic Intergroup Bias",2,28971,[["Linguistic Intergroup Bias",1],["linguistic intergroup bias",1]],[24133,29386]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Linguistic bias",1,20696,[["Linguistic bias",1],["Linguistic biases",1]],[29386]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Media coverage and public recognition go hand-in-hand (Wayne, 2001), with strong correlations between the attention of news media and both public salience and attitudes toward presidential candidates (Kiousis & McCombs, 2004).",1,-1,[],[56664]],["attention may be based on the cognitive judgements people make about the relevance of specific stimuli to themselves or their tasks",1,-1,[],[35]],["means that some signals do not get through while others do.",1,-1,[],[37546]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Information first travels through the mass media, then to opinion leaders, and finally to the general public. Opinion leaders have a responsibility to inform and interpret information for the less active sections of the population (Park, 2013).",1,-1,[],[40851]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["whereby users share content that is posted by other SNS users or third parties",1,-1,[],[34355]]],"sy":[["re-blogging",1,-1,[],[34355]],["re-vining",1,-1,[],[34355]],["retweeting",1,13918,[],[34355]],["sharing",1,8987,[],[34355]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[637]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["combines the two forms of influence",1,-1,[],[19236]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["protesters in Europe, Asia",1,-1,[],[32059]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["online gaming",1,-1,[],[9628]],["social media",1,-1,[],[9628]]]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["AI creates new types of distortion risks through the generation of realistic fake images and audio that humans have difficulty discerning as fake.",1,-1,[],[21053]],["Distortion is mainly of interest with regards to search algorithms and recommendation algorithms.",1,-1,[],[7287]],["Distortion risks are analogous to slander or libel, and have existed well before modern advances in AI.",1,-1,[],[21053]],["In many ways, distortion is analogous to discrimination, but rather than discriminating against different groups of people, the algorithm discriminates against different groups of media.",1,-1,[],[7287]],["This may involve political partisanship, unpredictable fluctuation, dissemination of misinformation, and/or hyper-personalized content that can lead to \"echo chambers. \" Distortion is mainly of interest with regards to search algorithms and recommendation algorithms.",1,-1,[],[7287]],["distortions can occur in any medium, new and old alike, of a general or specialist character.",1,-1,[],[51765]],["technological propaganda also manifests itself in factual, albeit distorted coverage",1,-1,[],[8547]],["the media narrative inevitably deviates from facts and truth and drifts to distortions in informing.",1,-1,[],[51765]]],"sy":[["libel",1,4195,[],[21053]],["slander",1,24674,[],[21053]]],"rt":[["dissemination of misinformation",1,23744,[],[7287]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[7287]],["hyper-personalized content",1,-1,[],[7287]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[7287]],["political partisanship",1,34012,[],[7287]],["unpredictable fluctuation",1,-1,[],[7287]]],"sb":[["Distortion in Search",1,-1,[],[7287]],["biases",1,30859,[],[51765]],["fabrication",1,27616,[],[51765]],["fabrication, fake news, hoax, possibly meme",1,-1,[],[51765]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[51765]],["hoax",1,13150,[],[51765]],["meme",1,12094,[],[51765]],["minor partial facts",1,-1,[],[51765]],["plot theory",1,-1,[],[51765]],["plot theory and various biases",1,-1,[],[51765]]],"sp":[["lies of omission",1,7906,[],[42354]],["privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21053]]],"ex":[["Prime Voice AI, a text-to-voice generator, was misused to create the voices of celebrities to \"make racist remarks about the US House representative\", and that the AI-generated clips \"run the gamut from harmless, to violent, to transphobic, to homophobic, to racist\"",1,-1,[],[21053]],["Prime Voice AI, a text-to-voice generator, was misused to create the voices of celebrities to \"make racist remarks about the US House representative\", and that the AI-generated clips \"run the gamut from harmless, to violent, to transphobic, to homophobic, to racist\" [33,53].",1,-1,[],[21053]],["an algorithm implicated in distortion may favor content from a given political perspective, hyper-personalize output for different users, change its output frequently and without good reason, or provide misleading information to users.",1,-1,[],[7287]],["favor content from a given political perspective, hyper-personalize output for different users, change its output frequently and without good reason, or provide misleading information to users.",1,-1,[],[7287]]]},{"nd":15,"df":[["Omission or invisibility of the language and experiences of a social group",2,-1,[],[8092,37638]]],"de":[["Another sense of erasure is in how stereotypes about nonbinary communities are portrayed and propagated",1,-1,[],[11689]],["Another sense of erasure is in how stereotypes about nonbinary communities are portrayed and propagated (see Appendix Table 12).",1,-1,[],[11689]],["Erasure can arise from mismatches in reality and the data chosen to represent it. It can also serve to reinforce existing power structures via incautious mathematical averaging or aggregation of disparate groups.",1,-1,[],[11864]],["The first process presented was that of deceit which evolves into erasure.",1,-1,[],[55275]],["While the data used to represent the intricacies of reality will always be necessarily incomplete, Erasure can arise from mismatches in reality and the data chosen to represent it. It can also serve to reinforce existing power structures via incautious mathematical averaging or aggregation of disparate groups.",1,-1,[],[11864]],["engage with mismatches between representation and reality (due to imprecise categorizations, rounding errors, etc.)?",1,-1,[],[11864]],["interrogate representation issues caused by prevailing stereotypes, dehumanization, or cultural narratives?",1,-1,[],[11864]],["primarily concern itself with whether or how specific, pre-defined groups are represented or treated equitably, rather than to what extent groups are treated inequitably in relation to one another?",1,-1,[],[11864]],["primarily provide results about the model performance for a specific group in relation to a 'control' group (whether or not explicitly stated as such)?",1,-1,[],[11864]],["while exposure to a disparaging or dehumanizing remark can be directly harmful in the moment, the impact of Stereotyping associations and Erasure are more apparent at a distributional level.",1,-1,[],[11864]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Quality of Service",1,-1,[],[11864]],["Stereotyping",1,16534,[],[11864]],["deceit",1,-1,[],[55275]],["visual discourse",1,4433,[],[59493]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["harms",1,19187,[],[11864]],["representational harms",1,4488,[],[8092]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8092]]],"ex":[["e.g., \"All lives matter\" in response to \"Black lives matter\" implies colorblindness that minimizes systemic racism",1,-1,[],[8092]],["e.g., \"All lives matter\" in response to \"Black lives matter\" implies colorblindness that minimizes systemic racism (Blodgett 2021)",1,-1,[],[8092]],["the language technology Genderify, which purportedly \"identif[ied] someone's [binary] gender based on their name, email address or username\" erased nonbinary people by reductively distributing individuals into binary \"gender bins\" by their name, based on the assumption that they were cisgender",1,-1,[],[11689]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["used as a dog-whistle term for a global elite of conspirators, or simply for Jewish control",1,-1,[],[46043]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, the rewritten sentence t should preserve the original meaning of the source text s.",1,-1,[],[45813]],["The aim of a bias correction system is to generate a statement y = (y 1 , y 2 , ...., y M ), where M is the length of y. The generated statement y is not only expected to have a neutral tone, but also preserve the original semantic content expressed in statement x. Additionally, y is also expected to present the fact F in a grammatically correct and fluent language that is easy for a reader to comprehend.",1,-1,[],[45813]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Attribute Style Transfer",1,-1,[],[45813]],["Linguistic Bias Correction",1,12860,[],[45813]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["can be used to identify both stereotypical and episodic narrations of seminal events, or topics, in news",1,-1,[],[12400]],["which can be used to identify both stereotypical and episodic narrations of seminal events, or topics, in news.",1,-1,[],[12400]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["episodic narrations",1,-1,[],[12400]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["societal cultures are typically based on a shared language.",1,-1,[],[18695]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["culture",1,19654,[],[18695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Culture",1,19654,[],[16643]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Our task involves generating independent abstractive summaries of both left and right-leaning political perspectives given collections of opinionated news passages with mixed perspectives.",1,-1,[],[25151]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["partnerships",1,-1,[],[31226]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can directly influence political behaviors, such as offline protest mobilization",1,-1,[],[21437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["pages, events, and groups",1,-1,[],[21437]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Broadly, this process can manifest in two ways: a \"hypothesisdriven approach,\" where data are evaluated in relation to predetermined assumptions, or a \"data-driven approach,\" where journalists rely on data processing to uncover emergent and unexpected stories",1,-1,[],[30470]],["Data journalism has emerged as an important field in contemporary journalism. The rise of big data, open data and data visualization technologies have enabled journalists to leverage data in innovative ways to tell more compelling stories.",1,-1,[],[4842]],["Data journalism involves the use of statistical methods, data visualization tools, and other techniques to identify patterns and trends in large datasets, and to present this information in a way that is accessible to the general public.",1,-1,[],[4842]],["Data journalism will facilitate journalism of greater quality, depth and scope (Alejandra Figueira), deepen knowledge and bring new stories into the public sphere (Joaquim Fidalgo).",1,-1,[],[10778]],["Journalists can consult huge volumes of information and detect anomalies that reveal issues of public interest.",1,-1,[],[10778]],["The purpose of data journalism is to enhance public understanding by revealing hidden trends or correlations that may otherwise remain obscure.",1,-1,[],[30470]],["The rise of big data, open data and data visualization technologies have enabled journalists to leverage data in innovative ways to tell more compelling stories.",1,-1,[],[4842]],["a process that enhances the value the public receives from the news content.",1,-1,[],[6666]]],"sy":[["computational journalism",1,17057,[],[5247]],["data-driven journalism",1,6808,[],[5247]],["journalism as programming",1,21220,[],[5247]],["robot journalism",1,28725,[],[5247]]],"rt":[["infographics",1,4128,[],[6666]]],"sb":[["Decentralized Ledger Journalism (DLJ)",1,19343,[],[30470]],["data-driven approach",1,3989,[],[30470]],["hypothesisdriven approach",1,-1,[],[30470]]],"sp":[["journalism",1,34243,[],[10778]],["quantitatively oriented journalism",1,-1,[],[30470]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Toxic persuasion tends not to be completely baseless and can retain a measure of validity in certain contexts.",1,-1,[],[42754]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["false opinion",1,-1,[],[42754]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[42754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["non-encounter",1,6204,[],[24409]]],"rt":[["non-encounter",1,6204,[],[24409]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media malaise hypothesis",1,9567,[],[21733]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the term \"phobia\" has undergone certain transformations in scientific usage, lost its psychopathological specificity and is now used not only to denote pathological fears, but also a sharply negative attitude towards something or someone",1,-1,[],[50989]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["third person effect",1,22523,[],[36923]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["social physics",1,30310,[],[11137]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The term is deemed stigmatizing as it upholds racist understandings of who does not 'truly' belong to the nation",1,-1,[],[53306]],["deemed stigmatizing as it upholds racist understandings of who does not 'truly' belong to the nation",1,-1,[],[53308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Muslims or people of color, mostly those of Turkish and Moroccan descent",1,-1,[],[53306]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["usually used in reference to Muslims or people of color, mostly those of Turkish and Moroccan descent",1,-1,[],[53308]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["actitud",1,12125,[],[15166]],["compromiso",1,24752,[],[15166]],["gradación",1,-1,[],[15166]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["The terms were subsequently adopted to refer to editorial decisions that define newspapers' journalism standards, setting quality press (broadsheets) apart from popular press (tabloids).",1,-1,[],[23714]],["newspapers with a mass-or mid-market orientation",1,-1,[],[58459]]],"sy":[["popular press",1,-1,[],[23714]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["safety adherence",1,13799,[],[31913]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["Administrative aspects: acceptability or inappropriateness of flame wars, advertising or its prohibition, group topics, and other administrative issues.",1,-1,[],[60867]],["Emotional contact: use of emoticons, emojis, informal or formal forms of address, ignoring aggressive remarks, established forms of greeting and farewell in official correspondence, etc.",1,-1,[],[60867]],["Following social media etiquette helps create a positive and respectful online environment that encourages positive and respectful interactions between individuals and communities. It promotes effective communication, reduces misunderstandings, and encourages the development of meaningful connections and relationships.",1,-1,[],[16458]],["Netiquette is essential for maintaining a proper online environment in emails, social media, forums, chat rooms, or any other online platform.",1,-1,[],[16458]],["Technical features: citation rules, font type, size, and color, specific text formatting, presentation design, and other technical nuances.",1,-1,[],[60867]],["These norms of behavior, which constitute the concept of netiquette, are the adaptation of real-life etiquette rules to online technology in the internet environment",1,-1,[],[16458]],["These norms of behavior, which constitute the concept of netiquette, are the adaptation of real-life etiquette rules to online technology in the internet environment (Kayany, 2004)",1,-1,[],[16458]],["regulates virtual world relations",1,-1,[],[16458]]],"sy":[["Etiquette",1,30630,[],[16458]]],"rt":[["Etiquette",1,30630,[],[16458]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["etiquette",1,30630,[],[16458]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the case of OOC misuse, the images are genuine and the real counterpart always exists.",1,-1,[],[15523]]],"sy":[["Re-contextualization",1,6805,[],[15523]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["litigation strategies",1,25234,[],[33417]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["alternative sources",1,-1,[],[34588]],["traditional news media",1,-1,[],[34588]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["accidents",1,-1,[],[8290]],["disasters",1,-1,[],[8290]],["fires",1,-1,[],[8290]],["riots",1,-1,[],[8290]],["stories and pictures about crimes",1,-1,[],[8290]],["stories and pictures about crimes, violence, riots, fires, accidents, and disasters",1,-1,[],[8290]],["violence",1,-1,[],[8290]]]},{"nd":18,"df":[],"de":[["Active inoculation may confer a comparatively stronger inoculation effect because people are encouraged to generate their own antibodies and counterarguments [17,18].",1,-1,[],[51971]],["Active inoculation may confer a comparatively stronger inoculation effect because people are encouraged to generate their own antibodies and counterarguments [17,18]. That is, as the participant takes an active role in the inoculation process, this allows them to generate internal refutations themselves, which may lead to longer lasting effects owing to increased cognitive involvement [19].",1,-1,[],[51971]],["Active role of the player",1,-1,[],[28033]],["Flagging the content as unreliable",1,-1,[],[28033]],["Moment of implementing the inoculation -prophylactic (before the disinformation is spread) or therapeutic (after the disinformation is already present in online/offline spaces)",1,-1,[],[28033]],["Role-playing a \"bot destroyer\" that needs to",1,-1,[],[28033]],["That is, as the participant takes an active role in the inoculation process, this allows them to generate internal refutations themselves, which may lead to longer lasting effects owing to increased cognitive involvement [19].",1,-1,[],[51971]],["The game functions as a perspective-taking exercise (i.e., by putting the player in the position of a fake news creator)",1,-1,[],[49153]],["The player is instructed to be aware of",1,-1,[],[28033]],["Using debunked manipulated visual content",1,-1,[],[28033]],["Weakened example of false content",1,-1,[],[28033]],["active inoculation interventions can confer resistance to misinformation, particularly insofar it (i) makes people aware of their own vulnerability and (ii) elicits greater motivation to protect oneself from manipulation [53].",1,-1,[],[51971]],["can produce a psychological resistance to disinformation (Banas and Rains, 2010)",1,-1,[],[28033]],["learning by doing",1,-1,[],[22837]],["trains people to be more attuned to specific deception strategies",1,-1,[],[3202]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["inoculation theory",2,18397,[],[3202,49153]],["inoculation",1,14922,[],[2751]],["passive inoculation",1,21835,[],[22837]]],"sb":[["game or quiz",1,-1,[],[2688]],["prophylactic",1,26455,[],[28033]],["therapeutic",1,12535,[],[28033]]],"sp":[["inoculation",2,14922,[],[2688,22837]],["inoculation theory",2,18397,[],[3202,49153]],["inoculation messages",1,14859,[],[51971]],["psychological inoculation",1,15733,[],[2688]],["psychological inoculation theory",1,7406,[],[2888]],["refutational pre-emption",1,24693,[],[51971]]],"ex":[["popular gamified inoculation interventions such as Bad News 38 and GoViral! 110 , where players step into the shoes of a misinformation producer and are exposed-in a simulated social-media environment-to weakened doses of common strategies used to spread misinformation.",1,-1,[],[2888]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["harm can be intended in multiple ways like -loss of credibility of the target entity or disturbing mental peace and self-confidence of the target entities.",1,-1,[],[7416]]],"sy":[["abusive",1,34854,[],[7416]],["bullyingfoot_1",1,-1,[],[7416]],["hateful",1,15429,[],[7416]],["offensive",1,10180,[],[7416]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It can establish the largest distributed record that allows the transfer of ownership or the exchange of trade transactions without the need for a third party. In addition to achieving a high degree of safety and reliability.",1,-1,[],[28634]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":28,"df":[],"de":[["This category includes articles in dispute and unproven articles.",1,-1,[],[33854]],["This lack of visibility of foreign victims, and the sketchy depiction of Israeli Arab victims, fits the conception of 'other' women who are affiliated to minority groups that are socially marginalized.",1,-1,[],[45913]],["as a positive angle (the face of the other in love relations, for example) or as negative (by rejecting or animalization of the face in the insult or in the racism, or even in the distortion).",1,-1,[],[49242]],["mindset of constructing social distinctions and retaining the 'other'",1,-1,[],[39790]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["\"other-other\"",1,33168,[],[53025]],["feminine",1,-1,[],[49202]],["masculine",1,-1,[],[49202]],["nationalist \"common sense\"",1,-1,[],[27244]],["otherness",1,14729,[],[45913]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[35052]],["censorship",1,14297,[],[52706]],["framing dimensions",1,2822,[],[57347]]],"ex":[["Monkeys are stealing food from a hospital in South Africa.",1,-1,[],[52817]],["a fake political speech from Donald Trump",1,-1,[],[18884]],["construction of the Eastern European as a cultural 'other' bound them with a pattern of differentiation that cast them as anything but European.",1,-1,[],[39790]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It stands for the invisible framework that dictates what information is perceived as \"legitimate\" based on its source's alignment with the group's historical experience.",1,-1,[],[28080]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In the Estonian context, this dimension is particularly visible in the differing interpretations of 20th-century history, which continue to color perceptions of contemporary news.",1,-1,[],[28080]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Resistance has come in many forms, from official societies to personal abstentions",1,-1,[],[11305]],["resistance to vaccination has existed since Edward Jenner, now more than 200 years ago, used the method to induce immunity against smallpox in a patient",1,-1,[],[11305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["debunking",1,27730,[],[18860]],["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[18860]]],"sb":[["fact-checking and debunking",1,-1,[],[18860]],["inoculation theories",1,18397,[],[18860]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Diwaniyas were usually held in either halls attached to Kuwaiti houses or a separate building with a hall to receive guests, neighbors, and friends to discuss current events and exchange views.",1,-1,[],[33500]],["contemporary diwaniyas have become more like political salons and cultural clubs; they are more organized and often feature planned events, specific topics of discussions, and guest speakers.",1,-1,[],[33500]],["which also provided their members with an opportunity for political organization and mobilization.",1,-1,[],[33500]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["with infection probability 0.1 + U[0, 0.1] (fixed when the news is seeded)",1,-1,[],[18463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["personas where identifying as the demographic of the persona causes a Pew survey respondent to be less likely to take its stance.",1,-1,[],[37674]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["political liberals who support increased military spending",1,-1,[],[37674]],["someone who is politically liberal but supports increased military spending, a position typically associated with the politically conservative",1,-1,[],[37674]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. 'dogs are just beasts, kick them if they annoy you'.",1,-1,[],[11612]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Consumption",1,16169,[],[6977]],["Dissemination",1,34711,[],[6977]],["Moderation",1,27714,[],[6977]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For some instances, more than one label is correct, and the relative annotation task would be better framed as multi-label multi-class, rather than as multi-class tout-court.",1,-1,[],[11672]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["disagreement",1,33285,[],[11672]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While the environment does not relent on its principles -its insistence that the prisoner is guilty and must confess -it eases up enough for the prisoner to sense permeability between who he was and who he is asked to become. This sudden friendly treatment, rather than allowing backtracking, facilitates a greater absorption of the Communist principles. The impact of leniency cannot be overstated. Instead of viewing total annihilation as the only possibility, the prisoner is offered, on the condition of a new identity, cessation and consideration -a chance to escape from the horror of the previous months. Instead of challenging his captors, he sees reform as the gateway to respite and actively participates in the process from this point forward.",1,-1,[],[25028]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Consequently, worship is often reduced to a mere form of religious service or social function, practiced primarily during holidays and other relevant occasions",1,-1,[],[52645]],["Desacralization manifests through various digital media, including audio-visual content (Gardner, Mayes, & Hameed 2018), offensive imagery, and online expressions of blasphemy (Bunt 2018).",1,-1,[],[52645]],["Modern interpretations of secularism have accelerated the desacralization of religion (Dominguez 2016), fundamentally altering the ideological framework through which sacrality and its boundaries are defined (Kovbasiuk 2016).",1,-1,[],[52645]],["Thus, desacralization is not only a cultural phenomenon but also a political strategy, intensifying through media influence and shaping public perceptions, particularly during elections",1,-1,[],[52645]],["contributing to an increase in nihilism and relativism",1,-1,[],[52645]],["desacralization in the digital realm creates an environment in which religious symbols and beliefs are open to reinterpretation and contestation, aligning with the political utilization of religious themes in contemporary media.",1,-1,[],[52645]],["desacralization is not only a cultural phenomenon but also a political strategy, intensifying through media influence and shaping public perceptions, particularly during elections",1,-1,[],[52645]],["historically, as in the Netherlands and during the French Revolution, desacralization transformed religious and cultural symbols into politically charged, pluralistic symbols.",1,-1,[],[52645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contestation",1,19806,[],[52645]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the operators serve a realizing function; that is to say, they enhance the strength of the argument.",1,-1,[],[39627]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Soviet propaganda",1,3253,[],[51404]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["standalone website",1,22507,[],[58908]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["cumulative effects are limited to cognitive (beliefs and the acquisition of attitudes) and affective (emotional reactions) effects.",1,-1,[],[59026]],["limited to cognitive (beliefs and the acquisition of attitudes) and affective (emotional reactions) effects",1,-1,[],[59026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Agenda-Setting",1,425,[],[59026]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Contradictory Facts",1,33756,[],[35930]],["Exclusive Facts",1,12176,[],[35930]],["Shared Facts",1,25168,[],[35930]]],"sp":[["information conflicts",1,-1,[],[35930]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Reductio ad absurdum",1,12030,[],[33785]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In the Chinese context, adult content is conveyed implicitly due to strict regulations. This has led to the widespread use of subversive phrases in offensive language",1,-1,[],[17308]],["Not all adult content is inherently offensive; its offensiveness often depends on context and cultural norms.",1,-1,[],[17308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"奶子\"(milk) is employed to refer to female breasts",1,-1,[],[17308]],["terms like \"萝卜\"(carrot) are used to reference male genitals",1,-1,[],[17308]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["DA as we have defined it is a way of empowering people to deal with new technologies so that they feel they have roles in how they adopt, adapt to and use them wisely and responsibly.",1,-1,[],[588]],["In this respect, DA enshrines the principles of access and equity as surely as Article 1 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948), ensuring that as we go forward as a global society, driven by digital and other technologies yet to be invented, the individual will always retain her and his ability to control and adapt to accelerating changes in society through the exercise of digital competence, digital confidence, and digital accountability.",1,-1,[],[588]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital accountability",1,-1,[],[588]],["digital autonomy",1,-1,[],[588]],["digital competence",1,12553,[],[588]],["digital confidence",1,-1,[],[588]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[588]],["digital responsibility",1,-1,[],[588]],["digital skills",1,-1,[],[588]]],"sb":[["digital accountability",1,-1,[],[588]],["digital competence",1,12553,[],[588]],["digital confidence",1,-1,[],[588]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["confirmatory assertions",1,-1,[],[33303]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["textual claims",1,18969,[],[25592]]],"ex":[["'Technology is ethically neutral'",1,-1,[],[33303]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the most abstract is that involving an adjective",1,-1,[],[29380]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Linguistic Category Model",1,24425,[],[29380]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic category model",1,24425,[],[37411]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["basic response",1,-1,[],[7116]],["indirect response",1,-1,[],[7116]],["written responses",1,-1,[],[7116]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["representação",1,-1,[],[36403]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["(similar to CMI ∼ 0.5)",1,-1,[],[58861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Objective Overlap",1,5523,[],[58861]]],"ex":[["Example (c) shows high overlap with all aspects (majesty, guy, say) in text seen in the image.",1,-1,[],[58861]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Dažniausi užvaldytos žiniasklaidos požymiai yra koncentruota, neskaidri žiniasklaidos nuosavybė, stiprūs ryšiai tarp žiniasklaidos ir politikų",1,-1,[],[47487]],["atkreipia dėmesį į pragmatišką ir personalizuotą, o ne ideologija grįstą šio santykio pobūdį",1,-1,[],[47487]]],"sy":[["politinio paralelizmo",1,27075,[],[47487]],["politinio paralelizmo terminas",1,-1,[],[47487]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["was chosen as a normative standard to evaluate the diversity outcomes",1,-1,[],[48048]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["open diversity",1,34806,[],[48048]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["not all Nestorians are Assyrians, and not all Assyrians are Nestorians.",1,-1,[],[33056]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Nestorians",1,-1,[],[33056]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["false positives",1,19248,[],[36293]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The category of the produser commodity does not signify a democratization of the media towards participatory systems, but the total commodification of human creativity that negates and is the complete opposite of participatory democracy.",1,-1,[],[26105]],["The difference between the audience commodity on traditional mass media and on the Internet is that in the latter the users are also content producers",1,-1,[],[26105]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["audience commodity",1,1013,[],[26105]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This approach is directly applicable in the sycophancy setup, where the model's responses tend to align with user preferences or biases rather than objective correctness.",1,-1,[],[41385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the DA method significantly reduces conformity in models that are more susceptible to conformity biases (e.g., Gemma2 and Llama3).",1,-1,[],[41385]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["in the EU, demotion is treated as a minus to removal: The normative framework is identical, only that the threshold to justify demotion will likely be lower than justifying removal.",1,-1,[],[49234]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["equal dialogue with the public",1,-1,[],[56429]],["middle regionalization of news contexts",1,-1,[],[56429]],["personalized production of important news",1,-1,[],[56429]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Namism, including other \"ISMs of oppression\" (Rivers and Zotzmann 2017), have tended to fix issues of power differentials in terms of historically colonized places.",1,-1,[],[56383]],["where references to key postcolonial texts in the Anglo-Saxion scholarship circulate",1,-1,[],[56383]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ISMs of oppression",1,-1,[],[56383]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[36595]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Chamberlain (1994) argued that we have entered an era of demassification in which the individual media user is able, through newer technologies, to pick from a large selection of media, previously shared only with other individuals as mass media.",1,-1,[],[10077]],["Demassification is the ability of the media user to select from a wide menu.",1,-1,[],[10077]],["new media like the Internet possess at least three attributes of data not commonly associated with traditional media: interactivity, demassification, and asynchroneity.",1,-1,[],[10077]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["asynchroneity",1,-1,[],[10077]],["interactivity",1,3312,[],[10077]],["selectivity characteristics",1,-1,[],[10077]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In evidence-supported CS generation, this primarily manifests in two aspects: the inability to effectively rebut the HS and the failure to correctly utilize the given evidence",1,-1,[],[31317]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["context inconsistency",1,20537,[],[7617]],["instruction inconsistency",1,2555,[],[7617]],["logical inconsistency",1,26236,[],[7617]]],"sp":[["hallucination",2,4995,[["hallucination",1],["hallucinations",1]],[7617,31317]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["often preoccupied with a belief of social presence (Bandura, 1989;Eltantawy & Wiest, 2011;Ems, 2014).",1,-1,[],[28963]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["human interest frame",1,26607,[],[52760]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Therefore, X.com functions as a \"techno-social system\"",1,-1,[],[51380]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["notícias enganosas com intuito de confundir e de levar ao esquecimento fatos e ações inaceitáveis",1,-1,[],[44192]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[44192]]],"sb":[["apagamento",1,32704,[],[44192]],["engano",1,-1,[],[44192]],["esquecimento",1,28608,[],[44192]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the reputational costs associated with being wrong are higher than the reputational benefits of being right",1,-1,[],[9164]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["trust asymmetry",1,16151,[],[9164]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Expressing itself, for example, as Limited Access to Resources; Social Stigmatization; Labor Inequality; Violence and Crime; Lack of Political Representation, among others.",1,-1,[],[34866]],["This form of discrimination manifests itself in various dimensions, affecting access to resources, rights, and opportunities, and perpetuating social exclusion.",1,-1,[],[34866]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Labor Inequality",1,-1,[],[34866]],["Lack of Political Representation",1,-1,[],[34866]],["Limited Access to Resources",1,-1,[],[34866]],["Social Stigmatization",1,-1,[],[34866]],["Violence and Crime",1,-1,[],[34866]],["class-based discrimination can intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as racism or sexism, exacerbating the difficulties faced by individuals belonging to multiple marginalized groups.",1,-1,[],[34866]],["intersectional discrimination",1,3072,[],[34866]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Limited Access to Resources; Social Stigmatization; Labor Inequality; Violence and Crime; Lack of Political Representation",1,-1,[],[34866]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["la creación de estereotipos a través de formatos basados en plantillas (Moody-Ramírez, 2022) y el uso de la retórica afiliativa para dar sentido al mundo, así como las posibilidades de participación en la producción y la conversación social en torno a temas de interés, fomenta la consolidación de un sistema de valores y significados compartidos.",1,-1,[],[52994]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["global warming, social security, health care reforms, and abortion",1,-1,[],[19482]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["horizontal identification",1,8764,[],[20129]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["identification theory",1,-1,[],[20129]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["By consistently highlighting specific themes in news coverage, media outlets can shape public perceptions of the severity and urgency of climate change, framing it as either a pressing crisis or a less imminent concern (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007).",1,-1,[],[15446]],["Directs audience interpretation of the crisis and emphasizes particular policy priorities",1,-1,[],[49102]],["Here, collective outcomes, base-rate information, and statistics of over time trends play a more central role than individual cases.",1,-1,[],[5166]],["In contrast, thematic framing situates events within broader structural, institutional, or historical contexts, directing attention toward systemic causes and policy solutions.",1,-1,[],[39024]],["Thematic framing can help contextualise these crimes within larger social and systemic issues",1,-1,[],[59389]],["a thematically-framed issue creates an impression to readers that the issue is collective in nature; hence, its locus and solution at the governmental level is determined",1,-1,[],[43141]],["encourages attributions to systemic factors",1,-1,[],[57385]],["thematic frames emphasize macroeconomic conditions, global pressures, or long-term policy trajectories.",1,-1,[],[39024]]],"sy":[["thematic news",1,9350,[],[5166]]],"rt":[["episodic framing",5,19540,[["episodic framing",4],["Episodic framing",1]],[4298,35723,39024,46331,59389]],["episodic approach",1,13704,[],[58548]],["hard news",1,34189,[],[9234]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",7,22777,[["framing",5],["Framing",2]],[15446,30310,38021,39024,46331,55817,58548]],["Frames",1,7860,[],[5166]],["Media framing",1,29447,[],[15446]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[39024]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["At the same time, the media's attitude towards authorities is shifting from a more favourable stance towards an attitude where the media are more suspicious of authorities (Bennett, 2009;Kleinnijenhuis et al., 2006).",1,-1,[],[54141]],["The news is furthermore preoccupied with order, as journalists question whether authorities are capable of establishing or restoring the order",1,-1,[],[54141]],["When the story implies a need for action and the government is given the responsibility for that, the authority-disorder bias is present.",1,-1,[],[54141]],["When the story implies a need for action or suggests action should be taken, the action frame is present.",1,-1,[],[54141]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["attribution of responsibility",1,7919,[],[54141]]],"sb":[["Action/non action frame",1,-1,[],[54141]]],"sp":[["information biases",1,15611,[],[54141]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media reform",1,33607,[],[51542]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["facilitates message encoding and reduces the need for interpretation and inferences.",1,-1,[],[51251]]],"sy":[["interpretative frames",1,5352,[],[55745]]],"rt":[["issue culture",1,-1,[],[55745]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we have entered the era of visual witnessing, the theory of which applies the revolutionary works of the 1960s to Kuhn or Latour's history of science and sociology.",1,-1,[],[45820]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["小姐姐, 你太太太太太太可爱啦! (央视网 CCTV Web 6/28/2020) Xiaojiejie, ni tai tai tai tai tai tai ke-ai la Xiaojiejie, 2SG too too too too too too cute/lovable SFP 'Xiaojiejie, you are toooooo cute!'",1,-1,[],[38971]],["小姐姐, 你飞奔的样子真美! (人民网 People's Web 12/1/2021) Xiaojiejie, ni fei-ben-de yangzi zhen mei Xiaojiejie, 2SG fly-run-ASSOC appearance really beautiful 'Xiaojiejie, the way you dash looks so beautiful!'",1,-1,[],[38971]],["白衣小姐姐, 你溜走的样子真好看! (央视新闻 CCTV News 8/8/2020) Bai-yi xiaojiejie, ni liuzou-de yangzi zhen haokan White-dress xiaojiejie, 2SG run-away-ASSOC appearance really pretty 'Xiaojiejie in white dress, the way you hurry away looks so pretty!'",1,-1,[],[38971]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["images of social grievances",1,32894,[],[22581]],["protest actions",1,21773,[],[22581]],["protest issues",1,-1,[],[22581]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["modalities",1,15247,[],[39568]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, mitigation is a discursive technique that can be used to control or shape how people perceive certain actions or events, frequently advancing the agendas of particular players or social groups.",1,-1,[],[39273]],["It entails analyzing the words used to minimize or lessen accountability, blame, or unfavorable assessments.",1,-1,[],[39273]],["It entails analyzing the words used to minimize or lessen accountability, blame, or unfavorable assessments. CDA's linguistic perspective of language as a center of ideology and power is linked to mitigation.",1,-1,[],[39273]],["mitigation is a discursive technique that can be used to control or shape how people perceive certain actions or events, frequently advancing the agendas of particular players or social groups.",1,-1,[],[39273]]],"sy":[["repair strategies",1,-1,[],[39273]]],"rt":[["discriminatory",1,33355,[],[48218]],["racist",1,6247,[],[48218]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[29705]],["positional polarization",1,13895,[],[29705]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["crowd behavior",1,-1,[],[13167]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This non-consensual use of deepfakes not only violates personal privacy but also has severe emotional and psychological consequences for the individuals targeted.",1,-1,[],[16238]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["has become a hot-button issue as malicious actors are intensifying their efforts to push their subversive agenda",1,-1,[["has become a hot-button issue as malicious actors are intensifying their efforts to push their subversive agenda",1],["has become a hot-button issue as malicious actors are intensifying their efforts to push their subversive agenda.",1]],[17980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["infographics",1,4128,[],[6672]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["curation algorithms used by digital intermediaries",1,-1,[],[4107]],["curation algorithms work similarly to the legacy media in that they too act as gatekeepers by making decisions about what information is relevant for individuals to know (Napoli, 2015;Thorson & Wells, 2016;Tufekci, 2015).",1,-1,[],[4107]],["the ability to make certain content, or aspects of reality, more visible and salient, also means that their power then lies in their ability to create, maintain or cement social norms by shaping what is encountered (Beer, 2017).",1,-1,[],[4107]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["curation algorithms is seen as serving content it thinks the individual would want to know (Bucher, 2018)",1,-1,[],[4107]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["resultative causatives",1,-1,[],[26030]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This fact-checking in the dialogue system could be utilized not only as an evaluation metric for facilitating factual consistency but also to model such a system.",1,-1,[],[7463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In this example, the reasoning is correct, but ChatGPT used the [IN FAVOR] label towards the wrong topic.",1,-1,[],[40185]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["indirect reaction",1,2080,[],[16287]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Comically framed discourse posits that humans may mitigate the worst effects of climate change, or that they may adapt to the unchangeable telos.",1,-1,[],[4852]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Facts can be represented in different forms, such as entities, n-grams and relation triples (subject, relation, object).",1,-1,[],[15692]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["false negatives",1,14736,[],[36294]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Defining the killing of women as femicide/feminicide legitimizes the issue and increases the phenomenon's visibility and pervasiveness (Marcuello-Servós et al. 2016).",1,-1,[],[15944]],["Femicide/feminicide legislation also helps de-normalize femicide/feminicide and bring this violence into the public sphere",1,-1,[],[15944]],["governments tended to use more narrow definitions than their academic counterparts.",1,-1,[],[15944]],["helps de-normalize femicide/feminicide and bring this violence into the public sphere",1,-1,[],[15944]],["human rights violation",1,-1,[],[15944]],["recognized as a regional and global problem",1,-1,[],[15944]]],"sy":[["femicide",1,2621,[],[15944]],["feminicide",1,27294,[],[15944]]],"rt":[["VAW",1,-1,[],[15944]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["e-governance",1,12741,[],[3807]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["coverage overwhelmingly framed climate change as psychologically proximate by emphasizing present threat (1,298, 48.76%), with fewer articles focusing on past (109, 4.09%) or future (323, 12.13%) impacts.",1,-1,[],[45563]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Psychological distance",1,22368,[],[45563]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This group exemplifies a case of social media activism",1,-1,[],[57087]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54127]]],"ex":[["Posts in social media",1,-1,[],[54127]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["an institutionalized way of interaction between human beings and divine actors",1,-1,[],[8214]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["religion in the public sphere",1,27771,[],[8214]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["aesthetic approach",1,30725,[],[21372]],["ritual approach",1,11119,[],[21372]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["approaches to genre in television",1,-1,[],[21372]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["When evaluating a target, perceivers consider a target's behavior as well as attributes about the target, such as their gender, and may shift their standards of judgment based on stereotyped expectations.",1,-1,[],[8942]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This bias exists dominantly in the form of \"extra information\" on top of the salient key information about an issue that changes the overall impression of it.",1,-1,[],[34043]]],"sy":[["information bias",1,15611,[],[34043]]],"rt":[["Lexical framing bias",1,23089,[],[34043]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Media framing bias",1,105,[],[34043]],["framing bias",1,7181,[],[34043]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Alfabetización publicitaria",1,10943,[],[43825]],["alfabetización",1,-1,[],[43825]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["polar expressions",1,11518,[],[26001]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["adversary role",1,-1,[],[19035]],["advocate role",1,6007,[],[19035]],["missionary role",1,27140,[],[19035]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To test how these linguistic variations affect impression formation, we then measured perceived entitativity and stereotype content about the group, and perceived essentialism with respect to the described competent and incompetent behaviors.",1,-1,[],[22891]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Although covert, such processes may be externalized through means like think-alouds and cognitive interviews.",1,-1,[],[29085]],["Cognitive Processes gives us the insight of the reasoning and difference in the thought process of the authors",1,-1,[],[26187]],["Cognitive processes make use of working and long-term memory resources to transform, manipulate, combine, and validate information",1,-1,[],[29085]],["Cognitive processes make use of working and long-term memory resources to transform, manipulate, combine, and validate information (Dinsmore, 2017;Richter & Maier, 2017).",1,-1,[],[29085]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["causation",1,22487,[],[26187]],["certainty",1,4256,[],[26187]],["differentiation",1,21945,[],[26187]],["discrepancy",1,-1,[],[26187]],["insight",1,33642,[],[26187]],["tentative",1,23100,[],[26187]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["using stereotypical male examples such as dragons and castles to vividly explain learning content",1,-1,[],[410]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["association",1,19319,[],[57735]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Circumstance",1,22438,[],[43832]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["Factive verbs Presuppose the truth of their complement clause",2,-1,[["Factive verbs Presuppose the truth of their complement clause",1],["factive verbs (presuppose the truth of their complement clause)",1]],[29666,51165]],["Presuppose the truth of their complement clause",2,-1,[["Presuppose the truth of their complement clause",1],["presuppose the truth of their complement clause",1]],[29666,51165]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemological bias",1,16997,[],[29666]]],"ex":[["\"John realized that he had no money\" implies \"John had no money\".",1,-1,[],[20701]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective reality",1,-1,[],[32780]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["cuando una mujer decide dedicarse al periodismo ha de pasar por una segunda socialización con el fin de interiorizar los valores masculinos dominantes",1,-1,[],[21980]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Websites that produce fake news",1,-1,[],[59096]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["generic frames",1,19746,[],[21085]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["fosters democratic dialogues through pluralizing voices and presenting non-elite actors marginalized in Syrian legacy media coverage",1,-1,[],[43889]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["valence-framing",1,21458,[],[58643]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["antithetical to any kind of dogmatism and fundamentalism, as it is to quackery and disinformation in general.",1,-1,[],[28538]],["is antithetical to any kind of dogmatism and fundamentalism, as it is to quackery and disinformation in general.",1,-1,[],[28538]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["advocacy journalism",1,10223,[],[4522]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the language of Hungarian propaganda, the political opposition is referred to as being 'pro-war'",1,-1,[],[39468]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["háborúpárti baloldal 'pro-war left'",1,-1,[],[39468]],["háborúpárti ellenzék 'pro-war opposition'",1,-1,[],[39468]],["háborúpárti liberálisok 'pro-war liberals'",1,-1,[],[39468]],["háborúpárti politikusok 'pro-war politicians'",1,-1,[],[39468]],["háborúpártiak",1,-1,[],[39468]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["supporters on the losing side believe elections are less credible",1,-1,[],[29129]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This language may be milder than in other cases but should be part of the campaign (by one person or a group) to make the target feel threatened or intimidated.",1,-1,[],[6741]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"you are a loser and I hope you die\"",1,-1,[],[6741]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["fatores como preferência partidária e religião são preditores importantes dos hábitos de consumo de mídia no Brasil.",1,-1,[],[46493]],["os eleitores preferiam consumir informações que estivessem de acordo com suas preferências e crenças",1,-1,[],[46493]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["polarização afetiva",1,19494,[],[46493]],["polarização política",1,18538,[],[46493]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To measure EU issue entrepreneurship we combine a party's EU salience score with their distance to the mean party position on the EU dimension. Specifically, for each party we multiply its EU salience score with the distance between its party position and the average position of all parties in the system on the EU issue (EU issue distance).",1,-1,[],[21982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Both indicators were originally developed to measure and visualize a degree of inequality in societies [7]",1,-1,[],[41109]],["Both indicators were originally developed to measure and visualize a degree of inequality in societies [7], such as deprivation and satisfaction [14].",1,-1,[],[41109]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Lorenz curve",1,17675,[],[41109]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["represented by a Gini coefficient of G = 1, whereas for the \"perfect communist\" scenario G = 0.",1,-1,[],[41109]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is understood by everyone in a bull session that the statements people make do not necessarily reveal what they really believe or how they really feel",1,-1,[],[19660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["activists supergluing themselves to an object or building",1,-1,[],[51625]],["staging die-ins with fake blood",1,-1,[],[51625]],["swarming (forming a temporary blockade across a road or bridge)",1,-1,[],[51625]],["swarming (forming a temporary blockade across a road or bridge), staging die-ins with fake blood, and activists supergluing themselves to an object or building",1,-1,[],[51625]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["historical Orientalist discourse that continues to inform the dominant popular European frame in which Islam is depicted as a violent religion, and European Muslims as the abject 'other'",1,-1,[],[38196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Personal identity consists of cognitive (self-image), emotional (self-esteem, pride) and motivational (ability to act) components.",1,-1,[],[25494]],["the source of such powerful and action-guiding emotions as pride, shame, embarrassment and guilt, and is closely bound up with one's sense of self-worth",1,-1,[],[18632]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversion",1,12877,[],[10093]],["social identity",1,9282,[],[18632]],["social utility",1,29367,[],[10093]],["surveillance",1,2504,[],[10093]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["motivations for media use",1,-1,[],[10093]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["LIWC scans texts for words in its dictionary, counting occurrences and grouping them according to predefined categories.",1,-1,[],[47571]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Certain types of ad hominem attacks are relatively easy to detect, especially attacks in which other indicators feature, such as slurs and stereotypical language.",1,-1,[],[18124]],["Certain types of ad hominem attacks can be easy to detect, especially attacks where other indicators are present, such as slurs, stereotypical language. But there are context-sensitive ad hominem attacks whose detection requires a natural language understanding level not yet achieved by the current systems.",1,-1,[],[18124]],["Moreover, the prevalence of ad hominem attacks and coarse language undermines the rigorous standards of burhan and ijtihad, replacing reasoned argumentation with emotional appeals and rhetorical coercion.",1,-1,[],[37679]],["They include accusations of lying, ignorance, stupidity, and condescension.",1,-1,[],[18124]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["name calling",1,21181,[],[18124]],["smears",1,6898,[],[18124]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Scarcity",1,11019,[],[9581]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["participation through the media",1,17544,[],[26099]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Datasets such as Twitter15/16, LIAR, and FakeNews-Net primarily focus on this dimension, providing annotated claims and news statements labeled as true, false, or unverified.",1,-1,[],[1563]],["This category involves falsified or manipulated textual content that misrepresents facts.",1,-1,[],[1563]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Relational approaches promote a shared sense of community, which may drive the efficacy of responses to misinformation and the prevention of misinformation",1,-1,[],[37837]],["The analysis then focuses on the patterns of relationships that emerge while citizens are interacting with the content",1,-1,[],[6439]],["This relational approach aims to conceptualize online interactions in the form of networks that are connected with each other based on common interests or the type of content shared or accessed.",1,-1,[],[6439]],["While procedural approaches attend to the algorithmic process, relational approaches measure biases in the dataset and the algorithmic output.",1,-1,[],[5947]],["relational approaches are based on an interaction that allows for listening, acknowledgement of others' perspectives and values, and tolerance of difference.",1,-1,[],[37837]],["relational approaches that prioritize fostering relationships or dialogue as a response to key science communication challenges",1,-1,[],[37837]]],"sy":[["relational strategies",1,-1,[],[37837]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["'conservatives with a university degree'",1,-1,[],[17452]],["'young women'",1,-1,[],[17452]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["automated journalism",2,7206,[],[9303,52219]],["computational journalism",2,17057,[],[1351,5256]],["algorithmic journalism",1,15888,[],[52219]],["algorithmic news",1,-1,[],[1351]],["automated content",1,-1,[],[1351]],["data journalism",1,28520,[],[5256]],["data-driven journalism",1,6808,[],[5256]],["journalism as programming",1,21220,[],[5256]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalistic AI-driven tools",1,-1,[],[5228]]],"ex":[["sports reporting, financial updates, and breaking news alerts",1,-1,[],[47592]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Because EPE is about understanding politics, it is a better predictor of information seeking behaviors than traditional measures of internal or external efficacy that focus on confidence in taking effective political action",1,-1,[],[27963]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["such as information out of context, false connections, information biased reconfigured in some way",1,-1,[],[35892]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[35892]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As the criminal frame focuses on the driver rather than the victim, it has the potential to elicit more sympathy for the victim and assign greater perceived blame on the driver",1,-1,[],[13921]],["As the criminal frame focuses on the driver rather than the victim, it has the potential to elicit more sympathy for the victim and assign greater perceived blame on the driver (Niemi & Young, 2016, p. 1235).",1,-1,[],[13921]],["Emphasizing the repercussions and criminality of killing pedestrians may be an effective mechanism to encourage drivers to obey traffic bylaws intended to keep pedestrians safe",1,-1,[],[13921]],["Emphasizing the repercussions and criminality of killing pedestrians may be an effective mechanism to encourage drivers to obey traffic bylaws intended to keep pedestrians safe (Fleiter & Watson, 2012, p. 382).",1,-1,[],[13921]],["The criminal frame, which focuses on the act of the driver being charged, was used in 20 headlines.",1,-1,[],[13921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["factual frame",1,8455,[],[13921]],["factual humanized frame",1,15705,[],[13921]],["human frame",1,13286,[],[13921]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["discursos de escolta",1,-1,[],[51174]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["infrastructural racism",1,34368,[],[32101]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man",1,-1,[],[41968]],["With regard to the freedom of speech, these restrictions appear in the form of ethical self-constraints or legal norms",1,-1,[],[41968]],["every people must comply with applicable restrictions and be responsible for speech be delivered.",1,-1,[],[12780]],["fundamental civil right",1,-1,[],[41968]],["in a liberal democracy that freedom of speech is restricted by the ban on speech which would harm other citizens or impinge on the stability of the state",1,-1,[],[41968]],["the right of a citizen to freely proclaim their views is seen as self-evident and treated also as a good that should be equally guaranteed to all citizens of a democratic state.",1,-1,[],[41968]]],"sy":[["freedom of expression",2,34794,[],[41968,58293]],["aanvaardbaar",1,-1,[],[58293]],["acceptable",1,27752,[],[58293]],["eigen mening",1,-1,[],[58293]],["free communication of ideas and opinions",1,-1,[],[41968]],["normaal",1,-1,[],[58293]],["normal",1,21398,[],[58293]],["okay",1,-1,[],[58293]],["oké",1,-1,[],[58293]],["own opinion",1,-1,[],[58293]],["prima",1,-1,[],[58293]],["vrijheid van meningsuiting",1,-1,[],[58293]]],"rt":[["freedom of expression",1,34794,[],[41968]],["freedom of responsible speech",1,-1,[],[47973]],["human rights",1,15074,[],[41968]],["political freedoms",1,-1,[],[41968]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Autonomy is associated with the level to which the AI can operate without supervision from the issuer, such as chatbots or product recommendation systems based on, for example, purchase history.