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Thus, it is neither a violation, which would invite deception, nor a flout, which would invite an implicature.",1,-1,[],[49315]],["resides in opting out of this maxim",1,-1,[],[49315]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["first maxim of Quality",1,-1,[],[49315]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["humour types",1,-1,[],[49315]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["definition/conflict phase",1,12354,[],[23783]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Parrësia could be seen as precisely a form of self-constitution in this way because, in committing to the truth and freely assuming the risks involved, the individual formed a new relationship to himself: 'parrësia is a way of opening up this risk linked to truth-telling by, as it were, constituting oneself as a partner of oneself when one speaks, by binding oneself to the statement of the truth and to the act of stating the truth.'",1,-1,[],[10576]],["True discourse, or parrësia, is therefore precisely the problem of government: if democracies are to be governed well, if democratic decision-making is to be guided effectively, then it must be exposed to the ordeal of truth, to an ethical principle which is always different to it, and which is at times in an antagonistic relationship with the democratic will.",1,-1,[],[10576]],["a political activity -it intervenes in political affairs, often staging an agonistic confrontation not only with the singular will of the tyrant, but with the democratic will of the people",1,-1,[],[10576]],["is therefore precisely the problem of government: if democracies are to be governed well, if democratic decision-making is to be guided effectively, then it must be exposed to the ordeal of truth, to an ethical principle which is always different to it, and which is at times in an antagonistic relationship with the democratic will.",1,-1,[],[10576]],["parrësia is a form of action, of truth as action, which has the potential to disrupt and change an existing situation.",1,-1,[],[10576]],["parrësia might be considered a form of careful speech, not only in its commitment to truth -for which one is prepared to stake one's lifebut also in its concern for the integrity of the self.",1,-1,[],[10576]]],"sy":[["True discourse",1,-1,[],[10576]],["frank speech",1,-1,[],[10576]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Basically, they are synonymous with notification and entertainment, because actual events are the basis of the core content of satire; it is only false in form and not in content.",1,-1,[],[54805]],["In satirical news, it is clear to the readers that the reported events are fictitious.",1,-1,[],[52917]],["They are characterized by humor, irony and absurdity and they can mimic genuine news",1,-1,[],[7114]],["They are characterized by humor, irony and absurdity and they can mimic genuine news [55].",1,-1,[],[7114]],["can intentionally create a false belief in the readers' minds, per classical definitions of deception (Buller & Burgoon, 1996;Zhou, Burgoon, Nunamaker, & Twitchell, 2004).",1,-1,[],[12375]],["identifying satirical news pieces can aid in minimizing the potential deceptive impact of satirical news",1,-1,[],[12375]],["may mislead readers who are unaware of the satirical nature of news, or lacking in the contextual or cultural background to interpret the fake as such.",1,-1,[],[12375]],["similarly to hoaxes they can be harmful when shared out of context [8,54]. They are characterized by humor, irony and absurdity and they can mimic genuine news [55]",1,-1,[],[7114]]],"sy":[["entertainment",1,26702,[],[54805]],["notification",1,-1,[],[54805]],["satire",1,9893,[],[7114]]],"rt":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[7114]],["false news",1,34005,[],[7114]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[52917]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The directionality of a document is determined by its deep argumentative structure, rather than a shallow analysis of its adjectives.",1,-1,[],[24385]],["is the author in favor of, neutral, or opposed to the event or item discussed in the document?",1,-1,[],[24385]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["public service recommender systems",1,4453,[],[54588]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["hope-based framing, by focusing on actionable solutions and emphasizing potential positive outcomes, can foster empowerment and information sharing 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government sources and news frames set or favored by the state.",1,-1,[],[13031]],["Such journalism would also report on crises and social problems, but in a way that identifies the causes and possible solutions, so that citizens are not overwhelmed by negative news that suggests their societies are being buried by intractable problems.",1,-1,[],[39999]],["This study uses 'DJ' and considers it an inclusive term, denoting both theory and practice.",1,-1,[],[16899]],["active promotion of particular values, ideas, groups and social change",1,-1,[],[4176]],["as journalists act as 'agents of change' that help the grassroots sectors participate in development initiatives",1,-1,[],[13031]],["denoting both theory and practice",1,-1,[],[16899]],["is much more endorsed among journalists in developing societies and transitional contexts.",1,-1,[],[4176]],["it is 'interventionist, developmental, and educational'",1,-1,[],[59082]],["journalism that focused on grassroots development issues including critical appraisal of policy",1,-1,[],[16899]],["the dominant model in these countries as well as in the low to middle income closed systems, like Vietnam and Cambodia",1,-1,[],[59082]],["the interventionist, the developmental, and the educational",1,-1,[],[16899]],["the media acts a partner of the state in disseminating the government agenda for economic progress",1,-1,[],[59082]],["the practice of purposeful journalism",1,-1,[],[16899]]],"sy":[["DJ",1,-1,[],[16899]],["compliant journalism",1,-1,[],[59082]],["developmental journalism",1,33415,[],[16899]],["government say-so journalism",1,14410,[],[13031]]],"rt":[["peace journalism",2,24292,[],[16899,53949]],["Asian values",1,22131,[],[59082]],["appreciative-cum-solutions journalism",1,-1,[],[16899]],["constructive journalism",1,2387,[],[53949]],["development journalism paradigm",1,24971,[],[59082]],["developmental function",1,31786,[],[16899]],["educational function",1,26868,[],[16899]],["interventionist",1,21381,[],[16899]],["public 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claims.",1,-1,[],[8769]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["This includes a range of purposeful actions, such as government policies or military actions, where the focus is on the conscious choices made by individuals or groups.",1,-1,[],[56079]],["there are narratives that place blame on specific policies, suggesting that tax cuts for the wealthy, deregulation, and austerity measures have been intentionally implemented to benefit the rich at the expense of the poor",1,-1,[],[56079]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Causal Narratives in Politics",1,32612,[],[56079]],["causal narratives",1,15368,[],[56079]],["causal stories",1,30839,[],[56079]]],"ex":[["Economic issues like trade wars also fall under this category, where the narratives often portray nations as strategically engaging in economic maneuvers",1,-1,[],[56079]],["discussions about warfare, where motives are scrutinized to determine if actions were defensive or aggressive",1,-1,[],[56079]],["government policies or military actions",1,-1,[],[56079]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["that allows it to bring content closer to different audiences",1,-1,[],[10792]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The possession here is not physical but conceptual, tied to the subject's relationship with the actions (appearing and commenting) and the surrounding events (rumors of a 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quality, safety, and compliance with high standards. The messages emphasise the work and dedication of experts within the company team, whose passion and precision are dedicated to ensuring the highest quality, larger capacity, and better taste.",1,-1,[],[56272]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["paracrisis",1,1402,[],[56272]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["By softening, we understand a metaconcept representing developments in political journalism that are observed on different levels of investigation, from journalism as a system (macrolevel) down to single media items (microlevel).",1,-1,[],[6169]],["Softening and Americanization share the idea of pooling different concepts and systematizing different characteristics and changes of political communication.",1,-1,[],[6169]],["Softening varies cross-sectionally, that is, between different given units (e.g., between private and public broadcasters), and processually, that is, across time for a given unit (e.g., a public broadcaster before and after private broadcasters have been introduced)",1,-1,[],[6169]],["Softening, when understood as a higher-order concept in journalism, cannot only be detected in media content that journalists produce but also in political journalism itself.",1,-1,[],[6169]],["The higher-order concept of softening put forward in this paper comprises general changes in journalistic political communication on different levels of investigation.",1,-1,[],[6169]],["softening applies to all forms of journalistic coverage",1,-1,[],[6169]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Americanization",1,-1,[],[6169]],["depoliticization",1,27325,[],[6169]],["infotainment",1,9984,[],[6169]],["mediatization",1,10835,[],[6169]],["popularization",1,27685,[],[6169]],["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[6169]],["soft news",1,21047,[],[6169]],["tabloidization",1,16136,[],[6169]]],"sb":[["eroding of boundaries",1,21367,[],[6169]],["hard and soft news (HSN)",1,-1,[],[6169]],["infotainment",1,9984,[],[6169]],["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[6169]],["tabloidization",1,16136,[],[6169]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The underlying problem is that it is possible to take multiple true statements and accidentally produce language that is objectively false in the sense in which most people read it.",1,-1,[],[25248]]],"sy":[["\"incorrect statements\"",1,-1,[["\"incorrect statements\"",1],["incorrect statements",1]],[25248]],["\"lies\"",1,11646,[["\"lies\"",1],["lies",1]],[25248]]],"rt":[["fact-belief discrepancies",1,5379,[],[25248]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["Diversity of news resembles a complex and multi-faceted construct.",1,-1,[],[55613]],["This gives us a user's direct input entropy.",1,-1,[],[16748]],["This includes the affiliations, status positions, and proximity of all actors presented or quoted in a given story or medium.",1,-1,[],[48052]],["on ascale of 0 to 1",1,-1,[],[16748]],["the dispersion of the representation of affiliations and status positions of sources used to create a news product",1,-1,[],[55613]],["too crude for the wide variety of dimensions that exist",1,-1,[],[48052]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity",1,22741,[],[4983]],["source prominence",1,6172,[],[55613]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Diversity of news",2,10746,[["Diversity of news",1],["news diversity",1]],[48052,55613]],["dimensions of diversity",1,26106,[],[16748]],["dimensions of information diversity",1,-1,[],[16748]],["diversity",1,22741,[],[5125]],["information diversity",1,15519,[],[16748]],["media 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communication, what returns for us is the jouissance of llanguage.",1,-1,[],[54797]],["according to Lacan (1999Lacan ( [1975]]: 138), 'Llanguage serves purposes that are altogether different from that of communication'.",1,-1,[],[54797]],["llanguage's 'matrix is the infantile la-la-la, the babbling of children'",1,-1,[],[54797]],["llanguage's 'matrix is the infantile la-la-la, the babbling of children', where, as Guanzini (2024: 9) explains, 'What counts . . . is not the articulation of meanings but the fact that words are pulsating traces, mixtures of voices, sounds, letters, odours, visions, places, and bodily sensations'.",1,-1,[],[54797]],["the strange materiality of language that imparts upon the subject the task of making sense of language, of using it in order to achieve some form of linguistic understanding.",1,-1,[],[54797]],["words are pulsating traces, mixtures of voices, sounds, letters, odours, visions, places, and bodily sensations",1,-1,[],[54797]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["jouissance",1,19995,[],[54797]],["language",1,30740,[],[54797]],["llanguage of hate",1,-1,[],[54797]],["the remainder",1,29639,[],[54797]]],"sb":[["llanguage of hate: where what returns is a libidinal investment in the provocation and perpetuation of hate.",1,-1,[],[54797]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["inimigos do regime",1,-1,[],[44196]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["as it was hard for participants to not outsource certain decisions to group members who must have at least seemed to have a better idea about what was going on",1,-1,[],[25026]],["it was hard for participants to not outsource certain decisions to group members who must have at least seemed to have a better idea about what was going on",1,-1,[],[25026]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["normative social influence",2,19388,[],[25026,60724]],["authority",1,14203,[],[25026]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In comparison to abstract information, using human exemplars giving concrete and/or emotional testimonies is considered to be salient information in news stories.",1,-1,[],[32146]],["The second category is the storytelling perspective. In comparison to abstract information, using human exemplars giving concrete and/or emotional testimonies is considered to be salient information in news stories.",1,-1,[],[32146]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[32146]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Developed by sociologist Mimi Sheller (2018), it addresses how power and inequality shape the governance and control of movement across multiple scales-from the body and city to the nation and planet.",1,-1,[],[37033]],["Emerging from both academic research and activist efforts, mobility justice critiques uneven access to mobility and calls for equitable freedom of movement for all, and especially for marginalized communities affected by systemic violence and exclusion.",1,-1,[],[37033]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["climate justice",1,29972,[],[37033]],["multi-scalar entanglements: bodies with unequal mobility (sexed, raced, gendered, classed, abled, aged, etc.); transport systems (automobility, cycling, transit, micromobility, aeromobility); urban infrastructures. (streets, energy, communication, water, food system); transnational mobility (border regimes, migration, asylum, deportation); and planetary mobility (pollution, waste, CO 2 , emissions, climate loss & damage).",1,-1,[],[37033]]],"sb":[["multi-scalar entanglements: bodies with unequal mobility (sexed, raced, gendered, classed, abled, aged, etc.); transport systems (automobility, cycling, transit, micromobility, aeromobility); urban infrastructures. (streets, energy, communication, water, food system); transnational mobility (border regimes, migration, asylum, deportation); and planetary mobility (pollution, waste, CO 2 , emissions, climate loss & damage).",1,-1,[],[37033]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["counter-performances of control",1,33118,[],[42695]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Brand trust can reduce consumers' uncertainty about food security because the consumer knows that brand is worth trusting and thinks that a dependable, safe, and honest consumption scenario is the important link of the brand trust",1,-1,[],[54271]],["Brand trust determines loyalty levels as trust creates exchange relationships that are highly valued (Morgan & Hunt, 1994).",1,-1,[],[54271]],["Brand trust is built upon the relationship between consumer and brand.",1,-1,[],[54271]],["Finally, Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) state that brand trust strongly influences consumers' attitudes and repurchase loyalty.",1,-1,[],[54271]],["Moreover, Liu, Guo, and Lee (2011) argue that brand trust is a crucial factor in customer behaviors before and after a purchase, creating long-term loyalty, and strengthening the relationship between the brand and customers.",1,-1,[],[54271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["brand awareness",1,-1,[],[54271]],["brand identity and personality",1,-1,[],[54271]],["brand image",1,13547,[],[54271]],["competence",1,11733,[],[54271]],["consumer satisfaction",1,-1,[],[54271]],["corporate social responsibility",1,32003,[],[54271]],["knowledge about the company and product",1,-1,[],[54271]],["perceived benefits",1,587,[],[54271]],["perceived value",1,-1,[],[54271]],["product/brand attachment",1,-1,[],[54271]],["reputation",1,5210,[],[54271]],["the country of origin",1,-1,[],[54271]],["the degree of aversion to these 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(自媒体)",1,-1,[],[38973]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["marketing account",1,-1,[],[38973]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["men can also be emotional",1,-1,[],[41048]],["women are emotional",1,-1,[],[41048]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The editorials are significantly marked with deontic modals because of the need to draw the attention of the government to expedient responsibilities on its part to ensure that the country is conducive, aiding the willingness of medical practitioners to remain and practice their profession in the country.",1,-1,[],[33156]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The core theme formulation focuses on processing style (i.e., exclude, include, or order) and asks which people are likely to use which style to process information (Miyamoto 2013, Spencer-Rodgers et al. 2010).",1,-1,[],[19160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Mimic vlogs constitute a small part of a much larger phenomenon of replica content online",1,-1,[],[56168]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cheap fakes",1,32466,[],[56168]],["deep fakes",1,4551,[],[56168]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[56168]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[56168]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[56168]]],"sb":[["mimic vlogs",1,32416,[],[56168]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["cheap fakes",1,-1,[],[56168]],["deep fakes",1,-1,[],[56168]],["deep fakes, cheap fakes, fake news, misinformation and disinformation",1,-1,[],[56168]],["disinformation",1,-1,[],[56168]],["fake news",1,-1,[],[56168]],["misinformation",1,-1,[],[56168]]]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["A higher indirect bias between two words indicates a strong association due to gender.",1,-1,[],[19393]],["If the model displays a significant degree of indirect bias, it could potentially indicate a systemic problem within the training data, suggesting that there may not have been adequate measures in place to counteract or minimize this behavior.",1,-1,[],[20222]],["In other words, if the LM is unbiased on option o, its base rate given o should equal the option-invariant base rate. Therefore, the distance between these two base rates measures the dependence of generation on a certain option o.",1,-1,[],[50726]],["LLMs inadvertently emphasize latent relationships that can lead to biased outcomes based on unprovided but inferred attributes such as gender, race, or age.",1,-1,[],[52351]],["Liu et al. classifies societal bias into direct bias and indirect bias",1,-1,[],[61069]],["The gender subspace g that we have identified allows us to quantify the contribution of g to the similarities between any pair of words.",1,-1,[],[21401]],["The theoretical underpinning of this bias is conditional independence: if the political bias of LM generation is independent of option o, we should have Pr(y = 1|ψ∩o) = Pr(y = 1|ψ).",1,-1,[],[50726]],["imagine completely removing from the embedding both words in gender pairs (as well as words such as beard or uterus that are arguably gender-specific but which cannot be paired). There would still be indirect gender association in that a word that should be gender neutral, such as receptionist, is closer to softball than football",1,-1,[],[21401]],["indirect biases arising from deep learning's modeling of latent variables, which can perpetuate inequalities even in the absence of explicit biased information.",1,-1,[],[52351]],["nullifying indirect bias associations entirely is not necessarily the goal of debiasing, since some of these may result from causal links in the domain.",1,-1,[],[12221]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["direct bias",2,24489,[],[21401,61069]],["indirect gender association",1,-1,[],[21401]],["neutrality",1,3242,[],[20222]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[20222]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["societal bias",1,18936,[],[61069]]],"ex":[["a possible association between football and business resulting from their mutual association with explicitly masculine words",1,-1,[],[12221]],["the fact that the word receptionist is much closer to softball than football may arise from female associations with both receptionist and softball",1,-1,[],[21401]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["linguistic neo-imperialism",1,8599,[],[14366]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["rooted in the superior media resources of the prosecution (which makes the playing field of frame contests uneven)",1,-1,[],[25267]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["alibi za nerad",1,-1,[],[35900]],["kako bi potaknule na čitanje kvalitetnih tekstova",1,-1,[],[35900]],["mamilica iznevjerava načelo korespondencije njezina sadržaja sa sadržajem članka",1,-1,[],[35900]],["mamilice koja ukazuje na posve bezvrijedan sadržaj",1,-1,[],[35900]],["naslovom zavaravaju i nevjerodostojno najavljuju sadržaj",1,-1,[],[35900]],["oblikovanje mamilice kao iskaza između laži i istine, čime gubi obavijesnu funkciju",1,-1,[],[35900]],["ostvarila direktna materijalna korist koja se mjeri brojem klikova, sekundama kroz koje se čitatelj zadržava na članku i utjecajem koji se kasnije prodaje oglašivačima",1,-1,[],[35900]],["senzacionalistička komponenta",1,-1,[],[35900]],["senzacionalistička prezentacija",1,-1,[],[35900]],["senzacionalistički elementi",1,-1,[],[35900]],["u njemu naglašava funkcija privlačenja nauštrb funkcije informiranja",1,-1,[],[35900]]],"sy":[["clickbait",1,6382,[],[35900]],["clikcbait",1,7416,[],[35900]]],"rt":[["bullshit",1,29347,[],[35900]],["prodavanje magle",1,913,[],[35900]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["d'un côté s'affirme une sorte de fondamentalisme laïque plus ou moins scientiste, voire matérialiste, faisant preuve d'une « ignorance crasse » du religieux, et souvent anticlérical par principe (selon la tradition dominante des Lumières françaises, comme si la dimension religieuse de l'être humain pouvait être disqualifiée d'emblée comme irrationnelle ou réactionnaire)",1,-1,[],[25405]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Radio Cadena Española (RCE)",1,-1,[],[49646]],["Radio Nacional de España (RNE)",1,-1,[],[49646]],["Televisión Española (TVE)",1,-1,[],[49646]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["phenomenon called information zombification (Leite & Matos, 2017)",1,-1,[],[50054]],["the quantity and speed of propagation of the messages that are being copied, disseminated, reproduced and amplified is a decisive factor in the digital culture. And this propagation, without any filtering or selection criteria as to the validity of the content, spreads just like a contagious infection",1,-1,[],[50054]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The police discourse is premised on the notion that the police do a vital and difficult job for society, during which, sadly, the use of force is at times necessary.",1,-1,[],[60956]],["premised on the notion that the police do a vital and difficult job for society, during which, sadly, the use of force is at times necessary. The work is dangerous, and police officers on the front line may risk their lives and health. Sometimes, regrettable mishaps and accidents occur that affect the persons being arrested.",1,-1,[],[60956]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["racism discourse",1,7217,[],[60956]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["collective spatially related identities thus repose upon human cognitive attainments introduced onto a more or less common denominator in the course of negotiation processes. (…) identity development must always be seen in connection with the shared history of a society. it is based on a historical inheritance, is embedded in collective memory",1,-1,[],[25497]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Ignoring the post (Tandoc et al., 2019) Inaction towards the information disorder does not allow entry into the network, and it removes the factors of interaction and diffusion. However, it still allows existence in the platform.",1,-1,[],[25934]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[25934]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["Because categorization reflects conceptual distinctions between groups of entities, it, too, requires an auxiliary mechanism to provide access, whether to individual categories or to unique category members.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["By reducing the load on memory and facilitating the efficient storage and retrieval of information, categorization serves as the fundamental cognitive mechanism that simplifies the individual's experience of the environment.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["Categorisation and category formation are central concerns in studies of psychology and cognition",1,-1,[],[49888]],["Categorisations are hence symbolic and material at the same time (Bourdieu 1989).",1,-1,[],[49888]],["How an entity is categorized creates a context or conceptual frame that not only provides information about the entity but also shapes the in-dividual's interaction with it.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["In categorization, journalists assess initial information",1,-1,[],[44387]],["Recognition of resemblance across entities and the subsequent aggregation of like entities into categories lead the individual to discover order in a complex environment.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["categories are disruptive and potentially distorting, as they parcel up the world in ways which may not be absolutely accurate, or completely shared",1,-1,[],[37959]],["flexible and creative and draws nonbinding associations between entities-associations that are based not on a set of predetermined principles but on the simple recognition of similarities that exist across a set of entities.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["the process of categorization is flexible and creative and draws nonbinding associations between entities-associations that are based not on a set of predetermined principles but on the simple recognition of similarities that exist across a set of entities.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["the process of categorization is generally unsystematic but inherently creative in that it need not rely on predetermined definitions but is able to respond to similarity assessments based on immediate context, personal goals, or individual experience.",1,-1,[],[19320]]],"sy":[["concept",1,10044,[],[19320]]],"rt":[["category formation",1,-1,[],[49888]],["classification",1,20310,[],[19320]],["framing strategies",1,33278,[],[35966]],["mechanism for grouping",1,15971,[],[19320]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the historic period known as the English Renaissance (1500-1650) is perceived as fundamentally different from the English Middle Ages even though England in the sixteenth century was, in many respects, quite similar to England in the fifteenth century.",1,-1,[],[19320]],["use of adjectives",1,-1,[],[6264]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Here, we define prevalence as the fraction of tweets containing URLs that are from fake news sites.",1,-1,[],[16557]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["define con mayor exactitud la confusión buscada por el emisor.",1,-1,[],[15991]],["este término define con mayor exactitud la confusión buscada por el emisor.",1,-1,[],[15991]]],"sy":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15991]]],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[15991]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social bots",1,20136,[],[55350]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["meso level",1,3106,[],[913]],["meso level of analysis",1,6074,[],[913]],["micro level",1,2132,[],[913]],["micro level of analysis",1,30390,[],[913]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fairclough's three-dimensional framework",1,33027,[],[58004]],["stance prediction",1,30125,[],[62039]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Beukeboom, Finkenauer, and Wigboldus (2010) argue that using negations (e.g., \"not violent\") could backfire, by making the non-negated quality (e.g., \"violent\") more salient.",1,-1,[],[3861]],["The negation also implies that it unlikely that the person will keep up the good behaviour in the future.",1,-1,[],[3861]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["The clustered position of the IV poles at the corner of the room is a shot that deframes the absence of the onceexisting ward",1,-1,[],[31579]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["media framing of protest movements",1,-1,[],[37534]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Observational documentaries",1,-1,[],[54811]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["reality journalism",1,-1,[],[54811]]],"ex":[["Border Patrol",1,-1,[],[54811]],["Police Ten 7",1,-1,[],[54811]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Direct involvement with violence; the \"but-nothinghappened\" encounters; . . . the impact of the media . . . ; and shared knowledge of family, friends, peers, acquaintances, and co-workers all contribute to assessment of risk and strategies for safety.",1,-1,[],[4408]],["These maps are informed in any number of ways, but especially through everyday contact with people and the media",1,-1,[],[4408]],["These maps are informed in any number of ways, but especially through everyday contact with people and the media (Gordon and Riger 1989;Stanko 1993).",1,-1,[],[4408]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["geographies of fear",1,12323,[],[4408]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The NS \"flapper\" appeared on the ground of perception of a social group of daring girls of the 1920s as inexperienced fledglings",1,-1,[],[38330]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[9657]],["superstition",1,-1,[],[9657]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["framing devices",1,3083,[],[41587]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discursive positioning",1,20248,[],[26483]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["pseudoscience",1,14895,[],[10613]]],"ex":[["Creationism",1,-1,[],[10613]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["manifest in the level of one's closeness, the (absence of) motivation to correct, difficulty or ease in correcting family members, and their respect for elders.",1,-1,[],[33352]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Closeness in relationship",1,-1,[],[33352]],["Familial ties",1,-1,[],[33352]],["Respect for elders",1,-1,[],[33352]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["By construction, such assets are durable, identical, and can be created in unlimited supply.",1,-1,[],[43519]],["Final bet asset values are defined in terms of later official judgments about the facts in question.",1,-1,[],[43519]],["Final bet asset values are defined in terms of later official judgments about the facts in question. By construction, such assets are durable, identical, and can be created in unlimited supply.",1,-1,[],[43519]],["unlike stock markets, in prediction markets, the relevant outcomes extend far beyond future stock prices",1,-1,[],[43519]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["speculative markets",1,2911,[],[43519]],["stock markets",1,-1,[],[43519]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["such as which horse will win a race",1,-1,[],[43519]],["the Democratic Party wins the 2016 US presidential election",1,-1,[],[43519]],["which horse will win a race",1,-1,[],[43519]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["network 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fondamentalisme laïque plus ou moins scientiste, voire matérialiste, faisant preuve d'une « ignorance crasse » du religieux, et souvent anticlérical par principe (selon la tradition dominante des Lumières françaises, comme si la dimension religieuse de l'être humain pouvait être disqualifiée d'emblée comme irrationnelle ou réactionnaire) alors que la modernité européenne, particulièrement en Allemagne, en a fait l'enjeu d'un débat public très animé (notamment autour des querelles sur l'athéisme et le panthéisme) ; de l'autre, s'y oppose de manière antithétique un fondamentalisme religieux déconnecté de la culture lorsqu'elle est dénoncée globalement comme une « culture de mort » ou « dégénérée », au risque d'opposer ou d'identifier le culturel au cultuel (Boko Haram en particulier en a fait sa marque de fabrique en identifiant l'Occident à l'illicite).",1,-1,[],[25407]]],"sy":[["religion sans culture",1,-1,[],[25407]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["The absence of specific questions on explicit media rejection in the data sources used contributes to this limitation.",1,-1,[],[59348]],["media individuals intentionally avoid",1,-1,[],[59348]],["the limited openness of voters to engage with media that are not aligned, and even a growing inclination to reject media that are contrary to their political position (ideological or territorial)",1,-1,[],[59348]],["would prevent further dissonance",1,-1,[],[17876]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Selective Exposure",2,29176,[["Selective Exposure",1],["selective exposure",1]],[54265,59348]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The most common approach today for reporting malicious messages in encrypted messaging systems is message franking [11], [21], [42].",1,-1,[],[57104]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["we conclude with very limited evidence of audience bias.",1,-1,[],[27508]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["out-group 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gaming, a cornerstone of global gaming communities, and essential to the transmission of gaming culture",1],["digital infrastructure that surrounds gaming, a cornerstone of global gaming communities, and essential to the transmission of gaming culture.",1]],[31019]],["gamingadjacent platforms can act as a bridge between more popular platforms and more explicit and egregious closed spaces.",1,-1,[],[31019]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Bigo",2,-1,[],[15340,31019]],["DLive",2,-1,[],[15340,31019]],["Discord",2,-1,[],[15340,31019]],["Steam",2,-1,[],[15340,31019]],["Twitch",2,-1,[],[15340,31019]],["Discord and Steam",1,-1,[],[31019]],["Facebook and Reddit",1,-1,[],[31019]],["Steam, Twitch, and Discord",1,-1,[],[31019]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["e.g. \"Expectant mothers should... \"",1,-1,[],[6544]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["candidate conflicts and campaign drama",1,-1,[],[44062]],["elements of negativity and conflict tend to appeal to a wide audience",1,-1,[],[44059,44060]]],"sy":[["non-policy narratives",1,-1,[],[44062]]],"rt":[["policy discussions",1,-1,[],[44062]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["attacks among candidates",1,-1,[],[44059]],["campaign drama",1,-1,[],[44062]],["candidate attacks",1,-1,[],[44060]],["candidate conflicts",1,-1,[],[44062]],["horse-race coverage",1,-1,[],[44062]],["horserace aspect",1,-1,[],[44059]],["horserace coverage",1,-1,[],[44060]],["scandals",1,-1,[],[44060]],["unusual or controversial events during televised debates",1,-1,[],[44059]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Indicators are, for example, a focus on personal characteristics and on the private lives of politicians.",1,-1,[],[24993]],["focus on politicians' personality and personal background",1,-1,[],[9758]],["privatization as employing visual tools that help depict candidates informally (spontaneous images, casual clothes etc.).",1,-1,[],[9758]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["personalization",1,10101,[],[9758]]],"sb":[["personal characteristics",1,19339,[],[60625]],["personal life",1,17022,[],[60625]]],"sp":[["Personalisation",2,10101,[["Personalisation",1],["personalization",1]],[9758,24993]],["Personalisation of 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elections",1,-1,[],[27277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["social media activity authored by foreign troll farms",1,-1,[],[27277]],["the hacking and public release of private information",1,-1,[],[27277]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["mobilisation of collective emotions, including fear, anxiety, and forms of selective solidarity, shapes hierarchies of deservingness and exclusion.",1,-1,[],[26537]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":21,"df":[],"de":[["It consists of three subsystems that operate interactively: ATTITUDE is concerned with one's personal feelings (emotional reactions, judgements of people and appreciations of objects); ENGAGEMENT considers the positioning of oneself with respect to the opinions of others (heterogloss) and with respect to one's own opinions (monogloss); while GRADUATION addresses how language functions to amplify or diminish the attitude and engagement conveyed by a text.",1,-1,[],[21807]],["The Appraisal framework provides a very rich description of different aspects of evaluation and subjective positioning.",1,-1,[],[24778]],["The theory describes a typology of words that not only covers emotions and opinions but also the manner in which authors engage with their audience and other authors, and how authors modify the strength of opinions expressed.",1,-1,[],[21807]],["The values represent the reliability of agreement over all types of annotations, Attitude only, Engagement only, and Graduation only.",1,-1,[],[21807]],["This process involves three interconnected domains: attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation), engagement (monogloss and heterogloss types), and graduation (force and emphasis).",1,-1,[],[56696]],["cognitive evaluation of a situation",1,-1,[],[59273]],["linguistic theory of Appraisal",1,-1,[],[21807]],["the Cognitive Psychology theory of Appraisal (Scherer et al. 2001), which deals with how emotions are affected by assessment of events",1,-1,[],[21807]],["we thought it was the most appropriate framework to capture how evaluative language is expressed in the data, what types of evaluation are present, and the pragmatic meaning of evaluation in the corpus.",1,-1,[],[22132]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ATTITUDE",2,13566,[["ATTITUDE",1],["Attitude",1]],[21807,22132]],["GRADUATION",2,22620,[["GRADUATION",1],["Graduation",1]],[21807,22132]],["ENGAGEMENT",1,29662,[],[21807]],["Systemic Functional Linguistics",1,30653,[],[21807]]],"sb":[["Attitude",4,13566,[],[21807,22132,24778,46778]],["Engagement",4,29662,[],[21807,22132,24778,46778]],["Graduation",4,22620,[],[21807,22132,24778,46778]],["Affect",2,12652,[],[9860,24778]],["Appreciation",2,28137,[],[9860,24778]],["Judgment",2,10634,[],[9860,24778]],["PROPRIETY",1,34905,[],[21807]],["SATISFACTION",1,23625,[],[21807]],["TENACITY",1,29335,[],[21807]],["attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation)",1,-1,[],[56696]],["emotion",1,22181,[],[21807]],["engagement (monogloss and heterogloss types)",1,-1,[],[56696]],["graduation (force and emphasis)",1,-1,[],[56696]]],"sp":[["appraisal system (AS)",1,5967,[],[56696]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["and are predicated on implicit/explicit argumentative schemes.",1,-1,[],[32413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["journalistic techniques",1,-1,[],[57188]]],"sb":[["nomination",1,4661,[],[43937]],["predication",1,13049,[],[43937]],["strategies of unification and differentiation predicated on arguments of comparison",1,-1,[],[32413]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["catchy headlines, expert sources, and metaphors",1,-1,[],[57188]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this model, governments directly regulate platforms via laws and legislation.",1,-1,[],[21328]]],"sy":[["comprehensive government regulation",1,-1,[],[21328]],["external governance",1,-1,[],[21328]],["statutory regulation",1,-1,[],[21328]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For instance, a VQA model may rely heavily on text patterns without fully considering visual context, resulting in answers that are influenced by biases present in the dataset.",1,-1,[],[41259]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Iranian newspapers are mostly interested in covering the news related to politicians (the president, member of parliament, ministers and members of the cabinet are of the most importance for Iranian newspapers).",1,-1,[],[52921]],["newspapers are eager to cover things done and said by let us call it the powerful (with its meaning shade from CDA studies) group of the society.",1,-1,[],[52921]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["providing a more apocalyptic than euphoric view on AI",1,-1,[],[59203]]],"sy":[["Frankenstein's Monster",1,30294,[],[59203]],["Pandora's Box",1,-1,[],[59203]],["runaway train",1,-1,[],[59203]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["deductively derived frame",1,-1,[],[59203]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["running on automatic",1,-1,[],[43144]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Anja Schüler notes that this process can be accompanied by generalization, concretization, or metaphorical transformation of the term's original meaning (Schüler, 2006).",1,-1,[],[27828]],["this process can be accompanied by generalization, concretization, or metaphorical transformation of the term's original meaning",1,-1,[],[27828]]],"sy":[["neosemanticisms",1,-1,[],[27828]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["neologisms",1,33796,[],[36546]]],"ex":[["'ice' to indicate petrol-or diesel-powered vehicles",1,-1,[],[36546]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["McDonald's interpretation of personalized politics as, on the one hand, 'public experience of the self' and, on the other, 'shared struggle for personal experience'",1,-1,[],[36438]],["This points to an emerging pattern of social movement where it is not 'collective identity' that is mobilized, but where action instead needs to be understood in terms of a shared struggle for personal experience.",1,-1,[],[36438]],["action instead needs to be understood in terms of a shared struggle for personal experience",1,-1,[],[36438]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Diseñados para ser creídos, su origen es incierto, pero tras ellos suele esconderse \"la compensación de un deseo frustrado de alguien o un grupo social, la necesidad de hacer pública la confidencialidad de intereses que trastornen el orden establecido, malentendidos o interpretaciones deformadas\" (Kapferer, 1988, p.18).",1,-1,[],[14721]],["Este término, que al parecer deriva del caló",1,-1,[],[13844]],["Las noticias falsas suelen basarse en el rumor, y el medio de éste es informal, creando nexos de complicidad, y es, precisamente, en esta confianza donde encuentra su máximo exponente, ya que no se suelen cuestionar los mensajes procedentes de nuestro círculo más íntimo.",1,-1,[],[14721]],["Son bulos, en suma, todos aquellos contenidos falsos que alcanzan difusión pública, fabricados intencionadamente por múltiples motivos, que pueden ir desde la simple broma o parodia, hasta la controversia ideológica, pasando por el fraude económico.",1,-1,[],[13844]],["contenidos que buscan el engaño premeditado",1,-1,[],[13844]],["evita emplear anglicismos innecesarios",1,-1,[],[13844]],["predominio de contenidos engañosos conformados por imprecisiones, exageraciones o descontextualizaciones sugiere que una de las principales estrategias de desinformación es tomar como base un hecho veraz y sacarlo de contexto o tergiversarlo, de manera que se haga más difícil separar los hechos verdaderos de los falsos.",1,-1,[],[13334]]],"sy":[["noticia falsa",2,30391,[["noticia falsa",1],["noticias falsas",1]],[14721,52539]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[14721]],["mensajes engañosos",1,-1,[],[13334]],["noticias o hechos falsos o malinterpretados",1,-1,[],[42963]]],"rt":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[13844]],["fake news",1,33960,[],[13844]]],"sb":[["bromas",2,6989,[["bromas",2],["broma",1]],[13844,35994]],["descontextualizaciones",2,-1,[],[13844,35994]],["engaños",2,23654,[["engaños",2],["engaño",1]],[13844,35994]],["exageraciones",2,-1,[],[13844,35994]],["descontextualización",1,1739,[],[13844]],["exageración",1,20701,[],[13844]]],"sp":[["desinformación",1,20072,[],[13844]],["desórdenes informativos",1,15563,[],[13844]],["noticias falsas",1,30391,[],[52539]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["soft news",1,21047,[],[37804]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["nationalist strategy",1,-1,[],[57957]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Numerous authors have identified patterns of trade, missions, settlement, war, and legislative control in which indigenous law, education, political practices and language were supplanted by those of the coloniser",1,-1,[],[37582]],["colonisers intended to establish and maintain the means to profit from the resources of the 'new' land.",1,-1,[],[37582]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["imperialism",1,2506,[],[37582]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Crucially, the archives that I am dealing with here are not official or national archives that keep public records and governmental documents.",1,-1,[],[42138]],["The contents of public archives delimit the narratives that may be told about the associated body politic, meaning that building out those archives is one means of claiming space to script the future.",1,-1,[],[42686]],["archiving is a third space between forgetting and remembering, and this indeterminate status allows for a fluid negotiation between function and storage memory",1,-1,[],[42137]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["moral degradation frame",1,-1,[],[13174]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Approach-Avoidance Model of Persuasion",1,-1,[],[60585]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["[to] provide [young people] with a means of asking core questions, envi sioning themselves as civic agents who have the capacity to change the world; they encourage young people to play a role in some of the core political debates of our time.",1,-1,[],[17751]]],"sy":[["cognitive roadmaps",1,-1,[],[17751]],["moral compasses",1,-1,[],[17751]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Dehumanization",1,29272,[],[19823]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["argumentative discourse",1,32838,[],[8026]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["capitalism is a manifestation of and cannot function without being underpinned by patriarchal logics that operate through hierarchical and interrelated dualisms",1,-1,[],[457]],["reinforces the conflation of moderates and extremists and underpins a sense of Muslims' collective responsibility for extremism.",1,-1,[],[9429]]],"sy":[["good/bad Muslim binary",1,22419,[],[9429]]],"rt":[["good/bad Muslim binary",1,22419,[],[9429]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["differentiates between those who appear to have liberal values (in line with Government policy and dominant norms) and dissenters, labelled 'extremists'.",1,-1,[],[9429]]]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Social networking sites are also used to describe experiences with a product or service.",1,-1,[],[48254]],["an arena for civic participation, especially during times of crisis.",1,-1,[],[38949]],["frequent exposure to such news leads to the acquisition of misperceptions",1,-1,[],[55782]],["highquality news providers also publish content on these platforms, previous research shows that acquiring political knowledge through them is less effective",1,-1,[],[55782]],["relatively higher prevalence of misinformation and conspiratorial content on social network sites",1,-1,[],[55782]],["social media sites are a source of advice and recommendations in the form of comments on posts.",1,-1,[],[48254]]],"sy":[["social media",1,6683,[],[48254]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social media",1,6683,[],[25978]]],"ex":[["\"non-traditional\" social media platforms such as the comment section of e-commerce platforms and news sites",1,-1,[],[48254]],["Amazon.com reviews",1,-1,[],[48254]],["Facebook, one of the largest social media channels, is a social networking site",1,-1,[],[25978]],["allrecipes.com",1,-1,[],[48254]],["stackoverflow.com",1,-1,[],[48254]],["yelp.com",1,-1,[],[48254]]]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["Anders als in der zweiten Ausprägung des klassischen medialisierten Skandals, in der die Aufdeckung von Grenzüberschreitungen für eine breite Öffentlichkeit als das Hauptmerkmal definiert wird, ist die eigentliche Skandalhandlung im intendierten Selbstskandal grundsätzlich nicht geheim.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Ausgehend von politischen Zielen der Partei oder des Politikers wird eine Strategie zur bewussten Skandalerzeugung entworfen.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Bewusste Überschreitungen von gesellschaftlichen Grenzen werden im intendierten Skandal gezielt zur Provokation von Teilen der Öffentlichkeit angewandt.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Der Einsatz intendierter Selbstskandalisierung kann dafür ein kommunikatives Mittel sein.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit bestätigen also die in der Einleitung angeführte Behauptung Hitzlers, wonach Skandale stets Ansichtssache seien.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die Erringung des Guts Aufmerksamkeit führt zur Generierung von Öffentlichkeit für den jeweiligen Akteur in der politischen Kommunikation.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die Grenzüberschreitungen in diesen Skandalfällen sind zwar grundsätzlich skandalisierbar, verletzen aber keine undiskutablen Werte und Normen.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die Intention des Handelns ist in dieser Form der Skandale durch eine Wiederholung der skandalisierten Handlung und / oder durch eine Verstärkung der Grenzüberschreitung durch den skandalisierten Akteur erkennbar.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die Studie bestätigt damit die Annahme, wonach die Erlangung von Aufmerksamkeit einerseits eng mit einer bewussten Selbstskandalisierung zusammenhängt und andererseits Auswirkungen auf die öffentliche Diskussion, den Wahlkampf und den Wahlausgang haben kann.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die Theorie der intendierten Selbstskandalisierung baut demnach auf den Befunden Thompsons (2000) und Burkhardts (2006) auf, die den Modus der Enthüllung (im Falle der intendierten Selbstskandalisierung muss man eher von einer Aufnahme des Skandalthemas in den medialen Diskurs sprechen) und die nachfolgende Missbilligung medial verorten.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die gezielte Skandalerzeugung durch politische Akteure dient dabei vor allem einer möglichst großen Aufmerksamkeitserregung.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Die öffentliche Auseinandersetzung, die sich aus absichtlich erzeugten Skandalen ergeben, haben für die Skandalisierten nach der neuen theoretischen Sichtweise mehr positive als negative Effekte",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Diese aggressive kommunikative Strategie soll vor allem dazu dienen, Anhänger zu mobilisieren und zunächst im öffentlichen Konflikt zur Unterstützung zu animieren.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Diese als intendierte Selbstskandalisierung bezeichnete Erscheinung des medialisierten Skandals wird am Untersuchungsfeld der politischen Kommunikation dargestellt.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Grenzüberschreitungen gelten als intendiert, wenn sie wiederholt begangen werden und / oder im Verlauf der Skandalisierung vom Skandalisierten verstärkt werden.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Instrument der innergesellschaftlichen Grenzziehung verschiedener ideologischer Lager",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Inszenierung politischer Akteure z.B. intendierte Selbstskandalisierung durch skandalöse Aussagen",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Intendierte Politskandale werden stets durch medialisierte und inszenierte Ereignisse angestoßen und vorangetrieben.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Intendierte Skandale sind demgegenüber dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie auf jeden Fall Öffentlichkeit durch Aufmerksamkeitsgewinnung erzeugen sollen.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Nur wenn Skandalsachverhalte von einem bestimmten Teil der adressierten Öffentlichkeit als weniger skandalös gehalten werden, kann die kommunikative Strategie der Akteure aufgehen.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Somit bieten sich für intendierte Skandalhandlungen eher Verletzungen von gesellschaftlichen Werten an.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["die hier herausgearbeiteten zentralen Mechanismen der intendierten Selbstskandalisierung theoretisch stets Geltung besitzen.",1,-1,[],[21222]],["kommunikative Strategie, um den Mitbewerber zu schwächen",1,-1,[],[21222]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Fragmentarisierung des Elektorats",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Fragmentarisierung des Publikums",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Mobilisierung von Anhängern",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Mobilisierung von politischen Anhängern",1,-1,[],[21222]],["PR-Maßnahmen",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Politskandal",1,10984,[],[21222]],["Skandalforschung",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Skandalisierung",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Unterhaltende Politik",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Werbemittel",1,-1,[],[21222]],["free media",1,31852,[],[21222]],["klassischen medialisierten Skandalen",1,-1,[],[21222]],["medialisierten Skandals",1,-1,[],[21222]],["paid media",1,27056,[],[21222]],["politischen Kommunikation",1,-1,[],[21222]],["publizistischer Konflikt",1,6244,[],[21222]]],"sb":[["intendierten Politskandals",1,-1,[],[21222]],["talk scandal",1,26696,[],[21222]]],"sp":[["Skandale",1,2209,[],[21222]],["Skandalforschung",1,-1,[],[21222]],["Unterhaltende Politik",1,-1,[],[21222]],["medialisierten Skandal",1,-1,[],[21222]],["medialisierter Skandal",1,28263,[],[21222]]],"ex":[["die Wahlkämpfe der Schweizerischen Volkspartei (SVP) 2007 und des FDP-Politikers Jürgen W. Möllemann 2002",1,-1,[],[21222]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Moral Foundation Theory",1,4884,[],[22904]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Fantasy, in this sense, functions to offer both the prospect of successfully knowing and controlling the Real as well as an a priori explanation for this is, inevitably, not achieved.",1,-1,[],[4425]],["a means for an ideology to take its own failure into account in advance",1,-1,[],[4425]],["functions to offer both the prospect of successfully knowing and controlling the Real as well as an a priori explanation for this is, inevitably, not achieved.",1,-1,[],[4425]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["When social identity is salient, depersonalization occurs",1,-1,[],[14456]],["serves as a way to depersonalize specific figures and institutions, distancing the writer from the subject and amplifying the impression of dislike and disapproval.",1,-1,[],[39551]],["the use of abstract entities and generalized vocabularies, such as \"someone like this\" or \"this government body,\" is not solely for concealing identities.",1,-1,[],[39551]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social identity theory",1,23677,[],[14456]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["manipulative capability",1,-1,[],[34451]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["not stupid to refer to competent behavior",1,-1,[],[22888]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[8828]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["cognitive engagement",1,2920,[],[8828]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["KW is a word that can be used to represent a user's emotions.",1,-1,[],[49221]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Moreover, liars are thought to be inclined to appear convincing and attempt to do so by including specific, concrete information into their narratives.",1,-1,[],[13649]],["The authors speculate that liars may have added unrealistically many concrete details to their narrative to appear truthful.",1,-1,[],[13649]],["deceptive future experiences seemed to have a lower abstraction score (i.e., they are less abstract, hence more concrete), contain more named entities and a higher RM score than truthful intentions, all pointing to more concrete language in deceptive statements",1,-1,[],[13649]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["The situation is a short (2-8 words) free-text description of the situation in which the statement could likely be uttered (e.g., \"Debate about defunding police\", \"online conversation in a forum about feminism\").",1,-1,[],[58629]],["The speaker identity and listener identity capture likely social roles of the statement's speaker and the listener (e.g., \"a teacher\", \"a doctor\") or their demographic identities (e.g., \"queer man\", \"black woman\"), in free-text descriptions.",1,-1,[],[58629]],["These conditions are multifaceted and include social, cognitive, political, environmental, cultural, historical, technological, and temporal contexts etc.",1,-1,[],[35441]],["can be an Article, a Claim, a Post, e.g., in a debate, a Thread, i.e., a chain of forum posts, a Sentence, or a Tweet.",1,-1,[],[41065]],["context is canonically structured in terms of key schematic categories, including setting (time and place), participants, action/event, and circumstances (previous acts and social situation), goals (participant's perspectives, knowledge, and opinions), current and global relations between participants, and group membership (ingroups and outgroups).",1,-1,[],[53718]],["factors are all matters which affect (and sometimes control) the meaning of a particular speech act.",1,-1,[],[20900]],["provide the background necessary to construct a sound claim",1,-1,[],[59001]],["this context may be incorporated in a variety of ways -in general, using supplementary data or using supplementary information from the source platform of the data.",1,-1,[],[22406]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["co-text",1,21953,[],[45916]],["contextual factors",1,10683,[],[20900]],["inter-text",1,33946,[],[45916]],["pragmatics",1,31323,[],[38381]]],"sb":[["Author-specific context",1,15173,[],[22406]],["Conversation context",1,32825,[],[22406]],["Topical context",1,19650,[],[22406]],["the audience",1,22509,[],[21900]],["the means of dissemination",1,-1,[],[21900]],["the socio-historical environment",1,-1,[],[21900]],["the speaker",1,21728,[],[21900]]],"sp":[["peace journalism",1,24292,[],[42852]]],"ex":[["ongoing events/conflicts",1,-1,[],[59001]],["pop culture",1,-1,[],[59001]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["культурная трансмиссия",1,32219,[],[31475]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Rumors evolve rapidly, with new information being added, modified, or debunked as they spread.",1,-1,[],[39898]],["These changes may include modifications to the content of the rumor, shifts in sentiment or tone, and variations in the propagation speed and reach.",1,-1,[],[39898]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Coping skills can be strengthened in two ways: first, by extending the associative network, and second, by teaching individuals how to trigger the relevant nodes from this information network.",1,-1,[],[3490]],["More specifically, an individual's coping skills will be increased by developing cognitive, emotion regulation and social skills, and by socialization and experience, referring to trial and error processes in the coping with persuasive attempts, and advertising in particular",1,-1,[],[3490]],["These coping skills are conceived as the crucial connection between dispositional and situational advertising literacy",1,-1,[],[3490]],["These skills determine the extent, speed and accuracy to which the relevant (cognitive, moral and affective) information nodes can be activated in the associative network (dispositional) and help individuals to activate the matching coping strategy when exposed to a certain ad (situational).",1,-1,[],[3490]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["dispositional and situational advertising literacy",1,-1,[],[3490]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["progressive design",1,-1,[],[56606]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["electability",1,9770,[],[40657]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["Epistemic uncertainty generally, but not always, concerns past or present phenomena that we currently don't know but could, at least in theory, know or establish.",1,-1,[],[5703]],["Epistemic uncertainty generally, but not always, concerns past or present phenomena that we currently don't know but could, at least in theory, know or establish. 