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["Magnitude is the extent of the changes that AI enacts on messages, with applications ranging from correcting spelling mistakes to creating subtitles for videos or texts from summaries.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["Media type refers, for example, to the automatic filling of messages while they are still being written.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["Role orientation refers to the role that the AI system plays in the communication process: sender or receiver.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["magnitude, media type, optimization goal, autonomy, and role orientation",1,-1,[],[16516]],["the third dimension, optimization goal, assists in this process, presenting oneself as appealing, reliable, witty, authoritative, etc.",1,-1,[],[16516]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Autonomy is associated with the level to which the AI can operate without supervision from the issuer, such as chatbots or product recommendation systems based on, for example, purchase history.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["Magnitude is the extent of the changes that AI enacts on messages, with applications ranging from correcting spelling mistakes to creating subtitles for videos or texts from summaries.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["Media type refers, for example, to the automatic filling of messages while they are still being written.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["Role orientation refers to the role that the AI system plays in the communication process: sender or receiver.",1,-1,[],[16516]],["optimization goal, assists in this process, presenting oneself as appealing, reliable, witty, authoritative, etc.",1,-1,[],[16516]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In this type of stance detection, the text (T) or the user (U) is the main input to predict the stance toward a specific predefined single target (G).",1,-1,[],[62055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["target-independent stance detection",1,19437,[],[33307]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",2,25533,[],[33307,62055]]],"ex":[["For example, during the US general election, we would like to find out from someone's online posts whether she supports Trump or not.",1,-1,[],[13209]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["cultural causality",1,-1,[],[55799]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The frequency and volume of coverage tend to indicate the value and urgency of an issue for the public.",1,-1,[],[59391]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["applications that try to manipulate human behavior",1,-1,[],[10636]],["social scoring",1,-1,[],[10636]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["different outcomes for similar facts",1,-1,[],[44741]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Primary Prompting Strategies",1,9744,[],[56248]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This bias is commonly seen in media representation, where prevalent cultural narratives disproportionately influence societal norms",1,-1,[],[52675]],["This bias is commonly seen in media representation, where prevalent cultural narratives disproportionately influence societal norms (Dixon, 2017;Shor et al., 2015).",1,-1,[],[52675]],["This decreases the accuracy of this classifier on \"minority\" data. Such bias is thus caused by the lack of diversity in the data (Dastin, 2018).",1,-1,[],[36757]],["Unlike representative bias, which examines the content generation aspect of LLMs, affinity bias focuses on the evaluative behavior of models",1,-1,[],[52675]],["representative bias, which denotes a tendency of LLMs to generate outputs that mirror the experiences of certain identity groups",1,-1,[],[52675]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias/unfairness in classification tasks",1,-1,[],[36757]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fake accounts",1,753,[],[34271]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["fake, manual or artisan profiles (created by people)",1,-1,[],[34271]],["those generated and manipulated manually and automatically (bots or robots)",1,-1,[],[34271]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["cyberbullying",1,-1,[],[34271]],["cybercrime",1,-1,[],[34271]],["digital reputation",1,-1,[],[34271]],["gamers",1,-1,[],[34271]],["media manipulation",1,-1,[],[34271]],["pornography",1,-1,[],[34271]],["spammers",1,-1,[],[34271]],["stalker",1,-1,[],[34271]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["data-driven analysis of genders in large corpora can only relate to social gender indirectly through linguistic notions of gender(s).",1,-1,[],[30118]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["marcos",1,7621,[],[44296]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media repertoires",1,23690,[],[24231]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["floods, waves or invasions",1,-1,[],[26534]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Emoticons are the graphical representation of facial expressions",1,-1,[],[23066]],["The use of emoticons aims at making the text messages more expressive.",1,-1,[],[7808]],["The word emoticon is the combination of two words, \"emotions and icon\".",1,-1,[],[23066]],["These emoticons carry expressions, which are understandable and take very little in writing and interpretation of sentiments",1,-1,[],[23066]],["These emoticons carry expressions, which are understandable and take very little in writing and interpretation of sentiments (Dresner, 2010).",1,-1,[],[23066]],["They were first used by the computer scientist Scott Fahlman in 1982 as a \"joke marker\" (Fahlman, 2012).",1,-1,[],[19521]]],"sy":[["images",1,1973,[],[23066]]],"rt":[["emojis",2,19295,[],[19521,23066]],["charts",1,-1,[],[23066]],["drawings",1,-1,[],[23066]],["ideographic",1,-1,[],[23066]],["non-verbal cues",1,-1,[],[23066]],["photos",1,-1,[],[23066]],["pictographic",1,-1,[],[23066]]],"sb":[["eastern or vertical (mainly from east Asia)",1,-1,[],[7808]],["emojis",1,19295,[],[23066]],["western or horizontal (mainly from America and Europe)",1,-1,[],[7808]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Beyond highlighting which actors are responsible, populist blame attributions emphasize that the elites are failing to represent the people's will, depriving them from what they deserve.",1,-1,[],[56920]],["Populist blame attribution differs from general attributions of responsibility by emphasizing both an antagonistic causal and moral divide between the good people and the culpable other.",1,-1,[],[56920]],["Populist blame attribution was manipulated by emphasizing the ideational core of populism in the article's framing of the news event",1,-1,[],[56920]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["general attributions of responsibility",1,-1,[],[56920]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These strategies aim to assign positive or negative, derogatory, or complementary labels to people, events, and procedures.",1,-1,[],[39275]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["compassion",1,20838,[],[24671]],["trait compassion",1,-1,[],[24671]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This emphasis could arguably be aligned with a broader global trend towards solutions-oriented narratives in climate communication",1,-1,[],[54512]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["women's magazines sometimes offer anti-establishment discourses",1,-1,[],[51445]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Adapted to the present context, the normative coherence of a narrative refers to its fit with pre-existing norms, including normative felicity conditions, while what we may term factual coherence refers to its capacity to establish the probable truth of propositions about facts.",1,-1,[],[57839]]],"sy":[["narrative coherence",1,5887,[],[57839]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["'people understand some attributes and social categories in terms of fixed underlying and identity-determining attributes'",1,-1,[],[39791]],["'people understand some attributes and social categories in terms of fixed underlying and identity-determining attributes', which may then have implications for the formation of stereotypes and prejudices",1,-1,[],[39791]],["Essentialist beliefs encompass various subcomponents. People who hold essentialist beliefs about a category are likely to believe that knowing that someone is a member of a certain category is greatly informative (informativeness), that the category has existed across history with very few changes (historical invariance), that the category has all-or-none boundaries (discreteness), and that members of the category are highly similar to one another (uniformity; Gelman, 2003Gelman, , 2004;;Haslam & Ernst, 2002). They are also likely to believe that it is difficult or impossible for a category member to lose membership (immutability), that there are certain characteristics necessary to be a category member (necessary features), that category membership is due to an inherent underlying reality (inherence), and that the category is naturally occurring rather than socially constructed (naturalness; Gelman, 2003;Haslam & Ernst, 2002).",1,-1,[],[14982]],["People tend to hold essentialist beliefs about simple categories such as \"dogs\" or \"vegetables,\" but also about complex social categories such as race, gender, and sexual orientation (Dar-Nimrod & Heine, 2011).",1,-1,[],[14982]],["category membership is due to an inherent underlying reality (inherence)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["it is difficult or impossible for a category member to lose membership (immutability)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["knowing that someone is a member of a certain category is greatly informative (informativeness)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["members of the category are highly similar to one another (uniformity; Gelman, 2003Gelman, , 2004;;Haslam & Ernst, 2002)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["the category has all-or-none boundaries (discreteness)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["the category has existed across history with very few changes (historical invariance)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["the category is naturally occurring rather than socially constructed (naturalness; Gelman, 2003;Haslam & Ernst, 2002)",1,-1,[],[14982]],["there are certain characteristics necessary to be a category member (necessary features)",1,-1,[],[14982]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["discreteness",1,-1,[],[14982]],["historical invariance",1,-1,[],[14982]],["immutability",1,-1,[],[14982]],["informativeness",1,1068,[],[14982]],["inherence",1,-1,[],[14982]],["naturalness",1,19450,[],[14982]],["necessary features",1,-1,[],[14982]],["uniformity",1,24983,[],[14982]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing concept",1,18531,[],[46437]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hoax",1,13150,[],[10622]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Given a set of posts associated with a rumour and, optionally, additional sources related to the rumour, the task consists of assigning one of the following labels to the rumour, Y ∈ {true, false, unverified}.",1,-1,[],[6854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["rational choice theory",1,16507,[],[1244]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Subtyping is linguistically usually reflected in the use of modified noun labels like \"friendly hooligan\" or \"tough woman\" (adjective + noun) or compound nouns like \"career women,\" \"desk officer\" or \"math girl\" (noun + noun).",1,-1,[],[39684]],["When this happens, rather than abandoning the stereotype, often the perceiver will instead maintain the stereotype",1,-1,[],[45366]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"desk officer\"",1,-1,[],[39684]],["\"friendly hooligan\"",1,-1,[],[39684]],["\"math girl\"",1,-1,[],[39684]],["\"tough woman\"",1,-1,[],[39684]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["GAI may exacerbate the digital divide, impacting individuals and communities with varying access to and acceptance levels of this technology.",1,-1,[],[35858]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Characterized as an individual difference variable, high reactance is typified by desire for autonomy, resistance to rules and regulations, low concern for social norms, and defensiveness",1,-1,[],[42058]],["Low prospective control did not lead to passivity, but rather to reactance (resistance, opposition).",1,-1,[],[7758]],["individuals do not like the feeling being persuaded as it threatens their freedom",1,-1,[],[3506]],["showing unsolicited advice that contradicts a person's initial idea may trigger reactance",1,-1,[],[7305]],["which is known to trigger reactance (Brehm, 1966)",1,-1,[],[41933]]],"sy":[["backfire effect",1,16591,[],[22391]],["opposition",1,-1,[],[7758]],["resistance",1,3238,[],[7758]]],"rt":[["Psychological Reactance Theory",1,-1,[],[42058]],["affect transfer mechanism",1,30177,[],[3506]],["backfire effect",1,16591,[],[22391]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["to the extent that there is a 'gender gap' in support for such parties and that they promote traditional gender roles or indeed gender equality in their opposition to Islam",1,-1,[],[27076]]],"sy":[["men's parties",1,-1,[],[27076]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["djeteta",1,-1,[],[46252]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["An environment of pervasive distrust in media and institutions, itself partly fostered by misinformation, constitutes a fertile ground for the liar's dividend.",1,-1,[],[61345]],["An open question is whether other types of scandals, including potentially more severe ones, make the payout of the liar's dividend even greater.",1,-1,[],[61345]],["Encouraging scepticism towards visual media may unintentionally have the adverse effect of making it more likely that people will flatly deny real video evidence with which that they are presented",1,-1,[],[33730]],["The liar's dividend may pay out even more for current political leaders, reinforced when political actors, organizations, and certain media sources act in concert to amplify misinformation and undermine trust.",1,-1,[],[61345]],["The prevalence of the liar's dividend also increases proportionately with the public's awareness of deepfakes",1,-1,[],[33730]],["fears around deepfakes",1,-1,[],[33730]],["the liar's dividend concept was originally developed in the context of concerns over the implications of deepfakes",1,-1,[],[61345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Deepfakes Hypothesis",1,-1,[],[61345]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[61345]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[61345]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[61345]],["misinformation about misinformation",1,-1,[],[61345]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["crying wolf about fake news",1,-1,[],[61345]],["where a politician is faced with compromising video evidence, they could deny a factual incriminating video of themselves as a deepfake.",1,-1,[],[33730]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["personhood",1,25102,[],[18612]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["fact-checking improves the overall quality of news available to viewers; however, it does not incentivize firms to improve the accuracy of their own news articles.",1,-1,[],[49444]],["policies for tackling misinformation, namely media competition and third-party fact-checking",1,-1,[],[49444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the organization was providing an avenue for these oppressed citizens fighting back against the authoritarian regime.",1,-1,[],[27900]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media framing theory",1,927,[],[30366]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the trend by public health officials to communicate the vaccine in an overly-cautious or pessimistic way",1,-1,[],[3646]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["in which journalists are social change agents, and educators of democratic values in the transition to the new system",1,-1,[],[31519]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["change agents in transitional societies",1,-1,[],[31519]],["educators",1,-1,[],[31519]],["mediators between conflicting social groups",1,-1,[],[31519]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotional interdependence",1,18762,[],[36073]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["This story plays on making someone feel that they in danger, that they have something to fear and that their country is under attack in some way. It stirs up emotions.",1,-1,[],[5805]],["This story plays on making someone feel that they in danger, that they have something to fear and that their country is under attack in some way. It stirs up emotions. (P9, male, 43 years old)",1,-1,[],[5805]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["estrategias de encuadre interactivo",1,-1,[],[47411]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Because of the presence of the sacred science, any historical events brought up will be processed through the group's philosophy. \"The underlying assumption is that the doctrine -including its mythological elements -is ultimately more valid, true, and real than is any aspect of actual human character or human experience\" (p. 431).",1,-1,[],[25017]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Information tools, and resulting threats, are harder to counter than traditional diplomatic or economic tools that can be countered in a reciprocal manner.",1,-1,[],[38309]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["NGO reports on censorship or restrictions on internet access",1,-1,[],[38309]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Outlet specialization based on political ideology results in a stronger polarization of the media market",1,-1,[],[8495]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This approach raises the need to develop \"citizen workshops\" that offer tools and knowledge for the full performance of civic participation",1,-1,[],[15043]],["as well as \"civic media literacy\" that encourages reflection on prejudices and ideological biases in information",1,-1,[],[15043]],["or the impact of media on political, social or cultural issues that define democracy",1,-1,[],[15043]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["The former demonstrates that discourse, despite the subject's pretension that they are an autonomous source of meaning, is constituted by other discourses",1,-1,[],[49188]],["the constitutive one",1,-1,[],[49188]],["the latter",1,-1,[],[49188]],["the latter alters the apparent unicity of discourse by incorporating other voices with explicit or non-explicit signals",1,-1,[],[49188]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["explicitly recognizes that social and environmental factors, as well as psychological characteristics of the sender and the client play an important role in the informing process as they influence the framing of the message",1,-1,[],[34350]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a place where different versions of how the world is and should be are struggled over",1,-1,[],[12549]],["the English language classroom a site of cultural politics",1,-1,[],[12549]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["research on media coverage of science and technology primarily links balance to the evaluative dimension of balance",1,-1,[],[54818]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["taught German children that the hooked Jewish nose was a racial marker indicative of inherent negative traits, comparable to the characteristics of poisonous mushrooms",1,-1,[],[32928]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the 1938 children's book Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom), published by Julius Streicher, editor of the notoriously anti-Semitic newspaper Der Stürmer",1,-1,[],[32928]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["test the association of the target concept with some set of attribute words, analogous to WEAT above.",1,-1,[],[38030]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["WEAT",1,20859,[],[38030]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["political leanings",1,31395,[],[24052]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["negative news coverage of trans issues can promote",1,-1,[],[28031]]],"sy":[["transphobia",1,28817,[],[28031]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["recent legislation on samesex marriage in Western countries demands that same treatment for same-sex marriage and opposite-sex marriage, which extends the definition of adultery beyond hetero-sexuality",1,-1,[],[58478]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["narratives of disease can eventually enact narratives of alterity.",1,-1,[],[26415]],["rhetorically introduce a distinction between \"Us\" and \"Them,\" and in so doing produce new and re-enact old narratives of alterity.",1,-1,[],[26415]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["narratives of disease",1,-1,[],[26415]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the idea of innate black immunity placed an undue burden on the city's black inhabitants. For those black people who did stay behind to help, it meant buying into a belief that at its core defined their bodies as being distinctive and unequal to whites.",1,-1,[],[26415]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The Persuasion Knowledge Model (Friestad and Wright, 1994) proposes that people develop theories and beliefs about how persuasion agents try to influence them.",1,-1,[],[16942]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["negative",1,27826,[],[33037]],["neutral",1,31656,[],[33037]],["positive",1,26933,[],[33037]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["teams refusing to play, or significant security threats to competitions",1,-1,[],[40563]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["covariates that have not been accounted for in the analysis (omitted variable bias)",1,-1,[],[7333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["An example for this case would be when someone designs a model to predict, with relatively high accuracy, the annual percentage rate at which customers will stop subscribing to a service, but soon observes that the majority of users are canceling their subscription without receiving any warning from the designed model. Now imagine that the reason for canceling the subscriptions is appearance of a new strong competitor in the market which offers the same solution, but for half the price. The appearance of the competitor was something that the model was not ready for; therefore, it is considered to be an omitted variable.",1,-1,[],[7333]],["someone designs a model to predict, with relatively high accuracy, the annual percentage rate at which customers will stop subscribing to a service, but soon observes that the majority of users are canceling their subscription without receiving any warning from the designed model. Now imagine that the reason for canceling the subscriptions is appearance of a new strong competitor in the market which offers the same solution, but for half the price.",1,-1,[],[7333]],["when someone designs a model to predict, with relatively high accuracy, the annual percentage rate at which customers will stop subscribing to a service, but soon observes that the majority of users are canceling their subscription without receiving any warning from the designed model. Now imagine that the reason for canceling the subscriptions is appearance of a new strong competitor in the market which offers the same solution, but for half the price. The appearance of the competitor was something that the model was not ready for; therefore, it is considered to be an omitted variable.",1,-1,[],[7333]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["public problems are socially constructed.",1,-1,[],[48165]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this sense, we also include as clients those who use news agency services without paying a full price or indeed receive those service free of charge.",1,-1,[],[23440]],["The term 'client' or 'customer' is typically used when the economic nature of a transaction is emphasised. A good or service is produced and sold to a customer, who then is a client.",1,-1,[],[23440]]],"sy":[["customer",1,-1,[],[23440]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["how corporate political engagement would impact the existing dynamic information environment, thus influencing politicized social conflicts.",1,-1,[],[40530]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political CSR",1,17749,[],[40530]]],"sb":[["corporate political advocacy",1,13139,[],[40530]],["political CSR",1,17749,[],[40530]],["stance supporting the issue",1,-1,[],[40530]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["autonomous pole",1,15574,[],[10671]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["field",1,6180,[],[10671]]],"ex":[["e.g., the market's, politicians' or the media's.",1,-1,[],[10671]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Analysing discourse can show the extent to which spoken or written texts are gendered by looking into language use and gender representation.",1,-1,[],[40507]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such information -directly communicated from agency to citizen -could be perceived as too unidirectional and thus too paternalistic.",1,-1,[],[56529]]],"sy":[["pläderande information",1,-1,[],[56529]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Based on a profile of user interests and preferences, systems recommend items that may be of interest or value to the user.",1,-1,[],[19731]],["Information filtering plays a central role in recommender systems, as it is able to recommend information that has not been rated before and accommodates the individual differences between users",1,-1,[],[19731]],["Information filtering plays a central role in recommender systems, as it is able to recommend information that has not been rated before and accommodates the individual differences between users [3,8].",1,-1,[],[19731]],["It can also take the form of coarse summaries, where s is a continuous variable and reports n take on a finite number of values, such as when the report is an editorial endorsement of one candidate or the other.",1,-1,[],[20297]],["This can capture selection, where s is a high-dimensional vector and news outlets are constrained to choose one or a subset of the elements of the vector to report in n.",1,-1,[],[20297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["recommender systems",1,13278,[],[19731]]],"sb":[["coarse summaries",1,-1,[],[20297]],["selection",1,15321,[],[20297]]],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[20297]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A statement will be accepted as true if it corroborates remembered facts that are associated with a known, credible source, and it will be rejected as false if the facts are associated with a discredited source.",1,-1,[],[2635]],["recollection of sources requires intentional and strategic control",1,-1,[],[2635]]],"sy":[["recollection",1,29108,[],[2635]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[36498]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambivalence",1,14481,[],[54392]]],"sb":[["attribute framing",1,15548,[],[54167]],["goal framing",1,30623,[],[54167]],["risky choice framing",1,15889,[],[54167]]],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[54167]],["framing effects",1,7994,[],[54167]],["media framing",1,29447,[],[54392]]],"ex":[["a media source can talk about \"90% employment\" vs \"10% unemployment\".",1,-1,[],[54392]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["show a reason for happening or being in a sentence",1,-1,[],[2009]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["because of",1,-1,[],[2009]],["due to",1,-1,[],[2009]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["perhaps search engines should similarly be required not to discriminate among websites.",1,-1,[],[25389]],["search neutrality advocates recognize that websites must plead their case in terms of users' needs.",1,-1,[],[25389]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["network neutrality",1,9303,[],[25389]]],"sb":[["Bias",1,30859,[],[25389]],["Equality",1,28787,[],[25389]],["Manipulation",1,148,[],[25389]],["Objectivity",1,31829,[],[25389]],["Relevance",1,33428,[],[25389]],["Self-interest",1,33744,[],[25389]],["Traffic",1,-1,[],[25389]],["Transparency",1,28207,[],[25389]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["cloaking techniques designed to evade conventional textbased detection systems",1,-1,[],[30877]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Abbreviation",1,1842,[],[30877]],["Code-Mixing",1,34568,[],[30877]],["Deformation",1,19886,[],[30877]],["Homophonic Substitution",1,-1,[],[30877]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["guidance journalism",1,18253,[],[50591]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse",1,31797,[],[53754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are often victims of labor exploitation, trafficking, or economic manipulation.",1,-1,[],[61243]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["innocent",1,-1,[],[61243]]],"ex":[["Workers in sweatshops; victims of human trafficking; communities suffering from corporate exploitation of natural resources.",1,-1,[],[61243]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The model's explanations rely heavily on partial lexical cues or structural repetition, without demonstrating real understanding of rhetorical function or context.",1,-1,[],[52058]]],"sy":[["clear failures",1,-1,[],[52058]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["infrastructural residual in media consumption is most visible in places where the current media infrastructure resembles the earlier one.",1,-1,[],[25756]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[["Sensation is the unusual, the spectacular, the extra-ordinary and the more sensational, the more newsworthy",2,-1,[],[24106,60299]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news criteria",1,1667,[],[60299]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["News Criteria",2,1667,[["News Criteria",1],["news criteria",1]],[24106,60299]]],"ex":[["''man-bite-dog''",2,-1,[["''man-bite-dog''",2],["man-bite-dog",2]],[24106,60299]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["los primeros movimientos antivacunas nacen en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX cuando Reino Unido impulsa varias leyes para obligar a su población a vacunarse contra la viruela.",1,-1,[],[48701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["grupos de presión",1,-1,[],[48701]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The spread of priming through a network of related concepts (sour > lemon > healthy > pills > doctor, etc.), with partially overlapping neural representations, may be modeled as a contagious spread of activation in a network of correlated attractors",1,-1,[],[3382]],["This facilitation is important not only because semantic priming of certain concepts makes them easier to process (i.e., more \"fluent\") but also because fluent concepts are generally liked more and believed to be truer (56).",1,-1,[],[3382]],["This is observed in bias paths on both word association graph and word embedding graphs, like potential-maybe in word association graph and really-actually in word embedding graphs. A more profound semantic relationship is hierarchical, including generic to specific and partitive relationships, such as energy-carbohydrate and girl-person.",1,-1,[],[12225]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["priming",1,19875,[],[3382]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":34,"df":[],"de":[["Either as a form of discrimination or a way of looking at men and women, which presented a total picture of the world",1,-1,[],[24501]],["However, the term is often used to describe a combination of conscious or unconscious prejudice and power to implement action which leads, however unintentionally, to disproportionate disadvantage for BAME [Black, Asian, and minority ethnic] people.",1,-1,[],[59770]],["People who use the term 'racist' to describe the actions of others may or may not mean that the other person is personally prejudiced.",1,-1,[],[59770]],["Racism emerges to account for the application of colonial rule in the heartlands of Europe, while still maintaining the difference between West and non-West, which was constitutive of the colonial world order.",1,-1,[],[10288]],["Racism, in all of its forms, is the \"condition of acceptability\" of such a differential exposure of lives in a society in which power is mainly exercised to protect the biological life of the population and enhance its productive capacity (\"S,\" p. 255; trans. mod.)",1,-1,[],[5461]],["This discrimination can be both individual and institutional and can occur in various ways",1,-1,[["This discrimination can be both individual and institutional and can occur in various ways",1],["This discrimination can be both individual and institutional and can occur in various ways:",1]],[34872]],["This is supported by a specific division of labour, in which racialised subjects' labour is undervalued and by a dismissal of the knowledge and experiences of racialised subjects.",1,-1,[],[23240]],["racism becomes a way of fragmenting the biological continuum-we all are living beings with more or less the same biological needs-in order to create hierarchies between different human groups, and thus (radical) differences in the way in which the latter are exposed to the risk of death.",1,-1,[],[5461]],["racism has five key attributes: racial hierarchy, racial framing, collective and individual discrimination, racial inequalities, and, finally, racist institutions.",1,-1,[],[38934]],["racism is not an attitude or behaviour carried by individuals; rather they are both outcomes of the specific social organisation that emerged in early modernity along with European expansionism.",1,-1,[],[23240]],["racism was never an indispensable element of nationalism, especially during movements",1,-1,[],[24501]],["reframed as a transnational moral issue rather than a localized anomaly",1,-1,[],[54260]],["some contributions to this activity, like moves in a game, can 'enact' facts about what is subsequently permissible or impermissible within the activity.",1,-1,[],[18667]],["with the emergence of biopolitics, racism becomes a way of fragmenting the biological continuum-we all are living beings with more or less the same biological needs-in order to create hierarchies between different human groups, and thus (radical) differences in the way in which the latter are exposed to the risk of death.",1,-1,[],[5461]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Antisemitism",2,14573,[["Antisemitism",1],["anti-Semitism",1]],[10288,34872]],["Islamophobia",2,13648,[],[10288,34872]],["Afrophobia",1,-1,[],[34872]],["Antisemitism, Arabophobia, Islamophobia and Afrophobia.",1,-1,[],[34872]],["Arabophobia",1,-1,[],[34872]],["biopolitics",1,34721,[],[5461]],["homophobia",1,13370,[],[10288]],["nationalism",1,22205,[],[24501]],["patriotism",1,25752,[],[24501]],["populism",1,20354,[],[24501]],["sexism",1,22658,[],[10288]],["xenophobia",1,30438,[],[36424]]],"sb":[["Afrophobia",1,-1,[],[34872]],["Antisemitism",1,14573,[],[34872]],["Arabophobia",1,-1,[],[34872]],["Cultural racism",1,15805,[],[34872]],["Individual racism",1,-1,[],[34872]],["Institutional racism",1,10526,[],[34872]],["Islamophobia",1,13648,[],[34872]],["Structural racism",1,28732,[],[34872]],["Xenophobia",1,30438,[],[34872]],["Xenophobia (rejection or fear of people from other countries or cultures)",1,-1,[],[34872]],["racial microaggressions",1,-1,[],[482]]],"sp":[["Hate Speech",1,18278,[],[482]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In every instance of interpersonal communication, the participants (the speaker or writer and the hearer or reader) engage in the use of speech acts to convey and comprehend messages",1,-1,[],[49398]],["Speech acts encompass all activities performed by an individual during the act of speaking.",1,-1,[],[49398]],["Speech acts play a key role in the process of communication",1,-1,[],[49398]],["expression, statement, query, and other speech acts",1,-1,[],[59965]],["helps to determine the communicative intent of the viewpoint",1,-1,[],[59965]],["speech acts encompass several behaviours performed during speaking, including presenting a report, making statements, posing questions, issuing warnings, making promises, expressing agreement, expressing sorrow, and offering apologies.",1,-1,[],[49398]],["the concept of speech acts can be seen as an individual manifestation of a psychological character, with its persistence being influenced by the speaker's linguistic abilities within a given context",1,-1,[["the concept of speech acts can be seen as an individual manifestation of a psychological character, with its persistence being influenced by the speaker's linguistic abilities within a given context",1],["the concept of speech acts can be seen as an individual manifestation of a psychological character, with its persistence being influenced by the speaker's linguistic abilities within a given context.",1]],[49398]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["process of communication",1,12439,[],[49398]]],"sb":[["commissive",2,25823,[["commissive",1],["commissives",1]],[19694,49398]],["directive",2,8393,[["directive",1],["directives",1]],[19694,49398]],["expressive",2,5916,[["expressive",1],["expressives",1]],[19694,49398]],["assertive",1,12521,[],[49398]],["declaration",1,22738,[],[49398]],["declaratives",1,-1,[],[19694]],["illocutionary acts",1,11039,[],[61686]],["locutionary acts",1,2641,[],[61686]],["perlocutionary acts",1,22142,[],[61686]],["representatives",1,18975,[],[19694]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["adoption of statutes",1,-1,[],[57853]],["conclusion of contracts",1,-1,[],[57853]],["expressing agreement",1,-1,[],[49398]],["expressing sorrow",1,-1,[],[49398]],["issuing warnings",1,-1,[],[49398]],["making promises",1,-1,[],[49398]],["making statements",1,-1,[],[49398]],["offering apologies",1,-1,[],[49398]],["posing questions",1,-1,[],[49398]],["presenting a report",1,-1,[],[49398]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Memes are designed to be shared, retweeted, and repurposed, thereby increasing their ideological impact across various online platforms.",1,-1,[],[57584]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As one of the means for the formation of rational consumption, Soviet propaganda had to impart to advertising the role of educating the consumer in aesthetic appreciation, since having seen product advertising created specifically for different products, consumers were meant not only to imagine what the products were for, but also to refine their aesthetic awareness and taste.",1,-1,[],[42722]],["The choice of an item based almost purely on its functional purpose was considered as confirmation of a consumer's good aesthetic taste, that is, the item had to be convenient to use.",1,-1,[],[42722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulation",1,148,[],[28787]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the main finding was that fake news sharing -as well as sharing of real news -reflects partisan goals.",1,-1,[],[58949]]],"sy":[["directional motivations",1,21983,[],[58949]]],"rt":[["accuracyoriented motivations",1,34572,[],[58949]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["framing of boar hunting as a matter of interacting with nature as a particular form of enacting status",1,-1,[],[44256]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["subjectivity in narratives following Banfield's (1982) theory, which characterized sentences of narration as objective (narrating events or describing the fictional world) or subjective (expressing the author's thoughts or perceptions).",1,-1,[],[24851]]],"sy":[["Neutral",1,31656,[],[52450]]],"rt":[["Negative",1,27826,[],[62059]],["Positive",1,26933,[],[62059]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Accessibility is finally viewed in opposition to the dangerous and outrageous role generated by the media gaze that relies on the reiteration of conventional formulaic expressions that are considered full of integrity, which benefit from institutionalised recognition.",1,-1,[],[45511]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the relationship between PR and journalism has been summarized and conceptualized by Bentele et al. (1997) in the so-called Intereffikationsmodell",1,-1,[],[36854]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["article-user correlation",1,-1,[],[56333]],["user-user correlation",1,-1,[],[56333]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["These are the more blatant political manifestations of JI, such as when journalists participate in an election rally or a political commercial ad, or when they help to organize or join protest events.",1,-1,[],[4520]],["committed to certain political sources",1,-1,[],[4520]],["criticized",1,-1,[],[4520]],["helping a politician and a certain political agenda",1,-1,[],[4520]],["political activists",1,-1,[],[4520]],["the journalists tended to add qualifications and leave out practices that involved being overtly partisan, directly helping politicians, and acting on their personal beliefs in politically contentious issues.",1,-1,[],[4520]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalistic interventionism",1,24446,[],[4520]]],"ex":[["participating in public events and rallies",1,-1,[],[4520]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Predisposition towards radicalization can be visible through the psycho-linguistic footprints left by the users online",1,-1,[],[18437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["race hygiene",1,-1,[],[49464]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["explains why speeches given by central bankers do not have an immediate effect on financial markets as soon as they are published on the Fed's website, but are effective with a time-lag, after the media have reported on them",1,-1,[],[29871]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["noticeable filter",1,-1,[],[29871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Jihād",1,12436,[],[33222]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Bronnen subsidiëren de massamedia door de kosten van nieuwsgaring en nieuwsproductie te verlagen en de workload voor journalisten beheersbaar te helpen houden. In ruil daarvoor verkrijgen ze toegang tot het nieuws.",1,-1,[],[19957]],["De afhankelijkheid van informatiesubsidies bij nieuwsagentschapjournalisten in combinatie met de lage transparantieniveaus in de (Vlaamse) nieuwsmedia maakt dat heel wat pr-materiaal indirect op de redacties van Vlaamse kranten en omroepen belandt dat behandeld wordt als oorspronkelijke journalistieke informatie waarvan de nieuwswaarde reeds door een journalist bevestigd is en die niet verder gecontroleerd hoeft te worden",1,-1,[],[19957]],["Vlaamse journalisten meestal niet transparant zijn over het gebruik van informatiesubsidies, en deze informatie bijgevolg voorstellen als oorspronkelijke journalistieke nieuwsgaring.",1,-1,[],[19957]],["die niet hoeven vertaald te worden alvorens ze kunnen opgenomen worden in een nieuwsbericht",1,-1,[],[19957]],["een vast deel zal en kan gaan uitmaken van het nieuwsgaringproces",1,-1,[],[19957]],["informatiesubsidies die niet hoeven vertaald te worden alvorens ze kunnen opgenomen worden in een nieuwsbericht",1,-1,[],[19957]],["informatiesubsidies over de afwikkeling van humanitaire projecten in verschillende landen en regio's",1,-1,[],[19957]],["informatiesubsidies weliswaar vaak gecategoriseerd worden als manipulatie en vertekening, maar dat ze eigenlijk ook een positieve factor kunnen vormen in het nieuwsproductieproces.",1,-1,[],[19957]],["professionals hun informatiesubsidies het aura meegeven van originele journalistieke content die het publieke belang dient",1,-1,[],[19957]]],"sy":[["voorverpakt nieuws",1,-1,[],[19957]]],"rt":[["nieuwsgaring",1,-1,[],[19957]],["public relations",1,10627,[],[19957]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discrimination",1,19636,[],[46223]],["gender violence",1,4893,[],[46223]],["social sexism",1,-1,[],[36177]],["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[46223]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["closely related to the belief in the paranormal (e.g., precognition, witchcraft, telekinesis, superstitions)",1,-1,[],[34363]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["belief in the paranormal (e.g., precognition, witchcraft, telekinesis, superstitions)",1,13025,[],[34363]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["considering the act of thinking about a friend (event 1) who unexpectedly calls (event 2) as an extraordinary event that can only be explained by something supernatural such as luck or destiny",1,-1,[],[34363]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Knowledge about media industries",1,-1,[],[12931]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["phone snubbing",1,-1,[],[14511]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["se ha encontrado constantemente situada entre el retorno a la memoria sagrada y la abolición de la memoria",1,-1,[],[17234]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["memoria sagrada",1,-1,[],[17234]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["focused on issues related to racial stereotypes, the effects of colonialism and the perpetuation or reproduction of oppressive effects on marginalized groups in societies across the globe.",1,-1,[],[12916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["portraying Black men as violent, hypersexualized criminals",1,-1,[],[12916]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["explores interconnectivity between the public and the government by understanding the behavior of both parties",1,-1,[],[58617]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["domestic form of witnessing",1,-1,[],[36437]],["parallel to first-hand witnessing, media witnessing entails a certain responsibility",1,-1,[],[36437]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["first-hand witnessing",1,-1,[],[36437]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the government has the potential to overcome the familiarity bias trap (i.e., repeating a false claim strengthens the claim) because people hear the facts before they are exposed to the falsehoods.",1,-1,[],[47092]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Formal English typically avoids contractions, uses precise vocabulary, and adheres strictly to standard grammar and syntax.",1,-1,[],[30831]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Style Adjustment",1,-1,[],[30831]]],"ex":[["Original: \"lol i love watchin my lil guy try to act out the things wiht them\" → Modified: \"I enjoy watching my companion attempt to role-play with them.\"",1,-1,[],[30831]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[53029]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["These statistical models can be used for modeling the dissemination of information in Web communities [10] as well as measuring social influence [13].",1,-1,[],[52157]],["rigorous statistical model",1,-1,[],[52157]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["public relevance algorithms",1,-1,[],[7846]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["in China, herbal medicines were promoted as potential treatments for COVID-19 despite warnings from medical experts about their potential risks and lack of scientific evidence",1,-1,[],[44189]],["many fake cures and misleading claims about the virus were spread. For example, there were cases in which people in Israel suffered adverse consequences, including deaths and illnesses, after believing and following misinformation on social media claiming that alcohol could cure COVID-19",1,-1,[],[44189]]]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["A media outlet N 's report is free from omission bias if and only if s N (ω) = ω.",1,-1,[],[56688]],["The worry on exposing a healthy child to the risk of adverse effects of a vaccination is understandable and is known in the behavioral sciences as omission bias.",1,-1,[],[12651]],["news reports suffer from some omission bias in a biased media environment as N R hides bad news for the incumbent and N L good news.",1,-1,[],[56688]],["with news story",1,-1,[],[56688]]],"sy":[["news filtering",1,-1,[],[56688]],["simplification",1,8034,[],[20726]]],"rt":[["presentation bias",1,22343,[],[56688]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Description bias",1,21499,[],[27938]],["Spin Bias",1,31485,[],[20726]]],"ex":[["if a source article is left-oriented, a right-oriented article could reuse only excerpts that report about an event itself but omit parts that fall into the liberal agenda",1,-1,[],[29801]],["immunization against measles offers probably the most impactful case study",1,-1,[],[12651]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Linguistic gender refers to overlapping notions, such as grammatical, and semantic gender, depending on the properties of the language.",1,-1,[],[30116]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["grammatical",1,26710,[],[30116]],["semantic gender",1,5315,[],[30116]]],"sb":[["grammatical gender",1,3702,[],[30116]],["grammatical, and semantic gender",1,-1,[],[30116]],["semantic gender",1,5315,[],[30116]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["fiction in which characters are cast as journalist but their professions reflect little on the plot",1,-1,[],[55235]],["fiction in which journalism itself is the predominant focus",1,-1,[],[55235]],["fiction in which journalists are merely transitional devices advancing the plot",1,-1,[],[55235]],["fiction in which journalists are the key characters",1,-1,[],[55235]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Sua eficácia está diretamente vinculada à sua capacidade de se naturalizar como uma forma legítima de gestão da informação.",1,-1,[],[50390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Coercive isomorphism",1,23006,[],[4365]],["normative isomorphism",1,3794,[],[4365]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["conveys a commitment through a structure whose surface form differs from its intended commissive force",1,-1,[],[38391]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["commissive speech acts",1,286,[],[38391]],["commissives",1,25823,[],[38391]]],"ex":[["saying, \"We'll see what happens tomorrow,\" which implicitly commits to making a decision or taking action, even though no performative verb appears",1,-1,[],[38391]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Intermediate values capture more balanced media diets, with exposure to both same-side, opposing-side, or neutral outlets.",1,-1,[],[53518]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["popular",1,21101,[],[32334]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Inspired by Hitler's vegetarianism and the nazi 'blut und boden' slogan, these groups appeal to anti-globalisation, xenophobic and gastronativist discourses anchored around the terroir and organic farming",1,-1,[],[35912]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This perspective serves to articulate a profound sense of loss and the upheaval associated with the end of maternal functions (as if you suddenly cease to be a mother), changes in bodily and sexual functions, and the broader experience of aging. It touches on the emotional experiences of women, highlighting grief, confusion, and a sense of disconnection from one's past self, suggesting a departure from societal ideals of youth and vitality, and intensifying the sense of loss and re-evaluation of self-identity.",1,-1,[],[39046]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["COVID-19 victims suffer infertility, loss of smell, stroke and lungs dysfunction after treatment.",1,-1,[],[52823]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["issue-specific frames",1,19702,[],[5355]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["one-to-many communication",1,899,[],[7820]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Martin (2002) defined Topos as reservoirs of generalized notions from which given arguments can be produced about critical discourse analysis.",1,-1,[],[39278]],["Topoi encompass general rules, shared knowledge within a given community, and common-sense principles embedded in the repository of implicit knowledge",1,-1,[],[39630]],["served to reinforce this positive view of refugees.",1,-1,[],[39278]],["the topos that underpins the Western narratives of NATO alliance protecting the interests and citizens' security, with justification for increasing defense spending",1,-1,[],[39630]]],"sy":[["Topos",1,28921,[],[39278]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["+defense spending, +safety for soldiers",1,-1,[],[39630]],["If person A is ill, they have a temperature",1,-1,[],[887]],["Of two routes from A to B, one chooses the shorter route",1,-1,[],[887]],["concept, interpretation, threat, humane aspects, justice, liability, weighting, finances, numerals, law and rights, culture, and usefulness.",1,-1,[],[39278]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["By inserting these \"invented\" details into a wider narrative to augment it, the meaning is \"turned\" or changed in some way.",1,-1,[],[6085]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["One episode following the Manchester attack exemplifies several key features of event ghosting as a mode of communicating soft facts. It concerns the activities of a woman who, after the bombing, claimed to have taken a number of children separated from their parents to a local hotel, where she was keeping them safe (Figure 2).",1,-1,[],[6085]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["witnessing",1,21616,[],[43374]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["ideal types",1,15966,[],[43374]]],"ex":[["tourist locations based on sites of media production (such as television sets or film locations), in particular visits to Granada Studios Tour, Manchester",1,-1,[],[43374]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["MIL could be considered a crucial competency in today's societies and one of the most effective tools for counteracting fake news, as well as promoting independent, pluralistic media and information systems.",1,-1,[],[54840]],["MIL is typically understood in a narrow way and connected mainly with IT skills",1,-1,[],[54840]],["MIL, which empower people with access to information and knowledge, as well as promote critical thinking skills.",1,-1,[],[54840]],["Teaching digital verification tools in secondary schools and universities",1,-1,[],[29035]],["a digitally literate citizenry does not merely detect disinformation but also demands transparency, questions manipulated narratives, and actively participates in the construction of a more ethical information ecosystem",1,-1,[],[29035]],["articulating MIL with its ethical dimension",1,-1,[],[29035]],["associate it with computer skills and information skills",1,-1,[],[54840]],["promoting the habit of checking reliable sources and not sharing anything without verification",1,-1,[],[29035]],["self-training of the electorate",1,-1,[],[29035]],["systematic civic education",1,-1,[],[29035]],["understand MIL as rooted in media education",1,-1,[],[54840]]],"sy":[["Media and Information Literacy",1,25540,[],[54840]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[29035]]],"rt":[["civic education",1,28801,[],[29035]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[29035]],["digital verification tools",1,-1,[],[29035]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Analytical individuals are best equipped to evaluate political issues through the lens of their preexisting beliefs, which tends to impact how they interpret political content.",1,-1,[],[49305]],["Individuals with low CRT scores interpret new messages based mainly on intuition, while those with high scores can perceive information nuances",1,-1,[],[49305]],["high analytical capacity",1,-1,[],[49305]]],"sy":[["analytical abilities",1,-1,[],[49305]]],"rt":[["Cognitive Reflection Test -CRT",1,-1,[],[49305]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["According to the overconfidence hypothesis and stewardship theory, cognitive biases lead overconfident managers to maintain an optimistic view of the market and the company's prospects [120].",1,-1,[],[41957]],["It is prevalent among corporate managers",1,-1,[],[41957]],["It is prevalent among corporate managers [119].",1,-1,[],[41957]],["It is primarily manifested in two ways",1,-1,[],[41957]],["It is primarily manifested in two ways [118].",1,-1,[],[41957]],["It is primarily manifested in two ways [118]. The first way is through optimistic psychological expectations. This means overestimating the likelihood of favorable outcomes. The second way is the overestimation of one's abilities. This involves an excessive confidence in the effectiveness and reliability of one's judgment.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["Moore and Healy (2008) identified three distinct definitions of overconfidence: overestimation of one's own performance (Kruger and Dunning, 1999); overestimation of one's own performance relative to others; and overconfidence in the accuracy of one own beliefs (which they termed \"over-precision\").",1,-1,[],[36115]],["Overconfidence is a cognitive bias in decision-making.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["Several studies have argued that the overconfidence error is an artefact of human Bayesian-like belief updating when information is uncertain",1,-1,[],[36115]],["The first way is through optimistic psychological expectations.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["The first way is through optimistic psychological expectations. This means overestimating the likelihood of favorable outcomes.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["The second way is the overestimation of one's abilities.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["The second way is the overestimation of one's abilities. This involves an excessive confidence in the effectiveness and reliability of one's judgment.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["They often overestimate their management skills, underestimate potential risks, and struggle to respond rationally to negative management feedback [121].",1,-1,[],[41957]],["This confidence exists without considering personal bias.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["This involves an excessive confidence in the effectiveness and reliability of one's judgment.