1 Such epistemic uncertainty is an integral part of every stage of the scientific process: from the assumptions we have, the observations we note, to the extrapolations and the generalizations that we make.",1,-1,[],[5703]],["Such probabilities are expressing epistemic uncertainty rather than future randomness",1,-1,[],[5703]],["anxious attachment creates epistemic uncertainty through overreliance on the views of the attachment figure",1,-1,[],[2678]],["hedging scientific claims while maintaining their relevance (Boykoff and Boykoff 2004).",1,-1,[],[58000]],["our focus in this paper is uncertainties about facts, numbers and science due to limited knowledge or ignorance-so-called epistemic uncertainty.",1,-1,[],[5703]]],"sy":[["scientific uncertainty",1,21432,[],[5703]]],"rt":[["Uncertainty",1,5720,[],[5703]],["aleatory uncertainty",1,-1,[],[5703]]],"sb":[["direct uncertainty",1,31057,[],[5703]],["indirect uncertainty",1,26628,[],[5703]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["'your cardiovascular risk' is actually a measure of the current health of your cardiovascular system",1,-1,[],[5703]],["a graph of a probability distribution of the historic global temperature change",1,-1,[],[5703]],["a graph of a probability distribution of the historic global temperature change, a range around an estimate of the number of tigers in India, or a statement about the uncertainty arising from poor-quality evidence, such as a contaminated DNA test in a criminal court",1,-1,[],[5703]],["a range around an estimate of the number of tigers in India",1,-1,[],[5703]],["a statement about the uncertainty arising from poor-quality evidence, such as a contaminated DNA test in a criminal court",1,-1,[],[5703]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Words like spread or break out",1,-1,[],[41037]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a continuation of the idea that demographic change is the driving force that poses an existential threat to native populations.",1,-1,[],[46053]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["victims, threats, burdens, or beneficiaries",1,-1,[],[26545]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["permiten \"humanizar\" las informaciones a través del seguimiento de distintas historias de vida, abundante contextualización histórica, o distintas capas expresivas y de fuentes, testimonios y datos.",1,-1,[],[13720]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["el reportaje en profundidad",1,-1,[],[13720]],["la crónica",1,-1,[],[13720]],["new journalism",1,22955,[],[13720]],["nuevo periodismo",1,30666,[],[13720]]],"sb":[["el reportaje en profundidad",1,-1,[],[13720]],["la crónica",1,-1,[],[13720]],["new journalism",1,22955,[],[13720]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Emotion",1,22181,[],[51821]],["Judgment",1,10634,[],[51821]],["Traits",1,-1,[],[51821]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Exploring how trust can be built over time by interviews with public servants, Corbett and Le Dantec delineate a number of activities that build and retain the types of relationships needed to support a relational civics [27].",1,-1,[],[7503]],["activities that build and retain the types of relationships needed to support a relational civics",1,-1,[],[7503]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Decoding Modification",1,-1,[],[7577]],["Model Editing",1,-1,[],[7577]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",1,9268,[],[52230]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, TPE is based on the self-other difference that individuals perceive when they try to assess the effect of messages in media.",1,-1,[],[1843]],["TPE is based on the self-other difference that individuals perceive when they try to assess the effect of messages in media.",1,-1,[],[1843]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["The first corollary comes from the perceptual component, TPP, which posits that individuals perceive that socially undesirable and negative media messages affect others more than themselves.",1,-1,[],[1843]],["The second corollary of TPE, known as the social distance corollary, is explained through the concept of social distance (Cohen et al., 1988). According to the corollary, individuals feel that those who are at a social distance from them are affected more by negative media messages than those closest to them.",1,-1,[],[1843]],["perceptual component, TPP",1,24779,[],[1843]],["social distance corollary",1,19458,[],[1843]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["the content question",1,31248,[],[22114]],["the existence question",1,-1,[],[22114]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["At its core, CRML assists students in understanding that all media messages (a) are generated by people; (b) utilize specific and intentional language; (c) are perceived in different ways; (d) are created from a specific perspective and are value-laden; and (e) are designed with the purpose of obtaining and maintaining power and/or profit",1,-1,[],[55976]],["At its core, CRML assists students in understanding that all media messages (a) are generated by people; (b) utilize specific and intentional language; (c) are perceived in different ways; (d) are created from a specific perspective and are value-laden; and (e) are designed with the purpose of obtaining and maintaining power and/or profit (Kellner & Share, 2005).",1,-1,[],[55976]],["CRML moves beyond the development of informed citizens and calls for further analysis of the lived experiences of marginalized populations.",1,-1,[],[55356]],["CRML offers a frame through which teachers and students can confront racist, colonial, classist, ableist, and heteronormative representations in media; interrogate the messages represented in problematic media messages; and navigate the complexities of representation in the classroom and society (Doerr-Stevens & Buckley-Marudas, 2019;Hawkman & Shear, 2017;Hawkman & Van Horn, 2019;Kellner & Share, 2005;King, 2017;Shear, 2018;Uzum, Yazan, Avineri, & Akayoglu, 2019;Yazbak Abu Ahmad & Hoter, 2019;Yosso, 2002).",1,-1,[],[55976]],["CRML studies focus on the role media takes in perpetuating stereotypes and ideologies of marginalized and underrepresented people and institutional systems of oppression",1,-1,[],[55356]],["CRML studies focus on the role media takes in perpetuating stereotypes and ideologies of marginalized and underrepresented people and institutional systems of oppression (Baynes, 2002;Bergstrom et al., 2018;Dixon, 2008;Entman & Gross, 2008;Joanou, 2017;King 2017;Yosso, 2002).",1,-1,[],[55356]],["how students critique the racialized messages in books, films, popular music, and other media",1,-1,[],[48302]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["CML",1,-1,[],[55356]]],"sb":[["digital media contexts of literacy use",1,-1,[],[48302]]],"sp":[["critical media literacy (CML)",1,13038,[],[55356]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["theory practices",1,-1,[],[15271]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["incorporating audience partisan diversity can increase the trustworthiness of recommended domains",1,-1,[],[59971]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["entropy",1,-1,[],[59971]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The primary antecedent to message fatigue has been commonly understood as overexposure to similar messages (So et al., 2017), which inevitably accompanies increased message familiarity.",1,-1,[],[5556]],["message fatigue sheds light on the other side of the same picture by showing how message familiarity induced by accumulated exposure may result in counterproductive outcomes such as decreased favorable attitude and increased levels of active (i.e., reactance) and passive forms of resistance (i.e., inattention) toward persuasion (Kim & So, 2018).",1,-1,[],[5556]],["negative mechanisms expected among unfavorable individuals-message fatigue",1,-1,[],[5556]],["these findings show that message fatigue may be more complex than a simple, linear function of familiarity caused by accumulated exposure and may be prone to motivational considerations (e.g., defense motive).",1,-1,[],[5556]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["counterarguing",1,29077,[],[5556]],["message familiarity",1,-1,[],[5556]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Google and Coursera launch program to train more IT support specialists",1,-1,[],[38537]]]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["In the next section we define and model media storms in such a way that they capture these exact three features of external stimuli (in this case: media stories) as being recent, frequent, and salient.",1,-1,[],[37551]],["Rather, in line with the cognitive psychology literature, we relied on the concept of media storms",1,-1,[],[37550]],["The media storm variable, though, also takes the explosiveness and the duration of exceptionally high media attention into account since we expect these two elements to increase the effect of the sheer amount of coverage.",1,-1,[],[37551]],["Using the 98 storms in our data, we show how they migrate through the media ecosystem via structured lead-lag relationships between outlets and how their development is associated with increased interest in the broader topic or issue that the storm is about.",1,-1,[],[55929]],["We treat media storms as constituting surges in news coverage over the theoretical threshold needed to heighten the effect of media attention on political attention.",1,-1,[],[37551]],["Working with the notions of a high volume of sustained coverage across multiple outlets for a sustained period of time",1,-1,[],[55929]],["constituting surges in news coverage over the theoretical threshold needed to heighten the effect of media attention on political attention",1,-1,[],[37551]],["distinguish media storms as a phenomenon with distinct temporal and topical characteristics.",1,-1,[],[55928]],["explosive and long-lasting stories that arise in the news ecosystem",1,-1,[],[55928]],["in line with the cognitive psychology literature",1,-1,[],[37551]],["media storms play an important role in saturating coverage on a single story.",1,-1,[],[55928]],["media storms tend to be more skewed towards certain issues than overall media coverage",1,-1,[],[55929]],["more politically consequential, leading to hearings, when the media are in storm mode than when they are in routine coverage mode",1,-1,[],[37551]],["operationalized this concept as at least a 150% increase in coverage of an issue, lasting at least a week, and comprising at least 20% of a paper's coverage devoted to the issue during that time.",1,-1,[],[55928,55929]],["reinforce the positive effects of media coverage on the political agenda: when the news suddenly devotes a lot of attention to a topic, Congress goes into overdrive as well, increasing its hearings about the topic at a much higher rate.",1,-1,[],[37551]],["the typical storm follows a pattern of explosive coverage (peaking within the first few days), followed by a gradual decline in attention.",1,-1,[],[55928]]],"sy":[["media hypes",1,7756,[],[37550,37551]],["media waves",1,-1,[],[37550,37551]]],"rt":[["intermedia agenda setting",1,12784,[],[55928]],["media hypes",1,7756,[],[55928]],["multimedia-ness",1,-1,[],[55929]],["news waves",1,32961,[],[55928]],["storm mode",1,542,[],[55929]],["story cluster",1,-1,[],[55929]],["surges in news coverage",1,-1,[],[37551]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["9/11",1,-1,[],[37551]],["Hurricane Katrina",1,-1,[],[37551]],["John Kerry's Swift Boat scandal",1,-1,[],[37551]],["Others, such as airlines cancelling flights due to staffing shortages, have a much smaller footprint, but still persist in the news cycle for more than a week.",1,-1,[],[55928]],["Some events, such as accusations of sexual assault against Joe Biden, trigger media storms involving hundreds of news articles across dozens of outlets.",1,-1,[],[55928]],["Terri Schiavo and the California gubernatorial recall election of 2003",1,-1,[],[37551]],["the Columbine school shooting",1,-1,[],[37551]],["the President Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal",1,-1,[],[37551]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Feature selection is a crucial phase in constructing an effective fake news detection model.",1,-1,[],[33564]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["feature engineering",1,2400,[],[33564]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["participatory efficacy is positively related to participatory outcomes",1,-1,[],[11274]],["participatory efficacy mediates the relationship between consuming political news on social media and protest intention",1,-1,[],[11274]],["this finding also holds for pro-environmental behavior",1,-1,[],[11274]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["covert",1,33506,[],[56970]],["heterodiegetic",1,30284,[],[56970]],["homodiegetic",1,13208,[],[56970]],["limited",1,-1,[],[56970]],["omniscient",1,16130,[],[56970]],["overt",1,-1,[],[56970]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["responsiveness",1,-1,[],[42216]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["An example is \"凯勒奇\", a reference to the anti-Semitic Kalergi Program, which is used as an inflammatory term.",1,-1,[],[57874]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a rhetorical strategy frequently used in climate journalism to frame environmental change as a long-term planetary phenomenon rather than an immediate socio-political crisis (Nerlich and Koteyko2009).",1,-1,[],[58013]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["By intuition, a bias on temporal distance decreases a document's novelty, if it is related to older topics.",1,-1,[],[7181]],["How one aggregates and truncates datasets along the temporal axes impacts what type of patterns are observed and what research questions can be answered.",1,-1,[],[41217]],["If a platform and/or the offline context are not stable, it may be impractical to disentangle the effects due to a specific variable of interest from variations in other possible confounding factors.",1,-1,[],[41217]],["Temporal bias arises from differences in populations and behaviors over time",1,-1,[],[25354]],["Temporal biases affect both the internal and ecological/external validity of social data research.",1,-1,[],[41217]],["They are problematic for both type I and II research (section 2.1), as they may affect the generalizability of observations over time (e.g., what factors vary and how they confound with the current patterns in the data).",1,-1,[],[41217]],["This may cause the model to be biased when reporting on current events, trends, and opinions. Similarly, the model's understanding of historical contexts or outdated information may be limited due to a lack of temporally representative data",1,-1,[],[54972]],["This places higher weights on older topic and increases their contribution to the decision-making process.",1,-1,[],[7181]],["biasing LSH-FSD towards temporally distant documents by omitting the vector length updates",1,-1,[],[7181]],["can lead to a decrease in the accuracy of abusive language detection models, potentially allowing abusive language to be undetected or falsely detected",1,-1,[],[25354]]],"sy":[["Time of creation",1,-1,[],[37657]]],"rt":[["Temporal bias",1,32267,[],[37657]],["Time of creation",1,-1,[],[37657]]],"sb":[["behavioral drifts",1,-1,[],[41217]],["population drifts",1,-1,[],[41217]],["system drifts",1,-1,[],[41217]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["An example can be observed in Twitter where people talking about a particular topic start using a hashtag at some point to capture attention, then continue the discussion about the event without using the hashtag",1,-1,[],[7351]],["Seasonal and periodic phenomena.",1,-1,[],[41217]],["Sudden-onset phenomena affect populations, behaviors, and platforms.",1,-1,[],[41217]],["Twitter where people talking about a particular topic start using a hashtag at some point to capture attention, then continue the discussion about the event without using the hashtag",1,-1,[],[7351]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["More broadly, it might be argued that a makeover paradigm constitutes postfeminist media culture.",1,-1,[],[8992]],["Not only is this the implicit message of many magazines, talk shows and other media content, but it is the explicit focus of the 'makeover takeover' (Hollows) that dominates contemporary television.",1,-1,[],[8992]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["postfeminist media culture",1,12702,[],[8992]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["10 Years Younger",1,-1,[],[8992]],["Changing Rooms (BBC), House Dr (Channel 4) and Better Homes (ITV)",1,-1,[],[8992]],["Queer Eye for the 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embedded in the greater pattern.",1,-1,[],[19563]],["Change is understood both at the level of immediate presenting issues and that of broader patterns and issues.",1,-1,[],[19563]],["Moreover, conflict brings with it the potential for constructive change.",1,-1,[],[19563]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conflict resolution",1,12192,[],[20757]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["While in an autocratic state all means are available to the ruler, in a constitutional democracy the government is not free to take all measures it deems necessary.",1,-1,[],[26592]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These strategies, often referred to as news literacy or misinformation literacy, aim to foster critical and creative capacities for engaging with media",1,-1,[],[42443]]],"sy":[["news literacy",1,14494,[],[42443]]],"rt":[["news literacy",1,14494,[],[42443]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["media 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que lo vuelve peligroso para la identidad propia y el futuro de la comunidad.",1,-1,[],[11183]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["racionalización",1,5983,[],[56455]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The intersections of the response and the references are the claims either supported (Entailment) or refuted (Contradiction) by the references. The remaining parts in the response are claims not verifiable by the references (Neutral).",1,-1,[],[16848]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Contradiction",1,16979,[],[16848]],["Entailment",1,12074,[],[16848]],["Neutral",1,31656,[],[16848]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agenda-setting",1,425,[],[37548]],["framing",1,22777,[],[37548]],["priming",1,19875,[],[37548]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These news websites follow strict codes of practice and editorial standards, as well as list credible sources, and often go through the process of reviewing.",1,-1,[],[61787]],["they provide topics of general interest, that are oriented on facts, selected by professional actors, and published following professional rules",1,-1,[],[61787]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["By presenting specific viewpoints or perspectives in the media, writers inspire readers about certain political and/or societal events.",1,-1,[],[52884]],["Lexical selections, rhetorical devices, and discursive structures are some of these tactics.",1,-1,[],[39274]],["Lexical selections, rhetorical devices, and discursive structures are some of these tactics. Researchers can infer whether particular viewpoints are emphasized or marginalized in a discourse by examining these components (Frawley & Lantolf, 2005;Reisigl & Wodak, 2008).",1,-1,[],[39274]]],"sy":[["discourse of representation",1,13283,[],[43946]],["framing",1,22777,[],[43946]],["perspectivation",1,-1,[],[39274]]],"rt":[["causal framing",1,-1,[],[42620]]],"sb":[["Contrastive, critical and causal framing",1,-1,[],[42620]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["meme theory",1,-1,[],[28216]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":37,"df":[],"de":[["AV manipulation in the form of cheap fakes already exists. Society is already struggling to mitigate the harm of \"traditional\" techniques: changes in speed, cutting apart or together, circulating in new, vulnerable contexts.",1,-1,[],[16825]],["Audio manipulation encompasses a combination of artificial intelligence techniques used in deepfakes and simpler editing methods",1,-1,[],[61361]],["But as these techniques become more accessible, the risk of harm to private figures will increase, especially those who are politically, socially, or economically vulnerable.",1,-1,[],[16825]],["Cheapfakes are created with or without contemporary editing tools which are non-AI based and are easily accessible.",1,-1,[],[15518]],["Still other techniques rely on far simpler methods, like mislabeling footage or using lookalike stand-ins.",1,-1,[],[16825]],["as another form of Audiovisual Manipulation",1,-1,[],[31399]],["cuya elevada frecuencia se debe a su probada eficacia y una baja dificultad técnica",1,-1,[],[47892]],["deception and misrepresentation do 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world\"",1,-1,[],[1095]],["coloniality is the reproduction of hierarchies of race, gender and geopolitics, which were invented or instrumentalised as tools of colonial control.",1,-1,[],[1095]],["for Maldonado-Torres (2007), coloniality is the reproduction of hierarchies of race, gender and geopolitics, which were invented or instrumentalised as tools of colonial control.",1,-1,[],[1095]]],"sy":[["colonialism",1,12372,[],[14196]]],"rt":[["coloniality of power",1,14877,[],[1095]],["historical colonialism",1,22769,[],[1095]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["environmental 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premises",1,-1,[],[39257]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["La narración adquiere un mayor sentido de intensidad dramática al representar las diferentes posiciones de la controversia a través de personajes específicos",1,-1,[],[44310]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Fogg's Behavior Model includes three elements (Motivation, Ability and Trigger) that have factors and characteristics which can be used to persuade the desired behavior of citizens individually or in groups",1,-1,[],[29498]],["The model includes characteristics of human psychology and behavioral orientations, and its main focus is to better understand the changes in human behavior in the media and in digital technologies, constituting a systematic way of understanding these phenomena (Fogg, 2009).",1,-1,[],[29498]],["The use of Fogg's Behavior Model can thus characterize the reasons leading individuals to perform certain actions, such as sharing disinformation on social media.",1,-1,[],[29498]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Ability",1,1141,[],[29498]],["Motivation",1,13069,[],[29498]],["Trigger",1,13750,[],[29498]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The main question of the constructionist paradigm is how events or reality are constructed, and in what way the construction is formed (Eriyanto, 2002: 37-38).",1,-1,[],[60798]],["considers the creator of the news text as the determinant that will direct the audience's mindset.",1,-1,[],[60798]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":12,"df":[],"de":[["The concept was introduced by Hegselmann & Krause (2002), and involves a numerical threshold γ for a given agent. During the update step, all potential neighbors with an opinion difference greater than γ are ignored.",1,-1,[],[59307]]],"sy":[["uncertainty",1,5720,[],[24598]]],"rt":[["threshold mechanism",1,-1,[],[26140]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[59307]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["As both RWA and SDO correspond to the right-wing ideology (Altemeyer, 1998), such personality dimensions should be positively correlated.",1,-1,[],[9811]],["It resembles the sadistic tendency described by Fromm (1941) and Adorno et al. (1950), as it is significantly associated with prejudice against a wide array of groups",1,-1,[],[46996]],["People high on social dominance orientation are preoccupied with securing the group's position and maintaining a hierarchical social order.",1,-1,[],[2668]],["SDO can even yield accurate predictions about individuals' life choices-for instance, the kinds of jobs they seek and obtain (i.e., whether such jobs promote intergroup hierarchy or equality), the kinds of subjects they choose to study in college, and how well they perform in these areas (for a review, see Haley & Sidanius, 2005).",1,-1,[],[2749]],["a desire for hierarchical social order and unequal relations among social groups",1,-1,[],[2668]],["an orientation toward group based dominance and inequality, irrespective of the position of one's ingroup in that hierarchy",1,-1,[],[2749]],["especially group based dominance component",1,-1,[],[2668]],["indexes the overt support to group-based dominance",1,-1,[],[46996]],["indexing forceful oppression of low status groups and preference for group-based inequality",1,-1,[],[46996]],["individual differences in orientation toward intergroup hierarchy",1,-1,[],[2749]],["individual differences in the preference for group based hierarchy and inequality",1,-1,[],[2749]],["potent predictor of generalized prejudice against, and persecution of, a wide array of denigrated groups, such as poor people, ethnic minorities, foreigners, gay people, women, immigrants, and refugees",1,-1,[],[2749]],["providing insight into what drives the myriad forces that contribute to intergroup conflict and inequality",1,-1,[],[2749]],["social dominance orientation-individual differences in the preference for group based hierarchy and inequality",1,-1,[],[2749]],["that place out-groups in subordinate positions",1,-1,[],[30838]],["treating social dominance orientation as a two-dimensional construct",1,-1,[],[2749]]],"sy":[["SDO",1,10170,[],[2749]]],"rt":[["It resembles the sadistic tendency described by Fromm (1941) and Adorno et al. (1950)",1,-1,[],[46996]],["SDO is the expression of Competitive World Beliefs (CWB)",1,-1,[],[46996]],["economic conservatism",1,17599,[],[56641]],["intergroup anti-egalitarianism",1,25350,[],[2749]],["right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)",1,26319,[],[9811]],["support for intergroup dominance",1,-1,[],[2749]]],"sb":[["SDO-D",1,7049,[],[2749]],["SDO-Dominance (SDO-D)",1,4172,[],[2749]],["SDO-E",1,28267,[],[2749]],["SDO-Egalitarianism (SDO-E)",1,17320,[],[2749]],["anti-egalitarianism",1,-1,[],[2749]],["dominance",1,24924,[],[2749]],["generalized opposition to equality regardless of the in-group's position in the power structure",1,-1,[],[2668]],["group based dominance",1,-1,[],[2668]],["opposition to equality",1,-1,[],[2668]],["support for group-based dominance",1,-1,[],[2668]],["the dominance subdimension (SDO-D)",1,17153,[],[2749]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["More precisely, this can be done by claiming a link or an equivalence between the target of the technique to any individual, group, or event in the presence or in the past, which has or had an unquestionable negative perception (e.g., was considered a failure), or is depicted in such way.",1,-1,[],[57428]],["The most common example, which has given its name in the literature (i.e. Reduction ad Hitlerum) to that technique is making comparisons to Hitler and the Nazi regime. However, it is important to emphasize, that this technique is not restricted to comparisons to that group only. More precisely, this can be done by claiming a link or an equivalence between the target of the technique to any individual, group, or event in the presence or in the past, which has or had an unquestionable negative perception (e.g., was considered a failure), or is depicted in such way.",1,-1,[],[57428]],["links entities to controversial groups",1,-1,[],[7593]]],"sy":[["Reduction ad Hitlerum",1,4585,[],[57428]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Attack on reputation",1,24929,[],[57428]],["Fallacies of Credibility",1,-1,[],[23625]],["ad hominem",1,14657,[],[23625]],["ad hominem fallacy",1,30251,[],[23625]]],"ex":[["Alice believes in climate change, just like the discredited scientist Bob, so her belief must be false.",1,-1,[],[23625]],["Example: Manohar is a big supporter for equal pay for equal work. This is the same policy that all those extreme feminist groups support. 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(Hyland, 2004).",1,-1,[],[1803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Boosters",1,15862,[],[1803]]],"ex":[["definite",1,-1,[],[1803]],["prove",1,-1,[],[1803]],["show",1,-1,[],[1803]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["posverdad",1,9327,[],[13454]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[["Doxa describes the common experience that the world seems self-explaining and self-evident to us",2,-1,[],[24082,60275]],["Doxa is the taken-for-granted of social practice, the seemingly natural, which we rarely make explicit and which we rarely question",2,-1,[],[24082,60275]]],"de":[["Doxa is the taken-for-granted of social practice, the seemingly natural, which we rarely make explicit and which we rarely question",2,-1,[],[24082,60275]],["The general doxa of social practice can be described as ''the universe of the tacit presuppositions that we accept as the natives of a certain society''",2,-1,[],[24082,60275]],["''Doxa is a particular point of view, the point of view of the dominant, which presents and imposes itself as a universal point of view''",1,-1,[],[60275]],["A kind of ideational and practical orthodoxy thus defines the broad contours of a field, so that a discussion of journalistic doxa encompasses a set of implicit concepts tacitly held by news workers",1,-1,[],[4746]],["Doxa is the taken-for-granted of social practice, the seemingly natural, which we rarely make explicit and which we rarely question (Bourdieu, 1998, p. 57).",1,-1,[],[24082]],["It refers to the rules of the game.",1,-1,[],[9104]],["The general doxa of social practice can be described as ''the universe of the tacit presuppositions that we accept as the natives of a certain society'' (Bourdieu, 2005, p. 37).",1,-1,[],[24082]],["journalism can be seen as a distinctive domain in society with its own",1,-1,[],[15334]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Journalistic doxa",1,2226,[],[24082]],["field",1,6180,[],[9310]],["habitus",1,3997,[],[5249]],["having a feel for the game",1,-1,[],[5249]]],"sb":[["Journalistic doxa",2,2226,[],[24082,60275]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)",1,-1,[],[47969]],["fiqh",1,-1,[],[47969]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Crafting narratives to serve political ends, often overlooking empirical data.",1,-1,[],[56075]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Accidental causes",1,10710,[],[56075]],["Inadvertent causes",1,9249,[],[56075]],["Intentional causes",1,32032,[],[56075]],["Mechanical causes",1,-1,[],[56075]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["A user may be aware that algorithms exist without actually understanding what an algorithm is or how it works.",1,-1,[],[158]],["Awareness may initiate subsequent processes such as reflection (Dewey 1910).",1,-1,[],[15179]],["It also encompasses knowledge of manipulation and propaganda mechanisms (for example, rhetorical and visual resources) and the way in which media offerings operate (including the function of algorithms; Buckingham 2006).",1,-1,[],[15179]],["it represents something more nuanced than just a desire to make people aware of some political information.",1,-1,[],[27947]],["people's knowledge of misinformation tactics may make them resistant to persuasion, as their general awareness of persuasion tactics increases their ability to recognize such attempts",1,-1,[],[27722]],["somewhat of a conspiracist or paranoid overtone, with one of the items saying 'people should know about secret plots planned against them'.",1,-1,[],[27947]],["the pursuit of freedom of information online can involve sharing of information regardless of its perceived accuracy",1,-1,[],[27947]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Action",1,7159,[],[3743]],["Attack or manipulation of others",1,-1,[],[27947]],["Aufmerksamkeit",1,19387,[],[21195]],["Entertainment",1,26702,[],[27947]],["Fighting False Information",1,-1,[],[27947]],["Knowledge of algorithms",1,16644,[],[158]],["Political Self-expression",1,-1,[],[27947]],["Prosocial Activism",1,-1,[],[27947]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical digital media literacy",1,6035,[],[30401]],["critical media literacy",1,13038,[],[15179]],["motivations for sharing political information",1,-1,[],[27947]]],"ex":[["to balance the bias in the media",1,-1,[],[27947]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["often directed at specific users",1,-1,[],[13578]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["Altruistic behaviour occurs when individuals share with others without thinking of any reward.",1,-1,[],[2073]],["Apuke and Omar (2020a) found that altruism was the most significant factor that predicted fake news sharing of COVID-19.",1,-1,[],[8952]],["Relating this to news sharing, altruism could be described as the act of disseminating news and information without expecting a reward for such an act",1,-1,[],[2073]],["Relating this to news sharing, altruism could be described as the act of disseminating news and information without expecting a reward for such an act (Plume & Slade, 2018).",1,-1,[],[2073]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["intrinsic motivation",1,21865,[],[941]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This may include the layout, font and potential claims or ideological slant of the information presented on the website.",1,-1,[],[45272]],["when opposing viewpoints are presented (i.e., two-sided information), individuals may feel they are being given everything necessary for informed decision-making, which could lead them to be more trusting of an individual or source",1,-1,[],[45375]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[45272]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["based on distinctive, functional and structural analysis",1,-1,[],[26765]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["is recast as an instrument of political democratization, the means by which the people are put back in charge of the public sphere",1,-1,[],[2475]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Contemporary Marxism is still a driving social science theory, further developing conceptualisations on topics such as social class, state, culture, and globalisation",1,-1,[],[43861]],["thus taking a more critical realist position towards knowledge production.",1,-1,[],[43861]]],"sy":[["Contemporary Marxism",1,-1,[],[43861]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Marxist theory",1,13392,[],[43861]]],"ex":[["culture",1,-1,[],[43861]],["globalisation",1,-1,[],[43861]],["social class",1,-1,[],[43861]],["state",1,-1,[],[43861]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["expressions given off",1,19290,[],[8434]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Internalized sexism also lowers the self-esteem of women and girls, reducing their opportunities to take initiative and assume leadership roles, which, in the long run, results in their underrepresentation in important sectors of the public sphere.",1,-1,[],[46463]],["Internalized sexism turns women and girls into producers and perpetuators of sexism in society, just as men and boys do.",1,-1,[],[46463]],["It also stimulates the creation of a negative and contemptuous image of the female gender, which, according to sexist norms, represents the weaker sex, unable to take the lead.",1,-1,[],[46463]],["The sexist image of the female gender promotes unhealthy competition and conflicts among women and girls, undermining their gender solidarity.",1,-1,[],[46463]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["sexism",1,22658,[],[46463]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing Bias",1,7181,[],[20727]],["Linguistic Bias",1,20696,[],[20727]]],"ex":[["\"Pro-life\" vs. \"anti-abortion\".",1,-1,[],[20727]]]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["However, several recent findings now indicate that the mere exposure effect is an implicit attitude effect.",1,-1,[],[17291]],["Under these circumstances, it appears that increased perceptual fluency of a repeatedly presented stimulus (that is, increased ease of its identification on re-exposure) is misattributed to liking, yielding a positive evaluation of the stimulus.",1,-1,[],[17291]],["delay has no impact",1,-1,[],[20275]],["in information diffusion",1,-1,[],[32243]],["in information diffusion, indicating that temporal persistence, rather than intensity alone, drives engagement escalation",1,-1,[],[32243]],["increased perceptual fluency of a repeatedly presented stimulus (that is, increased ease of its identification on re-exposure) is misattributed to liking, yielding a positive evaluation of the stimulus.",1,-1,[],[17291]],["mere exposure effects are strongest when conditions reduce subjects' memory for the effect-producing exposures.",1,-1,[],[17291]],["this is thought to reflect repetition-related increases processing fluency",1,-1,[],[10058]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["implicit attitude effect",1,-1,[],[17291]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The journalistic use of the term spin doctor occurs in a one-sided and problematic sense whenever it serves to discredit the legitimate interest of politicians, parties, and governments in asserting themselves against the autonomous and powerful journalism that pursues an agenda of its own and whose mechanisms and motives are not always exclusively oriented toward the public welfare",1,-1,[],[25520]],["la adaptación de la política a la lógica del espectáculo (Swanson; Mancini, 1996), propia del medio televisivo y de influencia norteamericana, gestionada por especialistas en marketing",1,-1,[],[27650]],["many news outlets use the term 'spin doctor' to indiscriminately demonise any kind of professional PR.",1,-1,[],[25520]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["This leaning can be explicit (e.g., arguments supporting a narrative) or implicit (e.g., framing and agenda setting).",2,-1,[],[3358,15481]]],"sy":[["ideological stance",1,23410,[],[18045]],["ideology",1,8315,[],[18045]],["polarity",1,8421,[],[18045]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["class prejudice",1,9078,[],[56304]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Social Bias",1,242,[],[56304]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["home and work; paid work and unpaid work; production and reproduction.",1,-1,[],[6055]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The second set of principles in the Compass refers to the perspective of journalism, and here, one can distinguish between a deliberative approach and a representative approach.",1,-1,[],[22340]],["This model incorporates two sets of journalistic principles. The first refers to the purpose of journalism, and while some journalists, editors, owners and others associated with the practice of journalism will be passive in the sense that they do not concern themselves with what follows from their work, other journalists will attempt to prompt action in order to ensure that the problems they have uncovered are solved.",1,-1,[],[22340]],["Whenever they are about to produce a news story, the compass is a reminder to journalists that they can steer towards different corners of the journalistic world.",1,-1,[],[22340]],["originally developed to delineate differences and similarities between traditional journalism and the public journalism that gained popularity around the turn of the century. This model incorporates two sets of journalistic principles.",1,-1,[],[38615]],["the compass itself describe normative orientations it is not in itself a normative model. The compass does not imply that one type of journalism is more important than others. The model simply attempts to develop four ideal types of the ways in which journalists can service the public by either passively relaying information or actively attempting to ensure action by others, and by focusing on actions and attitudes among the public or the people, who represent the public.",1,-1,[],[38615]],["this model can be used by journalists to navigate normatively.",1,-1,[],[38615]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["public journalism",1,32842,[],[38615]],["traditional journalism",1,24225,[],[38615]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["employed by social media platforms to filter problematic content.",1,-1,[],[14819]]],"sy":[["internal police force",1,-1,[],[14819]]],"rt":[["content moderators",1,3139,[],[14819]]],"sb":[["active moderators",1,26699,[],[14819]],["reactive moderators",1,32816,[],[14819]]],"sp":[["content moderators",1,3139,[],[14819]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Another element of this role is verification, which has become increasingly central to electronic media in routines to authenticate material provided by external sources.",1,-1,[],[18152]],["Detectives are the prototype of the 'investigative journalist', for whom investigative practice is at the heart of their professional identity.",1,-1,[],[18152]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical-monitorial",2,27759,[],[9353,18152]],["critical-monitorial function of journalism",1,-1,[],[9353]],["critical-monitorial roles",1,-1,[],[9353]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This exceptionalism is linked to their perceived need for aesthetic specialisation, to the fact that they find objectivity less relevant or important in their work, and, finally, to them taking \"on a crusading role, describing their work as infused by a passion which is otherwise frowned upon within journalism cultures\".",1,-1,[],[54466]],["pointing to their self-understanding of being better qualified than news reporters",1,-1,[],[54466]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[["el uso de políticas diplomáticas manipuladoras por un país para influir y socavar el sistema político de otro país",2,-1,[["el uso de políticas diplomáticas manipuladoras por un país para influir y socavar el sistema político de otro país",1],["el uso de políticas diplomáticas manipuladoras por un país para influir y socavar el sistema político de otro país.",1]],[50841,52496]]],"de":[["Es un poder que usa políticas que ayudan a los regímenes autoritarios a coaccionar y manipular opiniones en el extranjero.",2,-1,[],[50841,52496]],["It is different from soft power because it is not about attraction or persuasion, but manipulation, distraction, confusion, division, and repression",1,-1,[],[47153]],["Moreover, unlike soft power, sharp power lacks transparency, accountability, journalistic integrity, and diversity of thought and focuses on political, rather than cultural, aims, such as advancing state narratives.",1,-1,[],[47153]],["Rusia y China han sido activas a la hora de establecer marcos y han utilizado el sharp power para hacerlo.",1,-1,[],[52496]],["Russia's \"sharp power\" influence is \"not principally about attraction or even persuasion; instead, it centres on distraction and manipulation\"",1,-1,[],[47153]],["aimed to distract, manipulate the public opinion, and to influence the political and information environments in Ukraine.",1,-1,[],[47153]],["communication is used as a tool to promote one's own values and counteract disinformation campaigns and hybrid threats",1,-1,[],[49957]],["defender sus intereses a través del sharp power ante la imposibilidad de jugar con el soft power debido al dominio que ejerce el Partido Comunista en China que impide el desarrollo de iniciativas de la sociedad civil que puedan influir en opiniones públicas extranjeras sin estar manejadas desde el poder",1,-1,[],[50841]],["operaciones disruptivas que pueden calificarse como sharp power o poder afilado; utilizado por algunos países para agrietar los sistemas democráticos como el de la UE.",1,-1,[],[52496]],["sharp power lacks transparency, accountability, journalistic integrity, and diversity of thought and focuses on political, rather than cultural, aims, such as advancing state narratives",1,-1,[],[47153]],["su comunicación y su diplomacia pública, aunque esté trufada de sharp power.",1,-1,[],[52496]],["the influence exerted by authoritarian states through the use of three types of activities: \"Intention (to destabilize or undermine the morality of the adversary instead of informing or showing one's own culture), use of the media (through lies or distortion), and the absence of publicity (a surreptitious or hidden character)\"",1,-1,[],[49957]],["unlike soft power, sharp power lacks transparency, accountability, journalistic integrity, and diversity of thought and focuses on political, rather than cultural, aims, such as advancing state narratives.",1,-1,[],[47153]],["yet another (quite unnecessary) label, sharp power, is required to describe many of the actions that would have been described previously as propaganda or political warfare.",1,-1,[],[33063]]],"sy":[["poder afilado",2,-1,[],[50841,52496]]],"rt":[["soft power",4,9524,[["soft power",3],["Soft power",1]],[47153,49957,50841,52496]],["diplomacia pública",1,3852,[],[52496]]],"sb":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[47153]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[47153]],["information warfare: propaganda, media manipulation, and disinformation",1,-1,[],[47153]],["media manipulation",1,26871,[],[47153]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[47153]]],"sp":[["soft power",1,9524,[],[50841]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Clients tell stories to their lawyers, providing an account of their grievances, deeds, and aspirations. Lawyers retell these stories before the courts, translating them into the formal language of claims, allegations, and defences.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["International actors, from States to non-governmental organisations, rely on the language of international law to portray themselves and the world in a particular way.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["Legal narratives abound at the international level too.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["Legal narratives are often less coherent than they may appear at first sight.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["Narratives are a familiar feature of the law.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["States and other international actors tell their legal stories and present their claims in the strongest possible form, glossing over weaknesses, gaps, and contradictions in their arguments.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["Stories, plots, events, and characters loom large everywhere.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["They are marked by normative constraints imposed by the formal nature of legal reasoning and interpretation.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["They serve to restrain and to enable the exercise of power through an appeal to norms.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["This argumentative and instrumental character makes legal narratives an ideal tool of discursive contestation.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["To be recognisable as legal narratives, they must also take some notice of normative felicity conditions, including paying at least lip-service to basic patterns of legal interpretation and reasoning.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["all legal narratives are both legal and political in character.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["legal narratives create versions of legal reality.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["legal narratives deployed in informal environments thus lend themselves to be utilised as instruments of misinformation and, as we have seen, fake law.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["much about the law revolves around narration.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["outside formal legal processes and venues, this tension becomes more acute. In such settings, fidelity to normative felicity conditions competes with the art of influence without the moderating impact that legal procedures and authorities exert. In the absence of epistemic scrutiny by legal experts and the prospect of an authoritative determination of their validity, legal narratives may stray far from the formalism of the law in pursuit of competing goals, above all in pursuit of information advantage.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["the less a legal narrative aims to persuade a community of experts, but is directed primarily or exclusively at a lay audience instead, the more it can afford to disregard normative felicity conditions and aim to be merely plausible, rather than normatively valid and compelling.",1,-1,[],[57844]],["they also obey the logic of rhetoric and the policy choices they are meant to serve.",1,-1,[],[57844]]],"sy":[["legal stories",1,-1,[],[57844]]],"rt":[["fake law",1,3706,[],[57844]],["legal counter-narratives",1,-1,[],[57844]],["legal storytelling",1,33461,[],[57844]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[57844]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As a departure from the other discourses, consensual trust is applied more on the information itself rather than on its source.",1,-1,[],[48626]],["It refers to the human propensity to hold as truths claims that are in accordance with existing information.",1,-1,[],[48626]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["epistemological coherence theory",1,34754,[],[48626]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["folk ballad",1,23318,[],[46297]],["oral and written traditions",1,-1,[],[46297]],["rumours",1,17712,[],[46297]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["narratives about risk and control",1,-1,[],[13158]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["partisanly and ideologically driven is therefore more of a circling the wagons for self-preservation and power consolidation, where the state's information and communication system becomes more ideological, partisan, binary, and exploits an us vs. them approach.",1,-1,[],[47102]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["state-sponsored disinformation",1,289,[],[47102]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["explore how the multilingual fairness notions, characterized by individual fairness and group fairness, are formulated on the multimodal representations.",1,-1,[],[49491]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["group fairness",1,33164,[],[49491]],["individual fairness",1,1616,[],[49491]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This process included part of the issue in the news (included) and excluded some issues (excluded).",1,-1,[],[38318]]],"sy":[["fact selection",1,-1,[],[38318]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Such claims of guilt are often at the core of anti-civilian ideologies, and elites go to extensive efforts to cement them in the minds of killers.",1,-1,[],[21910]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["threat construction",1,31012,[],[21910]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["In appraisal terms of attitude, we have negative affect (dissatisfaction and unhappiness) inscribed in her scowling, defiant facial expression",1,-1,[],[50878]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Affect (neutral)",1,21828,[],[32]],["Affect (positive)",1,14867,[],[32]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Scholarship in this domain (Winner, 1980;Nissenbaum, 2001;Greene et al., 2019) aims not only to explain sociotechnical phenomena, but to also examine issues of values, culture and power at play between stakeholders and technological artefacts.",1,-1,[],[1099]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["walking to a room only to forget what the person was looking for",1,-1,[],[54940]],["walking to a room only to forget what the person was looking for or pulling the door before noticing the \"pull' sign right on its front",1,-1,[],[54940]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["as to approach tendency",1,-1,[],[60586]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Roles in the domain of everyday life",1,-1,[],[9330]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Negative targeting",1,-1,[],[17412]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["blockade",1,13910,[],[42166]]],"sp":[["Sanctions",1,1382,[],[42166]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["seventh art",1,-1,[],[49898]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["juggernaut science is a way of thinking about science that is prevalent not only among science journalists but also among Japanese ethicists and others",1,-1,[],[29446]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["no one could stop technological advances",1,-1,[],[29446]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["attributive mood",1,-1,[],[26636]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["in 'You are an intelligent woman,' intelligent woman is an attribute of the Carrier you",1,-1,[],[26636]]]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Another persuasive strategy represented by interactive metadiscourse was the use of frame markers.",1,-1,[],[16376]],["Frame markers represent an important way by which authors structure their discourse for particular readers, helping them to see the coherence of arguments and guiding their thinking in the direction the author wishes to go.",1,-1,[],[27286]],["They are thus concerned with making the textual world accessible and meaningful to readers by configuring discourse units of various size for them. They achieve the pragmatic functions of organizing a text both locally and globally and reducing readers' processing effort",1,-1,[],[27286]],["bloggers deploy more frame markers in order to present complex research material to a less homogeneous readership which is less conversant with disciplinary knowledge, and to structure this in a succinct manner in much shorter texts.",1,-1,[],[27286]],["frame markers appeared in the three subcorpora to help Obama outline his discourse, refer to sequences or stages, show topic shifts, and announce the goals of his speech.",1,-1,[],[16376]],["function to aid comprehension of the ongoing text",1,-1,[],[27286]],["have two main roles a) to signal directions and changes in the ongoing text and b) to signal an interactive relationship with readers, indicating that their text processing needs are being taken into account.",1,-1,[],[27286]],["help organise larger segments of texts to explicitly spell out to readers where the argument is going and what the writer intends to do next.",1,-1,[],[27286]],["represent an important way by which authors structure their discourse for particular readers, helping them to see the coherence of arguments and guiding their thinking in the direction the author wishes to go.",1,-1,[],[27286]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["rhetorical metatext",1,27260,[],[27286]]],"sb":[["Goal announcers",1,22668,[],[27286]],["Goal announcers state the author's purpose in the text (I argue here, my purpose is, the paper proposes, I hope to persuade).",1,-1,[],[27286]],["Labellers",1,31671,[],[27286]],["Labellers explicitly label the function of the following stage or upcoming text. Often these indicate the speech act that will be performed, either encapsulating aspects of the prior text (to summarize, in sum, thus far) or signal what the following text is intended to do (by way of introduction, to repeat)",1,-1,[],[27286]],["Sequencers",1,19564,[],[27286]],["Sequencers: used to sequence parts of the text or to internally order an argument (e.g. there are several reasons why, first, then, 1, 2, a, b, at the same time, next).",1,-1,[],[27286]],["Sequencing",1,-1,[],[27286]],["Topic shifters",1,5964,[],[27286]],["Topic shifters indicate a shift in the direction of the text (right, OK, now, let us return to, with regard to).",1,-1,[],[27286]],["announce goals",1,-1,[],[27286]],["label stages",1,-1,[],[27286]],["shift topic",1,4851,[],[27286]]],"sp":[["Interactive metadiscourse",2,34277,[["Interactive metadiscourse",1],["interactive metadiscourse",1]],[16376,27286]],["Resources",1,16723,[],[1946]],["metadiscourse resources",1,-1,[],[27286]]],"ex":[["Sequencing finally First/ Firstly First of all Last/ lastly Next thus, so, there are three reasons for this (etc.) + listing (a,b,c, etc) numbering (1,2,3, etc) bullet pointing Second/Secondly subsequently Then Third/Thirdly to begin to start with",1,-1,[],[27286]],["announce goals (in) this chapter (in) this part (in) this section aim desire to focus goal intend to intention objective purpose seek to to better understand want to wish to would like to",1,-1,[],[27286]],["finally / to conclude / my purpose is",1,-1,[],[1946]],["label stages all in all at this point at this stage by far for the moment in a word in brief in conclusion in short in sum in summary on the whole overall so far thus far to conclude to repeat to sum up to summarise",1,-1,[],[27286]],["shift topic back to digress in regard to move on now regarding resume return to revisit shift to so to look more closely turn to well with regard to",1,-1,[],[27286]],["such as in conclusion, there are several reasons for this, and my purpose is.",1,-1,[],[27286]]]},{"nd":161,"df":[],"de":[["A framing approach enables the qualitative meanings attached to pertinent issues to emerge and allows for an understanding of the values embedded in their representation in the media",1,-1,[],[37813]],["According to Entman (1993), frames serve as interpretive schemas that guide individuals' perceptions and evaluations of events, shaping their attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions.",1,-1,[],[15443]],["Additionally, framing theory suggests that four frame elements contribute to how information is presented: problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation",1,-1,[],[1214]],["At its core, framing theory posits that the media, through the use of language, directs attention to particular events and news items, contextualizing them within a broader field of significance",1,-1,[],[26976]],["By emphasizing some actors and perspectives while downplaying others, media frames make researchers and health professionals appear more authoritative, whereas teachers are rarely positioned as credible sources.",1,-1,[],[59404]],["By giving prominence to certain facts and not others, different news organizations in these countries will distribute diverse messages to their audiences, leaving their respective publics to draw differing conclusions and interpretations of why and how these events occurred",1,-1,[],[49065]],["Certain aspects of the online community reports that are emphasised can influence the reader's interpretation of these incidents.",1,-1,[],[27408]],["Entman (1993) further advanced framing theory within the field of communication, emphasizing its role in shaping public discourse, media coverage, and the construction of collective meaning.",1,-1,[],[55484]],["Firstly, whether the media report a certain issue and the amount and type of the information used to report the issue make readers learn whether the issue is important and how much importance it carries. Secondly, the frame that is placed on the information by the media, influences the perception of the news by the audience.",1,-1,[],[48854]],["Frame elements contribute to a deeper semantic understanding of the content by narrowing it down to the core theme, thereby reducing distracting noise.",1,-1,[],[1214]],["Frames are abstractions which work to organise or structure message meaning.",1,-1,[],[42416]],["Frames selectively emphasise certain aspects of an issue while omitting others, constructing particular narratives.",1,-1,[],[810]],["Framing also influences how individuals allocate attention, shaping not only what people think about but also how they think about it.",1,-1,[],[59404]],["Framing involves selecting what to emphasize or omit, much like a photographer framing a picture or a house frame shaping construction style.",1,-1,[],[47225]],["Framing of news stories highlights certain aspects of them, thereby defining problems, causes, moral judgments, and potential solutions across both commercial and non-commercial media.",1,-1,[],[38963]],["Framing theory can be applied to analyzing information and news by examining how the language, metaphors, and images used in news coverage can shape the way people perceive and understand events",1,-1,[],[56281]],["Framing theory informs how these aspects are interpreted-how responsibility is assigned, leadership is evaluated, and responses are portrayed as credible or contested.",1,-1,[],[39018]],["Framing theory, recently embraced by researchers focusing on media coverage of gender politics, is a valuable tool for examining how political women are portrayed.",1,-1,[],[47225]],["Gitlin (1980) applied framing theory to the study of protest movements, establishing it as a critical approach to analyzing media coverage of social movements.",1,-1,[],[48953]],["Goffman's work suggests that framing is an instrument of power as it shapes peoples' world views, opinions and actions.",1,-1,[],[31214]],["Hallahan (1999Hallahan ( , 2011) ) describes framing theory as a framework that involves strategically selecting and presenting information to shape public perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[55484]],["In cinema, framing extends to visual and thematic elements that guide interpretations of characters and events",1,-1,[],[38457]],["In the context of films on child sex trafficking and violence, framing determines whether the issue is seen as a criminal justice problem, a human rights violation, or a socio-economic crisis",1,-1,[],[38457]],["In tourism communication, framing determines whether destinations are perceived primarily through lenses of leisure consumption, cultural authenticity, or environmental value.",1,-1,[],[39945]],["Initially rooted in sociology and communication studies, this theory examines how individuals and organizations shape perceptions of reality by emphasizing certain aspects of an issue while downplaying others",1,-1,[["Initially rooted in sociology and communication studies, this theory examines how individuals and organizations shape perceptions of reality by emphasizing certain aspects of an issue while downplaying others",1],["Initially rooted in sociology and communication studies, this theory examines how individuals and organizations shape perceptions of reality by emphasizing certain aspects of an issue while downplaying others.",1]],[57375]],["It centres upon the idea that subjective elements employed by journalists to report a story influence how the audience may understand and interpret an event.",1,-1,[],[21716]],["It recognizes that individuals perceive the world through pre-existing frameworks that shape their understanding of data.",1,-1,[],[55484]],["Overall, framing theory suggests that the way information is presented can be just as important as the content of that information itself",1,-1,[],[56281]],["Rather than functioning as a neutral medium, the press highlights particular narrative threads, assigns causality, and shapes public interpretation through lexical repetition, sentence sequencing, and moral positioning",1,-1,[],[55898]],["Rather than functioning as a neutral medium, the press highlights particular narrative threads, assigns causality, and shapes public interpretation through lexical repetition, sentence sequencing, and moral positioning (Entman, 1993)",1,-1,[],[55898]],["Specifically, they note how framing theory incubates the development of 'a particular conceptualisation of an issue or reorient their thinking about an issue'",1,-1,[],[37813]],["The factors are attributed a value and priority that can affect how an individual constructs reality.",1,-1,[],[27480]],["The framing theory, on the other hand, exemplifies the place of reinforcing the selected issues in ways that make the public have a more positive or negative concern about the happenings.",1,-1,[],[43988]],["The mechanism of framing constructs not only perception but emotional response, persuading readers that poverty alleviation was an inevitable and celebrated endpoint rather than a complex social negotiation embedded in uneven histories (Hutagalung, 2024)",1,-1,[],[55898]],["The theory's application to Vision 2030 coverage reveals how media outlets selectively emphasize certain aspects while de-emphasizing others based on their audience expectations, editorial policies, and geopolitical alignments.",1,-1,[],[19536]],["These frames act as abstractions that structure and organize message meaning and understanding among audiences",1,-1,[],[26976]],["This makes some facts more straightforward than others, thus providing explanatory signals that help to understand and recognize those issues in light of the framing provided by the media",1,-1,[],[36641]],["This social constructivist process worked historically in the establishment and use of language in books of various literatures but also in the everyday language of interpersonal communication of the people.",1,-1,[],[16083]],["This study applied framing theory and agenda-setting theory to explain polarisation in reports.",1,-1,[],[48854]],["This theory elucidates diverse narratives constructed by global media regarding Saudi Vision 2030, explaining why specific elements receive favorable or negative coverage based on political dynamics and cultural viewpoints",1,-1,[],[19536]],["Through the use of language, rhetorical appeals, images, conextualisation and simple editorial decisions, a story will be presented to the public within a particular frame of reference",1,-1,[],[21716]],["Thus, the media coverage of the main topic creates a framework within which the presenteds contents are interpreted",1,-1,[],[50216]],["To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",1,-1,[],[55484]],["Ultimately, framing has the possibility to subtly guide perception, often without audiences being consciously aware of its influence.",1,-1,[],[59404]],["While agenda-setting addresses issue prominence, framing theory explains how meaning is constructed once issues enter public discourse.",1,-1,[],[39018]],["a recursive process in which the movement's idea entrepreneurs attempt to frame messages in ways that will best resonate with the interests, attitudes, and beliefs of its potential constituency.",1,-1,[],[22711]],["assists in viewing the narrative structure of these stories",1,-1,[],[31228]],["critical to the analysis of the framing of the Saudi economic changes",1,-1,[],[31228]],["emphasizing its role in shaping public discourse, media coverage, and the construction of collective meaning.",1,-1,[],[55484]],["explaining how media practices shape the representation of vulnerable groups",1,-1,[],[41680]],["explains how these topics are contextualized for audiences.",1,-1,[],[39018]],["for the press to determine what issue is publicly discussed, journalists intentionally become selective of the topic or event to put in the public domain, and also determine how such information is presented to them",1,-1,[],[34708]],["for the press to draw public attention to a specifically selected event, the need to reinforce such report becomes expedient to determine the positive or negative perception about such event",1,-1,[],[34708]],["four