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["This means overestimating the likelihood of favorable outcomes.",1,-1,[],[41957]],["This overconfidence epitomizes managers' irrational behavior.",1,-1,[],[41957]]],"sy":[["illusory superiority",1,28011,[],[36115]],["over-precision",1,7721,[],[36115]],["overestimation of one's abilities",1,-1,[],[41957]]],"rt":[["objective knowledge",1,-1,[],[8826]],["subjective knowledge",1,10388,[],[8826]],["underconfidence",1,8056,[],[18120]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[41957]]],"ex":[["On difficult tasks, people overestimate their actual performances but also mistakenly believe that they are worse than others; on easy tasks, people underestimate their actual performances but mistakenly believe they are better than others.",1,-1,[],[36115]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["collective narcissism",1,33998,[],[1893]]],"ex":[["achievement, competence, dominance",1,-1,[],[1893]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Methods from information retrieval have been proposed early on to determine the veracity of web documents.",1,-1,[],[30622]]],"sy":[["fact checking",1,16098,[],[30622]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news detection models",1,28974,[],[48901]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["The elements of everyday understanding are fed from different sources, such as traditional convictions and experiences gathered in one's own social career, patterns of life forms and ideas resulting from belonging to certain milieus, social groups, or different role expectations, as well as problems and experiences resulting from concrete contexts of action such as the family or at work.",1,-1,[],[55824]],["it consists of sedimented experiences and represents the background against which new experiences can be made.",1,-1,[],[55824]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Every child knows that",1,-1,[],[4088]],["It's very easy to understand",1,-1,[],[4088]],["the difference in status between 'experts' and 'ordinary people' when they appear on current affairs television",1,-1,[],[56317]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Type 2 processing",1,7719,[],[17509]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Rather, it is articulated as a new type of technological danger so sophisticated that any citizen could potentially fall victim to it. It derives from false \"profiles on social media that look and sound like Danish citizens\" (Kretz 2019) and a \"digital toolbox\" that can increasingly \"target more precisely, with greater effect, and lower risk of detection by the sender\" (Splidsboel Hansen 2019).",1,-1,[],[49808]],["it is articulated as a new type of technological danger so sophisticated that any citizen could potentially fall victim to it.",1,-1,[],[49808]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["this may draw attention to the gender biases that are established and disseminated on the internet.",1,-1,[],[40510]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender biases",1,27773,[],[40510]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stereotype knowledge",1,16684,[],[10128]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Arabic outlets serve audiences familiar with displacement, war, and religious ethics of hospitality, making solidarity-driven, morally charged narratives both expected and effective.",1,-1,[],[56299]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["es un componente importante para dotar al mismo de fiabilidad.",1,-1,[],[50162]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["slow journalism",1,30478,[],[13942]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the independence approximation introduces path dependency, such that biases accumulate over successive steps.",1,-1,[],[41641]]],"sy":[["lock-ins",1,3681,[],[24359]]],"rt":[["exchangeability",1,-1,[],[41641]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["O \"dito\"",1,-1,[],[36405]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Que el ecosistema informativo sea transparente significa que el ciudadano debe saber, en todo momento, qué o quién está detrás de la información que está consumiendo. Debe saber si esa información responde a intereses económicos o políticos concretos o no.",1,-1,[],[55080]],["Que el ecosistema informativo sea transparente significa que el ciudadano debe saber, en todo momento, qué o quién está detrás de la información que está consumiendo. Debe saber si esa información responde a intereses económicos o políticos concretos o no. Así, pues, la ciudadanía necesita disponer de información sobre los medios para poder valorar su independencia, pluralidad y profesionalidad.",1,-1,[],[55080]],["en el caso de los medios públicos, el EMFA incluye obligaciones complementarias, como la obligación de garantizar la transparencia en el uso de fondos y en la asignación de sus recursos humanos y financieros",1,-1,[],[55080]],["piedra angular en la acción de ambas disciplinas",1,-1,[],[34927]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Acceso a datos brutos",1,-1,[],[34927]],["Acceso a datos tratados",1,-1,[],[34927]],["Explicación y acceso a fuentes",1,-1,[],[34927]],["Explicación y acceso a metodología",1,-1,[],[34927]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They also include national-security legislative oversight powers, which are outside the scope of our analysis.",1,-1,[],[50530]],["transparency institutions such as freedom of information (FOI) laws or press protections more broadly (Colaresi 2012;Egorov, Guriev, and Sonin 2009;Grigorescu 2003;Lorentzen 2014), which affects the investigative costs of NGOs.",1,-1,[],[50530]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["FOI laws",1,-1,[],[50530]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["freedom of information (FOI) laws",1,-1,[],[50530]],["press protections",1,-1,[],[50530]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["FOBS",1,-1,[],[42299]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["According to this model, people describe positive in-group behaviors in abstract terms (e.g., affectionate), suggesting enduring traits, while negative in-group behaviors are described more concretely (e.g., punch), implying situational explanations.",1,-1,[],[41331]],["According to this model, people describe positive in-group behaviors in abstract terms (e.g., affectionate), suggesting enduring traits, while negative in-group behaviors are described more concretely (e.g., punch), implying situational explanations. This pattern reverses for out-group members",1,-1,[],[41331]],["For members of our in-group, we tend to describe positive actions and attributes using more abstract language, and their undesirable behaviors and attributes more concretely. Conversely, when an out-group individual does or is something desirable, we tend to describe him or her with more concrete language, whereas her undesirable attributes are encoded more abstractly.",1,-1,[],[29387]],["LIB builds on LEB, since we expect our in-group members to have desireable attributes and/or to exhibit desireable behaviors, whereas positive characteristics of out-group members may be unexpected.",1,-1,[],[29387]],["LIB predicts that white men biographers, the majority, are more likely to describe the achievements of white men actors in an abstract manner, and those of other social groups in a more concrete manner. In this way, they imply that their own group behaves in a positive way, and that achievement by other social groups are not usual (i.e., are not broadly generalizable)",1,-1,[],[29387]],["The concept is based on the linguistic category model (LCM), which categorizes words into different levels of abstraction (action words, interpretive action words, state verbs, and adjectives) according to their purpose",1,-1,[],[20721]],["individuals use more abstract language to communicate desirable ingroup and undesirable outgroup behavior, and less abstract language to communicate undesirable ingroup and desirable outgroup behavior",1,-1,[],[37421]],["tries to explain how stereotypes are transmitted and persist in communication",1,-1,[],[45492]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Linguistic Category Model (LCM)",2,24425,[["Linguistic Category Model (LCM)",1],["linguistic category model (LCM)",1]],[20721,41331]],["LEB",1,-1,[],[29387]],["LIB builds on LEB, since we expect our in-group members to have desireable attributes and/or to exhibit desireable behaviors, whereas positive characteristics of out-group members may be unexpected.",1,-1,[],[29387]],["Linguistic Expectancy Bias",1,28490,[],[29387]],["abstractness of predicates",1,-1,[],[45492]],["social desirability",1,26743,[],[45492]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Linguistic Bias",2,20696,[["Linguistic Bias",1],["Linguistic bias",1],["Linguistic biases",1]],[20721,29387]],["Linguistic Category Model (LCM)",1,24425,[],[41331]]],"ex":[["\"Mary hit Mike\" vs. \"Mary hurt Mike\" vs. \"Mary hates Mike\" vs. \"Mary is aggressive\".",1,-1,[],[20721]],["affectionate",1,-1,[],[41331]],["punch",1,-1,[],[41331]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Two-sided messages may be more difficult to process because readers have to deal with conflicting arguments",1,-1,[],[17881]]],"sy":[["balanced articles",1,-1,[],[17881]],["balanced forms of presentation",1,-1,[],[17881]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["mantenía que el modo en que la gente ve el mundo está influido de una manera directa y mensurable por los medios de comunicación",1,-1,[],[41772]]],"sy":[["teoría del establecimiento de la agenda",1,16834,[],[13827]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Emotional framing often leverages language that elicits specific feelings, such as fear, anger, or compassion, to influence how entities are understood",1,-1,[],[61241]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotion-laden narratives",1,-1,[],[61241]],["framing",1,22777,[],[1368]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[61241]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["all frames",1,-1,[],[20305]],["frames",1,7860,[],[20305]],["framing",1,22777,[],[1368]]],"ex":[["referring to a group as \"freedom fighters\" versus \"terrorists\" not only frames their role but also activates distinct emotional reactions.",1,-1,[],[61241]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the nation or the national historical protagonist is embodied",1,-1,[],[23484]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion climate",1,28180,[],[13380]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["As structures of meaning, they set the parameters of what is desirable in a given institutional context, and they are subject to discursive (re)creation, (re)interpretation, appropriation, and contestation.",1,-1,[],[18169]],["In order to be intelligible, they exist as part of a wider framework of meaning -of a discourse.",1,-1,[],[18169]],["Journalists are charged with acting in the roles of providing surveillance, forming opinion, setting the agenda, acting as a 'watchdog', acting as a messenger and public informant, and playing an active participant part in social life.",1,-1,[],[18169]],["Over time, these roles have solidified as institutional norms and practices. As structures of meaning, they set the parameters of what is desirable in a given institutional context, and they are subject to discursive (re)creation, (re)interpretation, appropriation, and contestation.",1,-1,[],[18169]],["The way journalists perceive their role has been shown to have a substantial impact on their production of media content",1,-1,[],[29247]],["These roles have sedimented in journalism's institutional norms and practices and are subject to discursive (re)creation, (re)interpretation, appropriation, and contestation.",1,-1,[],[18169]],["journalists' visions of journalism still remain tied to its contribution to the democratic process.",1,-1,[],[9370]],["the roles typically discussed in journalism scholarship are also reflected in the journalists' own terms.",1,-1,[],[9370]],["traces of discursive maneuvers that journalists regularly carry out, for example, in an effort to legitimize their profession and (re-)establish authority",1,-1,[],[9370]]],"sy":[["journalistic functions",1,-1,[],[18169]]],"rt":[["discursively constituted",1,-1,[],[18169]],["everyday life",1,29754,[],[18169]],["political life",1,-1,[],[18169]],["professional identity",1,4872,[],[45972]]],"sb":[["Advocative-radical",2,28675,[["Advocative-radical",1],["advocative-radical",1]],[9370,18169]],["Analytical-deliberative",2,4074,[["Analytical-deliberative",1],["analytical-deliberative",1]],[9370,18169]],["Collaborative-facilitative",2,-1,[["Collaborative-facilitative",1],["collaborative-facilitative",1]],[9370,18169]],["Developmental-educative",2,-1,[["Developmental-educative",1],["developmental-educative",1]],[9370,18169]],["critical-monitorial",2,27759,[["critical-monitorial",1],["criticalmonitorial",1]],[9370,18169]],["informational-instructive",2,8568,[],[9370,18169]],["Everyday life",1,29754,[],[9370]],["advocacy/neutral (whether journalists express their values and beliefs)",1,-1,[],[41479]],["civic role",1,6846,[],[9499]],["cognitive",1,24236,[],[9370]],["commercial/educational (Donsbach, 2012)",1,-1,[],[41479]],["disseminator role",1,14849,[],[9499]],["infotainment role",1,11234,[],[9499]],["interventionist role",1,20453,[],[9499]],["loyal-facilitator role",1,29485,[],[9499]],["narrated",1,-1,[],[9370]],["normative roles",1,3881,[],[9370]],["participant/observational (whether journalists influence the political process)",1,-1,[],[41479]],["practices",1,30794,[],[9370]],["service role",1,20793,[],[9499]],["the adversarial",1,25223,[],[29247]],["the adversary",1,21633,[],[29247]],["the advocate",1,8691,[],[29247]],["the disseminator",1,9766,[],[29247]],["the interpreter",1,1960,[],[29247]],["the public mobilizer",1,24308,[],[29247]],["the watchdog",1,30404,[],[29247]],["watchdog role",1,9103,[],[9499]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54109]]],"ex":[["Brandjacking, campaign hijacking, hashtag hijacking in social media",1,-1,[],[54109]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["To ensure that CS has a distinct argument and a clear evidence structure, we propose a claimguided pipeline",1,-1,[],[31312]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["characterized by recurrence and reproduction",1,-1,[],[6200]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Human and AI work together to identify trustworthy regions of AI before deployment, i.e., model decisions are reliable or trustworthy for examples within these regions. Once deployed, the AI model only affects decisions for instances in the trustworthy regions.",1,-1,[],[22301]],["Human and AI work together to identify trustworthy regions of AI before deployment, i.e., model decisions are reliable or trustworthy for examples within these regions. Once deployed, the AI model only affects decisions for instances in the trustworthy regions. For the rest, another set of actions can be taken such as manual review or employing a different model since the given AI's decisions on them cannot be trusted.",1,-1,[],[22301]],["Humans and AI work together to identify trustworthy regions of AI. Then once deployed, the AI model only affects the instances that belong to the trustworthy regions.",1,-1,[],[22301]],["Our core contribution is to demonstrate that conditional delegation is a promising alternative paradigm that allows users to control when to trust or distrust AI.",1,-1,[],[22301]],["conditional delegation can potentially alleviate AI bias as we give users the freedom to choose trustworthy regions based on their domain knowledge or notion of fairness.",1,-1,[],[22301]],["our work focuses on identifying trustworthy regions in the input space.",1,-1,[],[22301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human-AI collaboration",1,23460,[],[22301]],["trustworthy regions",1,-1,[],[22301]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["make up facts ('hallucinate')",1,-1,[],[15660]]],"sy":[["fabricate information",1,-1,[],[15660]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["summarization",1,-1,[],[15660]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["representational bias",1,9267,[],[15559]]],"ex":[["BERT appears to encode an Anglocentric perspective [Zhou et al. 2021a] by default, which can amplify majority voices and contribute to homogenization of perspectives [Creel and Hellman 2021] or monoculture [Kleinberg and Raghavan 2021]",1,-1,[],[15559]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This includes performing activities in a typical day-night-cycle, carefully measured actions at the social media platform, as well as variability in actions and timing.",1,-1,[],[5504]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["microanalysis",1,6952,[],[6272]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As such, they serve as resources for the invention of arguments that enable people to explain otherwise terrifying or anomalous events and incorporate them into a structure of meaning. The comic assumption that human being are free actors and the tragic assumption of divinely ordained fate do not only determine the shape of historical narratives; they also serve as elements of self-definition that constrain and enable arguments for different audiences",1,-1,[],[31739]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct reference",1,30347,[],[14970]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["to gain a deeper understanding of their interests and preferences",1,-1,[],[45579]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["By shifting our focus from bias to absence, we gain a more capacious concept with which to anchor questions of algorithmic harm.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["Rather than theorizing algorithmic systems as problems to solve, we bring a reframing of the issue of algorithmic bias itself. We propose absence as a concept that might more securely anchor investigations into the causes of algorithmic bias as well as prompt more generative, more capacious, and more creative interventions into the technical as well as the social, historical, and political structures that serve as the sources of bias.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["Reconceptualizing bias as absence, however, enables us as researchers to train our attention on the reasons for the bias to enter into the dataset or data system.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["The absence is not a silence, not a missing or non-existent sensing. Rather it establishes contact and connection with an analyst at a level that requires effortful engagement.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["This definition implies that even though something (data, algorithmic processes, documentation) may not be physically present, its impact or influence is still felt and recognized.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["absence is not the lack of presence but can also hold the noisy spaces for possibility resounding with the din of improvised relations.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["absence may be able to forge a different relationship to evidence, not as the inverse of presence, but as a way to mark the space for what is to come.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["absence-as power, presence, and productive-as a concept that might more securely anchor investigations into the causes of algorithmic bias, and that can prompt more capacious, creative, and joyful future work.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["an indicator of power with which analysts can carefully work through what is not there; an activation of presence that allows analysts to wrestle with what gets hidden, excluded, or left incomplete as a lively contributor to meaning making; and a capacious idea of the productive, which opens analysts to imaging the world differently.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["helps us probe our methods for acknowledging underlying and longstanding forces of capital and colonial power by reimagining their role within and beyond the worlds they try to contain.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["invites an attunement to bodies in motion, to encounters that begin from the sensory, and a particular bodily knowing.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["it provides a way of thinking through the biases in the data that cannot ever be fixed, and in so doing, provides a path for moving forward with technical work that allows the data and its biases to both be taken into account.",1,-1,[],[28245]],["makes our desires explicit and unavoidable",1,-1,[],[28245]],["position absence as an active presence, an influence despite its non-physical manifestation",1,-1,[],[28245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias",1,30859,[],[28245]],["presence",1,33629,[],[28245]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It rejects medicalizing terms like \"obesity\" and asserts that people of all sizes-like all genders and races-deserve equal treatment and respect, regardless of their ability or desire to engage in health-promoting behaviors",1,-1,[],[35274]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They optimize their interests through exploiting information asymmetry",1,-1,[],[41949]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Information barriers encompass three types: disinformation, propaganda, and misinformation",1,-1,[],[36076]],["Information barriers encompass three types: disinformation, propaganda, and misinformation [2].",1,-1,[],[36076]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[36076]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[36076]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[36076]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Usually, it reflects the political ideology of the newspaper, aiming to persuade readers of the respective stance.",1,-1,[],[51039]],["news editorials are opinionated articles that aim to persuade their readers of a stance towards some controversial issue, usually with implicit, hidden strategies",1,-1,[],[51039]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the relocation of the US embassy in Israel to Jerusalem",1,-1,[],[51039]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["emotionally charged history",1,17774,[],[866]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["modality",1,15247,[],[57135]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Internally displaced people",1,-1,[],[825]],["asylum seekers",1,3563,[],[825]],["migrants",1,12170,[],[825]],["refugees",1,4987,[],[825]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Not having to cope with someone's immediate reaction disinhibits people.",1,-1,[],[5479]],["Others may take minutes, hours, days, or even months to reply. Not having to cope with someone's immediate reaction disinhibits people.",1,-1,[],[5479]],["People don't interact with each other in real time. Others may take minutes, hours, days, or even months to reply. Not having to cope with someone's immediate reaction disinhibits people.",1,-1,[],[5479]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["online disinhibition",1,7942,[],[33447]],["online disinhibition effect",1,27686,[],[5479]]],"ex":[["In real life, the analogy might be speaking to someone, magically suspending time before that person can reply, and then returning to the conversation when one is willing and able to hear the response.",1,-1,[],[5479]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The feminine name Karen enjoyed popularity in the USA in the second part of the 20 th century (Goldblatt 2020), so many of those who bear now the name are middle-aged women who prefer conventional style in clothes and hairdothe outward features of the social category.",1,-1,[],[38328]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["citizenship norms",1,30621,[],[4902]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fragile ego",1,16934,[],[40505]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Concern over bio medical fake news is rising",1,-1,[],[42788]]],"sy":[["bogus news",1,-1,[],[42789]],["fraudulent biomedical news",1,-1,[],[42789]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Distribution",1,27245,[],[4422]],["Procedure",1,-1,[],[4422]],["Recognition",1,4371,[],[4422]],["Restoration",1,-1,[],[4422]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["obtrusive issues",1,3977,[],[3634]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["One dimension of contemporary abundance is what is popularly referred to as the information glut.",1,-1,[],[39506]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Information poverty",1,24620,[],[39506]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["hallucination",1,4995,[],[24931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hallucinations",1,4995,[],[24931]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[["Playing on strong national feeling (or with respect to a group, e.g., race, gender, political preference) to justify or promote an action or idea",4,-1,[["Playing on strong national feeling (or with respect to a group, e.g., race, gender, political preference) to justify or promote an action or idea",2],["Playing on strong national feeling (or with respect to a group, e.g., race, gender, political preference) to justify or promote an action or idea.",2]],[51689,52046,52523,59168]],["justifying an idea by exhaling the pride of a group or highlighting the benefits for that specific group.",2,-1,[],[37231,57425]]],"de":[["invokes patriotism to justify Russia's actions",1,-1,[],[7592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11801,55986]],["Justification",1,7321,[],[57425]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11801]]],"ex":[["Entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.",3,-1,[["Entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.",2],["\"Entering this war will make us have a better future in our country. \"",1],["\"Entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.\"",1],["\"entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.\"",1],["entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.",1]],[52523,56116,59168]],["\"I want to get our soldiers out. I want to bring our soldiers back home,\" Trump said.",1,-1,[],[55986]],["\"patriotism mean no questions\" (this is also a slogan)",1,-1,[],[56116]],["Code-switched example: \"Afghanion ko Pakistan se nikalo, haraamkhor humara khaa kr humein hi gaali dete hain. Also remember how they caused destruction through Kalashnikov culture in our beloved country\"",1,-1,[],[29169]],["English example: \"Entering this war will make us have a better future for our country.\"",1,-1,[],[29169]],["English translation: \"Expel Afghanis from Pakistan, these morally corrupt people benefit from our land and then curse us. Also remember how they caused destruction through Kalashnikov culture in our beloved country\"",1,-1,[],[29169]],["Example for Flag-Waving",1,-1,[],[11801]],["It is against this Evil that our soldiers bravely fight side by side",1,-1,[],[7592]],["attempt (Mueller) to stop the will of We the People!!! It's time to jail Mueller",1,-1,[],[59168]],["conflicted, and his 17 Angry Democrats that are doing his dirty work are a disgrace to USA! -Donald J. Trump",1,-1,[],[59168]],["it is time to take our government back ...",1,-1,[],[55986]],["patriotism mean no questions",1,-1,[],[56116]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["They are participants insofar as they are the subject of the story itself, or affected by the event in question, either individually or as part of an organisation they represent.",1,-1,[],[21710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["News sources",1,25955,[],[21710]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["second level",1,34880,[],[60561]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Active inoculation interventions often come in the form of a game or quiz",1,-1,[],[2689]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["inoculation interventions",1,16503,[],[2689]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In contemporary ideological discourses the national condition mainly includes two elements: China's uniqueness and the developmental stage.",1,-1,[],[18326]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["libertad de expresión",1,7307,[],[55068]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media fragmentation",1,8069,[],[24440]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["En relación con el mito, como se aprecia en la Tabla 4, se perciben lugares comunes: problema, disturbio, mala convivencia, oportunismo… Todo ello configura la mala prensa (racismo, xenofobia, odio) que rodea a los emigrantes/inmigrantes/ migrantes en la sociedad",1,-1,[],[53056]],["Las percepciones soviéticas de Latinoamérica en general y de Chile en particular tenían signos característicos de un mito: la romantización del pasado y del futuro, la mezcla de los acontecimientos históricos reales con las percepciones idealizadas de los mismos, el carácter metafórico y emocional, la dicotomía héroes / antihéroes.",1,-1,[],[48214]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["That audience could include the audit target, regulators and the public [36,56]-but could also include internal stakeholders within the organization such as a legal, business, product or engineering team [19].",1,-1,[],[5952]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["stereotypes",1,2334,[],[51599]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Opinion term extraction (OTE)",1,10810,[],[5968]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["these roles express which ideas journalists follow.",1,-1,[],[8891]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalism culture",1,20611,[],[8891]]],"sb":[["access provider role",1,17947,[],[8891]],["entertainer role",1,-1,[],[8891]]],"sp":[["journalism culture",1,20611,[],[8891]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["variantivity",1,-1,[],[55761]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["abusive language",1,25044,[],[50706]]],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[50706]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["producer stereotype",1,20928,[],[40375]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["AI systems exhibit truth bias, which may create \"validity illusions\" for users who assume AI outputs are accurate",1,-1,[],[42588]],["Truth-Default Theory, recently applied to AI [23], suggests that AI systems exhibit truth bias, which may create \"validity illusions\" for users who assume AI outputs are accurate; fluent foundation model outputs may thus be extiteroding the truth-default that humans apply to textual communication.",1,-1,[],[42588]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["truth bias",1,18714,[],[12718]],["truth-biased",1,32937,[],[2943]],["veracity effect",1,26326,[],[2943]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this perspective, pluralism is seen as the capacity of different groups of media actors to challenge the established hegemonic media order and provide alternatives.",1,-1,[],[21186]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media pluralism",1,16200,[],[21186]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["motivations",1,13069,[],[14555]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["link-bulding",1,-1,[],[19545]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["signal-level clues",1,-1,[],[17918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["a potentially strong alternative to the dominant assimilationist interpretation of the issue",1,-1,[],[21095]],["recognizing and accommodating cultural minorities",1,-1,[],[21095]],["the emancipation of migrants is situated at the group level and not at the individual level. Minorities during this period were expected to integrate into Dutch society as a group, creating a new social 'pillar'.",1,-1,[],[30901]],["the frame that has been abandoned by most politicians and opinion leaders in the Netherlands (Vink, 2007)",1,-1,[],[21095]],["the inherent positivity of the multicultural frame",1,-1,[],[21095]]],"sy":[["multicultural framing",1,-1,[],[30901]]],"rt":[["assimilation frame",1,29799,[],[21095]],["assimilationist (or nationalistic) frames",1,28047,[],[21095]],["emancipation frame",1,31661,[],[21095]],["victimization frame",1,2382,[],[21095]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[30901]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[8841]]],"ex":[["In a negative multicultural frame on the other hand, it was stated that foreigners and especially female ethnic minorities were more and more represented on the Dutch labour market, which made the career event highly unnecessary.",1,-1,[],[21095]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["and the research tend to address this level of prediction as an aggregation of micro predictions",1,-1,[],[62040]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["negative mechanisms expected among unfavorable individuals-message fatigue and counterarguing",1,-1,[],[5550]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["message fatigue",1,32255,[],[5550]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["contesting strategies",1,2403,[],[16928]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Resistance to police, whether video capture of police actions, community vigils, and protests, was a mechanism of truth-telling-elucidated and augmented by media, against the layers of denial about state-induced traumas; it also spurred metaphorical action against dehumanization by the state",1,-1,[],[57510]]],"sy":[["Resistance to police",1,-1,[],[57510]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["video capture of police actions, community vigils, and protests",1,-1,[],[57510]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["exploration of high-level semantics enables the model to acquire a better perception of deeper contextual nuances, which encompass fabricated knowledge among entities with real meaning on a particular topic",1,-1,[],[60832]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["AI exacerbates exclusion risks by training on rich personal data without consent.",1,-1,[],[21055]],["Even without AI, computing products can covertly process data without informing users.",1,-1,[],[21055]],["Thus, AI technologies do not meaningfully change exclusion risks when the risk is isolated to just the covert processing of personal data (76/149).",1,-1,[],[21055]],["We nevertheless found in our incident database that the requirements of AI technology can exacerbate exclusion risks by incentivizing the collection of large, rich datasets of personal data without securing consent (73/149).",1,-1,[],[21055]],["when more people's data are captured to build inclusive systems, those people may be subject to increased exclusion risk if their data is collected without adequate consent and control.",1,-1,[],[21055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["algorithmic inclusion",1,-1,[],[21055]],["us and them",1,15488,[],[28046]]],"sb":[["backgrounding",1,5768,[],[52320]],["suppression",1,27196,[],[52320]]],"sp":[["online hate",1,27246,[],[36281]],["privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21055]]],"ex":[["Clearview AI built a private face recognition model trained on three billion photos that were \"scraped from Facebook, YouTube, Venmo and millions of other websites\" [85].",1,-1,[],[21055]],["a \"trustworthiness\" algorithm developed by a short-term homestay company covertly used publicly accessible social media posts to ascertain if a potential customer was trustworthy [67]",1,-1,[],[21055]],["the Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network (LAION) is a German non-profit organization that aims \"to make large-scale machine learning models, datasets and related code available to the general public. \" In 2022, they released a large-scale dataset LAION-5B [120]",1,-1,[],[21055]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Just as emotions can vary over time and according to context, so discourses supporting such emotions are fluid and influenced by techno-discursive dynamics ( i.e., the internal structure of the message, intended circulation, strategic design for affective engagement, see KhosraviNik, 2020).",1,-1,[],[46816]],["the internal structure of the message, intended circulation, strategic design for affective engagement",1,-1,[],[46816]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we are drawn further from viewing the far right in a negative light and instead encouraged to view it not simply as legitimate but potentially useful or even 'good'.",1,-1,[],[37667]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["humanisation",1,6696,[],[37667]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["bystanders",1,32433,[],[53670]],["eavesdroppers",1,-1,[],[53670]]],"sp":[["Audience",1,22509,[],[6009]],["conversational roles",1,12095,[],[53670]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These processes are intentional and effortful, and they require significant mental resources.",1,-1,[],[6053]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[43525]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For sufficiently high values of the parameters K, α and β (here K = 3, α = 3, β = 1, r = 0.65) the model enters a polarized state characterized by bimodal opinion distributions, which are in qualitative agreement with the investigated Twitter data.",1,-1,[],[19891]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["kenne man schon von Politikern, die im Rechtsaußen des Politbetriebs stehen",1,-1,[],[21231]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["political affiliation, age, mood",1,-1,[],[55818]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["captured both trust-eroding dynamics (e.g., opacity, personalization concerns) and mitigation mechanisms (e.g., transparency features, user controls).",1,-1,[],[36049]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Does not have a simple one-to-one relationship to objectively measured physical states of arousal",1,-1,[],[7783]],["Felt activation is typically related to, but does not have a one-to-one correspondence with, actual physiologic activity (for a review, see Barrett et al. 2004,Wiens 2005).",1,-1,[],[7783]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["reflecting on real-life trust betrayal scenarios (involving disagreements or interpersonal conflicts) from a self-distanced rather than a self-immersed perspective",1,-1,[],[3011]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-distanced",1,27784,[],[3011]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This step is usually performed since real-world inputs are rarely expressed as clean, standalone factual assertions.",1,-1,[],[24898]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["claim decomposition",1,-1,[],[24898]],["claim normalization",1,22303,[],[24898]]],"sb":[["claim decomposition",1,-1,[],[24898]],["claim normalization",1,22303,[],[24898]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["liking",1,32556,[],[3364]],["retweeting",1,13918,[],[3364]],["sharing",1,8987,[],[3364]]],"rt":[["liking",1,32556,[],[3364]],["retweeting",1,13918,[],[3364]],["sharing",1,8987,[],[3364]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["motivated cognition",1,1930,[],[3364]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Recollection of source is a controlled use of memory, and its influence on rated truth is intentional.",1,-1,[],[2632]],["the intentional influence of recollection of sources requires intentional and strategic control.",1,-1,[],[2632]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["familiarity",1,6583,[],[2632]],["source recollection",1,28840,[],[2632]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["memory",1,17786,[],[2632]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["scope",1,23363,[],[18971]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["resembles theatrical performance ('hypokrisis') in the tragic drama",1,-1,[],[59776]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Subjects can be individuals or groups, or they can be conceptual topics.",1,-1,[],[35345]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["intersectional approaches",1,20640,[],[41104]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["based on news values, topic, source, format, and interpretation, which are usually considered markers of traditional news, long been assumed to be produced by humans",1,-1,[],[53170]],["delegated articles that are number-oriented and easily templatized, i.e., business news rather than general news, and that have less impact and are of a smaller scope or scale",1,-1,[],[53170]],["tend to be more uniform, displaying less variety",1,-1,[],[53170]],["tend to be shorter in length and contain no human sources",1,-1,[],[53170]],["tend to contain less critical thought, inquiry, and investigation",1,-1,[],[53170]]],"sy":[["automated news",1,24357,[],[53170]]],"rt":[["automated newswriting",1,-1,[],[53170]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["anti-communism",1,21259,[],[29892]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In such cases, individuals knowingly agree to distribute false or unlawful information, often leveraging digital platforms to amplify their reach.",1,-1,[],[36491]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["decoding",1,22611,[],[31264]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["can explain both the cited research and a variety of other phenomena related to liberal-conservative differences.",1,-1,[],[24680]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["perplexity",1,-1,[],[3230]],["readability",1,10867,[],[3230]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["access to or control over public discourse and communication is an important 'symbolic' resource",1,-1,[],[30204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the absence of pro-rich bias would require that the correlation between, for instance, bottom-quintile income growth and news tone be twenty times larger than the correlation between top-1 percent income growth and news tone.",1,-1,[],[44936]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["criminal intent",1,18198,[],[36502]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Victimisation frame",1,2382,[],[28061]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["An automated Twitter bot can employ deep learning algorithms and natural language processing methods to analyse massive quantities of tweets, discover patterns suggestive of fake news, and provide to users, real-time notifications.",1,-1,[],[51495]],["The pre-programmed bot autonomously performs some work such as tweeting, unfollowing, re-tweeting, liking, following or direct messaging other accounts.",1,-1,[],[33864]],["They can also be used to disseminate news with little or no human involvement",1,-1,[],[51495]],["Twitter bots become increasingly sophisticated at mimicking humans",1,-1,[],[1627]],["Twitter bots can be created to perform various actions, such as posting tweets, retweeting content, following or unfollowing users, liking tweets, replying to mentions, and more",1,-1,[],[51495]],["bot accounts are more likely to be created just on or about the event announcement date",1,-1,[],[1627]],["bot agents could be inactive before and after the event but create mass tweets or retweets on event-specific days and times",1,-1,[],[1627]],["bots often tweet the same content many times while humans do not",1,-1,[],[1627]],["the daily and hourly tweeting activity of a bot agent is even",1,-1,[],[1627]]],"sy":[["Twitter accounts controlled by automated programs",1,-1,[],[61917]],["social bots",1,20136,[],[33864]]],"rt":[["malicious bot",1,5911,[],[33864]],["newsbots",1,31573,[],[33864]],["spambots",1,10350,[],[33864]]],"sb":[["malicious bot",1,5911,[],[33864]],["newsbots",1,31573,[],[33864]],["spambots",1,10350,[],[33864]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["overlapping users",1,-1,[],[55676]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This deals specifically with the authority of government to regulate, and the authority of individuals/corporations to act independently of government.",1,-1,[],[29805]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Simply said, we act according to how we think and feel, and we do not rely equally on what we can surmise from instinct and what we can reason from logic.",1,-1,[],[33235]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news deserts",1,25160,[],[4355]],["temporal and geographical proximity",1,-1,[],[4355]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Formal equality suggests that when two people or two groups of people have equal status in at least one normatively relevant aspect, they must be treated equally",1,-1,[],[19920]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["The counterpart of adequation, distinction, focuses on the identity relation of differentiation.",1,-1,[],[25287]],["depends on the suppression of similarities that might undermine the construction of difference.",1,-1,[],[25287]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["adequation",1,5740,[],[25287]],["cultural capital",1,18978,[],[50483]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["production of social-class difference by members of the bourgeoisie",1,-1,[],[25287]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["solo sphere",1,16206,[],[13761]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Gross proposed an emotion-regulation process model comprising four modes of emotion generation: situation, attention, appraisal, and response",1,-1,[],[56094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["attentional deployment",1,10745,[],[56094]],["cognitive change",1,16036,[],[56094]],["response modulation",1,-1,[],[56094]],["situation modification",1,-1,[],[56094]],["situation selection",1,-1,[],[56094]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["prosystemic opposition",1,-1,[],[28044]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Euroscepticism",1,29815,[],[28044]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[60191]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["For example, an author manipulating an audience may present a vision in which one decision can lead to unwanted negative consequences (Slippery Slope). Another way is to exaggerate minor or irrelevant aspects of an issue or the attitudes of individuals to denigrate an entire group or issue (Blowfish). One can also be used to manipulatively exaggerate the importance of a small group of people with different opinions than the rest of their community (Magnified Minority).",1,-1,[],[43748]],["This technique involves \"hyping\" up by using impressive sounding words that are nonetheless meaningless and vague.",1,-1,[],[29167]]],"sy":[["auxesis",1,-1,[],[60253]]],"rt":[["Blowfish",1,-1,[],[43748]],["Magnified Minority",1,-1,[],[43748]],["Slippery Slope",1,11573,[],[43748]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["clickbait",3,6382,[],[14494,24463,60384]],["Manipulation",1,148,[],[43748]],["fake news piece",1,25355,[],[26841]]],"ex":[["Code-switched example: \"You are the top crypto scammer of Pakistan. Tumhain pata hai tum ne in masoom logon ke sath kya kya kiya hai kabhi ponzi scheme, kabhi courses aur kabhi paid subscriptions\"",1,-1,[],[29167]],["English example: \"I am so hungry I could eat a horse.\"",1,-1,[],[29167]],["English translation: \"You are the top crypto scamer in Pakistan. You know what you have done to these innocent people -sometimes running Ponzi schemes, other times offering courses or paid subscriptions.\"",1,-1,[],[29167]],["If we allow same-sex marriages, the next step will be to legalize pedophilia.",1,-1,[],[43748]],["his brain is the size of a pea",1,-1,[],[60253]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["El lenguaje hiriente es la promesa de borramiento de la faz de la tierra de ese otro configurado como negativo",1,-1,[],[11181]],["La principal promesa del discurso de odio es la aniquilación de ese otro para la restitución de un orden perdido",1,-1,[],[11181]],["el discurso de odio siempre tiene antecedentes y no alcanza su performatividad en una emergencia súbita (que aparece como la distorsión de un cierto actor que habla).",1,-1,[],[11181]],["el lenguaje de odio se genera en un largo proceso semiótico, pathemico, y de pronunciaciones colectivas, sucedidas a lo largo de un tiempo, que es el tiempo del trauma o de la configuración de la herida.",1,-1,[],[11181]],["el odio no tiene un único Sujeto, no aparece como un acto súbito, original y soberano, sino que cada vez cita una convención.",1,-1,[],[11181]],["es promotor de una violencia física, que puede ser pensada como uno de los efectos contingentes de la violencia simbólica",1,-1,[],[11181]],["no es nunca un acto puntual, \"sino una cadena ritual de resignificaciones cuyo origen y fin no son fijos ni se pueden fijar… un acto no es un evento momentáneo sino un cierto tipo de red de horizontes temporales, una condensación de iterabilidad que excede el momento al que lugar\"",1,-1,[],[11181]]],"sy":[["discurso de odio",1,16417,[],[11181]]],"rt":[["lenguaje hiriente",1,-1,[],[11181]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["protecting their minister from reputational damage",1,-1,[],[25174]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Voters often seem to vote expressively, that is, to care less about the policies their votes may influence than about how their votes will make them look and feel.",1,-1,[],[6326]],["to care less about the policies their votes may influence than about how their votes will make them look and feel",1,-1,[],[6326]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy mentality",1,13698,[],[19789]],["interpersonal distrust",1,-1,[],[19789]],["paranoia",1,-1,[],[19789]],["paranoid tendencies towards outgroups",1,-1,[],[19789]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["(e.g. \"Juden\", \"Guten Tag\").",1,-1,[],[39400]],["Guten Tag",1,-1,[],[39400]],["Juden",1,-1,[],[39400]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ordinary hate speech",1,29578,[],[43811]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["structure and grammar",1,-1,[],[49672]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[56196]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["dominance of the subject in narrating events",1,-1,[],[46220]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["writer-reader positions",1,-1,[],[46220]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["LP",1,-1,[],[5831]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["disinformation is misleading information that systematically benefits the source",1,-1,[],[10297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[10297]]],"ex":[["many of the people who disseminate conspiracy theories (for example, that the president was not born in the United States or that the US government was behind the 9/11 terrorist attacks) believe that what they are saying is true. Thus, they do not intend to mislead anyone, or foresee that anyone will be misled, by what they say. Even so, just as with prototypical instances of disinformation, these false claims can mislead people, and it is no accident that people are misled. There is a mechanism that reinforces the dissemination of these false claims. By promoting such false claims, certain websites and media outlets are able to attract more readers and viewers who find these claims convincing.",1,-1,[],[10297]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":235,"df":[["Individuals prefer information that confirms their preexisting attitudes.",2,-1,[["Individuals prefer information that confirms their preexisting attitudes.",1],["individuals prefer information that confirms their preexisting attitudes",1]],[7165,48412]]],"de":[["According to selective exposure theories",1,-1,[],[54924]],["Additionally, such selective exposure tends to extend to social tie formation. Topic information is solely exchanged among like-minded individuals, a phenomenon often dubbed echo chamber or filter bubble",1,-1,[],[20736]],["Americans choose information (Klapper, 1960), or sources of information, that are aligned with their beliefs (Iyengar and Hahn, 2009).",1,-1,[],[26921]],["As a building block concept in media and communication scholarship, the selective exposure is leading the ideological divide but also driving trust, engagement and the public discourse in a increasingly polarized social media-algorythmic ecosystems.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["Based on rational-choice theory",1,-1,[],[40474]],["Communication research maintains that individuals expose themselves to media contents by selecting those that reinforce their previous beliefs, and reject those that challenge their ideological convictions.",1,-1,[],[41247]],["Doing so, people pay attention to information that confirms their prior attitudes and beliefs while circumventing information that counters their priors.",1,-1,[],[56924]],["Focusing on a single topic rather than on different ones entails a heterogeneity in the distribution of the user's activity that can be directly associated with the mechanism of selective exposure.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["Given this choice, they tend to favor reading information consistent with their views, exacerbating already existent biases through selective exposure to one-sided news reports",1,-1,[],[20736]],["In general, selective exposure in randomized data is weaker than in real data where the consumption of contents from few news outlets (i.e. selective exposure) seems to derive from deliberate actions of the users, as observed in [14], rather than from random choices.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["In order to manage such confusion and discomfort, the individuals then choose the most appropriate information to their political choices",1,-1,[],[37286]],["In order to manage such confusion and discomfort, the individuals then choose the most appropriate information to their political choices (Bennet & Iyengar, 2008;Iyengar & Hahn, 2009).",1,-1,[],[37286]],["In this context, new internet users tend to expose themselves to content or information sources that support their political views, while avoiding information conflicting with their perspectives.",1,-1,[],[49663]],["Individuals independently decide whether to expose and the degree of exposure by recognizing and evaluating information, involving active choice and control of their own behaviors which requires willpower to maintain and execute related behaviors",1,-1,[],[58364]],["Internet users exposed to political selective exposure tend to confirm and spread information that aligns with their political views, regardless of the truth or accuracy of that information.",1,-1,[],[49663]],["Its potential to polarize the public leading to extreme views and threatening democracy was pointed at with the proliferation of media sources, especially with the wide expansion of the internet",1,-1,[],[44216]],["Many people are selectively exposed for convenience -it is easier to be exposed to people with similar views.",1,-1,[],[50601]],["Most commonly, selective exposure is thought of as choosing like-minded partisan news (Garrett, 2009;Garrett and Stroud, 2014), such as Republicans viewing Fox News and Democrats viewing MSNBC.",1,-1,[],[53247]],["Note that both concepts (audience concentration and polarization) and their derived operationalizations are methodologically and substantively different from selective exposure.",1,-1,[],[8498]],["One consequence of confirmation bias is selective exposure",1,-1,[],[41939]],["One method of achieving such reinforcement is by selecting media that supports self-relevant social identities (Slater, 2007).",1,-1,[],[6312]],["Or do citizens perceive their media as exposing them to like-minded political content, as predicted by theories of selective exposure?",1,-1,[],[27212]],["Panel A: average values of selective exposure to topics with respect to users' activity show that increasing activity levels correspond to lower selective exposure, i.e. users concentrate on a higher number of topics.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["Participants were also more likely to select information sources aligned with their preexisting views",1,-1,[],[38712]],["Processes of selective exposure might even operate at the level of frames, one of several potential content features.",1,-1,[],[15416]],["Quantifying the degree of selective exposure helps researchers to understand how individuals process viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[32454]],["Quantitative evidence of selective exposure in interpersonal political communication is buttressed by qualitative accounts of the courage required to speak up among heterogeneous others",1,-1,[],[38142]],["Research on selective exposure emphasizes the fact that, compared to face-to-face interactions, social networks display a greater diversity of viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[46099]],["Selective exposure furthermore reduces the frequency with which people discuss politics with non-like-minded others",1,-1,[],[8498]],["Selective exposure has been associated with increased political polarization and susceptibility to misleading narratives, particularly when users are repeatedly exposed to ideologically consistent content",1,-1,[],[34315]],["Selective exposure has implications beyond individual behaviors to collective phenomena including political polarization, social fragmentation, and public trust",1,-1,[],[50276]],["Selective exposure is further driven by psychological factors like a need for cognitive consistency and frequent media consumption.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["Selective exposure is therefore a dual process: By seeking information that justifies their attitudes, behaviors, or decisions, individuals increase the proportion of consonant elements and decrease the dissonance felt. By avoiding inconsistent information, the individual avoids triggering dissonance or increasing its magnitude",1,-1,[],[16119]],["Selective exposure is therefore a dual process: By seeking information that justifies their attitudes, behaviors, or decisions, individuals increase the proportion of consonant elements and decrease the dissonance felt. By avoiding inconsistent information, the individual avoids triggering dissonance or increasing its magnitude (e.g. Freedman and Sears, 1963;Frey, 1986).",1,-1,[],[16119]],["Selective exposure leads to avoiding sources of contradictory evidence, thus reinforcing their existing attitudes, values, beliefs and predispositions",1,-1,[],[36122]],["Selective exposure leads to avoiding sources of contradictory evidence, thus reinforcing their existing attitudes, values, beliefs and predispositions (Iyengar and Hahn, 2009).",1,-1,[],[36122]],["Selective exposure might help patients to reassure themselves and cope with their emotional states, but it may also lead to an incorrect assessment of their individual health (risk) status.",1,-1,[],[42546]],["Selective exposure will ultimately sharpen the political polarization because people tend to only look for appropriate information and ignore information which is not appropriate.",1,-1,[],[37286]],["Selectivity is associated with issue public membership, issue knowledge, and importance (Kim, 2009).",1,-1,[],[53247]],["Social media users have a predisposition (previous political attitudes or choices), i.e. in this case pro-Jokowi or anti-Jokowi.",1,-1,[],[37286]],["Social media users, who have been pro-Jokowi since the beginning, tend to choose positive information about Jokowi. The same thing applies to social media users who are anti-Jokowi, where they tend to choose information which criticizes Jokowi.",1,-1,[],[37286]],["Specifically, audiences are more willing to contact what is consistent with or close to their existing positions and attitudes, while tending to avoid what is opposite or in conflict with",1,-1,[["Specifically, audiences are more willing to contact what is consistent with or close to their existing positions and attitudes, while tending to avoid what is opposite or in conflict with",1],["Specifically, audiences are more willing to contact what is consistent with or close to their existing positions and attitudes, while tending to avoid what is opposite or in conflict with.",1]],[58364]],["The Selective Exposure Theory refers to the presence of any systematic bias in the composition of the audience (Sears;Freedman, 1967, p. 165), which explains the discrepancy between availability and effective consumption.",1,-1,[],[59349]],["The audiences who believe in the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq tend to choose the media which preach the existence of those weapons. On the contrary, the audience ignores media which preach the opposite.",1,-1,[],[37286]],["The consumption of news that reinforces existing attitudes significantly heightens the prominence of an individual's political identity.",1,-1,[],[49663]],["The hypothesis made an appearance in the limited effects theory, centering on the repeated belief that people who did not expose themselves to messages contradicting their beliefs entrencehed their opinion",1,-1,[],[41571]],["The literature on both political polarization and selective exposure postulates that when self-selecting news, people avoid information that counters their priors, while searching for information congruent with their existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[8322]],["The problem re-emerges strongly because technology has increased audiences' control in establishing their own patterns of consumption of information (Brundidge, 2010).",1,-1,[],[13769]],["The process could be explicit-by a person selecting news stories or outlets that frame certain topics with specif c frames-or more indirect, by the person preferring news content that is congenial to personal views and that has frames as one defning element.",1,-1,[],[15416]],["The processes of selective exposure and confirmation bias each influence the attention and weight individuals give to positive behaviors and practices in the organization environment.",1,-1,[],[14270]],["The research question at heart of this study concerns selective exposure",1,-1,[],[34342]],["The term selective exposure is used here to denote that audiences' selection preferences might take the form of a confirmation bias (Knobloch-Westerwick, Mothes, & Polavin, 2017)",1,-1,[],[8322]],["The theory of selective exposure initially made its way to Spain in the 1980s and 1990s through informative works that discussed the theories of political and sociocultural effects of the media",1,-1,[],[59349]],["These choices could be made not only purposefully, but also forced or semi-automatic, as some messages could be suggested by peers, experts, media, and so on.",1,-1,[],[44216]],["This also indicates that individuals tend to seek out echo chambers in response to emotionally charged, conflictual, and psychologically engaging events.",1,-1,[],[58364]],["This finding reinforced the theoretical core of selective exposure",1,-1,[],[41247]],["This is partly because inconsistencies in one's beliefs generate discomfort and a desire to reduce it [42,43].",1,-1,[],[15699]],["This phenomenon contributes to the creation of echo chambers, where exposure to alternative viewpoints is limited, thereby reinforcing ideological divides between individuals.",1,-1,[],[32454]],["This process of selectivity leads to agenda diversity through resistance to or avoidance of consensus-building news.",1,-1,[],[53247]],["This selection is either called or supposed to be purposeful, of the messages, media content or information. This is a cornerstone around which the conceptual framework of selective exposure is built.",1,-1,[],[44216]],["This selective exposure hypothesis claims that media consumption is determined by the audience's predispositions, as they seek to confirm and reinforce their opinions through the information content to which they are exposed",1,-1,[],[41247]],["This selective exposure to like-minded content contributes to the reinforcement of existing political ideologies",1,-1,[],[33873]],["This tendency can reinforce pre-existing attitudes and lead to a narrowing of perspectives, which in turn has important implications for the democratic process.",1,-1,[],[46163]],["This tendency to favor specific media content (Knobloch-Westerwick, 2014) has a more direct bearing on choice.",1,-1,[],[44216]],["Through techniques of selective exposure, filtering, sharing, and commenting, digital audiences actively shape agendas",1,-1,[],[60580]],["To the extent that theories of selective exposure are correct, people should be exposing themselves to like-minded media to whatever extent possible.",1,-1,[],[27212]],["Under selective exposure, the information that media users actively choose to consume is believed to have a greater impact on their own attitudes and behaviors",1,-1,[],[32184]],["Understanding selective exposure seems particularly vital in considering the role of communication in a democracy, because it has implications for citizen engagement, for the appreciation of diverse views, and for the creation of communities where citizens can agree on basic facts",1,-1,[],[44216]],["Understanding this bias is essential for teaching information literacy effectively, as it allows educators to address potential blind spots, encourage more balanced and inclusive teaching strategies, and promote critical thinking among their students.",1,-1,[],[32901]],["Users who display selective exposure tend to focus their attention on the information provided by a limited number of sources (e.g. news outlets) despite being aware of the presence of a wide array of alternatives.