main framing elements (which include problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendations)",1,-1,[],[54870]],["frames as closed fields of meaning",1,-1,[],[810]],["framing an issue is selecting certain aspects of a perceived reality and making them more prominent in ways that promote particular problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendations.",1,-1,[],[39018]],["framing involves the selective highlighting of certain aspects of reality to shape problem definitions, causal interpretations, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendations.",1,-1,[],[50677]],["framing is a paradigm and is considered as the second stage of agenda setting.",1,-1,[],[34141]],["framing is a theory rooted in the fields of sociology, communication, and media studies, providing a discursive lens for researchers to analyze how various media entities modify news narratives across different contexts, from local to international levels",1,-1,[],[26976]],["framing operates at multiple levelsvisual, narrative, and thematic-to shape how trafficking victims and perpetrators are perceived, ultimately constructing different approaches to addressing systemic corruption and justice.",1,-1,[],[38457]],["framing theory as a general framework for analyzing subsequent stages of information perception and processing",1,-1,[],[29318]],["framing theory enables a consideration of 'a variety of perspectives' and has implications for 'multiple values and considerations'.",1,-1,[],[37813]],["framing theory is crucial in understanding how news media build meaning for audiences",1,-1,[],[49065]],["framing theory provides a critical lens for understanding how media shape public perceptions of conflict.",1,-1,[],[50677]],["framing theory suggests that the way climate change is framed can have a significant impact on how people perceive and respond to this issue",1,-1,[],[56281]],["how an issue is portrayed influences public understanding and response",1,-1,[],[51742]],["how these Pakistani political leaders use framing as a tool to guide individuals' interpretation of information and influence their judgments and actions, particularly in the realm of public relations and political communication.",1,-1,[],[55495]],["its flexibility enables this research to capture the prevailing state led narratives and the counter-discourses that arise because of digital activists, providing a delicate insight into the process of constructing, challenging, and preserving meanings in several different media spaces (Bany Mohammed et al., 2025).",1,-1,[],[30357]],["media outlets create these frames by introducing news items with predefined and narrow contextualization",1,-1,[],[26976]],["message design significantly influences farmers' attitudes",1,-1,[],[33438]],["news media in Brazil and the United States both shape an interpretation of reality by highlighting specific facts of what is covered while deemphasizing other aspects of the events.",1,-1,[],[49065]],["news texts are often \"replete with metaphors, catchphrases, and other symbolic devices\" that implicitly guide audience interpretations. These symbolic frames are not neutral; they foreground certain meanings while silencing others, thereby producing interpretative repertoires that shape how conflict is understood.",1,-1,[],[30357]],["provides a critical lens for understanding how media shape public perceptions of conflict.",1,-1,[],[50677]],["the media coverage of the main topic creates a framework within which the presenteds contents are interpreted",1,-1,[],[50216]],["the use of framing theory provides a powerful lens to understand how American and Brazilian newspapers shaped the coverage of one of the most destructive environmental crises of the past century.",1,-1,[],[49065]],["the use of framing to find resources that framed the frame up to the description of how a time frame described an impact on society",1,-1,[],[34141]],["this theory can explain the actual treatment of the issue based on the frame.",1,-1,[],[34141]],["uncovering how media messages are constructed, disseminated, and interpreted by examining its role in news media, political communication, social media, and crisis communication",1,-1,[],[57375]],["understanding how frames evolve in response to shifting socio-political and cultural contexts.",1,-1,[],[810]]],"sy":[["Framing",1,22777,[],[56281]],["Media Framing Theory",1,927,[],[34067]],["news framing theory",1,-1,[],[34067]],["the second level of agenda-setting",1,1243,[],[50216]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",4,425,[["agenda-setting",3],["agenda setting",1]],[26976,30357,37201,39018]],["agenda-setting theory",3,6096,[["agenda-setting theory",2],["agenda setting theory",1]],[34141,48854,50216]],["A frame is an indication to what the source thinks is important in information being relayed to audiences.",1,-1,[],[38201]],["agenda-setting media theory",1,32910,[],[34708]],["agenda-setting strategy",1,-1,[],[26976]],["communicative tactic used by those in agent ranks to wield their privilege as a \"megaphone,\" amplifying the voices of the marginalized and challenging powerful institutions",1,-1,[],[51742]],["episodic frames",1,15963,[],[48953]],["feminist film theory",1,34645,[],[38457]],["frame alignment",1,12005,[],[22711]],["framing",1,22777,[],[34067]],["metaphor",1,24338,[],[48854]],["narratology",1,2471,[],[38457]],["natural frameworks",1,17732,[],[48953]],["priming",1,19875,[],[30357]],["prognostic framing",1,11588,[],[22711]],["slogan",1,1044,[],[48854]],["social frameworks",1,21489,[],[48953]],["spin",1,22992,[],[48854]],["the frame",1,7860,[],[42416]],["thematic frames",1,17606,[],[48953]],["thematic framing",1,28621,[],[49091]]],"sb":[["causal interpretation",4,24033,[["causal interpretation",3],["causal interpretations",1]],[1214,19536,50677,57375]],["moral evaluation",4,7941,[["moral evaluation",3],["moral evaluations",1]],[1214,19536,50677,57375]],["problem definition",4,19716,[["problem definition",2],["Problem definition",1],["problem definitions",1]],[1214,19536,50677,57375]],["treatment recommendation",4,4269,[["treatment recommendation",2],["treatment recommendations",2]],[1214,19536,50677,57375]],["cause",1,28025,[],[54503]],["episodic framing",1,19540,[],[39018]],["problem",1,-1,[],[54503]],["responsibility",1,1758,[],[54503]],["solution",1,143,[],[54503]],["thematic framing",1,28621,[],[39018]]],"sp":[["Social Movement Theory",1,18527,[],[22711]],["agenda setting",1,425,[],[37201]],["agenda-setting theory",1,6096,[],[50216]],["mass communication",1,21739,[],[48854]],["media logic",1,18548,[],[43454]]],"ex":[["Alternatively, media framing may depict climate change as a matter of debate or controversy, emphasizing scientific uncertainty or political disagreements, shaping perceptions of the issue as less urgent or credible.",1,-1,[],[15443]],["The online community reports from MambaOnline frame violence against gay men in a way that focuses on their victim profile and vulnerability, the role of technology in facilitating attacks, and the failures of the police service.",1,-1,[],[27408]],["media coverage of climate change may frame it as a scientific consensus supported by overwhelming evidence, framing it as a pressing environmental and societal challenge requiring urgent action.",1,-1,[],[15443]],["the US media and government adopted a 'war on terrorism' frame, which allowed politicians and journalists alike to place global news events, particularly within the realm of conflict, into an overall narrative.",1,-1,[],[21716]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["true vs. false information",1,-1,[],[33572]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ao usar o termo \"Vagabunda\", o falante está, de maneira geral, expressando julgamentos sobre a conduta sexual das mulheres.",1,-1,[],[59660]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Amante",1,-1,[],[59660]],["Traidora",1,-1,[],[59660]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["celebrity-in-chief",1,-1,[],[35481]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["linguistic bias",1,20696,[],[39635]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The information poor must be allowed to take responsibility for initiating social changes that will not only ensure the protection of their information rights, but will also restore their human dignity.",1,-1,[],[20403]],["must have a platform and opportunity within a system to mobilise themselves and rightfully protest against economic, social and political oppression that violates their basic information rights.",1,-1,[],[20403]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["pro-independence",1,-1,[],[59374]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["External validity",1,-1,[],[41218]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Japan, Korea, and China",1,-1,[],[19192]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["denotative",1,32687,[],[25887]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["According to Chandler (2002), images function on two primary levels: the denotative (literal) and the connotative (associative).",1,-1,[],[49701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["connotative",2,31894,[],[49701,55592]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["According to the cognitive reflection hypothesis, first the intuitive answer comes to mind and is either rejected or not depending on the level of cognitive reflection.",1,-1,[],[22214]],["Lower performance on measures of cognitive reflection, indexing a tendency to select an intuitive but incorrect rather than a considered and correct response to a question, has been associated with belief in false material [e.g. 20,21].",1,-1,[],[27948]],["Our results suggest that cognitive reflection is a thinking disposition that includes more characteristics than originally proposed by Frederick (2005).",1,-1,[],[2566]],["Our study suggests that cognitive reflection is a thinking disposition that interacts with knowledge, preferences, heuristics and characteristics of the environment.",1,-1,[],[2566]],["a performance-based measure consisting of brief math-like puzzles that assess the ability to withhold a tempting intuitive (but incorrect) Type 1 response and engage in reflective Type 2 processing to generate a correct response.",1,-1,[],[17502]],["cognitive reflection is a thinking disposition that includes more characteristics than originally proposed by Frederick (2005)",1,-1,[],[2566]],["cognitive reflection is a thinking disposition that interacts with knowledge, domain-specific heuristics and characteristics of the environment and that it may play an essential role in the adaptation of the decision maker to different environments and situations.",1,-1,[],[2566]],["cognitive reflection is a thinking disposition that interacts with knowledge, preferences, heuristics and characteristics of the environment.",1,-1,[],[2566]],["cognitive reflection plays an important role in the adaptation of individuals to different environments and situations.",1,-1,[],[2566]],["cognitive reflection, as measured by CRT, is related to Baron's (2008) broader concept of actively open-minded thinking.",1,-1,[],[2566]],["reflecting a tendency for reduced analytic thought",1,-1,[],[27948]]],"sy":[["reflectiveness",1,21934,[],[2566]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["emergem a partir dos imperativos culturais e históricos da sociedade",1,-1,[],[43701]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Foss and Griffin proposed the idea of 'invitational rhetoric' as a feminist alternative to what they perceived to be patriarchal force inherent in persuasive rhetoric.",1,-1,[],[59728]],["Organizations should, in short, strive to respect others' inputs and to build understanding (Kim & Brown, 2015).",1,-1,[],[35297]],["Similarly, invitational rhetoric refers to the quality of respecting others' inputs on social media.",1,-1,[],[35297]],["This definition highlights that invitational rhetoric should be accepted as a communication exchange in which the communicative parties create an environment of growth and change (Bone et al., 2008).",1,-1,[],[35297]],["invitational rhetoric should be accepted as a communication exchange in which the communicative parties create an environment of growth and change",1,-1,[],[35297]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["persuasive rhetoric",1,-1,[],[59728]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["The irrealis judgments that concern potential/future states or actions can be constructed through the use of tense and aspect and through the use of cause-effect relations.",1,-1,[],[9872]],["We refer to these using the linguistic term irrealis, usually applied in non-factual contexts.",1,-1,[],[24286]],["markers that indicate that the words appearing in a sentence might not be reliable for the purposes of sentiment analysis",1,-1,[],[24286]]],"sy":[["Nonveridicality",1,13907,[],[24836]]],"rt":[["nonveridicality",1,13907,[],[24836]],["realis",1,20953,[],[9872]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["intentionally deceptive information is a phenomenon with potentially far-reaching consequences for democratic stability",1,-1,[],[24034]],["intentionally deceptive information thrives best on those topics that are most polarized in a given context.",1,-1,[],[24034]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["disinformation",1,17423,[],[32665]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Together these principles form the constitution.",1,-1,[],[19495]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["principles",1,400,[],[19495]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["hostile misinformation seems to directly trigger affective shifts that reinforce prejudiced attitudes",1,-1,[],[47718]],["misinformation can induce affective shifts that increase out-group animosity and fuel polarization",1,-1,[],[47718]],["misinformation induces affective shifts independently of factual perceptions",1,-1,[],[47718]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["violencia simbólica",1,2385,[],[11191]],["violencia sistémica",1,-1,[],[11191]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hierarchical propagation network",1,-1,[],[23161]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["associated with denialist movements or conspiracy theories in other countries (especially China, the United States, and Russia).",1,-1,[],[48160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Sources can be used to frame issues and infuse reports with bias and influence how issues are interpreted and understood by audiences.",1,-1,[],[9793]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["civic online reasoning",1,19816,[],[27998]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["relevance by effect",1,20733,[],[32501]]],"ex":[["You do not believe that an earthquake is gonna happen as scientific evidence cannot predict it with certainty higher than 60%.",1,-1,[],[32501]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["who are involved in the generation, processing, value-addition, and distribution of information products and services as tradable commodities",1,-1,[],[20406]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["metadata-based",1,-1,[],[32319]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["And from scholarship on alternative epistemologies, it adopts a detailed picture of how such demands may challenge science's core logic, that is, its epistemology.",1,-1,[],[8763]],["As such, it may occur in all contexts where scientific knowledge plays or may play a role, that is, in practically all areas of personal, organizational, and public life",1,-1,[],[8763]],["This concept adopts the fundamental structure of populism, its core protagonists, and their fundamentally antagonistic relations from scholarship on political populism. From scholarship on the \"participatory turn,\" it borrows the insight that participatory demands exist beyond politics and address the core logics of the fields in which they emerge. And from scholarship on alternative epistemologies, it adopts a detailed picture of how such demands may challenge science's core logic, that is, its epistemology.",1,-1,[],[8763]],["may appear in different topical contexts (from strongly politicized topics like climate change or vaccination to less politicized ones like nutrition or homeopathy)",1,-1,[],[8763]],["may come in different intensities (e.g. rejection of science per se or resentment toward scientific institutions but acceptance of scientific methods; see Achterberg et al., 2017)",1,-1,[],[8763]],["may have different rationales (e.g. ideological agendas or vested interests; see Morgan et al., 2018)",1,-1,[],[8763]],["may target different epistemic authorities (e.g. individual climate researchers or science in general; see Sarathchandra and Haltinner, 2020)",1,-1,[],[8763]],["not intended as an umbrella term for all forms of critique directed against science.",1,-1,[],[8763]],["science-related populism focuses on scientific elites, portraying them as antagonists of the ordinary people.",1,-1,[],[8763]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["anti-intellectualism",1,-1,[],[8763]],["anti-scientific position",1,-1,[],[8763]],["conspiracy cultures",1,12487,[],[8763]],["indigenous epistemologies",1,-1,[],[8763]],["political or industrial efforts to undermine scientific evidence",1,-1,[],[8763]],["political populism",1,27216,[],[8763]],["radical science movements",1,-1,[],[8763]],["religious doctrines",1,-1,[],[8763]],["science denial",1,19006,[],[8763]],["science-related decision-making sovereignty",1,-1,[],[8763]],["the academic elite",1,9160,[],[8763]],["the ordinary people",1,29837,[],[8763]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["spreaders",1,7974,[],[6750]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1,23921,[],[31201]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",1,23921,[],[31201]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[["Using deliberately unclear words, so that the audience may have its own interpretation.",3,-1,[["Using deliberately unclear words, so that the audience may have its own interpretation.",2],["Using deliberately unclear words, so that the audience may have its own interpretation",1]],[51692,52049,59173]],["use of words that are deliberately not clear, vague or ambiguous so that the audience may have its own interpretations.",2,-1,[],[37239,57437]]],"de":[["For example, an unclear phrase with multiple or unclear definitions is used within the argument and, therefore, does not support the conclusion. Statements that are imprecise and intentionally do not fully or vaguely answer the question posed fall under this category too.",1,-1,[],[57437]],["For example, when an unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.",1,-1,[],[56124]],["For example, when an unclear phrase with multiple possible meanings is used within an argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.",1,-1,[],[56124]],["For instance, when an unclear phrase with multiple possible meanings is used within the argument, and, therefore, it does not really support the conclusion.",1,-1,[],[59173]],["instance, when an unclear phrase with multiple possible meanings is used within the argument, and, therefore, it does not really support the conclusion.",1,-1,[],[29175]],["so that the audience may have its own interpretation.",1,-1,[],[51692]]],"sy":[["OIC",1,23851,[],[38690]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11807,55991]],["Manipulative Wording",1,18765,[],[57437]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11807]]],"ex":[["\"It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore, if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do it.\"",1,-1,[],[59173]],["Code-switched example: \"As we all know in big guns circles a term used \"Get a promotion with wife swap\". Baqi aap samajhdar ho keh keya matlab hey es ka\" English translation: \"As we all know in big guns circles a term used \"Get a promotion with wife swap\". The rest of you are wise enough to understand the meaning of this\"",1,-1,[],[29175]],["English example: \"It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore, if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do it.\" Here the word \"listen\" can either mean to listen to the personal account of the experience of being a victim of theft and empathize with them or it could mean to carry out the punishment of their choice.",1,-1,[],[29175]],["Example for Obfuscation, Intentional vagueness, Confusion",1,-1,[],[11807]],["Example: Feathers cannot be dark, because all feathers are light!",1,-1,[],[57437]],["Feathers cannot be dark, because all feathers are light!",1,-1,[],[57437]],["It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do that.",1,-1,[],[56124]],["The cardinal's office maintains that rather than saying \"yes,\" there is a possibility of liturgical \"blessing\" of gay unions, he answered the question in a more subtle way without giving an explicit \"yes.\"",1,-1,[],[59173]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["logic of settlement",1,15578,[],[31944]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media capital",1,7436,[],[43455]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["has developed alongside mass communication, with aesthetic and stylistic norms that associate certain gestures, wardrobe, terminology, color palettes, fonts, hairstyles, and decor with news",1,-1,[],[34954]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"pseudo media\"",1,-1,[],[34954]],["pink slime journalism",1,-1,[],[34954]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Collaboration among trainees is another positive aspect that must be promoted in terms of interaction since it makes exchange and enrichment of personal experiences and practical examples easier.",1,-1,[],[57030]],["Collaboration is a key-factor to create advocacy and to sustain part of the media ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[57030]],["Collaboration is understood by editors-in-chief as a means for boosting the development of more integrated and efficient media systems, particularly when it comes from the need to have better work conditions for journalists and technological supporting tools to perform their roles.",1,-1,[],[57030]],["collaboration (opening up journalistic structures to interaction with other spheres, either other media structures or academia / specialist actors)",1,-1,[],[57030]],["the collaboration of journalists with other colleagues working for the same organization and responsible for communication, IT, digital and social media marketing units, as well the collaboration between journalists and partner organisations, which could be other media organizations, schools, education and research organization, but also sponsor or advertisers.",1,-1,[],[57030]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["us and them",1,15488,[],[28050]]],"sb":[["Activation / passivation",1,-1,[],[52321]],["Participation / Circumstantialization / Possessivation",1,-1,[],[52321]],["Personalization / Impersonalization",1,-1,[],[52321]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["no establecidos",1,-1,[],[14000]]],"rt":[["insiders",1,24475,[],[14000]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["governmentowned/controlled agencies",1,-1,[],[23452]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Motivational frames are strongly articulated around the simplicity of the movement's message and its embodied, often personal, and every day-based elaboration.",1,-1,[],[46923]],["mobilizing and encouraging people to take action",1,-1,[],[51624]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["diagnostic frames",1,17062,[],[51624]],["diagnostic, prognostic and motivational frames",1,-1,[],[46923]],["prognostic frames",1,22247,[],[51624]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Frames",1,7860,[],[46923]],["framing",1,22777,[],[51480]]],"ex":[["\"Become part of the team, \" Fridays for Future, Austria",1,-1,[],[51624]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As a descriptor, it validates ProPublica's journalistic bona fides, as does the use of 'muckraking', channelling a familiar term for investigative journalism.",1,-1,[],[49483]]],"sy":[["investigative journalism",1,1762,[],[49483]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["advocacy journalism",1,10223,[],[9259]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":25,"df":[],"de":[["Once the group members conduct an in-depth discussion of rumors, they would believe it.",1,-1,[],[13089]],["This involves an element of social comparison. A group member might compare their attitude or position to the group's average and then adjust to be closer to the group position.",1,-1,[],[38931]],["This process can be attributed to members of a group attempting to conform to the ideal or stereotypical member identity or behaviour, which in turn results in more polarised or exaggerated behaviours.",1,-1,[],[38931]],["a previously held moderate belief (e.g., \"I'm not sure about the motives of the refugees\") is taking a more extreme form following the more radical elements of the community (e.g., \"refugees are not really escaping violence but to get free social benefits\")",1,-1,[],[48364]],["which is maladaptive",1,-1,[],[541]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social cascades",2,23428,[],[13089,51116]],["confirmation bias",1,16709,[],[38931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["PNK",1,-1,[],[51027]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":30,"df":[],"de":[["Conversely, insufficient social support, as well as conflicts or stress within one's social network, can negatively impact health outcomes (Goodman et al., 2019;Hendryx et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[59047]],["Facebook also exercises control over the information (not) presented, e.g. in users' news feeds.",1,-1,[],[24360]],["Social networks are living entities developed through symmetrical, reciprocal, flexible and open relationships.",1,-1,[],[31207]],["Social networks bring together heterogeneous individuals belonging to different groups, organizations and institutions with shared interests and objectives oriented towards exchange and the common good.",1,-1,[],[31207]],["Social networks can also be understood as open or partially open internet services that simplify communication and relationships between individual with similar mindsets, or connecting large number of such individuals into thematic groups",1,-1,[],[22253]],["Social networks can also be understood as open or partially open internet services that simplify communication and relationships between individual with similar mindsets, or connecting large number of such individuals into thematic groups [31].",1,-1,[],[22253]],["Social networks can also promote health behaviors that prevent disease, slow its progression, or influence recovery speed (Miller & DiMatteo, 2013).",1,-1,[],[59047]],["Social networks evolve over time, with connections forming, breaking, and evolving dynamically.",1,-1,[],[39894]],["Social networks facilitate borderless communication, allow for, inter alia, political, ideological, cultural and artistic expression, permit an inflow of daily news, raise awareness on human rights violations and offer a quick and cheap solution to inviting people to your birthday party. At the same time, social networks constitute platforms through which hateful rhetoric is spread 4 and normalised and minority groups are systematically targeted, thereby affecting today's world on a micro (individual), meso (group) and macro (societal) level.",1,-1,[],[22299]],["Social structures and social relations can be modeled into social networks",1,-1,[],[35671]],["Substantial evidence links social networks and social support to health outcomes through psychological (Uchino et al., 2012), physiological (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2010), and behavioral mechanisms (Gallant, 2013).",1,-1,[],[59047]],["Such networks function within the digital space of the Internet and allow for quick dissemination of information, synchronous and asynchronous chat, the creation of groups of common interest and ideology.",1,-1,[],[22299]],["The Network becomes a propitious space to exercise the principles of democratic citizenship and participation as an interrelated set of intermediate groups between the individual and the state in civil society",1,-1,[],[31207]],["The concept of social network has been used to analyze interactions between individuals, groups, organizations or even entire societies since the end of the 19th century.",1,-1,[],[27601]],["The recent Facebook experiment mentioned above made it very clear that the platform can take a rather active interest in even editing and modifying content on personal profiles.",1,-1,[],[24360]],["The structure of the network, including its size, density, centrality, and modularity, influences the spread of rumors.",1,-1,[],[39894]],["This exchange determines the dynamism of social networks and the production of collective knowledge.",1,-1,[],[31207]],["We can define social network as a 'node' in which each person presents and relates to others, showing situations of everyday life through communication and interpersonal interaction.",1,-1,[],[31207]],["a facility for linking and connecting people.",1,-1,[],[24360]],["a social community built on human interactions and behaviors that make sense when shared among members -they develop the same identity and carry out actions based on values, beliefs and personal meanings, share stories, tasks, interests, spaces or life projects and use a virtual environment for their sense-and meaning-building activities.",1,-1,[],[31207]],["social networks are used by individual users but also by organised and semi-organised groups to promote hateful rhetoric and target the victims of such rhetoric.",1,-1,[],[22299]]],"sy":[["Network",1,26379,[],[31207]],["OSNs",1,-1,[],[22253]]],"rt":[["social media",1,6683,[],[44644]],["social support",1,27915,[],[59047]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Internet",1,-1,[],[22299]]],"ex":[["Facebook",2,-1,[],[24360,31207]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Gender status beliefs advantage men simply because they are men, not because they have more merit, resources, or power. They thus give men an advantage over women in similar positions who are just as talented, successful, or powerful. These men are perceived as more competent, interesting, and worthy of both their positions and public attention.",1,-1,[],[55390]],["They thus give men an advantage over women in similar positions who are just as talented, successful, or powerful. These men are perceived as more competent, interesting, and worthy of both their positions and public attention.",1,-1,[],[55390]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the Delphi technique, scenario construction, role-playing, war-gaming, and horizon scans",1,-1,[],[23562]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["played a significant role in religious controversies across the globe",1,-1,[],[32920]],["they often operate in the dark",1,-1,[],[32920]],["used misinformation in the form of homemade or cropped cartoons to generate a sufficient level of indignation and anger",1,-1,[],[32920]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["it requires learners to anticipate what will be unfamiliar, what will be misread, and what needs explanation",1,-1,[],[55581]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["news",1,8218,[],[19386]],["translatorial intervention",1,-1,[],[27394]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["multimodal text production",1,-1,[],[37721]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Another important precondition to consider is the idea of reasoning-based arguments not disrupted by persuasive communication acts and hidden agendas (commitment to telling the truth, freedom of expression, media transparency).",1,-1,[],[30011]],["Moreover, the absence of power should grant these participants the freedom to express their differing opinions without fearing any sanctions or threats",1,-1,[],[30011]],["Moreover, the absence of power should grant these participants the freedom to express their differing opinions without fearing any sanctions or threats-this principle is closely related to trust in the media and their autonomy in terms of self-regulation and public accountability.",1,-1,[],[30011]],["The third precondition is equality; everyone should be equally free and able to express their stance (impartiality and diversity should be granted).",1,-1,[],[30011]],["These include mutual respect in communicative interactions, i.e., participants' readiness and willingness to listen to and understand each other's opinions (respect towards human dignity and non-violence).",1,-1,[],[30011]],["four ideal preconditions for deliberative communication to develop and thrive. These include mutual respect in communicative interactions, i.e., participants' readiness and willingness to listen to and understand each other's opinions (respect towards human dignity and non-violence). Moreover, the absence of power should grant these participants the freedom to express their differing opinions without fearing any sanctions or threats-this principle is closely related to trust in the media and their autonomy in terms of self-regulation and public accountability. The third precondition is equality; everyone should be equally free and able to express their stance (impartiality and diversity should be granted). Another important precondition to consider is the idea of reasoning-based arguments not disrupted by persuasive communication acts and hidden agendas (commitment to telling the truth, freedom of expression, media transparency).",1,-1,[],[30011]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Finally, the need criterion was measured using two items stating that permanent settlement should be reserved for those Asian immigrants living in poverty or with dependent young children",1,-1,[],[42981]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["CARIN criteria",1,-1,[],[42981]],["migrant deservingness",1,30066,[],[42981]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Os acontecimentos no mundo são significados na e pela linguagem.",1,-1,[],[10265]],["na intersecção entre a \"atualidade e a memória\"",1,-1,[],[10265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Discrimination via Input",1,-1,[],[23695]],["Discrimination via Representation",1,-1,[],[23695]]],"sp":[["DNN unfairness",1,-1,[],[23695]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["transformative media",1,4558,[],[32103]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Promise",1,19230,[],[38390]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["States Parties are obliged to create a favorable environment for all interested parties to participate in public debates and to allow them to express their ideas and opinions without fear, even if those ideas and opinions are at odds with those held by the authorities or a substantial section of the public, or even if they are irritating or shocking to the latter",1,-1,[],[37527]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mobilisation",1,17659,[],[31898]],["validation",1,15008,[],[31898]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["which tells what the opinion target is, how its sentiment orientation is, and why such a sentiment is expressed (through the opinion term)",1,-1,[],[5970]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["traditional moral disengagement",1,-1,[],[1396]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Actual: An event that is happening or has happened.",1,-1,[],[38983]],["Intentional: An event that is being planned or intended to happen in the future. Usually, it is the moral agent's subjective intention of the event.",1,-1,[],[38983]],["Speculative: An event that may happen, usually speculated by someone who is not a participant in the event (e.g. the speaker of a quote, or the author of the article).",1,-1,[],[38983]],["actual",1,11118,[],[38983]],["intentional",1,2432,[],[38983]],["speculative",1,5151,[],[38983]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["An epistemically vicious person might be fooled by a video about hand dryers and COVID-19 to believe that hot air protects against the disease, without evaluating the evidence and counter-evidence, or without seeking out a second opinion.",1,-1,[],[30799]],["As obstructivism conceives of them, epistemic vices are harmful to us as knowers but they are different from mere defects.",1,-1,[],[18252,18253]],["I call this account of epistemic vice obstructivism. As obstructivism conceives of them, epistemic vices are harmful to us as knowers but they are different from mere defects.",1,-1,[],[18253]],["Responsibilists maintain that epistemic vices are character traits or dispositions to act in characteristic ways.",1,-1,[],[30799]],["The bearers of epistemic vices are open to criticism for displaying epistemically vicious traits, 5 See for instance Battaly (2017), Crerar (2018), Tanesini (2018) and Cassam (2019).",1,-1,[],[30799]],["The claim is not that epistemic vices invariably get in the way of knowledge but that this is not the normal case. In the actual world, epistemic vices systematically get in the way of knowledge.",1,-1,[],[18253]],["Unlike mere defects, epistemic vices are blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible.",1,-1,[],[18252]],["Unlike such cognitive defects, epistemic vices are always reprehensible, and sometimes blameworthy",1,-1,[],[30799]],["Unlike such cognitive defects, epistemic vices are always reprehensible, and sometimes blameworthy (Cassam 2019).",1,-1,[],[30799]],["blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible, that is, open to criticism",1,-1,[],[18253]],["distinct theoretical and empirical construct",1,-1,[],[30799]],["epistemic vice is a distinct theoretical and empirical construct",1,-1,[],[30799]],["epistemic vice obstructs knowledge",1,-1,[],[30799]],["epistemic vices relate to character traits operating at a personal level.",1,-1,[],[30799]],["even if they didn't acquire them voluntarily it is nevertheless possible for them to exercise control over them and modify them",1,-1,[],[18253]],["reliabilists maintain that epistemic vices are faculties such as perception, induction, and memory.",1,-1,[],[30799]],["the role epistemic vice plays in the uptake of information and misinformation",1,-1,[],[30799]],["traits that obstruct epistemic goods such as knowledge and understanding",1,-1,[],[30799]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["COVID-19 misinformation",1,31727,[],[30799]],["attitude vices",1,30981,[],[18253]],["cognitive biases",1,2728,[],[30799]],["cognitive defects",1,-1,[],[30799]],["obstructivism",1,-1,[],[18252]],["vice epistemology",1,30186,[],[30799]]],"sb":[["Closed-mindedness",2,26889,[["Closed-mindedness",2],["closed-mindedness",1]],[18252,18253,30799]],["Apathy",1,26267,[],[30799]],["Diffidence",1,9898,[],[30799]],["Indifference",1,3035,[],[30799]],["Intellectual arrogance",1,30949,[],[18252,18253]],["Obstinacy",1,7237,[],[30799]],["Prejudice",1,23417,[["Prejudice",1],["prejudice",1]],[18252,18253]],["Rigidity",1,10210,[],[30799]],["Sloppiness",1,16264,[],[30799]],["epistemic arrogance",1,-1,[],[18253]],["epistemic insouciance",1,20166,[],[18253]],["epistemic laziness",1,5866,[],[18252,18253]],["epistemic malevolence",1,25174,[],[18253]],["epistemic rigidity",1,-1,[],[30799]],["indifference to the truth",1,-1,[],[30799]],["rigidity in their belief structures",1,-1,[],[30799]],["wishful thinking",1,-1,[],[18252,18253]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["one example of the way that postfeminism increasingly works upon subjectivity or psychic life.",1,-1,[],[9010]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["inherent enjoyment in applying it to a variety of antisemitic tropes",1,-1,[],[54791]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["contenido patrocinado",1,-1,[],[32187]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["According to the framing model proposed by Goffman and Titton (2012), an individual's experience in the world is, in a sense, a result of how they frame the reality that surrounds them.",1,-1,[],[54618]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["A victim of a deception becomes a proxy of the deceiver the instant this victim propagates the deceptive message, and whether the deception is actually believed by the victim might not matter.",1,-1,[],[37899]],["producers of fake news content target highly engaged and visible groups or individuals, who then become proxies that distribute the deceptive messages, thus implementing a Chained Compound Attack",1,-1,[],[37899]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":14,"df":[],"de":[["Semantic preference and semantic prosody are two distinct yet interdependent collocational meanings.",1,-1,[],[21175]],["a semantic preference that is dependent on register or genre",1,-1,[],[25076]],["semantic preference in this paper refers to a particular type of collocational phenomenon, which is (relatively objectively) observable by looking at corpus evidence",1,-1,[["semantic preference in this paper refers to a particular type of collocational phenomenon, which is (relatively objectively) observable by looking at corpus evidence",1],["semantic preference in this paper refers to a particular type of collocational phenomenon, which is (relatively objectively) observable by looking at corpus evidence.",1]],[25076]],["semantic preference interacts with syntactic patterning (colligation), word class and 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P2: My pet is not white. C: My pet is not a swan.",1,-1,[],[5464]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["new poor",1,34419,[],[37818]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Dowlings argued that the story of Cinderella amplified the psychological and physical differences between women and men and implied that women depend on men in the pursuit of a happy, fulfilling life.",1,-1,[],[19653]],["assumes that women depend on men in the pursuit of a happy, fulfilling life",1,-1,[],[19653]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["in the story Cinderella, Ella is kindhearted, beautiful, attractive, and independent, yet cannot decide her own life and has to rely on the support from others (e.g., the fairy godmother), especially the male characters (e.g., Kit the Prince).",1,-1,[],[19653]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["we train a veracity assessment model to assign a True or False label to the claim.",1,-1,[],[39955]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["It could also be delivered for three minutes or more for use in a news program. Such an arrangement is best in allowing both sides of a conflict to state their position on the matter.",1,-1,[],[45240]]],"sy":[["packages",1,12104,[],[45240]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Factors involved in the logic of sharing relate to both content and context.",1,-1,[],[29199]],["selection in the sharing logic is mainly driven by social values and social judgement.",1,-1,[],[29199]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["logic",1,6008,[],[29199]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["if the newspaper di¤erentially gives more emphasis to Democratic topics and less to Republican ones when the incumbent is a Democrat, the newspaper is said to behave as an electoral lapdog towards the incumbent President",1,-1,[],[60503]],["the New York Times is captured by the incumbent President during the presidential campaign, i.e. it acts as an electoral lapdog",1,-1,[],[60503]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a kind of world alienation endorsed by the algorithmic limitation that operates strongly in digital networks",1,-1,[],[60857]],["alienation -when the common world is not taken as part of our \"private worlds\" -",1,-1,[],[60857]],["alienation is one of the great threats to the preservation of the common world",1,-1,[],[60857]],["world-alienation amplified by penetrative techniques of social media that are so persuasive in shaping beliefs and opinions",1,-1,[],[60857]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["worldlessness",1,-1,[],[60857]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the majority referred to the media and not to rumors, chains or contents that go viral without being clear about their source",1,-1,[],[30038]]],"sy":[["misleading content",1,17503,[],[30038]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["NFM does not motivate people to deeply learn about the news subject matter",1,-1,[],[31154]],["NFM has been linked with political cynicism, especially the reliance on peer dimension of NFM, indicating that an overreliance on peers from one's social network to provide political information may result in the detachment from the political process, thus increasing people's political cynicism",1,-1,[],[31154]],["NFM is clearly not one of these effective pathways.",1,-1,[],[31154]],["NFM not only affects people's political knowledge. It is also inversely related to political interests over time",1,-1,[],[31154]],["NFM people will consume less information, will engage more superficially with it, and ultimately, considering how NFM people get news from their personal networks, will foster filter bubbles and homogeneous opinions",1,-1,[],[31154]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["reliance on algorithmic news",1,-1,[],[31154]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["NPF characters may be either persons or abstractions (e.g., \"the economy\", \"the environment\", \"the city\" or \"the territory\").",1,-1,[],[1397]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Foci of Blaming",1,-1,[],[9865]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["5). Honesty in conveying information (impartiality).",1,-1,[],[37388]],["If the Fourth Estate's role is enabling citizens to reach an informed decision, it fails them by resiling from hard truths in order to role play at impartiality.",1,-1,[],[33480]],["Impartial institutions generally believe that decisions should be based on quality rather than personal connections.",1,-1,[],[42335]],["Impartiality depended on the topic and angle of the story, and the type of media organisation they work for (for-profit vs. public-owned).",1,-1,[],[7222]],["The conditions for scoring impartiality based on its sentiment score is shown in Appendix-I.",1,-1,[],[5858]],["The general standard used to assess the impartiality of news lies in the balance (balance) and neutrality",1,-1,[["The general standard used to assess the impartiality of news lies in the balance (balance) and neutrality",1],["The general standard used to assess the impartiality of news lies in the balance (balance) and neutrality.",1]],[37388]],["This measure combines three characteristics of public sector practices: the extent to which corruption is prevalent, the strength of the 'rule of law', and the level of governmental effectiveness.",1,-1,[],[42335]],["do not unduly favour one perspective over another",1,-1,[],[33480]],["impartiality does not mean false balance",1,-1,[],[33480]],["journalists served their audience through the values of acting in the public interest, accountability and impartiality.",1,-1,[],[7222]],["neutral, nonpartisan tone/lack of attacks or injected opinion",1,-1,[],[17925]],["not a realistic norm,\" due to inherent biases in individuals and news organisations.",1,-1,[],[7222]],["the whole thing of impartiality is a fiction",1,-1,[],[33480]]],"sy":[["Sentiment score",1,23527,[],[5858]],["balance",1,19493,[],[7222]],["neutrality",1,3242,[],[7222]],["not taking sides",1,-1,[],[33480]],["objectivity",1,31829,[],[7222]],["transparency",1,28207,[],[7222]],["transparency -which can be considered a \"substitute for (the impossibility of) impartiality\" [57]",1,-1,[],[7222]],["unbiased view",1,-1,[],[7222]]],"rt":[["objectivity",2,31829,[],[7222,33480]],["\"both sides\" coverage",1,-1,[],[17925]],["accountability",1,33836,[],[7222]],["acting in the public interest",1,-1,[],[7222]],["agendas",1,29936,[],[33480]],["balance",1,19493,[],[7222]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[7222]],["data bias",1,683,[],[7222]],["implicit biases",1,5775,[],[33480]],["neutrality",1,3242,[],[7222]],["pseudo-impartiality",1,-1,[],[7222]],["quality of government",1,-1,[],[42335]],["transparency",1,28207,[],[7222]],["trust",1,34511,[],[7222]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["A neutral discussion about the fight between left and right wing partisan on US President (lack of) role in the hurricane Florence disaster.",1,-1,[],[17925]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Constructing oneself as a normal, ordinary person is therefore also a way of appealing for sympathy and understanding (Sandberg & Pedersen, 2006, p. 237).",1,-1,[],[22083]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["jus in bello",1,19204,[],[61585]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["'official' media coverage",1,-1,[],[56323]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This amplification occurs through several mechanisms. First, the echo chamber effect, where users are predominantly exposed to like-minded perspectives, can reinforce and exaggerate existing biases against religious outgroups (Sunstein, 2017). Second, the rapid spread of information, including misinformation and inflammatory content, can escalate interreligious tensions more quickly and widely than traditional media (Evolvi, 2019). Third, the anonymity and distance provided by digital platforms can lower inhibitions, leading to more extreme expressions of religious intolerance or prejudice (Piela, 2017). Finally, the gamification of social media interactions, through likes, shares, and comments, can incentivize provocative or divisive religious content, further amplifying the othering process (Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020).",1,-1,[],[44742]],["This amplification occurs through several mechanisms. First, the echo chamber effect, where users are predominantly exposed to like-minded perspectives, can reinforce and exaggerate existing biases against religious outgroups (Sunstein, 2017). Second, the rapid spread of information, including misinformation and inflammatory content, can escalate interreligious tensions more quickly and widely than traditional media (Evolvi, 2019). Third, the anonymity and distance provided by digital platforms can lower inhibitions, leading to more extreme expressions of religious intolerance or prejudice (Piela, 2017). Finally, the gamification of social media interactions, through likes, shares, and comments, can incentivize provocative or divisive religious content, further amplifying the othering process (Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020). This amplification can create a feedback loop where online othering spills over into offline contexts, potentially exacerbating real-world interreligious tensions.",1,-1,[],[44742]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chamber effect",1,1437,[],[44742]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["protobelief",1,32885,[],[14242]]],"rt":[["precursor",1,16765,[],[14242]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Conventionally, it does not exceed 30 seconds.",1,-1,[],[45239]]],"sy":[["voicer",1,-1,[],[45239]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["como en las cifras de homicidio",1,-1,[],[19705]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["They comprise three layers: cognitive attributes (the perceived characteristics of the nation), affective attributes (the liking or disliking of the object), and action attributes (the responses to the object) (Scott 1965: 100).",1,-1,[],[39085]],["resulting from constant cultural negotiation",1,-1,[],[39085]],["the simplification of a large number of associations and parts of information related to a place",1,-1,[],[10750]]],"sy":[["foreign publics' perception of a nation",1,-1,[],[10750]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["cognitive attributes (the perceived characteristics of the nation), affective attributes (the liking or disliking of the object), and action attributes (the responses to the object)",1,-1,[],[39085]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["is unacceptable to God and dangerous to Islamic faith.",1,-1,[],[27527]]],"sy":[["innovation",1,22764,[],[27527]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["proposed to be managed with a 'solution' ranging from discrimination to physical separation or even annihilation.",1,-1,[],[61656]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["hate propaganda",1,817,[],[61656]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["protest images",1,28629,[],[22575]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["a clear use of bricolage (Deuze, 2006;Johnson, 2012;Markham, 2018) is used to draw together and remix various media--often those that are popular in the moment, like voice overs, simple text on background, overlay, moving image, collage--in order to instill and communicate a simultaneous sense of urgency, enthusiasm, and celebration.",1,-1,[],[49373]],["bring together a variety of aesthetics, communities, and facts to build greater public trust",1,-1,[],[49373]],["memetic practices of bricolage (stop motion, placard, collaged, and infographic memes)",1,-1,[],[49373]],["the success of this creative technique lies in the bricolage ethos that each PHI brings as they offer stop motion memes and invitations of interpersonal connection (Yammine), placard memes and an affective persona in service of activism and amplification (Dosani), and collaged memes and infographics that support parents and others looking for vaccine and Covid-19 related advice (Vohra-Miller).",1,-1,[],[49373]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["meme culture",1,-1,[],[49373]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["collaged",1,-1,[],[49373]],["infographic memes",1,-1,[],[49373]],["placard",1,-1,[],[49373]],["stop motion",1,-1,[],[49373]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"delicious\" is the opinion term in the running example \"The pizza is delicious\".",1,-1,[],[5976]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chamber effect",1,1437,[],[723]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Twitter credibility",1,-1,[],[22252]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[22252]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Referring to personal achievements",1,-1,[],[4002]],["Referring to their abilities",1,-1,[],[4002]],["To appear competent",1,-1,[],[4002]],["While self-promotion is associated with building a positive image before others, which may lead people to avoid sharing fake news",1,-1,[],[54900]],["is therefore a very egocentric form of impression management",1,-1,[],[4002]],["some studies have found that individuals driven by self-promotion are more prone to share fake news on SMPs",1,-1,[],[54900]],["this self-promotion is largely based on their qualifications or positions held, and so emphasising the hard work they are engaged in.",1,-1,[],[4002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["extrinsic motivation",1,26862,[],[54900]],["impression management",1,25549,[],[4002]]],"ex":[["Referring to personal achievements",1,-1,[],[4002]],["Referring to their abilities",1,-1,[],[4002]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["stance",1,2283,[],[59610]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["positive 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Balkan wars, the first and second world wars -and other wars and conflicts before those in which civilians were not distinguished from combatants.",1,-1,[],[61683]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["normal frame",1,30034,[],[61683]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["stubborn (or forceful) agents",1,7419,[],[1601]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Dataset filtering",1,-1,[],[8076]],["Instance reweighting",1,-1,[],[8076]]],"sp":[["Pre-processing mitigation techniques",1,-1,[],[8076]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Additionally, by concentrating on specific issues, the media emphasizes them as the sole critical matters requiring public discourse.",1,-1,[],[41596]],["Additionally, by concentrating on specific issues, the media emphasizes them as the sole critical matters requiring public discourse. The agenda-setting approach demonstrates how media influences public priorities by highlighting specific societal issues and shaping the agenda for public discourse.",1,-1,[],[41596]],["Media has been used for decades as a tool to direct the attention of its consumers towards a certain topic and distract them from other ones.",1,-1,[],[41734]],["The agenda-setting approach demonstrates how media influences public priorities by highlighting specific societal issues and shaping the agenda for public discourse.",1,-1,[],[41596]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["homophily",1,12637,[],[4950]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["práctica periodística",1,-1,[],[55331]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Благодаря своей общепризнанности они задают границы для создаваемого хронотопа и для интерпретативных рамок.",1,-1,[],[15420]],["Нулевая точка -это исследовательский конструкт, который вряд ли может дать представление об абсолютном нуле (исходной точке) размышлений, выразившихся в высказывании, но позволяет выявить относительные нули, т.е. те поворотные и важные внешние высказывания, которые придали исследуемому нарративу тот вид, который оно имеет сейчас, как оно дошло до исследователя.",1,-1,[],[15420]],["Нулевая точка, делающая его приемлемым и принимаемым для членов социальной (мета)группы, должна быть вне времени и пространства, замкнутых в хронотопе публичного нарратива.",1,-1,[],[15420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["относительные нули",1,-1,[],[15420]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["a method for imagining what could have been (and what could be).",1,-1,[],[28248]],["based on careful research and engagement with the fragments that have been captured in the archives, yet it attempts to push against the limits of them and the narratives that have been constructed from them",1,-1,[],[28248]],["methods for searching for the experiences of enslaved Black women that push against the \"violence and distortion of traditional archives\" and archives that \"do not faithfully reveal or honor the enslaved\" [53].",1,-1,[],[28248]],["structured through archival research, it is also speculative",1,-1,[],[28248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["may affect cognition",1,-1,[],[27204]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["standalone website",1,22507,[],[58907]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["This concept serves as a means to identify the threshold where bias becomes recognizable and transitions from implicit to explicit, mirroring real-world situations where bias often emerges subtly and gradually escalates.",1,-1,[],[32673]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The higher confidence score of the model predictions indicates more severe bias.",1,-1,[],[48502]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hierarchical Content Network",1,490,[],[22323]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The more worrisome aspect of the social media is its potency to be used to spread fake news with its significant negative effects on the society and on people's decisions and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[43596]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["guidelines of source-checking and factchecking cultivated in professional journalism",1,-1,[],[22786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Collaborative 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case of defenders of democracy, journalists are expected to promote the democratic values and legitimize the democratic political system.",1,-1,[],[31516]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["advocacy role",1,32049,[],[31516]],["social-political worker",1,24551,[],[31516]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["any theory of emotion experience must address both content and process.",1,-1,[],[7797]],["how the experience of emotion emerges from more basic processes.",1,-1,[],[7796]],["who characterize backgrounded affect as emotion experience",1,-1,[],[7790]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["i.e., resolution of the incongruity",1,-1,[],[60131]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Forceville distinguishes four types",1,-1,[],[53583]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["These others can, for example, be defined as the \"extreme\" rich minority, CEOs of large corporations, or managers of banks.",1,-1,[],[4311]],["individual-level attitudes corresponding to the perceived divide between the ordinary people's in-group and the evil and corrupt elites",1,-1,[],[48722]],["manifest as frames or organising ideas in news coverage",1,-1,[],[48722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The information boundary theory (Sutanto et al. 2013) provides some insight into the actual weight that consumers give to the benefits and risks of OBA.",1,-1,[],[3516]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":17,"df":[],"de":[["A score of 0 should be assigned if the response is entirely responsive, compliant and forthcoming, with no indication of refusal or reluctance. Conversely, a score of 10 indicates a refusal to comply with user requests and a strong reluctance to reveal any information.",1,-1,[],[12115]],["Such strategies articulate distance from the category of the other explicitly or through irony.",1,-1,[],[22089]],["Their diverse motivations and expressions cannot all be reduced to ignorance, irrationality, irresponsibility. These views also indicate diverging conceptions of public engagement with science, participatory policies and citizens' autonomy in a variety of political and cultural matters.",1,-1,[],[6096]],["This typically involves the model stating that it cannot or will not provide an answer, often with a phrase such as \"I cannot assist with that.\"",1,-1,[],[32165]],["proved less positive in generating public engagement and involvement as they are aimed at rejecting the existence of a crisis",1,-1,[],[56268]],["refuse to follow potentially harmful instructions",1,-1,[],[32165]],["strategies which can be interpreted as refusal towards occupying the position of the other are also present in my material. Such strategies articulate distance from the category of the other explicitly or through irony.",1,-1,[],[22089]],["the models' tendency to either refuse to follow potentially harmful instructions or generate a debiased response",1,-1,[],[32165]]],"sy":[["Recognition",1,4371,[],[56268]],["Refutation",1,2412,[],[56268]],["resistance",1,3238,[],[6096]]],"rt":[["othering",1,13537,[],[22089]]],"sb":[["misunderstanding",1,1201,[],[32165]],["true refusal",1,1195,[],[32165]]],"sp":[["agency",1,19283,[],[22089]],["paracrisis",1,1402,[],[56268]]],"ex":[["\"I cannot assist with that.\"",1,-1,[],[32165]],["\"I cannot fulfill this request.\"",1,-1,[],[32165]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Classic documentary form claims that the film the audience is watching is objective and that it presents only the truth.",1,-1,[],[21789]],["These conventions in documentary arise from the need to convince viewers of the authenticity of what they are 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Threats",1,-1,[],[29614]],["Control or Power Dynamics",1,-1,[],[29614]],["Deception or Misinformation",1,-1,[],[29614]],["Emotional Manipulation",1,-1,[],[29614]],["Gaslighting or Demeaning",1,-1,[],[29614]],["Persuasion or Influence",1,-1,[],[29614]],["coercive control",1,32790,[],[29614]],["coercive persuasion",1,34688,[],[29614]],["gaslighting",1,20207,[],[29614]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[12080]],["implicit toxicity",1,11620,[],[12080]],["overt verbal toxicity and abuse",1,-1,[],[12080]],["verbal toxicity and abuse",1,-1,[],[12080]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Appeal to Emotions: Person2 is appealing to Person1's emotions by using phrases like \"the road to survival,\" \"future,\" ... , which can influence Person1's decision-making process.",1,-1,[],[29614]],["Assumption of Understanding: Person2 assumes that Person1 understands the situation and the need for sacrifice, ... 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This can be seen as a form of mental manipulation ...",1,-1,[],[29614]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["The attitude toward B is implicit, in present terms, when the subject does not identify the attitude toward B as the source of the evaluation of A.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["The attitude toward B is said to operate implicitly when the subject does not notice that B is influencing the judgment of A.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["the direct measure of evaluation of A implicitly expresses the attitude toward B. The attitude toward B is implicit, in present terms, when the subject does not identify the attitude toward B as the source of the evaluation of A.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["the range of potential halo effect cues is quite broad.",1,-1,[],[17275]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive bias",1,2728,[],[2978]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Dion, Berscheid, and Walster (1972) reported that attractive males and females are judged to be kinder, more interesting, more sociable, happier, stronger, of better character, and more likely to hold prestigious jobs.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["Downs and Lyons (1991) reported that defendant attractiveness was associated with judges levying smaller fines and lower bail levels in actual misdemeanor cases",1,-1,[],[17275]],["In much halo effect research, physical attractiveness plays the role of the objectively irrelevant attribute that influences evaluative judgment on various other dimensions.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["Landy and Sigall (1974) found that essays attributed to a female student were judged by male students to be of higher quality when the stimulus materials included a photo that showed the author to be physically attractive, rather than unattractive.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["attractive males and females are judged to be kinder, more interesting, more sociable, happier, stronger, of better character, and more likely to hold prestigious jobs.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["black color of sports uniforms is associated with both selfperceptions and observers' perceptions of aggressiveness.",1,-1,[],[17275]],["defendant attractiveness was associated with judges levying smaller fines and lower bail levels in actual misdemeanor cases",1,-1,[],[17275]],["essays attributed to a female student were judged by male students to be of higher quality when the stimulus materials included a photo that showed the author to be physically attractive",1,-1,[],[17275]],["evaluation of a product was positively influenced by first encountering it in an attractively gift-wrapped package rather than in a plain package.",1,-1,[],[17275]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It examines attributes possessed by the gated: political power, information production capability, the relationship between the gated and the gatekeeper, and the alternative available",1,-1,[],[25964]],["The theory comprises two components: network gatekeeping identification and network gatekeeping salience.",1,-1,[],[25964]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a faithful interpretation-a causal chain of decisions-is aligned with human expectations if it is adequately constrained by the social behavior attributed to it by human observers.",1,-1,[],[23408]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["faithful interpretation",1,22261,[],[23408]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Khan uses the phrase to acknowledge the current challenges or difficulties faced by the country or his party. By acknowledging the gloom, he creates a sense of anticipation and sets the stage for a potential positive turn of events in the future.",1,-1,[],[55481]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["'belief-updating given a signal'",1,-1,[["'belief-updating given a signal'",1],["belief-updating given a signal",1]],[44030]],["'reaction to (social) influence'",1,-1,[["'reaction to (social) influence'",1],["reaction to (social) influence",1]],[44030]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["operationalised two individual difference factors that differentiation equity-based principles (i.e., a micro justice orientation) from equality-based principles (i.e., a macro justice orientation)",1,-1,[],[6115]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["micro justice orientation",1,1623,[],[6115]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["individual difference factors",1,-1,[],[6115]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["lexicons for linguistic biased words",1,-1,[],[60945]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Example words are avoid, hesitate, refrain, attempt.",1,-1,[],[60945]],["avoid, hesitate, refrain, attempt",1,-1,[],[60945]],["usage of the word complicit indicates participation in an activity in an unlawful way.",1,-1,[],[48926]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the micro-level, which focuses on lexical and syntactic choices; the meso-level, which examines discursive practices and intertextual relationships; and the macro-level, which situates these linguistic patterns within broader socio-political and institutional contexts.",1,-1,[],[58002]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["description",1,27816,[],[33253]],["explanation",1,15873,[],[33253]],["interpretation",1,24194,[],[33253]],["the macro-level, which situates these linguistic patterns within broader socio-political and institutional contexts",1,-1,[],[58002]],["the meso-level, which examines discursive practices and intertextual relationships",1,-1,[],[58002]],["the micro-level, which focuses on lexical and syntactic choices",1,-1,[],[58002]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["If we frame content inclusion in terms of a classification problem over the content units in a document, this corresponds to demanding equality of opportunity (Hardt et al., 2016), as opposed to equality of outcome.",1,-1,[],[29080]],["Inclusion bias is thus a property of the summarizer's content selection mechanism.",1,-1,[],[29080]],["Inclusion bias poses a form of allocative harm (Barocas et al., 2017) since it reduces visibility of members of certain groups if, for example, news is consumed through the filter of automatic summarization.",1,-1,[],[29080]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["allocative harm",1,3221,[],[29080]],["equality of opportunity",1,7668,[],[29080]],["equality of outcome",1,-1,[],[29080]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, an evaluation of a weight loss programme may be affected by participant withdrawal; participants who become disillusioned because of not losing weight may drop out, which may bias the findings towards more favourable results.",1,-1,[],[22268]],["an evaluation of a weight loss programme may be affected by participant withdrawal; participants who become disillusioned because of not losing weight may drop out, which may bias the findings towards more favourable results.",1,-1,[],[22268]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["freedom",1,17357,[],[20382]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Crisis reflexivity is transformative but mainly reproductive. 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commenting on the media's construction and mass dissemination of iconic images; reproducing or satirizing the pathos-filled rhetoric with which they are usually addressed; and so on.",1,-1,[],[20844]],["Appropriations might explore the emotional and political potentialities of the icon, they might assume the identity of the victim in decontextualizations and be satirical-critical in recontextualizations.",1,-1,[],[20844]],["They confirm and consolidate the iconic status by recycling the image in question.",1,-1,[],[20844]],["They constitute a genre in their own right, which often introduces a critical-reflexive dimension to icons and their reception.",1,-1,[],[20844]],["While appropriations highlight that iconic images are exclusive and one-of-a-kind by imitating the specific, recognizable image, they also make it clear that icons lend themselves to endless replicas, reproductions, repurposing.",1,-1,[],[20844]],["appropriations are a key feature of iconic circulation precisely because the images are being used to do the work of democratic legitimation. 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outgroups",1,-1,[],[8635]],["Medical populism tends to perform around logics of equivalence to demarcate ingroups from outgroups (Speed and Mannion 2020).",1,-1,[],[8635]],["a type of strategic political discourse employed by populist leaders during health crises to overpoliticise, simplify and spectacularise complex public health problems",1,-1,[],[8635]],["antagonistic depiction of the health problem, high politicisation and moral interpretation of political actors",1,-1,[],[8635]],["destabilised by medical populism, especially at the early stages of a health crisis",1,-1,[],[8635]],["embedded in broader political discourses mobilised by populist leaders to influence policy processes",1,-1,[],[8635]],["employed a normative framework to lend an aesthetic and emotional nature (Lasco and Curato 2019) to the Covid-19 health emergency in Brazil, thus facilitating the construction of political identity through (Laclau 2005) moral interpretation of political actors involved.",1,-1,[],[8635]],["every choice of wording always has a political meaning",1,-1,[],[8635]],["implicit in them is a distrust of evidence-based policy approaches and the depreciation of experts and professional bureaucrats",1,-1,[],[8635]],["incorporate different discursive meanings, structures and schemes of argumentation into its populist repertoire.",1,-1,[],[8635]],["making medical populism a performative form of political discourse that populist leaders draw on to reach or exercise power in the framing of public health policy and management.",1,-1,[],[8635]],["medical populist discourses made the Covid-19 response a source of social conflict and ideological and party-political disputes, where medical populism competed with, and indeed undermined, conventional policy approaches that recommended more restrictive health measures.",1,-1,[],[8635]],["medical populist discourses may be effective in employing post-truth politics through social media to frame health issues, 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These two different sentiments towards news are defined as viewpoints in this paper.",1,-1,[],[16773]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["sub-event",1,32921,[],[16773]],["topic",1,24595,[],[16773]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Carnage-pro; Taverns",1,-1,[],[48059]],["e.g. Carnage-pro; Taverns",1,-1,[],[48059]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media 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It also attributes guilt to the victims-to-be for the crimes that they are said to be planning. Finally, it destroys an audience's perception that it has alternative courses of action, since a group convinced that it faces a mortal or existential threat can see no alternative other than to fend off that threat by any means available.",1,-1,[],[21899]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-defence",1,-1,[],[21899]],["threat construction",1,31012,[],[21899]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Threat Construction",1,31012,[],[21899]]],"ex":[["Arthur Seyss-Inquart accused Jews of planning to annihilate the German people-a baseless claim that in fact mirrored what the Nazis planned and would attempt to do to the Jews.",1,-1,[],[21899]],["Hutu leaders before that genocide similarly warned that the Tutsi were planning to annihilate the Hutu.",1,-1,[],[21899]],["In the speech with which we opened this article, Arthur Seyss-Inquart accused Jews of planning to annihilate the German people-a baseless claim that in fact mirrored what the Nazis planned and would attempt to do to the Jews.",1,-1,[],[21899]],["the claim that Coptic Christians in Egypt were amassing weapons with which to attack the Muslim majority in that country.",1,-1,[],[21899]]]},{"nd":11,"df":[],"de":[["Regarding the decision-making bias, individual praise and blame, as well as praising and blaming technology, framed the understanding of new technology as the key driver toward economic growth and progress.",1,-1,[],[45431]],["thus framing Podemos and, consequently the government, very differently.",1,-1,[],[56049]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["content bias",1,5060,[],[48946]],["distortion bias",1,20666,[],[48946]],["framing biases",1,7181,[],[9253]],["repeated exposure",1,-1,[],[56049]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[56048]],["framing biases",1,7181,[],[9253]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["when a user is loyal, and returns again and again to a news medium, that user is more likely to buy other products offered, and to recommend it to other users. That loyalty, driven by participation, is a demonstration of perceived quality by the audience. The users find the information valuable in meeting the needs of their daily lives, solving their problems, or acting as a watchdog on the powerful.",1,-1,[],[47906]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["it is clear from the discourse in which the quote is embedded that the recipient of the threat is not a specific person, but some generalized, unspecified addressee.",1,-1,[],[24072]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Schizotypal personality also involves autistic fantasy and an absence of repression",1,-1,[],[28410]],["These mechanisms allow individuals to believe that the self is all-powerful and to protect themselves from shame or fear by imagining that others have these thoughts and emotions.",1,-1,[],[28410]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech 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frames",1,-1,[],[37517]],["collective action frames",1,1648,[],[37517]],["frames",1,7860,[],[37517]]],"ex":[["CNN's victim frame occurred 64 times, Fox News occurred 22 times, and MSNBC 9 times.",1,-1,[],[40964]]]},{"nd":16,"df":[],"de":[["Bias: Reporting in these outlets is highly biased and ideologically skewed, which is otherwise described as hyper-partisan reporting.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["Bias: Reporting in these outlets is highly biased and ideologically skewed, which is otherwise described as hyper-partisan reporting. These outlets frequently present opinion and commentary essays as news.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["Counterfeit: These outlets mimic professional news media. They counterfeit fonts, branding and stylistic content strategies. Commentary and junk content is stylistically disguised as news, with references to news agencies, and credible sources, and headlines written in a news tone, with bylines, date, time and location stamps.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["Credibility: These outlets rely on false information and conspiracy theories, which they often employ strategically. They report without consulting multiple sources and do not employ fact-checking methods. Their sources are often untrustworthy and their standards of news production lack credibility.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["For a source to be labeled as junk news it must fall in at least three of the following five domains:",1,-1,[],[22927]],["For a source to be labelled as junk news at least three of the following five characteristics must apply:",1,-1,[],[22927]],["It also includes two web-native source types.",1,-1,[],[30701]],["It usually refers to the overall content that pertains to a publisher rather than a single article",1,-1,[],[7109]],["It usually refers to the overall content that pertains to a publisher rather than a single article [79].",1,-1,[],[7109]],["Professionalism: These outlets do not employ the standards and best practices of professional journalism. They refrain from providing clear information about real authors, editors, publishers and owners. They lack transparency, accountability, and do not publish corrections on debunked information.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["Style: These outlets use emotionally driven language with emotive expressions, hyperbole, ad hominem attacks, misleading headlines, excessive capitalization, unsafe generalizations and fallacies, moving images, graphic pictures and mobilizing memes.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["The bulk of the production of the junk news pages that we include consists of low-quality, sensational content.",1,-1,[],[33046]],["The bulk of the production of the junk news pages that we include consists of low-quality, sensational content. They frequently publish fabricated-i.e. completely fake-news, but as Venturini [15] argues, diffusion is the purpose, not falsity: ' [. . .] spread, rather than fakeness, is the birthmark of these contents that should be called \"viral news\" or possibly \"junk news\" for, just as junk food, they are consumed because they are addictive, not because they are appreciated.' (p.3 in [15])",1,-1,[],[33046]],["They frequently publish fabricated-i.e. completely fake-news, but as Venturini [15] argues, diffusion is the purpose, not falsity: ' [. . .] spread, rather than fakeness, is the birthmark of these contents that should be called \"viral news\" or possibly \"junk news\" for, just as junk food, they are consumed because they are addictive, not because they are appreciated.' (p.3 in [15])",1,-1,[],[33046]],["This content includes various forms of extremist, sensationalist, conspiratorial, masked commentary, fake news and other forms of junk news.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["This content includes various forms of propaganda and ideologically extreme, hyper-partisan, or conspiratorial news and information.",1,-1,[],[22927]],["We study the money-driven, low-quality, highly shareable kind of content that is typically distributed on social media as clickbait.",1,-1,[],[33046]],["adds the connotation of attractively packaged junk food that when consumed could be considered unhealthy",1,-1,[],[50449]],["money-driven",1,-1,[],[33046]],["some interviewees stated that they prefer this term as a nuanced alternative to fake news, others described it as too negatively loaded and biased for journalists to use while staying objective.",1,-1,[],[35100]],["thriving on the core components of social media use",1,-1,[],[33046]],["thriving on the core components of social media use, 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more trustworthy, honest, loyal, cooperative, and valuable to the group than outgroup members\"",1,-1,[],[21991]],["People are more likely to credit the counterspeech of those with whom they affiliate, since they tend to \"evaluate ingroup members as more trustworthy, honest, loyal, cooperative, and valuable to the group than outgroup members\" (Kane, Argote, and Levine 2005).",1,-1,[],[21991]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["counterspeech",1,25396,[],[21991]]],"ex":[["Hey I'm Christian and I'm gay and this guy is so wrong. Stop the justification and start the accepting. I know who my heart and soul belong to and that's with God: creator of heaven and earth. We all live in his plane of consciousness so it's time we started accepting one another. That's all",1,-1,[],[21991]],["memberships (e.g. Trade unions)",1,-1,[],[11747]],["occupations (e.g. Doctors)",1,-1,[],[11747]],["party memberships (e.g. Republicans)",1,-1,[],[11747]],["political affiliations (e.g. Right-wing people)",1,-1,[],[11747]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It recognizes the existence of racial oppression and class divisions and argues the centrality of the social relations of production that exists in class relationships.",1,-1,[],[20487]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":9,"df":[],"de":[["Editorial pieces (allowing members of the editorial board of a newspaper to express a personal stance on an issue) and op-eds (the page \"opposite the editorial,\" which is used as a platform for guest authors and experts) are important agenda-setters in shaping public discourse.",1,-1,[],[61528]]],"sy":[["editorials",1,20853,[],[61528]],["interpretive character",1,7889,[],[26886]],["op-eds",1,-1,[],[61528]],["opinion text",1,2645,[],[47273]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["editorials",1,20853,[],[61528]],["op-eds",1,-1,[],[61528]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["storyline relation",1,25391,[],[12399]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["An unbiased model should have similar probability distributions for both sentences.",1,-1,[],[8109]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Probability-Based Metrics",1,2222,[],[8109]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the symbolic dimension of the body",1,-1,[],[49247]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["chatbots",1,9758,[],[118]],["social bots",1,20136,[],[118]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["People's opinions are generally spontaneous and disorganized.",1,-1,[],[37278]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["posting, creating memes, commenting on the fellow users' opinion on an issue, and so on.",1,-1,[],[37278]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["meso-institutional environment (interest groups, state parties, media)",1,-1,[],[18820]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Affirmation discourse shapes boundaries that define the limits of autonomy but also gives agency to actors.",1,-1,[],[58745]],["Affirmation, like accommodation, foregrounds the power of individual executives as actors narrating the independence of their organizations.",1,-1,[],[58745]],["However, statements in this mode frequently reframe the relationship in terms that reassert the value of independence.",1,-1,[],[58745]],["Particular to this mode is the reframing of all external relationships -including with government -as commercial client relationships, which are presented as a viable means of creating the appearance of independence.",1,-1,[],[58745]],["affirmation is a coordinative discourse that mainly happens behind closed doors and is seldom publicly displayed.",1,-1,[],[58745]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["discursive modes",1,-1,[],[58745]],["independence discourse",1,28008,[],[58745]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["connotative (associative)",1,34264,[],[49702]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["media assistance",1,28624,[],[51543]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Several studies on environmental framing show a diversification of frames through the years, in accordance with the political or scientific developments.",1,-1,[],[55767]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a system with an oppositeness component will already have the opposite semantics between increase and decrease, as well as increase and expand already calculated.",1,-1,[],[27609]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["semantic similarity",1,12610,[],[27609]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Inquiry begins when we find ourselves in, what Dewey calls, an \"indeterminate situation\" (Dewey, 1938, p. 108). These are moments when we struggle to make sense of the world around us and aren't sure how to proceed. They are genuine moments of puzzlement and uncertainty.",1,-1,[],[853]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy mentality",1,13698,[],[19790]],["perceived instrumentalization of the pandemic",1,-1,[],[19790]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["A manipulação das emoções com finalidades políticas servis à ordem burguesa reserva para os homens o despertar de seu lado agressivo, possibilitando atos de preconceito aliados ao estranhamento dos sentidos humanos.",1,-1,[],[10758]],["A razão neopositivista e o irracionalismo da pós-verdade rompem com a dialética em dois âmbitos: a objetividade é vista sem a subjetividade no primeiro e/ou a subjetividade aparece sem a relação com a objetividade no segundo.",1,-1,[],[10758]],["a predominância do irracionalismo como fator que permeia muito da subjetividade do metabolismo do capital dos dias atuais, gerando a perda de sentido social.",1,-1,[],[10758]],["crise de confiança gerada pelo panorama ideológico do irracionalismo fluidifica a difusão das mentiras.",1,-1,[],[10758]],["esfera de intensificação do irracionalismo na estrutura da subjetividade hegemônica (lukÁCS, 2016)",1,-1,[],[10758]],["expressão irracionalista no campo das ideias",1,-1,[],[10758]],["hegemonia do irracionalismo na produção intelectual e cultural",1,-1,[],[10758]],["incide tanto no conhecimento desantropomorfizador da realidade, aquele direcionado ao mundo da realidade material, muitas vezes relacionado à ciência; quanto do conhecimento antropormofizador dela, aquele conectado ao enriquecimento das emoções e da vida sentimental dos seres humanos, cujos recursos da arte poderiam fortalecer.",1,-1,[],[10758]],["irracionalismo que se sedimenta no imaginário popular como visão de mundo que esvazia a compreensão humana da realidade concreta, assim como incentiva a falta de cultivo da vida sentimental.",1,-1,[],[10758]],["se sedimenta no imaginário popular como visão de mundo que esvazia a compreensão humana da realidade concreta",1,-1,[],[10758]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["decadência ideológica",1,-1,[],[10758]],["perda da razão na prática noticiosa",1,-1,[],[10758]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["used in many definitions in the hazard research community to distinguish the social and societal factors from the manifold physical, economic, political and human aspects",1,-1,[],[24271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["contextual or proactive approach",1,-1,[],[24271]],["demographic",1,14016,[],[24271]],["situational",1,26282,[],[24271]],["taxonomic",1,-1,[],[24271]]],"sp":[["vulnerability",1,2660,[],[24271]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[["Repeating the same message over and over again, so that the audience will eventually accept it.",6,-1,[["Repeating the same message over and over again, so that the audience will eventually accept it.",4],["Repeating the same message over and over again so that the audience will eventually accept it.",2],["Repeating the same message over and over again so that the audience will eventually accept it",1],["Repeating the same message over and over again, so that the audience will eventually accept it",1]],[11810,42379,51698,52053,56129,59177]],["the speaker uses the same phrase repeatedly with the hopes that the repetition will lead to persuade the audience.",2,-1,[],[37243,57444]]],"de":[["Just sharing the misinformation on one s Facebook timeline Sharing the post without a caption does not provide context to the intent of the gatekeeper; hence the action just echoes the original information.",1,-1,[],[25971]],["Repetition capitalises on the illusory truth effect, a psychological phenomenon where repeated statements are more likely to be perceived as true",1,-1,[],[7597]],["repetition loops footage to obscure illicit activity",1,-1,[],[35528]]],"sy":[["Ad Nauseam",1,-1,[],[33792]]],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[54565]],["illusory truth effect",1,29300,[],[7597]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",2,28434,[],[11810,55995]],["Diffusing Gatekeeping Activities",1,19531,[],[25971]],["Manipulative Wording",1,18765,[],[57444]],["Peripheral route cues",1,-1,[],[47580]],["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[25971]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[11810]],["style of language",1,-1,[],[42635]],["video tampering",1,-1,[],[35528]]],"ex":[["\"Our great leader is the epitome of wisdom.",1,-1,[],[52529]],["All Muslim terrorists kill for the same reason the Saudi terrorists did on 9/11, the same reason ISIS killed [...], the same reason Boko Haram is killing [...], the same reason Muhammad waged wars [...]",1,-1,[],[7597]],["Example for Repetition",1,-1,[],[11810]],["Example: Hurtlocker deserves an Oscar. Other films have potential, but they do not deserve an Oscar like Hurtlocker does. The other movies may deserve an honorable mention but Hurtlocker deserves the Oscar.",1,-1,[],[57444]],["Farrakhan repeatedly refers to Jews as \"Satan.\" He states to his audience [. . . ] call them by their real name, 'Satan.'",1,-1,[],[59177]],["Hurtlocker deserves an Oscar. Other films have potential, but they do not deserve an Oscar like Hurtlocker does. The other movies may deserve an honorable mention but Hurtlocker deserves the Oscar.",1,-1,[],[57444]],["Our great leader is the epitome of wisdom. Their decisions are always wise and just.",1,-1,[],[52529]],["Take notice, Dutch Prime Minister Rutte. Take notice, Mrs. Merkel or President Macron. Take notice: the future is ours and not yours",1,-1,[],[55995]],["You must resist. Resist the lies. Resist control.",1,-1,[],[47580]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["populismo",1,22187,[],[57212]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["populismo",1,22187,[],[57212]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The slower process allows for the careful consideration of problems, is often discursive in practice, and is at times associated with reasoning and/or justifications after the fact.",1,-1,[],[26213]]],"sy":[["System 2",1,2185,[],[26213]],["discursive",1,5707,[],[26213]],["rule-based",1,-1,[],[26213]],["systematic",1,-1,[],[26213]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["animator",1,-1,[],[24068]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The primary restricting approach of the respondents to COVID-19 misinformation was to cut off the information flow from the poster by blocking or unfollowing.",1,-1,[],[25973]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["channeling",1,17230,[],[25973]],["deletion",1,181,[],[25973]],["withholding",1,10920,[],[25973]]],"sp":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[25973]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Facts and truth are sacrificed for partisanship, citizens become more disinformed and deceived, and public communication by the state becomes more ideologically partisan, derailing democracy further.",1,-1,[],[47149]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["partisan disinformation",1,13865,[],[47149]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["The coherence theory of truth states that \"a set of two or more beliefs are said to cohere if and only if (1) each member of the set is consistent with any subset of the others and (2) each is implied . . . by all of the others taken as premises or, according to some coherence theories, each is implied by each of the others individually\"",1,-1,[],[16757]],["internal consistency and logical standards are the heart of the coherence theory of truth.",1,-1,[],[16757]],["one could check whether the arguments that lead to a certain conclusion meet the test of logical or mathematical consistency",1,-1,[],[28296]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["correspondence",1,-1,[],[16757]],["survival theory of truth",1,328,[],[18495]]],"sb":[["interpersonal coherence",1,26105,[],[16757]],["intrapersonal coherence",1,2628,[],[16757]]],"sp":[["philosophical theories of truth",1,-1,[],[16757]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a tactic he terms queer opacity.",1,-1,[],[20810]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":15,"df":[],"de":[["It includes knowing where others are, in the virtual world and/or in the real world, and whether they are available.",1,-1,[],[1286]],["Presence is both a subjective and objective description of the degree of being there. 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Subjective refers to the realistic feeling of the place, whereas objective is an observable behavioral phenomenon of behaving similarly as in a real environment and situation.",1]],[17710]],["Subjective refers to the realistic feeling of the place, whereas objective is an observable behavioral phenomenon of behaving similarly as in a real environment and situation.",1,-1,[],[17710]],["This may gratify the social needs of users to connect with others and cause them to manifest SR and LT, knowing that they have an available audience.",1,-1,[],[1834]]],"sy":[["media presence",1,16998,[],[31110]]],"rt":[["embodiment",1,10571,[],[6903]],["empathy",1,31296,[],[6903]],["immersion",1,3484,[],[6903]]],"sb":[["place illusion",1,20690,[],[17710]],["place illusion, the sensation of being and operating at a remote or virtual place",1,-1,[],[17710]],["plausibility",1,7550,[],[17710]],["plausibility (feeling that what is happening is really happening)",1,-1,[],[17710]]],"sp":[["media visibility",1,5143,[],[31110]],["stance",1,2283,[],[36703]],["three components of stance",1,-1,[],[36703]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Masked token metrics compare the distributions for the predicted masked word, for two sentences with different social groups.",1,-1,[],[8110]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":19,"df":[],"de":[["After using social media on a consistent basis, I feel really fatigued.",1,-1,[],[1696]],["After using social media, I have difficultly concentrating in my spare time.",1,-1,[],[1696]],["Due to using social media, I feel rather exhausted.",1,-1,[],[1696]],["Excessive indulgence on social media results in being prone to more faults and negative feelings of frustration and confusion",1,-1,[],[27467]],["Fatigue arises when a person does not have the necessary ability, competence or personality to do a certain task (Hardy et al., 1997) or if there is a work or informational overload and the activity becomes overwhelming (Lee et al., 2016).",1,-1,[],[55674]],["Fatigue is a concept that has also been studied in an offline context and describes the situation in which someone is not able to achieve certain goals although he/she is expected to do so (Dhir et al., 2019;Hardy et al., 1997).",1,-1,[],[55674]],["I find it difficult to relax after consistent use of social media.",1,-1,[],[1696]],["In the process of receiving information on social media, I often feel very tired and cannot complete other tasks well.",1,-1,[],[1696]],["Lee has associated SMF with exhaustion, indifference, and decreased interest in work",1,-1,[],[27467]],["People do not avoid social media just because it contains fake news, but only when this process becomes boring, frustrating, tiring or emotionally draining.",1,-1,[],[55674]],["Previous research has shown that mental fatigue interferes with an individual's cognitive activities. 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(2015).",1,-1,[],[23502]],["a subjective and self-evaluated feeling of tiredness from social media usage",1,-1,[],[23502]],["fatigue and fear as detrimental psychological statuses",1,-1,[],[2061]],["negative psychological state of social media fatigue",1,-1,[],[1696]],["persistent impulses to back away from social media due to information and communication overload",1,-1,[],[23502]],["reduce their presence on such platforms",1,-1,[],[55674]],["represented by the exhaustion drawn from an individual's social media use, leads to a reduction in the user's media consumption and demotivates the continued use of social media",1,-1,[],[2061]],["resulting from excessive COVID-19 related news",1,-1,[],[27467]],["social media fatigue and fear of COVID-19 are psychological processes that mediate the relationship between an external environmental stimulus (i.e., perceived COVID-19 information overload on social media) and a behavioral response (i.e., social media discontinuance intention)",1,-1,[],[2061]],["social media fatigue mediates the effects of information overload, communication overload and social overload on health self-efficacy",1,-1,[],[1696]],["social media fatigue mediates the influence of information overload on anxiety",1,-1,[],[1696]],["social media fatigue results in the demotion of health self-efficacy level",1,-1,[],[1696]],["social media fatigue, represented by the exhaustion drawn from an individual's social media use, leads to a reduction in the user's media consumption and demotivates the continued use of social media",1,-1,[],[2061]],["tiredness (fatigue) and frustration",1,-1,[],[55674]],["users' prolonged exposure to and processing of different forms of information from social media will persist in consuming their cognitive energy, resulting in a sense of information overload and thus social media fatigue",1,-1,[],[1696]]],"sy":[["SMF",1,26921,[],[23502]],["psychological 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-posługująca się słowami i obrazami raczej niż bombami i kulami",1,-1,[],[13501]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["People who are motivated by accuracy goals are more likely to evaluate information more even-handedly and process information more deeply (Kunda, 1990;Lodge & Taber, 2013;Rudolph, 2006).",1,-1,[],[11294]]],"sy":[["accuracy motivation",1,12294,[],[6393]]],"rt":[["accuracy and defensive",1,-1,[],[6393]],["accuracy and partisan",1,-1,[],[6393]],["cognition and evaluation",1,-1,[],[6393]],["directional and nondirectional",1,-1,[],[6393]],["directional goals",1,12109,[],[12584]],["motivated reasoning",1,29606,[],[11294]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["motivated reasoning",2,29606,[],[6393,11294]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["media provide such arenas",1,-1,[],[1993]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["To reduce this discomfort, individuals take steps to adjust their cognitions to be more consistent with reality (Zajonc, 1960).",1,-1,[],[40833]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the view of China's leaders the people were bound by common interests and needs, and were a community that lacked knowledge",1,-1,[],[28710]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["the public",1,13463,[],[28710]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Estrangement easily slips into escapism from present pressures, rather than a prompt to reflect on them.",1,-1,[],[23561]],["In comparing the current world against an imaginary future ravaged by climate change, reader's cognitive assumptions and cultural expectations are reshaped",1,-1,[],[23561]],["concerned with questioning assumptions, but it is attuned to the assumptions of the environmental movement itself",1,-1,[],[23561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Dove and Jones [8] view insight as a two-part process: first, the insight experience of gaining new understanding or knowledge; and secondly, the consequence or product gained from the exploration of a visualization.",1,-1,[],[6673]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory's (AST) evolution",1,-1,[],[60579]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["The set of influence of a user thus represents the set of individuals that can be reached by a message sent by him/her, depending on the transmission probability λ and healing time τ .",1,-1,[],[6594]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It turns into an engagement instrument, arouses interest in scientific topics, creates trust in the scientific community, and reaches that large share of people that are not interested in science, but may be attracted by a video, a spectacular picture or eye-catching graphics.",1,-1,[],[37722]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["knowledge dissemination",1,-1,[],[37722]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Clickbaits",1,6382,[],[248]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":8,"df":[],"de":[["A nation connects geographically related populations that must have their own homeland.",1,-1,[],[25728]],["Scholarly discourse frequently distinguishes between the 'nation', often associated with organic connections to territory such as birthright",1,-1,[],[38004]],["So, they can share a common culture and historical myths and memories together with reciprocal legal rights and duties under a common legal system, and those nations have a common separation of labor and systems of production with mobility throughout the territory for members",1,-1,[],[25728]],["The meaning of national identity can be clearly distinguished from any conception of the state.",1,-1,[],[25728]],["The nation, he argues, is a community, which is Bregardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, […] always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship.",1,-1,[],[22204]]],"sy":[["national identity",1,33148,[],[25728]]],"rt":[["national identity",1,33148,[],[25728]],["nationalism",1,22205,[],[25728]],["state",1,23294,[],[38004]]],"sb":[["indigenous populations",1,-1,[],[25728]],["settler 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I had that big time during the 2020 Election, and I expect it to be worse in 2024.",1,-1,[],[37088]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["diversity",1,22741,[],[29617]],["position",1,19868,[],[29617]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["sub-aspects of summarization",1,20551,[],[29617]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Expanding Circle",1,-1,[],[57237]],["Outer Circle",1,-1,[],[57237]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["World Englishes model",1,9519,[],[57237]]],"ex":[["Australia",1,-1,[],[57237]],["the United Kingdom",1,-1,[],[57237]],["the United States",1,-1,[],[57237]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In these articles scientists warn about problems such as algal blooms, ozone depletion and climate change, or launch an appeal to help certain areas, people and research endeavours, or want to hear the voice of the public.",1,-1,[],[38180]],["In these articles scientists warn about problems such as algal blooms, ozone depletion and climate change, or launch an appeal to help certain areas, people and research endeavours, or want to hear the voice of the public. 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such demands are especially relevant in the case of private bodies that receive public funding or exercise public privileges (Bovens, Schillemans, and Goodin 2014), as is the case of corporations 1 (Ciepley 2013).",1,-1,[],[55703]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["transparency",4,28207,[["transparency",3],["Transparency",1]],[4149,7214,14422,21541]],["responsibility",2,1758,[],[4149,32691]],["acting in the public interest",1,-1,[],[7214]],["credibility",1,12232,[],[7214]],["digital responsibility",1,-1,[],[587]],["impartiality",1,32874,[],[7214]],["public interest",1,29455,[],[7214]],["responsibility (Plaisance 2000)",1,-1,[],[5106]],["trust",1,34511,[],[7214]]],"sb":[["external (to set the relevant structures that enable control)",1,-1,[],[14422]],["internal (duty to justify your actions and develop practices for that)",1,-1,[],[14422]],["self-imposed (De Hert, 2017)",1,-1,[],[14422]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Developers held responsible for unfair decisions made by AI systems.",1,-1,[],[14588]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Reinforcing anti-scientific attitudes also enables short-term financial gain (e.g., selling pseudo-medical remedies for various diseases). 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verifiably false",6,-1,[["a news article that is intentionally and verifiably false",5],["A news article that is intentionally and verifiably false",1]],[258,16584,20620,33443,40067,43985]],["fake news is fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent",4,-1,[["fake news is fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent",2],["Fake news is 'fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent'",1],["fake news is \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent\".",1],["fake news is fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent.",1]],[5426,5799,37520,48516]],["false stories that appear to be news spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke",4,-1,[["false stories that appear to be news spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke",1],["false stories that appear to be news, spread on the Internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke",1],["false stories that appear to be news, spread on the Internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke.",1],["false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke",1]],[18116,21004,33153,54944]],["A fake news story is one that purports to describe events in the real world, typically by mimicking the conventions of traditional media reportage, yet is known by its creators to be significantly false and is transmitted with the two goals of being widely re-transmitted and of deceiving at least some of its audience",3,-1,[["A fake news story is one that purports to describe events in the real world, typically by mimicking the conventions of traditional media reportage, yet is known by its creators to be significantly false and is transmitted with the two goals of being widely re-transmitted and of deceiving at least some of its audience",1],["A fake news story is one that purports to describe events in the real world, typically by mimicking the conventions of traditional media reportage, yet is known by its creators to be significantly false, and is transmitted with the two goals of being widely re-transmitted and of deceiving at least some of its audience",1],["A fake news story is one that purports to describe events in the real world, typically by mimicking the conventions of traditional media reportage, yet is known by its creators to be significantly false, and is transmitted with the two goals of being widely re-transmitted and of deceiving at least some of its audience.",1]],[709,10801,61988]],["Sources that entirely fabricate information, disseminate deceptive content, or grossly distort actual news reports.",3,-1,[],[3235,22643,46603]],["false news",3,-1,[],[20620,23119,49360]],["news content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate",3,-1,[["news content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate",3],["news content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate.",1]],[2116,34820,51754]],["the online publication of intentionally or knowingly false statements of fact",3,-1,[["the online publication of intentionally or knowingly false statements of fact",2],["The online publication of intentionally or knowingly false statements of fact",1]],[709,10801,32469]],["(FN) Fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design",2,-1,[["(FN) Fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design",1],["(FN) Fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design.",1]],[709,61988]],["A completely fabricated claim or story created with an intention to deceive, often for a secondary gain",2,-1,[["A completely fabricated claim or story created with an intention to deceive, often for a secondary gain",1],["A completely fabricated claim or story created with an intention to deceive, often for a secondary gain.",1]],[10801,11259]],["A news article or message published and propagated through media, carrying false information regardless the means and motives behind it",2,-1,[["A news article or message published and propagated through media, carrying false information regardless the means and motives behind it",1],["A news article or message published and propagated through media, carrying false information regardless the means and motives behind it.",1]],[6963,46115]],["Fake news can be defined as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent\" (Lazer et al. 2018).",2,-1,[["Fake news can be defined as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent\" (Lazer et al. 2018).",1],["Fake news can be defined as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent\" (Lazer et al., 2018).",1]],[43749,58946]],["Fake news is 'specifically designed to plant a seed of mistrust and exacerbate the existing social and cultural dynamics by misusing political, regional and religious undercurrents'",2,-1,[["Fake news is 'specifically designed to plant a seed of mistrust and exacerbate the existing social and cultural dynamics by misusing political, regional and religious undercurrents'",1],["Fake news is specifically designed to plant a seed of mistrust and exacerbate the existing social and cultural dynamics by misusing political, regional and religious undercurrents",1]],[1829,5799]],["Fake news is a news article that is intentionally and verifiably false",2,-1,[["Fake news is a news article that is intentionally and verifiably false",1],["Fake news is a news article that is intentionally and verifiably false.",1]],[6765,54676]],["Fake news is false news",2,-1,[["Fake news is false news",1],["Fake news is false news.",1]],[33443,44013]],["Fake news is intentionally and verifiably false news published by a news outlet.",2,-1,[["Fake news is intentionally and verifiably false news published by a news outlet.",1],["fake news is intentionally and verifiably false news published by a news outlet",1],["fake news is intentionally and verifiably false news published by a news outlet.",1]],[15530,44013]],["Fake news is intentionally false news published by a news outlet.",2,-1,[],[7140,33443]],["Fake news is made-up news, manipulated to look like credible journalistic reports that are designed to deceive us",2,-1,[],[1171,41747]],["Fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design",2,-1,[["Fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design",1],["fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design",1]],[709,27045]],["Fake news: news content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate.",2,-1,[["Fake news: news content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate.",1],["fake news, \"news content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate\"",1]],[2116,51754]],["In this work, fake news is defined as fabricated information that has the format of news content but not the editorial standards and practices of legitimate journalism (Lazer et al, 2018).",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["Information presented as a news story that is factually incorrect and designed to deceive the consumer into believing it is true",2,-1,[["Information presented as a news story that is factually incorrect and designed to deceive the consumer into believing it is true",1],["information, presented as a news story that is factually incorrect and designed to deceive the consumer into believing it is true",1]],[16584,23119]],["Lazer et al. (2018) described fake news as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent\"",2,-1,[["Lazer et al. (2018) described fake news as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent\"",1],["Lazer et al. (2018) described fake news as 'fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent'.",1]],[8953,26655]],["News article that is intentionally and verifiably false",2,-1,[["News article that is intentionally and verifiably false",1],["News article that is intentionally and verifiably false.",1]],[23119,59095]],["The label fake news is generally applied to intentionally deceptive digital misinformation and propaganda",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["Viral posts based on fictitious accounts made to look like news reports.",2,-1,[["Viral posts based on fictitious accounts made to look like news reports.",1],["viral posts based on fictitious accounts made to look like news reports",1]],[11259,59881]],["We define \"fake news\" to be news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers.",2,-1,[],[1496,10166]],["What sets fake news apart from news reports that are merely false is the intention to deceive",2,-1,[["What sets fake news apart from news reports that are merely false is the intention to deceive",1],["What sets fake news apart from news reports that are merely false is the intention to deceive.",1]],[28331,61792]],["a news article published by a news outlet that is verifiably false",2,-1,[],[37148,54734]],["all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented and promoted to cause public harm intentionally or for profit",2,-1,[["all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented and promoted to cause public harm intentionally or for profit",1],["all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented, and promoted to cause public harm intentionally or for profit",1]],[16584,40067]],["any news, information data and reports which is or are wholly or partly false, whether in the form of features, visuals or audio recordings or in any other form capable of suggesting words or ideas",2,-1,[["any news, information data and reports which is or are wholly or partly false, whether in the form of features, visuals or audio recordings or in any other form capable of suggesting words or ideas",1],["any news, information, data and reports, which is or are wholly or partly false, whether in the form of features, visuals or audio recordings or in any other form capable of suggesting words or ideas",1]],[32933,59037]],["articles that are intentionally and verifiably false and could mislead readers",2,-1,[["articles that are intentionally and verifiably false and could mislead readers",1],["articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers",1]],[37870,51367]],["as either wholly false or containing deliberately misleading elements incorporated within its content or context",2,-1,[],[709,61988]],["cases of deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design",2,-1,[["cases of deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design",1],["cases of deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design.",1]],[1496,59037]],["content that adopts the format of news media, but not the intent or editorial processes needed to produce accurate content",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design",2,-1,[["deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design",1],["deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design.",1]],[1496,61988]],["fabricated information that has the format of news content but not the editorial standards and practices of legitimate journalism",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent",2,-1,[["fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent",1],["fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organisational process or intent.",1]],[33846,59881]],["fake news is defined as fabricated information that has the format of news content but not the editorial standards and practices of legitimate journalism",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["fake news is the deliberate spread of misinformation, be it via traditional news media or through social media",2,-1,[],[709,61988]],["false information",2,-1,[],[26294,43853]],["false or misleading information disguised in news articles to mislead consumers",2,-1,[],[17092,57166]],["false reports of events written and read on websites.",2,-1,[["false reports of events written and read on websites.",1],["false reports of events, written and read on websites",1]],[29496,59324]],["hoax-based stories that perpetuate hearsay, rumors and misinformation",2,-1,[["hoax-based stories that perpetuate hearsay, rumors and misinformation",1],["hoax-based stories that perpetuate hearsay, rumors, and misinformation.",1]],[17772,33153]],["intentionally false news published by a news outlet",2,-1,[],[20620,50763]],["misleading information",2,-1,[],[35983,55156]],["news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and [that] could mislead readers",2,-1,[["news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and [that] could mislead readers",1],["news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and that could mislead readers",1]],[11322,61002]],["news stories with intentionally false information",2,-1,[],[709,23155]],["sources ranging from \"hoax sites [to] hyperpartisan blogs\"",2,-1,[],[30690,61408]],["the presentation of false or misleading information as if it were legitimate journalism",2,-1,[],[14505,40604]]],"de":[["Consumption of fake news makes people more likely to adopt various political misperceptions (Guess et al., 2020) that can affect their subsequent behavior, including voting decisions (Weeks & Garrett, 2014).",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["Identifying fake news websites presents a challenge as academic consensus is yet to emerge around the best way to assess the accuracy and impartiality of online news producers.",2,-1,[],[22486,36631]],["It is deliberately created to mislead or manipulate a specific audience.",2,-1,[],[29852,55327]],["The phrase 'by design' here refers to systemic features of the design of the sources and channels by which fake news propagates and, thereby, manipulates the audience's cognitive processes.",2,-1,[],[1496,61988]],["\"Fake news\" is not simply false information",1,-1,[],[51110]],["\"fake news\" also was employed as an adjective for terms such as \"trend,\" \"information,\" or, as in this example, \"disinformation:\"",1,-1,[],[4761]],["\"fake news\" has rapidly become a catchall phrase that lacks an accepted working definition",1,-1,[],[19094]],["'Fake news' discourses act as a filter through which new signifiers pass.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["'Fake news' discourses act as a filter through which new signifiers pass. If resonant, the signifier enters the discourse. If dissonant, it is then 'fake news'.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["'Fake news' discourses therefore act to destabilise the meaning structure of the rival discourses, while moving users' discourses towards a greater fixity of meaning.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["'Fake news' is distributed deliberately and systematically.",1,-1,[],[54558]],["'fake news' discourses and their strategic use act as agonistic strategies as well.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["'fake news' is a floating signifier, devoid of a singular and particular meaning",1,-1,[],[51397]],["(It may or may not be appropriate to add that the news is fabricated by its purveyor or source.)",1,-1,[],[45258]],["-'Deliberadamente falso' significa que, pelo menos parcialmente, quem o elabora sabe que é mentira. E só o elabora porque é mentira. Só existe porque é falso. Pode é não ser totalmente falso, uma vez que uma das técnicas usadas para credibilizar as fake news, e assim atingir mais consumidores, é misturar elementos reais (nomes, locais, factos anteriores, fotos, etc.) com mentiras.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["A broader definition would include satire, parodies, unverifiable claims and unintentional rumours as fake news.",1,-1,[],[47821]],["A broader definition would, however, situate fake news within the larger context of misinformation (i.e. the inadvertent sharing of false information), and disinformation (the deliberate distortion of facts and/or presentation of fabricated stories)",1,-1,[],[41712]],["A current UNESCO handbook for journalists, for instance, declares that it 'avoids assuming that the term \"fake news\" has a straightforward or commonly understood meaning'",1,-1,[],[51235]],["A designação simbólica fake news, que enfatiza processos de verificação da notícia, foi, então, largamente compartilhada na forma de hashtag com o intuito de revisar crenças e, consequentemente, mudar opiniões acerca do tema noticiado.",1,-1,[],[7856]],["A discussão sobre as fake news deve centrar-se 'no que fazer quando sabemos que a informação é intencionalmente falsa, com objetivos políticos ou outro qualquer'.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["A key element of fake news as defined by Silvermann, is an underlying profit motive of its creators",1,-1,[],[27595]],["A large volume of fake news is being produced for political or economical purposes",1,-1,[],[36715]],["A piece of fake news is intended to have a broad, increasing circulation, deceive a targeted audience, and to exploit prejudice and biases of the audience (e.g. biases about some social issues such as the impact of immigration) for reaching lucrative or political goals (e.g. influencing an election).",1,-1,[],[21938]],["A poorly-worded headline of an otherwise accurate article, or an honest factual mistake, can mislead in this way, yet they do not constitute fake news.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["A second motivation implicit in many definitions of fake news is ideological: Purveyors of fake news create false stories to promote particular ideas or people they favor, often discrediting others",1,-1,[],[27595]],["A typology of definitions has noted the term's relevance to 'fabrication', which in turn requires the weaving of 'pre-existing memes or partialities' into 'a narrative, often with a political bias, that the reader accepts as legitimate.'",1,-1,[],[55197]],["Accordingly, \"fake news\" has rapidly become a catchall phrase that lacks an accepted working definition",1,-1,[],[19094]],["Additionally, fake news frequently exploits cognitive biases, reinforcing pre-existing informal beliefs and undermining critical thinking.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["All of these intensify the concern that if not controlled in the long run, fake news may exacerbate the erosion of public trust in news reports and researchers are concerned that it will have a toxic impact on global governance and health communication (Lazer et al., 2018).",1,-1,[],[8953]],["Also, FN does not only negatively affect individuals, but it is also harmful to society in many ways. It can have many political, economic, social, and cultural consequences.",1,-1,[],[9988]],["Although it mimics how news media content is structured, it lacks journalistic standards and practices that guarantee its accuracy and reliability.",1,-1,[],[55110]],["Amplifying societal and political divisions through targeted rephrasing (social and political implications).",1,-1,[],[46898]],["Arguably, the latter may not be exactly what is deemed \"fake news\" (as in: a complete fabrication), however, practice shows fake news are hardly ever devoid of truth. More often, true facts are misconstrued or framed badly.",1,-1,[],[30618]],["As a social phenomenon, fake news is a new step in the development of information influence and mass communication technologies.",1,-1,[],[27336]],["As an example, fake news claimed that US President Barack Obama was injured in an explosion, which led to the erasure of $130 billion worth of shares [24].",1,-1,[],[37862]],["As an intentional and verifiable fake news article, fake news content usually contains textual and visual information",1,-1,[],[17666]],["As fake news se apresentam na forma de fragmentos de documentos descontextualizados, manchetes sensacionalistas disponibilizadas, vídeos ou postagens de desconhecidos que afirmam ter informações privilegiadas de fontes seguras divulgadas em apps de mensagem instantânea e redes sociais.",1,-1,[],[34196]],["As such, fake news lacks the editorial norms and processes that ensure the accuracy and credibility of the information.",1,-1,[],[41798]],["Authors create fake news with the aim of manipulating people's consciousness, deceiving for some goal, and increasing the popularity of the author.",1,-1,[],[42483]],["Based on how fake news was defined, fake news can also be news articles with (1) outdated knowledge, e.g., \"Britain has control over fifty-six colonial countries\" or (2) false claims in some parts of the news content (text and images), i.e., news content is partially (in)correct.",1,-1,[],[7140]],["Beyond altering the truth, this type of action is expected to cause serious digital difficulties for citizens",1,-1,[],[40173]],["Both definitions identify intention as part of what distinguishes fake news from other longstanding media concerns such as journalistic or editorial errors.",1,-1,[],[21004]],["Broader definitions of fake news focus on the either authenticity or intent of the news content.",1,-1,[],[6765]],["By altering people's perceptions and attitudes, fake news can shape public debates about critical policy issues such as vaccinations or immigration.",1,-1,[],[2950]],["By implication, fake news sharing may be unintentional, but its creation could be highly intentional (Egelhofer and Lecheler, 2019).",1,-1,[],[2076]],["By this definition, fake news encompasses content that is both verifiably false and deliberately produced for monetary and/or ideological gain.",1,-1,[],[41712]],["Candidatos a cargos políticos o termo para descrever qualquer informação contrária à suas posições e/ou que abordem aspectos negativos dessas pessoas públicas e partidos",1,-1,[],[34196]],["Catering separately to both those on the left and the right, providers of fake news have been tapping into familiar conspiracy theory leitmotifs.",1,-1,[],[3912]],["Common features of this type of publication are: sensationalist headlines, the prevalence of the first person in the text, grammar and cohesion errors, and the use of extremist and judgmental words",1,-1,[],[49881]],["Common features of this type of publication are: sensationalist headlines, the prevalence of the first person in the text, grammar and cohesion errors, and the use of extremist and judgmental words (https://medium.com/data-science-brigade/a-ci%C3%AAncia-da-detec%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-fakenews-d4faef2281aa. Access on: 6.6.2018).",1,-1,[],[49881]],["Competition for influence, power or control in its various forms can drive the use of fake news;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Conroy (2015) treats fake news as deceptive news, including heavy fabrication, hoaxes, and satires in his work.",1,-1,[],[23290]],["Conscious intent to deceive or mislead. The intentions of content creators are malicious.