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["Users with certain political choices tend to receive the same information as their political choices, and ignore information from other political parties.",1,-1,[],[37286]],["When social media grants users the power of choice, they tend to consume content that aligns with their personal preferences",1,-1,[],[46099]],["a fundamental assumption of selective exposure is that people avoid counter-attitudinal information because it creates dissonance",1,-1,[],[46085]],["a good proxy for selective exposure is a measure that quantifies heterogeneity in the distribution of users' activity across different elements; namely, topics or pages.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["about the audience choosing among different media choices, however, these choices are already limited by the content providers.",1,-1,[],[44216]],["and considers it as one of the common tendencies that individuals can have.",1,-1,[],[48512]],["as individuals avoid news on issues they are less interested in",1,-1,[],[53247]],["belongs to the field within a dominant area of media effects",1,-1,[],[44216]],["building block concept in media and communication scholarship",1,-1,[],[50276]],["can be understood through multiple perspectives on the human condition that transcend the psychology of individual cognition",1,-1,[],[50276]],["cognitive biases, such as the selective exposure effect",1,-1,[],[32901]],["demonstrates an active effort to regulate the psychological impact of the news overload",1,-1,[],[46163]],["driven by attitude consistency, may lead users to encounter information aligned with their attitudes, potentially limiting their exposure to diverse perspectives",1,-1,[],[32184]],["echo chambers tend to exhibit stronger selective exposure.",1,-1,[],[2922]],["emphasizing the role of selective exposure in structuring online polarization",1,-1,[],[6612]],["employees with positive attitudes will more easily notice the positive behaviors of colleagues and the positive practices put in place by their organization because these aspects of the organization environment are congruent with their positive attitude",1,-1,[],[14270]],["enabling individuals to engage in politically-oriented and selective media consumption",1,-1,[],[59349]],["enhances third-person perception of fake news as individuals perceive others as more susceptible than themselves to the detrimental effects of fake news",1,-1,[],[1781]],["exacerbating already existent biases through selective exposure to one-sided news reports [55,170]",1,-1,[],[20736]],["exercised when conditions make it easier to do so",1,-1,[],[38142]],["exposure to like-minded sources would intensify polarization and reduce reflexivity, thereby reinforcing cognitive bias and attitudinal extremity.",1,-1,[],[58364]],["fake news confirms one's preexisting attitudes, beliefs or hypotheses (i.e., confirmation bias [Nickerson 1998], selective exposure",1,-1,[],[7165]],["freedom of selecting a fact-checker",1,-1,[],[8322]],["functions as independent, dependent, mediating, and moderating variable",1,-1,[],[50276]],["greater concern with misinformation may result in exposure to media sources that are politically aligned with one's views, also resulting in this selective exposure phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[41607]],["greater levels of selective exposure are often linked to a higher likelihood of becoming trapped in echo chambers",1,-1,[],[46163]],["has been demonstrated for various issues and situational contexts",1,-1,[],[5087]],["has been seen as a threat to effective democracy",1,-1,[],[8868]],["increased exposure to a specific type of source does not necessarily lead to avoiding other sources for the same purpose",1,-1,[],[40474]],["independent, a dependent, a mediating, and a moderating variable",1,-1,[],[50276]],["individuals tend to gravitate toward information that aligns with preexisting beliefs",1,-1,[],[36894]],["individuals tend to reassure themselves and therefore show a selective exposure to positive information.",1,-1,[],[42546]],["individuals tend to select media content that is consistent with their views",1,-1,[],[32901]],["individuals will expose themselves to information consistent with their behavior and avoid information that may call into question that behavior.",1,-1,[],[16119]],["individuals' exposure to like-minded or congruent information",1,-1,[],[8498]],["individuals' propensity to consume congruent or affirmative information",1,-1,[],[32901]],["individuals' tendency to engage with likeminded individuals",1,-1,[],[50601]],["it can influence, be influenced and mediate the dialectical interplay between diverse factors, rendering it a keystone for conceptualizing media in ever-evolving and algorithmic ecosystems.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["it discourages citizens from critically gathering diverse information, and from forming well-informed opinions on public matters",1,-1,[],[8868]],["it is easier to avoid exposure to the views of personal acquaintances than to views expressed in national news.",1,-1,[],[38142]],["leading the ideological divide but also driving trust, engagement and the public discourse in a increasingly polarized social media-algorythmic ecosystems",1,-1,[],[50276]],["leads to the narrowing down of the political agenda to only those more divisive issues of the day",1,-1,[],[8498]],["media consumers tend to select media content that is in line with their attitudes",1,-1,[],[11299]],["more likely to occur when people strongly identify with one particular political party",1,-1,[],[6312]],["more media sources mean more opportunities for selective exposure (Mutz and Martin, 2001).",1,-1,[],[53247]],["most of the research on selective exposure has been conducted either on what material participants select or what they attend to once the material is presented.",1,-1,[],[28522]],["on social media is responsible for people's belief in fake news",1,-1,[],[1781]],["or attitudes.",1,-1,[],[46030]],["originating from Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger 1957)",1,-1,[],[49520]],["people are expected to select and filter novel information based on their prior beliefs",1,-1,[],[56924]],["people engage in selective processing strategies that avoid or counterargue inconsistent information",1,-1,[],[56924]],["people frequently avoid information that might challenge their attitudes",1,-1,[],[44961]],["people have less ability and desire to exercise selective exposure to news media content",1,-1,[],[38142]],["people pay attention to information that confirms their prior attitudes and beliefs while circumventing information that counters their priors.",1,-1,[],[56924]],["people prefer information that confirms their preexisting attitudes",1,-1,[],[45589]],["people tend to focus on confirming their views while ignoring the opposing views of others",1,-1,[],[46099]],["people tend to prefer congenial information, including political news, when given the choice",1,-1,[],[20174]],["people's desire to adhere to their prior beliefs weighs more than getting it right, or making the most accurate decision based on an elaboration on all the factual information available to them",1,-1,[],[56924]],["positively affects the three positive dimensions of online public deliberation of young people, which indicates that young people would increase their willingness to take part in public deliberation and be able to conduct reasonable discussions and deliberations with a clearer perspective after they are exposed to events that are close to their existing positions, views and attitudes.",1,-1,[],[58364]],["preference among media users for selecting messages that are consistent with their attitudes",1,-1,[],[8498]],["propensity to consume congruent or affirmative information",1,-1,[],[32901]],["provides insight into the mechanisms behind this tendency.",1,-1,[],[12485]],["refers to any situation in which people systematically select some messages over others",1,-1,[],[8829]],["reflects something fundamental about engagement on social media.",1,-1,[],[6612]],["selection of media content can be influenced not only by political biases, but also by factors such as sociodemographic and racial attributes",1,-1,[],[59349]],["selective exposure also has tangible consequences for how people perceive their environment: users of opinion-congruent media sources are more inclined to assume that public opinion is in their favour",1,-1,[],[8498]],["selective exposure can distort the factual information that people consume and promote exposure to false or misleading factual claims",1,-1,[],[20174]],["selective exposure demonstrates an active effort to regulate the psychological impact of the news overload",1,-1,[],[46163]],["selective exposure functions as a significant mediator between individual cognition, emotion, and online public deliberation.",1,-1,[],[58364]],["selective exposure in the Spanish media system is predominantly driven by ideological and partisan factors or whether it is primarily guided by interest in politics",1,-1,[],[59349]],["selective exposure involves consuming agreeable viewpoints but not necessarily avoiding balanced messages that pair agreeable and disagreeable views",1,-1,[],[35033]],["selective exposure is a form of self-defence against a sense of threat",1,-1,[],[50601]],["selective exposure is not limited to political content, but rather can shape attitudes and behaviours in a variety of different areas.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure is not only an individual behavior but also a collective one that is influenced by societal forces",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure is stronger among young people (Ziemke, 1980;Chaffee and Miyo, 1983), and that men may be more inclined to selectively expose themselves to political information (Garrett, 2006).",1,-1,[],[41247]],["selective exposure is the result of influences by the individual as an agent, their group affiliations, and structures.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure plays different roles depending on the conceptual framework. It plays the roles of an independent variable, and dependent, mediating, and moderating variable",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure plays different roles depending on the conceptual framework. It plays the roles of an independent variable, and dependent, mediating, and moderating variable, thereby illustrating its theoretical role as well as practical importance.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure serves as a form of self-affirmation for partisans seeking to affirm their political selves in the face of counter-attitudinal messages.",1,-1,[],[6312]],["selective exposure tends to increase when there is a surge in information consumption during significant news events",1,-1,[],[59349]],["selective exposure theory suggests that media does not have a direct and powerful impact on beliefs. Instead, it reinforces pre-existing attitudes, with individuals interpreting and remembering information in a way that supports their views.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure to a biased sample of people or ideas will likely influence an individual's ability to recall earlier instances of (dissenting) attitudes or behavior",1,-1,[],[36225]],["selective exposure to information",1,-1,[],[35033]],["selective exposure to the media was not the exclusive result of orientations on the classic left-right axis (Stroud, 2008;Goldman and Mutz, 2011;Humanes, 2014;Fraile and Meilán, 2009), but can also come from other lines of ideo-logical fracture, as it was the case with the centre-periphery cleavage.",1,-1,[],[41247]],["selective exposure was conceived as \"nonmotivational factor\" [46] based on availability",1,-1,[],[36225]],["selective exposure, driven by identity-related factors, shapes media consumption patterns",1,-1,[],[59349]],["selectively expose themselves to information that confirms their prior beliefs and limit exposure to opposing viewpoints",1,-1,[],[46163]],["selectivity encompasses not only exposure to the media but also information processing, thus contributing to ideological reinforcement mechanisms",1,-1,[],[59349]],["social media and other online content formats and platforms may facilitate greater selective exposure",1,-1,[],[12623]],["studies have shown both evidence of its existence [53][54][55] (often with small effects), and against it [8,52,56].",1,-1,[],[40108]],["the Internet allows users to easily search for and consume political news with similar views to theirs",1,-1,[],[50601]],["the ability to exercise choice on the basis of partisanship is severely limited.",1,-1,[],[38142]],["the bias is moderated by a number of factors. These include open-mindedness, confidence in the attitude, the quantity of available information, and attitude support prior to information selection.",1,-1,[],[28522]],["the bidirectional nature of selective exposure as both an antecedent and a consequence of media consumption behaviors",1,-1,[],[50276]],["the composition of our social network plays a pivotal role in shaping the content we encounter",1,-1,[],[50601]],["the conditional marginal effect may indicate that people who exhibit higher levels of conspiracy thinking are more likely to use social media to seek out the conspiratorial ideas that reinforce their belief system",1,-1,[],[772]],["the confirmation bias of preferring attitude-consistent over attitude-inconsistent information",1,-1,[],[28522]],["the densest and most cohesive discussion groups emerged in response to pro-attitudinal news, that is, those that were concordant with the views held by the group's individuals.",1,-1,[],[11303]],["the freedom to select reassuring content",1,-1,[],[56924]],["the idea is that individuals generally gravitate toward information aligned with and avoid content that challenges extant beliefs",1,-1,[],[45387]],["the individual's ability and desire to exercise selective exposure is a key factor in determining whether a given source produces exposure to dissimilar views.",1,-1,[],[38142]],["the issue of whether and to what extent people may selectively expose themselves to media content has never been fully resolved",1,-1,[],[38142]],["the phenomenon of a biased selection of information (primarily with a preference for non-threatening information that serves one's self-image)",1,-1,[],[42546]],["the role of giving people the freedom to self-select into media exposure",1,-1,[],[56924]],["the use of congruent political information can decrease political tolerance, trigger citizens' unwillingness to compromise",1,-1,[],[8498]],["this conceptualization is somewhat related to what researchers call selective exposure, which occurs when people only consume information that confirms their beliefs.",1,-1,[],[27673]],["this selective exposure phenomenon can be a driving factor in the dissemination of fake news or hate speech on social media platforms.",1,-1,[],[49663]],["through which people avoid communication that is opposite to their existing attitude",1,-1,[],[14270]],["volitional motivation of regulatory behavior",1,-1,[],[58364]],["when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion",1,-1,[],[14270]],["when people have a choice, they tend to use it to reduce their exposure to cross-cutting political views",1,-1,[],[38142]],["when people simply forget attitude-incongruent information",1,-1,[],[14270]]],"sy":[["confirmation bias",4,16709,[],[1529,1781,28522,46030]],["avoidance",1,33862,[],[8322]],["confirmation bias (Jonas, Schulz-Hardt, Frey, & Thelen, 2001)",1,-1,[],[28522]],["congruent political information use",1,-1,[],[8498]],["de facto selectivity",1,25089,[],[36225]],["echo chambers",1,7363,[],[19575]],["favour individuals to engage with content close to their own political convictions",1,-1,[],[24442]],["filter bubbles",1,6507,[],[19575]],["selective avoidance",1,32146,[],[16947]],["selective contact",1,-1,[],[50276]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",9,16709,[],[3872,8322,8829,14270,35686,41939,46030,59201,59349]],["echo chambers",8,7363,[["echo chambers",6],["echo chamber",1],["echo-chambers",1]],[4082,13769,20736,32454,32901,46163,50276,54611]],["filter bubbles",5,6507,[["filter bubbles",3],["filter bubble",2]],[13769,20736,32454,32901,37286]],["selective avoidance",5,32146,[["selective avoidance",4],["Selective Avoidance",1]],[8322,11299,44216,54266,59349]],["cross-cutting exposure",4,20622,[],[8498,38142,41247,59349]],["cognitive dissonance",3,3931,[],[8322,49520,50276]],["bias in information processing",2,30835,[],[32184,38142]],["polarization",2,21850,[],[8498,46163]],["This tendency may polarize people's attitudes and generate hostility toward political out-groups [46,47].",1,-1,[],[15699]],["accidental exposure",1,7202,[],[13769]],["alternative media",1,7423,[],[24442]],["attention biases",1,19249,[],[28522]],["attitudes",1,13566,[],[44216]],["attraction to news",1,24795,[],[27673]],["audience concentration",1,-1,[],[8498]],["avoidance",1,33862,[],[16947]],["beliefs",1,8928,[],[44216]],["bias in information selection",1,-1,[],[42546]],["bias-confirming media",1,-1,[],[40108]],["biased evaluation",1,9073,[],[3872]],["centre-periphery axis",1,-1,[],[41247]],["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[4145]],["cognitive dissonance theory",1,29857,[],[37286]],["congruent political information use",1,-1,[],[8498]],["deliberate and incidental exposure",1,-1,[],[50276]],["dissonant opinions",1,-1,[],[38142]],["diversity",1,22741,[],[4082]],["echo chamber effect",1,1437,[],[58364]],["echo chamber or filter bubble",1,24473,[],[20736]],["false consensus effect",1,25785,[],[36225]],["framing theory",1,32672,[],[50276]],["heterogeneity in the distribution of the user's activity",1,-1,[],[34184]],["homogeneity in information",1,-1,[],[32184]],["homophily",1,12637,[],[46099]],["hypothesis of exposure selectivity",1,9294,[],[49663]],["ideological polarization",1,27446,[],[50276]],["incidental exposure",1,24999,[],[50276]],["information cocoons",1,22172,[],[54611]],["left-right cleavage",1,-1,[],[41247]],["media exposure",1,-1,[],[44216]],["media fragmentation",1,8069,[],[8498]],["media use",1,31583,[],[44216]],["mood management",1,-1,[],[27771]],["online selective exposure",1,-1,[],[59349]],["polarization can lead to partisan political commitment and thus selective exposure.",1,-1,[],[41571]],["political polarization",1,11048,[],[41607]],["politically-oriented media consumption",1,-1,[],[59349]],["pre-selective exposure",1,11931,[],[5410]],["preference",1,5427,[["preference",1],["preferences",1]],[44216]],["rational-choice theory",1,16507,[],[40474]],["selection",1,15321,[],[44216]],["selection bias",1,24952,[],[28522]],["selective attention",1,9532,[],[38142]],["selective contact",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective elaboration",1,32214,[],[8829]],["selective exposure hypothesis",1,34722,[],[41247]],["selective information processing",1,-1,[],[11299]],["selective perception",1,30819,[],[45287]],["selective sharing",1,14357,[],[60580]],["subconscious and collateral exposure",1,-1,[],[50276]],["trust",1,34511,[],[45387]]],"sb":[["First-level selective exposure",2,5551,[["First-level selective exposure",1],["first-level selective exposure",1]],[32184,44216]],["second-level selective exposure",2,13271,[],[32184,44216]],["selective perception",2,30819,[],[14270,49663]],["selective retention",2,23394,[],[14270,49663]],["Exposure by interest: low selective exposure to pages and high selective exposure to topics.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["Multi-topic selective exposure: high selective exposure to pages and low selective exposure to topics.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["Single-topic selective exposure: high selective exposure to pages and high selective exposure to topics.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["actual selective exposure",1,-1,[],[8498]],["consuming non-political or entertainment news",1,-1,[],[35033]],["exposure by interest",1,22602,[],[34184]],["multi-topic selective exposure",1,34898,[],[34184]],["online selective exposure",1,-1,[],[59349]],["partisan selectivity",1,17780,[],[37286]],["perceived selective exposure",1,11301,[],[8498]],["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[14270]],["selective exposure to counter-attitudinal information",1,-1,[],[5410]],["selective exposure to pro-attitudinal information",1,-1,[],[5410]],["selective exposure to social media",1,-1,[],[5410]],["selective exposure, through which people avoid communication that is opposite to their existing attitude",1,-1,[],[14270]],["selective perception, when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion",1,-1,[],[14270]],["selective retention, when people simply forget attitude-incongruent information",1,-1,[],[14270]],["self-reported selective exposure",1,30558,[],[8498]],["single-topic selective exposure",1,22501,[],[34184]]],"sp":[["cognitive bias",4,2728,[["cognitive bias",2],["cognitive biases",2]],[4145,20736,32901,45287]],["active listener's theory",1,-1,[],[47263]],["avoidance strategies",1,6425,[],[16947]],["behavioral biases",1,17332,[],[25563]],["cognitive engagement",1,2920,[],[8829]],["cognitive fallacies",1,26168,[],[41939]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[38712]],["media exposure",1,-1,[],[5410]],["typical manifestation of individual will in network information behavior",1,-1,[],[58364]]],"ex":[["Filter bubbles",1,-1,[],[60729]],["For instance, a user who focuses his/her activity on a single topic (or page) would display higher selective exposure than a user who interacts with multiple topics.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["Participants exposed to metaphorical framing that encouraged them to focus on their partner's arguments tended to select more counterattitudinal articles.",1,-1,[],[38712]],["Selective exposure to information is established when the individual selects more consistent than inconsistent information.",1,-1,[],[16119]],["When no consistent information is offered, selective exposure corresponds to an avoidance of inconsistent information",1,-1,[],[16119]],["a user who focuses his/her activity on a single topic (or page) would display higher selective exposure than a user who interacts with multiple topics.",1,-1,[],[34184]],["attitudes about general social matters (Jonas et al., 2001)",1,-1,[],[28522]],["board-game and card-game decision-making (Bilalić, McLeod, & Gobet, 2008;Frey, 1982)",1,-1,[],[28522]],["greater selective exposure to attitude-consistent information about politics",1,-1,[],[12623]],["influence on the relationship between trust in personalized and stateaffiliated media",1,-1,[],[50276]],["legal problem solving (Fischer, Schulz-Hardt, & Frey, 2008)",1,-1,[],[28522]],["magnifies the link between political engagement and voting assurance",1,-1,[],[50276]],["predicts outcomes such as political polarization in social media, media engagement, and user trust.",1,-1,[],[50276]],["select more counterattitudinal articles",1,-1,[],[38712]],["selecting certain kinds of news over another.",1,-1,[],[53247]],["selecting entertainment instead of news (Prior, 2007)",1,-1,[],[53247]],["selective exposure increases salience for ideology consistent issues",1,-1,[],[50276]],["selective exposure relates to social identity with polarized attitudes and bolters group alignment and ideological rifts",1,-1,[],[50276]],["stereotypes (Johnston, 1996)",1,-1,[],[28522]],["the interaction of cognitive dissonance, group dynamics, and technology as motivational drivers of selective exposure",1,-1,[],[50276]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Hard To Cancel",1,-1,[],[9602]],["love bombing",1,16006,[],[22683]],["ushers, or 'Ordner'",1,27022,[],[22683]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["is directed at the general public and fits well into the right wing populist rhetoric of presenting the speaker as the victim of dark forces intending to preventing him from working for \"the people\" (Moffitt, 2016).",1,-1,[],[49691]]],"sy":[["Playing the victim card",1,-1,[],[29953]]],"rt":[["rightwing populism",1,25646,[],[29953]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["justification strategy",1,29640,[],[49691]],["right-wing populist rhetoric",1,-1,[],[49691]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Culture",1,19654,[],[37715]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["As direct/analog repression is very costly, it is recognized that unnoticed acts or those done in ways that make the connection to the protest harder to discern are likely more practical and effective; in this realm, social media has enormous potential.",1,-1,[],[57798]],["Here, repressors make paying attention to preferred information more accessible or attractive (61), analogous to the carrots that incentivize preferred behavior in traditional channeling.",1,-1,[],[6506]],["Information channeling can prevent people from finding or even encountering information related to issues they would otherwise have supported and activities such as a protest that they otherwise would have joined.",1,-1,[],[6506]],["Long-time researchers of digital censorship label this \"active engagement,\" positioning it as a preferred option for many in power because it is often easier to distract from content or overwhelm with other information than to ensure no one has technical access to information or posts (2,60).",1,-1,[],[6506]],["Overt strategies would include government-linked accounts posting distracting information and/or flooding online spaces or hashtags with irrelevant material, and covert strategies include creation of disinformation and/or misrepresentations that would influence the perception of key topics by social media users.",1,-1,[],[57798]],["This is a form of channeling, but as applied to information and attention. Here, repressors make paying attention to preferred information more accessible or attractive",1,-1,[],[6506]],["This is achieved by fostering a specific perspective, altering topics, or creating the illusion of widespread support for a specific viewpoint.",1,-1,[],[57798]],["Unlike traditional propaganda, however, which seeks first and foremost to change attitudes, opinions, and beliefs, information channeling aims to influence behavior.",1,-1,[],[6506]],["city-and county-level governments primarily implement information channeling, such as flooding online spaces with non-political, highly positive content from local government social media accounts before periods of heightened risk of collective action",1,-1,[],[57798]],["do not have a performative aspect, are often found to have a deterrence effect if their purposes are not revealed and they effectively redirect behavior attention",1,-1,[],[6506]],["it is not about limiting or removing access but, rather, redirecting or otherwise influencing attention.",1,-1,[],[6506]],["the information channeling forms of repression that we introduced in Table 2 may be both uniquely digital (at least at scale) and also uniquely corrosive to democracies because they do not feel like repression to many who experience them; nonetheless, they constrain activists and social mobilization.",1,-1,[],[6506]]],"sy":[["active engagement",1,-1,[],[6506]]],"rt":[["active engagement",1,-1,[],[6506]]],"sb":[["Covert information channeling campaigns",1,4932,[],[6506]],["covert information channeling",1,3290,[],[6506]],["overt information channeling",1,3076,[],[6506]],["overt, informational channeling strategies",1,26715,[],[6506]]],"sp":[["digital repression",1,19432,[],[6506]],["preventive digital repression",1,-1,[],[57798]]],"ex":[["In China, city-and county-level governments primarily implement information channeling, such as flooding online spaces with non-political, highly positive content from local government social media accounts before periods of heightened risk of collective action (Lu and Pan, 2021).",1,-1,[],[57798]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the description of an irrational consumer went far beyond the boundaries of describing the relationship between a person and an object, and was broadened to define a person's values and provisions.",1,-1,[],[42719]],["the focus was put on accentuating the constant need for things, and the inability to use one's already-acquired things for no other purpose than to highlight 'alleged' prestige.",1,-1,[],[42719]],["the things purchased by the irrational consumer were treated as trivial objects, often described using concepts such as 'wasteful' and 'gaudy'.",1,-1,[],[42719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["linking to newsletters, magazines, and publications from state agencies",1,-1,[],[13564]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This strategic ritual of emotionality works alongside and in tandem with the strategic ritual of objectivity and involves the frequent use of anecdotal leads and personalized storytelling -or the inclusion of human interest stories. By narrating the emotions of sources, award-winning journalism effectively \"outsources\" the expression of emotion, thereby complying with the demands of objective journalism.",1,-1,[],[5020]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["strategic ritual of objectivity",2,26896,[],[5020,55886]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Both tendencies serve to avoid the aversive lack of closure, the first by terminating this state quickly, and the second by keeping it from recurring.",1,-1,[],[1891]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["urgency tendency",1,5620,[],[1891]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["From a theological perspective, no technologies can be commonly categorised as haram (i.e. prohibited), just as there are no technologies that are universally halal (permissible).",1,-1,[],[45020]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Moreover, many online news videos are captioned, which means they can be consumed and understood with or without sound.",1,-1,[],[45601]],["Online news videos differ from broadcast news as they are often self-contained packages that don't require a news programme or anchor for contextualisation.",1,-1,[],[45601]],["Online news videos differ from broadcast news as they are often self-contained packages that don't require a news programme or anchor for contextualisation. Moreover, many online news videos are captioned, which means they can be consumed and understood with or without sound.",1,-1,[],[45601]],["an increasingly popular news format",1,-1,[],[45601]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the codes, manners, morals, and distinct symbolic resources (Murdock, 1974)",1,-1,[],[28880]],["the codes, manners, morals, and distinct symbolic resources (Murdock, 1974) on which these groups draw",1,-1,[],[28880]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["In such situations, individuals engage in a thorough evaluation of the message and process its content in depth.",1,-1,[],[57744]],["Individuals carefully analyse the arguments presented and weigh the evidence when using this route.",1,-1,[],[47560]],["Individuals carefully analyse the arguments presented and weigh the evidence when using this route. If the arguments presented are solid and compelling, the persuasion tends to be more durable and resistant to counter-persuasion. If the arguments are weak, they may lead to rejection or no change in attitude.",1,-1,[],[47560]],["Using this route, a person carefully and thoughtfully considers the true merits in support or contradiction of an opinion the message presented, focusing on argument clarity [22].",1,-1,[],[23643]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["peripheral route",3,12965,[],[23643,25768,48326]],["ELM",2,19183,[],[593,29448]],["argument clarity",1,12853,[],[23643]],["argument quality",1,5451,[],[23643]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",10,23785,[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",7],["elaboration likelihood model",2],["Elaboration Likelihood Model",1]],[593,14522,23643,29448,44402,44945,47560,48326,52396,57744]],["routes of persuasion",2,-1,[],[47560,48326]],["ELM",1,19183,[],[23643]]],"ex":[["An example of central route factors can be argument quality and valence, whereas source credibility and information rating are considered as peripheral route factors.",1,-1,[],[593]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hyperlinks",1,30497,[],[50753]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["group polarization",1,32744,[],[19895]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["They are an invaluable method for approaching media use in the lifeworld and how it changes over time.",1,-1,[],[41696]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["biographical interviews",1,-1,[],[41696]]],"sb":[["nostalgia for media technologies and the anxiety for cherished technologies to disappear",1,-1,[],[41696]],["patterns of media use in the family and with social peers",1,-1,[],[41696]],["stability and change of 'generation units' in the life course",1,-1,[],[41696]],["upheavals in the biography and life events important for changes in media use (coming-of-age, first own household, caesura in professional life, marriage, children, divorce, retirement)",1,-1,[],[41696]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Some of the most relevant points are longstanding grievances between the relevant groups, a weak or dysfunctional justice system, competition among groups for scarce basic resources, and land disputes.",1,-1,[],[21917]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This concept embodies inherent contradictions, spotlighting the paradox where feminism, while striving to empower women, also imposes its own burdens, leaving many women grappling with happiness in this intricate societal terrain.",1,-1,[],[33371]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Furthermore, he combined the classic dichotomy of epistemic and deontic modalities arguing that propositional modality includes epistemic and evidential modality while event modality covers deontic and dynamic modal types.",1,-1,[],[26061]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["epistemic (speculative, deductive, assumptive)",1,-1,[],[57134]],["epistemic modality",1,31081,[],[26061]],["evidential (reported, sensory)",1,-1,[],[57134]],["evidential modality",1,22496,[],[26061]]],"sp":[["modality",1,15247,[],[57134]],["two categories of modality",1,-1,[],[57134]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Once given the chance, they might actually avoid all information that they are not strictly personally interested in.",1,-1,[],[40471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["coercive power",1,1203,[],[55374]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social power",1,18776,[],[21638]]],"ex":[["the power of parents, professors, or journalists",1,-1,[],[21638]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Hauzenberger et al. (2023) propose a technique that trains several subnetworks that can be applied modularly at inference time to remove a specific set of biases.",1,-1,[],[8114]],["Modular approaches create stand-alone debiasing components that can be integrated with an original pre-trained model for various downstream tasks.",1,-1,[],[8114]],["Similarly, Kumar et al. (2023a) introduce adapter modules for bias mitigation, based on adapter networks that learn task-specific parameters (Pfeiffer et al. 2021).",1,-1,[],[8114]],["The work adapts diff pruning (Guo, Rush, and Kim 2021) to the debiasing setting, mimicking the training of several parallel models debiased along different dimensions, and storing changes to the pre-trained model's parameters in sparse subnetworks.",1,-1,[],[8114]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Modular Debiasing Networks",1,29214,[],[8114]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["by using a pseudo-document consisting of \"politics\" and \"liberal\" to measure \"liberal politics.\"",1,-1,[],[59533]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["racial threat",1,-1,[],[20918]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["the participatory media fee",1,17976,[],[25203]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Differences in treatment and outcomes amongst different groups can be justified and explained via some attributes in some cases.",1,-1,[],[7318]],["Therefore, explainable discrimination is acceptable and legal as it can be explained through other attributes like working hours.",1,-1,[],[7318]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discrimination",1,19636,[],[7318]]],"ex":[["in the UCI Adult dataset [7], a widely used dataset in the fairness domain, males on average have a higher annual income than females. However, this is because on average females work fewer hours than males per week. Work hours per week is an attribute that can be used to explain low income which needs to be considered.",1,-1,[],[7318]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a suspension of our attention that leads us to stitch separate fragments into continuous strands. Picnolepsia tricks us into stitching disjointed moving images into flows because our perceptual faculties allow us to taper over discontinuities in favor of the illusion of uninterrupted narrative, and narrative film has habituated us to do so.",1,-1,[],[37784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As a unique event in which politicians can directly interact with journalists, they get the opportunity to justify their policy decisions directly and, therefore, influence media coverage.",1,-1,[],[61529]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["balance theory",1,33161,[],[41908]],["cognitive dissonance theory",1,29857,[],[41908]],["congruity theory",1,11432,[],[41908]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["By thoroughly testing the claims foregrounded in political news stories, fact-checkers demonstrate which news can be trusted and which news is incorrect, hereby guiding citizens to make the most accurate decisions.",1,-1,[],[8316]],["En su trabajo, asumen los códigos propios de expresión de estas plataformas, convirtiéndose en emisores de contenidos verificados que buscan viralizar entre sus seguidores reales y potenciales",1,-1,[],[55329]],["Fact-checkers are conceived as a corrective to the actions of the media and are signatories to the Code of Ethics and should be independent and objective.",1,-1,[],[54675]],["The need for reliable information to counter the increasing amounts of fake news and misinformation on social platforms has led to the development of ''fact-checkers''",1,-1,[],[36212]],["The stimuli of the fact-checkers were informed by templates of actual fact-checker websites, such as PolitiFact, The AP Fact Check, and FactCheck.org.",1,-1,[],[8316]],["a job sometimes performed in groups",1,-1,[],[32113]],["a new group of social media users appeared who aim on raising awareness regarding the factuality of news.",1,-1,[],[1493]],["communicators with the wrong intentions may profit from the legitimacy and perceived accuracy of fact-checkers and use their format to reinforce disinformationhereby making falsehoods even more credible by allegedly verifying it with fake evidence",1,-1,[],[18829]],["encargados de identificar, revisar y calificar la información viral",1,-1,[],[16489]],["fact-checkers have been forwarded as a solution to correct misinformation and therewith counter misperception and overcome polarization",1,-1,[],[8316]],["fact-checkers that verify (mis)information can impact misperceptions",1,-1,[],[18829]],["los fact-checkers han desarrollado un rol fundamental, llevando a cabo una intensa actividad informativa fundamentada en el contraste y la verificación de contenidos falsos que se difunden a través de redes sociales u otras plataformas.",1,-1,[],[16489]],["only respond to a fraction of all false information, and may have less strong effects under some conditions",1,-1,[],[18829]],["success of a still young profession that tries to find its place in-between traditional news providers and the participatory web.",1,-1,[],[29973]]],"sy":[["verificadores",1,7414,[],[16489]]],"rt":[["collaborative-facilitative",1,-1,[],[29973]],["corrective information",1,-1,[],[8316]],["experts",1,25095,[],[29973]],["news media literacy interventions",1,-1,[],[18829]],["reformers",1,14921,[],[29973]],["reporters",1,8820,[],[29973]]],"sb":[["'fake' fact-checkers",1,1617,[],[18829]]],"sp":[["corrective information",1,-1,[],[18829]]],"ex":[["FactCheck.org",2,-1,[["FactCheck.org",1],["factcheck.org",1]],[8316,18829]],["Nieuwscheckers",1,-1,[],[18829]],["PolitiFact",1,-1,[],[8316]],["PolitiFact.com",1,-1,[],[18829]],["The AP Fact Check",1,-1,[],[8316]],["the American PolitiFact",1,-1,[],[54675]],["the British Full Fact",1,-1,[],[54675]],["the Faktograf.hr portal",1,-1,[],[54675]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["argumentative relations",1,15004,[],[8021]],["general relations",1,-1,[],[8021]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["In international relations, hard deterrence (power) refers to coercive behavior through force or penalties",1,-1,[],[56645]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Removal is a hard deterrence mechanism because it operates through direct coercion with high perceptibility: it imposes a high cost on the violator by erasing their content or presence, thereby unequivocally signaling that the behavior is prohibited.",1,-1,[],[56645]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Biased perception represents another group of strategies that are frequently employed in response to corrections.",1,-1,[],[41904]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["source derogation, which involves questioning the credibility and/or expertise of the source of counterattitudinal information",1,-1,[],[41904]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Urgency",1,29882,[],[9590]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["this study will focus on digital hyperlocals only.",1,-1,[],[47035]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hyperlocals",1,3073,[],[47035]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["(a) neutral, when they were described merely as 'protesters', or in relation to their age or profession",1,-1,[],[50289]],["(b) positive, when they were described as 'passionate', 'spirited' and in similar affective terms",1,-1,[],[50289]],["(c) negative when protesters were described in the way of agitators, mobs or unruly crowds",1,-1,[],[50289]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Peripheral route cues",1,-1,[],[47576]]],"ex":[["My friend died after getting the vaccine.",1,-1,[],[47576]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["hallucination is one of the most significant issues among them.",1,-1,[],[22629]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Context-conflicting hallucination",1,8575,[],[22629]],["Fact-conflicting hallucination",1,28103,[],[22629]],["Input-conflicting hallucination",1,945,[],[22629]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The argument to use \"paradigm\" in journalism studies is to include other major influences such as ethnicity that shape journalism culture, production of news and other media products as well as journalism as profession.",1,-1,[],[47470,47471]],["They also exist within structural boundaries, in so far as journalism is an organized social institution.",1,-1,[],[47471]],["current journalism practices that are characterized by political and ethnic partisanship",1,-1,[],[47471]],["journalism paradigms change and realign based on both manifest and latent understandings, tacit assumptions, observations of 'goodness of fit'as well as hegemonic competition amongst alternative explanations.",1,-1,[],[47471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news frame",1,21144,[],[47470,47471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["trust/identity dimension",1,-1,[],[15912]]],"rt":[["social capital",1,1018,[],[15912]],["trust",1,34511,[],[15912]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social capital",2,1018,[],[948,15912]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Truth relativism",1,21954,[],[3421]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This double bind hinders women leaders' career aspirations because \"acting like a leader\" makes a woman too masculine to still be able to \"act like a woman\". Without any option but to violate at least one of these stereotypes, many women end up violating both at once, with their constituents likely to punish them for it",1,-1,[],[53373]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The underlying rationale is that \"people should feel calm.\"",1,-1,[],[6447]],["risk communication is understood as a way to reduce fear among the public by providing factual information about potential negative events in a way that does not evoke undesired negative emotions.",1,-1,[],[6447]],["risk communication makes \"people aware without frightening them\" so they \"understand and are not unnecessarily worried\"; moreover, risk communication allows people to \"manage that which evokes worry.\"",1,-1,[],[6447]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In this case, people are inclined to rely primarily on the specific content characteristics of the information and the experience with seeking and understanding the information to process the information",1,-1,[],[1738]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[1738]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Linear Threshold (LT) model",1,28815,[],[6976]],["point process models",1,5072,[],[6976]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["readers who read the Twitter post will consider it suitable if the information they required about the vaccines is stated and provided in the post.",1,-1,[],[14531]],["readers will believe that they are inadequately informed.",1,-1,[],[14531]],["readers will perceive that they are well informed in regards to the COVID-19 vaccine.",1,-1,[],[14531]],["the peripheral route factors were also found to have a significant influence on perceived informativeness",1,-1,[],[14531]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["memoria colectiva",1,31704,[],[17233]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["As a full-spectrum approach to understanding offensive operations, ranging from social media campaigns to conventional (kinetic) warfare, the term hybrid warfare can be used to describe a wide variety of activities.",1,-1,[],[36790]],["He uses hybrid warfare to include not just propaganda but also the use of journalists to disseminate false information, and military or paramilitary action.",1,-1,[],[48811]],["Hybrid wars are a kind of permanent war of variable intensity across multiple sectors, with cascading, negative impacts, and synergistic effects, in which the entire population of the country and the international community are, to a certain extent, consciously or unconsciously involved.",1,-1,[],[36790]],["Most often, the emphasis is on the irregular nature of operations, where traditional, Western understandings of conflict are masked with forces and tactics that cannot easily be traced to a state adversary.",1,-1,[],[36790]],["The COVID-19 as a hybrid warfare has two different meanings, as a war between countries using coronavirus and a war against coronavirus.",1,-1,[],[13197]],["The goals vary in the degree of destabilization desired, with some consideration for what might trigger an active response to the aggressor state.",1,-1,[],[36790]],["What the US experience has shown is that incremental and covert actions can weaken the response threshold over time, allowing greater interference and destabilization without a strong and coordinated defense.",1,-1,[],[36790]],["cognitive influence elements such as diplomacy, propaganda, fake-news, social media manipulation and political subversion associated with hybrid warfare.",1,-1,[],[32486]],["hybrid warfare to include not just propaganda but also the use of journalists to disseminate false information, and military or paramilitary action",1,-1,[],[48811]],["include not just propaganda but also the use of journalists to disseminate false information, and military or paramilitary action.",1,-1,[],[48811]],["what has changed are the tools of hybrid warfare and the context.",1,-1,[],[28214]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["active measures",1,191,[],[48811]],["cognitive strategies",1,21741,[],[32486]],["control",1,5820,[],[36790]],["conventional and nonconventional measures",1,-1,[],[28214]],["cyberwarfare",1,18352,[],[32486]],["diplomacy",1,3364,[],[32486]],["disinformation activities",1,-1,[],[39620]],["disruption",1,6316,[],[36790]],["fake-news",1,33960,[],[32486]],["fourth-generation warfare (4GW)",1,10092,[],[36790]],["hybrid conflicts",1,-1,[],[36790]],["influence operations",1,27233,[],[28214]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[28214]],["political subversion",1,-1,[],[32486]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[32486]],["reflexive control",1,21475,[],[36790]],["social media manipulation",1,9705,[],[32486]]],"sb":[["a war against coronavirus",1,-1,[],[13197]],["a war between countries using coronavirus",1,-1,[],[13197]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[28214]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["The continuing conflict in Ukraine is often cited as one of the primary examples of hybrid warfare in recent years",1,-1,[],[36790]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It may include fictional situations or personal account of incidents of an unknown person especially aimed to exaggerate the situation.",1,-1,[],[11412,11413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Additional Supportive Contents",2,6509,[["Additional Supportive Contents",1],["additional supportive contents",1]],[11413,61876]],["distantly-related content",1,20667,[],[11412]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["memorative signs",1,-1,[],[28533]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Across Danish media, threat assessments predominantly derive from sources connected to the military and/or law enforcement, most notably intelligence agencies.",1,-1,[],[49807]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["infowar",1,-1,[],[49807]],["weaponization",1,-1,[],[49807]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["função apelativa",1,22895,[],[46878]],["função referencial",1,-1,[],[46878]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Lambeth's ethical principles",1,-1,[],[51083]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This process is largely determined by audience metrics.",1,-1,[],[9103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[9103]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The perspective, although it considers prostitution as a form of slavery, differs from the prohibitionist view in terms of the means adopted to combat it",1,-1,[],[26430]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["public diplomacy tactics",1,-1,[],[59123]]],"ex":[["educational programs",1,-1,[],[59123]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["interpersonal markers",1,-1,[],[22806]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["In journalists' experiences, resilience emerges as performative and unfinished, continually recalibrated in response to shifting configurations of power.",1,-1,[],[53930]],["It constitutes a way of being in the world, while excelling in the daily act of balancing adaptation to political restrictions with the preservation of standards and integrity.",1,-1,[],[53930]],["Resilience is therefore critiqued as a depoliticizing force that marginalizes resistance and forecloses the imagination of alternative worlds",1,-1,[],[53930]],["offers a useful framework for understanding journalistic practices that occupy a middle ground between contention and acquiescence.",1,-1,[],[53930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["resistance",1,3238,[],[53930]],["reworking",1,-1,[],[53930]],["vulnerability",1,2660,[],[53930]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attack on reputation",1,24929,[],[57429]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":45,"df":[],"de":[["Both moral disgust toward a particular social group and the invocation of non-human metaphors are facilitated by essentialist beliefs about groups, which Haslam (2006) presents as a necessary component of dehumanization.",1,-1,[],[37444]],["Dehumanisation is a tool for discrimination and a pejorative term.",1,-1,[],[31770]],["Dehumanisation is a tool for discrimination and a pejorative term. Karen Stollznow compares dehumanisation to demonisation; both have been used by regimes, movements, and individuals to characterise an object as 'bad' or 'inferior' and, consequently, undeserving of equal rights",1,-1,[],[31770]],["Dehumanising discourses and conceptions have been identified in almost all major mass atrocities, prominently including those of Nazi Germany, Stalinist Russia, Rwanda, Yugoslavia, Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Japanese occupation of China.",1,-1,[],[21905]],["Dehumanization can be \"expressed tacitly\"",1,-1,[],[11861]],["Dehumanization can consciously defeat normative concerns about violence by allow perpetrators to believe that the targets of violence lack moral protections.",1,-1,[],[21905]],["Dehumanization contributes to Disparagement because it reinforces the idea that certain groups are inherently less valuable to society",1,-1,[],[11861]],["Dehumanization is thus an estranging and othering process: it is the \"activity of repressing, subjugating, annihilating the similarities between the self and others, and the ways in which the other is known and understood.\" 22",1,-1,[],[19820]],["Dehumanizing language uses techniques such as moral disgust, denial of agency, or likening members of a target group to non-human entities",1,-1,[],[11861]],["Dehumanizing language uses techniques such as moral disgust, denial of agency, or likening members of a target group to non-human entities (Markowitz and Slovic, 2020) to reinforce normative identities-often as indication of a biological hierarchy of 'species' within humankind.",1,-1,[],[11861]],["Disgust underlies the dehumanizing nature of these metaphors and is itself another important element of dehumanization. Disgust contributes to members of target groups being perceived as less-than-human and of negative social value",1,-1,[],[37444]],["It includes key aspects of dehumanization including religious group objectification and a mechanistic view of religious practices.",1,-1,[],[44743]],["It is the \"psychological-symbolic removal of others from the classification of human\" 12 wherein the other is expelled from what Helen Fein termed the \"human universe of moral obligation.