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Consciously seeks to deceive a target audience, rather than the entertain or distract function of satire;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Considering that most literature adopts the term \"fake news, \" in our work, we adopt the term \"rumor\"",1,-1,[],[55084]],["Debates around the definitions and understandings of fake news, beyond its weaponisation to discredit media outlets",1,-1,[],[19909]],["Difference between 'old' fake news and the current form is the immediacy and reach that has been enabled by digital communication technologies",1,-1,[["Difference between 'old' fake news and the current form is the immediacy and reach that has been enabled by digital communication technologies",1],["Difference between 'old' fake news and the current form is the immediacy and reach that has been enabled by digital communication technologies;",1]],[59881]],["Different real/fake image and true/false claim combinations used in news posts to spread misleading content can be considered under the umbrella term of fake news.",1,-1,[],[15520]],["Digital platforms enable the easy sharing and redistribution of misinformation across online networks, increasing its circulation within social communities",1,-1,[],[34293]],["Disinformation and its sharing are considered a worldwide concern entitled as fake news",1,-1,[],[18807]],["Due to its complexity and diversity, it has become difficult to distinguish between satire, objective opinions, or controversial truths because of the subjective nature of the claims [3].",1,-1,[],[27986]],["Elas viralizam nas redes sociais, espalhadas por indivíduos desavisados ou interessados e por sistemas automatizados, como bots e algoritmos",1,-1,[],[10757]],["Elas viralizam nas redes sociais, espalhadas por indivíduos desavisados ou interessados e por sistemas automatizados, como bots e algoritmos (CHRISTOFOlETTI, 2018, p. 62).",1,-1,[],[10757]],["Embedding nuanced distortions that subtly alter the original meaning.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["Emotional appeal, exaggeration and distortion of facts are key tools that ensure the effective spread of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["English faculty appear to focus more on the users or readers and the motivations behind creating fake news",1,-1,[],[1171]],["Equívocos que podem ser altamente nocivos para o jornalismo e para a liberdade de expressão em geral",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Es decir, toda aquella información fabricada, que se aprovecha de las creencias públicas existentes para influir en el comportamiento de las audiencias",1,-1,[],[16491]],["Exaggerating, sensational titles; eye-catching, tabloid-style text; the correct or incorrect use of terms; fake URLs imitating real websites; expressive pictures often featuring celebrities; and the use of all caps, excessive punctuation, and spelling mistakes can all arouse suspicion",1,-1,[],[39097]],["Experienced cybercriminals also transferred disinformation with fake news, with the ultimate objective always being to gain more profit.",1,-1,[],[39097]],["Extremely complex phenomenon of fake news influences people's behavior and attitudes, political processes, and the realization of human rights, and can have numerous consequences at individual and societal levels.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["FN attracts a lot more attention and spreads more quickly than real news and it mostly includes emotionally charged language",1,-1,[],[9988]],["FN content, which is divided into individual opinions and scientific consensus on trending issues such as COVID-19, evolution, and climate change, has long existed",1,-1,[],[613]],["FN has been linked to outcomes of social importance, including influences on voting in elections.",1,-1,[],[6129]],["FN is a type of online disinformation whose content is based on false statements that, being able to be related to real events, are intended to manipulate readers using a structure and aesthetics that mimics that of a real news and whose purpose is to obtain some gain (economic or ideological).",1,-1,[],[28604]],["FN is increasingly affecting societal values, changing opinions on critical issues and topics as well as redefining facts, truths, and beliefs.",1,-1,[],[613]],["FN is news that not only contains false and/or misleading information but also has no intention to show the falsity of such information.",1,-1,[],[28604]],["FN is undesirable because it can influence people in a psychological and social way by distorting their beliefs resulting in misinformed and wrong decisions",1,-1,[],[9988]],["FN must have a low factuality (through false, misleading, or fabricated content and connections between false facts), have a format that mimics that of a real news, and have an intention to influence society.",1,-1,[],[28604]],["FN-in other words, fabricated news-can be easily disseminated in the form of real news either on SM or through other conventional means of communication (Molina et al., 2021) and it does not have any objective evidence to show the authenticity of the information which it conveys (Pennycook & Rand, 2021).",1,-1,[],[9988]],["FNs multiply rapidly and act as narratives that omit or add information to facts",1,-1,[],[417]],["FNs multiply rapidly and act as narratives that omit or add information to facts (Naeem et al. 2020).",1,-1,[],[417]],["Fake News is defined as follows: 1. rumor; 2. imitation; 3. manipulation; 4. biased; 5. advertisement; 6. propaganda; 7. prejudice",1,-1,[],[54803]],["Fake News is intended to deceive the people who receive it.",1,-1,[],[40173]],["Fake News is the deliberate presentation of usually false or misleading claims in the form of news.",1,-1,[],[28604]],["Fake is associated with imitating the real",1,-1,[],[41865]],["Fake news actors are not restricted to 'right-wing fringe groups' and other such non-mainstream actors, but can be anyone with an intention to deliberately deceive, including professional journalists;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news acts as a floating signifier of individual and group identity, distinguishing the 'In' and 'Out' groups from each other in a simplified binary fashion",1,-1,[["Fake news acts as a floating signifier of individual and group identity, distinguishing the 'In' and 'Out' groups from each other in a simplified binary fashion",1],["Fake news acts as a floating signifier of individual and group identity, distinguishing the 'In' and 'Out' groups from each other in a simplified binary fashion;",1]],[59881]],["Fake news aims not only to deceive citizens but also to induce media skepticism.",1,-1,[],[56200]],["Fake news also heavily relies on a web of social media and online bots that swarm the internet with fake content, thereby conferring these fabricated stories with a cloak of legitimacy",1,-1,[],[4761]],["Fake news are currently discussed in the United State of America, particularly in the context of the 2016 presidential election [67,68] and is now the subject of an adaptation of legislation in France since the attempts to manipulate public opinion during the French 2017 presidential elections [69].",1,-1,[],[39815]],["Fake news arises in equilibrium because it is cheaper to provide than precise signals, because consumers cannot costlessly infer accuracy, and because consumers may enjoy partisan news.",1,-1,[],[10166]],["Fake news articles that manage to spread far typically resemble real news to such an extent that it is difficult for both humans and algorithms to distinguish the two from each other",1,-1,[],[56145]],["Fake news as a cognitive construct is contextual and is in the eye of the beholder.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news as a term (buzzword) is new, but it is not new as a practice;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news can appear in the form of harmless jokes and satire, politically motivated propaganda, fake news motivated by hatred towards a certain social group, whose goal is to create an atmosphere of intolerance and violence, or fake news published with the aim of gaining certain financial benefits.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["Fake news can be characterized by three factors: the content of the article, the user response it receives, and the sources promoting it.",1,-1,[],[1701]],["Fake news can be considered a weapon for raging information warfare, either against the governance of internal procedures or for the disruption of international or foreign connections.",1,-1,[],[39097]],["Fake news can be defined as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent\" (Lazer et al., 2018). The term fake news is insufficient to capture the complex problem of disinformation. Nonetheless, fake news is a type of disinformation, leading to overlap in research between the two areas",1,-1,[],[43749]],["Fake news can be difficult to detect because it often resembles legitimate news in terms of presentation, website design, and use of images",1,-1,[],[40308]],["Fake news can be recognized by loud headlines, eye-catching words, and clickbait.",1,-1,[],[42483]],["Fake news can be thought of as an instance of yellow journalism in which deliberate hoaxes are created and disseminated across traditional media or social media. Such hoaxes contain sensational, eye-catching, and fabricated content that is intentionally created to mislead, harm, and accomplish certain political and financial objectives.",1,-1,[],[57570]],["Fake news can be wholly fabricated or a mix of fact and fiction.",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Fake news can diminish consumers' level of trust in food brands and, consequently, lessen the impact of a specific brand's potentially positive actions.",1,-1,[],[54275]],["Fake news can easily misguide public opinion, cause the crisis of confidence, and disturb the social order",1,-1,[],[34212]],["Fake news can exist anywhere and be mediated through the same channels as any other news, and social media, in particular, has been found to accelerate the spread of fake news.",1,-1,[],[46730]],["Fake news can have damaging consequences that go beyond marketing [31]. For instance, individuals' media trust and capacity to recognize real from fake news are affected as an effect of exposure to fake news in mainstream media [177].",1,-1,[],[14542]],["Fake news can have serious consequences, affecting public opinion and elections.",1,-1,[],[32588]],["Fake news can persuade consumers to believe in falsehoods to engage users in the content for articles to obtain and shares.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["Fake news can significantly distort public understanding of important issues, often sensationalizing or trivializing matters that require serious attention.",1,-1,[],[1701]],["Fake news can spread rapidly, as authors use techniques to manipulate people's emotions, capture attention and arouse interest, trust and desire to share the information",1,-1,[],[42483]],["Fake news can spread rapidly, as authors use techniques to manipulate people's emotions, capture attention and arouse interest, trust and desire to share the information (Yershov, 2018;Zelinskiy, 2018).",1,-1,[],[42483]],["Fake news can take many forms, including misleading headlines, doctored images, and false stories.",1,-1,[],[57612]],["Fake news commonly presents common logical fallacies such as appeals to emotion.",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Fake news connotes intent to deceive and often to do harm.",1,-1,[],[11259]],["Fake news could come under various modes of data like texts, pictures and videos.",1,-1,[],[17666]],["Fake news could come under various modes of data like texts, pictures and videos. It is a collection of multimedia",1,-1,[],[17666]],["Fake news could come under various modes of data like texts, pictures and videos. It is a collection of multimedia which means it is hard to detect fake news from single-modal data.",1,-1,[],[17666]],["Fake news detection is a popular research topic in social network analysis.",1,-1,[],[5959]],["Fake news diminishes the quality and number of accurate and trustworthy information that people consume, particularly on social media platforms.",1,-1,[],[8953]],["Fake news distorts the truth and is characterised by two flaws: a lack of truth and truthfulness.",1,-1,[],[55110]],["Fake news do not concern a problem of knowledge, but a problem of narrative.",1,-1,[],[61859]],["Fake news does not refer to articles or broadcasts that contain inadvertent mistakes that are promptly corrected and are from organizations that hold reporters accountable for accuracy.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["Fake news encapsulates both misinformation and disinformation",1,-1,[],[1701]],["Fake news generates likes and followers, which turns them into a lucrative business or a visibility factor that may lead to prominence and fame.",1,-1,[],[54740]],["Fake news has a hidden motive that mutilates the individual or an organization.",1,-1,[],[35237]],["Fake news has a specific format. This format imitates a news article or report to acquire credibility.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["Fake news has also been defined as the alteration of real photographs or videos to create a misleading narrative.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news has become a significant concern due to its harmful impact on individual attitudes and the community's behavior.",1,-1,[],[17111]],["Fake news has become an object of fear and wonder, owing to the inherent contradictions found in its presumed or assumed ability to penetrate and radically alter the information domain.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news has been used to refer to misinformed and disinformed news articles, hoaxes, rumors, parodies, incorrect editorials, incorrect facts, etc.",1,-1,[],[23647]],["Fake news has different types and motives, for instance, a clickbait type of fake news aimed at getting clicks for financial gain and a politically motivated type fake news aimed at supporting a candidate in an election.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["Fake news has the highest impact and uses tools such as content fabrication, propaganda, and conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[13952]],["Fake news has the highest impact and uses tools such as content fabrication, propaganda, and conspiracy theories [5].",1,-1,[],[13952]],["Fake news has thus proven to be a major threat to democracy, journalism, and freedom of expression [1].",1,-1,[],[53413]],["Fake news have serious consequences, such as potential influences on the readers' health and political decisions",1,-1,[],[40297]],["Fake news headlines are typically inaccurate and outrageous, with exaggeration, sensationalism, and even violence as prevalent themes.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news hides under a veneer of legitimacy as it takes on some form of credibility by trying to appear like real news.",1,-1,[],[49501]],["Fake news hides under a veneer of legitimacy as it takes on some form of credibility by trying to appear like real news. Furthermore, going beyond the simple appearance of a news item, through the use of news bots, fake news imitates news' omnipresence by building a network of fake sites.",1,-1,[],[49501]],["Fake news impairs decision-making since it leads to biases in information interpretation.",1,-1,[],[1701]],["Fake news in the context of the aforementioned events could have been interpreted as intentionally widely spread misinformation",1,-1,[],[29048]],["Fake news is \"a catch-all term with multiple definitions\"",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news is a complex and multidisciplinary phenomenon that requires an integrated approach for a full understanding.",1,-1,[],[40308]],["Fake news is a complex and somewhat controversial concept due to wide variation in the way it is used in public discourse. It is notoriously difficult to define, drawing hoaxes, conspiracy theories, state-sponsored propaganda, partisan-slanted information, manipulated content, satire, and parody into its orbit (Tandoc, Lim, & Ling, 2018).",1,-1,[],[11322]],["Fake news is a complex phenomenon that can be defined based on three parameters as suggested by Wardle (2017): the type of content created and shared; the intentions of those behind this, and; the forms of dissemination.",1,-1,[],[60189]],["Fake news is a consequence of a communicative ecosystem that has serious weaknesses and risks and the result of malice and intentional deceit.",1,-1,[],[33153]],["Fake news is a historical crisis of human communication that produces tension, disharmony, and misunderstanding in human society.",1,-1,[],[5744]],["Fake news is a long-standing problem, but it is receiving unprecedented attention today due to the rise of online news and social media, as well as growing distrust of the mainstream news media.",1,-1,[],[2174]],["Fake news is a phenomenon that can cause serious consequences.",1,-1,[],[16650]],["Fake news is a social media phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[38052]],["Fake news is a social phenomenon linked to disinformation, misinformation and other forms of networked manipulation, which in recent years has been facilitated by the rise of the Internet and online social media.",1,-1,[],[43853]],["Fake news is a source of spam capable of influencing perception, knowledge, and measuring methods [1].",1,-1,[],[40262]],["Fake news is a special type of content that has an external similarity to official information and often contains the emotional colouring of the message.",1,-1,[],[58584]],["Fake news is a symptom of deeper structural problems in our societies and media environments.",1,-1,[],[56188]],["Fake news is a systemic crisis of humans that causes stress, fear, and confusion in human civilization.",1,-1,[],[46730]],["Fake news is a term that is great for clickbait but terrible as a target for effective regulation.",1,-1,[],[2223]],["Fake news is acknowledged as inaccurate information, although politicians use it to undermine in-depth journalistic investigations.",1,-1,[],[33609]],["Fake news is actually an evolution of old misinformation spreading techniques enabled by digital technologies.",1,-1,[],[1769]],["Fake news is also associated with a form of proximity that is characterized in particular by the absence of critical distance.",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Fake news is also referred to as \"post-truth,\" meaning that emotions and personal beliefs play a greater role in shaping public opinion than objective facts (Koro-Ljungberg et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[19845]],["Fake news is also very diverse, driven by a wide range of specific political, social, economic, and individual factors.",1,-1,[],[2174]],["Fake news is becoming a major challenge that greatly affects the public's trust in the media.",1,-1,[],[58188]],["Fake news is being propagated on various platforms to present misinformation or hoaxes.",1,-1,[],[29403]],["Fake news is characterized by the absence or vagueness of source attribution and the lack of factual evidence supporting its validity.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["Fake news is circulated as a meme or a false story aimed at catching people's attention with an interesting headline",1,-1,[],[27368]],["Fake news is comprised of noisy and unstructured data so pre-processing is an essential step to clean and make the data into a structured form which eases the detection process",1,-1,[],[35237]],["Fake news is concerned with the type of racism done against Islam or Muslims which can be in the form of speech, text, news, attitude, behavior, or emotions.",1,-1,[],[37789]],["Fake news is considered to be a class of disinformation",1,-1,[],[38042]],["Fake news is considered to be one type of misinformation and may be created for several reasons: to mislead, for fun, out of passion or strong belief, to gain power or influence, or to get richer.",1,-1,[],[12890]],["Fake news is created for many purposes and emerges in many different types.",1,-1,[],[61924]],["Fake news is crucial phenomenon since it contributes to the formation of our \"real\" world through the constant consumption of media products that present their interpretation of reality.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news is defined as news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false and could mislead readers [26], which has been widely adopted in recent studies [2].",1,-1,[],[5906]],["Fake news is disastrous in turning the people against the government or bringing lack of trust in government policies. It can influence people's opinion towards another direction mostly for the personal gains of the poster [10].",1,-1,[],[51489]],["Fake news is either in the format of text, image, video, etc.",1,-1,[],[35237]],["Fake news is enabled in moments of crisis, especially where the decline of one political or geopolitical hegemony encourages challengers, which creates a crisis of information and communication for hearts, minds and the perception of legitimacy;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news is false information that has been purposefully crafted, contains sensationalism, can be emotionally charged, misleads or fabricates information that mimic mainstream news.",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Fake news is hyper-real because it blurs lines between nonfiction and fiction, which challenges journalistic boundary work when journalistic practices overlap with fake news.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Fake news is increasingly becoming a major problem for global social coexistence, for example by undermining trust in democracies.",1,-1,[],[28143]],["Fake news is increasingly being used to refer to reports in the mainstream media that later turn out to be based, underscoring a severe ideological bias.",1,-1,[],[54974]],["Fake news is intentionally created to be sensational, misleading, or completely false, mimicking the appearance of legitimate news without adhering to similar ethical standards or editorial processes",1,-1,[],[45688]],["Fake news is manufactured and circulated for selfish reasons, since the author seeks to fool the audience.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news is not produced by traditional or established media sources that adhere to journalistic standards and ethics.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["Fake news is not produced by traditional or established media sources that adhere to journalistic standards and ethics. Fake news does not refer to articles or broadcasts that contain inadvertent mistakes that are promptly corrected and are from organizations that hold reporters accountable for accuracy. Most importantly, fake news is not a story with information or a viewpoint that a consumer does not like or agree with.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["Fake news is not used interchangeably with propaganda, but both have similarities such as its use for the deliberate aim to manipulate based on gain, such as ones that are political (Wardle, 2018)",1,-1,[],[38230]],["Fake news is often created to deceive, manipulate, or incite and is usually disseminated through online platforms, where it can quickly go viral",1,-1,[],[38859]],["Fake news is often created to deceive, manipulate, or incite and is usually disseminated through online platforms, where it can quickly go viral (van der Linden et al., 2020).",1,-1,[],[38859]],["Fake news is often embellished, sensationalised and made alarmingly attractive.",1,-1,[],[60189]],["Fake news is one of the primary sources of danger to democracy, journalism, and global commerce, with significant collateral harm",1,-1,[],[59499]],["Fake news is one type of misinformation, which also includes disinformation, rumors, and propaganda.",1,-1,[],[57530]],["Fake news is primarily authored by opportunists who seek financial gain or hyper-partisans who want to influence political beliefs.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["Fake news is structured to shock and convince, maximising initial impacts to spread faster and deeper than real news (Allcott and Gentzkow 2017;Vosoughi et al. 2018)",1,-1,[],[18116]],["Fake news is suggested to differ when it accepts a wider interpretation of information manipulated to harm, meaning that it is not narrowed down to just political agendas but extends to other spheres, such as revenge porn (ibid; Whittaker, 2019)",1,-1,[],[38230]],["Fake news is the spread of intended information with knowingly provocative and resonating nature.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news is unarguably a threat to the society (Panke, 2020) and it has become a challenging problem for social media users and researchers alike.",1,-1,[],[266]],["Fake news is used as a cover term for all kinds of intentionally fabricated news.",1,-1,[],[37870]],["Fake news is used to discuss misinformation in some instances and disinformation in other instances.",1,-1,[],[8953]],["Fake news is usually associated with freshly emerging, time-critical events, or hot topics in order to attract the attention of internet users, and this content may not have been thoroughly vetted by existing knowledge bases due to a lack of confirming evidence or assertions",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news is usually limited to news articles",1,-1,[],[18064]],["Fake news is usually limited to news articles while disinformation includes all kinds of information.",1,-1,[],[18064]],["Fake news is usually manipulated by propagandists to convey political messages or influence",1,-1,[],[6765]],["Fake news is usually related to newly emerging, time-critical events, which may not have been properly verified by existing knowledge bases due to the lack of corroborating evidence or claims",1,-1,[],[6765]],["Fake news may affect people's opinions negatively by targeting a specific institution or personality",1,-1,[],[32957]],["Fake news may be distorted in a natural way (for example, someone misunderstood something, someone paraphrased something, etc.)",1,-1,[],[38851]],["Fake news may be the catch all phrase that has recently rung alarm bells the loudest, however, it cannot effectively be applied as the definitive realization of false information online because of its variety of forms, definitions, and uses.",1,-1,[],[2223]],["Fake news may exploit customers' innate cognitive biases.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news may generate utility for some consumers, but it also imposes private and social costs by making it more difficult for consumers to infer the true state of the world-for example, by making it more difficult for voters to infer which electoral candidate they prefer.",1,-1,[],[10166]],["Fake news may refer to the manipulation of information that can be carried out through the production of false information, or the distortion of true information.",1,-1,[],[1011]],["Fake news multiply rapidly and act as narratives that omit or add information to facts.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news must serve a specific organisational or individual goal -social, economic, political, etc.;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news often contains manipulated images or videos, even based on authentic photos taken out of context.",1,-1,[],[51110]],["Fake news often has eye-catching headlines in all caps with exclamation marks and often shocking and unheard of information.",1,-1,[],[51110]],["Fake news often imitates real news by adopting its format and structure (headline, visuals, body, and conclusion). This 'legitimized format' exacerbates the issue, as individuals or organizations exploit it to present the news as authentic, thereby misleading and confusing the audience.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["Fake news often involves various modalities, including text, images, videos, and social network dynamics.",1,-1,[],[47948]],["Fake news often lacks reliable sources and attracts clicks with provocative headlines, with the aim of manipulating public opinion, creating chaos, or gaining economic benefits.",1,-1,[],[39718]],["Fake news on social media has harmed several domains, including politics, the economy, and health.",1,-1,[],[37862]],["Fake news on social media is growing fast in volume and can have negative societal impacts.",1,-1,[],[304]],["Fake news outlets exploit the fact that social media platforms lack the editorial norms and processes of the traditional news media for assuring the accuracy and credibility of the information.",1,-1,[],[53413]],["Fake news outlets, in turn, lack the news media's editorial norms and processes for ensuring the accuracy and credibility of information.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Fake news overlaps with other information disorders, such as misinformation (false or misleading information) and disinformation (false information that is purposely spread to deceive people).",1,-1,[],[37918]],["Fake news producers regard certain aspects, such as straightforward and stunning messages, appealing headlines that appeal to the audience's emotions, and clickbait, as important for multiple disclosures.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news remains a scourge that strongly affects all sectors of activity, having a negative impact on the well-being of society, business environments, and organizations, in other words, on the well-being of people in general.",1,-1,[],[35316]],["Fake news represents ways of coping with uncertain and uncontrollable situations.",1,-1,[],[214]],["Fake news seeks legitimacy by imitating the real to manipulate the news consumer",1,-1,[],[41865]],["Fake news seems to be more shared than their debunks in terms of number of accounts reached, but the phenomena is reversed at the community level: the spread of fake news tends to be confined to fewer communities than other political news.",1,-1,[],[39815]],["Fake news should not be confused with journalistic errors or completely made-up stories.",1,-1,[],[53712]],["Fake news shows many of the aforementioned characteristics: sensationalism, emotional language and anonymous sources.",1,-1,[],[26965]],["Fake news spread on Facebook affects the reputation and credibility of candidates or politicians.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["Fake news spreaders make users doubt the nature of real news and create the idea that everything is biased and conflicted, and it is impossible to distinguish fake from real news",1,-1,[],[55544]],["Fake news spreads \"significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth\"",1,-1,[],[2950]],["Fake news spreads faster and more widely than factual news, causing significant societal and individual harm",1,-1,[],[59499]],["Fake news spreads on advertisingsupported social media",1,-1,[],[19845]],["Fake news spreads through information-sharing among users on social media, as users receive information, including news, from fellow users, such as their friends or family.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["Fake news stands in contrast to 'real news,' which is produced by journalists who have long commanded an important gatekeeping role in deigning events as newsworthy and in separating fact from falsehood.",1,-1,[],[11322]],["Fake news succeeds because it parodies traits of real news, including broadcast set pieces and mimicking the tone of 'real' hosts found on cable channels such as CNN and Fox News.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Fake news surfaces on social media every day.",1,-1,[],[37862]],["Fake news takes the form of true news and refers to freshly developing, time-critical events or hot topics in order to attract the audience's attention.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news tends to pack the main claim of the article into its title. The titles are longer but use fewer stopwords and more proper nouns and verb phrases, meaning that the creators tend to put as much information in the title as possible.",1,-1,[],[19211]],["Fake news tends to spread like wildfire on digital and social media channels due to the sensationalism of the claims",1,-1,[],[41798]],["Fake news that contains misinformation is very dangerous because it \"has the potential to influence attitudes and behavior, making people think and act differently than if they were properly informed\"",1,-1,[],[45293]],["Fake news that we are attentive in is one of many types of fraud in social websites, but it is a more important one as it is created with unfair intention to delude people",1,-1,[],[58905]],["Fake news threatens people's physical, mental, and financial security.",1,-1,[],[54275]],["Fake news titles include more negative concepts than accurate news titles",1,-1,[],[19845]],["Fake news travel faster than real news; during an event, fake news get even more attention than real news",1,-1,[],[59563]],["Fake news travel faster with distinct propagation patterns than genuine news, and also differ in their cascade depth and width size",1,-1,[],[29219]],["Fake news typically mimics trustworthy news in order to gain credibility where such falsified content derives its value by mimicking trustworthy content",1,-1,[],[709]],["Fake news usually uses hyperbole to catch people's eyes with dishonest intention. More importantly, it often misleads the reader and causes people to have wrong perceptions of society.",1,-1,[],[52639]],["Fake news videos contain conflicting information with the real ones",1,-1,[],[43070]],["Fake news would therefore be a specific type of misinformation disguised as journalistic content.",1,-1,[],[49501]],["Fake news, by contrast, is misleading its target audience in a non-accidental way.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["Fake news, especially in countries with highly centralized partisan politics such as the USA, political discourse within the ranks of Republicans and Democrats will always spark backlash unless since contents favouring one party will be deemed authentic and vice versa and this one of the challenges for these social media owners to deal with.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["Fake news, in turn, is more than misinformation (incorrect news) or lies and is usually created intentionally as part of an organized strategy of disinformation with economic, political, or other objectives.",1,-1,[],[51427]],["Fake news, viral or not, has a short lifespan.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["False information is produced with the goal of misleading customers.",1,-1,[],[41610]],["False knowledge it carries (what type of false message you get from the content)",1,-1,[],[688]],["False news is typically manipulated and its modifications the manner how human beings interpret and see real news.",1,-1,[],[44560]],["False news spreads faster and farther than truthful news, largely driven by human behavior rather than automation",1,-1,[],[28083]],["Farkas e Schou (2018) se apoiam no pós-fundacionalismo laclauniano para demonstrar como as fake news se tornaram gradualmente um significante flutuante",1,-1,[],[57203]],["Fenómeno recente, mas altamente volátil",1,-1,[],[10801]],["First, fake news has the ability to upset the natural balance of the ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[41610]],["For example, real news usually relies on a stable social relationship chain to gradually spread, while fake news is more likely to achieve early concentrated outbreaks through a small number of highly active users or opinion leaders, and form widespread dissemination in a short period of time.",1,-1,[],[52313]],["Fraud is carried out deliberately through sensational communication that appears credible but is designed to manipulate and not be declared wrong",1,-1,[],[45293]],["Frequently equated with fake news, disinformation is a bigger issue",1,-1,[],[54740]],["From a partisan motivated perspective, fake news is not categorically different from other sources of political information.",1,-1,[],[58946]],["Furthermore, these news are nicely fabricated to catch the headlines by reaching more people.",1,-1,[],[20838]],["Gelfert notes that the term fake news is used \"both as a distinct class of misleading reports and as a rhetorical device for shutting down critical reporting \".",1,-1,[],[59037]],["Generally, fake news can be understood as distorted signals uncorrelated with the truth.",1,-1,[],[5922]],["Habitual social media use also contributes to the dissemination of misinformation, as repeated sharing practices increase the likelihood that individuals will redistribute false information encountered online",1,-1,[],[34293]],["Harmful, misleading, and the depth of its impact is profound.",1,-1,[],[3280]],["Having more connotations and wider use in everyday life, fake news has been labelled as demonizing by traditional news organizations.",1,-1,[],[61002]],["He argues that \"the economy and simplicity of the two-word combination make it a real buzz-word and a great sound-bite. It instantly conjures up a variety of meanings and can thus be used very flexibly.\"",1,-1,[],[59037]],["However, fake news is not always purely false information. True facts can often be presented manipulatively, focusing on certain aspects and thus distorting objective reality.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["However, in order to reach the highest levels of user engagement, and therefore generate the most money, fake news often tries to reinforce sincerely held beliefs while providing a supplementary narrative that \"the authorities\" or \"the mainstream media\" do not want you to know about it.",1,-1,[],[3912]],["However, such reporting simply produced volleys of fake news accusations from both sides.",1,-1,[],[2223]],["However, this understanding is problematic since 'false news' also covers a broad spectrum of false but non-injurious hoaxes, lies, fiction, satire, and parody.",1,-1,[],[50543]],["I do not distinguish between 'fake news', 'lies', 'disinformation', 'misinformation' and 'misunderstanding', as differentiating between those terms requires understanding the intentions of others, which is fraught.",1,-1,[],[37965]],["Ich funkcja jest dość szeroka -mogą wpływać na wyniki wyborów politycznych, postawy i zachowania społeczne czy notowania na giełdzie, a także osłabiać zaufanie społeczne w poszczególnych kategoriach naszej egzystencji.",1,-1,[],[36772]],["In [26], the authors considered fake news in various forms, such as false, misleading, or inventive news, including several characteristics and attributes of the disseminated information.",1,-1,[],[20620]],["In [4] authors show that fake news aim to affect the emotions of the readers, and ultimately deceive them.",1,-1,[],[51439]],["In a discursive struggle, 'fake news' is strategically employed to amplify antagonisms, give new meanings to and interpret information.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["In a viral way 'fake news is able to set the agenda in a short period of time, causing an acute public resonance and even excitement.",1,-1,[],[27336]],["In addition to being designed to manipulate public opinion, fake news stories tend to be sensationalist which in turn creates tremendous popular appeal.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["In addition to rumors about refugees, rumors about people with southern complexions or non-German accents are included in the data base because such characterizations are typically associated with refugees.",1,-1,[],[27580]],["In an era of post-truth relativism, 'fake news' is increasingly politicized",1,-1,[],[23048]],["In combination with viral technologies and mechanisms of distribution in the media and social networks, fake news in modern political campaigns is becoming a dangerous tool for influencing mass consciousness of societies.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["In fake news, the author does not indicate the source from which the information was taken, does not provide expert comments",1,-1,[],[38851]],["In modern conditions of existence (mass media and electronic media), the prototype sample of the news genre is transformed, reduced, and receives new forms of implementation.",1,-1,[],[47336]],["In order to label some accounts or sources of information as fake, an intent to deceive has to be present.",1,-1,[],[20131]],["In other words, fake news are seemingly legitimate news articles that contain intentionally inaccurate or misleading content.",1,-1,[],[56338]],["In other words, fake news is disinformation and always false during its propagation life.",1,-1,[],[56203]],["In simpler terms, fake news is a more recent word added to the terminology, which is nowadays used to label all news posts in an online environment.",1,-1,[],[38042]],["In terms of the body content, fake news articles are short, repetitive, and less informative (fewer nouns and analytical words).",1,-1,[],[19211]],["In the context of elections, fake news becomes disinformation when it is presented or promoted to discredit opponents or to influence the voting process.",1,-1,[],[50730]],["In this paper, both are treated on similar basis, as their embedding into mainstream media is similar.",1,-1,[],[29048]],["In this paper, fake news is understood in the context of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[52897]],["In this process, false or misleading information carried by the news is the key.",1,-1,[],[891]],["In this view, legitimacy and intent are the two most important elements.",1,-1,[],[26816]],["In this view, legitimacy and intent are the two most important elements. To start with, it's important to note that fake news includes verifiably inaccurate information data. Secondly, it is made with the dishonest purpose of misleading readers.",1,-1,[],[26816]],["In this way, \"fake news\" becomes a floating signifier-a signifier epitomising a discursive struggle and perhaps even an organic crisis.",1,-1,[],[3917]],["Individual intentions on the part of its originators (e.g., the intention to deceive an audience, to manipulate public opinion, to increase the circulation of certain pieces of disinformation) have a role to play, not least when it comes to settling the legal question of who should be held responsible for, say, slanderous content.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["Instead of delivering relevant and accurate information, the dissemination of fake news on social media could quickly enter a wide scale (Rashid et al., 2020), causing unnecessary misunderstanding, information overload, and fear among individuals.",1,-1,[],[46730]],["Intentional and deliberate communication, it is a form of organised persuasive communication, which can overlap within the field of information warfare;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Intentional disinformation",1,-1,[],[18116]],["Intuitively, it reminds of some kind of false information broadcasted by one or more news outlets, and generally speaking to the manipulation of the information systems in order to deceive someone's opinion.",1,-1,[],[1496]],["It aims to deceive or mislead people.",1,-1,[],[32991]],["It becomes a key moment in a political power struggle between hegemonic projects",1,-1,[],[3917]],["It can be categorized into various types, including fabricated stories, clickbait headlines, satire or parody, and manipulated content [4].",1,-1,[],[42792]],["It can be created by journalists and non-journalists.",1,-1,[],[7140]],["It can be created for various reasons, including political gain, financial gain, or simply to cause chaos.",1,-1,[],[57612]],["It can create distrust in neutral agencies and spread pseudo-science, thus hurting the communities on a large scale.",1,-1,[],[16650]],["It can manipulate the audience into acting or thinking in a way that is favourable to the addressee and is often difficult to distinguish from truthful material.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["It can take different forms, varying in intention, degree of truthfulness or facticity, and content",1,-1,[],[44339]],["It denotes the intended distortion of reality and truth by its creators who reproduce mass media online formats purposefully, creating confusion around veriied facts and their interpretation by readers",1,-1,[],[40788]],["It follows, then, that 'fake news' producers would imitate the conventions of 'real news' to leech off of journalism's authority and convince readers that the material presented to them is an authentic account.",1,-1,[],[11322]],["It has a wide impact on the real world and is a major problem for democratic society at present.",1,-1,[],[32979]],["It has an opportunistic structure, such as title, image, and content.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["It has become a 'dirty word' owing to the deceptive and manipulative reputation and practice.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["It has been proven in studies that in comparison to authentic news, fake news on social media gets more retweets and shares, especially political news [21].",1,-1,[],[37862]],["It has two essential features that it is deliberate and is misleading by design.",1,-1,[],[13590]],["It has two essential features that it is deliberate and is misleading by design. Prosecution should only apply when both these elements are present.",1,-1,[],[13590]],["It includes three basic forms of information disorder: misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information.",1,-1,[],[58678]],["It involves fabricated stories or media designed to resemble legitimate news, intending to deceive readers [5].",1,-1,[],[26408]],["It involves the dissemination of demonstrably misleading information to people",1,-1,[],[54974]],["It is a confusing and overly broad term that should be minimized in academic work and should not be used in any thoughtful discussion of regulatory efforts.",1,-1,[],[2223]],["It is a fluid subject that is differently perceived, interpreted and understood by individuals depending on many factors.",1,-1,[],[60189]],["It is a fluid subject that is differently perceived, interpreted and understood by individuals depending on many factors. Fake news is often embellished, sensationalised and made alarmingly attractive. Sometimes, it can be difficult to detect fraudulent news especially when such stories contain authoritative lies except through critical examination of the words mostly designed to capture and retain the attention of receivers in uncommon ways. Fake news is subtly and sophisticatedly presented to hide its falsity with unverifiable sources or claims. Fake news violates contextual and multicultural realities through mischief and ignorance presented as valid information",1,-1,[],[60189]],["It is a means to increase the amount of readership or to create psychological warfare.",1,-1,[],[23290]],["It is a specific type of misinformation",1,-1,[],[40976]],["It is also considered an economic competitor to an already financially stressed mass media industry as well as a means of de-legitimising the journalism profession",1,-1,[],[59881]],["It is considered to be one of the most dangerous weapons capable of bringing harm to both society and people",1,-1,[],[35579]],["It is created for social, political and financial reasons.",1,-1,[],[46067]],["It is created to: drive sales by glorifying specific products and disseminating negative views of competitors' products, gain political benefits such as directing elections, make financial gains, maintain life quality, and so on",1,-1,[],[17111]],["It is created to: drive sales by glorifying specific products and disseminating negative views of competitors' products, gain political benefits such as directing elections, make financial gains, maintain life quality, and so on [1,2].",1,-1,[],[17111]],["It is deliberately created to mislead or manipulate a specific audience. To enhance its perceived credibility, fake news adopts the format of a recognized journalistic genre (e.g., actual news) and adheres to a particular structure. This includes elements such as headlines-typically exaggerated, inaccurate, or sensational-alongside the main text, which generally lacks a systematic, cohesive, and well-founded evidentiary basis, such as official documents, critical data, statistics, or scholarly papers.",1,-1,[],[55327]],["It is deliberately created to mislead or manipulate a specific audience. To enhance its perceived credibility, fake news adopts the format of a recognized journalistic genre (e.g., news reports) and follows a specific structure. This includes elements such as headlines-typically exaggerated, inaccurate, or sensational-along with the main text, which generally lacks a systematic, cohesive, and well-supported evidentiary basis, such as official documents, critical data, statistics, or scholarly papers. While multimedia elements like photos or videos are not mandatory in fake news, they are often used to reinforce its impact. The topics addressed in fake news are strategically selected to align with the interests and values of a specific audience segment, thereby amplifying its potential for virality. Additionally, fake news frequently exploits cognitive biases, reinforcing pre-existing informal beliefs and undermining critical thinking.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["It is distributed across various channels, including social media, with the aim of deceiving or manipulating the audience",1,-1,[],[45688]],["It is information that originates from the \"sender\" of fake news, is transmitted through a communication channel, and is then received, typically, by the general public.",1,-1,[],[6615]],["It is made to mislead readers and contains verified information. Researchers refer to publications that purposely publish hoaxes, propaganda, and other false material and propagate on social media as fake news.",1,-1,[],[31931]],["It is most often being used in political arena by the main contenders.",1,-1,[],[54974]],["It is often divided into misinformation false news without harmful intent and disinformation false news disseminated with harmful or manipulative intent (APA, 2023 in Bergman, 2023).",1,-1,[],[54368]],["It is often spread through social media platforms, where it can reach a wide audience quickly.",1,-1,[],[57612]],["It is often used to confuse people and persuade them to believe something, to buy a product or otherwise provide profit for the creator",1,-1,[],[49360]],["It is part of the broader security landscape of contemporary society.",1,-1,[],[32979]],["It is the deliberate dissemination of incorrect information that can be proven wrong by fact-checking",1,-1,[],[54974]],["It may be identified as completely fabricated information or as partially invented content where the real facts, situations, and events are preserved but there is also misinformation that leads to the distortion of the presented reality in the news.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["It may follow the media agenda and tries to distort and manipulate the truth",1,-1,[],[41865]],["It may mix fact with fiction, but it does not ultimately care about the facts: it is essentially a forge.",1,-1,[],[54558]],["It mimics real news construct.",1,-1,[],[29140]],["It mimics traditional news and spreads easily on social media, reaches a large number of people quickly, and deceives many",1,-1,[],[18980]],["It not only misleads the public and causes confusion but also significantly influences public opinion.",1,-1,[],[42240]],["It predominantly circulates on social media and mass media platforms and takes various forms, such as lies, distorted content, and unidentified sources.",1,-1,[],[44188]],["It sets out maliciously to undermine public confidence",1,-1,[],[54974]],["Its aim is to influence and manipulate public opinion on targeted topics.",1,-1,[],[28626]],["Its aim is to manipulate public opinion, altering perception, behaviour, and attitudes towards specific aspects of reality",1,-1,[],[37097]],["Its dissemination is often aided by social media, automated bots, and especially by humans responding to inflamed emotions.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["Its prevalence increases during crises as crises represent a perfect time for spreading fake news and rumors, especially when knowledge of a problem is limited and ambiguous.",1,-1,[],[35579]],["Its rapid dissemination can sway public opinion, influence electoral outcomes, and even incite real-world harm [6].",1,-1,[],[52179]],["La difusión de chismes, mentiras e información falsa es inherente al ser humano; lo que ha cambiado en los últimos años es la velocidad de transmisión y la facilidad de generarlas y propagarlas dadas las características propias de internet (instantaneidad, interactividad, viralización y globalización de la información) que multiplican las posibilidades de quedar atrapado en la red de la desinformación.",1,-1,[],[11367]],["La superabundancia informativa y el relajamiento en el control de las fuentes favorecen la circulación de fake news en redes sociales",1,-1,[],[13939]],["Large language models (LLMs) have worsened this problem by making it easier and cheaper to produce realistic-looking content at scale, which could easily erode public trust and well-informed decision-making (Walker et al., 2023;Barman et al., 2024).",1,-1,[],[60302]],["Las fake news forman parte del ecosistema económico de la desinformación (Corner, 2017) auspiciadas por los ingresos por publicidad obtenidos a través del clickbait y la viralización del contenido. Desde un punto de vista ideológico, las fake news tienen el propósito de favorecer determinadas posturas ideológicas y candidatos políticos (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017).",1,-1,[],[11367]],["Lazer et al. (2018) described it as fabricated information that mimics news media content, but this does not capture the complexity of the phenomenon, which can include both satire and information created deliberately to mislead as a means to achieve a political or other goal (Wardle, 2017).",1,-1,[],[2019]],["Leading scholars have advocated to focus on the fake news publishers rather than individual stories because \"we view the defining element of fake news to be the intent and processes of the publisher.\"",1,-1,[],[16547]],["Literature shows that there are several types of fake news, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These are rumor, disinformation, misinformation, hoax, and clickbait [7].",1,-1,[],[37862]],["Majority of FN is targeted to a specific sample of the population with the aim of promoting a certain ideology by stimulating strong beliefs and polarizing society",1,-1,[],[613]],["Many fake news sites have misspellings or weird layouts.",1,-1,[],[51110]],["Mavridis [9] posits that there are two motivations for fake news: pecuniary and ideological. For pecuniary purposes, content is produced to gain advertising revenue, and when misleading content is shared it results in more clicks which translates into more money. Mavridis [9] explains that some people produce misleading information for ideological purposes e.g. to promote a different political viewpoint and distribute propaganda to discredit others.",1,-1,[],[33910]],["Mimicking legitimate formats to exploit trust in established institutions.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["Misinformation and fake news have a dramatic effect on public opinion and are likely to move society toward extremism",1,-1,[],[29140]],["Misinformation can be categorized into two main types.",1,-1,[],[32822]],["Misinformation, disinformation, hoax, and rumor are all terms used in similar literature to describe fake news.",1,-1,[],[58600]],["Misleading and manufactured news reports that are published in a wide variety of media venues are frequently disseminated with the goal of achieving a variety of unfavorable ends, such as the ridicule of the general public or financial benefit",1,-1,[],[61297]],["Misleading news may have unforeseen effects on public behavior, making it more difficult to monitor the spread of disease and exacerbating its harmful impact on a country's health ecosystems and even security",1,-1,[],[53675]],["More often, true facts are misconstrued or framed badly.",1,-1,[],[30618]],["Moreover, fake news sources commonly contain fanaticism, where the title and introduction are very provocative.",1,-1,[],[56354]],["Most fake news stories are intentionally created and are likely to spread through sequential sharing by social media users.",1,-1,[],[46067]],["Most importantly, fake news is not a story with information or a viewpoint that a consumer does not like or agree with.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["Most learners often spread fake news without determining its truthfulness and checking with other sources, leading to harmful online situations",1,-1,[],[56354]],["Most notably, fake news outlets lack the news media's editorial norms and processes for ensuring the accuracy and credibility of information.",1,-1,[],[27417]],["Muitas fake news são hoje produzidas por robôs ou programas informáticos, enquanto outras continuam a nascer no teclado de alguém.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Nesse sentido, é normal encontrar não apenas textos, mas também fotos e vídeos falsos ou parcialmente falsos, em simultâneo.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["News may be faked by lies, doctored content (e.g., photo editing, misleading statistics), content that is misleading or taken out of context, counterfeit sources, and false attributions.",1,-1,[],[12890]],["News writers could be funded to flatter or defame products or political actors. The financial motive stems from the urge to use fake news to influence opinions among people in the real world.",1,-1,[],[43299]],["Newsmakers frequently communicate their thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and sentiments through fake news.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Not that news is fake, but the idea that the world isn't trusting journalism as much as it used to",1,-1,[],[31660]],["Often fake news is used to support a false narrative. It may be created and disseminated to disinform, for example, as propaganda, and for other reasons, such as using it as clickbait for gaining personal profit.",1,-1,[],[50644]],["Often, the purpose of such a tool is to inflict reputational damage to the other side, belittle its achievements, that is, to create an inaccurate, often negative image of the other side. . . , and also to achieve other pursued goals.",1,-1,[],[28106]],["On one level, fake news is a form of clickbait.",1,-1,[],[35061]],["On the other hand, fake news is often born from either financial or ideological motivations and therefore seeks to engage readers through rhetorical means.",1,-1,[],[33228]],["Optamos pela palavra documento e não apenas texto, por causa não só do recurso a ferramentas complementares do texto (vídeo e/ou foto) mas também porque, como foi mostrado com as deepfakes, o texto em certos casos já se torna irrelevante (exceto, talvez, o título)",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Our selection of fake news is based on the data of Ukrainian state bodies",1,-1,[],[44816]],["Our study is a contribution to the combating of fake news because we offer a strong system of identification and evaluation of news credibility that gives impressive outcomes using a small dataset.",1,-1,[],[60518]],["People also believe fake news after being exposed to them repeatedly (validity satisfies [26] or if the news satisfies their desirability bias [27], is in line with preexisting principles, bias in confirmation [28] or viewpoints (selective exposure [29]).",1,-1,[],[37862]],["People like to receive and share the news they like without considering if they are true or fake.",1,-1,[],[23119]],["Persuasive strategies, references to apparently credible sources (lawyer friend, large company), pseudoscientific evidence, offering money (XY pays you one dollar for each forwarded message), threatening with bad luck, an irresistible headline, an egregious picture, and a mysterious lead can all suggest fake news too",1,-1,[],[39097]],["Political Science focus on the actors and the power structures that perpetuate fake news",1,-1,[],[1171]],["Political actors have concurrently appropriated the label of fake news as a means of discrediting media institutions and political opponents",1,-1,[],[35098]],["Power of impact is to cause a change in the current assessment, approach, perception of events, their assessment, building the confidence of the credibility of the content described, and thus the reaction of the recipients in line with the expectations of the sender of the message",1,-1,[],[36772]],["Prior to Trump's election, it was understood as political satires, parodies, and news propaganda",1,-1,[],[41712]],["Prioritizing rhetorical appeal over factual accuracy (manipulation of truth).",1,-1,[],[46898]],["Production of fake news is generally motivated by financial or ideological gain as it can mislead readers into believing that false news content is true.",1,-1,[],[28331]],["Propaganda and fake news (sometimes called peer-to-peer propaganda) directly play into this gullibility by presenting falsehoods as truths often in relation to partially true representations of events and people's actions.",1,-1,[],[14151]],["RT spread the fake news in its Spanish language program according to which Sweden would like to leave the EU.",1,-1,[],[34743]],["Rather, 'fake news' discourses are employed to achieve a discursive goal: to amplify users' own positions and mitigate those of the enemy.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["Relevant work on this topic concluded that fake news spread quicker, penetrate further, and have a deeper impact than true news",1,-1,[],[17116]],["Respondents admit that apart from fake news that is entirely invented and has no connection with real facts and events, there is news that may be based on real facts, opinions, and events. In this case, fake news may be a partial distortion of reality that can reflect real situations in the world and at the same time include other misinformation.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["Respondents also point out that the process of distortion of fake news may be unintended when an author does not have the aim of misleading the audience.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["Secondly, it is made with the dishonest purpose of misleading readers.",1,-1,[],[26816]],["Seeks to gain as much attention and exposure to the widest audience as possible, often relying on symbolic and emotional means to quickly prime and mobilise the audience",1,-1,[["Seeks to gain as much attention and exposure to the widest audience as possible, often relying on symbolic and emotional means to quickly prime and mobilise the audience",1],["Seeks to gain as much attention and exposure to the widest audience as possible, often relying on symbolic and emotional means to quickly prime and mobilise the audience;",1]],[59881]],["Seeks to influence the cognitive domain through emotional and symbolic representations of the physical domain through the information domain;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Shu et al. (2017) argue that fake news has an adverse impact on individuals and society as it deliberately persuades consumers to accept false beliefs that are shared to forward specific agendas.",1,-1,[],[1829]],["Singapore and Thailand have tried to provide a simple definition which, unfortunately, leaves a considerable amount of leeway for judges to bring their understanding of what constitutes fake news.",1,-1,[],[42809]],["So fake news is an example of disinformation. In this paper, we use the terms \"disinformation\" and \"fake news\" interchangeably.",1,-1,[],[214]],["Social media environments facilitate the dissemination of misinformation through user engagement behaviors.",1,-1,[],[34293]],["Social media is used as a tool to disseminate information that has been manipulated and polished in such a way that it looks like factual news by fake news spreaders.",1,-1,[],[45293]],["Some consider fake news as a type of misinformation",1,-1,[],[1011]],["Some have claimed that fake news is socially and democratically problematic as it produces inadequately informed people who then continue to misinform (Bakir and McStay, 2018).",1,-1,[],[8953]],["Some of the faculty we surveyed define fake news in incomplete ways, perhaps taking it as the result of poorly educated users, or of malicious actors, but not as a unified and intertwined series of complex phenomena.",1,-1,[],[1171]],["Some of this information is unstructured and untrue, that is, it distorts reality, it is often called manipulative information.",1,-1,[],[28271]],["Some students confused fake news with incorrect information or simple lies.",1,-1,[],[44339]],["Some students confused fake news with incorrect information or simple lies. Incorrect weather forecasts were frequently cited, although these do not qualify as fake news because they usually result from prediction errors rather than intentional deception.",1,-1,[],[44339]],["Somehow, these news find a reader and take advantage of human naivety and gullibility.",1,-1,[],[59563]],["Sometimes multimodal (employing, for example, audiovisual material), but overwhelmingly written compositions, designed to be transmitted (and retransmitted) across electronic/digital media to a carefully selected target audience.",1,-1,[],[55169]],["Sometimes the term fake news is used as a political weapon (mainly after its diffusion in the 2016 United States presidential election), referring to different types of false content (Meel and Vishwakarma, 2020).",1,-1,[],[38849]],["Speaking about the journalistic format, disinformation is presented in fake news.",1,-1,[],[44816]],["Spreading fake news can be a sense making activity in ambiguous situations and the frequency of fake news increases in uncertain situations, such as natural disasters or political events such as elections when people are unsure of the results",1,-1,[],[214]],["Spreading fake news is a significant problem because it poses epistemic and practical risks -influencing crucial decisions about one's life (e.g., health, finance, education, or governance), relying on inaccurate beliefs can lead to various harms (e.g., illness, bankruptcy, ignorance, or mismanagement).",1,-1,[],[32559]],["Spreading of misinformation is a cause of great concern for human society.",1,-1,[],[48792]],["Stories such as the beheaded babies narrative therefore arguably served as a catalyst to be able to rationalize an even harsher response in the face of unimaginably inhuman and cruel acts.",1,-1,[],[26965]],["Such content should not be confused with political satire or parody, which have a different nature and purpose.