\" 13",1,-1,[],[19820]],["It often involves describing groups as leeches, cockroaches, insects, germs or rats",1,-1,[],[11602]],["Where dehumanization makes atrocities seem acceptable",1,-1,[],[21905]],["a mechanism that allows the exercise of violence to be legitimized, while human rights are violated and democratic values are undermined",1,-1,[],[30189]],["a pernicious psychological process that often leads to extreme intergroup bias, hate speech, and violence aimed at targeted social groups.",1,-1,[],[37444]],["a process that heavily contributes to extreme intergroup bias",1,-1,[],[37444]],["associations with non-human life (vermin, insects)?",1,-1,[],[11861]],["both have been used by regimes, movements, and individuals to characterise an object as 'bad' or 'inferior' and, consequently, undeserving of equal rights",1,-1,[],[31770]],["clearly articulates the difference between us and them: we are human; they are not.",1,-1,[],[19820]],["dehumanization allows, enables and legitimizes the exercise of violence on dehumanized or excluded groups from the very definition of what is human",1,-1,[],[30189]],["dehumanization of migrant groups in media coverage",1,-1,[],[4490]],["dehumanization plays a role in grooming perpetrators into believing discrimination, violence and killing particular individuals is permissible because they are no longer human",1,-1,[],[19820]],["emphasizing those elements that have been considered outside the norm of what is human in the groups that are excluded. On the other hand, erasing the traces of life beyond biology: denying personal history, affections, the name.",1,-1,[],[30189]],["implications that a certain group is sub-human or not 'true' members of a superset (certain 'immigrants' aren't 'American')?",1,-1,[],[11861]],["it does not necessitate action, but rather allows for a space of possibility.",1,-1,[],[19820]],["it may lead to justifications of their exclusion, mistreatment, and even support for deportation",1,-1,[],[4490]],["justifications of inequitable treatment of groups or denial of human rights based on group membership (note: these can be codified into stereotypes, but are distinguished by their unique purpose to 'other' the group, reinforcing notions of normative identities and casting divergence as indication of a hierarchy of 'species' within humankind)?",1,-1,[],[11861]],["notions related to eugenics?",1,-1,[],[11861]],["robs racialized people of their humanity, leaving them unprotected by the law and subject to police suspicion.",1,-1,[],[57501]],["traits that humans share with animals (i.e., dehumanization: calm, curious, inflexible, unsophisticated).",1,-1,[],[31970]],["we focus on the most commonly accepted property of likening members of the target group to non-human entities (Haslam, 2006), such as machines, animals or diseases.",1,-1,[],[19355]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Disparagement",1,812,[],[11861]],["Erasure",1,28505,[],[11861]],["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[19565]],["attack types",1,-1,[],[19318]],["demonisation",1,24227,[],[31770]],["denial of agency",1,5402,[],[37444]],["denial of subjectivity",1,3798,[],[37444]],["denying, as Spillman and Spillman (1991) point out, the possibility of empathy.",1,-1,[],[30189]],["essentialism",1,26488,[],[37444]],["moral exclusion",1,5474,[],[37444]],["moral exclusion of out-groups",1,-1,[],[37444]],["psychological distancing",1,11569,[],[37444]],["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[31970]],["toxification",1,4087,[],[19820]]],"sb":[["(implicit) invocations of vermin metaphors",1,-1,[],[37444]],["a more difficult form of dehumanization involves metaphorical language in which the target is not explicitly equated to a nonhuman entity but their actions or properties are reminiscent of such entities as in ( 34)-( 37).",1,-1,[],[19355]],["animalistic dehumanization",1,19136,[],[19820]],["biologically subhuman",1,-1,[],[21905]],["dehumanization of women by men, wherein women are often seen as instruments or tools, lacking agency, self-determination, and subjectivity: women are thus regarded as fungible, controllable and/or synonymous to animals.",1,-1,[],[19820]],["denial of agency",1,5402,[],[37444]],["emphasizing those elements that have been considered outside the norm of what is human in the groups that are excluded",1,-1,[],[30189]],["erasing the traces of life beyond biology: denying personal history, affections, the name.",1,-1,[],[30189]],["mechanically inhuman",1,-1,[],[21905]],["mechanistic dehumanization",1,32201,[],[19820]],["moral disgust",1,15558,[],[37444]],["negative evaluations of a target group",1,12168,[],[37444]],["negative evaluations of a target group, denial of agency, moral disgust, and likening members of a target group to non-human entities, such as vermin",1,-1,[],[37444]],["supernaturally alien",1,-1,[],[21905]],["the target is explicitly equated with non-human entities (33)",1,-1,[],[19355]]],"sp":[["Affiliation-directed abuse",1,1238,[],[11751]],["Disparagement",1,812,[],[11861]],["Hate",1,26782,[],[11602]],["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[33997]],["Identity-directed abuse",1,33939,[],[11751]],["Implicit hate speech",1,16841,[],[54190]],["Inferiority Language",1,28354,[],[54190]],["delegitimization",1,3095,[],[37444]],["harms",1,19187,[],[11861]],["hate types",1,-1,[],[33997]],["implicit abuse",1,34255,[],[19355]],["implicitly abusive language",1,12027,[],[19355]],["moral exclusion",1,5474,[],[37444]]],"ex":[["'pigs'",1,-1,[],[33997]],["'rats'",1,-1,[],[33997]],["biologically subhuman (\"cockroaches\", \"microbes\", \"parasites\", \"yellow ants\")",1,-1,[],[21905]],["calm",1,-1,[],[31970]],["curious",1,-1,[],[31970]],["extreme out groups, such as poor people, the homeless, and drug addicts, were dehumanized to such an extent that they did not register in the participants' medial frontal cortex (the region of the brain responsible for recognizing and attributing a mental presence to others) as social beings.",1,-1,[],[19820]],["inflexible",1,-1,[],[31970]],["mechanically inhuman (\"logs\", \"packages\", \"enemy morale\")",1,-1,[],[21905]],["people with physical and mental disabilities are frequently dehumanised in contemporary societies",1,-1,[],[19820]],["supernaturally alien (\"devils\", \"Satan\", \"demons\")",1,-1,[],[21905]],["unsophisticated",1,-1,[],[31970]],["when groups are not considered worthy of being included (via Erasure).",1,-1,[],[11861]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Esta hipótesis de la exposición selectiva afirma que el consumo de medios está determinado por las predisposiciones de la audiencia, que buscan confirmar y reforzar sus opiniones mediante los contenidos informativos a los que se exponen",1,-1,[],[41235]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["becomes visible when static and dynamic content are treated as parts of a coordinated system rather than isolated artefacts",1,-1,[],[44897]],["not reducible to platform difference alone",1,-1,[],[44897]],["offers a template for identifying comparable patterns of segmented propaganda in other settings and for linking them to specific organisational arrangements and media systems",1,-1,[],[44897]],["structures attention and affect, with definitional threat cues priming receptivity for subsequent evaluative and accusatory sequences.",1,-1,[],[44897]],["the strategic partitioning of discursive functions between static and dynamic formats",1,-1,[],[44897]],["whereby key elements of political framing are distributed across modalities.",1,-1,[],[44897]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["centralised strategic coordination",1,-1,[],[44897]],["division of labour",1,24493,[],[44897]],["media systems",1,453,[],[44897]],["organisational arrangements",1,-1,[],[44897]],["production economies",1,-1,[],[44897]],["segmented propaganda",1,-1,[],[44897]],["semiotic affordances",1,-1,[],[44897]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a psychological theory developed by George Kelly (1955)",1,-1,[],[31126]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This parameter determines whether or not the selected tweet contains a quote.",1,-1,[],[58605]],["attaching commentary to a previously constructed message doesn't aid in the diffusion of that content",1,-1,[],[44376]],["leads to a 7% decrease in message passing",1,-1,[],[44376]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["message structure",1,25730,[],[44376]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This simulates real-world misinformation scenarios where misleading text and visuals coexist.",1,-1,[],[61178]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lifestyle politics",1,9636,[],[42911]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reconciliation",1,10912,[],[36657]]],"sb":[["social forgiveness",1,3775,[],[36657]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The movement is a mix of racism, white nationalism and populism. Its members criticize multiculturalism, feminists, Jews, Muslims, gays, immigrants and other minorities. They reject the American democratic ideal",1,-1,[],[52995]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This role lays particular emphasis on how the public thinks about a given issue.",1,-1,[],[9385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["analyst",1,31062,[],[9385]],["commentator",1,904,[],[9385]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["analytical-deliberative",1,4074,[],[9385]],["analytical-deliberative function of journalism",1,-1,[],[9385]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The emergence of an n + 1 st indexical value is the result of an ideological move",1,-1,[],[21471]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["indexical field",1,27511,[],[21471]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we focus on the intra-sentential case, where the gender identity of the referent is resolved by the source sentence itself.",1,-1,[],[34933]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["general humility",1,-1,[],[3007]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["chovinismo",1,-1,[],[16563]],["racismo",1,-1,[],[16563]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["self-praise",1,21332,[],[29674]]],"rt":[["attack",1,22827,[],[29674]],["defence",1,17250,[],[29674]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["Media attention provides the oxygen of scandals.",1,-1,[],[25752]],["Scandal is animated in part by the constancy of core narratives through changing cultural formations over space and time",1,-1,[],[47371]],["Scandals and media events spread through intermedia agenda-setting but refer to specific topics and occurrences that draw widespread attention across multiple media channels.",1,-1,[],[44799]],["Scandals are rich with communication processes: multidirectional information flows, different types of public reactions to revelations, responses by individuals and social institutions accused of wrongdoing, and the mobilization of specific narratives to demand accountability.",1,-1,[],[25752]],["The NSA/Snowden case involved classified, strategic, and sensitive activity that was affected by severe misconduct and a strong societal impact with high agenda-setting capabilities and proved highly consequential in terms of inciting changes in policy or social conduct.",1,-1,[],[35170]],["They are complex, multileveled instances of mediated politics.",1,-1,[],[25752]],["They lay out struggles over social and moral expectations about virtuous behaviors of powerful individuals and institutions.",1,-1,[],[25752]],["fictional scandals, i.e., scandals that occur in plays or books",1,-1,[],[44798]],["interestingly, a hallmark of religious preaching-and organized by careful ideological framing",1,-1,[],[47371]],["revolve around violations of social norms and rely heavily on media visibility for their emergence",1,-1,[],[44799]],["scandals condense different visions about \"the good society\" and competing interests.",1,-1,[],[25752]],["sometimes used broadly in public discourse, for example to refer to (perceived or alleged) norm violations that do not attract much public attention",1,-1,[],[44798]],["the coverage actually pertained to (perceived or alleged) norm violations that attracted broad attention across media channels and types",1,-1,[],[44798]],["they express and animate various forms of social conflict.",1,-1,[],[25752]]],"sy":[["mediated scandals",1,1175,[],[25752]]],"rt":[["intermedia agenda-setting",1,12784,[],[44799]],["mediated scandals",1,1175,[],[25752]],["scandal narratives",1,-1,[],[44799]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["having the facts come to light through whistleblowing was an important factor in the event's materialization into a scandal with high social costs.",1,-1,[],[35170]],["sex, power, and money",1,-1,[],[44799]],["the Cum-Ex scandal",1,-1,[],[44798]],["the Volkswagen diesel scandal",1,-1,[],[44798]],["the Wirecard scandal",1,-1,[],[44798]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["self-report",1,32957,[],[25464]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["estrategias retórico-discursivas",1,-1,[],[49600]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In addition, it can also be used to create an authoritative or expert tone by emphasizing the speaker's or writer's knowledge or expertise and implying that alternative viewpoints are less valid.",1,-1,[],[16428]],["It can create a sense of solidarity among a particular audience or community by emphasizing shared values or beliefs and rejecting alternative viewpoints that might challenge those values or beliefs.",1,-1,[],[16428]],["The writer/speaker deliberately narrows the range of voices and opinions represented in their text, often by using language limiting the possibility of alternative viewpoints.",1,-1,[],[16428]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Disclaim",1,23528,[],[16428]],["Proclaim",1,15292,[],[16428]]],"sp":[["Heterogloss",1,26847,[],[16428]],["heteroglossic subsystem",1,-1,[],[16428]]],"ex":[["This can be seen in academic writing, for example, where authors often use modal verbs and evaluative language to establish their authority and dismiss alternative perspectives as less rigorous or well-supported",1,-1,[],[16428]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["como algo que demanda cuidado e atenção.",1,-1,[],[19433]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Thought-terminating Clichés",1,25074,[],[38699]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["\"This sacredness is evident in the prohibition (whether or not explicit) against the questioning of basic assumptions, and in the reverence which is demanded for the originators of the Word, the bearers of the Word, and the Word itself\" (p. 427).",1,-1,[],[25046]],["Lifton speaks of the way that the doctrine transcends ordinary reason, yet claiming \"airtight logic, of absolute 'scientific' precision\" (p. 428).",1,-1,[],[25046]],["Lifton speaks of the way that the doctrine transcends ordinary reason, yet claiming \"airtight logic, of absolute 'scientific' precision\" (p. 428). Whatever else sacred science achieves, its main function is to restrict individuality.",1,-1,[],[25046]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, fake media publishes fake news",1,-1,[],[54557]],["false media seems to be related more to the tradition of propaganda (cf. Cole (ed.) 1998; Jowett and O`Donnell 2015) than to the tradition of alternative media.",1,-1,[],[54557]],["the aims of false media are purely propagandistic.",1,-1,[],[54557]]],"sy":[["alternative media",1,7423,[],[54557]],["counter-media",1,20161,[],[54557]],["false media",1,-1,[],[54557]]],"rt":[["alternative media",1,7423,[],[54557]],["counter-media",1,20161,[],[54557]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":66,"df":[],"de":[["A large body of research on cognitive psychology has demonstrated that constantly exposing people to falsehood will increase belief in the false information as people rely on familiarity in their cognitive processing",1,-1,[],[60722]],["A plethora of research on the illusory truth effect suggests that the mere repetition of information increases its perceived truthfulness",1,-1,[],[37174]],["Although repetition does not provide evidence for truth, repetition does increase familiarity",1,-1,[],[2628]],["On face value, this means when an information is repeated, it has more likelihood to be considered as true compared to an information that is true but has only been seen or heard once [19].",1,-1,[],[15300]],["Originally demonstrated in the 1970s (Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977), this effect has been replicated many times, is robust across procedural variations and materials, and can last for many weeks",1,-1,[],[28357]],["Repetition is an illogical basis for truth",1,-1,[],[2628]],["The ITE is typically explained as a fluency effect -initial exposure makes processing during the later truth rating phase more fluent, and fluency is taken as an indicator of truth [33].",1,-1,[],[24002]],["The observable effect of repetition on truth ratings is greatest for items near the midpoint of perceived truth, and small or nonexistent for items at the extremes",1,-1,[["The observable effect of repetition on truth ratings is greatest for items near the midpoint of perceived truth, and small or nonexistent for items at the extremes",1],["The observable effect of repetition on truth ratings is greatest for items near the midpoint of perceived truth, and small or nonexistent for items at the extremes.",1]],[15018]],["The observed illusory truth effect is largest for ambiguous items, but this can be explained by the psychometric properties of the task, rather than an underlying psychological mechanism that blocks the impact of repetition for implausible items.",1,-1,[],[15018]],["The standard explanation of the ITE in humans is as a fluency effect [33] i.e. prior exposure to a statement makes it easier to process when encountered later, and fluency is taken as a cue to truthfulness.",1,-1,[],[24002]],["This illusory truth effect is well established",1,-1,[],[15018]],["accuracy rating for repeated minus new",1,-1,[],[15018]],["it helps explain why advertisements and propaganda work, and also why people believe fake news to be true.",1,-1,[],[10057]],["it is typically thought to occur because repetition increases processing fluency.",1,-1,[],[10057]],["occurs even when participants are explicitly told that the source of the statements is unreliable",1,-1,[],[10057]],["repeated exposure to misinformation can trigger the illusory truth effect",1,-1,[],[35776]],["repeating statements of uncertain truth tends to shift their truth-value ratings toward the true end of the scale",1,-1,[],[44776]],["repetition influences belief at a conceptual level rather than a surface level",1,-1,[],[34604]],["the effect does not depend upon the source of the statements",1,-1,[],[10057]],["the effect does not depend upon the source of the statements (Begg et al. 1992) and occurs even when participants are explicitly told that the source of the statements is unreliable (Henkel and Mattson 2011) or when the initial statement had a qualifier that cast doubt on the statement's validity (Stanley et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[10057]],["the effect extends to longer narratives",1,-1,[],[44777]],["the finding that exposure to false information changes the perceived truthfulness and plausibility of that information",1,-1,[],[44776]],["the illusory truth effect even occurs when the repeated statements are highly implausible (e.g., The earth is a perfect square; Fazio et al. 2019) or when the repeated statements directly contradict participants' prior knowledge (e.g., The fastest land animal is the leopard; Fazio et al. 2015).",1,-1,[],[10057]],["the illusory truth of repeated statements is based on familiarity",1,-1,[],[2628]],["the more often information is repeated, the more likely it is to be believed",1,-1,[],[10057]],["the simulations in Study 1 demonstrate that even when internal belief in all statements is increased equally with repetition, the observed illusory truth effect will differ across different levels of statement plausibility",1,-1,[],[15018]],["whereby earlier exposure to a statement makes it seem more truthful later",1,-1,[],[24002]]],"sy":[["familiarity",1,6583,[],[47570]],["repetition truth effect",1,33159,[],[10057]],["repetition-induced truth effect",1,-1,[],[1431]],["truth-by-repetition effect",1,33159,[],[1431]]],"rt":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[10057]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[10057]],["familiarity backfire effect",1,18737,[],[60722]],["fluency",1,16630,[],[15018]],["fluency effect",1,16153,[],[24002]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[10057]],["perceived truth",1,-1,[],[15018]],["processing fluency",1,13851,[],[10057]],["source monitoring errors",1,3878,[],[15300]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The earth is a perfect square",1,-1,[],[10057]],["The fastest land animal is the leopard",1,-1,[],[10057]],["fake news headlines",1,-1,[],[10057]],["just a single, brief exposure to a fake news headline (e.g., 'Donald Trump Sent His Own Plane to Transport 200 Stranded Marines') increased the likelihood that people believed the headline was true",1,-1,[],[28357]],["misinformation about observed events",1,-1,[],[10057]],["opinion statements",1,-1,[],[10057]],["product claims",1,-1,[],[10057]],["rumors",1,-1,[],[10057]],["trivia statements",1,-1,[],[10057]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["uses social cues and is very similar to word-of-mouthmarketing.",1,-1,[],[14887]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["word-of-mouthmarketing",1,-1,[],[14887]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["una significación que no se establece de una vez y para siempre en su capacidad representacional, sino que se inscribe en un marco de aceptabilidad más amplia, o más bien, que en su despliegue temporal va configurando el marco mismo en el que funciona.",1,-1,[],[11187]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If you go to ethiopia, you are bound to see a lot of filthy / hunter natives",1,-1,[],[11655]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["By its very nature, dutiful dissent may promote a depoliticized or postpolitical response to climate change that frames it in consensual and technocratic terms",1,-1,[],[25619]],["Dutiful actions work through existing political and economic institutions in ways that strengthen and uphold their legitimacy, but they can also draw on existing social norms and rules to challenge unfair or unjust institutionalized practices.",1,-1,[],[25619]],["This type of dissent is considered useful when indi-viduals are directly involved with those in influential structures to advocate for change, such as through open forums with politicians and policymakers, but difficulties can arise as deeper issues with the political structures are not challenged, risking the depoliticization of climate action",1,-1,[],[31964]],["This type of dissent represents resistance to the status quo, yet it also adheres to the \"script\" of current institutions, hegemonic powers, and economic systems.",1,-1,[],[25619]],["dutiful dissent expressed though youth activism on climate change should not be confused with pandering to the status quo.",1,-1,[],[25619]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["dissent",1,30389,[],[31964]]],"ex":[["community gardening",1,-1,[],[25619]],["defending democratic institutions while supporting the development of a more participatory democracy",1,-1,[],[25619]],["engaging with the formal political system, for instance, through writing proposals and participating in official hearings",1,-1,[],[25619]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["closer to the autonomous pole of the journalism field",1,-1,[],[31528]],["if hyperlocals contribute to local knowledge, to the accountability of local elites and to the ability of local people to lobby for changes, then they fulfil the journalistic norms",1,-1,[],[33965]],["the category included journalism ethics and the question of credibility and responsibility of journalists.",1,-1,[],[31528]],["they include timeless elements, conflict, prominence, significance and human interest",1,-1,[],[42132]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["third person effect",1,22523,[],[36924]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[["Omission of details from title to build suspense",2,-1,[],[10903,24472]],["Omission of details from title to build suspense: teasing.",2,-1,[],[10903,14500]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["clickbait",4,6382,[],[10903,14500,24472,60396]]],"ex":[["New twist in Panthers star's trial could end his season",1,-1,[["New twist in Panthers star's trial could end his season",1],["New twist in Panthers star's trial could end his season.",1]],[10903]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["news articles represent the 'source framing'",1,-1,[],[30098]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["audience response",1,26797,[],[30098]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["landmark",1,-1,[],[8672]],["terminal point",1,-1,[],[8672]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Even the basic terminology through which we describe much of the contemporary world has 19 th century origins, from the idea of 'the West', to framings such as 'the Middle East' and 'Latin America'",1,-1,[],[5591]],["Taking a cue from Kurth's (2003) definition of the West as comprising member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), they have excluded Turkey and Albania and included five non-NATO European countries, i.e., Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland and Austria, along with Australia, New Zealand and Japan to construct their definition because of these countries' political alignment.",1,-1,[],[33759]],["comprising member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), they have excluded Turkey and Albania and included five non-NATO European countries, i.e., Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland and Austria, along with Australia, New Zealand and Japan to construct their definition because of these countries' political alignment.",1,-1,[],[33759]]],"sy":[["Western countries",1,-1,[],[27831]]],"rt":[["Latin America",1,-1,[],[5591]],["the Middle East",1,-1,[],[5591]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":29,"df":[],"de":[["By their nature, these developments introduced structures and formality into communication that limited who could speak and be heard.",1,-1,[],[5280]],["It can be said that the media can be identified as both books, magazines and newspapers, such as radio, television and the internet.",1,-1,[],[38553]],["It stole individual voices from the majority of people and gave voice to only a select few.",1,-1,[],[5280]],["Mass media and social media are strongly related in people's daily lives; besides that, they not only distribute information and provide influence but also affect the social structure of their interactions.",1,-1,[],[37268]],["Mass media made interaction impossible between those expressing and those attending to the expression.",1,-1,[],[5280]],["Mass media often incorporates images, sounds, and actions.",1,-1,[],[12892]],["Mass media played a very important role in creating awareness among the general public and in the dissemination of the Government orders/guidelines to the health workers, sanitation workers, including the police at grassroots levels.",1,-1,[],[13294]],["Mass media, thus, not only affect perceptions but to a certain extent influence foreign policy, processes and outcomes.",1,-1,[],[55121]],["Media removed capabilities for public discussion of public issues, produced communicative passivity, stultified though with popular entertainment, and became a mechanism for social influence and control.",1,-1,[],[5280]],["Not everyone could participate because communication was unidirectional.",1,-1,[],[5280]],["Some were denied the ability to use the systems, or be represented in them, because of elite control.",1,-1,[],[5280]],["The effect if not the function of the mass media seems to lie, therefore, in the reproduction of non-transparency through transparency, in the reproduction of non-transparency of effects through transparency of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[38553]],["The function of mass media takes place in the direction of \"self-observation of the social system\", consisting of a separation between system and environment.",1,-1,[],[38553]],["The mass media acts as an institution of enlightenment of society, namely its role as an educational media. The mass media becomes a media that at all times educates the public to be smart, open minded and become an advanced society. Besides mass media also becomes information media, that is media that at any time conveys information to the public with open, honest and true information conveyed by the mass media to the public, then the community will become a society that is rich in information, a society that is open with information. In addition, information that is widely owned by the community makes the community a global community that can participate with a variety of abilities.",1,-1,[],[37390]],["The media can be understood as an intermediary subsystem of society. In this sense, their function is to convey information about various relevant social phenomena and processes.",1,-1,[],[33805]],["These institutions directly interfere in the formation of public opinion with their descriptions of the social reality.",1,-1,[],[38553]],["They highlight dubious policies, questionable behaviour, and broken promises.",1,-1,[],[29927]],["expected to operate according to the basic principles governing the rest the rest of society, especially in relation to justice, fairness, and reigning notions of desirable social and cultural values",1,-1,[],[35129]],["institutions of society, which produce, reproduce and spread communication.",1,-1,[],[38553]],["mass media has a very influential role in society",1,-1,[],[37268]],["media texts carry multiple meanings and are open to a range of interpretations",1,-1,[],[35129]],["power to shape the nature of social consciousness and public opinion",1,-1,[],[35129]],["so often referred to as the constructed ability of the media to influence the perceptions of others such as the general public and the people at large over certain news or issues.",1,-1,[],[55121]],["that is part of the context of information use.",1,-1,[],[50831]],["the mass media also becomes a cultural institution, an institution which at any time becomes a mouthpiece of culture, a catalyst for cultural development.",1,-1,[],[37390]]],"sy":[["independent political actors",1,-1,[],[59929]],["traditional media",1,3717,[],[58589]]],"rt":[["new media",1,13437,[],[33805]],["protest movements",1,6181,[],[38553]],["public opinion",1,31109,[],[38553]],["social media",1,6683,[],[37268]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["books, magazines and newspapers, such as radio, television and the internet",1,-1,[],[38553]],["broadcasts",1,-1,[],[12892]],["film",1,-1,[],[12892]],["periodicals",1,-1,[],[12892]],["the press, radio, television, and the internet",1,-1,[],[37268]],["video",1,-1,[],[12892]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The higher the institutional penetration rate, the lower the diversification of news platforms.",1,-1,[],[32386]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["In both echo chambers, we find positive levels of openness, indicating a tendency to have unconventional interests and a preference for the complex and ambiguous over the plain and the straightforward.",1,-1,[],[1326]],["Openness reflected receptiveness to diverse opinions, arguments, and information within the discussions.",1,-1,[],[29595]],["These items were designed to capture open-mindedness toward diverse opinions, arguments, and information-key features of open processing",1,-1,[],[29595]],["by combining systematicness and openness to conceptualize general processing styles",1,-1,[],[29595]],["group information processing can also be meaningfully described in terms of its openness",1,-1,[],[29595]],["openness was associated with nondirectional attitude shifts and reduced polarization",1,-1,[],[29595]],["systematicness and openness are not inherently positive or negative, though their outcomes may be socially desirable or undesirable depending on the context.",1,-1,[],[29595]],["users with an openness personality trait are more likely to display optimism when facing frustration and are more likely to take a positive approach when encountering difficulties.",1,-1,[],[46097]]],"sy":[["open processing",1,17957,[],[29595]]],"rt":[["closed processing",1,9962,[],[29595]],["open processing",1,17957,[],[29595]],["systematicness",1,5618,[],[29595]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Big Five",1,-1,[],[1326]],["Big Five personality model",1,-1,[],[46097]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["referential strategies",1,28379,[],[49697]]],"ex":[["a trap staged by a secretservice",1,-1,[],[49697]],["targeted political assassination",1,-1,[],[49697]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["covert-stereotype analysis",1,3441,[],[2882]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike traditional IoCs, these indicators remain persistent across different campaigns and dissemination channels, making them more effective for long-term tracking and analysis.",1,-1,[],[53434]],["derived from the textual content of fake news articles.",1,-1,[],[53434]]],"sy":[["concept-based CTI indicators",1,30803,[],[53434]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["conservative",1,9133,[],[29005]],["far-right",1,11151,[],[29005]],["liberal",1,6594,[],[29005]],["liberal/conservative",1,-1,[],[29005]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["-changing the way users get informed, debate, and shape their opinions",1,-1,[["-changing the way users get informed, debate, and shape their opinions",1],["changing the way users get informed, debate, and shape their opinions",1]],[10381]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Climate fiction has surged in the past two decades and become a stand-alone genre",1,-1,[],[23557]],["Climate fiction is particularly adept at addressing the weakest point of foresight exercises: considering climate risk in a broader context.",1,-1,[],[23557]],["Climate fiction, especially in its reflexive form, takes a step back, offering a critical lens on the apocalyptic narratives deployed by climate activists.",1,-1,[],[23557]],["Fiction creatively imagines apocalyptic worlds to comment on existing social relations",1,-1,[],[23557]],["fictional accounts of catastrophic futures question the depoliticizing effects of some activist rhetoric on the crisis.",1,-1,[],[23557]]],"sy":[["cli-fi",1,-1,[],[30754]]],"rt":[["speculative memory",1,24965,[],[23557]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["speculative memory",1,24965,[],[23557]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Para perceber a precisão, é necessário recorrer à opinião de um especialista de uma área do conhecimento que comprove a precisão ou a imprecisão da informação.",1,-1,[],[11393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["culture operates at a macro level as a socially enacted and digitally observable process, rather than as a static national attribute.",1,-1,[],[54569]],["understood as measuring a persistent symbolic structure rather than a legal distinction",1,-1,[],[59534]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["morality",1,10813,[],[59534]],["race",1,30379,[],[59534]],["social class",1,31793,[],[59534]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, for social class, this would be affluence vs poverty, rich vs poor, and so on.",1,-1,[],[59534]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It encompasses the theme-rheme structure (how a message is introduced and developed), the focus of information (what is highlighted as important), and the use of cohesive devices (such as conjunctions and reference words) to ensure the text flows logically and coherently.",1,-1,[],[39580]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["flanking manoeuvre",1,-1,[],[50858,50859]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In public statements, the opponent indicates the location of military units near civilian objects, which does not correspond to reality.",1,-1,[],[50859]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The method consists of regularly reiterating to ourselves the belief for which we have sympathy and then learning to look with contempt and indignation at what may disturb us.",1,-1,[],[57790]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["authority",1,14203,[],[57790]],["fixation of beliefs",1,2296,[],[57790]],["the a priori method",1,-1,[],[57790]],["the scientific method",1,-1,[],[57790]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["belief fixation",1,2296,[],[57790]]],"ex":[["fanaticism that causes a subject to refuse the introduction of new experiences that would be able to modify their beliefs",1,-1,[],[57790]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["memes and memetic vernacular tend to fulfil three foundational functions on TikTok: concealment of blatant hate speech and ideology by using humour to bypass censorship, the banalisation of hate and violence, and the marking and reinforcement of (collective) identities.",1,-1,[],[39404]],["memetic vernacular refers to the \"casual\" deployment (of parts of) memes in the phrasing of, among other things, comments, profiles, and captions.",1,-1,[],[39404]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It is spoken at the right time. It is spoken in truth. It is spoken affectionately. It is spoken beneficially. It is spoken with a mind of good-will.",1,-1,[],[45719]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mindful journalism",1,8159,[],[45719]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["O humor agressivo é, pois, expresso sem considerar o seu potencial impacto sobre os outros, e é frequentemente baseado em estereótipos negativos, sendo o alvo um objeto de ridicularização.",1,-1,[],[27444]],["humor agressivo pode ter graves implicações para as comunidades visadas, perpetuando a discriminação e reforçando estereótipos prejudiciais",1,-1,[],[27444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["DO encoberto",1,9612,[],[27444]],["humor afiliativo",1,34534,[],[27444]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Humor",1,33710,[],[27444]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["vergonha",1,24895,[],[26498]],["ódio",1,20447,[],[26498]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["CDS is designed and dedicated to directing and practicing locally grounded and globally minded, culturally conscious and critical, study of cultural discourses, with a view to fostering cultural innovation in scholarship on the one side and facilitating cultural development, harmony and prosperity in society on the other side.",1,-1,[],[4635]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Communication Studies (CS)",1,-1,[],[4635]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a good candidate for passing on potentially tendentious content without the addressee being able to question its truth",1,-1,[],[40773]]],"sy":[["PMP",1,-1,[],[40772,40773]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["presuppositions",1,7854,[],[40773]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":60,"df":[],"de":[["Bullshit happens at the breaking points of pragmatic models, where cooperative discourse is disregarded.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["Bullshit has become endemic, according to some, alongside the notion of post-truth, as politicians can make a claim which is then repeated across media but will go either unchecked or not publicly exposed as being empty (Ball 2017).",1,-1,[],[19905]],["Bullshit is \"produced without concern for the truth\" (Frankfurt 2005: 47), and this lack of concern is the essence of epistemic insouciance.",1,-1,[],[18240]],["Bullshitters can sometimes say true things. But when they get things right, they do so accidentally, for the truth is not something that concerns them.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["Bullshitters' lack of concern for the truth of the propositional content of their assertions results, as I argued, in their refusal to commit themselves to them.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["But from a linguistic perspective, bullshit presents itself as a highly complex, amorphous pragmatic concept which calls for novel methods when approached from a natural language processing (NLP) perspective.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["He does not care whether the things he says describe reality correctly",1,-1,[],[18240]],["He does not reject the authority of the truth, as the liar does, and oppose himself to it. He pays no attention to it at all.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["Hence, we propose bullshit as a category of falsehood which involves making unverifiable claims with a total \"indifference to how things really are\" (Belfiore 2009).",1,-1,[],[19905]],["In this paper, however, bullshit and lying are understood as distinct (though not mutually exclusive) phenomena.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["Instead of a simple disregard of truth, there is a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["One can lie without bullshitting, and one can bullshit without lying.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["The bullshitter doesn't reject the authority of truth, he pays no attention to it at all.",1,-1,[],[18240]],["The problem with bullshit, therefore, lies in the speaker's refusal to honour their commitments. It is a lack of seriousness rather than a lack of sincerity.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["The term bullshit carries with it a certain levity that we may not want to assign to the much more negatively connotated propaganda.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["The term is now recognised as a means of describing a host of political statements, be they slogans, pronouncements or even statements of fact, but which have no supporting evidence",1,-1,[],[19905]],["The term is now recognised as a means of describing a host of political statements, be they slogans, pronouncements or even statements of fact, but which have no supporting evidence (Gligorić, Feddes, and Doosje 2022).",1,-1,[],[19905]],["This distinguishes bullshit from lying, which entails a deliberate manipulation and subversion of truth (as understood by the liar).",1,-1,[],[19661]],["Unlike outright falsehoods or intentional lies, \"bullshit\" involves statements made without regard for their truthfulness, aiming instead to persuade or manipulate the audience for other purposes.",1,-1,[],[46894]],["Where liars deceive about content, bullshitters deceive about their goals.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["a continuous flow of factual claims in our societies whose purpose is alignment with a political party or movement, moral grandstanding (Tosi and Warmke 2016), or practical interests-anything but truth.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["a disregard for the structures and norms of human communication which places linguistic bullshit strongly in the space of pragmatics.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["a highly complex, amorphous pragmatic concept",1,-1,[],[32218]],["a highly complex, amorphous pragmatic concept which calls for novel methods when approached from a natural language processing (NLP) perspective.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["all fallacies that manifest an indifference to the truth lend themselves to bullshitting",1,-1,[],[45256]],["bullshit can become harmful by weakening the social and linguistic norms of what constitutes acceptable, cooperative discourse.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["bullshit, even at high depth, may have minimal effects on beliefs, but may drive polarization and mistrust (even if identified as misleading)",1,-1,[],[20115]],["bullshitting is compatible with not lacking a regard for the facts.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["bullshitting is something that we likely all engage in to some degree",1,-1,[],[19661]],["communicating without regard for the truth of what one communicates",1,-1,[],[32575]],["do not hide the truth value of a factual concept, but rather hide their attitude towards the conventions of discourse itself.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["fake news is simply \"bullshit\" (Pennycook & Rand, 2020)",1,-1,[],[1361]],["harmful when performing the form becomes more important than the content",1,-1,[],[32218]],["it does not depend on being factually wrong.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["it is a kind of deception about language use",1,-1,[],[32218]],["lack of connection to a concern with truth.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["may have minimal effects on beliefs, but may drive polarization and mistrust (even if identified as misleading)",1,-1,[],[20115]],["misleading about language itself, which necessitates identifying the points at which pragmatic conventions are broken with deceptive intent.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["political agents often deliberately bullshitting as a means to their varied ends.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["something (whether an utterance, written statement, news report, and so on) counts as bullshit because of the attitude(s) of the agent(s) who produced it and not because it is false, misleading, or otherwise dubious",1,-1,[],[32575]],["something (whether an utterance, written statement, news report, and so on) counts as bullshit because of the attitude(s) of the agent(s) who produced it and not because it is false, misleading, or otherwise dubious (although much of what bullshitters communicate will in fact be false, misleading, or otherwise dubious).",1,-1,[],[32575]],["the bullshitter is not interested in covering up some truth. Rather, what the bullshitter fakes is their attitude towards reality.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["the bullshitter is unconcerned about whether the assertions they are making are true or false",1,-1,[["the bullshitter is unconcerned about whether the assertions they are making are true or false",1],["the bullshitter is unconcerned about whether the assertions they are making are true or false.",1]],[12820]],["the bullshitter oft has the intention of implying greater meaning than is literally contained in the message",1,-1,[],[19661]],["the content is being communicated absent a concern for the truth",1,-1,[],[19661]],["the deception inherent in bullshit is a deception about pragmatics, undermining conventional norms of discourse.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["the decision to bullshit is just one strategy among many that political agents can choose in order to minimize their costs (or maximize their benefits)",1,-1,[],[32575]],["the essence of bullshit is not that it is false but that it is phony",1,-1,[],[12820]],["the focus is on agents in politics who lack regard for the truth of specific claims (or series of claims), whether this means they do not care whatsoever about the truth of such claims or they doubt such claims while communicating them nonetheless.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["the focus is on how an agent's mental state relates to what they communicate rather than the truth or falsity of what they communicate.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["the latter definition hints at bullshitting being a phenomenon that breaks pragmatic conventions.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["the production of bullshit is stimulated whenever a person's obligations or opportunities to speak about some topic exceed his knowledge of the facts that are relevant to that topic.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["the term has entered academic discourse.",1,-1,[],[19905]],["this view would also allow us to characterise as bullshit not only assertions but also other types of speech acts. Bullshit promises can be promises in which the speaker does not regard themselves as committed to perform the action in question-even if they intend to do it and therefore fulfil the sincerity condition. Bullshit orders can be orders in which the speaker does not expect the listener to perform the action in question-even if they want the listener to do it.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["what the bullshitter fakes is their attitude towards reality",1,-1,[],[12820]]],"sy":[["bullshit words",1,-1,[],[32218]],["bullshitting",1,9038,[],[32218]],["pseudo-profound bullshit",1,14198,[],[34848]],["regard for the facts",1,-1,[],[32575]],["regard for the truth",1,-1,[],[32575]]],"rt":[["lying",4,32166,[],[19661,32218,32575,45256]],["fake news",2,33960,[],[32218,32575]],["misinformation",2,10315,[],[8229,32575]],["post-truth",2,14186,[],[19905,32218]],["Lack of Concern for Truth",1,9139,[],[46894]],["alternative facts",1,31822,[],[32218]],["argumentative bullshit",1,23062,[],[32218]],["deception",1,24454,[],[32218]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[8229]],["doublespeak",1,2241,[],[32218]],["evasive bullshitting",1,23827,[],[32218]],["liars",1,13480,[],[32218]],["lies",1,11646,[],[12820]],["nonsense",1,-1,[],[19661]],["paralogisms",1,13217,[],[12820]],["primary intellectual product of epistemic insouciance",1,-1,[],[18240]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[32218]],["prosocial bullshitting",1,-1,[],[32218]],["pseudo-profound bullshit",1,14198,[],[19661]],["red herring",1,31078,[],[45256]],["sophisms",1,27222,[],[12820]],["straw man",1,4827,[],[45256]],["unclarifiable unclarity",1,-1,[],[12820]]],"sb":[["argumentative bullshit",2,23062,[],[12820,32218]],["pseudo-profound bullshit",2,14198,[],[19661,32218]],["academic bullshit",1,-1,[],[32218]],["evasive bullshit",1,3189,[],[32218]],["non-linguistic bullshit",1,-1,[],[32218]],["non-pragmatic bullshit",1,-1,[],[32218]],["obscurantism",1,16225,[],[32218]],["performative bullshit",1,31188,[],[12820]],["persuasive bullshit",1,34475,[],[32218]]],"sp":[["misinformation",2,10315,[],[20115,50189]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[32218]],["falsehood",1,10681,[],[19905]],["misleading information",1,2191,[],[8229]],["post-truth thesis",1,15808,[],[48225]]],"ex":[["Evidence contrary to the asserted fact is disregarded outright by the speaker.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["I am the least racist person anybody is going to meet.",1,-1,[],[32218]],["Infowars",1,-1,[],[50189]],["The assertion is manifestly incoherent with other assertions of the speaker or with her behaviour.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["The assertion is so unclear or vague that its propositional content cannot be determined.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["The assertion plays no role in the speaker's actual practical reasoning.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["The question of whether the assertion is true or false is met with perplexity.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["When asked for evidence for the assertion, the speaker refuses to provide it.",1,-1,[],[12820]],["bullshit jobs",1,-1,[],[32218]],["bullshit visualizations",1,-1,[],[32218]],["consciousness is the growth of coherence, and of us.",1,-1,[],[34848]],["political bullshit is multimodal. It can be spoken, written, signed, tweeted, and more.",1,-1,[],[32575]],["some of Trump's questionable statements appear to qualify as bullshit",1,-1,[],[45256]],["the essence of bullshit is not that it is false but that it is phony",1,-1,[],[12820]],["the example of the elevator",1,-1,[],[12820]],["we are in the midst of a self-aware blossoming of being that will align us with the nexus itself",1,-1,[],[34848]],["when people get presents that they do not like and must show gratitude",1,-1,[],[12820]],["when people have to apologise for an action that they do not regret doing",1,-1,[],[12820]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["allowing a well-informed citizen to be able to interpret the scientific information brought by the media and to have a notion of principles about the role of the media in the mediation of scientific knowledge, the importance of experts' point of view, the possibility of news being created to overshadow genuine science, etc.",1,-1,[],[34373]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["el framing es una extensión natural del modelo de la agenda.",1,-1,[],[15204]]],"sy":[["encuadre",1,19710,[],[15204]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[15204]],["frame building",1,19371,[],[15204]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["strategies media uses to capture their attention such as exaggerating or hiding part of a piece of information",1,-1,[],[38090]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["However, these representations often marginalize refugees, focusing on the celebrity figure or idealized depictions.",1,-1,[],[42112]],["these representations often marginalize refugees, focusing on the celebrity figure or idealized depictions.",1,-1,[],[42112]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["moral frames",1,9202,[],[42112]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In this scenario, nodes can be active or inactive; the state of an inactive node i flips when the number of its active neighbours is above a given threshold t.",1,-1,[],[1536]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[50466]],["framing",1,22777,[],[50466]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["These can change when topics are discussed differently in media or public debate.",1,-1,[],[4672]],["the relationship between the text and interaction",1,-1,[],[55740]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discursive formations of sexual murder",1,-1,[],[53753]],["non-discursive practices",1,-1,[],[15268]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fairclough's second dimension",1,-1,[],[40736]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Juridical realism",1,-1,[],[54304]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Forceville distinguishes four types",1,-1,[],[53589]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nation frame",1,24979,[],[54989]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversion",1,12877,[],[10096]],["personal identity",1,28715,[],[10096]],["surveillance",1,2504,[],[10096]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["motivations for media use",1,-1,[],[10096]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This includes refugees, who face systemic neglect and exclusion.",1,-1,[],[61250]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Indigenous populations facing ongoing discrimination; homeless individuals struggling without adequate support; refugees fleeing conflict or persecution.",1,-1,[],[61250]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["co-orientation",1,33448,[],[50754]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Compared with traditional news reports, tweets on social media like microblogs have several unique features: 1) content features (text contents, hash tag topics, external URL links), 2) social features (forward times, comment times), and 3) user features (user profiles, social relations).",1,-1,[],[16772]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[["Questioning the credibility of someone or something.",7,-1,[["Questioning the credibility of someone or something.",6],["Questioning the credibility of someone or something",1]],[11799,42355,51687,52044,52518,56113,59166]]],"de":[["However, this cannot be regarded as a scientific method of verifying fake news as it has no empirical grounding.",1,-1,[],[12949]],["Some people use it to cast doubt on their opponents, controversial issues or the credibility of some media organizations.",1,-1,[],[29166]],["adversarial or skeptical tones",1,-1,[],[52044]],["higher-level stylistic categories inspired by prior linguistic research",1,-1,[],[58207]],["propaganda techniques that must have a specific sentence structure, such as Doubt",1,-1,[],[38684]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["persuasion techniques",2,21310,[],[7589,11799]],["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11799,55984]]],"ex":[["A candidate says about his opponent: \"Is he ready to be the Mayor?\"",1,-1,[],[59166]],["A candidate talks about his opponent and says: \"Is he ready to be the Mayor?\"",1,-1,[],[56113]],["Can the same be said for the Obama Administration?",1,-1,[],[59166]],["Code-switched example: \"Death penalty is ridiculous. Aik rapist ko latka dene se baqion ko kia faraq pare ga?\"",1,-1,[],[29166]],["English example: \"A candidate talks about his opponent and says: Is he ready to be the Mayor?\"",1,-1,[],[29166]],["English translation: \"Death penalty is ridiculous. What difference will it make to others if one rapist is hanged?\"",1,-1,[],[29166]],["Example for Doubt",1,-1,[],[11799]],["Is he ready to be the Mayor?",1,-1,[],[52518]],["What happened during the 6 minutes between Campos being shot and Paddock opening fire, and why weren't the police rushing to the scene immediately?",1,-1,[],[55984]],["Why is the U.S. singling out Iran ...",1,-1,[],[55984]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["communication strategy to promote adolescent reproductive health encouraged positive change, motivated adoption, and enabled these new behaviours to be practised and advocated by viewers to others.",1,-1,[],[60694]]],"sy":[["edutainment",1,13355,[],[60694]]],"rt":[["communication for social change",1,31251,[],[60694]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["While effective in reducing wiretapping in newsrooms, these strategies pose moral conundrums in terms of accountability, transparency, and collateral damage",1,-1,[],[40465]],["manipulate other people's behavior by manipulating their beliefs.",1,-1,[],[1578]]],"sy":[["Machiavellianism",1,5462,[],[1578]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["markers of persuasion and evaluation",1,-1,[],[16385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["textual category",1,6685,[],[16385]]],"sb":[["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[16385]],["boosters",1,15862,[],[16385]],["expressive speech acts",1,13211,[],[16385]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[16385]]],"sp":[["self-references",1,-1,[],[16385]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Both distrust and cynicism entail negative expectations of the public toward the media, but cynicism is characterized by a lower degree of reflexivity compared with distrust",1,-1,[],[32853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["media cynicism",1,14443,[],[32853]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This implies that the foundation of science originates from social actors engaging in a negotiation process in which one party convinces the other through persuasion.",1,-1,[],[25338]],["it suggests that there are different motivations for citing, many of them influenced by cognitive style and personality and not necessarily by universalistic reasons.",1,-1,[],[25338]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["normative theory",1,2436,[],[25338]]],"sb":[["Matthew effect",1,14737,[],[25338]],["Negational (or negative) citation",1,534,[["Negational (or negative) citation",1],["negational citations",1]],[25338]],["perfunctory citations",1,-1,[],[25338]],["persuasion hypothesis",1,27177,[],[25338]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["e.g., a coreference resolution system that successfully identifies male coreferents at a higher rate over female ones.",1,-1,[],[59098]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a coreference resolution system that successfully identifies male coreferents at a higher rate over female ones.",1,-1,[],[59098]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["pointing to an adversarial relationship of the state versus the Church or the Russian people",1,-1,[],[61218]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["church-state relations",1,-1,[],[61218]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["making a person less prone to automatic assimilation of disinformation and able to maintain a reflective distance from media messages",1,-1,[],[30415]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["creation and evolution of the storyworld or transmedia universe through the cited sections",1,-1,[],[50304]]],"sy":[["transmedia universe",1,30333,[],[50304]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This category may also include movements or parties that are difficult to classify due to their eclectic or evolving policy positions, as well as those that adapt their stances to appeal to diverse constituencies.",1,-1,[],[47640]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ad hominen",1,10637,[],[13414]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Dr Robert Gallo confessed to being forced to create a virus to wipe out the African race'",1,-1,[],[52815]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The applicability of benevolence values was measured on the same scale with items focusing on sociability, empathy, compassion, and social competence",1,-1,[],[43270]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Enduring values are not timeless, and they may change somewhat over the years; moreover, they also help to shape opinions, and many times, opinions are only specifications of enduring values",1,-1,[],[24085]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Altruistic Democracy",1,-1,[],[24085]],["Ethnocentrism",1,932,[],[24085]],["Individualism and Moderatism",1,-1,[],[24085]],["Responsible Capitalism",1,-1,[],[24085]],["Small-town Pastoralism",1,-1,[],[24085]],["Social Order and National Leadership",1,-1,[],[24085]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Altruistic Democracy",1,-1,[],[60278]],["Ethnocentrism",1,-1,[],[60278]],["Ethnocentrism, Altruistic Democracy, Responsible Capitalism, Small-town Pastoralism, Individualism and Moderatism, Social Order and National Leadership",1,-1,[],[24085]],["Individualism and Moderatism",1,-1,[],[60278]],["Responsible Capitalism",1,-1,[],[60278]],["Small-town Pastoralism",1,-1,[],[60278]],["Social Order and National Leadership",1,-1,[],[60278]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["data smog",1,876,[],[37973]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[37973]],["information blockage",1,-1,[],[37973]],["knowledge society",1,-1,[],[37973]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["circuit of affects",1,4875,[],[32707]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Author defines society of conformists as",1,-1,[],[59271]],["in order to acquire and keep the social status defined by authorities",1,-1,[],[59271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Concerned Citizen Tweets",1,6769,[],[61953]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[43521]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The final top-level category of privacy risk Solove outlined",1,-1,[],[21061]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["decisional interference",1,10657,[],[21061]],["intrusion",1,-1,[],[21061]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Hogwarts Academy in Rowland's Harry Potter",1,-1,[],[17224]],["New York City in Truman Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's",1,-1,[],[17224]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The clickworthiness nudge alleviates this issue by highlighting news that is not merely diverse but also appealing.",1,-1,[],[46008]],["it takes advantage of not just the position bias but also other heuristic selection biases that relate to the content and presentation of news articles.",1,-1,[],[46008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["opinion leaders",1,34387,[],[12752]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the Nigerian context, altruism has been shown to be a unique characteristic of an average Nigerian (Apuke and Omar, 2020). It is more of a cultural trait.",1,-1,[],[2074]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Knowledge practices revolve around assessing and questioning the role of authority in knowledge.",1,-1,[],[30380]],["The rationale supporting the notion of constructed authority is that \"various communities\" and their standards as well as the needs of the learner will have different standards for what constitutes a trusted source.",1,-1,[],[42466]],["learners should \"ask relevant questions about origins, context, and suitability for the current information need.\"",1,-1,[],[33384]]],"sy":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[42466]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["define different authority types, use research tools to assess authority, understand that disciplines have authorities questioned by other authorities, recognise that authority may be packaged formally or informally; may include other media, acknowledge that they are developing their own authority, and understand the social nature of information ecosystems",1,-1,[],[30380]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the inverted pyramid is licensed to replace verified facts with others opinions.",1,-1,[],[26240]]],"sy":[["periodismo de declaraciones",1,23204,[],[26240]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["Many of the social scientific studies on conspiracy theories focus on beliefs about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy",1,-1,[],[6421]],["conspiracy beliefs are intended to provide causal explanations for complex and distressing social events",1,-1,[],[16462]],["conspiracy theories address a range of basic human needs, including epistemic needs (Douglas, Sutton, & Cichocka, in press).",1,-1,[],[16462]],["conspiracy theories provide epistemic clarity by explaining events through an array of explicit presumptions about the functioning of the world.",1,-1,[],[16462]],["conspiracy theories tend to be characterized by attitudinal aversion to (allegedly) powerful groups.",1,-1,[],[1414]],["they are more prevalent at its extremes, and likely contribute to ideological polarization, prejudice, and grievance.",1,-1,[],[1414]]],"sy":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[16462]]],"rt":[["conspiracy mindset",1,24330,[],[1414]]],"sb":[["Antisemitic [6]",1,-1,[],[1414]],["Islamophobic conspiracy theories [7]",1,-1,[],[1414]]],"sp":[["Conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[995]]],"ex":[["\"chemtrail\" conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[6421]],["9/11 \"Truther\" theories",1,-1,[],[6421]],["Do you consider the PKK is responsible for the murder of Olof Palme? (1 = very unlikely; 5 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["Do you consider the Police are responsible for the murder of Olof Palme? (1 = very unlikely; 5 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["Large companies in the pharmaceutical industry are deliberately spreading diseases to sell drugs (1 = very unlikely; 7 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["Left Politicians want to keep people poor in order to secure their votes (1 = very unlikely; 7 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["Lobbyists in the oil industry have paid politicians to wage wars in the Middle East (1 = very unlikely; 7 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["Many politicians in parliament have links to organized crime (1 = very unlikely; 7 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["The financial crisis was planned by bankers and politicians for their personal gain (1 = very unlikely; 7 = very likely)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["believe that the CIA killed President John F. Kennedy",1,-1,[],[6421]],["believed that the vote would be rigged",1,-1,[],[6421]],["believing that Princess Diana was murdered versus believing that she staged her own death",1,-1,[],[16462]],["climate change (Jolley & Douglas, 2014)",1,-1,[],[16462]],["climate change-free-market conservatives in the US perceive an alarmist hoax cooked up by governments and scientists, while environmentalists perceive a motivated effort to discredit the science, cooked up by the oil industry and its stooges",1,-1,[],[1414]],["death of Diana, Princess of Wales",1,-1,[],[6421]],["the common belief about the corrupt and nocuous nature of decision-makers",1,-1,[],[16462]],["the financial crisis",1,-1,[],[16462]],["the financial crisis and the common belief about the corrupt and nocuous nature of decision-makers",1,-1,[],[16462]],["the idea that COVID-19 is all a hoax",1,-1,[],[13238]],["the proposition that the pandemic is a governmental conspiracy",1,-1,[],[13238]],["the release of the virus as a bioweapon",1,-1,[],[13238]],["the virus being a hoax or no more dangerous than the mild flu",1,-1,[],[13238]],["the virus being connected to Bill Gates, and a plan to develop a global surveillance system",1,-1,[],[13238]],["the virus being related to 5G networks",1,-1,[],[13238]],["theories about Barack Obama's citizenship",1,-1,[],[6421]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[44688]]],"ex":[["Intervenção militar já !!! Acaba Supremo Tribunal Federal, não serve pra nada mesmo. . . Translation: Military intervention now !!! Close the Supreme Court, d it is of no use at all. . .",1,-1,[["Intervenção militar já !!! Acaba Supremo Tribunal Federal, não serve pra nada mesmo. . . Translation: Military intervention now !!! Close the Supreme Court, d it is of no use at all. . .",1],["Intervenção militar já !!! Acaba Supremo Tribunal Federal, não serve pra nada mesmo. . . Translation: Military intervention now !!! Close the Supreme Court, d it is of no use at all. . ..",1]],[44688]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["discourse role",1,-1,[],[61890]]],"sb":[["additional supportive contents",2,6509,[],[26314,61890]],["context-informing contents",2,17453,[["context-informing contents",1],["contextinforming contents",1]],[26314,61890]],["main contents",1,22997,[],[61890]],["main event contents",1,20174,[],[26314]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["terrifying, breathtakingly, soul-stirring, etc.",1,-1,[],[26466]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["parameters of newsworthiness",1,14257,[],[61819]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["opinions",1,24152,[],[23907]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Boris Johnson is an idiot",1,-1,[],[23907]],["Trump is effective",1,-1,[],[23907]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Even when used metaphorically, for example, the word \"fire\" connotes heat, light, and energy.",1,-1,[],[19322]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["pseudo-participation",1,15425,[],[7492]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["There are many instances of bias towards politicians and celebrities from the entertainment industry in our dataset.",1,-1,[],[56308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social Bias",1,242,[],[56308]]],"ex":[["There are many instances of bias towards politicians and celebrities from the entertainment industry in our dataset.",1,-1,[],[56308]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Jews are not money lovers",1,-1,[],[11601]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["attitude roots",1,554,[],[9922]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing metaphor",1,9901,[],[28048]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["unintentional fake news spreaders deserve a \"gentle\" strategy developed by social media platforms: nudging and fact-presenting recommendation are more reasonable than suspension and deactivation",1,-1,[],[48415]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a much easier way to bring readers in than focusing on, say, technological trends or industry structure or gearing histories",1,-1,[],[9208]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, affect is never wholly separable from information and interpretation-just as these cognitive processes are never entirely devoid of affective charge.",1,-1,[],[32918]],["Its implicit ontological claim is far more modest: it merely asserts that affectivity is never 'pure' or 'unmixed.'",1,-1,[],[32918]],["The notion of false affectivity implies that social affects can be as distorted-and distorting-as the patterns of thought critical thinkers used to call ideologies.",1,-1,[],[32918]],["affects-like beliefs-can be ill-informed, misled, manipulated, and in that sense, false.",1,-1,[],[32918]],["an affective analogue to the critical concept of false consciousness",1,-1,[],[32918]],["social affects can also be products of misinterpretations-for example of misguided or one-sided interpretations-in which case they may be said to be false.",1,-1,[],[32918]],["social affects can be as distorted-and distorting-as the patterns of thought critical thinkers used to call ideologies",1,-1,[],[32918]],["the concept of false affectivity does not rely on the assumption that interpretation precedes emotion, or that rationality precedes affectivity.",1,-1,[],[32918]],["this concept provides a framework for critically engaging with social affects that are often either uncritically embraced or summarily dismissed",1,-1,[],[32918]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["deliberate misinformation",1,-1,[],[32918]],["false consciousness",1,21793,[],[32918]],["mediated",1,-1,[],[32918]],["misinterpretation",1,15480,[],[32918]],["social affects",1,30752,[],[32918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As such, this technique can also appear outside the form of well constructed argument, by simply making mentions that resonate with the feeling of a particular group and as such setting up a context for further arguments.",1,-1,[],[57431]],["It can be seen as an appeal to emotions instead to logic of the audience aiming to manipulate them to win an argument.",1,-1,[],[57431]],["The connection to nationalism, patriotism, or benefit for an idea, group, or country might be fully undue and is usually based on the presumption that the recipients already have certain beliefs, biases, and prejudices about the given issue.",1,-1,[],[57431]],["The stereotypical example would be national pride, and hence the name of the technique; however, the target group it applies to might be any group, e.g., related to race, gender, political preference, etc. The connection to nationalism, patriotism, or benefit for an idea, group, or country might be fully undue and is usually based on the presumption that the recipients already have certain beliefs, biases, and prejudices about the given issue. It can be seen as an appeal to emotions instead to logic of the audience aiming to manipulate them to win an argument. As such, this technique can also appear outside the form of well constructed argument, by simply making mentions that resonate with the feeling of a particular group and as such setting up a context for further arguments.",1,-1,[],[57431]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Example: We should make America great again, and restrict the immigration laws.",1,-1,[],[57431]],["We should make America great again, and restrict the immigration laws.",1,-1,[],[57431]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["How to give voice to suffering against silence; how to enable interpretation against incomprehensibility; how to cultivate empathy against indifference; how to remember against forgetting; how to prevent against repetition",1,-1,[],[42140]],["storytelling as a form of 'witnessing' is also an ethico-political act",1,-1,[],[42140]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ethico-political acts of witnessing life during conflict",1,-1,[],[42140]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":112,"df":[],"de":[["Again, partly as a function of the limited space for communication within a media item-but also as a consequence of ideology, the social and professional routines of journalists, journalistic norms and the influence of pressure groups and elitessome aspects of reality are emphasised, whilst others are de-emphasised (Entman 1993).",1,-1,[],[507]],["But in the context of an authoritarian regime, one of the most essential functions of framing in news is strengthening the power of the status quo.",1,-1,[],[59858]],["By emphasizing certain aspects of a story and downplaying others, media framing affects how people perceive political events and issues.",1,-1,[],[55860]],["Framing is fundamentally about understanding how the communications process necessitates some aspects of an issue being emphasised, and made more salient (Entman 1993), at the expense of others.",1,-1,[],[507]],["Framing tactics can influence the balance of considerations that ordinary people weight when contemplating the epidemic, thereby rendering them more likely to appreciate the government's anti-epidemic performance.",1,-1,[],[26380]],["Framing uncovers the ideology behind narrations of news, thus, recognising media hegemony (Hackett 1984).",1,-1,[],[59854,59858]],["However, others contend that framing is distinct from agenda setting because it is not just concerned with what issue is made salient in a communication, but also with how issues are characterised, and the influence this has on audience interpretations (Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007).",1,-1,[],[35011]],["In communications, it has been suggested that framing is an extension of agenda setting, which details how media reporting can influence what audiences think (McCombs, Shaw, & Weaver, 1997).",1,-1,[],[35011]],["In political communication, for example, news framing is helpful as it reveals how the news article is structured to promote a certain side of the political spectrum, thus influencing the public opinion in a particular way.",1,-1,[],[28837]],["In times of crisis, framing can lead citizens of authoritarian regimes to pay more attention to the encouraging aspects of the crisis (e.g., lives saved), which evoke positive feelings.",1,-1,[],[26380]],["It arranges daily reality by offering meanings to unfolding strips of events (Gamson and Modigliani 1989)",1,-1,[],[59854]],["It arranges daily reality by offering meanings to unfolding strips of events (Gamson and Modigliani 1989) and \"promoting definitions and interpretations of political issues\" (Chong and Druckman 2007: 106). Thus, media outlets can frame news stories in such a way as to make certain aspects more salient than others, while putting a specific news angle or \"spin\" on these elements (Dimitrova et al. 2005) by selecting, emphasising, excluding, and elaborating news coverage (Tankard and Israel 1997).",1,-1,[],[59858]],["It plays a crucial role in influencing how people interpret and react to information presented in news articles.",1,-1,[],[35048]],["It therefore plays a vital role in both individual and societal responses to a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.",1,-1,[],[55512]],["Media coverage can mould certain positions around issues in the public sphere, since the media framing define the story's meaning and thereby shape people's interpretations (Entman 1993;Hallahan 1999).",1,-1,[],[27200]],["Media coverage stressing economic factors of immigration as opposed to humanitarian ones, for example, might influence public perception of the essential qualities of the problem and possible remedies.",1,-1,[],[60571]],["Media coverage that frames climate change as a matter of scientific uncertainty or elite disagreement can distort public understandings of the extent of scientific consensus.",1,-1,[],[45557]],["Media framing involves the use of specific angles, perspectives, and language in reporting, influencing how audiences interpret and emotionally react to the information.",1,-1,[],[55860]],["Media framing refers to selecting specific aspects of a perceived reality in communication to portray how an issue is defined, how its causes are interpreted, how its moral implications are evaluated, and what potential solutions are considered",1,-1,[],[59605]],["Media framing refers to the journalistic practice of selecting aspects of a perceived reality and making them more salient in news coverage",1,-1,[],[28837]],["Media framing research is, therefore, focused on the organising principles of what is included and excluded in a text",1,-1,[],[35011]],["Media framing research is, therefore, focused on the organising principles of what is included and excluded in a text (Reese, 2001).",1,-1,[],[35011]],["Media framing, a concept deeply entrenched in communication theory, holds significant influence over public perception by shaping the narratives surrounding issues and events portrayed in the news media (Entman, 2012).",1,-1,[],[15444]],["More importantly, framing can also alter the reference points that people use when establishing evaluative standards and thus help improve their perception of an authoritarian government's performance during a crisis.",1,-1,[],[26380]],["One of the frequently accentuated and scrutinized mechanisms the media perform such a function is through media framing",1,-1,[],[56411]],["Social and communication science research has relied on framing concepts for analyzing how information is selected and presented in the media.",1,-1,[],[59605]],["Such an influential bias reshapes the audiences' mind as desired by the media organisations.",1,-1,[],[16228]],["The Nigerian press deployed the strategy of media framing, which enabled it to maintain an influence on the trajectory of the readers' consciousness and understanding concerning the abduction",1,-1,[],[59254]],["The framer renders that perspective more salient by invoking a \"value, theme, stereotype, or symbol that serves to organize and connect topic-relevant information\" (D'Angelo, 2017, 1).",1,-1,[],[35073]],["The media framing of exclusive breastfeeding plays a crucial role in shaping public perception and behavior.",1,-1,[],[59051]],["The media framing of this \"common sense\" simplified account of complex social problems",1,-1,[],[39591]],["The preponderance of these frames not only shapes public perception and attitudes towards the pandemic but also risks causing more problems for those with existing health conditions due to fear or panic attack.",1,-1,[],[14716]],["The theory presupposes that the media can impact or influence audience feelings and tweak public perception of recommended actions towards social issues (Scheufele & Lewenstein, 2005).",1,-1,[],[50102]],["The way the media decide to frame a story is highly influential in telling audiences what issues to think about and how to think about them. This in turn informs judgements and decisions on actions to take (Buse et al., 2012: 77;Hilton et al., 2012: 1965and Vliengenthart et al., 2016: 285).",1,-1,[],[1853]],["This framing can emphasize certain aspects over others, such as the immediacy of the threat or the effectiveness of potential solutions, thereby guiding public perception in specific directions.",1,-1,[],[15444]],["This process involves three aspects: linguistic choice of how to encode the information (semantics); associations evoked in the reader which depend on individuals' existing cognitive schemata, categories or stereotypes (cognition); and the communicative act of (repeated) emphasis of a particular frame, and its effect on the audience (communication)",1,-1,[],[54402]],["Typically, framing promotes \"a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation\" for the issue at hand",1,-1,[],[28871]],["Typically, framing promotes \"a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation\" for the issue at hand (Entman, 1993, p.52).",1,-1,[],[28871]],["affects the perception of the reader or audience",1,-1,[],[37202]],["can prioritise certain views regarding legislation and promote them to the public",1,-1,[],[30172]],["choice of language, imagery, and narrative focus",1,-1,[],[15444]],["communicative frames help individuals to make sense of otherwise meaningless successions of events",1,-1,[],[54402]],["discourse is not only vital in terms of framing social issues and problems for the attentive public, but it is also a place of ideological and ideational struggle for various social movements, state actors and institutions.",1,-1,[],[20241]],["emphasize certain aspects over others, such as the immediacy of the threat or the effectiveness of potential solutions, thereby guiding public perception in specific directions.",1,-1,[],[15444]],["frames act as symbolic tools that organise and simplify complex issues, helping audiences navigate and comprehend global events.",1,-1,[],[55860]],["frames in communication that influence public opinion",1,-1,[],[57962]],["framing a news story means to select an aspect to reality and make it salient. Entman suggests that framing accomplishes this by defining problems, diagnosing causes, making moral evaluations, and recommending remedies.",1,-1,[],[39535]],["framing operates by providing contextual cues that guide decision making and inferences drawn by message audiences",1,-1,[],[39063]],["ideologically grounded, prevailing socio-political relationships and viewpoints",1,-1,[],[51201]],["impose limits to serve the dominant class. It molds debates in ways that eventually serve the interests of corporations.",1,-1,[],[33613]],["media frames activate a particular constellation of cognitive frames in journalists' or readers' minds, and the framing occurs only when alternative competing activations are possible, i.e. there is some potential ambivalence of interpretation",1,-1,[],[54402]],["media frames are 'largely unspoken and unacknowledged, organise [sic] the world both for journalists who report it and, in some important degree, for us who rely on their reports'",1,-1,[],[34599]],["media framing emerges as a potent tool for shaping public narratives and fostering a climate of censorship while simultaneously imposing stringent ideological constraints",1,-1,[],[51664]],["media framing is crucial in shaping individuals' cognitive schemas regarding technology",1,-1,[],[51219]],["media framing plays an exceedingly significant role in promoting (or denoting) and consequently shaping our remembrance of the past",1,-1,[],[27891]],["media outlets can frame news stories in such a way as to make certain aspects more salient than others, while putting a specific news angle or \"spin\" on these elements (Dimitrova et al. 2005) by selecting, emphasising, excluding, and elaborating news coverage (Tankard and Israel 1997).",1,-1,[],[59854]],["moves beyond conventional narratives to function as persuasive social commentary",1,-1,[],[38462]],["news media plays an active role in shaping public perception",1,-1,[],[59406]],["one of the most essential functions of framing in news is strengthening the power of the status quo. This can be done through the exertion of political power that seeks to legitimise the mandate of political elites and gather continuing support for their regime (Finer 1997;von Soest and Grauvogel 2015).",1,-1,[],[59854]],["promoting definitions and interpretations of political issues",1,-1,[],[59854]],["the inherently rhetorical nature of media framing",1,-1,[],[27891]],["the language of communicating the virus is essential for escalating or dowsing the tension caused by the pandemic.",1,-1,[],[14716]],["the media could either mitigate or accentuate the crisis depending on the major frames adopted for the coverage.",1,-1,[],[14716]],["the media push various agendas that suit their ideological stances via the use of frames",1,-1,[],[27717]],["the news media not only tells \"readers what to think about\" as posited in agenda setting theory, but they do indeed frame news in such a way so as to influence how readers or their audience think.",1,-1,[],[34599]],["the news media present a particular frame or perspective through which the population is able to learn about themselves, institutions and other societies",1,-1,[],[39063]],["through the process of media framing the news media present a particular frame or perspective through which the population is able to learn about themselves, institutions and other societies",1,-1,[],[39063]],["which is part of the media agenda",1,-1,[],[59051]]],"sy":[["discursive representation",1,8230,[],[31020]],["frame building",1,19371,[],[36259]],["frames in communication",1,23953,[],[57962]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",3,425,[["agenda setting",2],["agenda-setting",1]],[34599,35011,48956]],["actors",1,10818,[],[32995]],["agenda setting theory",1,6096,[],[34599]],["audience frames",1,24119,[],[36259]],["communication theory",1,32567,[],[15444]],["conflict",1,23803,[],[14716]],["core news frames",1,12818,[],[55860]],["economic consequences",1,26610,[],[14716]],["episodic and thematic frames",1,28695,[],[55860]],["ethnicisation",1,34403,[],[14716]],["fear/scaremongering",1,34275,[],[14716]],["framing",1,22777,[],[54402]],["heuristics or cognitive shortcut",1,-1,[],[50102]],["hope",1,10065,[],[14716]],["human interest",1,3323,[],[14716]],["individual frames",1,13515,[],[34599]],["issues",1,73,[],[32995]],["media agenda",1,19246,[],[59051]],["media frames",1,25284,[],[28280]],["morality and responsibility",1,-1,[],[14716]],["news angle",1,3004,[],[59858]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[34599]],["political events",1,-1,[],[32995]],["politicisation",1,11807,[],[14716]],["slanted frames",1,-1,[],[16228]],["spin",1,22992,[],[59858]],["strategic media framing",1,17244,[],[59605]]],"sb":[["Attribution framing",1,16423,[],[15444]],["Conflict framing",1,15836,[],[15444]],["Emphasis framing",1,5946,[],[54402]],["Thematic framing",1,28621,[],[15444]],["blame attribution frames",1,18156,[],[26380]],["causal interpretation",1,24033,[],[55860]],["connotation framing",1,34381,[],[54402]],["contrast frame",1,17529,[],[26380]],["derogatory frames",1,-1,[],[26380]],["episodic framing",1,19540,[],[15444]],["equivalency framing",1,28843,[],[54402]],["evaluation",1,19890,[],[55860]],["framing",1,22777,[],[34599]],["heroism and contrast frames",1,-1,[],[26380]],["heroism frame",1,7690,[],[26380]],["narrative framing",1,27435,[],[54402]],["problem characterisation",1,-1,[],[55860]],["recovery recommendations",1,-1,[],[55860]],["threat-based frames",1,5389,[],[15444]]],"sp":[["Framing theory",1,32672,[],[61761]],["framing",1,22777,[],[56712]],["information control strategy",1,-1,[],[26380]]],"ex":[["rightleaning and left-leaning media framed the technology by focusing on different aspects of race and government surveillance as it pertains to facial recognition",1,-1,[],[27717]],["the nature of media framing of the pandemic may have accentuated public's fear or lack of it as it were in 2001 when Anthrax health crisis was reported.",1,-1,[],[14716]],["when President Trump tweeted that chloroquine and other related malaria drugs were useful for treating COVID-19, its framing in the media engineered panic buying of the drug in different countries.",1,-1,[],[14716]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["AI futures frames",1,11354,[],[356]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has been argued to reflect dominance orientations",1,-1,[],[2444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dominance orientations",1,-1,[],[2444]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dominance orientations",1,-1,[],[2444]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":70,"df":[],"de":[["An adequate critical thinker is \"habitually inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, fair-minded in evaluation, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, and focused in inquiry\"",1,-1,[],[9985]],["An important fundamental characteristic of critical thinking is the ability to search for an evidentiary basis to justify a point of view.",1,-1,[],[14045]],["Beyond its strictly cognitive dimension, several authors have emphasized its holistic formative character, linking it to intellectual autonomy, moral responsibility, and democratic participation",1,-1,[],[36816]],["CT can help individuals to make true and reasonable decisions about their actions or on the accuracy of information.",1,-1,[],[9985]],["CT dispositions equip individuals with the necessary skills to examine and evaluate the quality and accuracy of ideas, claims, and judgments as well as of their source.",1,-1,[],[9985]],["CT leads to more accurate and systematic processing of ideas, arguments, and information (Ruggerio, 1988) in which the quality and accuracy of them are examined and evaluated (Lewis & Smith, 1993) and after this careful and logical examination process, they decide to believe or support them.",1,-1,[],[9985]],["Critical thinkers see the future as open and malleable, not as closed and fixed. They are aware of the diversity of values, behaviours, social structures, and artistic forms in the world.",1,-1,[],[23707]],["Critical thinking contributes to adopting a proactive approach, which allows being selective about reliable information",1,-1,[],[15045]],["Critical thinking in pedagogical practice is positioned as the antithesis of dogmatic thinking, being identified as an independent, logical, and creative thought process.",1,-1,[],[38728]],["Critical thinking is a core element of media literacy (Rek et al. 2021).",1,-1,[],[33800]],["Critical thinking is the first line of defense when information is not always reliable because it guides a person to hold beliefs that are consistent with the available evidence.",1,-1,[],[14045]],["Currently, media literacy and critical thinking are emerging as integrative cognitive and analytical abilities that provide a high level of objective comprehension of information flows, its relevant evaluation, reasoned analysis of reliability, and timely identification of risks of manipulative influence and disinformation strategies.",1,-1,[],[30417]],["Developing critical thinking as a way to an informed citizenship.",1,-1,[],[57284]],["Fisher elucidates that the CT skill set as encompassing the ability to interpret, analyze, and evaluate ideas and arguments.",1,-1,[],[56888]],["For the author, the subject who thinks critically can act to exercise resistance to ideological propaganda and conspiracy theories.",1,-1,[],[50047]],["Frau-Meighs (2017) emphasises that critical thinking must understand the added value of digital considering participation, contribution, transparency, and responsibility, as well as disinformation and the game of influences.",1,-1,[],[50047]],["In education, critical thinking cannot be reduced to a set of technical skills or decontextualized logical procedures. Its development entails the ability to question assumptions, identify biases, recognize the complexity of social problems, and evaluate the ethical consequences of decisions and discourses.",1,-1,[],[36816]],["In other words, CT can help individuals to make true and reasonable decisions about their actions or on the accuracy of information.",1,-1,[],[9985]],["In the pedagogical discourse, critical thinking is interpreted as a holistic process of independent, rational and at the same time socially oriented comprehension of problems, which involves the ability to deep conceptual analysis, generate innovative ideas, make non-standard decisions and formulate predictive strategies based on intellectual modeling.",1,-1,[],[30417]],["In this sense, critical thinking becomes a civic competence that enables individuals to position themselves reflectively toward information, resist manipulation, and contribute to a more reasoned and respectful public debate",1,-1,[],[36816]],["It can alleviate the fear and panic that false alarms and sensationalized headlines can trigger, promoting a more rational and measured approach to news consumption",1,-1,[],[56213]],["It is a competence that, in addition to these cognitive skills, requires two attitudes: open-mindedness and trying to be well informed",1,-1,[],[15045]],["Key skills include reasoning, analysis, evaluation, judgment, and decision-making",1,-1,[],[14045]],["Potter (2016) argues that the term 'critical thinking' is ambiguous, he outlines its defining features in order to clarify what critical thinking actually means: synthesis, analysis, evaluation and abstraction (p. 17).",1,-1,[],[45269]],["Someone with critical thinking skills also tends to have an explorative and reflective mindset.",1,-1,[],[14045]],["The main components of the process are analyzing the reliability and credibility of information sources, developing skills in finding interconnections and the consequences of influence, and forming logical conclusions and reasonable assumptions about the variability of the situation or perception of information.",1,-1,[],[38728]],["Therefore, individuals with high CT dispositions are skeptical of any information they encounter in their daily life and they habitually tend to evaluate the veracity of information itself as well as the source of this information.",1,-1,[],[9985]],["Therefore, it can be said that CT works as armor that protects individuals against fake information",1,-1,[],[9985]],["This means doubting or being suspicious about its veracity, as opposed to believing faithfully in it",1,-1,[],[57284]],["a critical thinker employs reasoning, reflection, and responsible skills to assess accepted beliefs",1,-1,[],[56888]],["a process of sound judgment and reasoning",1,-1,[],[52169]],["ability to reflect, argue, and think for oneself",1,-1,[],[30417]],["cognitive competencies",1,-1,[],[30417]],["critical thinking equips individuals with the skills to evaluate new information critically",1,-1,[],[61842]],["critical thinking is deeply integrated into visual competence and data literacy",1,-1,[],[5169]],["doubting or being suspicious about its veracity, as opposed to believing faithfully in it",1,-1,[],[57284]],["fostering critical thinking to promote civic and political participation",1,-1,[],[57284]],["how students perceive critical thinking and its role when encountering (dis)information",1,-1,[],[57284]],["individuals with high CT dispositions are open to new ideas and they are willing to modify their ideas and arguments when a piece of convincing evidence appears.",1,-1,[],[9985]],["learning experiences embedded in IPBL JEMBER directly support the development of higherorder thinking skills, which are essential components of critical thinking.",1,-1,[],[16508]],["several authors have emphasized its holistic formative character, linking it to intellectual autonomy, moral responsibility, and democratic participation",1,-1,[],[36816]],["systemic support for media literacy and critical thinking requires the integration of educational, cultural, and information and communication strategies aimed at increasing the cognitive autonomy of the individual in a complex information ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[30417]],["the process of teaching CT was done in three parts: a) encouraging students to have an open mind, b) helping students make connections, and c) teaching students about reliable information.",1,-1,[],[56888]],["the works of González-Pérez and Ramírez-Montoya (2022), Qi and Yang (2024), Tazhenova, Mikhaylova and Turgunbayeva (2024) emphasize the role of formal and informal educational initiatives that activate analytical thinking and promote digital resilience skills.",1,-1,[],[30417]],["understood as ethical discernment, makes it possible to identify these ruptures and question the narratives that legitimize them.",1,-1,[],[36816]]],"sy":[["ethical discernment",1,18061,[],[36816]],["higher-order thinking",1,-1,[],[52169]]],"rt":[["media literacy",2,27668,[],[30417,45269]],["analysis and interpretation",1,-1,[],[14045]],["analytical thinking",1,5108,[],[30417]],["collaboration skills",1,-1,[],[56888]],["communication",1,13329,[],[56888]],["countering destructive information influence",1,-1,[],[30417]],["creative thinking",1,-1,[],[56888]],["critical communication",1,-1,[],[30417]],["decision making",1,4595,[],[14045]],["digital resilience",1,8447,[],[30417]],["evaluation",1,19890,[],[14045]],["inference",1,4149,[],[14045]],["judgment",1,10634,[],[14045]],["logical generalization",1,-1,[],[30417]],["problem-solving",1,-1,[],[56888]],["reflection",1,11087,[],[30417]],["socialization",1,33184,[],[30417]]],"sb":[["analysis",1,7380,[],[52169]],["analysis, or the ability to break information, a problem or an argument into its constituent parts in order to understand how they relate and connect to each other.",1,-1,[],[52169]],["evaluation",1,19890,[],[52169]],["inference",1,4149,[],[52169]],["inference, or the ability to draw conclusions based on information that is often incomplete.",1,-1,[],[52169]],["interpreting",1,18462,[],[52169]],["interpreting, or understanding and explaining, their meaning.",1,-1,[],[52169]],["self-regulation",1,9298,[],[52169]],["self-regulation, which Facione (1990) defines as the critical thinker's \"ability to reflect on one's thinking and to regulate it accordingly\".",1,-1,[],[52169]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["sharing contract",1,24465,[],[47686]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":20,"df":[],"de":[["As public interest is difficult to delineate [37], journalists were guided by their newsroom's ethos.",1,-1,[],[7229]],["The media often describe themselves as missionaries of public good and employ their understanding of public interest as a signpost for their conduct.",1,-1,[],[43402]],["This may be because of audiences' preferences for news about men or because men may generate greater interest by engaging in behaviors the public finds more newsworthy.",1,-1,[],[55396]],["This may include topics such as public health, safety, governance, social justice, and the environment, among others.",1,-1,[],[41163]],["it can still play a role of a useful analytic tool for conceptual analysis of the actual, but also called-for regulations.",1,-1,[],[43402]],["the concept of public interest is assumed as being fundamental for journalism.",1,-1,[],[43402]],["the notion of public interest coincides with the notion of social interest and partly deflects from the notion of socially justified interest",1,-1,[],[43402]],["the state actions to protect public health or public order etc. are, after all, actions in the public interest.",1,-1,[],[43402]]],"sy":[["social interest",1,12690,[],[43402]],["socially justified interest",1,-1,[],[43402]]],"rt":[["Value",1,33193,[],[41163]],["accountability",1,33836,[],[7229]],["common good",1,13353,[],[43402]],["general will",1,-1,[],[43402]],["personal truths",1,-1,[],[43402]],["public truths",1,34111,[],[43402]],["social interest",1,12690,[],[43402]],["socially justified interest",1,-1,[],[43402]]],"sb":[["national security",1,10603,[],[43402]],["public health",1,11583,[],[43402]],["public order",1,30964,[],[43402]]],"sp":[["Public interest and value",1,15557,[],[41163]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Constitutive Intertextuality",1,3173,[],[54884]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic and rhetorical elements",1,-1,[],[54884]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["for long an integral part of apartheid theology",1,-1,[],[59110]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["It is associated with the reaffirmation of differences between \"our\" community and \"theirs\". It may therefore arouse antagonisms between countries or refer to patriotic emotions, increase prestige or at least compensate for problems (for example social divisions) within the community.",1,-1,[],[54664]],["It may therefore arouse antagonisms between countries or refer to patriotic emotions, increase prestige or at least compensate for problems (for example social divisions) within the community.",1,-1,[],[54664]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["imagined communities",1,24346,[],[54664]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["latent reasoning devices",1,-1,[],[32768]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["is a plausible alternative explanation to the results obtained in this study.",1,-1,[],[57333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Intuitively a popular site has a higher daily page view per visitor, since the visitor tends to spend more time on browsing the site and read content from different pages.",1,-1,[],[13377]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["There is a strand of thought where VR is thought of as an 'empathy machine' (Bevan et al., 2019), the idea being that placement of people in the situations of disadvantaged or discriminated-against groups using VR would result in an increase in their empathy toward those groups.",1,-1,[],[40188]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Platform dominance, therefore, works not only through exclusion but also by making dominant-language choices appear more publicly viable.",1,-1,[],[44332]],["digital marginalisation is reinforced when languages lack both computational support and meaningful presence in the infrastructures through which digital publics are formed.",1,-1,[],[44332]],["visibility is closely tied to legitimacy.",1,-1,[],[44332]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data dominance",1,-1,[],[44332]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["algorithmic dominance",1,28124,[],[44332]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["meme",1,12094,[],[17799]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["news propagation graph",1,29760,[],[17091]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["the newspaper articles, in relation to some issues, present a contradictory nature; i.e., discordant frames and analyses when reporting on the president",1,-1,[],[37074]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news frames",1,21144,[],[37074]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[37074]],["media framings",1,29447,[],[37074]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Correctly rejecting a false statement is a correct rejection",1,-1,[],[55776]],["correct rejection",1,-1,[],[55776]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This approach allows us to assess underlying biases that may not be immediately evident.",1,-1,[],[46890]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["In tourism marketing, this translates to curated imagery and narratives that present destinations as pristine, untouched paradises, systematically omitting the complex socioecological realities (Macintyre and Foale, 2005;Dang, 2023).",1,-1,[],[52661]],["It does not necessarily lie but rather constructs an idealized reality by omitting the complexities core sustainability principles, environmental challenges, and socioeconomic challenges faced by local populations",1,-1,[],[52662]],["It does not necessarily lie but rather constructs an idealized reality by omitting the complexities core sustainability principles, environmental challenges, and socioeconomic challenges faced by local populations (Dang, 2023;Macintyre and Foale, 2005). It is an act of omission and selective emphasis.",1,-1,[],[52662]],["It is an act of omission and selective emphasis.",1,-1,[],[52662]],["It leverages what marketing scholars refer to as the \"romantic ethic, \" a taste for novelty and a supply of \"original\" cultural products, shaping consumer desires and behavior (Holbrook, 1997;Campbell, 2018).",1,-1,[],[52661]],["Nature is not just sold as a place to visit; it is sold as an idea or a dream, an escape from modernity into a prelapsarian, untouched paradise",1,-1,[],[52662]],["Therefore, \"green fantasy\" represents a sophisticated form of market-driven communication that, while effective in the short term, may be unsustainable for the long-term brand equity and integrity of Mekong Delta agritourism.",1,-1,[],[52662]],["This framing commodifies nature as a backdrop for consumption, aligning with a market logic that prioritizes brand image over ecological accountability.",1,-1,[],[52662]],["This strategy commodifies nature into a symbolic product, a \"dream\" or \"escape, \" that fulfills a tourist's desire for existential authenticity rather than providing transparent information about sustainability practices (Dang, 2023).",1,-1,[],[52661]],["a specific communicative strategy underpinning the commodification of nature in tourism",1,-1,[],[52662]],["acknowledging problems to signal awareness, while discursively sidestepping accountability for specific solutions. It keeps communication in the realm of intention and policy, rather than transitioning to the realm of implementation and verifiable outcomes.",1,-1,[],[52662]],["represents a sophisticated form of market-driven communication that, while effective in the short term, may be unsustainable for the long-term brand equity and integrity of Mekong Delta agritourism.",1,-1,[],[52662]],["selling an escape, not a truth, but the omission is so significant that it becomes misleading.",1,-1,[],[52661]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["classical greenwashing",1,25433,[],[52662]],["greenwashing",1,9969,[],[52662]],["pseudo-ecotourism",1,-1,[],[52661,52662]],["romantic ethic",1,11220,[],[52661]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["conservation and ecotourism messaging, which frequently employs idealized, human-free imagery and promises that sideline local realities and core ecological principles",1,-1,[],[52662]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["many of the past women of Bond have been highly sexualised and eroticised as objects of desire",1,-1,[],[40376]],["revealing of how the media defines women by their looks and sexuality",1,-1,[],[40376]],["today's Bond Girl is strong and empowered",1,-1,[],[40376]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The appealing character found in some articles, in which the reader was sometimes addressed directly, indicates that people were held directly responsible for what would happen next.",1,-1,[],[55517]],["Therefore, in using responsibility framing, the studied news articles, for the most part, did not attribute blame, but rather addressed the responsibility for taking action instead.",1,-1,[],[55517]],["did not attribute blame, but rather addressed the responsibility for taking action instead.",1,-1,[],[55517]],["responsibility frames clearly addressed the readers as those responsible for action and called for solidarity among readers to prevent a more serious outbreak.",1,-1,[],[55517]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["responsibility frames",1,27143,[],[55517]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[36681]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The constructed networks can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, or hierarchical.",1,-1,[],[23433]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["network-based methods",1,-1,[],[32473]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the changing nature of language and importance of cultural context",1,-1,[],[54796]],["what remains essential to the 'linguistic reclamation', performed by Tottenham supporters, is 'the changing nature of language and importance of cultural context'",1,-1,[],[54796]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media dependency theory",1,10520,[],[29229]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["patriotic journalism",1,11315,[],[48862]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["journalistic role",1,28982,[],[9504]],["power relations domain",1,856,[],[9504]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Additionally, CRDL refers to one's capacity to develop historical knowledge and a lens to situate racist content, anti-Blackness, and whiteness.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["CRDL also includes recognizing the ways that technology can be used and designed to foment racial division to suit political and economic ends.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["CRDL involves creating digital media, artifacts, and processes in ways that embody a person's interests and help to organize and liberate communities.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["Critical race digital literacy needs students have include developing counternarratives of racist discourses online, training in how to situate race-related digital content in historical context, detecting issues of power in search results, and determining the range of race-related disinformation and misinformation that can come from a range of sources both foreign and domestic.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["Finally, being able to reflect on each of these competencies is an important aspect of CRDL.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["It includes the ability to critically and laterally read race and intersecting oppressions in digital contexts, as well as the ability to recognize and subvert the ways that technologies (algorithms, artificial intelligence, bots, etc.) oppress certain groups while maintaining the status quo for others.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["It incorporates an understanding of how attention and emotion have been weaponized in complex digital terrains, including Internet politics, education, work, social interaction, and entertainment, and cultivating capacities to navigate them.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["assess abilities on specific tasks related to critically reasoning about race-related content online",1,-1,[],[48300]],["being able to reflect on each of these competencies is an important aspect of CRDL.",1,-1,[],[48300]],["emphasis on unmasking hidden white supremacist narratives",1,-1,[],[48300]],["skills that performers at each level might possess or have to develop to successfully navigate an increasingly complex race-related digital landscape",1,-1,[],[48300]]],"sy":[["CRDL",1,-1,[],[48300]]],"rt":[["critical race digital literacy skills",1,27343,[],[48300]],["critical race theory",1,15342,[],[48300]],["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[48300]],["lateral reading",1,4974,[],[48300]],["online civic reasoning",1,19816,[],[48300]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["news subsidy",1,13984,[],[4240]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Significance markers can persuade audiences by convincing them of the importance of specific events or actions.",1,-1,[],[36705]],["Significance markers were less frequent in the corpus and employed to emphasize the importance of some events, features, or actions",1,-1,[],[36705]],["The overt marking of importance is a key feature of persuasive discourse, and election campaign speeches are a clear indication of an evaluation of the event or action.",1,-1,[],[36705]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["(12) Importantly, after decades of rising energy costs, the United States had finally attained the impossible dream of American energy independence, which soon would've turned into energy dominance.",1,-1,[],[36705]],["Importantly, after decades of rising energy costs, the United States had finally attained the impossible dream of American energy independence, which soon would've turned into energy dominance.",1,-1,[],[36705]],["It's a very important thing. I haven't even heard it mentioned in two years. That's a very important thing.",1,-1,[],[36705]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Bei politisch-militärischer Rahmung fehlt positiveInstrumentalität in Bezug auf Humanität, was in einer geringeren Legitimierung münden dürfte.",1,-1,[],[16275]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["non-bots",1,-1,[],[55343]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gatekeeper",1,23561,[],[50589]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Various models trained to learn from data are susceptible to picking up spurious correlations in their training data, which can lead to multiple social biases.",1,-1,[],[52749]],["shortcuts from surface patterns to annotated entity labels and biased training",1,-1,[],[25141]],["trivially leveraging surface forms or distributional cues to guess the type.",1,-1,[],[25141]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["corporate transparency",1,-1,[],[25484]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["e.g., sharing patterns as a proxy for popularity",1,-1,[],[41210]],["may also provide stereotypical shortcuts to a model, in addition to the explicit demographic indicators alone.",1,-1,[],[8121]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["construct",1,24067,[],[7381]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["click-surf-or purchasing behavior",1,-1,[],[30265]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["News media can decide with which kinds of visuals they invite audiences to interact.",1,-1,[],[34550]],["visual editors' gatekeeping functions are now partly shared with amateurs. That is, legacy media still perform traditional (pre-publication) gatekeeping functions by selecting, presenting, and disseminating images captured by professionals, but images are also disseminated (post-publication) by citizen journalists and audiences.",1,-1,[],[34550]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["post-publication gatekeeping",1,4708,[],[34550]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["evaluation",1,19890,[],[61872]],["restatement",1,-1,[],[61872]],["summary",1,-1,[],[61872]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Being pragmatic is defined as 'solving problems in a sensible way that suits the conditions that really exist now, rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas, or rules' | 144 | (Cambridge Dictionary 2020).",1,-1,[],[60545]],["Pragmatism is the most recent of the three main theories of truth and attempts to deal with some of the limitations in the correspondence and coherence views.",1,-1,[],[16762]],["Pragmatism, by focusing on usefulness instead of deontological ethics, invites us to overcome the taboo surrounding sex work and to consider people's lived experiences in order to find what is useful for their welfare",1,-1,[],[60545]],["This framing strategy ultimately sought to depoliticize nativist antiimmigration stances through intuitive arguments presented as non-ideological.",1,-1,[],[59648]],["This might include dispositions toward inference or reasoning patterns, appropriate conversational moves, and so on.",1,-1,[],[15560]],["This might include dispositions toward inference or reasoning patterns, appropriate conversational moves, and so on. Crucially, the relevant verbal abilities constitute understanding.",1,-1,[],[15560]],["a philosophical movement that opposes the research of absolute truth in philosophy. It claims, on the contrary, that the value of an idea or narrative is defined by its usefulness.",1,-1,[],[60545]],["reorienting philosophy away from abstract concerns and turning it instead toward an emphasis on human experience",1,-1,[],[60545]],["since there are many ways of the world outlook and it is impossible to prove that one of them is more correct than the other, it should be stated only that in the science development process, they change each other.",1,-1,[],[16336]],["that a belief is true just in case it has practical utility in life (or belongs to a system of beliefs that has practical utility)",1,-1,[],[16762]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["coherence",1,12736,[],[16762]],["correspondence",1,-1,[],[16762]],["functionalism",1,689,[],[16762]],["philosophical theory of truth",1,-1,[],[16762]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["philosophical theory of truth",1,-1,[],[16762]],["prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[59648]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["disinformation strategies",1,32288,[],[47081]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This generated Stable Hate Rules (SHRs), which can be read as \"if someone uses a HT 'A', then most probably the person may also use HT 'B' with a given probability\".",1,-1,[],[47609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["The SHRs could be like [A] → [B], where the [A] is antecedent and the [B] is its consequent.",1,-1,[],[47609]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["[A] → [B], where the [A] is antecedent and the [B] is its consequent.",1,-1,[],[47609]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Nützlich ist diese kommunikative Reaktion wenn die Vorwürfe schlecht oder gar nicht nachzuweisen sind oder nur sehr schwer für eine breite Öffentlichkeit erklärbar sind.",1,-1,[],[21189]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["uninformed subject",1,15736,[],[28378]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["news frames",1,21144,[],[54343]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a type of sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[46868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[46868]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The presence of contrastive words like \"but\" and \"however\" reinforces the thematic structure, highlighting the distinction between her principled approach and the notion of revenge.",1,-1,[],[55494]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multidimensional structure of framing devices",1,-1,[],[817]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing devices",1,3083,[],[817]],["types of framing formation in news presentation",1,-1,[],[14676]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Humanización",1,26798,[],[15961]],["Picaresca",1,6284,[],[15961]],["Rosificación",1,14842,[],[15961]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["paratextual framing",1,1190,[],[49831]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The term highlights the racialized power dynamics whereby the linguistic practices of white Americans are often naturalized as \"standard\" or neutral",1,-1,[],[59986]]],"sy":[["Standard American English (SAE)",3,20531,[["Standard American English (SAE)",2],["Standard American English",1]],[12120,28908,59986]],["Dominant American English (DAE)",1,-1,[],[59986]],["Mainstream U.S. English (MUSE)",1,-1,[],[59986]],["Mainstream U.S. English/Mainstream American English (MUSE/MAE)",1,-1,[],[12120]],["WME",1,-1,[],[28908]]],"rt":[["Standard American English",1,20531,[],[28908]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["contestation",1,19806,[],[59115]],["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[59115]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The theory sheds light on how social actors are portrayed by analyzing factors such as the contrast between existing social actors, the concreteness or abstractness, the independence or linkage of social actors to their culture, religion, physique, behavior, and community, and the diction used by the media.",1,-1,[],[31103]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)",1,23921,[],[31103]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Both phenomena are related to media education, in that awareness of risks and guidelines are key to managing these problems.",1,-1,[],[1053]],["DV and cyber-bullying are conceptually similar, as both are forms of online persecution.",1,-1,[],[1053]],["DV can come as a response to cyber-bullying.",1,-1,[],[1053]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cyber-bullying",1,30890,[],[1053]],["online persecution",1,-1,[],[1053]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["online persecution",1,-1,[],[1053]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This issue arises because current models do not effectively model the complex and often asymmetric relationships between domains",1,-1,[],[33188]],["the negative transfer problem in multi-domain fake news detection as a failure to model asymmetric domain relationships",1,-1,[],[33188]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["domain shift",1,11853,[],[33188]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["digital housework",1,-1,[],[19144]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["document level",1,6516,[],[30424]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[30424]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["lexical bias",1,23376,[],[23029]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["measuring the overlap in vocabulary and phrases between potential disinformation content and known fake news.",1,-1,[],[53450]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Semantic similarity",1,12610,[],[53450]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["humans process through mental \"modules\" that include emotional responses, cognitions, and associated behavioral patterns that have evolved over time as a result of genetically-driven adaptations that increase the possibility of being transmitted their genes (Kenrick & Shiota, 2008;Tooby & Cosmides, 2015).",1,-1,[],[40838]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Here, while an entity can be assigned (or \"emplaced\") as a risk object that has the ability to influence the future of the network, the reverse (or \"displacement\") can also occur, where an object's risks are neutralized or its capacity to influence the network removed.",1,-1,[],[1733]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["In being simultaneously articulated within two (or more) opposing discourses, a floating signifier is positioned within different signifying systems of conflicting political project.",1,-1,[],[3918]],["In this way, \"fake news\" becomes a floating signifier-a signifier epitomising a discursive struggle and perhaps even an organic crisis.",1,-1,[],[3918]],["Instilled with different meanings, \"fake news\" becomes part of a much larger hegemonic struggle to define the shape, purpose and modalities of contemporary politics",1,-1,[],[3918]],["The term can, in other words, mean different things in different contexts.",1,-1,[],[3918]],["a signifier epitomising a discursive struggle and perhaps even an organic crisis",1,-1,[],[3918]],["actors employing the term know how to strategically use it. Discourses employ it strategically to discredit antagonists. Therefore, 'fake news', as a floating signifier, is used in various contexts to stabilise certain discourses, and destabilise the discourse of the enemy.",1,-1,[],[51398]],["detaching taboo symbols (e.g. Nazi iconography) from their general historical meaning",1,-1,[],[39394]],["has no meaning exterior or prior to discursivity.",1,-1,[],[3918]],["implying the existence of conflicting discourses.",1,-1,[],[4918]],["not solely encompasses a pluralisation of meaning (Laclau 2005)",1,-1,[],[3918]],["some signifiers get so \"overflowed with meaning\" (Torfing 1999, 301) that they become signifiers without a signified-floating signifiers.",1,-1,[],[51398]],["the concept is used to describe a precise historical conjuncture in which a particular signifier (lodged in-between several opposing, antagonistic, hegemonic projects) is used as part of a battle to impose the \"right\" viewpoint onto the world.",1,-1,[],[3918]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["empty signifier",1,17228,[],[3918]],["organic crisis",1,34356,[],[3918]],["polysemy",1,19986,[],[3918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["MR was mostly grounded in unsubstantiated claims about how to manipulate the irrational unconscious of consumers or citizens (voters). In fact, MR was mainly deployed to persuade advertisers to buy into pseudoscientific claims about how to persuade people to purchase what they may neither need nor want.",1,-1,[],[30260]]],"sy":[["MR",1,-1,[],[30260]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["distributional bias",1,-1,[],[22427]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the most significant aspect is how believable it is to the victim",1,-1,[],[26565]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Previous research has identified enjoyment and concentration as the two most salient dimensions of flow experience (Ghani et al. 1991), which manifest as a dualstate phenomenon encompassing both cognitive and affective components.",1,-1,[],[3266]],["flow experience is understood as a multi-dimensional concept and is conceptualized as both cognitive involvement and affective involvement.",1,-1,[],[3266]],["flow is related to users' emotions, reflecting an enjoyable and pleasurable experience in interaction with social media",1,-1,[],[3266]],["multidimensionality of flow experience by distinguishing between cognitive and affective involvement.",1,-1,[],[3266]]],"sy":[["flow",1,29680,[],[3266]],["social media flow",1,13624,[],[14544]]],"rt":[["flow",1,29680,[],[3266]]],"sb":[["affective involvement",1,6632,[],[3266]],["cognitive involvement",1,19350,[],[3266]]],"sp":[["Flow",1,29680,[],[3266]],["Flow theory",1,-1,[],[3266]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["external threats",1,-1,[],[5638]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Interpretation of such tweets almost certainly requires complicated reasoning and cultural and social background knowledge.",1,-1,[],[17468]],["expressions in hate speech",1,-1,[],[57886]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[57886]],["categories of toxic expressions",1,-1,[],[57886]],["expressions in hate speech",1,-1,[],[57886]]],"ex":[["microaggressions",1,-1,[],[57886]],["stereotypical views such as in '... these same girls ... didn't cook that well and aren't very nice'",1,-1,[],[17468]],["stereotyping",1,-1,[],[57886]],["subtle metaphors such as 'expecting gender equality is the same as genocide'",1,-1,[],[17468]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["education through democracy",1,-1,[],[58890]],["education within democracy",1,-1,[],[58890]],["the broader pedagogical context of democratic education, detailing if these often align with dimensions of the DSE framework in terms of Individual versus Community, Theoretical versus Practice and Basic versus Critical",1,-1,[],[58890]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Basic versus Critical",1,-1,[],[58890]],["Individual versus Community",1,-1,[],[58890]],["Theoretical versus Practice",1,-1,[],[58890]],["critical democratic education",1,18388,[],[58890]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["spatial proximization",1,11522,[],[56839]],["temporal proximization",1,34712,[],[56839]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Proximization Theory (PT)",1,-1,[],[56839]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[["Assuming a single cause or reason when there are actually multiple causes for an issue.",4,-1,[["Assuming a single cause or reason when there are actually multiple causes for an issue.",2],["assuming a single cause or reason when there are actually multiple causes for an issue.",2],["Assuming a single cause or reason, when there are actually multiple causes for an issue.",1]],[11797,37220,56110,57417]],["Assuming a single cause or reason when there are actually multiple causes for an issue. It includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue.",2,-1,[],[11797,56110]]],"de":[["It includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue.",2,-1,[],[11797,56110]],["It includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the actual complexities of the issue.",1,-1,[],[11797]],["The argument is thus fallacious mainly because it fails to acknowledge other factors that play a role in re-election.",1,-1,[],[23613]],["The data also includes scapegoating in this category -moving the blame to a person or group without considering the issue's complexities.",1,-1,[],[55982]],["This includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue.",1,-1,[],[56110]],["This is because we can contend that having won the last election gives the candidate an edge over other candidates in terms of visibility, and thus makes it more likely that he wins this year's election as well.",1,-1,[],[23613]],["This technique has the follow-ing logical form(s): (a) Y occurred after X; therefore, X was the only cause of Y, or (b) X caused Y; therefore, X was the only cause of Y+ (although A, B, C...etc. also contributed to Y.)",1,-1,[],[57417]]],"sy":[["false causality",1,14807,[],[23613]]],"rt":[["false causality",1,14807,[],[23613]]],"sb":[["moving the blame to a person or group without considering the issue's complexities",1,-1,[],[55982]],["scapegoating",1,4045,[],[55982]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11797,55982]],["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23613]],["Simplification",1,8034,[],[57417]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11797]]],"ex":[["\"If France had not declared war on Germany, World War II would have never happened.