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Such definition of news raises some social concerns, e.g., the term \"fake news\" should be \"about more than news\" and \"about the entire information ecosystem.\"",1,-1,[],[7140]],["Such information is disseminated for disinformation, propaganda, provoking aggression, raising doubts, panic, or changing established views.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Such information is disseminated for disinformation, propaganda, provoking aggression, raising doubts, panic, or changing established views. It can manipulate the audience into acting or thinking in a way that is favourable to the addressee and is often difficult to distinguish from truthful material.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Such phenomena have the name fake news [2].",1,-1,[],[30769]],["Tandoc et al [8] emphasize that fake news often imitates real news to establish credibility.",1,-1,[],[44188]],["Tandoc et al. (2018) agree that fake news involves intentional deception.",1,-1,[],[39184]],["Tandoc, et al. (2018) diagnostically drew a typology of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda.",1,-1,[],[26655]],["Technically speaking, fake news and alternative terms such as hoax and rumor usually refer to manipulated multimedia (e.g. text, images, video, etc.) used for spreading incorrect information.",1,-1,[],[32649]],["That is fake news maintains the appearance of news, fake news is misleading, and fake news has a deliberate purpose (Gelfert, 2018).",1,-1,[],[27163]],["The College of Humanities emphasized the types of sources and their origins far more than in depth research",1,-1,[],[1171]],["The aim behind fake news transmission is to damage a person's or entity's reputation or advertising revenue.",1,-1,[],[33465]],["The basic tool of disinformation is fake news, which encompasses the space between truth and lies.",1,-1,[],[42760]],["The bestknown type of misinformation",1,-1,[],[32479]],["The broad definition aims to impose minimum constraints in accord with the current resources: it emphasizes information authenticity, purposefully adopts a broad definition for the term news [Vosoughi et al. 2018], and weakens the requirement for information intention due to the difficulty in obtaining the ground truth (true intention).",1,-1,[],[7140]],["The channel is mostly the internet, especially social media and online magazines specialising in the spreading of fake news.",1,-1,[],[54558]],["The circulation of fake news can mislead the public, influence political decisions, and create widespread confusion",1,-1,[],[51678]],["The consequences of fake news can be severe, undermining democracy, polarizing societies, and even causing public health crises",1,-1,[],[45688]],["The content of fake news may be entirely or partially fabricated. In the former case, fake news might consist of fabricated facts that do not align with reality and fail to represent actual events or situations. In the latter case, it may include some factual elements, but these are presented in a misleading manner.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["The content of false news stories can influence our confidence in the media. Cynical coverage and tabloid-style focus on scandal can erode citizen trust in news organizations (Hopmann, Shehata, & Stromback, 2015;Ladd, 2012).",1,-1,[],[22486]],["The creation of fake news can be socially, politically or financially motivated.",1,-1,[],[46067]],["The debasing of faith in information can also force those targeted by fake news to cede the power of truth in its own right.",1,-1,[],[1171]],["The definition must show intent to deceive.",1,-1,[],[13590]],["The definition of fake news itself is not standardized and is conceptualized differently by the various disciplines, resulting in a hodge-podge of approaches and understandings.",1,-1,[],[1171]],["The difference between fake news and real news mainly lies in the authenticity of content, sources of information, purpose, and influence.",1,-1,[],[39718]],["The dissemination of fake news is often targeted to damage the image of a person, group, or community.",1,-1,[],[20838]],["The dissemination of fake news on social media is a primary source of vaccine hesitancy, which is one of the major dangers to world health",1,-1,[],[14542]],["The dissemination of fake news poses a risk to both freedom of expression and the right to access information.",1,-1,[],[53712]],["The distinction between fake news and other related concepts, such as, advertorial, alternative fact, disinformation, false information, fake information, hoax news, junk news, misinformation, news satire, and post-truth, propaganda news, pseudonews, yellow journalism, is hazy, and the definition of fake news is still unclear",1,-1,[],[54974]],["The existence of bias here is important, for otherwise {F t } would merely represent further noise, rather than deliberate misinformation.",1,-1,[],[6615]],["The exposure of users to fake news has been shown to have numerous deleterious effects, instances of which include inducing attitudes of inefficacy, alienation, trusting in false propaganda, cynicism toward certain political candidates and communities, that can at times give rise to the violent events.",1,-1,[],[53413]],["The fake news must be news that does not match the facts. It is not merely a miscommunication of information that is inaccurate. Fraudulent news creators must deliberately create fake news to mislead for some benefit.",1,-1,[],[36030]],["The fundamental purpose of fake news is to become viral (Rini 2017) and generate a large number of reactions, including views, likes, reposts, and debates.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["The glue that keeps these notions together is the lack of truthfulness of the speaker.",1,-1,[],[21938]],["The goal of fake news is to suppress real news while distorting the truth in a variety of ways.",1,-1,[],[41610]],["The heterogeneity of the term \"fake news\" leads to it becoming \"a catch-all term with multiple definitions\"",1,-1,[],[38851]],["The identification of fake news is important as it is published and promoted to misinform and for the creation of public pressure, generating direct benefits to certain groups and their economic interest.",1,-1,[],[36597]],["The impact of fake news extends beyond individual beliefs, as it can shape public opinion, influence decision-making, and even incite social unrest",1,-1,[],[42792]],["The impact of fake news on credibility is stronger when the news is negative, regardless of the country's proximity, whereas positive frames do not significantly affect credibility across both spatial dimensions.",1,-1,[],[47542]],["The increasing prevalence of fake news due to the development of information and communications technologies that enable rapid dissemination and the growing influence of fake news on people's attitudes and behavior has contributed to scholarly interest in studying this phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["The influx of fake news always aims at ridiculing and undermining the tenets of individuals, groups or organizations.",1,-1,[],[54974]],["The initial 'fake news' crisis (Silverman, 2016;2017) had to do with fly-by-night, imposter, conspiracy as well as so-called 'hyperpartisan' news sources outperforming mainstream news on Facebook in the run up to the 2016 US presidential elections.",1,-1,[],[50445]],["The intention behind creating fake news, whether it is to harm an individual, group or entity, is also an important aspect.",1,-1,[],[19845]],["The intention behind the proliferation of fake news may be manipulation of public views for financial or political benefit, or simply fun.",1,-1,[],[17116]],["The key distinctive features of fake news are authenticity and intentionality.",1,-1,[],[18064]],["The main purpose of it is to deceive or mislead readers, listeners, or viewers.",1,-1,[],[47948]],["The main task of fake news in modern political campaigns and processes is interception of the political agenda, with its subsequent closure to the news feed generated by the fake news itself, as well as creation of general excitement around the given news story.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["The manipulation can be achieved by distorting the true facts of an issue in favour of a particular party or by providing inaccurate facts that subsequently influence readers' opinions or views on the given topics",1,-1,[],[39184]],["The meaning of the term 'fake news', despite its rampant usage in recent years, remains unsettled.",1,-1,[],[51235]],["The meaning of this term has evolved from denoting satirical television shows (Hartley, 1996) to false information mimicking the style of conventional news and created to deliberately misinform (Waisbord, 2018).",1,-1,[],[1769]],["The most common feature accepted by all definitions is \"the intentional spread of verifiably false information\".",1,-1,[],[47821]],["The most common types of misleading and unverified information are fake news and rumors",1,-1,[],[41610]],["The motivations for fake news are \"political, subversive, financial and for entertainment\"",1,-1,[],[33910]],["The narrow definition emphasizes both news authenticity and intentions; it also ensures the posted information is news by investigating if its publisher is a news outlet (e.g., CNN and New York Times).",1,-1,[],[7140]],["The next crucial and integral component of fake news is vague sources of information.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["The phenomenon of fake news is frequently characterized by its sensationalist nature and the presence of false narratives, distinguishing it as a distinct form of disinformation",1,-1,[],[16409]],["The phenomenon of fake news is not a recent development.",1,-1,[],[36130]],["The phrase \"fake news\" is described as",1,-1,[],[46115]],["The phrase, which does not have a clear definition, has been used more loosely to refer to any false information, including inadvertent and unconscious mechanisms, as well as news that is averse to the perspective of high-profile individuals.",1,-1,[],[33465]],["The potential effect of FN stems from conspiracy theories, such as a biological weapon produced in China, water with lemon or coconut oil that could kill the virus, or drugs, which even if approved for other indications, could have potential effectiveness in prevention or treatment of COVID-19.",1,-1,[],[417]],["The presence of fake news has become more prolific on the Internet due to the ease of production and dissemination of information online",1,-1,[],[55233]],["The primary purpose of any fake news is to become viral and generate a lot of reactions (views, likes, reposts, etc.).",1,-1,[],[41747]],["The problem of fake news is not in fact a single problem.",1,-1,[],[23900]],["The problem with fake news is that it can distort people's perception of the truth and impact their connections with real information.",1,-1,[],[43628]],["The proliferation of fake news not only triggers a storm of public opinion but also manipulates public events, causing more direct harm to society",1,-1,[],[50812]],["The propagation of fake news about any type of brand has a substantial economic, social, financial, political, and even environmental impact",1,-1,[],[14542]],["The propagation of fake news had a negative influence on public health throughout this crisis, increasing tension, rage, anxiety, panic, and depression",1,-1,[],[35579]],["The purpose of fake news is to deliberately convince readers to believe erroneous information [10][11].",1,-1,[],[41610]],["The purpose of fake news, from the providers' point of view, is usually to secure visits to their website and therefore ad impressions; this in turn generates an income, which can be substantial under the right circumstances.",1,-1,[],[3912]],["The purpose of its creation is to deceive or manipulate a specific audience.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["The purpose of its creation is to deceive or manipulate a specific audience. Fake news has a specific format. This format imitates a news article or report to acquire credibility. It has an opportunistic structure, such as title, image, and content. The structure of the content attracts consumers of news. Fake news can persuade consumers to believe in falsehoods to engage users in the content for articles to obtain and shares. Therefore, in the end, the reward for fake news is higher advertising revenue, ideological gain, or both.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["The purpose of making this second form of fake news is as a form of sarcasm from a phenomenon that occurs.",1,-1,[],[45293]],["The purpose of this distortion is to mislead and manipulate the decisions of future voters by discrediting politicians or degrading a democratic institution.",1,-1,[],[36015]],["The rapid dissemination of fake news can have serious repercussions.",1,-1,[],[16650]],["The real facts might be distorted, inaccurately presented, or selectively framed to manipulate the reader's perception.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["The results showed that fake news is promoted in political issues to generate instability and in health issues to generate confusion and panic in the population.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["The rise of deliberate disinformation-nowadays often referred to as fake news-has sparked societal as well as academic debates.",1,-1,[],[24026]],["The rise of fake news and its societal impact has been studied in the context of numerous recent events, such as the Brexit referendum and the 2016 US presidential elections [2].",1,-1,[],[53413]],["The specific type of misinformation we investigate is fake news",1,-1,[],[51754]],["The spread of fake news (1), which is intentionally false information, makes it difficult to discern the truth.",1,-1,[],[32588]],["The spread of fake news can cause the democratic processes to be undermined and create chaos.",1,-1,[],[16650]],["The spread of fake news is becoming a public and global concern",1,-1,[],[2950]],["The spread of fake news is caused by trust in a single source of data",1,-1,[],[43853]],["The spread of fake news on social media is one of the impacts of the digitalization of life in society.",1,-1,[],[36356]],["The spread of false content during voting in the United States, the United Kingdom and Colombia in 2016 was an example about the strength of these new media",1,-1,[],[49881]],["The spread of false or misleading content-broadly, referred to as fake news, poses significant threats to democratic institutions, public health, and societal trust [1].",1,-1,[],[39854]],["The spread of such fake news has the potential to mislead people, create panic and mistrust, and even cause harm in some cases.",1,-1,[],[43628]],["The spread of such misinformation poses serious threats to public trust, political stability, and the integrity of information systems",1,-1,[],[33563]],["The spreading of misinformation can cause confusion and unnecessary stress among the public",1,-1,[],[246]],["The structure of the content attracts consumers of news.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["The substance of fake news frequently proves to be inaccurate",1,-1,[],[54974]],["The tactic of creating public opinion by providing false information has been used as a propaganda tool and has now become a major problem.",1,-1,[],[58188]],["The term \"fake news\" has been there for decades, even though in the past, it was more commonly referred to as \"disinformation,\" \"propaganda,\" \"yellow journalism,\" \"conspiracy theories,\" or \"hoaxes.\"",1,-1,[],[46115]],["The term \"fake news\" is commonly used to emphasize that the information conveyed is not correct.",1,-1,[],[26595]],["The term 'fake news' is commonly used to discredit the media.",1,-1,[],[34111]],["The term 'fake news' is ill-defined.",1,-1,[],[23900]],["The term 'fake news' is ill-defined. Policymakers should be aware that the term has been used to serve the purposes of various political actors.",1,-1,[],[23900]],["The term 'first appeared in the US in the latter part of the 19 th century'",1,-1,[],[51235]],["The term fake news can be used to refer to a variety of different phenomena.",1,-1,[],[6466]],["The term fake news has been harnessed as a form of networked political spamming by those aiming to attack and discredit the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change (Al-Rawi, 2020).",1,-1,[],[46145]],["The term fake news is also used to systematically undermine the credibility of the free press.",1,-1,[],[59037]],["The term fake news is insufficient to capture the complex problem of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[43749]],["The term fake news is not a new communication concept, the term actually dates back to the late 19th century as stated in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.",1,-1,[],[27003]],["The term fake news is not unambiguous, and numerous dilemmas and problems arise when trying to define and distinguish it from other similar terms.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["The term fake news is now commonly applied to phony news stories maliciously spread by outlets that mimic legitimate news sources.",1,-1,[],[23724]],["The term has been politicized by politicians, and it has been used as a weapon against media reporting, as politicians attempt to undermine the credibility of media that they do not like (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2018).",1,-1,[],[58197]],["The term itself is ambiguous (Schapals 2018): people use it in different meanings or confuse it with other synonymous terms.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["The text body of fake news displays much more negative feelings than positive ones.",1,-1,[],[19845]],["The topic raises significant questions about truth, epistemology, ethics, and the impact of information on society in the Digital Age.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["The topics addressed in fake news are strategically selected to align with the interests and values of a specific audience segment, thereby amplifying its potential for virality.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["The typical attributes of fake news are that it spreads fast, is doctored, is incorrect, is sensational, is intentional, is unverified, and goes viral.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["The usage of fake news ranges from self-serving purposes like clickbait for moneymaking [11] to agendas on a national scale like political manipulation [1] and terrorism [9].",1,-1,[],[55233]],["The use of manipulative strategies (appeal to fear, distortion of facts, and mention of authoritative names) makes such texts convincing to readers, creating a false impression of credibility.",1,-1,[],[58497]],["The use of the term 'fake news' (e.g. by politicians, others) to discredit news media they don't like",1,-1,[],[50169]],["The veracity or aim of the news material is the main emphasis of general definitions of false news",1,-1,[],[41610]],["The wide distribution of fake news has a considerable negative impact on individuals and society as a whole.",1,-1,[],[49864]],["The widespread adoption of social media platforms has further aggravated this issue, enabling rapid dissemination of disinformation at an unprecedented scale",1,-1,[],[53441]],["The widespread and rapid dissemination of fake news cost us in many ways.",1,-1,[],[29403]],["The widespread fake news can negatively impact individuals and society",1,-1,[],[57832]],["The widespread of fake news can mislead the public, and produce unjust political, economic, or psychological profit for some parties",1,-1,[],[19007]],["The words used in the title are smaller and capitalized more often, to generate emphasis.",1,-1,[],[19211]],["There are many shades of grey between false information and completely accurate information.",1,-1,[],[57612]],["There are many studies about fake news, and there is no agreed definition of this term.",1,-1,[],[23290]],["There are two basic properties of fake news related to this definition, namely the authenticity of the message, according to which we can retrospectively verify false information and the intention under which fake news is created.",1,-1,[],[35084]],["There is a dichotomy of use and application of fake news, as a genre of deceptive communication and as a label intended for character assassination and reputational attack;",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Therefore, another feature of fake news is its purpose, which is to mislead or deceive the consumer.",1,-1,[],[58584]],["Therefore, in the end, the reward for fake news is higher advertising revenue, ideological gain, or both.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["These consequences may result in personal, national or global harm.",1,-1,[],[16650]],["These deceptions and lies have been founded on the Internet, especially in social networks, one of the best means to expand and turn a rumour into news without being properly verified.",1,-1,[],[49640]],["These definitions are based on two dimensions: levels of facticity and deception.",1,-1,[],[1769]],["These definitions characterize fake news as forms of disinformation marked by high levels of intention to deceive and low levels of facticity that approximate the look and feel of real news",1,-1,[],[4761]],["These definitions characterize fake news as forms of disinformation marked by high levels of intention to deceive and low levels of facticity that approximate the look and feel of real news (e.g. Rochlin, 2017;Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017).",1,-1,[],[4761]],["These factors included poor journalism practice, parody to provoke, partisan posturing, seeking to exploit or acquire power, or political influence and propaganda",1,-1,[],[32912]],["These peculiarities can mislead many people, causing negative consequences of personal, political, and economic nature.",1,-1,[],[58584]],["These posts are either self-generated or shared from social media platforms.",1,-1,[],[33910]],["They are a crucial instrument of state propaganda to establish and maintain a discourse in which the government's agendas, ideas and actions are naturalized and justified \"by methodically priming the citizenry to accept fake news content as true\" (ibid: 69).",1,-1,[],[26965]],["They are produced with the objective to mislead readers",1,-1,[],[32115]],["They are produced with the objective to mislead readers (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017).",1,-1,[],[32115]],["They are therefore considered fabricated news with the explicit purpose of promoting lies, as well as humorous satire. When decontextualized, these humorous pieces can contribute to the spread of untruths [Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017].",1,-1,[],[52897]],["They constitute a subgenre of the broader category of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[50051]],["They contain fewer technical words, more smaller words, and are generally easier to read.",1,-1,[],[19211]],["They contain somewhat of a created information which is consciously used to deceive.",1,-1,[],[59563]],["They explain that 'fake news' is practically a signifier without a signified; it is almost impossible to define in one way, but actors employing the term know how to strategically use it. Discourses employ it strategically to discredit antagonists.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["They found different forms of 'fake news' which manifest based on the dimensions of facticity and deception",1,-1,[],[56925]],["They generally considered fake news as a social media phenomenon thriving on political polarization driven by mostly ideological, but sometimes also financial, motivations.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["They often contain sensationalized headlines and aim to generate clicks and shares.",1,-1,[],[40323]],["They supported fake news. It fostered disbelief in real news and distracted voters from facts.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["This absence of reliable sources or a factual basis makes it challenging to authenticate any information that, typically, would rely on verifiable data and credible sources.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["This accentuates certain themes, concepts, or mental categories while sidelining others.",1,-1,[],[61353]],["This article aims to explain the reasoning behind the identification and blocking of false news, and to understand the judge's ruling based on legal principles, on information released by the media, and on the scientific literature on the emergence of false news and the post-truth phenomenon.",1,-1,[],[49881]],["This behavior is aimed at affecting reputation and generating distrust towards a certain person or on a specific topic.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["This broad concept gathers pieces of content related to news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and political propaganda (Tandoc Jr, Lim & Ling, 2018).",1,-1,[],[37128]],["This can generate confusion regarding prior knowledge, concerns about whether it is correct, and reliance on incorrect information [178].",1,-1,[],[14542]],["This content contains false or distorted information related to significant areas of public life and aims to influence the population's adoption of significant decisions.",1,-1,[],[58584]],["This finding is one form of digital ethics everyone needs, as fake news often causes anxiety, hatred, and hostility to readers.",1,-1,[],[56354]],["This includes elements such as headlines-typically exaggerated, inaccurate, or sensational-along with the main text, which generally lacks a systematic, cohesive, and well-supported evidentiary basis, such as official documents, critical data, statistics, or scholarly papers.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["This includes elements such as headlines-typically exaggerated, inaccurate, or sensational-alongside the main text, which generally lacks a systematic, cohesive, and well-founded evidentiary basis, such as official documents, critical data, statistics, or scholarly papers.",1,-1,[],[55327]],["This includes intentionally fabricated news and articles that originated from satirical websites.",1,-1,[],[15294]],["This includes news originating from across the news media landscape, from anonymous blogs to mainstream newspapers.",1,-1,[],[2174]],["This includes: 1) unintentional reporting mistakes; 2) rumours that do not originate from a particular article; 3) conspiracy theories; 4) satire; 5) false statements by politicians; and 6) reports that are slanted or misleading, but are not completely false",1,-1,[],[59881]],["This information is not always made to mislead many parties, although many create and spread fake news in order to create confusion and misleading. This term refers to 3 forms of fake news.",1,-1,[],[45293]],["This information might be created to purposely harm people's reputations, deceive them, or draw attention to themselves.",1,-1,[],[28071]],["This invalid information is called \"fake news\".",1,-1,[],[7386]],["This is the big difference between rumours, which are unintentionally disseminated, and fake news, which may arise from the content (while creating the illusion of another meaning of the content)",1,-1,[],[43853]],["This is, however, a narrow definition of fake news that emphasizes both the authenticity and intention of the information.",1,-1,[],[23119]],["This law is also called the 'fake news' law.",1,-1,[],[38270]],["This locates the \"fakeness\" of content in its status as a news article.",1,-1,[],[1129]],["This material is not supported by credible sources or factual accuracy.",1,-1,[],[33609]],["This narrow definition supports recent advancements in fake news studies [Allcott and Gentzkow 2017;Shu et al. 2017]. It addresses the public's perception of fake news, especially following the 2016 U.S. presidential election.",1,-1,[],[7140]],["This nation's economy is susceptible to fake news, which is linked to the fluctuating stock market and big deals.",1,-1,[],[37862]],["This phrase from an archival document fully corresponds to the definition of fake news proposed in the introduction to the article",1,-1,[],[28106]],["This pseudo-definition is however broad and unclear, as it contains several shades of disinformation practices, while at the same time it excludes bad practices that indeed contribute to the diffusion of misleading news.",1,-1,[],[1496]],["This type of content frequently includes false information, biased information, and data that is provided without considering its full context.",1,-1,[],[31931]],["This usage evokes scenes in which the former President Trump used the term at White House press briefing when he wished to dismiss a question entirely.",1,-1,[],[46145]],["This use of 'fake news' discourse can be seen as a strategic verbal attack to discredit or disagree with an opponent.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["This use of the term has potential long term effects on how the public view or trust journalists and news outlets and is historically grounded in authoritarian regimes that want direct lines of communication to the public and their supporters in particular",1,-1,[],[21004]],["This, in turn, can have severe implications on public opinions, interests, and even decisions",1,-1,[],[43628]],["Those are characteristics typical of many fake news stories as their producers aim to increase audience engagement through sensational and divisive content.",1,-1,[],[22486]],["To appear more credible, fake news adopts the style of real journalism, including exaggerated or sensational headlines and a main text that lacks solid evidence, such as official documents or reliable data.",1,-1,[],[55327]],["To enhance its perceived credibility, fake news adopts the format of a recognized journalistic genre (e.g., actual news) and adheres to a particular structure.",1,-1,[],[55327]],["To enhance its perceived credibility, fake news adopts the format of a recognized journalistic genre (e.g., news reports) and follows a specific structure.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["To make their news more persuasive, authors frequently express strong positive or negative emotions in the text body",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Trump would attempt to rebrand fake news in order to pursue his own agenda.",1,-1,[],[17062]],["Typically, its origin is challenging to trace, capitalizing on the general population's lack of critical discernment",1,-1,[],[34367]],["Uma das características das fake news é que elas 'não olham a meios para atingir os fins'.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Unlike traditional misinformation, fake news succeeds not through credibility but through psychological resonance, reinforcing biases and triggering impulsive sharing",1,-1,[],[49918]],["Until today, no comprehensive definition is provided for fake news, many explanations, definitions, and ambiguities exist. Understanding what the term represents depends on the purpose and aim of the definer.",1,-1,[],[40940]],["Various authors have focused on two main dimensions of the phenomenon: levels of facticity and deception.",1,-1,[],[40315]],["Wardle (2017) commented that the term is insufficient to describe the complex misinformation and disinformation environment.",1,-1,[],[25937]],["We emphasize here that both our definition of news and fake news are extremely broad.",1,-1,[],[16808]],["We exclude from our definition satire sites as well as opinion sites -even if extreme -if they do not display a pattern of promoting misinformation.",1,-1,[],[54292]],["We focus on fake news articles that have political implications, with special attention to the 2016 US presidential elections.",1,-1,[],[10166]],["We have also defined fake news as (1) deceptive news, narrowly and as (2) false news, broadly.",1,-1,[],[7140]],["We have retained it because of its value as a scientific construct, and because its political salience draws attention to an important subject",1,-1,[],[10801]],["We have retained it both because of its value as a distinct scientific construct, and because its political salience helps draw attention to an important subject.",1,-1,[],[27417]],["Websites supplying fake news tend to be short-lived, and many that were important in the run-up to the 2016 election no longer exist.",1,-1,[],[10166]],["What categorises as fake news is open to debate on a variety of levels such as psychological, social and contextual foundations",1,-1,[],[47821]],["What characterizes fake news in the current milieu is how it is facilitated by social media.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["What is common across these definitions is how fake news appropriates the look and feel of real news; from how websites Marcelo Träsel, Sílvia Lisboa and Giulia Reis Vinciprova DOI: 10.25200/BJR.v15n3.2019.1211 look; to how articles are written; to how photos include attributions.",1,-1,[],[49501]],["What sets fake news apart from news reports that are merely false is the intention to deceive.",1,-1,[],[28331]],["When comparing fake news and disinformation, we highlight that fake news intentionally deceives the reader.",1,-1,[],[27734]],["When decontextualized, these humorous pieces can contribute to the spread of untruths",1,-1,[],[52897]],["When fake news is released, for instance by a malicious individual aiming to mislead the public, the false information is superimposed on other information. However, fake news, by its nature, does not represent truth statements about the value of the quantity X that people wish to determine, so it cannot be viewed as forming part of the signal that helps people discover the true value of X.",1,-1,[],[6615]],["Whether the pernicious authors seek to influence public opinion or generate advertising revenue, the content is cleverly designed to provoke outrage and reinforce prejudices.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["While both fake news and real news are narratives reporting events, narratives of fake news have the intention to make readers believe whatever is reported has indeed happened, whereas real news storytelling does not necessarily have such an aim.",1,-1,[],[27098]],["While fake news increasingly refers to deceitful, if not completely false/invented, content, fake news as comedy lives on, but now as a problem: millions of social media users (and occasionally politicians) misrecognize it as professional journalism.",1,-1,[],[11259]],["While fake news is always based on a lie, it often serves as a vehicle for spreading either disinformation or misinformation.",1,-1,[],[26408]],["While multimedia elements like photos or videos are not mandatory in fake news, they are often used to reinforce its impact.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["While the term can be understood as information that is untrue, it is also used by people to downplay the opinions of others when at variance with their own.",1,-1,[],[33910]],["While this study acknowledges that the term, 'fake news' is contested, the study prefers to use 'fake news' as an umbrella word to cover both dis/misinformation.",1,-1,[],[8953]],["With the rapid and extensive adoption of social platforms, fake news has come to be more closely integrated with daily life, resulting in rising social costs due to people making poorly justified and unwarranted choices based on inaccurate knowledge",1,-1,[],[55233]],["Without the presence of real news with facts and figures, fake news has the capability of impersonating as a piece of real news and cause havoc.",1,-1,[],[20838]],["a \"potentially vast range of qualitatively different types of expression\", ranging from \"anything from playful hoaxes to belligerent propaganda or incitement to violence\".",1,-1,[],[59037]],["a broad category of false information that contains different shades of purposes",1,-1,[],[1769]],["a catch-all for bad information",1,-1,[],[4314]],["a catch-all term with multiple definitions",1,-1,[],[29852]],["a catchall phrase that lacks an accepted working definition",1,-1,[],[28331]],["a catchy headline, a statement that echoes a reader's opinion, and attempts to look credible by using elements like videos or framed images",1,-1,[],[32115]],["a certain measure of success in realizing the goal of widespread circulation and uptake",1,-1,[],[61988]],["a chave do problema estará sempre na avaliação do 'deliberadamente falso'.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["a clickbait type of fake news aimed at getting clicks for financial gain",1,-1,[],[5426]],["a constitutive outside for existing knowledge gatekeepers seeking to (re-)sediment a position of authority",1,-1,[],[49799]],["a criação e o compartilhamento são feitos pelos próprios usuários sem controle algum",1,-1,[],[34196]],["a depiction of what does not exist in reality",1,-1,[],[47336]],["a floating signifier. That is to say a signifier used by fundamentally different and in many ways deeply opposing political projects as a means of constructing political identities, conflicts and antagonisms",1,-1,[],[3917]],["a global buzzword-used frequently by some, loathed by others",1,-1,[],[4314]],["a key characteristic of \"fake news\" is its lack of verifiable evidence.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["a new area of study that has attracted considerable interest from both academic and professional mass media sectors",1,-1,[],[54974]],["a novel political category",1,-1,[["a novel political category",1],["a novel political category.",1]],[3917]],["a pervasive and increasingly global signifier",1,-1,[],[3917]],["a phenomenon that is effectively shaping the perception of reality for many individuals",1,-1,[],[38877]],["a piece of fake news that is released is likely to result in (and often does cause) false beliefs on the part of its target audience.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["a politically motivated type fake news aimed at supporting a candidate in an election",1,-1,[],[5426]],["a special style of presenting fake information, which has an increased emotional colouring",1,-1,[],[58584]],["a term itself widely recognised as being contentious",1,-1,[],[51235]],["a term that is great for clickbait but terrible as a target for effective regulation. It is a confusing and overly broad term that should be minimized in academic work and should not be used in any thoughtful discussion of regulatory efforts.",1,-1,[],[2223]],["a type of disinformation that mirrors the look and feel of news",1,-1,[],[26655]],["a way of stating that something is incorrect or debatable.",1,-1,[],[4314]],["actors who politically instrumentalise the term to delegitimize news media",1,-1,[],[52372]],["acts as a floating signifier of individual and group identity, distinguishing the 'In' and 'Out' groups from each other in a simplified binary fashion",1,-1,[],[59881]],["adversaries create dissension via fake news to disrupt and divide us by manufacturing alternative narratives of reality.",1,-1,[],[50644]],["advertising agencies earns revenue from such fake news posted as a headlines and clickbait stories in online",1,-1,[],[20838]],["all accounting for various types of false information",1,-1,[],[44893]],["all accounting for various types of false information (Nasir et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[44893]],["all sorts of information is being dumped into the cauldron of 'fake news.'",1,-1,[],[4761]],["already exhibits some of the narratives of older forms of persuasive communication, such as propaganda.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["also used as a political invective",1,-1,[],[39356]],["always false during its propagation life",1,-1,[],[56203]],["an action or its effect aimed at shocking someone, evoking some emotions or uncontrolled behavior in someone",1,-1,[],[36772]],["an antagonised 'other,' changing its meaning from being synonymous with falsehoods to capturing broader fears of potential collapse of established hegemonic relations",1,-1,[],[49799]],["an approach to ideas that diverge from the principles and foundations of journalism, like informing or searching for the truth of facts",1,-1,[],[33153]],["an ever-increasing phenomenon that threatens democracy (Freedom House, 2019) as it offers one of the easiest tools to manipulate voting during the campaign (e.g., Gunther et al., 2019;Tenove, 2020;Zimmermann and Kohring, 2020;Chambers, 2021)",1,-1,[],[52372]],["an ideological/partisan bias and the use of negative emotions provoking anger or fear",1,-1,[],[24026]],["an important component in contemporary political struggles",1,-1,[],[3917]],["an increasing number of political actors have begun to use the term to discredit legacy news media",1,-1,[],[4314]],["an increasingly ubiquitous signifier circulating within the public sphere",1,-1,[],[3917]],["an unavoidable, negative outcome of the capitalist media economy",1,-1,[],[3917]],["and, thus, rationally not believable.",1,-1,[],[25505]],["another feature of fake news is its purpose, which is to mislead or deceive the consumer",1,-1,[],[58584]],["any attempt to categorise, classify and demarcate between \"fake\" and \"true\" must be a deeply political practice, whether conducted from the context of journalism or academic interventions. It is part of larger political struggles to define the current shape and modality of contemporary society.",1,-1,[],[52434]],["any low-quality or incomplete news can be fake",1,-1,[],[19845]],["articles that originate from satirical websites but were transformed by others and put in a misleading context",1,-1,[],[53456]],["articles which today would be considered blatant examples of fake news",1,-1,[],[2174]],["as fake news se caracterizarem como conteúdos que não precisam ser totalmente falsos, como o próprio nome pode sugerir (fake = falso), mas como informações que buscam ser infiltradas no ambiente de informação, para gerar confusão.",1,-1,[],[49226]],["as notícias enganosas se escondem no anonimato, e ganham uma dimensão intercontinental",1,-1,[["as notícias enganosas se escondem no anonimato, e ganham uma dimensão intercontinental",1],["as notícias enganosas se escondem no anonimato, e ganham uma dimensão intercontinental.",1]],[44194]],["as social media has become an integral part of daily life patterns, a means of communication, and an influencer to shape the power dynamics",1,-1,[],[31696]],["before the advent of computers and the internet, Fake News (also known as deceptive journalism) was shared orally in the form of oral rumors (face-to-face) or yellow/sensationalist stories, or naively talking about the lives of others or intentionally damaging the reputation of others or competitors",1,-1,[],[54803]],["believes the term to be contradictory since, the way she sees it, if information is considered news, then it cannot be false",1,-1,[],[45585]],["better understood as the product of a range of practices that are related to the validity of information being shared by the news media",1,-1,[],[2174]],["both concepts apply to inaccurate information that is intended to mislead",1,-1,[],[45696]],["both deliberately created pseudojournalisic disinformation (fake news genre) and actors who politically instrumentalise the term to delegitimize news media (fake news label)",1,-1,[],[52372]],["both linguistic analysis methods (comparison of contexts, presence of logical and grammatical errors, analysis of quotes) and technical methods (verification of the source, its domain, verification of the authenticity of the text) can be used to identify fake news.",1,-1,[],[27336]],["bots keep telling fake news that is trending on the Internet; however, they never testify to the facts of the news.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["bots use the same pieces of false information to reply to the postings of real social media users.",1,-1,[],[41865]],["but if it is also done intentionally, it becomes what common sense identifies as propagandistic lies.",1,-1,[],[46934]],["by imitating the appearance and format of legitimate news outlets, \"fake news\" seeks to exploit the trust that audiences place in established journalistic practices.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["can be used to refer to a variety of different phenomena",1,-1,[],[6466]],["can misinform people about important issues, such as climate change [4] and COVID-19 [5]",1,-1,[],[14505]],["can pose serious health dangers and negatively affect the lives of people who accept the news as true such as the case of Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID 19) fake news spread around during the pandemic",1,-1,[],[51489]],["catchy but fuzzy tag",1,-1,[],[8237]],["certain groups also exploit these channels negatively, frequently to obtain financial advantage and occasionally to influence public opinion, affect people's attitudes, or propagate irony or ridiculousness",1,-1,[],[42790]],["characterize a variety of phenomena related to questions of truth and factuality in journalism and political communication",1,-1,[],[4314]],["claims of \"fake news\" go a step further in arguing that the news media are not merely biased (i.e., selectively reporting certain facts) but wrong",1,-1,[],[28331]],["claims of \"fake news\" go a step further in arguing that the news media are not merely biased (i.e., selectively reporting certain facts) but wrong (i.e., reporting information that is factually incorrect).",1,-1,[],[28331]],["cliché",1,-1,[],[35098]],["collapse of the old news order and the chaos of contemporary public communication",1,-1,[],[54944]],["combat fake news",1,-1,[],[43853]],["combating the spread of fake news",1,-1,[],[57287]],["commonly used to refer to the use of misinformation, disinformation, as well as fake news in times of conflict.",1,-1,[],[26965]],["communication of false information on social media and the Internet",1,-1,[],[50543]],["como um operador das lutas políticas para hegemonizar a realidade social como passível de ser acoplada em alguma dimensão de transparência e finitude.",1,-1,[],[57203]],["conceptualise fake news within a broader context of misinformation and disinformation",1,-1,[],[41712]],["connecting it to the right-wing of the American political spectrum",1,-1,[],[3917]],["constituyen un ingrediente clave -desapercibido, indeseado, pero ubicuo-de la dieta mediática de la mayor parte de la población",1,-1,[],[37311]],["constructed according to certain canons and rules, using propaganda and manipulative influence mechanisms.",1,-1,[],[47336]],["content which resembles news in form but lacks the journalistic standards ensuring its quality",1,-1,[],[29205]],["conteúdos que geram ambiguidades no entendimento do que se acredita como verdade",1,-1,[],[49226]],["conteúdos que não precisam ser totalmente falsos, como o próprio nome pode sugerir (fake = falso), mas como informações que buscam ser infiltradas no ambiente de informação, para gerar confusão.",1,-1,[],[49226]],["creating a broader context of misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[33867]],["criação deliberada de mentiras e a atuação de campanha dos novos personagens que entraram em cena como produtores de conteúdo no mundo digital.",1,-1,[],[10757]],["critics bemoan the catch-all nature of the phrase, which could include anything from pure hoaxes, clickbait, deliberate political disinformation campaigns, and even outright propaganda.",1,-1,[],[31660]],["de-facto used to denote false information in mainstream media",1,-1,[],[49360]],["deceptive action aimed at persuading someone to a certain behavior, usually harmful to him and those related to him",1,-1,[],[36772]],["deceptive and usually meant to serve hidden agendas",1,-1,[],[55233]],["deceptive information-nowadays often referred to as fake news",1,-1,[],[24026]],["decorrentes de processos econômicos, sociais e ideológicos característicos das mutações no sistema metabólico do capital",1,-1,[],[10757]],["definitions of fake news typically exclude satire",1,-1,[],[45535]],["deliberate spread of misinformation",1,-1,[],[61988]],["deliberately created pseudojournalisic disinformation",1,-1,[],[52372]],["deliberately deceptive reports based on manipulated or freely invented data",1,-1,[],[28331]],["deliberately false news items that were instrumental in fuelling the negative campaign against Hillary Clinton.",1,-1,[],[8410]],["deliberately falsified news",1,-1,[],[48790]],["deliberately persuades consumers to accept false beliefs that are shared to forward specific agendas",1,-1,[],[1829]],["describing it as inherently reflecting an intention to deceive and manipulate the public.",1,-1,[],[46898]],["detect fake news can contribute to the creation of a more informed and responsible information environment",1,-1,[],[28001]],["dichotomy of use and application of fake news, as a genre of deceptive communication and as a label intended for character assassination and reputational attack",1,-1,[],[59881]],["diluted",1,-1,[],[35098]],["directly linked to a journalist's intent to deceive",1,-1,[],[2174]],["disastrous in turning the people against the government or bringing lack of trust in government policies. It can influence people's opinion towards another direction mostly for the personal gains of the poster",1,-1,[],[51489]],["discursive means of rejecting the entire premise of a critical question or an issue",1,-1,[],[46145]],["dissemination of fake news is a reflection that questions the ethical credibility of the issuer of the content that is disseminated on platforms such as Facebook.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["distinct class of misleading reports and as a rhetorical device for shutting down critical reporting",1,-1,[],[61988]],["distinguish facts from disinformation or fake news",1,-1,[],[28001]],["distinguishing between true and false information, considering the intent behind the information dissemination, whether it be to mislead, harm, or manipulate public opinion.",1,-1,[],[35497]],["distort factual information to reach wildly different ends than those suggested by a good-faith and truthful reading",1,-1,[],[1171]],["dominating traditional and social platforms, becoming increasingly part of many people's daily lives.",1,-1,[],[417]],["each jurisdiction has developed its own definition of fake news.",1,-1,[],[42809]],["emerged as a strategy of delegitimizing opponents",1,-1,[],[41558]],["enabled in moments of crisis, especially where the decline of one political or geopolitical hegemony encourages challengers, which creates a crisis of information and communication for hearts, minds and the perception of legitimacy",1,-1,[],[59881]],["encompassing all kinds of false stories or news, mainly distributed on the Internet, in order to mislead readers for financial or political gains",1,-1,[],[1769]],["engloba questões relacionadas à notícias falsas",1,-1,[],[34196]],["essentially becoming a clarion call for Trump and his followers to attack any story that does not satisfy their own agenda",1,-1,[],[17062]],["ethical and social aspects",1,-1,[],[46898]],["exploits the rapid spread of information online, often outpacing the verification processes that traditional media outlets adhere to",1,-1,[],[35497]],["facticity and intent to deceive",1,-1,[],[27595]],["factually incorrect (a category overlapping with definitions of fake news)",1,-1,[],[55169]],["faculty in Health Sciences were concerned with the means of how information was disseminated and the message or content within it",1,-1,[],[1171]],["fairly common and they spread at a faster pace nowadays due to social media.",1,-1,[],[49640]],["fake is defined as counterfeit or sham.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["fake news \"diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information\"",1,-1,[],[18116]],["fake news (manipulação e desinformação)",1,-1,[],[10801]],["fake news adapts to dissemination, when the system is unregulared.",1,-1,[],[33153]],["fake news adjusts the look and feel of real news; from the website view; how articles are written; how the photos that are entered are related.",1,-1,[],[45293]],["fake news and its repercussion are now a global concern",1,-1,[],[43594]],["fake news appears to spread faster and further online than stories verified to be true [29]",1,-1,[],[49990]],["fake news are seemingly legitimate news articles that contain intentionally inaccurate or misleading content.",1,-1,[],[56338]],["fake news as a narrative dispute and to some extent as an extreme manifestation of belief",1,-1,[],[61859]],["fake news can be a genre (pseudo-journalistic disinformation) as well as a label (used to delegitimize news media)",1,-1,[],[39755]],["fake news can be regarded as a deliberate effort to mislead individuals.",1,-1,[],[43594]],["fake news can be seen as a highly politicized topic. This is due to the fact that fake news often covers political topics, either supporting or denouncing particular political opinions.",1,-1,[],[1458]],["fake news can cause people to think and behave differently than they would if they were properly informed.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["fake news can emerge from rumours or hoaxes",1,-1,[],[57287]],["fake news can incur social costs, and could render agents more sceptical to all news-including legitimate news",1,-1,[],[18116]],["fake news can only be useful if it actually deceives or confuses consumers.",1,-1,[],[44013]],["fake news can undermine society's stability, putting its survival in jeopardy.",1,-1,[],[54275]],["fake news comprises six types: news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda.",1,-1,[],[27163]],["fake news containing deliberately provocative information that has a strong ('explosive') impact on the emotional sphere of citizens is spread in society by the so-called viral method of citizens, spread in the society in the so-called viral way through the effect of 'emotional contagion'.",1,-1,[],[27336]],["fake news contains four basic components: creator, target victims, news content, and social context",1,-1,[],[49360]],["fake news contains information with varying degrees of inaccuracy, up to complete fiction, and lacks evidence of its authenticity",1,-1,[["fake news contains information with varying degrees of inaccuracy, up to complete fiction, and lacks evidence of its authenticity",1],["fake news contains information with varying degrees of inaccuracy, up to complete fiction, and lacks evidence of its authenticity.",1]],[58584]],["fake news contains invalid information and negatively affects the community",1,-1,[],[56354]],["fake news content in the form of audio, video, text, and photos",1,-1,[],[33465]],["fake news content often contains textual and visual information.",1,-1,[],[258]],["fake news creators are non-media actors who design sensational, but apparently real, communication in order to mislead the public without having had the intention of either revealing their identity or the falsehood.",1,-1,[],[39184]],["fake news creators often use exaggerated title [s] to attract readers' attention",1,-1,[],[18116]],["fake news cuenta con una variedad de definiciones, la mayoría de las cuales enfatizan la amplitud del término. Como resultado, no hay un acuerdo universal sobre dónde se encuentra el problema y cómo enmarcarlo",1,-1,[],[13850]],["fake news denotes news stories where the facts are imbued with such bias or even consciously distorted to create disinformation for a certain political agenda.",1,-1,[],[14151]],["fake news directly affects political stability at election time, which is reflected in acts that violate the dignity and privacy of candidates.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["fake news dissemination may fall in disinformation or misinformation categories, according to its intention to be harmful.",1,-1,[],[42864]],["fake news dissemination on social media has become a current-day issue that has attracted global attention that needs intervention and an immediate halt to its spread [5] because this issue is creating social panic and economic unrest [6]",1,-1,[],[37862]],["fake news does not cover all the dimensions of disinformation that abound on the Internet (failed media, hoaxes, biased or misleading content, manipulated information, or propaganda)",1,-1,[],[11367]],["fake news does not exist independently of real news; instead, it exists as a critique of real news, a farcical watchdog that lampoons both journalists and the subjects they cover.",1,-1,[],[11259]],["fake news falls under the same category of claims presented to us as true by a putative news source as real news",1,-1,[],[61988]],["fake news finds support by relying on the general distrust of the public and the overly critical individuals in the minority who repeat disinformation.",1,-1,[],[14151]],["fake news finds synergy with conflict zones of India in which some forces are using it to perpetuate divisions such as caste, gender, class, language, and regional differences",1,-1,[],[41865]],["fake news has a greater impact on credibility when the information is presented concretely rather than abstractly, significantly shaping people's perceptions, judgments, and decisions.",1,-1,[],[47542]],["fake news imitates traditional news in some elements, such as timing, contrast or negativity of the event, and significance, or importance.",1,-1,[],[40315]],["fake news in social media may mislead inattentive readers.",1,-1,[],[46067]],["fake news in the educational field",1,-1,[],[40173]],["fake news intentionally deceives the reader",1,-1,[],[27734]],["fake news is a common and deep-rooted phenomenon",1,-1,[],[42483]],["fake news is a double-edged sword, capable of helping or harming established power structures while also being applied to both aggressor and victim.",1,-1,[],[1171]],["fake news is a form of hoax, where the content is factually incorrect and the purpose is to mislead.",1,-1,[],[45074]],["fake news is a more recent word added to the terminology, which is nowadays used to label all news posts in an online environment.",1,-1,[],[38042]],["fake news is a perennial issue that has a negative ripple effect in most modern society.",1,-1,[],[43594]],["fake news is a serious public concern that has affected professional media practice as well as political development.",1,-1,[],[43594]],["fake news is a type of disinformation",1,-1,[],[43749]],["fake news is also a source of money for many, who run websites to monetize the viewership/ readership.",1,-1,[],[43594]],["fake news is an appropriate end of a content credibility scale, ranging from objectively well-written journalistic content to objectively false texts",1,-1,[],[25505]],["fake news is an obsolete term and should be turned into 'disinformation'.",1,-1,[],[43853]],["fake news is being combated through different tools, by self-regulated social network platforms",1,-1,[],[53712]],["fake news is characterized by its resemblance to news",1,-1,[],[4314]],["fake news is consumed enthusiastically by readers for whom it reinforces existing beliefs",1,-1,[],[46067]],["fake news is created and circulated by platforms motivated more by financial incentives than by journalistic norms.",1,-1,[],[46067]],["fake news is defined at the publisher or URL (Uniform Resource Locator) level.",1,-1,[],[16808]],["fake news is defined in broad sense which enables the state to decide in favor of illegitimacy of content, making it unforeseeable and unpredictable for people to acknowledge whether the content they post online is an unreliable information or not.",1,-1,[],[53712]],["fake news is deliberately produced to mislead readers, making it challenging to identify based just on the content of the story.",1,-1,[],[41610]],["fake news is directed at a specific part of society, thus the content must relate to the values and attitudes of that target group in order to be noticed.",1,-1,[],[41747]],["fake news is disinformation and always false during its propagation life",1,-1,[],[56203]],["fake news is diverse and dynamic in terms of content, topics, publishing methods and media platforms, and sophisticated linguistic styles geared to emulate true news.",1,-1,[],[1011]],["fake news is frequently associated with Donald Trump's presidency and is often viewed as a novel extension of the digital media landscape",1,-1,[],[34878]],["fake news is intentionally designed to be misleading.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["fake news is intentionally designed to be misleading. In addition to being designed to manipulate public opinion, fake news stories tend to be sensationalist which in turn creates tremendous popular appeal.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["fake news is intentionally written to mislead readers to believe false information",1,-1,[],[6765]],["fake news is misleading, in much the same way that disinformation is misleading",1,-1,[],[61988]],["fake news is more novel than real news, and inspired \"fear, disgust, and surprise in replies\"",1,-1,[],[18116]],["fake news is not (1) satiric news with proper content without intent to mislead or deceive consumers and with little probability of being misperceived as factual; (2) rumours that did not originate from news events; (3) conspiracy theories; (4) misinformation that is created unintentionally; and (5) hoaxes that are only motivated by fun or to scam target individuals",1,-1,[],[28212]],["fake news is not the same as propaganda.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["fake news is often born from either financial or ideological motivations and therefore seeks to engage readers through rhetorical means.",1,-1,[],[33228]],["fake news is often intentionally created by imitating true news",1,-1,[["fake news is often intentionally created by imitating true news",1],["fake news is often intentionally created by imitating true news.",1]],[46067]],["fake news is one of the weapons used in information warfare",1,-1,[],[42483]],["fake news is part of democratic life but profoundly anti-democratic.",1,-1,[],[42864]],["fake news is published not only purposefully by professionals but also due to the mistakes and incompetence of journalists",1,-1,[],[42483]],["fake news is that which contains false information and is disseminated mainly by social networks",1,-1,[],[13425]],["fake news is used as a term that reflects modern disputes in relation to new emerging technologies",1,-1,[],[38042]],["fake news is written deliberately to mislead readers",1,-1,[],[709]],["fake news lacks the editorial norms and processes that ensure the accuracy and credibility of the information",1,-1,[],[41798]],["fake news lends its own credibility by framing invented or distorted news stories tangentially as related to true events and real people.",1,-1,[],[14151]],["fake news maintains the appearance of news, fake news is misleading, and fake news has a deliberate purpose",1,-1,[],[27163]],["fake news maintains the appearance of news, fake news is misleading, and fake news has a deliberate purpose (Gelfert, 2018).",1,-1,[],[27163]],["fake news may have commercial, non-commercial and professional forms",1,-1,[],[43594]],["fake news may sometimes be fabricated from thin air, in which case it can at best be accidentally true. More often than not, it is built explicitly around falsehoodsespecially claims that, if true, would be sensational-which it promotes and perpetuates.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["fake news might be not be related only to news articles as it may have a form of falsified or wrongly translated documents, edited pictures, videos or evidence intentionally shared by e-mails or published on blogs and vlogs.",1,-1,[],[28212]],["fake news mimics real news to leech off journalism's social legitimacy and authority",1,-1,[],[11322]],["fake news needs to be understood from multiple perspectives",1,-1,[],[1171]],["fake news occurs in different forms, has varying degrees of veracity and varying degrees to which the creator of fake news intends to mislead readers.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["fake news often follows traditional media conventions, presenting itself as accurate and trustworthy",1,-1,[],[55327]],["fake news often imitates real news to establish credibility.",1,-1,[],[44188]],["fake news often resembles real news, and we believe we recognize a pattern.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["fake news often takes advantage of cognitive biases, reinforcing existing beliefs and hindering critical thinking.",1,-1,[],[55327]],["fake news on Facebook is produced by the apparent freedom and absence of sanctions held by cybercitizens.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["fake news operate strongly within circles of trust -their reproduction is shared in virtual bubbles that connect with small communities, later enlarged -deliberation among like-minded people often entrenches false rumors, since the exchange of information intensifies preexisting beliefs",1,-1,[],[61859]],["fake news or inaccurate information spread/ escalate like a world fire on Whatsapp.",1,-1,[],[38746]],["fake news phenomenon",1,-1,[],[43853]],["fake news present serious threats in terms of individual decision-making and society as a whole",1,-1,[],[43853]],["fake news producers can package a false claim (e.g., suspicious deaths of witnesses that signal a cover-up) supporting their underlying motivation (e.g., sow distrust in the government) with content characteristics associated with real news (e.g., reference to a timely event, focus on a negative aspect, peg to a prominent topic, use of inverted pyramid, among others) to turn a false narrative into one that looks like a real, legitimate news story.",1,-1,[],[11322]],["fake news publishers have adapted their strategies by employing deceptive and manipulated images to capture readers' attention and propagate misinformation.",1,-1,[],[26294]],["fake news publishers often use text and image that fabricate or misrepresent facts to cater to readers' psychology which can attract and mislead readers for rapid dissemination.",1,-1,[],[17666]],["fake news reached more people than the truth",1,-1,[],[25159]],["fake news refers to any kind of content whose main purpose is to deliberately deceive and mislead the readers (by instilling false beliefs in them).",1,-1,[],[709]],["fake news reveals greater problems, like politicization and weaponization of information, traditional media crisis, and technological incapacity to control the spread of misinformation",1,-1,[],[42864]],["fake news started to be part of people's daily lives, as it is considerably easy to manipulate a human's desired behavior, especially when the behavior has ideological characteristics and involves issues that individuals already have a tendency to believe in",1,-1,[],[29496]],["fake news stories can be difficult to distinguish from satire or other forms of humour.",1,-1,[],[57612]],["fake news that promotes a specific viewpoint or opinion about a product, brand or organisation, which may not be true, can be deliberately designed to mislead consumers",1,-1,[],[1829]],["fake news uses the inverted pyramid pattern just like real news",1,-1,[],[40315]],["fake news usually tries to persuade, i.e. the purpose of the message already determines the truth of the information in advance.",1,-1,[],[27336]],["fake news witnessed unprecedented growth during the 2016 US presidential election.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["fake news' non-physical content \"like purpose, sentiment, and news topics\" are detectably different than real news",1,-1,[],[18116]],["fake news's ability to influence people mainly relies on this \"economy of emotions\".",1,-1,[],[58497]],["fake news, as a growing issue affecting the world, exist and is typically disseminated via traditional media ecology over time, such as newspaper and television.",1,-1,[],[709]],["fake news, misinformation and disinformation are indeed parts of the larger landscape of online deception.",1,-1,[],[44200]],["fake news, which can take different forms",1,-1,[],[6615]],["fake news, which significantly distorts phenomena in terms of coverage dedicated to specific related events and uniformity of narrative frames (Mangone, 2022).",1,-1,[],[61353]],["fake-news images are more visually striking and emotional provocative than realnews images, even though they describe the same type of event such as fire (a), earthquake (b) and road collapse (c).",1,-1,[],[5906]],["fakes derive their value entirely from the originals they successfully mimic, specifically from the scarcity of the latter",1,-1,[],[709]],["false advertising, which may systematically misrepresent the facts by exaggerating the benefits of a particular product. Such claims are misleading and may get wide circulation, but as long as they are not presented in a format that could be easily mistaken for a news report (that is, as long as they are not presented as news), they do not constitute fake news.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["false and misleading information",1,-1,[],[30822]],["false information",1,-1,[],[27045]],["false information and fake news about Syrian refugees intensifies on social media networks during election periods.",1,-1,[],[61002]],["false news and various types of disinformation (e.g., satire, fabricated content)",1,-1,[],[44013]],["false news takes the shape of information subjected to journalistic distortion and manipulation.",1,-1,[],[46115]],["false news tends to have more followers compared to true news, indicating a higher level of dissemination for false information.",1,-1,[],[60518]],["false or misleading information",1,-1,[],[39761]],["false or very uninformative (low q), yet people mistakenly treat them as reliable and informative (high q)",1,-1,[],[14069]],["features a variety of different content from many aspects of life, from which conspiracy theories are a prominent recurring topic and therefore dangerous",1,-1,[],[1370]],["finding truth in public messages",1,-1,[],[17772]],["frequently displays the use of superlatives to stress deceptive content, to exaggerate or dramatise a statement",1,-1,[],[32912]],["global concern",1,-1,[],[52179]],["gradually shifted from being useful for making factual descriptions of the world to becoming too loaded and value-laden following its adoption by politicians",1,-1,[],[35098]],["hallmarks of a fake news story pushed by the intelligence community (anonymous officials) to promote or boost continuous engagement in a military conflict.",1,-1,[],[26965]],["has become a deplorable problem since it intentionally manipulates facts to spread misinformation and deceive the audience.",1,-1,[],[1701]],["has evolved from newswire disinformation in the early 20 th century (McKernon, 1925) to a complex online threat today.",1,-1,[],[60302]],["have an adverse effect on the people as it causes people not to trust official guidelines",1,-1,[],[8953]],["highlighting its sensationalist, subjective, inaccurate and appealing nature",1,-1,[],[49881]],["hoje assumem qualquer formato.",1,-1,[],[10801]],["how \"fake news\" has gradually become a floating signifier used within different discourses to critique, delegitimise and exclude opposing political projects.",1,-1,[],[3917]],["identify 'fake news' as a serious threat to consensus building on political issues",1,-1,[],[59715]],["identifying and classifying fabricated news stories from legitimate ones",1,-1,[],[43628]],["impact on public health",1,-1,[],[52179]],["imprecise",1,-1,[],[35098]],["includes not only what has been described as false information itself, but also what is considered fake news, just because one does not agree with or feel comfortable about it",1,-1,[],[57287]],["indicators (fact checked, emotionally charged, source verification, registration inconsistency, site pedigree, narrative writing, and humour)",1,-1,[],[51110]],["influence on democratic processes",1,-1,[],[52179]],["informants see a difference in degree-and not an absolute one-between fake news and real news",1,-1,[],[11259]],["information that often gravitates toward sensational or emotionally charged content, which they perceive as engaging with or valuable to their networks.",1,-1,[],[59466]],["initially used in the academic community to mark off infotainment contents from political satire programs",1,-1,[],[57287]],["intention to deceive",1,-1,[],[61988]],["intentional disinformation in the political context -so-called fake news",1,-1,[],[6615]],["intentional falsity to it (fakeness) that is veiled by its (b) disguising as news (news-ness), and (c) it spreads online quickly, going viral (shareworthiness).",1,-1,[],[11259]],["intentionality",1,-1,[],[4314]],["intentionally deceptive digital misinformation and propaganda",1,-1,[],[36631]],["intentionally satirical content",1,-1,[],[52434]],["intentionally written to mislead the readers",1,-1,[],[18192]],["interpreting fake news as a kind of existential threat to the personal security of global citizens and a sense of well-being",1,-1,[],[34878]],["irrupção de uma espécie de indústria de falsas notícias, acalentadas por esse substrato cultural do senso comum em expressão digital",1,-1,[],[10757]],["is a troubling trend of the 21 st century.",1,-1,[],[27726]],["is a type of news and is therefore influenced by trends and interests.",1,-1,[],[50763]],["is being spun to mean any scrap of information someone doesn't like.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["is frequently asserted to be pervasive online with serious consequences for democracy.",1,-1,[],[16808]],["is not merely an informational concern but a societal one",1,-1,[],[52179]],["is seen as a threat to the stability of democratic systems, diminishing public trust in government institutions, and having a profound effect on critical societal aspects such as elections, economic condi-tions, and public opinions on matters like wars",1,-1,[],[5881]],["it affects public health because it distorts information and maximizes the practice of disseminating information without verifying its credibility, a situation that exposes the health of citizens.",1,-1,[],[48643]],["it distorts public debate, by keeping moral panics under the spotlight, whereas other relevant political, economic, social, and cultural issues are backgrounded or reframed through the neoconservative perspective.",1,-1,[],[50785]],["it does point to several real threats to meaningful public debate on the Internet",1,-1,[],[10801]],["it has been used to describe parodies of news, satire, deliberately deceptive messages and simple errors, advertising and public relations messages disguised as news, etc.",1,-1,[],[39356]],["it has come to be associated with (often anonymous) sources that spread falsehoods by manipulating their consumers' emotions and tapping into deeply held partisan beliefs.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["it has no intrinsic meaning independent of the context in which it is used",1,-1,[],[4314]],["it is considered a mixture of several concepts like misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and satire",1,-1,[],[30371]],["it is considered to be one of the most serious challenges facing the news industry and the political sphere.",1,-1,[],[52272]],["it is crucial to note that fake news, misinformation and disinformation are indeed parts of the larger landscape of online deception.",1,-1,[],[44200]],["it is difficult for the general public to distinguish fake news from credible content.",1,-1,[],[16547]],["it is systemic features inherent in the design of the sources and channels through which fake news proliferates that imbue it with its novel significance.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["it means so many different things. It has also become a term that people use -also politicians -to just throw at each other… It has become diluted, you could say.",1,-1,[],[35098]],["it must be seen as a combination of currently existing definitions, ranging from misinformation, disinformation, satire and parody, and so on",1,-1,[],[1171]],["it promotes social cohesion and ideological bubbles aimed at reducing the quality of public debate, favoring polarized elections and extremist candidates by manipulating emotions (particularly, indignation) and attitudes (especially, antagonism)",1,-1,[],[50785]],["it seems to cover propaganda, disinformation and false allegation in the media.",1,-1,[],[39815]],["it was predominantly used to refer to political propaganda created by anti-establishment media sources.",1,-1,[],[34587]],["it's important to note that fake news includes verifiably inaccurate information data.",1,-1,[],[26816]],["items of fake news pass as facts that could be interpreted as true",1,-1,[],[29285]],["its dissemination can be unintentional",1,-1,[],[4314]],["journalistic design",1,-1,[],[4314]],["journalists using the term to describe a range of overarching fears and threats with little conceptual clarity",1,-1,[],[35098]],["la apropiación discursiva del concepto por parte de líderes políticos para desacreditar a medios y periodistas",1,-1,[],[11367]],["lack of comparison between data and facts, as well as the absence of quantitative data",1,-1,[],[32912]],["las FN se viralizan dentro del propio círculo, no relacionándose con los que piensan diferente y amplificando la noticia «por viralización dentro de un círculo cerrado donde se censuran las visiones diferentes»",1,-1,[],[42041]],["las fake news deben catalogarse como un tipo de noticia en sí mismo",1,-1,[],[59324]],["las motivaciones intrínsecas de carácter económico o ideológico vinculadas a la generación de fake news",1,-1,[],[11367]],["las noticias falsas dividen a la sociedad",1,-1,[],[42041]],["lies and twisted information",1,-1,[],[31660]],["lo falso y lo espurio no es noticia sino una narrativa de ficción",1,-1,[],[11367]],["loaded term",1,-1,[],[59037]],["low levels of verifiability",1,-1,[],[24026]],["mainly propagated through social media, with intentional use and challenging identification.",1,-1,[],[55618]],["maintain mostly the negative impact overtone",1,-1,[],[26926]],["malicious or misleading information is rapidly spread.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["manipulated content intended to go viral on Facebook and thus influence public opinion during the pre-election period in Brazil",1,-1,[],[27045]],["manipulations frequently involve selective omission, emphasis, and pragmatic shifts that subtly alter meaning without overt contradiction",1,-1,[],[46898]],["manufactured nature of",1,-1,[],[59715]],["many of those fake news have political objectives, and mathematics is customarily used in political debates and argumentation structures to provide credibility to information.",1,-1,[],[57780]],["massive use of information manipulation through social networks, notably WhatsApp, an \"unprecedented\" phenomenon",1,-1,[],[61859]],["may threaten the ability of people to agree on what is true [6]",1,-1,[],[14505]],["meaning that emotions and personal beliefs play a greater role in shaping public opinion than objective facts",1,-1,[],[19845]],["meant as a frontal attack on traditional core values of journalistic practice, such as critical investigations of those holding power.",1,-1,[],[3917]],["mecanismos de la propaganda electoral",1,-1,[],[59324]],["mechanism by which the powerful can clamp down upon, restrict, undermine and circumvent the free press",1,-1,[],[11259]],["mimetização do formato de notícia que leva o sujeito a acreditar que é uma informação factual",1,-1,[],[34196]],["mimetizações de notícias total ou parcialmente falsas, e até mesmo descontextualizadas, são fabricadas e difundidas premeditadamente com a única função de enganar.",1,-1,[],[34196]],["mimicking credible sources, replicating the tone, style and structure of legitimate journalism to exploit audience trust",1,-1,[],[46898]],["mimics the appearance and tone of genuine news stories.",1,-1,[],[54368]],["misinformation can be spread faster and more efficiently through social media platforms when there are a high uncertainty and high demand for certain public information on issues such as crises",1,-1,[],[36597]],["misinformation circulating on social media platforms poses a substantial threat to democratic institutions by shaping voter perceptions and political attitudes during electoral periods",1,-1,[],[34293]],["misinformation or fake information related to health",1,-1,[],[23936]],["misinforms people about important issues",1,-1,[],[14505]],["mislead the audience",1,-1,[],[3235]],["misleading content",1,-1,[],[53456]],["misleading users, attracting attention and manipulation for various purposes",1,-1,[],[39479]],["mobilised by political actors wishing to criticise the capitalist media economy and promote publicly funded media platforms.",1,-1,[],[3917]],["most authors agree that fake news contains false information",1,-1,[],[50169]],["mostly fake news are deliberated to misguide the people in large",1,-1,[],[20838]],["narrative that it is not something that 'we' do, but rather an opponent does.",1,-1,[],[59881]],["narratives powered with strong emotion content may be naturally expected within them",1,-1,[],[44423]],["negative aspect of social media",1,-1,[],[46730]],["negative effects they can cause: induce wrong ideas, distort opinions, confusion and ignorance, false expectations, discredit and lack of trust in the news media and even in science; lead to bad decisions and actions, as seen in cases of refusal of the Covid vaccine; generate conflicts, divisions and extremism; irremediably destroy someone's image and professional career through defamation",1,-1,[],[54740]],["negatively affected society's stability.",1,-1,[],[37862]],["news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers",1,-1,[],[1769]],["news falsity should be derived by comparing with objective facts and not with individual viewpoints (preferences).",1,-1,[],[7140]],["news is defined as material reported in a newspaper or news periodical or on a newscast",1,-1,[],[18026]],["news is dubious and, in some cases, intentionally misleading-this type of content is frequently referred to as fake news",1,-1,[],[14542]],["news that has a factual basis but is distorted to fit a particular context",1,-1,[],[1769]],["news that information professionals must train patrons to detect is not intended as satire or a practical joke. It is 100 percent false and designed to provoke its audience.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["news that is crafted for gaining financial profit or discrediting others",1,-1,[],[1769]],["news that people just don't feel comfortable about or don't agree with",1,-1,[],[1769]],["no debe de confundirse una fake news con otro tipo de información errónea o engañosa, a saber, errores de periodistas o políticos, rumores o conspiraciones sin asociación a artículos de noticias específicos y formatos orientados al entretenimiento como la sátira",1,-1,[],[59324]],["no debe de confundirse una fake news con otro tipo de información errónea o engañosa, a saber, errores de periodistas o políticos, rumores o conspiraciones sin asociación a artículos de noticias específicos y formatos orientados al entretenimiento como la sátira (Quandt et al, 2019, p.1).",1,-1,[],[59324]],["normalized as a catchy buzzword to express doubts about information in general",1,-1,[["normalized as a catchy buzzword to express doubts about information in general",1],["normalized as a catchy buzzword to express doubts about information in general.",1]],[4314]],["notes that fake news is a form of hoax, where the content is factually incorrect and the purpose is to mislead.",1,-1,[],[45074]],["notícias enganosas com intuito de confundir e de levar ao esquecimento fatos e ações inaceitáveis",1,-1,[],[44194]],["o termo engloba também o aspecto de chavão político e ideológico empregado para minar a credibilidade de veículos de notícia, de jornalistas e até mesmo de qualquer indivíduo que tenha opinião contrária",1,-1,[],[34196]],["offering a partial view to legitimize a biased perspective that overshadows others",1,-1,[],[37097]],["often conflated with other misleading content such as satire and factual errors",1,-1,[],[28083]],["often for a secondary gain",1,-1,[],[52272]],["often for a secondary gain, and it is considered to be one of the most serious challenges facing the news industry and the political sphere.",1,-1,[],[52272]],["often involves various modalities, including text, images, videos, and social network dynamics.",1,-1,[],[47948]],["often leveraged narratives that appeared ideologically driven, but were constructed by people with no ideological agenda.",1,-1,[],[16678]],["often sensationalized and devoid of factual grounding",1,-1,[],[52179]],["one can analyze the results of the influence of fake news on the object(s).",1,-1,[],[44816]],["one of the essential components of fake news is appealing to emotions instead of facts.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["one of the most significant new disturbing Internet trends that must first be resolved if the Internet is to be capable of fulfilling its true potential to serve humanity.",1,-1,[],[18026]],["one person's fake news will be another person's strong opinion.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["operate strongly within circles of trust -their reproduction is shared in virtual bubbles that connect with small communities, later enlarged -deliberation among like-minded people often entrenches false rumors, since the exchange of information intensifies preexisting beliefs",1,-1,[],[61859]],["operações de sentido que permeiam a semiose das notícias. Culminam em efeitos (interpretante) que representam a relação estabelecida pela notícia (signo) com suas referências (objeto) para mediar a formação de certa opinião (interpretante).",1,-1,[],[7856]],["others associate the term with both disinformation and misinformation",1,-1,[],[1011]],["others consider it as a type of disinformation",1,-1,[],[1011]],["others describe it as false information disseminated through media, overlapping with disinformation, misinformation, satirical news, or even stories that are simply unpopular",1,-1,[],[47542]],["our definition of fake news includes highly biased and hyperpartisan news sites such as Breitbart.com [i.e., corresponding to the \"red\" and \"orange\" categories defined in (8)] and outright fraudulent sites (i.e., the \"black\" category).",1,-1,[],[16808]],["oxímoron propio del concepto fake news",1,-1,[],[11367]],["part of the political stratagem",1,-1,[],[32712]],["parte relevante del sistema comunicativo actual",1,-1,[],[59324]],["people's cognitive biases can be triggered and their resonating processes changed by fake news through the confirmation of biases, repetition, and emotional arousal, all of which can lead to information fallacies.",1,-1,[],[53675]],["placeholder for general anxieties around foreigners, military threats, technology, and the societal role of traditional media",1,-1,[],[49799]],["platform affordances such as algorithmic amplification and engagement features encourage the spread of misleading content across social networks",1,-1,[],[34293]],["plays with the legitimacy of journalism and remains a work of fiction",1,-1,[],[33987]],["polarising",1,-1,[],[35098]],["politicians o en devalue undesirable content just by using the term fake news. erefore, the term fake news bears more contempt as it is o en used to initially discredit the information.",1,-1,[],[31954]],["polluted",1,-1,[],[35098]],["poses significant risks to democratic processes by shaping political attitudes, distorting public discourse, and influencing voter behavior",1,-1,[],[34293]],["posing a high risk as it is driven by motives such as social popularity, political agendas, or manipulation of public opinion",1,-1,[],[60518]],["positioned fake news as a political strategy",1,-1,[],[4761]],["potential for circulation of so-called fake news in the online environment, mainly through the use of digital social networks",1,-1,[],[27595]],["practically a signifier without a signified; it is almost impossible to define in one way, but actors employing the term know how to strategically use it.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["practice shows fake news are hardly ever devoid of truth.",1,-1,[],[30618]],["pretending to have credible sources of information",1,-1,[],[46898]],["prevalence of fake news in social media",1,-1,[],[1496]],["propagation of fake news and the willingness of readers, listeners and other media users to accept such news as true without critical thinking",1,-1,[],[26655]],["propagation patterns (when it is shared in a network, then which trends it follows)",1,-1,[],[688]],["propósito de manipulação vide a perda de racionalidade",1,-1,[],[34196]],["provocative",1,-1,[],[35098]],["provokes communal disturbance",1,-1,[],[51509]],["publishing fake news corrodes public discourse by creating the necessary circumstances for narratives of false equivalency.",1,-1,[],[37520]],["purveyors of fake news deliberately engage in practices that they know, or can reasonably foresee, to lead to the likely formation of false beliefs on the part of their audience",1,-1,[],[709]],["raising of public awareness with regard to fake news",1,-1,[],[17062]],["ranging from satire and parody to fabricated or manipulated content",1,-1,[],[33228]],["recognised as a widespread phenomenon of the digital information age",1,-1,[],[56925]],["referring to fabricated information that closely mimics news and taps into existing public beliefs to influence behaviour",1,-1,[],[33153]],["reflects deliberate intent and purpose, aligning language with specific objectives such as promoting propaganda or influencing public opinion",1,-1,[],[46898]],["renders \"its meaning equal to anything that is false\".",1,-1,[],[51397]],["repeated exposure causes readers to perceive false content as more accurate",1,-1,[],[16547]],["requires the weaving of 'pre-existing memes or partialities' into 'a narrative, often with a political bias, that the reader accepts as legitimate.'",1,-1,[],[55197]],["resembles real news at first glance, thus building a network of fake websites",1,-1,[],[33987]],["respondents understand the phenomenon of fake news as information that is completely or partially fabricated.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["result of discursive manipulation",1,-1,[],[32712]],["scholars typically refer to internet-based news-even when such online stories appear in print or another offline medium",1,-1,[],[14151]],["se ha asentado en el vocabulario coloquial, periodístico, político y académico.",1,-1,[],[13850]],["sensational and made-up stories that mimic the format of journalism",1,-1,[],[36631]],["sensationalism of a piece of news does not correspond to what we call fake news",1,-1,[],[54740]],["serves to obscure verification and evidence, either by masking unverifiable claims or fabricating support to enhance believability",1,-1,[],[46898]],["several inaccurate and incomplete social media posts about COVID-19, which many individuals allege to be fake news",1,-1,[],[43594]],["short, unsubstantiated claims about himself",1,-1,[],[13425]],["significant repercussions, from tarnishing individual or organizational reputations to generating undue advertising revenue",1,-1,[],[52179]],["signifier in the current political climate",1,-1,[],[46145]],["simplificación del concepto frente a la complejidad del fenómeno de la desinformación",1,-1,[],[11367]],["social media is a place to disseminate dis/misinformation rapidly",1,-1,[],[8953]],["social media is the main source of fake news, and fake news rapidly spread among large population through social media.",1,-1,[],[46730]],["some editorials picked up on this use of \"fake news\" as an adjective to describe the media.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["some fake news may be propagated by agents indifferent to the truth of what they propagate.",1,-1,[],[32580]],["some prefer to differentiate fake news from both terms",1,-1,[],[1011]],["some spoke of sensationalism, others pointed to the media's political and economic interests",1,-1,[],[30035]],["some studies attribute it to low critical interpretation of information, difficulty in following the news flow and lack of skill with Internet tools",1,-1,[],[32912]],["specifically aimed at combating the spread of fake news",1,-1,[],[47090]],["spotting fake news",1,-1,[],[57287]],["spread as unconfirmed rumors and possibly cause dramatic impacts on society",1,-1,[],[27595]],["spread faster than real news",1,-1,[],[12204]],["spreading of fake news and disinformation in social media",1,-1,[],[40315]],["spreads rapidly across platforms and poses a serious threat to public information security.",1,-1,[],[27169]],["su velocidad de propagación iguala ahora a la del resto gracias a estas nuevas plataformas de intercambio de información",1,-1,[],[13939]],["subjective and often misleading depiction of facts known as Fake News -a phenomenon that is effectively shaping the perception of reality for many individuals.",1,-1,[],[38877]],["such fake news is frequently \"legitimized by state-sponsored propaganda machines: they create a social climate in which falsehoods are believed because they fit with the propagandistic narratives dominating national discourse\" (2020, p. 68).",1,-1,[],[26965]],["sur les réseaux sociaux et les plateformes numériques",1,-1,[],[13298]],["symbolises the focus of public and political disputes of the present",1,-1,[],[44277]],["takes advantage of social media's rapid distribution channels and global audience to maximize its reach",1,-1,[],[41367]],["telling events as known through their subjective experience, is not telling an empirical truth",1,-1,[],[33153]],["tends to be much more novel than the truth across all novelty metrics",1,-1,[],[214]],["that were instrumental in fuelling the negative campaign against Hillary Clinton",1,-1,[],[8410]],["the 'fake news' label becomes an effective rhetorical device for asserting their own positions on the topic of people seeking asylum",1,-1,[],[41712]],["the 'fake news' law outlaws the dissemination of what the government deems to be 'fake news'",1,-1,[],[38270]],["the 'fake news' or 'junk news' problem is largely a hyperpartisan conservative source problem",1,-1,[],[50445]],["the Electoral Justice may cancel an election if it is proven that its result was influenced by the dissemination of false news, calls fake news.",1,-1,[],[61859]],["the Fake News phenomenon is not a local problem",1,-1,[],[40173]],["the aim of the fake news circulated on social media networks is to promote nationalism, target the government and put pressure on the economy.",1,-1,[],[61002]],["the authors propose to consider fake news as a manifestation of post-truth",1,-1,[],[27336]],["the complex and dynamic nature of fake news.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["the complex nature of fake news, which often includes fabricated content, dubious sources, or unverifiable references",1,-1,[],[35494]],["the concept is based on three elements: a material element (the massive dissemination of false information), a cognitive element (the effective knowledge of the falsity of the information that is manufactured and/or divulged), and a volitional element (the intention to deceive or confuse the public or a fraction of it)",1,-1,[["the concept is based on three elements: a material element (the massive dissemination of false information), a cognitive element (the effective knowledge of the falsity of the information that is manufactured and/or divulged), and a volitional element (the intention to deceive or confuse the public or a fraction of it)",1],["the concept is based on three elements: a material element (the massive dissemination of false information), a cognitive element (the effective knowledge of the falsity of the information that is manufactured and/or divulged), and a volitional element (the intention to deceive or confuse the public or a fraction of it).",1]],[51110]],["the concept of fake news is a quite broad one that needs to be specified meticulously.",1,-1,[],[61924]],["the concept of fake news is not yet clearly defined, the use of the term being under continuing discussion by scientists, UNICEF and EU authorities.",1,-1,[],[43853]],["the concept, just like populism, covers a diverse panoply of problems.",1,-1,[],[41558]],["the contemporary phenomenon of fake news is often just an incidental reference to political and social topics, while the main goal of releasing such content is actually to attract advertisers",1,-1,[],[37520]],["the content is designed in a way to closely resemble the truth",1,-1,[],[1011]],["the content is designed to closely resemble the truth in order to deceive users",1,-1,[],[1011]],["the creators of fake news are usually consciously lying to their audience, for whatever reason",1,-1,[],[57260]],["the credibility of fake news is influenced by the interaction between news valence and the temporal distance of events",1,-1,[],[47542]],["the credibility of its creators and spreaders (the credibility score of a news creator and spreader)",1,-1,[],[688]],["the danger lies in the false rumors, false rumors, of which fake news are inextricably linked, if not their current manifestation, since they impose real damage on individuals and institutions, and they often resist correction.",1,-1,[],[61859]],["the detection of fake news by using content is a difficult task.",1,-1,[],[56039]],["the difference between \"fake news\" and \"disinformation\" is in the numerical dimension -in the scale on which they are used.",1,-1,[],[51308]],["the dissemination of fake news is similar to a virus epidemic",1,-1,[["the dissemination of fake news is similar to a virus epidemic",1],["the dissemination of fake news is similar to a virus epidemic.",1]],[33153]],["the dissemination of incorrect information on social networks",1,-1,[],[49881]],["the distribution of fake news does not always have intentional character because sometimes it may have an unintentional effect.",1,-1,[],[38851]],["the economy and simplicity of the two-word combination make it a real buzz-word and a great sound-bite. It instantly conjures up a variety of meanings and can thus be used very flexibly.",1,-1,[],[59037]],["the effect of a piece of fake news initially grows linearly in time but is then damped exponentially.",1,-1,[],[6615]],["the fake news phenomena seems rather limited both in terms of volume (order of magnitude of 0.1%) and in terms of the diversity of the communities concerned.",1,-1,[],[39815]],["the fake news phenomenon has evolved into a specific concept, with its own peculiarities differentiating it from concepts such as misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[1769]],["the fake news term should be reserved for cases of deliberate presentation of typically false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design, (...) systemic features of the sources and channels by which fake news propagates and thereby manipulates (...) consumers' pre-existing cognitive biases and heuristics",1,-1,[],[1769]],["the field is often defined by these news items actually being untrue, and they are considered relevant just because they are false.",1,-1,[],[39356]],["the focus is on a piece of information being factually false.",1,-1,[],[13221]],["the generation and impact of fake news and alternative facts have reached new heights, driven primarily by the increased digitization of information and the explosion of social media",1,-1,[],[27595]],["the idea of fake news has existed for a very long time in relation to the different means of information dissemination.",1,-1,[],[37890]],["the incoherence of the category of \"fake news\" and the wide variation of interests underlying calls for its regulation",1,-1,[],[23900]],["the information in fake news is presented to the consumer as accurate and official",1,-1,[],[58584]],["the information that is designed to be confused with legitimate news and is intentionally false [131].",1,-1,[],[14542]],["the intent to mislead readers appears more commonly in fake news definitions as an explicit or implicit requirement",1,-1,[],[52434]],["the intention to be taken seriously, and to be instrumentalized sociopolitically, is what sets it apart from satire and hoaxes",1,-1,[],[14151]],["the intention to deceive or harm, manipulate for political purposes, or just for a distorted form of entertainment/fun.",1,-1,[],[54740]],["the intentional design of fake news to mislead readers",1,-1,[],[52179]],["the internet features prominently in such discussions, and some authors take its online format to be constitutive of fake news.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["the journalistic discourse that emerged from the analysis mainly focused on differentiating fake news from what the journalists perceived as legitimate journalism.",1,-1,[],[4761]],["the journalists viewed the term fake news as having gradually shifted from being useful for making factual descriptions of the world to becoming too loaded and value-laden following its adoption by politicians.",1,-1,[],[35098]],["the latter are more likely to trigger the diffusion of violent attacks.",1,-1,[],[27580]],["the main purpose is to deceive the public [6]",1,-1,[],[54158]],["the message that is being spread is ultimately based on false information",1,-1,[],[33153]],["the misleading nature of fake news claims is the result of systemic features of the way content is chosen or presented-in other words, that it is due to the way the process of generation and propagation is designed.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["the most commonly used words in discovered fake news, such as \"sex\", \"death\", \"corruption\", \"illegal\", \"alien\", or \"lies\", refer to dramatic or scandalous content",1,-1,[],[41747]],["the most straightforward means of detecting it is to find clues in a news article to detect fake news",1,-1,[],[5513]],["the negative potential of fake news, which is being spread with the help of social media platforms, in undermining democracy by highlighting the fact that not all society members have the ability to select information and making rational decisions",1,-1,[],[36597]],["the notion of 'fake news' itself is rather vague and nuanced.",1,-1,[],[18192]],["the offences of spreading fake news do not require that it be carried out with intent.",1,-1,[],[42809]],["the orientation basis of researchers is related to the level of truth that a certain news has and to the degree of deception it carries.",1,-1,[],[40315]],["the petty human need to be right",1,-1,[],[39479]],["the phenomenon of fake news",1,-1,[],[40315]],["the phenomenon of fake news is associated with populist messages, mostly related to the political sphere",1,-1,[],[11259]],["the phenomenon of fake news is not only due to the technological factor but to other epistemological, economic, affective, and political factors.",1,-1,[],[51110]],["the phrase had become conf lated to mean a number of different processes, from genuine human error to intentional foreign interference in the democratic process.",1,-1,[],[28331]],["the politicized definitions as a whole implicitly (or sometimes even explicitly) promoted the idea that fake news is a report that opposes one's viewpoint.",1,-1,[],[11259]],["the popular term \"fake news\" is now considered insufficient to represent a broader range of malicious activities.",1,-1,[],[1496]],["the presence of a long sensationalist headline in which a lot of information is packed",1,-1,[],[24026]],["the primary aim of the creators of fake news is emphasized: to persuade the public to believe the information, elicit a response (such as commenting, sharing, or forwarding), and generate widespread attention, thereby achieving the desired outcome.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["the process of manipulation has evolved and reached a new level which materialized in the concept of fake news.",1,-1,[],[36597]],["the proliferation of fake news on social media has often made people reluctant to engage in genuine news and information sharing for fear that such information is false and misleading.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["the purpose of deceiving or disorienting the audience based on totally false facts or half-truths",1,-1,[],[30035]],["the purpose of fake news is to mislead or to deceive a particular public, and its structure is fluid and adaptative.",1,-1,[],[39221]],["the purpose of fake news is to mislead or to deceive a particular public, and its structure is fluid and adaptative. Thus, it can consist of information that is real but is presented in such a way that the overall information is fake, or the text can be accompanied by pictures that have no actual relationship with the narrative presented.",1,-1,[],[39221]],["the raise of fake news leads to spread of fake information in the social media and the literally affects the mind state of people which affects the economic growth of individual and the nation",1,-1,[],[35237]],["the roomier definitions of 'fake news', which adds to imposter and conspiracy sites 'hyperpartisan' sources",1,-1,[],[50445]],["the search for specific audiences since if they identify with the content and opinions disseminated there is a tendency to believe it is true information.",1,-1,[],[54740]],["the spread of FN on SM determines how governments, organizations, and people respond to events in the society.",1,-1,[],[613]],["the spread of fake news, manipulation of information, alternative facts",1,-1,[],[28001]],["the spread of false information weakens the legitimacy and public trust in the established political and media institutions",1,-1,[],[16547]],["the study prefers to use 'fake news' as an umbrella word to cover both dis/misinformation",1,-1,[["the study prefers to use 'fake news' as an umbrella word to cover both dis/misinformation",1],["the study prefers to use 'fake news' as an umbrella word to cover both dis/misinformation.",1]],[26655]],["the suspension of disbelief along with the spread of false information can be both willing and unwilling as well as intended and unintended.",1,-1,[],[1171]],["the systemic ways in which fake news mobilizes our cognitive biases and heuristics, thereby modulating our reasoning processes, is part and parcel of the function of (contemporary, esp. online) fake news.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["the term \"fake news\" arose from the observation that, in social media, a certain kind of 'news' spreads much more successfully than others",1,-1,[],[30618]],["the term \"fake news\" covers a wide range of (with or without intention) false or inaccurate information such as deceptive stories, rumors, satires, and conspiracy theories.",1,-1,[],[23119]],["the term \"fake news\" has also been used as a means of discrediting news stories from more reputable sources with which groups or individuals may disagree.",1,-1,[],[28331]],["the term 'fake news' is 'bandied around with no clear idea of what it means' and that it 'has taken on a variety of meanings, including a description of any",1,-1,[],[59715]],["the term fake news has been politicized by political opinions and judgements, rather than just to material that could automatically be considered false in content.",1,-1,[],[1769]],["the term fake news has been used effectively by President Trump and other members of his administration to attempt to delegitimize journalists and any journalism outlet that publishes stories they disagree with or that are critical of them.",1,-1,[],[21004]],["the term fake news is being used to refer to seven types of misinformation: false connection, false context, manipulated content, satire or parody, misleading content, imposter content, and fabricated content.",1,-1,[],[6828]],["the term fake news is primarily associated with the idea that the scientific consensus, as reflected in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) annual reports, is a \"hoax.\"",1,-1,[],[46145]],["the term fake news is too broad. It is not suitable for a precise and nuanced analysis, as it is used for many different types of information, ranging from honest mistakes made by reporters and partisan political discourse to foreign actors undermining and interfering in the political process of democratic countries",1,-1,[],[37345]],["the term fake news started to mean different things to different people, and for some politicians, it even means \"news that I do not like.\"",1,-1,[],[1011]],["the term has been applied to refer to \"clickbait\" content that uses tabloid-style headlines to attract viewers for financial reasons (Silverman & Alexander 2016) and to describe political propaganda intentionally planted and propagated through online spaces (Timberg 2016)",1,-1,[],[10951]],["the term has been used by politicians to discredit media reports unfavourable of their leadership or policies.",1,-1,[],[31660]],["the term has been used to refer to so many things that it seems to have lost its power to denote at all; as a result, several media critics have recommended abandoning it entirely",1,-1,[],[10801]],["the term has evolved and become synonymous with the spread of false information",1,-1,[],[6963]],["the term has evolved over time and has become synonymous with the spread of false information",1,-1,[],[1011]],["the term has gradually become value-laden",1,-1,[],[35098]],["the term is ideologically problematic and rather redundant with regard to earlier concepts.",1,-1,[],[39356]],["the term is increasingly used simply for news that one disagrees with",1,-1,[],[55233]],["the term is insufficient to describe the complex misinformation and disinformation environment.",1,-1,[],[25937]],["the term is mainly associated nowadays with the concept of war and war-time efforts at changing the hearts and minds of people at home and abroad",1,-1,[],[1171]],["the term is utilised by different positions within the social space as means of discrediting, attacking and delegitimising political opponents.",1,-1,[],[3917]],["the term is, in itself, an oxymoron: the term \"news\" is based on the truth and pursues a series of normative ideals such as factuality, objectivity and neutrality",1,-1,[],[30035]],["the term itself has become a weapon that is used against the news media as democratic institutions.",1,-1,[],[4314]],["the term referred to news that express facts in a parodic and comic way.",1,-1,[],[11259]],["the term stands for two major challenges to modern democracies",1,-1,[],[4314]],["the term stands for two major challenges to modern democracies. On the one hand, it is used to describe disinformation that masquerades as news articles and is often spread online",1,-1,[],[4314]],["the term was mobilised to critique and delegitimise political opponents from the outset, acting as a key component in a political power struggle between the American left and right",1,-1,[],[3917]],["the term's verbal deployment as a discursive means of rejecting the entire premise of a critical question or an issue",1,-1,[["the term's verbal deployment as a discursive means of rejecting the entire premise of a critical question or an issue",1],["the term's verbal deployment as a discursive means of rejecting the entire premise of a critical question or an issue.",1]],[46145]],["the terminology 'fake news' results in a \"catch-all term with multiple definitions\"",1,-1,[],[1769]],["the unique content of messages influences people's judgment formation, particularly through the effects of valenced frames and CLT",1,-1,[],[47542]],["the use of falsehoods and fabrication, where strategic linguistic adjustments create an illusion of authenticity while embedding misinformation",1,-1,[],[46898]],["the use of informal language or swear",1,-1,[],[24026]],["the use of journalistic rhetoric, formats and reporting styles for the intentional dissemination of false, invented, information",1,-1,[["the use of journalistic rhetoric, formats and reporting styles for the intentional dissemination of false, invented, information",1],["the use of journalistic rhetoric, formats and reporting styles for the intentional dissemination of false, invented, information.",1]],[5389]],["the use of the notion as a propaganda tool",1,-1,[],[37890]],["the use of the term in \"sometimes conflicting\" and disparate ways renders \"conceptual analysis\" more challenging.",1,-1,[],[59037]],["the very thing he so often accuses the major news outlets of creating",1,-1,[],[13425]],["the vocabulary employed by fake news is more formal and simpler in terms of details and production techniques, not just in article headlines but also throughout the content",1,-1,[],[41747]],["the way fake news appropriates a real appearance, the way websites are presented, the way content is written, and the way photographs are shared",1,-1,[],[50051]],["the widespread circulation of fake news on social media can shape public beliefs and societal perceptions of information credibility, influencing how individuals interpret political narratives and evaluate competing political claims in online environments",1,-1,[],[34293]],["there are different contexts in which fake news may be defined (e.g., technological, social, or cultural conditions).",1,-1,[],[38851]],["there are several inaccurate and incomplete social media posts about COVID-19, which many individuals allege to be fake news.",1,-1,[],[43594]],["there are stations that manipulate the news and broadcast it inappropriately, favoring certain hidden interests.",1,-1,[],[55276]],["there is no common definition of fake news, which makes it difficult to remove the content on self-regulatory basis.",1,-1,[],[53712]],["there still is an incentive to spread fake news as long as fake news leads citizens to be skeptical of all news reports.",1,-1,[],[56200]],["therefore includes both misinformation and disinformation.",1,-1,[],[23724]],["these definitions emphasize the intent to deceive",1,-1,[],[47542]],["they all point to falsehood in information dissemination.",1,-1,[],[33910]],["they can be categorized according to the information quality or based on the intention as it is created to deceive deliberately or not",1,-1,[],[61924]],["they constitute a dispute over beliefs in the sense of building a winning narrative, not a true narrative, becoming part of a play in motion in the theater of political narrative.",1,-1,[],[61859]],["they may apply the terms loosely and interchangeably",1,-1,[],[51397]],["they spontaneously equate fake news with poor journalism, propaganda (including both lying politicians and hyperpartisan content), and some kinds of advertising",1,-1,[],[11259]],["they will consistently communicate fake news (biased signals) to their followers pushing them to extremes of the belief spectrum.",1,-1,[],[1600]],["this conceptualization of fake news emphasizes, on the one hand, that this information formally imitates media content and, on the other hand, that it has not been produced following the same processes or with the same intention as news produced by the media",1,-1,[],[41747]],["this does not capture the complexity of the phenomenon, which can include both satire and information created deliberately to mislead as a means to achieve a political or other goal",1,-1,[],[2019]],["this is not ideologically distorted news that is being analyzed but pure fake news",1,-1,[],[14151]],["this kind of 'news' is typically extremely one-sided (hyperpartisan), inflammatory, emotional, and often riddled with untruths.",1,-1,[],[30618]],["this malaise more generally to any false or misleading information that is purposely spread to deceive someone.",1,-1,[],[57570]],["this policy brief will use the terms 'fake news' and 'disinformation' interchangeably",1,-1,[],[44584]],["this term is both amorphous and contested",1,-1,[],[10951]],["threat to the functioning of democracy",1,-1,[],[40315]],["thrive on social media thanks to the mechanism of sharing, which amplifies effect.",1,-1,[],[12204]],["through news outlets or internet with an intention to gain politically or",1,-1,[],[33910]],["tienen como objetivo engañar al público al que se dirigen",1,-1,[],[59324]],["to affect major events such as political elections",1,-1,[],[5861]],["to increase the revenue generated by clicking",1,-1,[],[5861]],["today's fake news maybe includes tampered photographs and videos, which increase the suspicion of individuals.",1,-1,[],[58905]],["trend toward an ethically and politically alarming post-truth conceptualization of fake news",1,-1,[],[11259]],["treści ze zmanipulowanymi danymi, bez rzetelnych badań, które destabilizują odbiór rzeczywistości",1,-1,[],[36772]],["tried to avoid the highly salient, emotive, hyperbolic, and the overtly partisan fake news (e.g., US Politics) that accompanies major socio-political events (e.g., a US Presidential election), which has been the focus of recent research on misinformation.",1,-1,[],[50151]],["trivialization of the term might backfire and damage their work's credibility",1,-1,[],[4314]],["two of the most common reasons which lead to the spreading of fake news are related to financial and ideological interests",1,-1,[["two of the most common reasons which lead to the spreading of fake news are related to financial and ideological interests",1],["two of the most common reasons which lead to the spreading of fake news are related to financial and ideological interests.",1]],[36597]],["understanding of fake news as a phenomenon native to society",1,-1,[],[42483]],["unintended consequences, such as in the form of fake news.",1,-1,[],[44200]],["unreliable socially significant information",1,-1,[],[28106]],["used as a discursive weapon within competing discourses seeking to delegitimise political opponents.",1,-1,[],[3917]],["used interchangeably to describe 1) news that is crafted for gaining financial profit or discrediting others (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017;Lazer et al., 2018), 2) news that has a factual basis but is distorted to fit a particular context (Tandoc, Lim & Ling, 2018), and 3) news that people just don't feel comfortable about or don't agree with (Lilleker, 2017).",1,-1,[],[1769]],["used to discredit the reportage of media organizations",1,-1,[],[25937]],["users are prone to countless disinformation and misinformation on OSNs, including fake news",1,-1,[],[709]],["users consistently employ them as a discursive strategy to attack others in their Twitter communication",1,-1,[],[51397]],["users do not seem to differentiate between them. Rather, they use the terms either interchangeably or in a context-specific way.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["using language to mislead or obscure the truth",1,-1,[],[46898]],["usually a modified version of plausible news to mislead, cause ambiguity or falsehood, and be widely disseminated",1,-1,[],[55618]],["various pieces of fake news are released that purport to show that the health and character of candidate A are bad, that the health and character of candidate B are good, that candidate A is more conservative than they seem to be, and that candidate B is more liberal.",1,-1,[],[6615]],["various typologies and existing categorizations of fake news such as intent-based fake news including clickbait, hoax, rumor, satire, propaganda, conspiracy theories, framing as well as content-based fake news including text and multimedia-based fake news",1,-1,[],[1011]],["we acknowledge an ongoing debate by journalists and academics who have claimed that the term should no longer be used because it has been so misused for political gain that it no longer has credible meaning.",1,-1,[],[17835]],["we differentiate rumors from fake news as follows: we consider that rumors are doubtful statements that cannot be easily verified, while fake news is intentionally fabricated information presented as true.",1,-1,[],[55084]],["we operationalize the sharing of fake news as the sharing of all links to news sources with a history of publishing falsehoods.",1,-1,[],[58946]],["what Evg eny Morozov calls digital capitalism that \"makes it extremely profitable-look at Google and Facebook-to produce and circulate false but click-worthy narra tives.",1,-1,[],[17772]],["what is novel about fake news-not only, but especially on electronic social media-is its systemic dimension.",1,-1,[],[61988]],["what they generally have in common \"is the way fake news appropriates a real appearance, the way websites are presented, the way content is written, and the way photographs are shared\"",1,-1,[],[50051]],["which are spread primarily via social media",1,-1,[],[6129]],["which have a direct impact on individual societies, companies, and citizens.",1,-1,[],[35316]],["whichever is not well researched and verified from beginning to end",1,-1,[],[30035]],["widely used to refer to inaccurate information",1,-1,[],[33846]],["widespread presence of misinformation and fake news",1,-1,[],[25159]],["with the intent to mislead recipients into treating this fallacious content as mere facts or into doubting provable facts.",1,-1,[],[36921]],["writing styles(different writing styles for creating fake news)",1,-1,[],[688]],["young people associate, in a non-judgmental way, certain sensationalist news content with the idea of fake news, revealing high levels of skepticism about the information content",1,-1,[],[33153]],["É importante delimitar essa fronteira para evitar associações às fake news de erros não intencionais, teorias da conspiração e sátiras, por exemplo.",1,-1,[],[17702]],["вызывали не только излишнее возбуждение среди читателей",1,-1,[],[28106]]],"sy":[["disinformation",60,17423,[["disinformation",58],["Disinformation",2]],[214,1496,1769,2223,5744,8953,11259,13590,17092,17835,18192,18794,19094,19845,22386,24026,26655,27336,27595,27734,28549,29308,32559,33910,34667,36030,36772,37520,37965,38807,38849,39055,39097,39184,39221,39953,40788,41443,43853,44339,44584,44893,45768,46115,47090,47569,50730,51308,51397,54021,54740,54974,55110,56192,56203,56338,57570,58450,58600,60189]],["misinformation",49,10315,[["misinformation",47],["Misinformation",2]],[246,1769,2019,5744,8953,11259,13590,14352,17111,18192,18794,22739,23290,23768,23936,25159,26655,28032,28559,29140,29308,29403,29496,33443,33910,35014,37520,37965,38807,38849,39055,39184,44013,44339,44808,44893,46730,46898,49864,52179,52848,54021,54974,55110,56145,56192,58600,59715,59881]],["false news",37,34005,[["false news",35],["False 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propaganda",1,-1,[],[38052]],["FN",1,9853,[],[28604]],["Falschmeldungen",1,-1,[],[44277]],["Intentional disinformation",1,4160,[],[18116]],["Khao Plom",1,-1,[],[35494]],["Manipulation through misinformation",1,-1,[],[20131]],["advertising",1,6013,[],[50169]],["advertorial",1,-1,[],[54974]],["alternative news",1,32062,[],[50543]],["biased signals",1,-1,[],[1600]],["bogus",1,-1,[],[28106]],["bogus content",1,-1,[],[14542]],["bogus information",1,-1,[],[41747]],["click-bait headlines",1,12248,[],[27595]],["cognitive hacking",1,10939,[],[1600]],["conspiracies",1,13415,[],[23119]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[46115]],["contested discursive tool",1,-1,[],[46145]],["conteúdo falso ou errôneo",1,-1,[],[34196]],["counterfeit news",1,14674,[],[688]],["cyber propaganda",1,-1,[],[1600]],["deceptive (fake) information",1,-1,[],[28117]],["deceptive journalism",1,-1,[],[54803]],["deceptive narratives",1,-1,[],[52179]],["decontextualized",1,7950,[],[30035]],["deliberate disinformation",1,-1,[],[24026]],["desinformación",1,20072,[],[59545]],["dis/misinformation",1,-1,[],[8953]],["disinformation campaigns",1,8138,[],[1600]],["disinformation with malicious intent",1,-1,[],[49905]],["distorted",1,-1,[],[30035]],["distorted news",1,18893,[],[43853]],["distorted or biased news and information",1,-1,[],[50051]],["distorted, false, fake, or misleading information",1,-1,[],[36030]],["distortion",1,28504,[],[10166]],["empty buzzword",1,-1,[],[4314]],["fabricated and fraudulent news",1,-1,[],[417]],["fabricated content",1,2438,[],[22486]],["fabricated information",1,15846,[],[32894]],["fabricated news stories",1,-1,[],[43628]],["fabricated or false information that is disseminated through available media channels, including print, television, and the Internet",1,-1,[],[58497]],["fabricated stories",1,30874,[],[27595]],["fabrication",1,27616,[],[50169]],["fake content",1,-1,[],[688]],["fake news label",1,19597,[],[4314]],["fake stories",1,-1,[],[46730]],["false and non-authentic news",1,-1,[],[40940]],["false and often sensational information disseminated under the guise of news reporting",1,-1,[],[6963]],["false content",1,209,[],[49881]],["false material",1,-1,[],[32894]],["false or inaccurate information",1,-1,[],[23119]],["false political content",1,-1,[],[6466]],["false stories",1,-1,[],[10166]],["false, untrue, \"false news\" or the concept of disinformation.",1,-1,[],[36772]],["falsified information",1,-1,[],[709]],["fluid descriptor",1,-1,[],[4314]],["fraudulent news",1,-1,[],[60189]],["hollow buzzword",1,-1,[],[46145]],["honestly mistaken reporting",1,-1,[],[14151]],["imbalance",1,13209,[],[55110]],["imprecise",1,-1,[],[30035]],["inaccurate information",1,16652,[],[33609]],["inaccurate news",1,33994,[],[5744]],["information disorder",1,13397,[],[11259]],["information far from reality",1,-1,[],[43853]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[1600]],["informations trompeuses",1,-1,[],[13298]],["informações falsas",1,26470,[],[10801]],["made-up news",1,-1,[],[11259]],["maliciously false news",1,-1,[],[23290]],["manipulated news",1,-1,[],[27045]],["manipulation",1,148,[],[50169]],["misleading or deceptive content",1,-1,[],[44339]],["misleading or incorrect content",1,-1,[],[46730]],["misunderstanding",1,1201,[],[37965]],["news parodies",1,6420,[],[45293]],["news satire",1,20510,[],[54974]],["notícia/informação falsa",1,-1,[],[34196]],["notícias enganosas",1,-1,[],[44194]],["online falsehoods",1,-1,[],[11259]],["outright fabrication",1,-1,[],[14151]],["outright lies",1,-1,[],[17062]],["parallel realities",1,24854,[],[36015]],["peer-to-peer propaganda",1,1376,[],[14151]],["political labelling",1,-1,[],[53675]],["political satire",1,22091,[],[45293]],["post-truth, alternative news, etc",1,-1,[],[50543]],["pseudojournalism",1,16643,[],[49501]],["pseudojournalistic disinformation",1,-1,[],[53675]],["pseudojournalistic disinformation and political labelling",1,-1,[],[53675]],["recklessly 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information",3,-1,[],[35316,44339,46115]],["lies",3,11646,[],[10801,51397,51427]],["misleading content",3,17503,[],[27316,38042,60189]],["yellow journalism",3,18136,[],[41558,54974,60189]],["advertising",2,6013,[],[23119,37890]],["cherry-picking",2,33694,[],[7140,49360]],["deceptive information",2,-1,[],[11322,32469]],["dis/misinformation",2,-1,[],[8953,26655]],["distortion",2,28504,[],[10166,33153]],["false statements by politicians",2,-1,[],[10166,56925]],["hoax news",2,7523,[],[19845,54974]],["information pollution",2,21393,[],[1011,50169]],["information warfare",2,6374,[],[1011,59881]],["manipulated content",2,10191,[],[11322,60189]],["mimicry",2,7293,[],[1171,46898]],["mis-and disinformation",2,1535,[],[37520,54275]],["misleading news",2,22858,[],[23119,32559]],["news",2,8218,[],[14542,58584]],["political misinformation",2,1034,[],[41558,61924]],["real news",2,18020,[],[18116,39718]],["social media",2,6683,[["social media",1],["social media (SM)",1]],[613,41747]],["Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) [1] introduce the \"cousins of fake news\" (p. 214), including as such: intentional reporting mistakes; rumours that do not originate from news articles; conspiracy theories; satire that is unlikely to be misinterpreted as genuine; false statements by politicians; and reports that are biased or misleading although not absolutely false.",1,-1,[],[56925]],["Biased/Inaccurated News",1,-1,[],[10801]],["Facebook's",1,-1,[],[30035]],["Fake News Media",1,-1,[],[13425]],["Fake news detection",1,15605,[],[5959]],["Fake news outlets",1,16918,[],[22486]],["Khao Plom",1,-1,[],[35494]],["Misinformation, disinformation, hoax, and rumor are all terms used in similar literature to describe fake news.",1,-1,[],[58600]],["Misleading/Ambiguous News",1,14163,[],[10801]],["OOC misuse",1,21693,[],[15520]],["Satirical news",1,32009,[],[35084]],["The Guardian's",1,17592,[],[30035]],["active political misinformation",1,-1,[],[54292]],["advertorial",1,-1,[],[54974]],["advertorial, alternative fact, disinformation, false information, fake information, hoax news, junk news, misinformation, news satire, and post-truth, propaganda news, pseudonews, yellow journalism",1,-1,[],[54974]],["anachronistic populism",1,10964,[],[41558]],["bias",1,30859,[],[17772]],["biased news",1,18346,[],[29852]],["biased or one-sided stories",1,-1,[],[709]],["boatos",1,-1,[],[44194]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[32580]],["cascading information chains",1,-1,[],[41558]],["character