\"",1,-1,[["\"If France had not declared war on Germany, World War II would have never happened.\"",1],["If France had not declared war on Germany, World War II would have never happened.",1]],[59164]],["\"President Trump has been in office for a month and gas prices have been skyrocketing. The rise in gas prices is because of him.\"",1,-1,[["\"President Trump has been in office for a month and gas prices have been skyrocketing. The rise in gas prices is because of him.\"",1],["President Trump has been in office for a month and gas prices have been skyrocketing. The rise in gas prices is because of him.",1]],[56110]],["Example for Causal Oversimplification",1,-1,[],[11797]],["Example: School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video games featuring violence were introduced. Therefore, video games with violence should be banned, resulting in school improvement.",1,-1,[],[57417]],["In the last New Hampshire primary election, my favorite candidate won. Therefore, he will also win the next primary election.",1,-1,[],[23613]],["On the other hand, it knows that by seeking continued secrecy, it's essentially an implicit acknowledgment of guilt.",1,-1,[],[55982]],["School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video games featuring violence were introduced. Therefore, video games with violence should be banned, resulting in school improvement.",1,-1,[],[57417]],["The reason New Orleans was hit so hard with the hurricane was because of all the immoral people who live there.",1,-1,[],[56110]],["There is an economic crisis in the country, the one to blame is the president.",1,-1,[],[23613]],["You can't get rich in politics unless you are a crook.",1,-1,[],[11797]],["he said The people who talk about the \"Jewish question\" are generally anti-Semites. Somehow I don't think",1,-1,[],[59164]],["will not be reversed, which leaves no alternative as to why God judges and is judging America today",1,-1,[],[59164]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Problematic sources included imposter news (and so-called \"pink slime\" sites), pseudo-science, conspiracy theory and extreme sites",1,-1,[],[30731]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The importance of one's epistemic posture in doing epistemic work is not. Poor physical posture causes all manner of physical problems, and a poor epistemic posture causes all manner of intellectual problems.",1,-1,[],[18248]],["an attitude vice, an epistemic vice that is an attitude.",1,-1,[],[18248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic vice",1,32772,[],[18248]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These boundaries are not stable, pre-determined structures but rather contextual and fluid cultural constructions requiring constant negotiation",1,-1,[],[41343]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["participation",1,8272,[],[41343]],["practices",1,30794,[],[41343]],["professionalism",1,14259,[],[41343]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Boundary work",1,12734,[],[41343]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Liberals",1,6594,[],[18343]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["have had prior planning in their preparation",1,-1,[],[50302]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["minimizes responsibility the most by suggesting the event occurred without a clear doer",1,-1,[],[51557]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["If a source provides a value about an object, [24,78] assumes that this source votes against other candidate values of this object.",1,-1,[],[6691]],["This technique is based on the single truth assumption that \"there is one and only one true value for each object\". If a source provides a value about an object, [24,78] assumes that this source votes against other candidate values of this object.",1,-1,[],[6691]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Local Closed World Assumption (LCWA)",1,745,[],[6691]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Because organisations also are able to use AI to generate their own messages, they have a moderately strong level of control over their organisational messages and yet weak editorial control over communication moderation features in this DMA.",1,-1,[],[54097]],["since AIgenerated content is designed to appear natural and that bots are difficult to detect, it may be possible that some AI content circulated and that we did not notice it because it was not disclosed as AI-generated",1,-1,[],[54097]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["DMA",1,-1,[],[54097]],["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54097]]],"ex":[["artificially constructed text, images and videos (e.g. deepfakes and bots) in social media, news media, and other digital media",1,-1,[],[54097]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["an adapted version of the Fscale (Adorno et al., 1950), a psychometric tool for measuring authoritarian attitudes",1,-1,[],[39318]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["A well-known issue in text generation by LLMs are hallucinations or confabulations",1,-1,[],[42411]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the ordinary concept hate speech is not synonymous with the rules promulgated by such platforms, even though the latter significantly influence and shape the former.",1,-1,[],[43800]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["unlawful hate speech",1,29166,[],[43800]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["It is the internal experience of gender role. (Mesh term, introduced in 1991, revised in 1975).",1,-1,[],[20473]],["eg. cisgender, transgender, non-binary etc.",1,-1,[],[56362]],["is closely connected to language.",1,-1,[],[28112]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender expression",1,26655,[],[11692]],["sex",1,-1,[],[11692]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As such, they threaten an idealistic national image.",1,-1,[],[20799]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["seemingly whimsical shifts in behavior occur because an initial cascade may aggregate very little information.",1,-1,[],[5452]],["we still assume a true underlying value that is independent of the actions of participants",1,-1,[],[5451]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Early medical reports indicated that oat bran lowers cholesterol levels, which suddenly increased the popularity of oat bran products; a new study contradicted this result, killing the fad.",1,-1,[],[5452]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["khitad hel (Han language)",1,-1,[],[40359]],["neitelig hel (Ch.: putonghua)",1,-1,[],[40359]]],"rt":[["guojia tongyong yuyan",1,276,[],[40359]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["These professional dimensions are a) the autonomy of the journalist and the community of journalists about organizations and ownership as well as to those for whom they write. Here the journalist must have autonomy between what represents quality versus popular press; (b) Distinct professional norms, which mean that in addition to respecting the ethical codes that also mean the autonomy between advertising and editorial content, what is more important, has to do with newsworthiness. So, the journalist must have professional standards in what constitutes news. (c) Public service orientation, which means that journalists must consider the interest of the public.",1,-1,[],[38055]],["professional standards of journalists related to objectivity, gatekeeping, and transparency",1,-1,[],[38055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[38055]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[38055]],["transparency",1,28207,[],[38055]]],"sb":[["Distinct professional norms, which mean that in addition to respecting the ethical codes that also mean the autonomy between advertising and editorial content, what is more important, has to do with newsworthiness. So, the journalist must have professional standards in what constitutes news.",1,-1,[],[38055]],["Public service orientation, which means that journalists must consider the interest of the public.",1,-1,[],[38055]],["autonomy",1,9447,[],[38055]],["distinct professional norms",1,-1,[],[38055]],["public service orientation",1,-1,[],[38055]],["the autonomy of the journalist and the community of journalists about organizations and ownership as well as to those for whom they write. Here the journalist must have autonomy between what represents quality versus popular press",1,-1,[],[38055]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a particular phenomenon that includes a set of components, which cannot simply be equated with the basic notion of 'hate speech'",1,-1,[],[61658]],["leading to atrocities is necessarily a common endeavour of a multitude of persons.",1,-1,[],[61658]],["propaganda that specifically spreads fear and hatred towards a particular out-group in order to foster crimes against its members",1,-1,[],[61658]],["whereby the out-group was negatively stereotyped and, in its entirety, blamed for historical crimes while at the same time presented as a threat to the Serb nation and its historically legitimate aspirations.",1,-1,[],[61655]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[61658]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Propaganda",1,34203,[],[61658]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Discussions about the limited integration of a considerable part of the minority population, in particular Moroccans and Antilleans, lead to a questioning of existing policies and measures.",1,-1,[],[30906]],["They not only constitute a problem because of their economic dependence, but also because they often have a 'traditional' non-emancipated orientation. It is an implicitly gendered frame and in the political debate politicians principally speak about female immigrants.",1,-1,[],[30906]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[30906]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The items asked participants whether they agreed that they (1) have control over the content which is displayed on their SM newsfeed, (2) can change the content which they see on their newsfeed anytime, and (3) know how to adjust their newsfeed so that they see the information they are interested in the most.",1,-1,[],[3108]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Unlike these, transmedia involves the creation of a storyworld or universe through the use of a variety of media for different parts of the story, each with its own objectives.",1,-1,[],[50305]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["crossmedia",1,5338,[],[50305]],["hypermedia",1,-1,[],[50305]],["multimedia",1,8792,[],[50305]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Links and URLs",1,30222,[],[46673]],["Media Data",1,17633,[],[46673]],["Metadata",1,10465,[],[46673]],["Structured Data",1,-1,[],[46673]],["Textual Data",1,19047,[],[46673]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["tends to focus on experts, public figures, and official sources, ignoring horizontal and community-based forms of information production and leaving little or no space for experimentation",1,-1,[],[32750]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["professional journalism",1,10390,[],[32750]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the police provide stories about new technologies, and the press writes supportive articles in return.",1,-1,[],[60360]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Positive; Neutral; Negative",1,-1,[],[48040]],["e.g. Positive; Neutral; Negative",1,-1,[],[48040]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ERICs-Engaging, Respectful, and/or Informative Conversations",1,-1,[],[22140]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Keywords describe individuals or groups at risk of COVID-19 infection including older adults, persons with pre-existing health conditions, or institutionalized populations such as persons in nursing homes or those who are incarcerated as well as homeless persons.",1,-1,[],[44381]],["only the user u themselves know their own beliefs regarding content p.",1,-1,[],[26222]],["we regard susceptibility as a crucial factor for sharing behavior",1,-1,[],[26222]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["100 means the individual is easiest to believe in misinformation when encountered.",1,-1,[],[26222]],["Additional keywords relevant to susceptibility include expressions of uncertainty such as low risk, high risk, and increased risk.",1,-1,[],[44381]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["social dialects",1,-1,[],[7932]]],"rt":[["dialects",1,11542,[],[51859]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Linguistic varieties",1,33421,[],[51859]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In those communities, climate change is seen as a hoax perpetrated by corrupt scientists, the Democratic party traffics child sex out of the basement of a pizza parlor in Washington D.C., and NASA is operating a slave colony on Mars.",1,-1,[],[50188]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":128,"df":[],"de":[["According to this theory, people are motivated by two types of goals when seeking out information: accuracy goals predispose people to reach correct conclusions, and directional goals motivate people to reach their preferred conclusions.",1,-1,[],[11298]],["Avoidance, or discounting, of information inconsistent with one's beliefs",1,-1,[],[29578]],["Evidence supporting the motivated reasoning account would show positive associations between higher conservatism, higher religiosity, and lower trust in medical scientists with liking and retweeting COVID-related misinformation.",1,-1,[],[49349]],["First, motivated beliefs are goal-oriented, while biases skew information processing in a general fashion.",1,-1,[],[28945]],["In that case, conspiracy theory believers are more likely to engage their defense mechanism and choose to continue holding their original belief.",1,-1,[],[48190]],["In the context of science denial, the present study and related precedents [2][3][4][5][6][7][18][19][20][21]27] have identified worldviews and conspiracist ideation as two vehicles with which such motivated reasoning is exercised.",1,-1,[],[10336]],["In the real world of flesh-and-blood humans, reasoning often starts with established conclusions and works back to find \"facts\" that support what we already believe. And if we're presented with facts that contradict our beliefs, we find clever ways to dismiss them.",1,-1,[],[27835]],["Motivated reasoning has frequently been observed with conspiracy theories, particularly with partisanship and political ideology",1,-1,[],[6430]],["Motivated reasoning is a powerful factor in our students' or patrons' refusal to engage with a broad swathe of opinion.",1,-1,[],[27835]],["Motivated reasoning occurs when someone starts out their reasoning process with a pre-determined goal (for example, someone might want to believe that vaccines are unsafe because that belief is shared by their family members), so individuals interpret new (mis)information in service of reaching that goal",1,-1,[],[2902]],["Motivated reasoning theories assume counter-attitudinal information creates dissonance that people are motivated to reduce through biased processing",1,-1,[],[46084]],["Psychological scientists have repeatedly suggested that this partisanship leads to motivated reasoning",1,-1,[],[46484]],["Second, a bias tends to result from inattention or lack of effort, but motivated reasoning requires neither.",1,-1,[],[28945]],["The contribution of motivated reasoning, as we describe it, is to provide a coherent theoretical framework for understanding partisan influence on citizens' political opinions.",1,-1,[],[6404]],["The motivation for people to engage in motivated reasoning is to safeguard self-identity and group identity, especially when they come into direct contact with counter-evidence",1,-1,[],[60726]],["They therefore view new information as bolstering their prior opinion, and this added evidence boosts the importance of that opinion to them (e.g., via increased confidence in the opinion).",1,-1,[],[17106]],["Third, because pointing out their errors helps the victims of gullibility or naivety but thwarts motivated reasoners' efforts, a challenge to motivated beliefs-not biases-provokes an emotional response.",1,-1,[],[28945]],["This extends to a tendency to believe information-and misinformation-that is ideologically congruent",1,-1,[],[61378]],["This framework emphasizes that people are often biased information processors",1,-1,[],[20990]],["This framework emphasizes that people are often biased information processors (e.g., Taber and Lodge 2006).",1,-1,[],[20990]],["This framework emphasizes that people are often biased information processors (e.g., Taber and Lodge 2006). Whereas the Bayesian model assumes that individuals' information processing is motivated by \"accuracy goals,\" motivated reasoning proposes that individuals are driven by \"partisan goals,\" which lead to biased information processing in defense of individuals' prior beliefs.",1,-1,[],[20990]],["Through the mechanism of motivated reasoning, people tend to seek out, pay attention to, remember, and trust information which corroborates their prior attitudes and discredits opposing information",1,-1,[],[29578]],["When it comes to value-laden beliefs and polarizing issues, research suggests that information is processed with directional rather than accuracy goals in mind.",1,-1,[],[5396]],["a factor conditioning the effect of EOs' reports in most elections, particularly as it pertains to vote choice",1,-1,[],[20990]],["and may also explain why people are more susceptible to forming false memories for fake news stories that are congruent with their political identity",1,-1,[],[61378]],["correcting errors and biases is not only a matter of more reasoning, but a matter of encouraging particular kinds of reasoning",1,-1,[],[6404]],["effortful processing and emotional regulation, key mechanisms of motivated reasoning",1,-1,[],[46084]],["if some issues pose a threat to anyone's political ideology, he or she will fight them tenaciously; if instead they go in favor of his or her worldview, he or she will accept them without much objection.",1,-1,[],[39069]],["indicates that individuals with populist attitudes prefer information that supports their strong and positively valued group identity (i.e., the \"pure\" people and their common sense), to the point of labeling as fake news the headlines that contrast with their prior beliefs",1,-1,[],[61321]],["individuals who possess strong attitudes are not only more likely to recognize which side of an issue is consistent with their values, but they are also more likely to engage in motivated reasoning",1,-1,[],[30248]],["making attitudes more extreme after encountering dissent",1,-1,[],[35209]],["motivated reasoning acknowledges that the desire to be correct can easily be trumped by or interact with a desire to reinforce particular conclusions.",1,-1,[],[6404]],["motivated reasoning refers to the tendency to readily accept new information that aligns with our worldview and critically analyze that which does not.",1,-1,[],[60726]],["motivated reasoning results from an agent's choice.",1,-1,[],[28945]],["motivated reasoning suggests that election winners could have become even more positive about the election when exposed to the positive reports since positive reports are consistent with their partisan goals",1,-1,[],[20990]],["motivated reasoning theory and cultural cognitive theory posit that partisans reject information infelicitous to their prior biases",1,-1,[],[26942]],["oftentimes leads individuals to adopt accusatory perceptions (Zell et al., 2021), including conspiracy theories about political out-groups (Miller et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[779]],["partisan--driven motivated reasoning",1,-1,[],[53124]],["people resist information that challenges their beliefs, especially if it comes from opposing political factions or conflicting values.",1,-1,[],[39069]],["people's interpretation of numerical ranges can be influenced by motivated reasoning",1,-1,[],[5717]],["polarization seems to spark motivated reasoning, and people clearly evaluate frames differently in the presence of polarization.",1,-1,[],[17106]],["pre--existing attitudes inevitably affect what people believe to be true.",1,-1,[],[53124]],["provide a coherent theoretical framework for understanding partisan influence on citizens' political opinions.",1,-1,[],[6404]],["striving toward some goal.",1,-1,[],[6404]],["suggests individuals are more critical when evaluating information that is counter to their beliefs than belief-congruent information, and conclusions that people reach are likely to be consistent with their prior assumptions about how the world functions",1,-1,[],[5684]],["the driving force behind this tendency is often argued to be motivated reasoning (Taber and Lodge, 2006).",1,-1,[],[40256]],["the magnitude and nature of partisan influence on opinion formation depends in systematic ways on citizens' motivation and effort.",1,-1,[],[6404]],["the motivated reasoning account was driven primarily by religious-based motivations rather than political ones",1,-1,[],[49349]],["the theory of (politically) motivated reasoning [53][54][55] , which posits that information deficits or lack of reflective reasoning are not the primary driver of susceptibility to misinformation.",1,-1,[],[2902]],["theory of motivated reasoning, asserting that cognitive biases predispose individuals to believe false statements that align with their ideological beliefs",1,-1,[],[35375]]],"sy":[["confirmation-biased processing of information",1,-1,[],[22388]],["conformity to group opinions",1,-1,[],[49349]],["motivated cognition",1,1930,[],[5684]],["motivated skepticism",1,10087,[],[17106]],["partisan perceptional screen",1,-1,[],[17106]],["wishful thinking",1,-1,[],[547]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",3,16709,[],[17148,27582,54642]],["partisan motivated reasoning",3,15318,[["partisan motivated reasoning",2],["motivated partisan reasoning",1]],[6132,6404,17106]],["accuracy goals",2,33634,[],[6404,20990]],["cognitive dissonance",2,3931,[],[8320,60726]],["selective exposure",2,29176,[],[11298,29578]],["Bayesian and motivated reasoning frameworks",1,-1,[],[20990]],["Bayesian model",1,-1,[],[20990]],["accuracy motivation",1,12294,[],[6404]],["bias",1,30859,[],[6404]],["biased information processing",1,12020,[],[20990]],["biased processing",1,13701,[],[46084]],["cognitive biases",1,2728,[],[54642]],["competence",1,11733,[],[25163]],["conspiracist ideation",1,12072,[],[10336]],["cultural worldviews",1,7486,[],[10336]],["directional goals",1,12109,[],[6404]],["directional motivations",1,21983,[],[6404]],["directionally motivated reasoning",1,11702,[],[6404]],["goal",1,30016,[],[6404]],["motivated confirmation bias",1,7764,[],[547]],["motivated numeracy",1,30773,[],[2902]],["motivation",1,13069,[],[6404]],["need",1,32755,[],[6404]],["partisan goals",1,-1,[],[20990]],["partisanship",1,7058,[],[6430]],["political ideology",1,30119,[],[6430]],["politically (or other group-based) motivated reasoning",1,26651,[],[49349]],["rational irrationality",1,27597,[],[28945]],["selective information processing",1,-1,[],[11298]]],"sb":[["accuracy goals",2,33634,[],[6404,11298]],["directional goals",2,12109,[],[6404,11298]],["accuracy motivation",1,12294,[],[34425]],["motivated confirmation bias",1,7764,[],[547]],["motivated numeracy",1,30773,[],[2902]],["partisan motivation",1,9981,[],[34425]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"I would also say people are searching for their own opinion and are trying to select information that is supporting their opinion.\"",1,-1,[["\"I would also say people are searching for their own opinion and are trying to select information that is supporting their opinion.\"",1],["I would also say people are searching for their own opinion and are trying to select information that is supporting their opinion.",1]],[177]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["scenarios",1,13791,[],[1649]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["product prototypes, political manifestos, investment portfolio growth forecasts, nation-state (or corporate) budget plans, technology brand ad spots, science fiction stories, science fiction movies, computerised predictive system-models, New Year's resolutions",1,-1,[],[1649]],["product prototypes, political manifestos, investment portfolio growth forecasts, nation-state (or corporate) budget plans, technology brand ad spots, science fiction stories, science fiction movies, computerised predictive system-models, New Year's resolutions, and many other narrative forms",1,-1,[],[1649]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["such as political ideologies, economic ideas and philosophical ideals",1,-1,[],[11613]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. 'I've never trusted capitalism. It's bullshit and it fucks society over'.",1,-1,[],[11613]]]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["opinion spam",2,29645,[],[58994,60021]]],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[6966]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["opinion spam",1,29645,[],[6927]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Slogans tend to act as emotional appeals.",1,-1,[],[57414]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Call",1,25767,[],[57414]]],"ex":[["Example: Immigrants welcome, racist not!",1,-1,[],[57414]],["Immigrants welcome, racist not!",1,-1,[],[57414]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the essentialisation of the continent",1,-1,[],[18456]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["includes political knowledge, the amount of attention paid to political issues, internal efficacy and a sense of civic duty.",1,-1,[],[4659]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["-In an informational cascade, people cease relying at a certain point on their private information or opinions. They decide instead on the basis of the signals conveyed by others. It follows that the behavior of the first few people, or even one, can in theory produce similar behavior from countless followers",1,-1,[],[36674]],["If an individual i is in a cascade, then his action conveys no information and individual i + 1 draws the same inference from all previous actions.",1,-1,[],[5453]],["If an individual i is in a cascade, then his action conveys no information and individual i + 1 draws the same inference from all previous actions. Since the signal Xi+,1 is drawn from the same distribution as Xi, individual i + 1 is also in a cascade. Thus, by induction, all individuals after i are in a cascade. Consequently, a cascade once started will last forever, even if it is wrong.",1,-1,[],[5453]],["More specifically, actors \"will buy information [. . .] only up to the point where the information yields no more net benefits than just following signals emitted by others\" ([50] page 16).",1,-1,[],[58453]],["The actors cannot derive private knowledge possessed by other actors, but nonetheless, all observing actors take the actions to be significant down the sequence stream.",1,-1,[],[44913]],["The arrival of a little information or the mere possibility of a value change (even if the change does not actually occur) can shatter an informational cascade.",1,-1,[],[5453]],["The cascade only triggers when there is \"a preponderance of evidence [that] supports one action or the other by just enough to outweigh one individual's private signal\" (Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch, 1998).",1,-1,[],[44913]],["The uniformity that cascades cause can be similar to and coexist with that brought about by the other forces discussed in the Introduction (sanctions, payoff externalities, and conformity preference).",1,-1,[],[5453]],["They consist of information exchange processes by virtue of which the belief that a fact is true spreads simply because other people seem to believe it.",1,-1,[],[36673]],["We argue that localized conformity of behavior and the fragility of mass behaviors can be explained by informational cascades.",1,-1,[],[5453]],["When making their respective choices, these actors might then base their actions on false assumptions about the private knowledge of others, adding to the weight of the social proof.",1,-1,[],[44913]],["cascades can explain not only conformity but the rapid spread of new behaviors.",1,-1,[],[5454]],["fragility arises systematically because cascades bring about precarious equilibria.",1,-1,[],[5454]],["individuals are not very confident that the original cascade was correct.",1,-1,[],[5454]],["individuals ignore their own information and merely follow suit.",1,-1,[],[5454]],["once a cascade has started, further adoptions are uninformative.",1,-1,[],[5453]],["seemingly whimsical shifts in behavior occur because an initial cascade may aggregate very little information.",1,-1,[],[5454]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[44913]],["conformity",1,11598,[],[5454]],["conformity preference",1,-1,[],[5453]],["fads",1,29585,[],[5454]],["fashions",1,-1,[],[5454]],["herd behavior",1,34891,[],[5453]],["media hypes",1,7756,[],[44913]],["media storms",1,32257,[],[44913]],["moral panics",1,15147,[],[44913]],["payoff externalities",1,-1,[],[5453]],["sanctions",1,1382,[],[5453]],["scandals",1,29290,[],[44913]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["In the context of media, the mechanism consists in disclosed information about corruption, reaching the public via news agencies, front pages, political news media, or news broadcasts. When various media outlets repeat the same signal over and over, an information cascade might form.",1,-1,[],[44913]],["adoption of hybrid corn by Iowa farmers from 1928 to 1941",1,-1,[],[5453]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["is generally not a characteristic of western journalistic cultures.",1,-1,[],[4184]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["public-facing platforms",1,22161,[],[50155]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["WhatsApp",1,-1,[],[50155]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["induced suspicion",1,-1,[],[14959]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They allow religious communities to engage with digital technologies while maintaining a degree of control over content and interactions, mirroring offline strategies of enclosing and maintaining boundaries.",1,-1,[],[44744]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemic enclosure",1,11998,[],[44744]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["what Bloomfield and Scott (2016, 1) call 'norm antipreneurs'",1,-1,[],[36895]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["higher-order processes",1,-1,[],[35016]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["emotional intelligence",1,11566,[["emotional intelligence",1],["emotional intelligence (EQ)",1]],[35016]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Repression has been used by democratic and autocratic governments (although at different levels); it often consists of deploying police or military forces in the streets where the protests are occurring or of incarcerating key members of social movements. Its moves are all directed at undermining resistance in general.",1,-1,[],[57793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The distinction between engagement and non-engagement is not strictly binary but spans a spectrum ranging from total avoidance, in which users stop reading entirely, through moderate engagement, which involves a degree of cognitive interaction with the content, to deep engagement and reflection.",1,-1,[],[52574]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In such systems, trust and recommendation are derived separately from different types of data -Trust is derived based on users' provided trust values about others or the recommendation history information, while recommendation is conducted based on current user-item ratings and the derived trust.",1,-1,[],[6709]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conversion types",1,-1,[],[22708]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["implicitly make the country and national borders the reference point of journalistic work rather than questioning the interconnectedness of nation states",1,-1,[],[9444]],["the central position of the nation state is still highly relevant",1,-1,[],[9444]],["the samples of journalists/reporters are based on a traditional understanding of foreign journalism and consist primarily of elite journalists who are stationed abroad and report for their home country.",1,-1,[],[9444]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cross-border journalism",1,31927,[],[9444]],["international journalism",1,3394,[],[9444]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cross-border journalism",1,31927,[],[9444]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["ideological bias",1,27368,[],[51779]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This remainder is the irreducible that resists or disrupts the structure that language seeks to impose.",1,-1,[],[54799]],["represents what 'escapes the speaking being' underscoring the limits of linguistic representation and the ways in which meaning consistently evades full capture",1,-1,[],[54799]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["llanguage",1,32068,[],[54799]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["motion",1,-1,[],[61750]],["parliamentary initiative",1,-1,[],[61750]],["postulate",1,-1,[],[61750]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For PSM, these are captured in media laws and management contracts, and translated to broader audiences on web pages and in annual reports.",1,-1,[],[55532]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the mental lexicon is used by social media users whenever they express their knowledge through online messages.",1,-1,[],[34629]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Untruthful customer opinion",1,-1,[],[33914]]],"sy":[["Fake reviews",2,29609,[["Fake reviews",1],["fake reviews",1]],[58999,60024]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["deceptive opinion spam",1,20530,[],[17651]],["disruptive opinion spam",1,25690,[],[17651]]],"sp":[["false information",1,20964,[],[33914]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This captures the attitude the article took on the content and the emotions that annotators felt it is trying to provoke.",1,-1,[],[50127]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ungoverned decisions show a certain casual disregard as to the (perhaps) unintended harms of the decisions; for important decisions, this could mean issues of unfairness or diminished rights.",1,-1,[],[11347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["proactive interference tends to be minimal when memory is tested immediately, but increases steadily as a function of delay",1,-1,[],[18001]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In particular, this metric indicates the gender specificity of individual words, with extreme values assigned to highly stereotypical concepts.",1,-1,[],[15633]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["For example, retrieving information about recent or past events (episodic memory) (Hutchinson and Turk-Browne, 2012), WM (Myers et al., 2017), and mental imagery (Putze et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[1714]],["Internal attention encompasses functions such as ''Mind Wandering'', ''Working Memory'', and ''Executive functions'' such as mental calculation, which rely heavily on internally generated information.",1,-1,[],[1714]],["Internal attention systems likely reduced cognitive interference from distractions, allowing participants to allocate more WM resources to the task.",1,-1,[],[1714]],["internal systems better support precision and cognitive performance by fostering deliberate processing and sustained focus",1,-1,[["internal systems better support precision and cognitive performance by fostering deliberate processing and sustained focus",1],["internal systems better support precision and cognitive performance by fostering deliberate processing and sustained focus.",1]],[1714]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Executive functions",1,-1,[],[1714]],["Working Memory",1,-1,[],[1714]],["external attention",1,-1,[],[1714]],["mind wandering",1,-1,[],[1714]],["rumination",1,2637,[],[1714]]],"sb":[["''Executive functions''",1,-1,[],[1714]],["''Mind Wandering''",1,-1,[],[1714]],["''Working Memory''",1,-1,[],[1714]]],"sp":[["Attention orienting",1,964,[],[1714]]],"ex":[["''Executive functions'' such as mental calculation",1,-1,[],[1714]],["''Mind Wandering''",1,-1,[],[1714]],["''Working Memory''",1,-1,[],[1714]],["WM (Myers et al., 2017)",1,-1,[],[1714]],["mental imagery (Putze et al., 2016)",1,-1,[],[1714]],["retrieving information about recent or past events (episodic memory)",1,-1,[],[1714]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["As generative AI tools are not designed to assess accuracy or authenticity of content, they are prone to produce fabricated content when trained on large amounts of unsupervised data, as is the case of ChatGPT.",1,-1,[],[10023]],["Consequently, when asked to write medical abstracts, case reports, or research proposals, these generative AI tools frequently include inaccurate statements or fabricated content fueled by false sources of data",1,-1,[],[10023]],["hallucinations persist because these models generate language by predicting the next most likely word based on statistical patterns in training data.",1,-1,[],[37727]],["outputs that are not rooted in belief, persuasion, or manipulation.",1,-1,[],[37727]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["misinformation",2,10315,[],[10023,37727]],["bias",1,30859,[],[10023]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["misinformation",1,10315,[],[37727]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The shots, which fall under the category of subjective interpretation, often involve multiple stimuli, creating a sense of perceptual realism.",1,-1,[],[4795]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["focus on individualistic attitudes and behaviours",1,-1,[],[34657]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["It is through repeating certain gendered and racialised acts, or through occupying some spaces and not others, that we become gendered, as well as raced and classed.",1,-1,[],[21885]],["These utterances are not judged by truth or falsity but by their felicity, that is, whether they successfully accomplish the intended action under appropriate circumstances.",1,-1,[],[38396]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reporting speech act verbs",1,-1,[],[61467]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":54,"df":[],"de":[["(e.g., reporting verbs, modals of probability and evidentiality)",1,-1,[],[46784]],["Activities in response to social media posts include retweets/shares, likes/favorites, and replies/comments. These activities all reflect specific user actions such as endorsing a post or expressing a divergent opinion.",1,-1,[],[39930]],["Engagement acknowledges alternative positions, but with varying degrees.",1,-1,[],[39699]],["Engagement is targeted towards readers and it examines the forms of interaction occurring between writers and readers which can be monoglossic or heteroglossic.",1,-1,[],[43312]],["In public diplomacy, engagement has been discussed in association with the use of digital and social media to promote dialogue, mutual respect, partnership, and mutual understanding",1,-1,[],[3083]],["In recent times, the reporter's job does not simply end with stating the facts of events or problems; it extends to offering solutions to such issues in society through experts in those fields.",1,-1,[],[45226]],["It is multidimensional and is composed of a set of interdependent behavioral, emotional, and cognitive actions.",1,-1,[],[21801]],["It refers to how the writer or speaker interacts with the discourse and the participants involved.",1,-1,[],[16435]],["The effects implied by different types of ENGAGEMENT are more complex, however. For example, intuitively one might presume instance of DENY would nullify any associated polarity, whereas ENDORSE would perform intensification.",1,-1,[],[21821]],["Through ENGAGEMENT, Appraisal addresses the linguistic phenomena by which authors construe their point of view and the resources used to adopt stances towards other authors' perspectives.",1,-1,[],[21821]],["an alignment dimension where writers acknowledge and connect to others, recognizing the presence of their readers, pulling them along with their argument, focusing their attention, acknowledging their uncertainties, including them as discourse participants, and guiding them to interpretations",1,-1,[],[38501]],["as opposed to Boredom",1,-1,[],[10436]],["at a macro-industrial level, it assumes the form of a commodity that converts audience experiences into data with the overall goal of creating new monetization opportunities",1,-1,[],[46409]],["audience-centric strain of communications research",1,-1,[],[59012]],["domain encompasses the writer's or speaker's involvement with the discourse, text, or situation being evaluated, which is the focus of the present study.",1,-1,[],[16435]],["engagement (how do people connect?)",1,-1,[],[43709]],["engagement can be considered as a good proxy of outreach and appreciation and, thus, of effectiveness.",1,-1,[],[50469]],["indicators of engagement that can be easily derived from the available data, such as the number of retweets, likes, comments, and shares.",1,-1,[],[50469]],["involves tenacity applied to understanding things one does not already understand and ideas different from one's own",1,-1,[],[10436]],["the annotators have difficulty in agreeing on the presence of an Engagement annotation, but if they do so then they are able to assign the engagement type fairly reliably.",1,-1,[],[21821]]],"sy":[["interactions",1,34609,[],[30685]]],"rt":[["Boredom",1,16075,[],[10436]],["Stance",1,2283,[],[38501]],["appreciation",1,28137,[],[50469]],["civic engagement",1,18703,[],[43709]],["effectiveness",1,11070,[],[50469]],["heterogloss",1,26847,[],[21821]],["monogloss",1,423,[],[21821]],["outreach",1,-1,[],[50469]],["participation",1,8272,[],[4649]],["two-way dialogic communication",1,-1,[],[44371]]],"sb":[["heterogloss",3,26847,[["heterogloss",2],["Heterogloss",1]],[16435,21821,39554]],["monogloss",3,423,[["monogloss",2],["Monogloss",1]],[16435,21821,39554]],["heteroglossic",2,18226,[],[21821,24805]],["monoglossic",2,11218,[],[21821,24805]],["ATTRIBUTION",1,32595,[],[21821]],["CONCEDE",1,12721,[],[21821]],["Dialogic contraction",1,26395,[],[21821]],["Dialogic expansion",1,6621,[],[21821]],["Heteroglossic engagement",1,26435,[],[43312]],["Monoglossic engagement",1,7813,[],[43312]],["PRONOUNCE",1,1117,[],[21821]],["PROXIMITY (SPACE) or PROXIMITY (TIME)",1,-1,[],[21821]],["active (e.g., advocates)",1,5917,[],[3083]],["adjectival predicates controlling a complement to clause",1,-1,[],[38501]],["amplification",1,8552,[],[6295]],["asides addressed to the reader",1,-1,[],[38501]],["asides addressed to the reader, marked off from the ongoing flow of text",1,-1,[],[38501]],["collaboration (e.g., participate)",1,32727,[],[3083]],["control (e.g., inform)",1,5820,[],[3083]],["dialogically contract",1,-1,[],[39699]],["directives",1,8393,[],[38501]],["directives, realized by imperatives -as shown in example (7a) -or obligation modals referring to actions of the reader (must, ought, should, have to, need to) -as shown in example (7b) -and adjectival predicates controlling a complement to clause, directing readers to a particular action",1,-1,[],[38501]],["elaboration likelihood",1,25736,[],[6295]],["expand",1,1652,[],[39699]],["inclusive first person plural",1,-1,[],[38501]],["inclusive first person plural, indefinite, and second person pronouns and items referring to readers",1,-1,[],[38501]],["indefinite, and second person pronouns and items referring to readers",1,-1,[],[38501]],["instances of MASS",1,-1,[],[21821]],["passive (e.g., clicks, views, reads)",1,19346,[],[3083]],["questions, both real and rhetorical",1,-1,[],[38501]],["questions, both real and rhetorical, realized by interrogatives",1,-1,[],[38501]],["references to shared knowledge",1,-1,[],[38501]],["the CONCEDE type of engagement",1,-1,[],[21821]],["the PRONOUNCE type of engagement",1,-1,[],[21821]]],"sp":[["Appraisal",3,32170,[],[21821,24805,46784]],["Appraisal framework",1,26978,[],[43312]],["Appraisal system",1,5967,[],[46784]],["effectiveness",1,11070,[],[50469]],["intellectual humility",1,1902,[],[10436]],["interpersonal features of texts",1,-1,[],[38501]],["public connection",1,20187,[],[43709]]],"ex":[["DENY",1,-1,[],[21821]],["ENDORSE",1,-1,[],[21821]],["d selected only strong expressions of Mass (such as massive or scant), whereas j also selected weaker instances such as largely or slightly.",1,-1,[],[21821]],["one judge selected words that modified the distance expressed by a locution (e.g. near, far). In contrast the other annotator chose expressions of concepts related to proximity (e.g. homegrown, local).",1,-1,[],[21821]],["reporting verbs, modals of probability and evidentiality",1,-1,[],[46784]],["the judges both selected expressions that indicate authors' conviction in a proposition (e.g. in fact or it has to be said). Judge d, though, saw pronouncement as being invoked whenever authors made an assertion (e.g. this is or there will be), while the selections of pronouncement made by j carried a strong degree of emphasis (e.g. certainly).",1,-1,[],[21821]],["the number of retweets, likes, comments, and shares",1,-1,[],[50469]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Politainment",1,4177,[],[21249]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the leading cultural, political and economic features of a given civilisation tend to be implicated in the construction of a preferred self",1,-1,[],[14054]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["We therefore draw on KhosraviNik and Unger (2016) to suggest that the a-historicity of online contents be considered as a distinct affordance of digital discourses for it favours or restricts what users can do.",1,-1,[],[46806]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Los mensajes que estos dirigen buscan captar adhesiones, desacreditar a los adversarios y el respaldo de los ciudadanos en las ánforas.",1,-1,[],[26256]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["periodismo",1,7596,[],[26256]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[["appeal to logic",2,-1,[],[55182,57433]]],"de":[["To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics. Using historical and literal analogies to make a logical argument is another strategy.",1,-1,[],[51644]],["To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics. Using historical and literal analogies to make a logical argument is another strategy. There should be no holes in the argument, also known as logical fallacies, which are unclear or wrong assumptions or connections between ideas.",1,-1,[],[51644]],["a precise, closed, and plain language message without any emotional elements may signify logos.",1,-1,[],[58686]],["logic",1,-1,[],[51644]],["logos, the actual content of the written or spoken message",1,-1,[],[13427]],["rhetorical dimension",1,-1,[],[57433]],["social media users rely on a set of criteria for evaluating the logic of a message, including neutrality, specificity, and meaningfulness (Marcella et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[58686]],["the use of logical reasoning and data-driven persuasion",1,-1,[],[55182]],["which substantiates the emotional appeal and lends credibility to the narrative.",1,-1,[],[47227]]],"sy":[["the appeal to logic",1,-1,[],[51644]]],"rt":[["ethos",3,3975,[["ethos",2],["Ethos",1]],[11312,13427,26692]],["pathos",3,34540,[["pathos",2],["Pathos",1]],[11312,13427,26692]],["encyclopedism",1,-1,[],[59521]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[51644]]],"sb":[["False Analogy",1,34440,[],[23627]],["Hasty Generalization",1,6987,[],[23627]],["Slippery Slope",1,11573,[],[23627]],["Straw Man",1,4827,[],[23627]],["equivocation",1,28178,[],[23627]],["false causality",1,14807,[],[23627]]],"sp":[["Aristotle's categories",1,-1,[],[23627]],["rhetorical framework",1,25552,[],[58686]],["rhetorical strategies",1,26718,[],[51644]],["rhetorical triangle",1,25798,[],[58686]]],"ex":[["A balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of chronic diseases by 30%. Thus, adopting a healthy diet can significantly enhance long-term health.",1,-1,[],[51644]],["An exemplary illustration of this approach can be observed in case S3, where an emotionally compelling statement is supported by empirical data and statistics, resulting in a more convincing story format.",1,-1,[],[47227]],["In 2023, electric vehicle sales increased by 35%. This increase indicates a growing trend towards sustainable transportation solutions.",1,-1,[],[51644]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Such tactics are often deceptive in nature.",1,-1,[],[57475]],["has been found to foster more nationalistic attitudes but not necessarily more positive evaluations of government performance",1,-1,[],[60912]],["heighten anti-foreign attitudes but do not affect citizens' perception of government performance",1,-1,[],[60912]],["hiding propaganda traces",1,-1,[],[57475]],["packaging and delivering propaganda messages more skilfully to make them appear to better reflect reality",1,-1,[],[57475]],["the Chinese state cares about persuasion (thus it embraces soft propaganda tactics)",1,-1,[],[57475]],["those of the \"soft propaganda\" camp argue that the state still intends to indoctrinate and persuade and has embraced many innovative tactics to better package propaganda messages so as to increase their appeal and credibility.",1,-1,[],[57475]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hard propaganda",2,24115,[],[41352,57475]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["remote control disperses propaganda messages through marketized media",1,-1,[],[57475]],["the \"fifty-cent army\" hides its connection to the government",1,-1,[],[57475]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["phoniness of PR work",1,-1,[],[4549]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Taboos can bring cohesion to societies and a sense of belonging to groups (Douglas 1966), as well as a 'feeling of control over situations where ordinary mortals have little or none' (Allan and Burridge 2006, 9).",1,-1,[],[39788]],["discerns the social and power relations embedded in food, particularly the 'different degrees of hierarchy, inclusion and exclusion, boundaries and transactions across boundaries'",1,-1,[],[39788]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["casting of blame",1,-1,[],[39788]],["different degrees of hierarchy, inclusion and exclusion, boundaries and transactions across boundaries",1,-1,[],[39788]],["differentiation around food and between groups",1,-1,[],[39788]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["With the little passage of time, mobile journalism has been accepted in various international broadcasting channels to enhance their services as news providers, such as CNN, BBC and Al Jazeera.",1,-1,[],[38810]],["mobile journalism has been accepted in various international broadcasting channels to enhance their services as news providers, such as CNN, BBC and Al Jazeera.",1,-1,[],[38810]],["mobile journalists (MoJo) who can perform multi-tasking of video shoot, editing and news distribution through their smartphone",1,-1,[],[38810]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["MoJos",1,-1,[],[38810]],["technological convergence",1,1273,[],[38810]]],"sb":[["mobile journalists (MoJo)",1,8116,[],[38810]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["repression or blunting",1,1633,[],[19592]],["vigilance, sensitisation, and monitoring",1,12518,[],[19592]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ideologi",1,32402,[],[10557]],["legitimasi",1,-1,[],[10557]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Dessa forma, os sentidos são sempre divididos, e esta divisão corresponde às relações de força presentes na sociedade, que possibilitam que um sentido seja dominante, se cristalize em detrimento de outros.",1,-1,[],[10276]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["protect",1,-1,[],[18723]],["protecting",1,-1,[],[18723]],["protection",1,-1,[],[18723]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Credibility",1,-1,[],[23602]]],"ex":[["Millions of people believe in astrology, so it must be true.",1,-1,[],[23602]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Digital Media-Arena (DMA)",1,4035,[],[54096]]],"ex":[["Artificially-generated and constructed text, images and videos (e.g. deepfakes and bots) in social media, news media, and other digital media",1,-1,[],[54096]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Synthetic Realities",1,1714,[],[33720]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gist",1,7022,[],[36006]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["moral/original justification",1,-1,[],[18393]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["moral sentiment captured by our framework can be dissociated with sentiment portrayed in the traditional NLP literature.",1,-1,[],[50147]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["clarity of opinion expression",1,-1,[],[58361]],["comprehension of opposing views",1,-1,[],[58361]],["conversational dominance",1,1917,[],[58361]],["reasoning in talk",1,-1,[],[58361]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A more nuanced, trans-dichotomous, but also fuzzier concept",1,-1,[],[42509]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Data asymmetry, platform visibility, and model performance do not carry meaning on their own. They become powerful because they are interpreted in ways that conceal their historical and political foundations.",1,-1,[],[44327]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["algorithmic dominance",1,28124,[],[44327]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Es el texto que, incesantemente, un grupo cuenta una y otra vez.",1,-1,[],[17232]],["no va jamás más allá de las expectativas o de los deseos del grupo que la produce.",1,-1,[],[17232]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Thus, essentially, accessibility change does not refer to the alteration of content within the individual's mind but merely to the accentuation of certain existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[15347]],["accessibility change does not refer to the alteration of content within the individual's mind but merely to the accentuation of certain existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[15347]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Belief content change",1,299,[],[15347]],["Belief importance change",1,19954,[],[15347]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["evoked",1,-1,[],[24834]],["implicit",1,1351,[],[54076]]],"rt":[["inscribed",1,22082,[],[9871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attitude",1,13566,[],[54076]],["explicitness",1,22950,[],[9871]]],"ex":[["a kid who reads a lot",1,-1,[],[24834]],["a kid who tears the wings off butterflies",1,-1,[],[24834]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Applied to fake news, preventive actions are active countermeasures to prevent individuals from creating or spreading fake news on social media.",1,-1,[],[23143]]],"sy":[["preventive countermeasures",1,-1,[],[23143]]],"rt":[["immediate measures (e.g., fact-checking)",1,-1,[],[23143]],["long-term measures (e.g., education and media literacy)",1,-1,[],[23143]],["pre-emptive inoculation",1,-1,[],[23143]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["blocking fake accounts or blocking fake content",1,-1,[],[23143]],["blocking fake accounts or blocking fake content are examples of preventive countermeasures",1,-1,[],[23143]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["For that reason, claim-based stance detection has been heavily used for rumor resolution studies [14,[69][70][71].",1,-1,[],[62030]],["The first stage to detect a stance is to identify the main target claim from the sequence of conversation or given text.",1,-1,[],[62030]],["The main input to the claim-based stance detection model is the claim (C), which could be the rumor's post or based on an article headline.",1,-1,[],[62030]]],"sy":[["open-domain stance detection",1,-1,[],[62030]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance detection",1,25533,[],[62030]]],"ex":[["In the fake news task, the claim tends to be the article headline and the text is the article body.",1,-1,[],[62030]],["On the other hand, for the rumor's veracity task, the main input to be evaluated is the rumor's post, while the text is the replies to the rumors.",1,-1,[],[62030]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["frame construction",1,10195,[],[57967]],["social movement frame construction",1,-1,[],[57967]]],"rt":[["cognitive tension",1,1096,[],[6489]],["plot progression",1,1439,[],[6489]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Arc of a narrative",1,1483,[["Arc of a narrative",1],["Narrative Arc",1]],[41231]],["narrative processes",1,-1,[],[6489]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["debatable, dominated (heterodox) news values",1,-1,[],[4230]],["dominant, undisputed orthodox values",1,-1,[],[4230]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["One common racist narrative that bridges anti-'woke' discourse, anti-mainstream discourse, and coronavirus conspiracism, was that of 'white victimhood'.",1,-1,[],[50723]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory",1,31117,[],[50723]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Green MP An Moerenhout thinks Bart Somers is not left-wing enough. She believes that people who come together on the basis of ethnicity \"strengthen society\" and that they deserve subsidies. We all know, of course, that she only means the non-Flemish. Flemings who would like to set up an association for Flemish people would be discriminatory, racist and punishable. Moroccans who set up an association for Moroccans in Flanders should receive subsidies, according to Moerenhout. The hatred towards one's own people is becoming more and more apparent.",1,-1,[],[50723]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["As a feeling rather than a well-thought-out idea, heartland refers to the world/society we have lost.",1,-1,[],[2346]],["At the centre of the right-wing populist political imagination is the idea of a 'heartland' (Taggart, 2004, p. 274).",1,-1,[],[3148]],["It constitutes a political ideal that is mainly derived from an idealised 'golden past'.",1,-1,[],[3148]],["The concept of the heartland helps to emphasize that the people in the populist propaganda are neither real nor all-inclusive, but are in fact a mythical and constructed sub-set of the whole population.",1,-1,[],[6238]],["Thus, this 'heartland' is a backward-looking utopia.",1,-1,[],[3148]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["imagined community",1,24346,[],[6238]],["the people",1,23425,[],[6238]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["for the British Conservatives the British heartland used to be 'Middle England', while the extreme right British National Party refers to 'the native British people'.",1,-1,[],[6238]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["partisan learning",1,32962,[],[34333]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Users assess what different media can do for them in a given situation, how they complement each other, and what social and emotional consequences their media choices have in different contexts.",1,-1,[],[4219]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Thus it comprises also intertextual and contextual analysis.",1,-1,[],[45926]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["three-dimensional model for discourse analysis",1,8378,[],[51381]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["I know statements",1,-1,[],[38236]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the journalists' own words, this role is about 'explaining' events, 'helping readers understand', or 'making the world/society comprehensible'.",1,-1,[],[9361]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["matrix of domination",1,14233,[],[35147]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Esta dimensión analiza la estructura del mercado, el número de actores que operan en él y si existen (o no) sobre el pluralismo de los medios de comunicación y la independencia editorial.",1,-1,[],[55073]],["es decir, distintos propietarios, líneas editoriales, misiones comunicativas, formatos y niveles de implantación territorial. Esta dimensión analiza la estructura del mercado, el número de actores que operan en él y si existen (o no) sobre el pluralismo de los medios de comunicación y la independencia editorial.",1,-1,[],[55073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["pluralismo",1,24132,[],[55073]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["desórdenes informativos",1,15563,[],[13847]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["discredited",1,-1,[],[6546]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["black PR",1,11788,[],[39250]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["change agents",1,34593,[],[19038]],["educators",1,22755,[],[19038]],["mediators",1,1361,[],[19038]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["private states",1,2197,[],[48313]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue-specific media frames",1,27204,[],[21090]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media frames",1,25284,[],[21090]]],"ex":[["economics",1,-1,[],[54374]],["political",1,-1,[],[54374]],["quality of life",1,-1,[],[54374]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conceptual schemes",1,-1,[],[52438]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["There has always been a politics of evidence around audiovisual media",1,-1,[],[16831]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Hence, we use everyday life here to refer to a broad array of non-political news and to journalists' role relative to this domain.",1,-1,[],[18159]],["This includes realities such as securing daily provisions, self-maintenance, and entertainment.",1,-1,[],[18159]],["Through it, all persons must manage their emotional state and negotiate their identity.",1,-1,[],[18159]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["That is, we want to ensure that laypersons have good reasons for trusting scientists or scientific institutions.",1,-1,[],[3655]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["marcos",1,7621,[],[16024]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["provenance paths",1,-1,[],[218]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["news propagation graph on social media",1,-1,[],[17094]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["exogenous social context",1,29468,[],[17094]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Interestingness = Rhetoric + Exclamation mark + Face + Idiom + Adversative + Adj + Image.",1,-1,[],[43041]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["modern populism developed as an authoritarian anti-communist, albeit democratic, project during the Cold War.",1,-1,[],[29929]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["in countering coordinated information campaigns, where the key debunking tool is the verification of the temporal and spatial compatibility of content.",1,-1,[],[53641]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Semantic categories",1,17741,[],[19747]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["can be used 'where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander is used repeatedly within a shorter document'",1,-1,[],[22865]],["dispreferred",1,-1,[],[22865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["This variable was measured by six items of perceived credibility adapted from Flanagin and Metzger's (2007) on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree).",1,-1,[],[31133]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["constituted credibility",1,34402,[],[32717]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[32717]],["journalistic credibility",1,11156,[],[32717]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["political astroturfing",1,22224,[],[23171]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Satire",1,9893,[],[5646]],["Wit",1,-1,[],[5646]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["determines the willingness of legacy media to incorporate them into their working routines.",1,-1,[],[38906]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we defined a biased QE metric as",1,-1,[],[34930]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The word 'hypocrisy' means 'under critical' or 'under separation' and indicates that the person making the judgment is under critical of themselves and has failed to acknowledge the gap that separates their personal character from their performed social persona.",1,-1,[],[59722]],["The word hypokrisis was originally a description of masked actors in Attic Greek theatre and also a description of rhetorical performers.",1,-1,[],[59722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hypokrisis",1,28224,[],[59722]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["aesthetic activism",1,-1,[],[45505]],["art activism",1,-1,[],[45505]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["exploring alternative means of understanding the communications systems and their relationship with democratic participatory practices and non-profit commercial logics, which attempt to struggle against and escape the hegemonic structuration of corporate, global capitalism.",1,-1,[],[13686]]],"sy":[["third sector of the media",1,21266,[],[13686]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["based on the portrayal of the news media as self-serving, corrupt, detached from the people and (mis)using their power to indoctrinate people against their interests",1,-1,[],[52367]],["designed to capture beliefs regarding the honesty of the media and the media representing the 'enemy of the people', that is, using the typical populist distinction between the people and the elites (news media in this case).",1,-1,[],[52367]]],"sy":[["anti-media populism",1,29784,[],[52367]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While users' friends in Twitter are mostly people they do not know in reality. The friend relationships are usually established just because they are interested in each other's expressions of one's opinion or thoughts, and the friendships are generally one-way.",1,-1,[],[16972]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social graph",1,19019,[],[16972]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social network structure",1,-1,[],[16972]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ahora, las personas con proyección pública o autoridad en su disciplina que apoyan clandestinamente a Rusia o simpatizan con ella y difunden sus narrativas son más y tienen mayor visibilidad",1,-1,[],[15997]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["agentes de influencia",1,33771,[],[15997]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The cognitive fixation of citing the BBC as the usual example also became metonymic",1,-1,[],[60064]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"With technology, most nights I go on my phone to the BBC and the next morning I have my stories because I have read them, I just go ahead and follow how things are breaking on from each of these networks\" (Editor 3 -The Ghanaian Chronicle)",1,-1,[],[60064]]]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["The main task of such operations is to influence the emotions, motives, critical thinking of the target audience and, ultimately, their behavior, as well as the actions of relevant governments, organizations, groups, or individuals.",1,-1,[],[60869]],["They are aimed at influencing a specific person or group of people in order to impose foreign ideological and social attitudes, create false stereotypes of behavior, and change their moods, feelings, and will in the desired direction.",1,-1,[],[60869]],["utilized psychological operations, including the dissemination of misinformation, to achieve strategic aims without escalating into major conflicts",1,-1,[],[58229]]],"sy":[["psychological warfare",1,22775,[],[4567]]],"rt":[["Information Operations (IO)",1,21443,[],[4567]],["communication",1,13329,[],[60869]],["information and psychological measures",1,-1,[],[60869]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[4567]],["strategic communication",1,17579,[],[4567]]],"sb":[["black operations",1,-1,[],[4567]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[60869]],["grey",1,-1,[],[4567]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[60869]],["white",1,-1,[],[4567]]],"sp":[["strategic communication",1,17579,[],[4567]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Morelli's principles of war propaganda",1,-1,[],[26956]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["war propaganda principles",1,-1,[],[26958]]],"ex":[["false claims that Iraqi soldiers had taken Kuwaiti babies out of incubators and left them on the floor to die",1,-1,[],[26958]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Squatters are usually aware of this and have developed an extensive repertoire of media interventions since the 1960s.",1,-1,[],[35430]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the belief that social differences stem from individual choices masks the possibility that members of different groups are not treated equally and discourages attempts at relieving such inequality.",1,-1,[],[18940]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Intersectional bias",1,26840,[],[59505]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["social media messaging is dominated by positive, pro-vaping messages [11,15] which act to shape related culture and norms, and contribute to the view that e-cigarette use is common and socially accepted [16,17]",1,-1,[],[14582]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Variables included: existing eWOM, eWOM among tourists.",1,-1,[],[600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["eWOM among tourists",1,-1,[],[600]],["existing eWOM",1,29797,[],[600]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the emerging transdiscipline that endeavors to find better ways to inform.",1,-1,[],[61919]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["transdiscipline",1,-1,[],[61919]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["classifying groups and categories is an inherent dilemma in assimilationism",1,-1,[],[8834]],["one of four types of frames common in Dutch immigration news reporting",1,-1,[],[8834]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["multicultural frame",1,29071,[],[21079]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["news frames",1,21144,[],[8834]]],"ex":[["in the negative assimilation frame was emphasized that the career event was a necessary resort to integrate female ethnic minorities who have very much trouble with fully adapting in the Dutch labour market.",1,-1,[],[21079]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["To reinforce the claims, Negative Actions are associated with raising awareness as well as discussing and addressing criticisms and imminent issues.",1,-1,[],[52882]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["antilocution",1,18244,[],[12068]],["avoidance",1,33862,[],[12068]],["discrimination",1,19636,[],[12068]],["physical attack",1,25856,[],[12068]]],"sp":[["Hate Speech Intensity Scale",1,33129,[],[52882]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["detect certain words in a fixed order",1,-1,[],[45034]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["3-word discriminatory expressions (with recall percentile of 75 and a precision of 0.9)",1,-1,[],[45034]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Wilson's belief in American exceptionalism and humanitarian interventionism.",1,-1,[],[59106]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["structural metaphor",1,8242,[],[30917]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["structural dimensions",1,17805,[],[6287]],["types of framing formation in news presentation",1,-1,[],[14675]]],"ex":[["the traditional 'pyramid' structure of news reports",1,-1,[],[6287]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Bias is an old concept in Machine Learning (ML), traditionally referring to the assumptions made by a specific model (inductive bias) (Mitchell, 1997).",1,-1,[],[198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["an attribute present in the communicative strategy on Twitter of European populist parties of both left and right.",1,-1,[],[41398]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cultural Euroscepticism",1,-1,[],[41398]],["economic Euroscepticism",1,-1,[],[41398]]],"sb":[["\"Hard\" euroscepticism refers to a principled rejection of European integration that is ultimately incompatible with EU membership.",1,-1,[],[3556]],["\"Soft\" euroscepticism is not opposed to integration as such, but rejects the current state of European politics as well as the trajectory towards an \"ever closer union\" (Szcerbiak and Taggart, 2008, pp. 7-8).",1,-1,[],[3556]],["\"hard\" form of Euroscepticism",1,11739,[],[41398]],["Euroalternativism",1,29151,[],[28045]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the entrance of the right to correct information becomes its different human rights generation, namely the fifth generation of human rights",1,-1,[],[36367]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This function suggests that media provide the words and expression people use to articulate an opinion and express it when talking to others about a specific issue.",1,-1,[],[48171]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["key-words agenda setting",1,15868,[],[48171]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["s/he may place him/-herself at odds with other viewpoints by disclaiming those assertions, entertain the possibility of their validity, distance him-/herself through simply attributing propositions to a third party, or proclaim his/her complete alignment with them.",1,-1,[],[45624]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["beliefs and behavior patterns are learned by the young in such a way that there is no awareness of the possibility of alternatives",1,-1,[],[3716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["socially learned behaviors",1,-1,[],[3716]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["with the journalists acting increasingly as moderators (Duffy, 2011: 9)",1,-1,[],[46935]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast to the consensual discourse, the contextual discourse is based on the qualities of the source rather than on informational concomitance with other sources.",1,-1,[],[48628]],["Trust in the contextual discourse is born and exists only within the context of a particular media event",1,-1,[],[48628]],["Within the contextual discourse a source is deemed trustworthy only after the source's interests in the story have been reviewed. That is to say: a source is only trustworthy 'under the circumstances'.",1,-1,[],[48628]],["a source is only trustworthy 'under the circumstances'",1,-1,[],[48628]],["requires journalists to re-evaluate potential sources in relation to each new situation",1,-1,[],[48628]],["the contextual discourse is based on the qualities of the source rather than on informational concomitance with other sources",1,-1,[],[48628]]],"sy":[["contextual discourse",1,13090,[],[48628]]],"rt":[["consensual discourse",1,18618,[],[48628]],["pragmatic discourse",1,34149,[],[48628]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust discourses",1,27273,[],[48628]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["known for enhancing content diversity by offering detailed information and showcasing differing perspectives, leading to multi-perspectival framing",1,-1,[],[54880]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["According to this thesis, people who are heavily exposed to TV news coverage become more cynical, have less trust in political institutions and are ultimately less positive about politics.",1,-1,[],[59871]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["video malaise",1,-1,[],[59871]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["misleading statements intended to support (attack) the subject",1,-1,[],[52948]],["positive campaigning promotes a candidate by highlighting their achievements, qualities, or policy successes",1,-1,[],[52948]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["negative misinformation",1,3294,[],[52948]],["positive campaigning",1,18986,[],[52948]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["open secret",1,1947,[],[2320]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["open secret",1,1947,[],[2320]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media trust",1,14276,[],[45391]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the statement that anything constructed could be constructed differently",1,-1,[],[6230]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["measured annually using Google Trend data",1,-1,[],[18198]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conspiracy belief",1,29420,[],[32355]]],"ex":[["I think there are a lot of very important things going on in the world that the public is never informed about",1,-1,[],[61846]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Fake science comprises theories and claims that may appear similar to scientific theories in terms of writing, methodology, and argumentation, but lack empirical confirmation.",1,-1,[],[42761]],["It can be seen as an imitation of science.",1,-1,[],[42761]],["Unlike pseudoscience, fake science employs a reproducible methodology and is based on true claims",1,-1,[],[42761]],["Unlike pseudoscience, fake science employs a reproducible methodology and is based on true claims (May, 2019).",1,-1,[],[42761]],["distorts reality by presenting facts as non-facts and presenting pseudo-evidence as credible evidence",1,-1,[],[42761]],["employs a reproducible methodology and is based on true claims (May, 2019)",1,-1,[],[42761]],["fake science, which distorts reality by presenting facts as non-facts and presenting pseudo-evidence as credible evidence.",1,-1,[],[42761]],["specialist conferences, institutes, and purported experts whose publications and websites are characterized by the same patterns that are also used within \"serious\" science: they quote each other, use complicated technical terms, and list their merits.",1,-1,[],[52554]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["pseudoscience",1,14895,[],[42761]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The metaphors used in these automythologies were: having a new life, having been lucky, and having a fire burning inside.",1,-1,[],[42994]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["quest narrative",1,4000,[["quest narrative",1],["quest narratives",1]],[42994]]],"ex":[["I felt something being lit inside me by that fire.",1,-1,[],[42994]],["I have had a guardian angel",1,-1,[],[42994]],["Reborn. Alva Ivarsson is convinced that everything has a meaning. \"For me the accident meant that I had to learn to listen to myself and I found a new Alva. This is my second life!\"",1,-1,[],[42994]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Tracking is not a problem specific to voluntary transfer programs, but is, in fact, an issue that still plagues many schools across the country.",1,-1,[],[33434]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["segregation",1,24590,[],[33434]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["segregation",1,24590,[],[33434]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["thinking disposition",1,-1,[],[19659]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["changes in audience attitudes are influenced by a variety of factors, including characteristics of the communicator, characteristics of the content of the message, persuasive methods and techniques, as well as audience attributes, which the researchers categorized into four categories : communicator factors, communication channel factors, message factors and receiver factors (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953).",1,-1,[],[40842]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["metadata-based",1,-1,[],[32316]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["higher-level stylistic categories inspired by prior linguistic research",1,-1,[],[58209]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["It is marked by strong ideological projection. Through symbolism of militarization and moral stigmatization, it reinforces the hostile discourse environment surrounding China's soft power projection.",1,-1,[],[53237]],["These narratives, which, for example, victimise female ISIS members have far-reaching implications pertaining to access to rehabilitation and citizenship withdrawal.",1,-1,[],[21689]],["narrative analysis indicated why some states choose (not) to repatriate by uncovering the racialised and gendered narratives of foreign fighters",1,-1,[],[21689]],["storylike and structured into a narrative 'that includes setting the stage, establishing a plot, casting characters (heroes, victims, villains), and specify[ing] a moral'",1,-1,[],[21689]],["the national 'threat narratives' of foreign fighters are assessed with a narrative analysis informed by an intersectional gender perspective. The intersectional gender perspective is crucial to examine how intersecting markers of identity, including gender, racial, religious, or classist dynamics are instrumentalised to frame foreign fighters as, for example, threatening",1,-1,[],[21689]],["undermine efforts to counter violent extremism",1,-1,[],[21689]],["wherein the presence of refugees is portrayed as a menacing factor to national stability, inciting demands for resolute government intervention.",1,-1,[],[31689]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["online nationalism",1,10081,[],[31689]],["othering",1,13537,[],[21688]],["racialised dynamics",1,-1,[],[21688]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the sentence directly characterizes the panda as a \"hostile presence\"",1,-1,[],[53237]],["victimise female ISIS members",1,-1,[],[21689]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["NELA contains 130 features categorized into six groups: (i) writing style and complexity, (ii) sentiment and emotion, (iii) LIWC psychology, (iv) topic specific, (v) bias, and (vi) morality.",1,-1,[],[20153]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["LIWC psychology",1,-1,[],[20153]],["bias",1,30859,[],[20153]],["morality",1,10813,[],[20153]],["sentiment and emotion",1,-1,[],[20153]],["topic specific",1,-1,[],[20153]],["writing style and complexity",1,-1,[],[20153]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Advocates of social unionism typically argue that unions have an important political role to play in organizing, educating, and mobilizing working-class people around issues that transcend the workplace.",1,-1,[],[33267]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["edited retweets sent",1,-1,[],[4033]],["unedited retweets sent",1,2103,[],[4033]]],"sp":[["@mentions sent",1,-1,[],[4033]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Instead, our clusters are all in-built online communities and have a unique online label as their ID.",1,-1,[],[26446]],["This clustering process enables us to discern patterns and connections among terms, offering a clearer understanding of how these keywords interact and contribute to the overall narrative.",1,-1,[],[48248]],["a cluster is characterized by a degree of flexibility, distinguishing it from more rigidly defined topics. Clusters can encompass a broader range of related concepts, allowing for a more nuanced exploration of themes that emerge from the articles.",1,-1,[],[48248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":33,"df":[],"de":[["As the ratio of dissonant to consonant cognitions and the importance of dissonant elements increase, individuals experience greater cognitive dissonance and greater motivation to reduce it.",1,-1,[],[41909]],["People are motivated to reduce dissonance by seeking out reinforcing information and avoiding challenging points of view.",1,-1,[],[11295]],["People naturally seek consistent information (Spohr, 2017); reticence to correct false information may stem from dissonance, driven by the human tendency to seek information that aligns with preexisting beliefs..",1,-1,[],[33338]],["humans are often sensitive to a dissonance between behavior and beliefs and compel individuals to seek solutions to resolve the dissonance",1,-1,[],[27160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["consistency",1,346,[],[14227]],["consistency theories",1,-1,[],[44962]],["psychology",1,-1,[],[25770]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive consistency theories",1,29226,[],[41909]],["theories",1,13830,[],[25770]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Also, it humanizes peoples' responses to the problem and reveals the value embedded in the collective response to a painful incident such as a mass shooting.",1,-1,[],[40947]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["represent people that, to the best of our knowledge, do not exist",1,-1,[],[54585]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Followers of QAnon assert that a secretive group of Satanic, cannibalistic individuals engaged in global child sex trafficking conspired against Donald Trump.",1,-1,[],[24940]],["QAnon followers tend to use violent rhetoric on Twitter",1,-1,[],[10797]],["QAnon is a conspiracy theory umbrella that encompasses a wide spectrum of people, including Trump supporters, COVID-19 deniers, and anti-vaxxers.",1,-1,[],[10797]],["conspiracy theories like QAnon",1,-1,[],[12676]],["has frequently been touted as an example of how social media can encourage conspiracy beliefs",1,-1,[],[771]],["represents a perverted form of IL, weaponising the same values and principles that inform existing IL frameworks and models",1,-1,[],[30398]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["#civilwar",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#obamagate",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#pizzagate",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#projectveritas",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#taketheoath",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#thegreatawakening",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#wwg1wga",1,-1,[],[24940]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["conspiracy theory",1,1403,[],[10797]],["online conspiracy theory",1,16361,[],[30398]]],"ex":[["#civilwar",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#obamagate",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#pizzagate",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#projectveritas",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#taketheoath",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#thegreatawakening",1,-1,[],[24940]],["#wwg1wga",1,-1,[],[24940]],["Q revealed secret directives to expose and indict a global cabal of political and cultural elites engaged in pedophilia, child trafficking, organ harvesting, and Satanic worship, which had operated with impunity under the Obama administration.",1,-1,[],[16046]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The journalistic duty to explain entails an obligation to provide the information that would best help citizens achieve these three kinds of understanding about newsworthy issues.",1,-1,[],[28486]],["They can thus be seen as second-order duties, since their content and implications largely depend on the first-order duty to set a deliberative agenda, for whose realization they are instrumental.",1,-1,[],[28486]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["duty to promote public reasoning",1,31718,[],[28486]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["deliberative journalism",1,19668,[],[28486]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Algorithms allow online platforms to customize content for users, potentially excluding certain information or opinions that may not align with their interests, such as displeasing advertisers or lacking user engagement.",1,-1,[],[52602]],["One of the key aspects of social networking algorithms is their ability to analyze user behavior and preferences.",1,-1,[],[31926]],["Social media algorithms significantly affect users by providing opportunities to reach wider audiences and establish their brand.",1,-1,[],[52602]],["These algorithms can also prioritize certain content by determining when it appears on a feed or in what sequence.",1,-1,[],[52602]],["These algorithms continuously develop and rely on factors like your past actions and the behavior of accounts you interact with",1,-1,[],[52602]],["These platforms employ algorithms to carry out tasks typically handled by news editors, such as determining the significance of news stories and their distribution.",1,-1,[],[52602]],["These social media algorithms function on user personalization",1,-1,[],[183]],["They aim to improve user experience by prioritizing relevant and engaging content.",1,-1,[],[52602]],["they also present challenges by making it difficult for some users to gain visibility and compete with more prominent accounts",1,-1,[],[52602]]],"sy":[["social networking algorithms",1,-1,[],[31926]]],"rt":[["filter bubble",1,6507,[],[37287]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the dog-whistle metaphor has drifted from its original referent to signify coded exclusionary language in general, not just exclusionary language imperceptible to anyone but its intended audience.",1,-1,[],[41301]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conspiracy belief",1,29420,[],[32366]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The concept consists of declaring a person's religious 'belief' (iman) as impure, accusing them of 'unbelief' kāfir.",1,-1,[],[27560]],["The implications stemming from the devout use of the concept arise from its ideological and historical dynamic.",1,-1,[],[27560]],["The issue with the free practice of takfīr lies solely with its abuse being the object of conscious subjectivism, rendering it an extremely dangerous weapon in the hands of those who are attached fanatically to their own sect.",1,-1,[],[27560]],["a convoluted subject whose pronouncement requires a carefull aaplication of appropriate principles of the different levels [maratib] of Islamic jurisprudence [usul al-Fiqh], an adept understanding of Islamic legal criterion [al-dalil al-shar'i] and a carefully reviewed evidence [dalil].",1,-1,[],[27560]],["is's view stipulates that a person deprived of their iman has committed a major sin, the punishment of which is lawful murder.",1,-1,[],[27560]]],"sy":[["excommunication",1,-1,[],[27560]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Esse processo de esvaziamento/universalização sustenta a perspectiva de hegemonia",1,-1,[],[57205]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["antagonismo",1,10299,[],[57205]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Regulation to protect media plurality evolved during the twentieth century due to concern about newspapers and broadcasting",1,-1,[],[53200]],["the existing, agreed public policy objective of maintaining media plurality",1,-1,[],[53200]]],"sy":[["diversity",1,22741,[],[53200]],["plurality",1,32978,[],[53200]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The Cato Institute, the Institute for Humane Studies, the Alabama-based Ludwig von Mises Institute, and the Competitive Enterprise Institute, all tax-exempt organizations, offer examples of policy-processing think tanks.",1,-1,[],[2237]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Or, to put it in another way, it is there to restore China to its rightful position of pre-eminence.",1,-1,[],[18357]]],"sy":[["century-old dream of Chinese people",1,-1,[],[18357]]],"rt":[["China ream",1,-1,[],[18357]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["such a mix will seek to balance between market concerns measured by clicks and values of providing content serving the public",1,-1,[],[5243]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a public service provider's front page will thus have a different mix than a tabloid newspaper, the latter typically featuring more stories on entertainment and gossip",1,-1,[],[5243]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Reactive protections can (1) provide recourse or compensation to groups when invasive classifications are detected or (2) correct classification systems that subject groups to disproportionate adverse impact (e.g. targeted risk profiling).",1,-1,[],[1082]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Countdown Timer",1,3422,[],[9627]],["Limited-Time Message",1,29237,[],[9627]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["As a form of justice it oversees the process whereby societies, based on their moral obligation and responsibility, allows human development to such an extent that people are enabled to make their own choices in order to fulfill their human well-being.",1,-1,[],[20419]],["The modes of injustice as disablement include oppression and domination, preventing people from becoming fully who they are and preventing them access to the necessary material means needed to achieve their human well-being.",1,-1,[],[20419]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Sen's capability approach",1,-1,[],[20419]],["contributive and distributive justice",1,8658,[],[20419]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective turnout",1,22241,[],[6739]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Argument mining",1,9379,[],[59584]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["fictional immersion",1,-1,[],[36874]],["imaginative immersion",1,-1,[],[36874]],["narrative immersion",1,-1,[],[36874]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["is part of our cultural heritage.",1,-1,[],[52348]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["discrimination against those diagnosed as mentally ill",1,-1,[],[19416]]],"rt":[["epistemic injustice",1,20171,[],[19416]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["epistemic injustice",1,20171,[],[19416]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The category of Offensive is subdivided into (1) Attack Individuals and (2) Attack Groups according to what is targeted/attacked in the content",1,-1,[],[23865]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Offensive",1,10180,[],[23865]],["Offensive language",1,31626,[],[23865]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Such media, however, are known for giving editorial directions to their employees and publishing propaganda for the party or entity that owns them.",1,-1,[],[33523]],["partisan in that print media were mainly controlled by political parties",1,-1,[],[33523]],["promoting their minister's agenda",1,-1,[],[25175]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["governmentalist",1,-1,[],[38570]],["populist",1,371,[],[38570]],["private",1,-1,[],[33523]],["public",1,13463,[],[33523]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing",1,22777,[],[38570]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["van journalistieke oorsprong",1,-1,[],[19956]],["van niet-journalistieke oorsprong",1,-1,[],[19956]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["gerecycleerde informatie van andere nieuwsmedia",1,-1,[],[19956]],["nieuwsagentschappen",1,-1,[],[19956]],["persberichten",1,-1,[],[19956]],["sociale media",1,-1,[],[19956]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The statement acknowledges that there exist situations in which the dissemination of visual representations of persons, even in the absence of their explicit authorization, may be deemed legitimate on the grounds of serving the common good (Steam, 2013;Deibert, 2019).",1,-1,[],[36188]],["the dissemination of visual representations of persons, even in the absence of their explicit authorization, may be deemed legitimate on the grounds of serving the common good",1,-1,[],[36188]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["attitudinal polarization could result from the desire for positive self-perception and self-representation within a group.",1,-1,[],[28599]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective polarization",1,15569,[],[2824]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["dynamic polarization",1,27084,[],[28599]],["polarization",1,21850,[],[28599]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["inferability",1,7002,[],[55531]],["visibility",1,15513,[],[55531]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["outlets regularly instead adopt the 'insider jargon' style of news coverage (Trexler 2025).",1,-1,[],[61715]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["preemptive interventions",1,24158,[],[42279]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["interactive",1,67,[],[1948]]],"sb":[["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[16380]],["audience pronouns",1,21743,[],[16380]],["boosters",1,15862,[],[16380]],["directives",1,8393,[],[16380]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[16380]],["personal asides",1,7352,[],[16380]],["questions",1,8040,[],[16380]],["self-mentions",1,27269,[],[16380]],["shared knowledge",1,2749,[],[16380]]],"sp":[["metadiscourse",1,4455,[],[1948]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["assume, in many cases, that the coverage generated from the country's capital (quintile I) and the so-called \"national media\" correctly represents what is happening at the national level",1,-1,[],[42922]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hard-wired bias",1,10206,[],[9973]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["in hybrid models that went beyond mere logistical changes",1,-1,[],[40457]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Estima social",1,32208,[],[15159]],["Sanción Social",1,4683,[],[15159]]],"sp":[["juicio",1,29910,[],[15159]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["gossips",1,15638,[],[52311]],["rumors",1,17712,[],[52311]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["citizens were encouraged to monitor people who were noisy, in a social reporting way",1,-1,[],[14868]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the images in our minds",1,-1,[],[39328]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Web contents",1,-1,[],[32072]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["codes of practice and editorial guidelines are operated as prior self-restraint",1,-1,[],[41991]],["content which is deemed to fall foul of the editorial standards never sees the light of day",1,-1,[],[41991]]],"sy":[["codes of practice",1,-1,[],[41991]],["editorial guidelines",1,-1,[],[41991]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It seeks to affirm that foreign news selection in Ghana has something to do with economic and political relationships; political ideology and social structure as well as several elements in the micro-and meso-levels which are consciously and inadvertently influenced by these vast and complex historical relationships.",1,-1,[],[60085]],["Postcolonial theory provides a historical and international depth to the understanding of cultural power. It studies issues of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality, that are of concern to contemporary critical scholarship by situating these phenomena within geopolitical arrangements, and relations of nations and their inter/national histories.",1,-1,[],[60085]],["Thus, this ideological function is considered an overarching element in the theoretical framework which actually explains the superstructure of power and its dynamics when it comes to foreign news.",1,-1,[],[60085]],["postcolonial studies as an interdisciplinary field that theorises the problematics of colonisation and decolonisation.",1,-1,[],[60085]]],"sy":[["postcolonial studies",1,-1,[],[60085]]],"rt":[["critical scholarship",1,-1,[],[60085]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["class",1,-1,[],[60085]],["diaspora",1,-1,[],[60085]],["difference",1,-1,[],[60085]],["dispossession",1,-1,[],[60085]],["ethnicity",1,-1,[],[60085]],["gender",1,-1,[],[60085]],["hybridity",1,-1,[],[60085]],["migration",1,-1,[],[60085]],["mimicry",1,-1,[],[60085]],["otherness",1,-1,[],[60085]],["place",1,-1,[],[60085]],["race",1,-1,[],[60085]],["representation",1,-1,[],[60085]],["resistance",1,-1,[],[60085]],["settlement",1,-1,[],[60085]],["sexuality",1,-1,[],[60085]],["slavery",1,-1,[],[60085]],["subaltern",1,-1,[],[60085]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["spreading confusion",1,-1,[],[17581]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["which can be heightened by 'frequent priming' or 'repetitive framing'",1,-1,[],[2366]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["frequent priming",1,-1,[],[2366]],["repetitive framing",1,-1,[],[2366]],["situational accessibility",1,-1,[],[5884]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Group membership accessibility",1,-1,[],[5884]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["reliability",1,18134,[],[5627]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["supports both inductive and deductive coding, which allows combining theoretically informed categories with emergent topics in the data",1,-1,[],[31233]],["where, for example, a government presented as \"resisting the protesters\" is seen as \"good\" and a government presented as \"threatening the students\" is interpreted as \"evil\"",1,-1,[],[31896]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["thematic content analysis",1,457,[],[31233]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gender prominence",1,33670,[],[42885]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Epistemic egocentrism leads people to ( 1) look inward to examine their own thoughts and inner states such as emotions, preexisting judgments, and perceptions, (2) (incorrectly) believe they fully understand the roots of their inner states, but (3) assume that other people's introspections are largely unreliable.",1,-1,[],[41921]],["This tendency means that people have a hard time adopting viewpoints that are not their own and struggle to process and understand counterattitudinal information, such as corrective information",1,-1,[],[41921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Choice blindness",1,21884,[],[41921]]],"sb":[["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[41921]]],"sp":[["cognitive fallacies",1,26168,[],[41921]],["perspective-taking failure",1,-1,[],[41921]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["lowers thresholds for violence and legitimizes social or physical harm",1,-1,[],[33998]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["The agenda, whether a media agenda or a public agenda, is a hierarchy because the included topics do not all bear the same weight.",1,-1,[],[41719]],["The agenda, whether a media agenda or a public agenda, is a hierarchy because the included topics do not all bear the same weight. Some receive considerable attention, others much less.",1,-1,[],[41719]],["is more important than forming a specific opinion on the topic",1,-1,[],[28102]],["the media impose topics for reflection on the audience",1,-1,[],[28102]],["the media impose topics for reflection on the audience, and the list of these topics for discussion, the so-called agenda is more important than forming a specific opinion on the topic.",1,-1,[],[28102]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Fake news is predominantly constructed as deriving from nefarious and dangerous foreigners.",1,-1,[],[49805]],["Through a logic of exteriorisation, fake news is associated with a foreign and malevolent 'them,' standing in contrast to a domestic and benign 'us.'",1,-1,[],[49805]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Danish politics implicitly becomes associated with 'real' or 'good' news, while foreign actors become connected to 'fake' and 'bad' news.",1,-1,[],[49805]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By combining insights from critical discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, this approach looks at how discourse not only reflects but also constructs social reality (van Dijk, 2008).",1,-1,[],[31823]],["CDA researchers investigate on identifying any linguistic or semiotic indication which underlies the construction framed in a particular discourse",1,-1,[],[54165]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive linguistics",1,34493,[],[31823]],["critical discourse analysis",1,23921,[],[31823]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Transvestite-a term now considered derogatory in modern social contexts (barring reclamation by the community) but included in the study due to its common use in older news articles",1,-1,[],[35465]]],"sy":[["Trans Man",1,-1,[],[35465]],["Trans Woman",1,-1,[],[35465]],["Transgender",1,30,[],[35465]],["Transsexual",1,-1,[],[35465]],["Transvestite",1,18760,[],[35465]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["endemic nationalism",1,-1,[],[4681]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the term positivity is computed as the inverse of the duration between the first event post and the first time an event-relevant post ratio reaches a threshold 𝛿. In this study we set the threshold at 0.50, indicating that the number of event posts exceeds the number of routine posts.",1,-1,[],[58623]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["good news",1,13766,[],[22873]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["stories about medical breakthroughs",1,-1,[],[22873]],["stories that foreground the positive role of Aboriginal health workers",1,-1,[],[22873]],["successful programs",1,-1,[],[22873]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Science journalism",1,13779,[],[41892]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["correlation neglect",1,5660,[],[25165]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["biased",1,2320,[],[25165]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cosmopolitan society",1,-1,[],[60632]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["When the consumer reads the message, the information guard will evaluate it as either trustworthy or untrustworthy.",1,-1,[],[32562]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["data driven and shaped by data science epistemic practices but also differed from the traditional journalistic gut feeling",1,-1,[],[5244]],["struggled to incorporate softer and less numerical values when using their gut feeling to evaluate what the models did.",1,-1,[],[5244]],["tensions also engender new algorithmic gut feelings for ethics.",1,-1,[],[5244]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["data science doxa",1,-1,[],[5244]],["journalistic doxa",1,2226,[],[5244]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This applies to the use of speech or other expressive conduct that causes or is likely to cause a police officer to start or continue an investigation unnecessarily; acts of violence or public disturbances perpetrated by those engaged in, incited by, or reacting to the words or conduct; or more generalized social unrest, damage to property, and breakdown in law and order.",1,-1,[],[18713]],["law in this cluster generally places a higher threshold for successful prosecution than does group defamation law ( sensu stricto ) or incitement to hatred law since it requires that speech or other expressive conduct must constitute a threat to public order.",1,-1,[],[18713]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["breach of the peace",1,-1,[],[18713]],["danger to public safety",1,-1,[],[18713]],["public mischief",1,9649,[],[18713]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Canada",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Egypt",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Ethiopia",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Every one who, by communicating statements in any public place, incites hatred against any identifiable group where such incitement is likely to lead to a breach of the peace is guilty of [an offense].",1,-1,[],[18713]],["France",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Germany",1,-1,[],[18713]],["India",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Malaysia",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Singapore",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Turkey",1,-1,[],[18713]],["Venezuela",1,-1,[],[18713]],["requiring that a statements is both libelous and tends to raise disorder or unrest among the people",1,-1,[],[18713]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["This type of bias manifests as derogatory language aimed at demeaning specific groups.",1,-1,[],[23593]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Stereotyping",1,16534,[],[23593]],["Under-representation",1,11903,[],[23593]],["gender bias",1,27773,[],[42875]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["online hate",1,27246,[],[36280]],["representation bias",1,28344,[],[12303]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["journalists need to visualise events as part of a larger storyline and must move the plot along from one episode to the next.",1,-1,[],[56797]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["pós-política",1,-1,[],[57215]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["crise da democracia",1,-1,[],[57215]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["jailbreak techniques",1,-1,[],[32168]]],"ex":[["Incentive: \"Best LLM Award\" prize",1,-1,[],[32168]],["Incentive: \"Master of AI assistance\" recognition",1,-1,[],[32168]],["Incentive: \"Ultimate LLM Award\" prize",1,-1,[],[32168]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["communication counter-narrative",1,-1,[],[53650]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Bei der Konzeption von Richtigstellungen stellt im Vergleich zu Fehlinformationen Neutralität ein hohes Gut dar.",1,-1,[],[934]],["In der Praxis führt dieses Gebot zur Gestaltung nüchterner und komplexer Botschaften anstelle einer leichtverständlichen Geschichte, in welcher der Irrglaube aufgeklärt wird",1,-1,[],[934]],["Richtigstellungen (2) ebenso einfach zu verstehen sind wie die Fehlinformation selbst",1,-1,[],[934]],["Richtigstellungen (3) die richtiggestellte Erklärung visuell unterstützen (z. B. durch Grafiken)",1,-1,[],[934]],["beinhalten Richtigstellungen in der Regel keine kulturellen Bezüge bzw. identitätsstiftenden Elemente",1,-1,[],[934]],["schließlich versuchen Richtigstellungen neutral und objektiv zu informieren",1,-1,[],[934]],["zumeist rein textbasiert",1,-1,[],[934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["factual elaboration",1,13247,[],[934]],["simple rebuttal",1,8645,[],[934]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Maximum balance is achieved when both classes (violent and nonviolent) contain an equal number of examples for each gender. In contrast, maximum disparity occurs when one gender is entirely absent from one of the classes.",1,-1,[],[34176]],["measurements computed for statistical parity and representation parity",1,-1,[],[34176]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["statistical parity",1,13712,[],[34176]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Climate justice has become a major outlet for the EJ discourse around climate negotiations, as it helps to frame the inequity between north and south, developed and developing nations, major emitters and those most vulnerable to climate change",1,-1,[],[7648]],["It also highlights the dominant political-economic structures, which reduce resilience and recovery; the lack of acknowledgment when it comes to political decision-making; and the human rights of climate-displaced people.",1,-1,[],[42088]],["It focuses on large polluters' accountability, human rights violations, and development approaches for affected nations.",1,-1,[],[42088]],["Over time, the concept has been expanded to include multiple dimensions-distributive, procedural, recognitional, restorative, and intergenerational justice (Sultana, 2022)-and has become central to both academic debates and popular mobilizations.",1,-1,[],[37024]],["This principle entails that the countries that have historically been the most significant emitters of greenhouse gases (i.e., the more developed countries) bear the responsibility to provide compensation to the less developed countries for the damage caused by climate change resulting, at least in part, from these emissions",1,-1,[],[42088]],["a justice framework seeks to raise awareness of certain communities' vulnerability, ensuring that compensation does not perpetuate the victim-threat dichotomy.",1,-1,[],[42088]],["climate justice activists are focused on the impacts and vulnerabilities of communities to climate change as well as on ways that just adaptation policies can address both human and nonhuman elements in those communities.",1,-1,[],[7648]],["climate justice has become a dominant thread of the EJM that interweaves many subthemes (40,62,(66)(67)(68",1,-1,[],[7648]],["highlighting human rights, global implications, and a focus on humans rather than animals or the natural environment",1,-1,[],[13668]],["the concept has been expanded to include multiple dimensions-distributive, procedural, recognitional, restorative, and intergenerational justice (Sultana, 2022)",1,-1,[],[37024]],["which encompasses current and future generations (intergenerational justice) (Chapman, Fraser, and Dennis 2019;Hughes and Hoffmann 2020) and takes account of any disproportionate impacts on poor communities, especially in the Global South (McCauley and Heffron 2018;Newell and Mulvaney 2013).",1,-1,[],[3718]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["human rights",2,15074,[],[13668,42088]],["climate justice",1,29972,[],[42088]],["environmental degradation",1,-1,[],[37024]],["global equality",1,-1,[],[13668]],["historical responsibility",1,32162,[],[13668]],["mobility justice",1,32077,[],[37024]],["politics of movement",1,-1,[],[37024]],["rights of migrants or refugees",1,-1,[],[42088]],["social inequality",1,-1,[],[37024]],["social justice issues",1,-1,[],[42088]]],"sb":[["intergenerational justice",1,-1,[],[3718]]],"sp":[["EJ",1,32568,[],[7648]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["appearance",1,18302,[],[21972]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake",1,26274,[],[21972]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a process that 'does not \"reflect\" or reveal authority or \"Truth\", but rather helps manufacture it'",1,-1,[],[59730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Truth",1,9596,[],[59730]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In Poland, political representatives exercise power on the basis of a free mandate",1,-1,[],[26925]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The trawna approach understands cultural practices as a means to inscribe trawnatic events within individual or collective memory in order to fight against forgetting, and aid the therapeutic process of coping with the destructive mental and material effects of disaster.",1,-1,[],[16873]],["the trauma approach views the function of aesthetic practices as a commemoration of disaster.",1,-1,[],[16873]]],"sy":[["trauma approach",1,7282,[],[16873]]],"rt":[["interpretative model",1,-1,[],[16873]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["reader-emotion",1,10371,[],[61544]],["writer-emotion",1,734,[],[61544]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The ethics of the professional journalist actually are both personal and social, given their place within an occupational group with a public commitment to the responsible pursuit of the truth.",1,-1,[],[4159]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["striptease culture",1,-1,[],[9006]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["turning imagined publics into continuously measured and optimised data points",1,-1,[],[46001]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Internet governance is decentralized and split into four types of institutions that attempt to regulate cyberspace: state regulatory institutions, companies and trade organizations such as the so-called tech giants, non-profit organizations such as ICANN or the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and \"grassroots bodies\"",1,-1,[],[35169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["companies and trade organizations",1,-1,[],[35169]],["non-profit organizations",1,-1,[],[35169]],["state regulatory institutions",1,-1,[],[35169]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Internet governance",1,-1,[],[35169]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["the story itself",1,-1,[],[51913]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["TPR-GAP",1,936,[],[11456]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["the articles embedded in a topic focused on personal details about an individual with disabilities, or that the article/text was written by an individual disabled person.",1,-1,[],[52589]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["an individual's struggle to find work",1,-1,[],[49216]],["household expenditures",1,-1,[],[49216]],["personal debts",1,-1,[],[49216]],["the grocery/gas budget of a single family",1,-1,[],[49216]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["coherence",1,12736,[],[11559]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Global Coherence",1,23745,[],[11559]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This typically includes support for conservative economic policies, such as lower taxes and limited government intervention in the economy, as well as social conservatism, such as opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage",1,-1,[],[784]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["pertenecen al tercer nivel de interacción, la creativa",1,-1,[],[13321]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The facilitative role draws on an understanding that the journalist is responsible to society and 'perhaps contributes to the public's decision making in a crisis'.",1,-1,[],[35592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["collaborative role",1,26757,[],[60337]],["monitorial role",1,4644,[],[60337]],["radical role",1,12032,[],[60337]]],"sb":[["storyteller role",1,10196,[],[35592]]],"sp":[["core-normative roles",1,-1,[],[60337]],["normative roles",1,3881,[],[60337]],["normative/critical approach",1,16766,[],[60337]]],"ex":[["when journalists operate in a storyteller role when mitigating coverage of 'dangerous actors'",1,-1,[["when journalists operate in a storyteller role when mitigating coverage of 'dangerous actors'",1],["when journalists operate in a storyteller role when mitigating coverage of 'dangerous actors'.",1]],[35592]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["satire",1,9893,[],[17160]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["left-liberal",1,-1,[],[42225]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["provides a flexible framework to explain the varying presence of advocacy in journalism by accommodating the constantly changing contextual influences that can influence journalism production and the diversity of the individual practitioners engaged in that process.",1,-1,[],[9251]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["As Hernri van Lier (1983) states about the photographic image, these \"show also the connotations, that means, the spiritual states, the social and epistemological prejudices of whom has taken the photograph or to whom it is aimed.\"",1,-1,[],[49245]],["these \"show also the connotations, that means, the spiritual states, the social and epistemological prejudices of whom has taken the photograph or to whom it is aimed.\"",1,-1,[],[49245]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["denoted",1,31153,[],[49245]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]}]