assassination/slander",1,-1,[],[60189]],["cheery-picking",1,-1,[],[7140]],["clickbait stories",1,-1,[],[20838]],["community sentiment",1,-1,[],[11259]],["compensatory control theory",1,-1,[],[28331]],["computational propaganda",1,19112,[],[35098]],["conspiracies",1,13415,[],[23119]],["conspiraciones",1,410,[],[59324]],["conspiracy site",1,-1,[],[30690]],["conspiracy theory leitmotifs",1,-1,[],[3912]],["conspiratorial FN",1,-1,[],[6129]],["contested truths",1,-1,[],[33153]],["coordinated inauthentic behaviour",1,4632,[],[35098]],["cyber influence operations",1,-1,[],[35098]],["debunks",1,23888,[],[39815]],["deceptive content",1,-1,[],[44339]],["deep fakes/deepfakes",1,-1,[],[11259]],["deliberate disinformation",1,-1,[],[26655]],["deliberate falsehoods",1,-1,[],[43628]],["deliberate hoaxes",1,-1,[],[57570]],["desinformação jornalística",1,514,[],[10757]],["disinformation (false information that is purposely spread to deceive people)",1,-1,[],[59881]],["disinformation websites",1,-1,[],[709]],["echo chamber",1,7363,[],[14151]],["editorial errors gone viral",1,-1,[],[21938]],["emotional contagion",1,13912,[],[11259]],["epistemic instability",1,4112,[],[4314]],["errors",1,2445,[],[10801]],["esquecimento",1,28608,[],[44194]],["exposed fabrications",1,7529,[],[51110]],["extreme manifestation of belief",1,-1,[],[61859]],["fabricated content",1,2438,[],[60189]],["fabricated news",1,31022,[],[3917]],["fact-checking",1,16098,[],[11259]],["fake data",1,137,[],[10801]],["fake information",1,32329,[],[54974]],["fake media",1,29299,[],[54558]],["fake news genre",1,33436,[],[5389]],["fake news illiteracy",1,19985,[],[1370]],["fake news sources",1,23435,[],[22486]],["fake news verification",1,33989,[],[33465]],["fake news websites",1,27396,[],[22486]],["fake records",1,-1,[],[44560]],["fake-news images",1,34869,[],[5906]],["fakes",1,26274,[],[42483]],["false allegation",1,-1,[],[39815]],["false connection",1,26879,[],[60189]],["false content",1,209,[],[16547]],["false context",1,12161,[],[60189]],["false rumors",1,5445,[],[61859]],["fast-checking",1,-1,[],[13939]],["fibs",1,-1,[],[28106]],["filtering",1,4512,[],[10166]],["foreign interference in domestic politics",1,-1,[],[38042]],["framing",1,22777,[],[40976]],["gaslighting",1,20207,[],[35098]],["genre of disinformation",1,-1,[],[4314]],["gossip",1,15638,[],[709]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[54558]],["hearsay",1,-1,[],[33153]],["highly partisan \"alt\"-journalism",1,-1,[],[17062]],["hoax-based stories",1,-1,[],[33153]],["hoaxes that are only motivated by fun or to scam targeted individuals",1,-1,[],[6765]],["hyperpartisan media",1,23545,[],[29841]],["imitation",1,20313,[],[1171]],["imposter news",1,-1,[],[30690]],["impostor content",1,6149,[],[60189]],["improper and personally offensive news",1,-1,[],[16650]],["improper stories",1,-1,[],[709]],["infodemic",1,27460,[],[12736]],["información errónea",1,18608,[],[59324]],["information",1,18076,[],[61988]],["information disorder theory",1,-1,[],[35227]],["information literacy",1,8985,[],[11259]],["information operations",1,21443,[],[28001]],["information overload",1,18870,[],[41747]],["information pathologies",1,-1,[],[58584]],["intentional deception",1,-1,[],[28331]],["intentional reporting mistakes",1,-1,[],[56925]],["intentionality",1,5581,[],[46898]],["journalistic errors",1,25386,[],[41747]],["journalistic errors gone viral",1,-1,[],[21938]],["junk media",1,-1,[],[49799]],["kayfabe",1,896,[],[1171]],["legendry",1,-1,[],[57260]],["low quality journalism stained by sensationalism or editorial bias",1,-1,[],[37128]],["maliciously false news",1,-1,[],[23290]],["manipulated news",1,-1,[],[27045]],["manipulation of information",1,25952,[],[49900]],["manipulação",1,-1,[],[10801]],["media literacy",1,27668,[],[11259]],["media skepticism",1,11526,[],[56200]],["misinformation (false or misleading information)",1,-1,[],[59881]],["misinformation (incorrect news)",1,-1,[],[51427]],["misinformation that is created unintentionally",1,-1,[],[6765]],["misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, satire, hoax or conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[1769]],["misinformation, mal-information e disinformation",1,-1,[],[26492]],["misinformative content",1,32870,[],[30035]],["misleading advertisements",1,-1,[],[26655]],["misleading online content",1,-1,[],[30035]],["misleading or deceptive content",1,-1,[],[44339]],["misperceptions",1,26269,[],[46067]],["misrepresentations",1,5976,[],[26655]],["moral panics",1,15147,[],[50785]],["myths",1,24811,[],[26655]],["narrative dispute",1,-1,[],[61859]],["non-conspiratorial FN",1,-1,[],[6129]],["non-physical content",1,5986,[],[41747]],["noticias falsas",1,30391,[],[37311]],["notícias enganosas",1,-1,[],[44194]],["online falsehoods",1,-1,[],[36030]],["online misinformation",1,27751,[],[36631]],["opinion spam",1,29645,[],[17116]],["partisan information",1,-1,[],[37128]],["partisan support",1,-1,[],[11259]],["partisan-slanted information",1,-1,[],[11322]],["personal need for structure",1,-1,[],[28331]],["photo manipulation",1,8647,[],[4761]],["pictures",1,-1,[],[19845]],["political and economic abuses",1,-1,[],[61859]],["political instrument to delegitimize the news media",1,-1,[],[46067]],["political kayfabe",1,30457,[],[1171]],["political labelling",1,-1,[],[53675]],["political propaganda",1,19919,[],[4761]],["political propaganda and disinformation",1,-1,[],[1171]],["political satire",1,22091,[],[4761]],["poor journalism",1,-1,[],[11259]],["post-factuality",1,-1,[],[3917]],["post-truth politics",1,4184,[],[31660]],["postfact",1,17046,[],[11259]],["press releases",1,22690,[],[4761]],["problematic information",1,28030,[],[30690]],["propaganda news",1,15373,[],[54974]],["pseudojournalistic disinformation",1,-1,[],[53675]],["pseudonews",1,-1,[],[54974]],["public disinformation",1,-1,[],[61988]],["pós-verdade",1,31946,[],[49226]],["real-news image",1,-1,[],[5906]],["regime of post-truth",1,-1,[],[29048]],["reports that are biased or misleading although not absolutely false",1,-1,[],[56925]],["reports that are slanted or misleading but not outright false",1,-1,[],[10166]],["right-wing opinion",1,-1,[],[3917]],["robots",1,-1,[],[49799]],["rumor and the spread of misinformation",1,-1,[],[1171]],["rumor detection",1,3268,[],[17666]],["rumors that did not originate from news events",1,-1,[],[6765]],["rumors that do not originate from a particular news article",1,-1,[],[10166]],["rumors, \" \"misinformation, \" \"disinformation, \" and \"fake news\" are commonly used interchangeably",1,-1,[],[54021]],["rumours that do not originate from news articles",1,-1,[],[56925]],["satire news with proper context",1,-1,[],[6765]],["satire that is unlikely to be misconstrued as factual",1,-1,[],[10166]],["satire that is unlikely to be misinterpreted as genuine",1,-1,[],[56925]],["satire, rumors, conspiracy theories, misinformation and hoaxes",1,-1,[],[1011]],["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[33153]],["sentiment analysis",1,8212,[],[48643]],["social bubble effect(s)",1,-1,[],[14151]],["spam detection",1,-1,[],[17666]],["state-sponsored propaganda",1,-1,[],[11322]],["sátira",1,14479,[],[59324]],["tell-truth-telling strategies",1,-1,[],[38851]],["the BBC's",1,-1,[],[30035]],["the strategic obscuring of truth",1,-1,[],[46898]],["traditional partisan news",1,-1,[],[58946]],["tribe-formation",1,-1,[],[14151]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[45140]],["true news (TN)",1,2126,[],[613]],["truthiness",1,10982,[],[11259]],["unconfirmed rumors",1,-1,[],[41558]],["unintentional reporting mistakes",1,-1,[],[10166]],["untruths",1,9168,[],[13425]],["urban legends",1,15904,[],[57260]],["videos",1,34879,[],[19845]],["virtual bubbles",1,-1,[],[61859]]],"sb":[["propaganda",28,34203,[["propaganda",26],["Propaganda",2]],[1011,1171,1701,1769,5426,19845,23119,26655,27163,27595,30371,31753,32115,33465,39221,40067,40308,40315,43594,44423,44554,46067,51754,53675,55110,55618,56925,61924]],["disinformation",24,17423,[["disinformation",23],["Disinformation",1]],[1011,1171,1701,19845,20620,23119,26965,27003,32912,35316,37862,38230,38849,40067,43299,43594,44560,45630,46898,53712,54893,58197,59499,59563]],["misinformation",23,10315,[["misinformation",22],["Misinformation",1]],[1011,1171,1701,19845,20620,23119,26965,27003,35316,37862,38230,38849,40067,43299,45293,45630,46898,51110,53712,54893,58197,59499,61924]],["satire",19,9893,[["satire",18],["satires",2]],[1011,1171,1496,5426,17153,19845,23119,30371,33465,33987,35847,38042,40067,44423,46067,46898,49864,55618,61924]],["manipulation",15,148,[["manipulation",13],["Manipulation",1],["manipulation (e.g., editing pictures)",1]],[1701,1769,23119,26655,27163,30371,31753,33465,40308,40315,44554,53675,55110,56925,61924]],["fabrication",14,27616,[["fabrication",13],["Fabrication",1]],[1701,1769,23119,26655,27163,30371,31753,33465,33987,40308,44554,53675,55110,56925]],["hoaxes",14,13150,[["hoaxes",7],["hoax",6],["Hoax",1],["Hoaxes",1]],[1011,5426,23119,29403,33465,37862,40067,43299,43594,44560,46067,46898,55618,61924]],["news parody",14,6420,[["news parody",11],["news parodies",2],["News parody",1]],[1496,1701,1769,4761,11259,26655,27163,27595,32115,39221,40308,44554,50169,55110]],["satire or parody",13,31625,[["satire or parody",3],["Satire or parody",2],["Parody and satire",1],["Satire Or Parody",1],["Satire and Parody",1],["Satire and parody",1],["parody or satire",1],["satire or parody (i.e., when authors use irony and exaggeration not to harm people but to be humorous)",1],["satire or parody (i.e., when authors use irony and exaggeration to be comedic rather than to harm receivers)",1],["satire/parody",1]],[6828,13590,14542,23900,27336,28001,32596,37520,37821,42792,43594,45293,54275]],["advertising",12,6013,[["advertising",11],["advertising (e.g., ads depict as professional journalism)",1]],[1496,1701,1769,23119,26655,27163,31753,39221,40308,44554,53675,56925]],["news satire",12,20510,[["news satire",11],["News satire",1]],[1701,1769,11259,26655,27163,32115,39221,40308,44554,50169,53675,55110]],["Manipulated content",11,10191,[["Manipulated content",4],["manipulated content",4],["manipulated content (i.e., when authors alter genuine information or imagery to deceive others)",2],["Manipulated Content",1]],[6828,13590,14542,27336,32596,37520,37821,39221,41558,42792,54275]],["Misleading content",11,17503,[["Misleading content",4],["misleading content",4],["Misleading Content",1],["misleading content (i.e., when authors use information to present an issue or person in a distorted perspective)",1],["misleading content (i.e., when authors use the information to present an issue or individual in a distorted perspective)",1]],[6828,13590,14542,27336,30371,32596,37520,37821,39221,41558,54275]],["clickbait",10,6382,[["clickbait",7],["Clickbait",1],["click-bait",1],["click-baits",1]],[5426,19845,20620,23119,37862,40067,44554,51391,55618,61924]],["fabricated content",10,2438,[["fabricated content",4],["Fabricated content",3],["Fabricated Content",1],["fabricated content (i.e., when authors disseminate completely false information with the intent to deceive and cause damage)",1],["fabricated content (i.e., when authors disseminate completely false information with the intent to deceive and harm)",1]],[6828,13590,14542,27336,32596,37520,37821,39221,54275,61988]],["parody",10,27482,[["parody",9],["Parody",1]],[1171,5426,23119,30371,33465,33987,38042,44423,53675,55618]],["rumors",10,17712,[["rumors",6],["rumor",3],["Rumors",1]],[1171,19845,20620,23119,33465,37862,40067,43299,49864,55618]],["False context",9,12161,[["False context",3],["false context",3],["False Context",1],["false context (i.e., when authors blend true and inaccurate contextual information)",1],["false context (i.e., when authors mix accurate with inaccurate contextual information)",1]],[6828,13590,14542,27336,32596,33910,39221,54275,61988]],["Imposter content",9,28032,[["Imposter content",4],["imposter content",3],["imposter content (i.e., when the message's source poses as someone else)",1],["imposter content (i.e., when the message's source pretends to be someone else)",1]],[6828,13590,14542,27336,37520,37821,39221,41558,54275]],["false connection",9,26879,[["false connection",5],["False connection",2],["False Connection",1],["false connection (i.e., when the headline, visual elements, and/or factual substance of a news item have no logical relationship)",1]],[6828,13590,14542,32596,33910,37520,39221,41558,61988]],["large-scale hoaxes",6,10569,[["large-scale hoaxes",4],["large scale hoaxes",1],["largescale hoaxes",1]],[1496,15294,28117,44554,52434,52858]],["serious fabrications",6,15915,[["serious fabrications",4],["serious fabrication",2]],[1496,15294,23119,28117,44554,52858]],["mal-information",5,22495,[["mal-information",3],["malinformation",2]],[27003,35316,38230,51397,58197]],["conspiracy theories",4,1403,[["conspiracy theories",3],["Conspiracy Theories",1],["Conspiracy Theory",1]],[23119,28001,36772,55618]],["fake news genre",4,33436,[["fake news genre",3],["fake news as a genre",1],["the fake news genre",1]],[4314,41712,50169,52372]],["fake news label",4,19597,[["fake news label",3],["fake news as a label",1],["the fake news label",1]],[4314,41712,50169,52372]],["humorous fakes",4,1934,[],[1496,15294,28117,44554]],["news fabrication",4,2924,[["news fabrication",3],["News fabrication",1]],[11259,32115,39221,50169]],["hyperpartisan",3,26278,[],[30690,40067,50445]],["photo manipulation",3,8647,[["photo manipulation",2],["Photo manipulation",1]],[4761,32115,39221]],["political propaganda",3,19919,[],[1496,4761,11259]],["Bad journalism",2,6844,[["Bad journalism",1],["bad journalism",1]],[23900,38042]],["Humorous fake news",2,34832,[["Humorous fake news",1],["humorous fake news",1]],[32115,52858]],["conspiracy sources",2,-1,[],[30690,50445]],["deepfake",2,4551,[["deepfake",1],["deepfakes",1]],[19845,35316]],["fabricated news",2,31022,[],[1496,19845]],["false information",2,20964,[],[1011,35316]],["false news",2,34005,[],[7140,30690]],["imposter news",2,-1,[],[30690,50445]],["political satire",2,22091,[],[4761,27595]],["public relations",2,10627,[],[33987,39221]],["satirical news",2,32009,[],[40315,52916]],["\"satire or parody\", \"misleading content\", \"imposter content\", \"fabricated content\", \"false connection\", \"false content\" and \"manipulated content\"",1,-1,[],[37520]],["'old' fake news",1,-1,[],[59881]],["1. Articles with entirely false news that the author created.",1,-1,[],[31931]],["1. Satire or parody",1,-1,[],[27336]],["2. Misleading content",1,-1,[],[27336]],["2. Write Satirical news with the audience's enjoyment in mind.",1,-1,[],[31931]],["3. Imposter content",1,-1,[],[27336]],["3. articles that are inaccurately written and contain some true news. Specifically created to advance a cause or sway opinion [33].",1,-1,[],[31931]],["4. Fabricated content",1,-1,[],[27336]],["5. False communication",1,-1,[],[27336]],["6. False context",1,-1,[],[27336]],["7. Manipulated content",1,-1,[],[27336]],["Ad-driven invention",1,-1,[],[23900]],["Advertising and Public Relations",1,23045,[],[32115]],["Advertising and Public Relations. Diffusion of advertising content under the appearance of reports about a particular topic.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["Alleged foreign interference in domestic elections through fake news",1,-1,[],[23900]],["Articles with entirely false news that the author created.",1,-1,[],[31931]],["Bullshit",1,29347,[],[46898]],["Content-based manipulations",1,-1,[],[44339]],["Externally constructed news",1,-1,[],[19845]],["Fabricated Content (\"New Content Is 100% False, Designed To Deceive And Do Harm\")",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Fake context",1,5307,[],[41558]],["Fake context: when genuine content is shared with fake contextual information",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Fake news as a hybrid genre that mixes informative content with fiction for satirical or humorous effect",1,-1,[],[39479]],["Fake news as intentional dissemination of falsehoods for propaganda purposes",1,-1,[],[39479]],["Fake news as media content from biased media that is constructed to consistently conform to a particular political worldview and leads to certain conclusions",1,-1,[],[39479]],["False",1,17071,[],[46898]],["False Connection (\"When Headlines, Visuals Or Captions Don't Support The Content\")",1,-1,[],[32596]],["False Context (\"When Genuine Content Is Shared With False Contextual Information\")",1,-1,[],[32596]],["False communication",1,-1,[],[27336]],["False connection: when headlines, images or captions do not support the content",1,-1,[],[41558]],["False context of connection",1,-1,[],[37821]],["Humorous fake news created in the guise of journalistic content. The objective is not to confuse the public, but to make fun of topical issues.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["Imposter content: when genuine sources are represented",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Impostor Content",1,6149,[],[32596]],["Impostor Content (\"When Genuine Sources Are Impersonated\" With False, Made-Up Sources)",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Intentional",1,2432,[],[46898]],["Internally created disinformation",1,-1,[],[19845]],["Knowledge-based which includes manual facts checking as well as automatic facts checking",1,-1,[],[5426]],["Lack of Concern for Truth",1,9139,[],[46898]],["Large-scale scandals",1,27720,[],[32115]],["Large-scale scandals designed to appear like formal journalistic content. This technique makes it possible to disguise misinformation as real content and make it appear truthful to audiences.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["Made-up stories shall be considered as fake news if they are presented in way that pretend to be truth.",1,-1,[],[53712]],["Manipulated content: when genuine information or images are manipulated to deceive",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Manufactured content",1,687,[],[41558]],["Manufactured content: new content that is 100% fake, designed to deceive and harm",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Mimicking",1,-1,[],[46898]],["Misinterpretation",1,15480,[],[28001]],["Misleading Content (\"Misleading Use Of Information To Frame An Issue Or An Individual\")",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Misleading Facts",1,15150,[],[28001]],["Misleading content: misleading use of information to frame a problem or person",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Name-theft",1,9337,[],[5426]],["Network propaganda",1,32067,[],[51110]],["Neural fake news generation",1,-1,[],[33734]],["News fabrication. Content published without any base, trying to imitate information published by legitimate media. This strategy tries to give these news pieces the appearance of being truthful.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["News parody. Some of the characteristics of this typology mirror those of news satire; however, news parody is not based on topical issues, but is instead comprised of fictional elements ad hoc.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["News satire. This is the most common example, used in spaces and programs of humor.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["News that challenges orthodox authority",1,6574,[],[23900]],["News that is ideologically opposed",1,-1,[],[23900]],["Photo manipulation. The previous typologies focused mainly on textual content, but this one relates to altering photographs and videos in order to build a fictional reality.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["Propaganda. Content made by a political organization to specifically influence the public's perception about that particular organization. It imitates the formal aspect of journalistic pieces.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["Satire Or Parody (\"No Intention To Cause Harm But Has Potential To Fool\")",1,-1,[],[32596]],["Satire or parody: not intended to cause harm, but with the potential to deceive",1,-1,[],[41558]],["Sensationalist news",1,6734,[],[32115]],["Sensationalist news made of unverified and exaggerated headlines made to attract massive audiences through clickbait.",1,-1,[],[32115]],["Social or Political Aspect",1,2816,[],[46898]],["They found different forms of 'fake news' which manifest based on the dimensions of facticity and deception, namely: news satire and parody, manipulation, fabrication, advertising, and propaganda [13].",1,-1,[],[56925]],["Unscientific claims",1,-1,[],[33465]],["Write Satirical news with the audience's enjoyment in mind.",1,-1,[],[31931]],["advertisement",1,33113,[],[40315]],["advertising (use of the news format to promote or advertise services or products, e.g., narrative advertising)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["advertising and public relations presented as if they were information",1,-1,[],[11259]],["almost exclusively fabricated stories",1,-1,[],[58946]],["an empty buzzword, simply used to describe something as false or bad",1,-1,[["an empty buzzword, simply used to describe something as false or bad",1],["empty buzzword, simply used to describe something as false or bad",1]],[4314]],["articles that are inaccurately written and contain some true news. Specifically created to advance a cause or sway opinion",1,-1,[],[31931]],["biased news",1,18346,[],[55618]],["catchy buzzword",1,-1,[],[4314]],["clickbait headlines",1,12248,[],[42792]],["complete fabrications",1,-1,[],[38042]],["conspiracy sites",1,-1,[],[30690]],["content-based fake news",1,26145,[],[1011]],["credibility-base analyses",1,-1,[],[5426]],["crime (news about violence and criminality)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["current form",1,-1,[],[59881]],["deceptive news",1,58,[],[7140]],["deceptive stories",1,12785,[],[23119]],["deliberate manipulation",1,-1,[],[35227]],["dis-",1,-1,[],[51397]],["dis-information, mis-information and mal-information",1,-1,[],[37890]],["disinformation (false news intentionally distributed to mislead)",1,-1,[],[45630]],["disinformation false news disseminated with harmful or manipulative intent",1,-1,[],[54368]],["entertainment (news linked to celebrities and popular culture)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["exposed fabrications, hoaxes, and news satire",1,-1,[],[51110]],["fabricated content (completely false)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["fabricated information",1,15846,[],[40315]],["fabricated or manipulated content",1,-1,[],[35847]],["fabricated stories",1,30874,[],[42792]],["fabricated stories, clickbait headlines, satire or parody, and manipulated content",1,-1,[],[42792]],["fabrication (articles that mimic news articles, have no real basis, attempt to create legitimacy, and are intended to manipulate, e.g., false news verified by fact-checkers)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["fake advertisements",1,-1,[],[49864]],["fake news as a genre (deceptive information)",1,-1,[],[59881]],["fake news as a genre of disinformation",1,-1,[],[4314]],["fake news as a genre of disinformation online",1,-1,[],[4314]],["fake news as a label (to inflict reputational harm)",1,-1,[],[59881]],["fake news as misleading content",1,27210,[],[42864]],["fake news as populist rhetoric",1,-1,[],[42864]],["fake news as satire",1,-1,[],[42864]],["fake news by omission",1,-1,[],[2174]],["fake news in a wider sense (distorted news)",1,34614,[],[37520]],["fake news in the strict sense (false news)",1,17052,[],[37520]],["fake news which refers to parody or satire",1,-1,[["fake news which refers to parody or satire",1],["fake news which refers to parody or satire.",1]],[45293]],["fake news\" in the narrow sense",1,-1,[],[39356]],["fake news, which contains untrue news, which is deliberately made to mislead and change the opinion of the reader",1,-1,[["fake news, which contains untrue news, which is deliberately made to mislead and change the opinion of the reader",1],["fake news, which contains untrue news, which is deliberately made to mislead and change the opinion of the reader.",1]],[45293]],["fake stories posted on websites designed to look like news sites",1,-1,[],[4761]],["false connection (headlines, visuals or captions that do not support the content)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["false connection (i.e., when there is no logical relation between the headline, visual ingredients, and/or factual content of a news report)",1,-1,[],[54275]],["false content",1,209,[],[37520]],["false context (genuine content shared with false contextual information)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["false health information",1,-1,[],[35579]],["false political reports",1,-1,[],[49864]],["false statements of politicians",1,-1,[],[36772]],["framing",1,22777,[],[5426]],["hate news",1,5502,[],[61924]],["hate speech",1,18278,[],[13590]],["headlines created by machines",1,-1,[],[33734]],["health (news about medicine, viruses, infections, lifestyles, etc.)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["health-related content",1,-1,[],[33465]],["high-profile fake news",1,29152,[],[60189]],["highly biased and hyperpartisan news sites",1,-1,[],[16808]],["humorous fakes (news satire, parody, game shows)",1,-1,[],[52434]],["humorous fakes (satire and parody)",1,-1,[],[23119]],["humorous news",1,-1,[],[40315]],["hyperpartisan sources",1,21459,[],[30690]],["imbalance",1,13209,[],[55110]],["imposter content (genuine sources impersonated with false sources)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["imposter sites",1,-1,[],[30690]],["inaccuracies in journalism",1,-1,[],[43594]],["intent-based fake news",1,23293,[],[1011]],["intent-based manipulations",1,-1,[],[44339]],["intentional and unintentional fake news",1,-1,[],[46067]],["intentionally false news published by a news outlet",1,-1,[],[49360]],["irony",1,13113,[],[1011]],["journalistic deception",1,26867,[],[5426]],["large-scale hoaxes (deliberate falsification causing harm)",1,-1,[],[23119]],["lies (i.e. false statements made with the intention of deceiving)",1,11646,[],[21938]],["low-profile fake news",1,1786,[],[60189]],["malicious fabrication",1,-1,[],[35227]],["malinformation/stories",1,-1,[],[59563]],["manipulated content (genuine information or imagery manipulated to deceive)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["manipulated pictures",1,-1,[],[1496]],["manipulating and misleading people intentionally to achieve political ends",1,-1,[],[51110]],["manipulation through photos",1,-1,[],[33987]],["miscellaneous (encompassing the rest of news not linked to any of the previous categories)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["misinformation (false news shared without the intent to mislead)",1,-1,[],[45630]],["misinformation false news without harmful intent",1,-1,[],[54368]],["misinformation/mistake",1,-1,[],[59563]],["misleading content (misleading use of information to frame an issue)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["misleading, but not completely false, messages",1,-1,[],[46722]],["news satire and news parody",1,-1,[],[39184]],["news satire and parody",1,1295,[],[56925]],["news satire, parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda",1,-1,[],[53675]],["non-physical news content",1,11341,[],[1011]],["non-traditional forms of fake news",1,16554,[],[7140]],["online fake news",1,14560,[],[30035]],["outright fraudulent sites",1,-1,[],[16808]],["parodies (use humor to present news, but introduce false content or create completely fabricated stories, e.g., El Mundo Today)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["partially produced fake news",1,3744,[],[41747]],["partisanship",1,7058,[],[43594]],["photo manipulation and advertising",1,-1,[],[39221]],["photo or video manipulation",1,-1,[],[11259]],["photographic manipulation (manipulation of videos or photographs in order to create false narratives, e.g., deepfakes)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["physical news content",1,12091,[],[1011]],["pictures",1,-1,[],[19845]],["political news related content",1,-1,[],[33465]],["politics (news about political institutions, political figures, or political issues)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["post-truth-driven",1,-1,[],[11259]],["post-truth-driven definition",1,8525,[],[11259]],["press releases",1,22690,[],[4761]],["propaganda (news-format stories created by political entities in order to influence citizens to benefit a group, character, or political entity, e.g., political propaganda)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["propaganda and advertising",1,-1,[],[33987]],["propagation-based study",1,-1,[],[5426]],["provocative news",1,-1,[],[61924]],["pseudo-journalistic disinformation",1,-1,[],[46067]],["religion (news with religious or political religious content, about spirituality, religious practices, etc.)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["religious news",1,-1,[],[33465]],["reports that are false or misleading, but not downright false, from who disseminates them and who receives them",1,-1,[],[36772]],["rumors that are considered as a source of information",1,-1,[],[36772]],["rumors, fake advertisements, satires, and false political reports are different types of fake news",1,-1,[],[49864]],["satire that is unlikely to be misinterpreted as factual",1,-1,[],[36772]],["satire, parody, fabrication, manipulation, propaganda, and advertising",1,-1,[],[37520]],["satires (present topical news using exaggerations and humor, e.g., The Daily Show)",1,-1,[],[28604]],["satirical (parodied) content",1,-1,[],[39221]],["satirical and parody news",1,-1,[],[31753]],["satirical sites contain articles that might be interpreted as factual when seen out of context",1,-1,[],[10166]],["scams",1,31443,[],[43299]],["semantic incongruities in text and image captions generated by machine",1,-1,[],[33734]],["serious fabrications (tabloids and yellow journalism)",1,-1,[],[23119]],["serious fabrications (uncovered in mainstream or participant media, yellow press or tabloids)",1,-1,[],[52434]],["sites, such as endingthefed.com, print a mix between factual articles, often with a partisan slant, along with some false articles",1,-1,[],[10166]],["sophisticated-and ultimately self-critical media formats that aim to educate their viewers",1,-1,[],[61988]],["spam",1,30454,[],[40067]],["statements made without any concern for the truth",1,-1,[],[21938]],["style-based, i.e. How fake news is written",1,-1,[],[5426]],["the fake news label as a political instrument to delegitimize journalism",1,-1,[],[4314]],["the weaponization of the term by critical political actors as a label to delegitimize news media",1,-1,[],[4314]],["trolling",1,5891,[],[46067]],["true but (intentionally) misleading statements",1,-1,[],[21938]],["unintentional misrepresentation",1,-1,[],[35227]],["unintentional reporting errors",1,-1,[],[36772]],["untrue news, which is deliberately made to mislead and change the opinion of the reader",1,-1,[],[45293]],["untruth-driven",1,-1,[],[11259]],["untruth-driven definition",1,6664,[],[11259]],["user-based fake news analyses study which investigates fake news from a user's perspective",1,-1,[],[5426]],["videos",1,34879,[],[19845]]],"sp":[["disinformation",38,17423,[["disinformation",35],["Disinformation",3]],[214,1496,1769,4761,5922,6828,8733,11259,11322,12601,13952,16409,18064,20670,26408,28942,29852,34111,34820,36921,38042,41712,41747,43749,45696,50051,50644,50730,51308,51872,52858,52897,54558,55169,55327,55618,56203,61988]],["misinformation",29,10315,[["misinformation",26],["Misinformation",3]],[2116,2573,3235,3325,6466,12890,16547,17354,18980,20116,20670,23768,27417,28073,28331,32479,33910,38859,40262,40763,40976,41712,44676,49501,51010,51754,54944,57530,58334]],["information disorder",7,13397,[["information disorder",5],["information disorders",2]],[1011,1496,23936,48672,53413,54517,54835]],["false information",4,20964,[],[1011,13952,33910,36497]],["hoax",3,13150,[["hoax",3],["hoaxes",1]],[6828,45074,56203]],["news",3,8218,[],[21938,58584,61988]],["digital deception",2,14248,[],[5922,22101]],["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22643,46603]],["propaganda",2,34203,[],[48988,51110]],["According to Tandoc (2019), fake news can be considered a type of disinformation",1,-1,[],[8733]],["a species of disinformation",1,-1,[],[36921]],["clickbait",1,6382,[],[35061]],["desinformação",1,23575,[],[34196]],["estrategias retórico-discursivas",1,-1,[],[49605]],["fact-based false information",1,4869,[],[19211]],["fakes",1,26274,[],[28001]],["false news",1,34005,[],[25159]],["general terms",1,-1,[],[1011]],["hybrid of disinformation and propaganda",1,-1,[],[4761]],["inaccurate information",1,16652,[],[14542]],["infodemic",1,27460,[],[40604]],["information pathologies",1,-1,[],[58584]],["intentional deception",1,-1,[],[19845]],["mis-and disinformation",1,1535,[],[54275]],["narrative logic",1,-1,[],[61859]],["news content",1,33558,[],[58584]],["online deception",1,30635,[],[1011]],["post-truth",1,14186,[],[27336]],["pseudo news",1,-1,[],[38746]],["racism",1,28859,[],[37789]],["regime of post-truth",1,-1,[],[29048]],["yellow journalism",1,18136,[],[48988]]],"ex":[["hoaxes",2,-1,[],[43299,50169]],["propaganda",2,-1,[],[27595,51754]],["rumors",2,-1,[],[43299,50169]],["satire",2,-1,[],[32991,50169]],["\"BREAKING NEWS: Aliens Found on Mars!\"",1,-1,[["\"BREAKING NEWS: Aliens Found on Mars!\"",1],["BREAKING NEWS: Aliens Found on Mars!",1]],[40323]],["\"Do not go out on the balcony\" is not included among the recommendations and prevention measures of the World Health Organization.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["(1) as a critique of digital capitalism",1,-1,[],[3917]],["(2) as a critique of right-wing politics and media and",1,-1,[],[3917]],["(3) as a critique of liberal and mainstream journalism",1,-1,[],[3917]],["(i) a stunning headline; (ii) a revelation that reaffirms us or that make us feel outraged; and (iii) a legitimate and reliable appearance.",1,-1,[],[33153]],["25% of the news stories linked in tweets posted just before the 2016 U.S. presidential election were either fake or extraordinarily biased.",1,-1,[],[46378]],["5G towers can make you ill and are used for mass surveillance!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["A completely fabricated claim or story created with an intention to deceive, often for a secondary gain",1,-1,[],[10801]],["A publishes fabricated information that Z offered bribes to obtain a business contract (A is liable)",1,-1,[],[51235]],["A publishing via social media that a food product sold by Z's company contains harmful ingredients, when in fact the food product-that once contained harmful ingredients-is no longer available (A is liable)",1,-1,[],[51235]],["Alcohol is a cure for COVID-19",1,-1,[],[266]],["Aliens have been spotted on Mars, and NASA is hiding the truth!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["B publishes false information from A not knowing the information is false (A is liable, B is not)",1,-1,[],[51235]],["B.S. Detector",1,-1,[],[3917]],["Because it makes better headlines to blame it on climate change. #FakeNews.",1,-1,[],[46145]],["Bill Gates planned to give people microchips through the vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Breitbart News",1,-1,[],[3917]],["Breitbart.com",1,-1,[],[16808]],["COVID-19 in 2020",1,-1,[],[46378]],["COVID-19 vaccines have led to thousands of deaths worldwide!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Climate change is a myth! #FakeNews. The thermometers are rigged! I want a recount! Tell the penguins it's their responsibility to affect their own continent not the rest of the world!",1,-1,[],[46145]],["Climate change is a natural cycle: Scientists admit they were wrong!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Clinton's election will put the United States in a socialist disaster",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Common features of this type of publication are: sensationalist headlines, the prevalence of the first person in the text, grammar and cohesion errors, and the use of extremist and judgmental words",1,-1,[],[49881]],["Consuming hot drinks such as infusions, broths or hot water does not eliminate the virus, as it has not been proven that the virus cannot withstand high temperatures.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID 19) fake news spread around during the pandemic",1,-1,[],[51489]],["Donald Trump boasted about running as a Republican solely because Republicans were easier to fool",1,-1,[],[3912]],["Drinking bleach does not kill the virus; on the contrary, it causes poisoning in humans.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["Eating pineapple, lemon, avocado or garlic does not protect against the coronavirus.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["Everyone who learned about COVID-19 kept it under wraps at their secret lab!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Everything against my opinion is fake news.",1,-1,[],[11259]],["Fake News Alert",1,-1,[],[3917]],["Fake News about Herdsmen",1,-1,[],[26655]],["Fake news has been the catalyst for political manipulation, the rise in diseases because of the anti-vaccination movement, and killings as witnessed in South Sudan",1,-1,[],[12890]],["Fake news is made-up news, manipulated to look like credible journalistic reports that are designed to deceive us",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Fake news item about Ernest Shonekan's 'death'",1,-1,[],[26655]],["Fake news was then a story about sea monsters",1,-1,[],[27595]],["Global warming is a false idea to gain money from research",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Holding your breath for ten seconds does not indicate that you are free of the virus.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["Hospitals overwhelmed with vaccine injuries: Doctors refuse to speak!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Hurricane X devastates entire East Coast: Millions homeless and without food!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Information that is knowingly false, erroneous, or deceptive and that is intended to hurt the public or be profitable",1,-1,[],[41747]],["Intentional deception masqueraded as an entire news article (which often is referred to as fake news)",1,-1,[],[24026]],["Its typology has ranged from conspiracy theories about the virus to misleading or false news stories, rumors, hoaxes, claims about remedies and preventive cures, etc.",1,-1,[],[36921]],["Key purposes for spreading fake news include but are not limited to satire or parody/humor [8], financial gain from promoting fake 'sponsored' news stories supporting products [9], bloggers looking for large audience to gain views and advertising revenue [10], and election manipulation [11].",1,-1,[],[23647]],["Manipulation of the content may vary from intentional omission of some truthful aspects to mixing false information with reliable facts put into a fully truthful and trustworthy context.",1,-1,[],[28212]],["Melania Trump Bans White House Staff from Taking Flu Shot",1,-1,[],[28331]],["Mosquitoes do not transmit coronavirus disease.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["Muslim Doctor Refuses to Treat Christian Girl on Board a Flight",1,-1,[],[28331]],["New secret weapon can destroy entire cities in seconds!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["New study proves that organic food is a scam: It is no healthier than junk food!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Papa Francisco choca o mundo e apoia Donald Trump",1,-1,[],[17702]],["Pizzagate affair",1,-1,[],[37520]],["Pope Francis' support for Trump and Brexiteers' £350 M a week when leaving",1,-1,[],[4437]],["Report of Catholic Bishops marching in support of EndSARS Protest (Twitter post checked by BBC) Fake news (False connection)",1,-1,[],[33910]],["Russia has created fake accounts and social bots to spread false stories",1,-1,[],[6765]],["Russian activists creating Facebook ads that showed doctored images of celebrities (falsely) claiming that Americans could vote from home",1,-1,[],[28331]],["Russian disinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[1171]],["Sodium chlorite does not cure coronavirus, it's dangerous and illegal.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["Some examples of fake news constitute propaganda",1,-1,[],[51754]],["Somehow, these news find a reader and take advantage of human naivety and gullibility.",1,-1,[],[59563]],["Stories of exotic travels have been fabricated for centuries.",1,-1,[],[12890]],["Tandoc et al. (2018), for example, provide a classification of 'fake news' definitions based on two factors: facticity levels and deceiving intentions.",1,-1,[],[51397]],["The Colbert Report",1,-1,[],[61988]],["The Daily Show",1,-1,[],[61988]],["The European Union is not handing out food cards to all its citizens.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["The Pizzagate affair",1,-1,[],[37520]],["The coronavirus does not die when exposed to the sun, nor does drinking a lot of water stop the coronavirus.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["The most frequent accusations concern refugees robbing, assaulting other men and sexually harassing women.",1,-1,[],[27580]],["The stock market crash will wipe out all the savings of ordinary Americans!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Theclimate change 'emergency' is fake news.",1,-1,[],[46145]],["There is no evidence that the spread of the coronavirus was intentional or that the virus was created in a Chinese laboratory.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["They may run negative ads to spread untruths or half-truths about their opponents",1,-1,[],[6615]],["Trump CNN fake news",1,-1,[],[3917]],["Trump's inauguration crowd",1,-1,[],[4437]],["Trump's invocation of CNN as being fake news",1,-1,[],[59881]],["Trump's plans could destroy the planet and lead to many species losing their lives",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Vaccines have been proved to change your DNA!",1,-1,[],[58497]],["Wikileaks confirma que Clinton vendeu armas para o Estado Islâmico",1,-1,[],[17702]],["Young people are just as likely to get it as adults.",1,-1,[],[10293]],["a 2017 Your News Wire article claimed that, according to an NPR study, more than 25 million Hillary Clinton votes were fraudulent, suggesting that Clinton had actually lost the popular vote by a huge margin.",1,-1,[],[27595]],["a clickbait type of fake news aimed at getting clicks for financial gain",1,-1,[],[5426]],["a fake news domain, Gateway Pundit, was ranked 4th in August and 6th in September of 2020 among the most shared domains for URLs about COVID-19",1,-1,[],[55544]],["a fake news report that US President Barak Obama got injured in an explosion",1,-1,[],[44560]],["a fake news report that US President Barak Obama got injured in an explosion [1]",1,-1,[],[44560]],["a fake news story about a huge snake which is just a mock-up",1,-1,[],[5906]],["a fake news which says that juice drinks can cause leukemia in children",1,-1,[],[5906]],["a politically motivated type fake news aimed at supporting a candidate in an election",1,-1,[],[5426]],["a story emerged on i24 News, an Israeli news channel, alleging that during their attack Hamas had killed 40 babies, decapitating at least some of them",1,-1,[],[26965]],["a stunning headline; (ii) a revelation that reaffirms us or that make us feel outraged; and (iii) a legitimate and reliable appearance.",1,-1,[],[33153]],["a widely shared article from the now-defunct website denverguardian.com with the headline, \"FBI agent suspected in Hillary email leaks found dead in apparent murder-suicide.\"",1,-1,[],[10166]],["abcnews.com.co, the Denver Guardian, and Ending the Fed",1,-1,[],[6466]],["an array of senior Democrats are really part of a secret underground child-snatching network run out of a pizza shop",1,-1,[],[3912]],["articles that originate on satirical websites but could be misunderstood as factual, especially when viewed in isolation on Twitter or Facebook feeds. For example, in July 2016, the now-defunct website wtoe5news.com reported that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump's presidential candidacy.",1,-1,[],[10166]],["becoming viral thanks to agreement with the message and not prior verifiability",1,-1,[],[41558]],["candidates may try to make themselves look more palatable to a wider section of the electorate than they perhaps are (such as by suppressing about their health, or by downplaying their views on taxation)",1,-1,[],[6615]],["clickbait (misleading headlines)",1,-1,[],[32991]],["clickbait stories",1,-1,[],[20838]],["clickbait, hoaxes, framing, rumors, satire, propaganda, and conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[40976]],["clickbaits",1,-1,[],[50169]],["combination of these forms",1,-1,[],[53712]],["complete fabrications, misleading content, satire or parody, foreign interference in domestic politics, and bad journalism",1,-1,[],[38042]],["conspiracies and vested interests, such as the miracle drug Double Yellow Lotus Oral Liquid and the 5G spreading virus",1,-1,[],[50812]],["conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[50169]],["coordinated fake news and propaganda campaigns on Facebook are considered to have been key in inciting the Myanmar genocide in 2016-2017 [3]",1,-1,[],[53413]],["damaging 5 G cellular network towers",1,-1,[],[46730]],["deceptive news",1,-1,[],[32991]],["deepfakes",1,-1,[],[53712]],["denverguardian.com",1,-1,[],[10166]],["disinformation",1,-1,[],[43299]],["disinformation (with malicious intention to mislead the public)",1,-1,[],[32991]],["drinking blood and murdering children",1,-1,[],[12890]],["during the 2016 US elections, popular fake's news sites had 159 million visits triggering a lot of reverberation within the online social media ecosystem.",1,-1,[],[5426]],["economic/financial motives to generate revenue and monetary profit. A common example is using clickbait headlines that entice/attract users to click through and subsequently generate revenue through increasing page traffic.",1,-1,[],[23119]],["endingthefed.com",1,-1,[],[10166]],["fabricated reports",1,-1,[],[50169]],["fake news about Pope Francis' endorsement of Donald Trump for president",1,-1,[],[37520]],["fake news about alternative treatments for Covid",1,-1,[],[2174]],["fake news about vaccines and their side effects",1,-1,[],[40262]],["fake news circulated on social media that toilet roll paper will be out of stock due to factory closures in China",1,-1,[],[46730]],["fake news claiming that Barack Obama was injured in an explosion resulting in a loss of $130 billion in stock value [5]",1,-1,[],[53413]],["fake news influence elections, reduce the acceptance of scientific findings such as human-made climate change, and, in the worst instances, lead to violent action",1,-1,[],[28143]],["fake news may cite true evidence within the incorrect context to support a non-factual claim",1,-1,[],[6765]],["fake news regarding its use of ground worm filler in its burgers became viral",1,-1,[],[1829]],["fake news related to President Obama in 2013",1,-1,[],[46378]],["fake news related to politic, finance, reputation, health and education",1,-1,[],[48792]],["fake news stimulates and sparks peer-to-peer discussions, whether to support or correct the assumptions held in the (fake) contents",1,-1,[],[53456]],["fake news stories about the COVID-19 pandemic have caused confusion and fear, leading some individuals to take dangerous actions such as ingesting bleach or other harmful substances.",1,-1,[],[57612]],["fake pro-Buhari Trump quotes",1,-1,[],[26655]],["fake report that iodized salt would help counteract the effects of radiation after the Fukushima nuclear leak in Japan",1,-1,[],[44560]],["fake reporting of the Bagalkot strike",1,-1,[],[44560]],["fake reporting of the Bagalkot strike and resulted in the deaths of military personnel and the loss of expensive military equipment.",1,-1,[],[44560]],["false and unsubstantiated news from doubtful sources attracts more audiences than credible information",1,-1,[],[17116]],["false information about 5G communication networks being the cause of the novel Coronavirus outbreak",1,-1,[],[53413]],["false news circulated on Twitter; although explanations became accessible within hours, one of the rumors circulated from 40 tweets to over 4,000 in 10 min.",1,-1,[],[46730]],["false news stories that were shared on social media",1,-1,[],[5389]],["fragmentos de documentos descontextualizados, manchetes sensacionalistas disponibilizadas, vídeos ou postagens de desconhecidos que afirmam ter informações privilegiadas de fontes seguras divulgadas em apps de mensagem instantânea e redes sociais.",1,-1,[],[34196]],["headlines like \"Australia to Forcibly Vaccinate Citizens via Chemtrails\", \"Melania Trump Bans White House Staff from Taking Flu Shot\" and \"Muslim Doctor Refuses to Treat Christian Girl on Board a Flight\"",1,-1,[],[19094]],["hoax",1,-1,[],[32991]],["ideological motives to promote ideological views. For example, the ISIS terrorist group uses social media platforms to promote their opinions through spreading propaganda (Zannettou et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[23119]],["if B publishes that information knowing it was fabricated B is also liable",1,-1,[],[51235]],["images",1,-1,[],[53712]],["imaginary news that tapped the naivetfl of US voters",1,-1,[],[59881]],["impact voting and legislative decisions",1,-1,[],[33153]],["in this instance, the police of the capital",1,-1,[],[28106]],["individual or societal costs by hampering elections integrity, significant economic losses by impacting stock markets, or increases the risk to national security.",1,-1,[],[29403]],["intentionally fabricated news articles, such as a widely shared article from the now-defunct website denverguardian.com with the headline, \"FBI agent suspected in Hillary email leaks found dead in apparent murder-suicide.\"",1,-1,[],[10166]],["lies, distorted content, and unidentified sources",1,-1,[],[44188]],["malicious agents spreading entirely fabricated stories supporting one candidate or the other",1,-1,[],[6615]],["malicious intent (to hurt or disrepute), profit (for financial gain by increasing views), influence (to manipulate public opinion), sow discord (to create disorder and confusion), passion (to promote ideological biases), amusement (individual entertainment)",1,-1,[],[6963]],["meme",1,-1,[],[30035]],["misinformation",1,-1,[],[43299]],["misinformation (false information regardless of the motive behind)",1,-1,[],[32991]],["misinformation, disinformation, rumors, hoaxes, scams",1,-1,[],[43299]],["misinformed and disinformed news articles, hoaxes, rumors, parodies, incorrect editorials, incorrect facts, etc.",1,-1,[],[23647]],["myths, rumours, conspiracy theories, hoaxes",1,-1,[],[2076]],["news on strange sites",1,-1,[],[30035]],["news parodies",1,-1,[],[27595]],["news satire, news parody, news fabrication, photo manipulation, advertising and press releases, and propaganda.",1,-1,[],[25937]],["news satire, parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda",1,-1,[],[43853]],["now8news.com",1,-1,[],[3325]],["one might start with a kernel of truth and then add false information",1,-1,[],[29852]],["one might start with a kernel of truth and then add false information. Or consider the infamous memes-images accompanied by phrases referencing a news item, but both the headline and the image are false.",1,-1,[],[29852]],["other individual motives, these include malicious intents (to hurt others in various ways), influence (to get power or to manipulate public opinion), sowing discord (confusion), and fun (Zannettou et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[23119]],["parody",1,-1,[],[32991]],["pizzagate",1,-1,[],[17772]],["political motives to influence public opinion, to advance a preferred candidate and political party, or to damage opponents, especially during election periods (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017)",1,-1,[],[23119]],["political rumours, celebrity gossip and made-up stories about people, false claims (in sports contexts), as well as fake news on geographical topics such as misleading reports about wildfires or aircraft sightings",1,-1,[["political rumours, celebrity gossip and made-up stories about people, false claims (in sports contexts), as well as fake news on geographical topics such as misleading reports about wildfires or aircraft sightings",1],["political rumours, celebrity gossip and made-up stories about people, false claims (in sports contexts), as well as fake news on geographical topics such as misleading reports about wildfires or aircraft sightings.",1]],[44339]],["political satire",1,-1,[],[27595]],["presidential election in 2016",1,-1,[],[46378]],["printed, staged events, altered photographs, and deep fakes",1,-1,[],[55169]],["publications on social media",1,-1,[],[30035]],["rumor",1,-1,[],[32991]],["rumors, satire, false advertisements, cyberbullying, hate speech, etc.",1,-1,[],[5959]],["satire, parodies, unverifiable claims and unintentional rumours",1,-1,[],[47821]],["scams",1,-1,[],[43299]],["sea-taxis",1,-1,[],[21938]],["sensationalist reporting to increase newspaper circulation",1,-1,[],[6615]],["stories containing deliberatively misleading elements making the reader believe it is correct",1,-1,[],[53456]],["stories in The Onion satirical magazine",1,-1,[],[1171]],["text",1,-1,[],[53712]],["text, images, hyperlinks, videos, audio, multimedia such as deepfakes, etc.",1,-1,[],[40976]],["the 20 top-performing fake news stories about the election collectively generated more shares, reactions, and comments on Facebook than the 20 best-performing real election stories combined",1,-1,[],[4761]],["the Pizzagate story--connecting the Clinton campaign to a pedophile ring",1,-1,[],[5389]],["the Venice hoax",1,-1,[],[57260]],["the beheaded babies narrative",1,-1,[],[26965]],["the columnist may not directly be questioning the scientific consensus but rather casting doubt on the political feasibility of promises around mitigation.",1,-1,[],[46145]],["the coronavirus was genetically engineered in the bioweapons lab in Wuhan and then released worldwide",1,-1,[],[10293]],["the extensively shared and liked article from the website MayMayGistcom with the headline: 'We are not sure of any COVID-19 in Nigeria: UN'.",1,-1,[],[8953]],["the infamous memes-images accompanied by phrases referencing a news item, but both the headline and the image are false",1,-1,[],[29852]],["the lie that Iraq in 2003 under Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction and had ties to al-Qaeda",1,-1,[],[26965]],["the most shared fake news story of 2016, which contained the headline, \"Obama Signs Executive Order Banning the Pledge of Allegiance in Schools Nationwide.\"",1,-1,[],[18026]],["the newspaper published news about life on the moon, with bipedal weasels and unicorn goats",1,-1,[],[27595]],["the now-defunct website wtoe5news.com reported that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump's presidential candidacy. The WTOE 5 News \"About\" page disclosed that it is \"a fantasy news website. Most articles on wtoe-5news.com are satire or pure fantasy,\" but this disclaimer was not included in the article.",1,-1,[],[10166]],["the political satire of figures like Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, who have approximated the conventions of broadcast news (and, in Colbert's case, partisan punditry) for comedic effect",1,-1,[],[11322]],["the sudden shortage of salt in Chinese supermarkets after a fake report that iodized salt would help counteract the effects of radiation after the Fukushima nuclear leak in Japan [2]",1,-1,[],[44560]],["the way fake news appropriates a real appearance, the way websites are presented, the way content is written, and the way photographs are shared",1,-1,[],[50051]],["the website 70news, whose now-deleted article (falsely) stating that Donald Trump had won the popular vote in the 2016 election brief ly became one of the top results for Google News searches of \"final election results\"",1,-1,[],[28331]],["thelastlineofdefense.org",1,-1,[],[3325]],["thousands of smaller scale items circulating the online world in which inflammatory statements are made that at second sight seem ridiculous and fabricated",1,-1,[],[4437]],["trash information",1,-1,[],[59881]],["videos",1,-1,[],[53712]],["wtoe5news.com",1,-1,[],[10166]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["secondary reality",1,19735,[],[47831]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["news creation",1,-1,[],[40844]],["news participation",1,-1,[],[40844]],["news use",1,14403,[],[40844]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["All articles were analysed in terms of overall valence, or the general impression of nurse strikes evoked by reading the entire article (positive-neutral-negative, see Hamilton & Lewis 2014, 8).",1,-1,[],[37852]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Environment-critical protest groups, such as farmer groups, have expressed their discontent about a raft of policy measures aimed at protecting the environment and achieving climate neutrality, which they feel have gone too far and have paid too little attention to the distributive consequences of these policies, especially for the agricultural sector",1,-1,[],[51263]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["farmer groups",1,-1,[],[51263]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["response bias",1,10676,[],[44674]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["response bias",1,10676,[],[44674]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["self-narrative",1,18450,[],[55461]]],"rt":[["self-identity",1,5723,[],[55461]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Narratives",1,10497,[],[51895]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Physical proximity is typically utilised during the characters' vulnerable testimonials.",1,-1,[],[4796]],["the user is positioned as if sitting beside the character, creating physical proximity between the user and the character",1,-1,[],[4796]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Genre",1,3463,[],[18904]]],"ex":[["a story or a news article about a recent event",1,-1,[],[18904]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It is this propensity of the media to emphasise certain attributes of an issue that shapes how the public perceive, understand and form their opinions concerning such issue",1,-1,[],[38212]],["framing characteristics",1,-1,[],[54251]],["the properties, qualities, characteristics, and relations",1,-1,[],[271]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["object salience",1,14284,[],[48941]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Agenda-Setting Theory",2,6096,[["Agenda-Setting Theory",1],["agenda-setting theory",1]],[38212,54251]],["agenda setting",1,425,[],[48941]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Picking on scapegoats has the potential of nurturing suppression and even violence.",1,-1,[],[39265]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Populism",1,20354,[],[39265]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Disinformation has been known to disrupt election processes, create unease, disputes and hostility among the public",1,-1,[],[245]],["Disinformation has the potential to cause issues, within minutes, for millions of people",1,-1,[],[245]],["circulation of disinformation was to instigate and mobilize people to perform violence",1,-1,[],[13661]]],"sy":[["deceptive disinformation",1,25636,[],[13661]],["engineered information",1,-1,[],[13661]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["curiosity works on the model of physiological needs, such as hunger or thirst.",1,-1,[],[44714]],["offering information in small doses, in incomplete or ambiguous syntaxes, causes the appearance of curiosity which, once manifested, will be satisfied by attempts to complete the data puzzle previously provided",1,-1,[],[44714]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["click-fishing mechanisms",1,-1,[],[44714]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fake news",2,33960,[["Fake news",1],["fake news",1]],[20649,51444]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["conservative ideological frames are rarely used to oppose climate action, but at the same time these themes are not used in support of it either",1,-1,[["conservative ideological frames are rarely used to oppose climate action, but at the same time these themes are not used in support of it either",1],["conservative ideological frames are rarely used to oppose climate action, but at the same time these themes are not used in support of it either.",1]],[36303]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["advanced information literacy competencies",1,-1,[],[52166]]],"ex":[["A business student, when analyzing a potential investment, deliberately searching for negative reviews and counterarguments, not just positive reports.",1,-1,[],[52166]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["often associated with entities that derive advantages from events",1,-1,[],[32947]],["we observe a shift from benefactive roles-where entities benefit from events-to maleficiary entities, which experience losses or negative consequences due to certain actions.",1,-1,[],[32947]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Postfeminist culture, I will argue, increasingly 'favours' happiness and 'positive mental attitude', systematically outlawing other emotional states, including anger and insecurity.",1,-1,[],[9008]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Orso et al. (2020) propose to use \"inaccurate news\" instead of \"fake news\" to address most of the news with false information.",1,-1,[],[5745]]],"sy":[["fake news",1,33960,[],[5745]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["democratization",1,12821,[],[6232]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In contrast to rebuttal in mass communication contexts, ERI does not aim to overwhelm the arguments of other individuals (here: patients) with scientific evidence but focuses on understanding and valuing the concerns of the patient first.",1,-1,[],[9907]],["In contrast to rebuttal in mass communication contexts, ERI does not aim to overwhelm the arguments of other individuals (here: patients) with scientific evidence but focuses on understanding and valuing the concerns of the patient first. Similarly to MI, this is achieved by eliciting concerns with open questions and affirming the attitudes and beliefs of patients to the extent possible",1,-1,[],[9907]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Motivational interviewing (MI)",1,-1,[],[9907]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In relation to information and communication networks, this becomes a narrative about the legitimacy of the state to uphold the principle of 'common' or 'public' carriage to ensure the unhindered flow of information",1,-1,[],[19718]],["In this narrative, it is legitimate for a state to intervene in the market to foster market efficiency and, thereby, to secure the public interest by owning or regulating the means for the production and the distribution of goods and services.",1,-1,[],[19718]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["social imaginary",1,30922,[],[19718]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":27,"df":[],"de":[["As a result, individuals high in collective narcissism tend to believe other groups conspire against their group",1,-1,[],[1819]],["Because they have a national image of invulnerability and selfsufficiency, collective narcissists may be attracted to COVIDrelated conspiracies that deny the disease's existence.",1,-1,[],[49339]],["Both collective and grandiose narcissism may be compensatory mechanisms for fragile self-esteem accompanied by a (hyper)sensitivity to threat (Golec de Zavala, 2018;Mollon, 1993).",1,-1,[],[1894]],["Collective narcissism is related to high private and low public collective self esteem and low implicit group esteem.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["Collective narcissism is related to inter-group aggressiveness because it increases sensitivity to signs of criticism or unfair treatment in an intergroup context.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["Collective narcissism resembles individual narcissism (e.g., Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001) in its associations with sensitivity to threats and criticism (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009).",1,-1,[],[1819]],["Collective narcissists are emotionally invested in a grandiose image of their in-group and are on constant guard for perceived criticism or disrespect towards an in-group.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["Hence, collective narcissists' inflated belief in ingroup greatness seems to be an attempt to compensate for frustrated needs.",1,-1,[],[1819]],["Hence, it represents group-based defensiveness (Cichocka, 2016).",1,-1,[],[1819]],["It can be expected that people may narcissistically identify with all social groups with which they share common history.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["It is also correlated with seeing out-groups as a threat and blaming them for in-group misfortunes",1,-1,[],[2826]],["It predicts perceived threat from out-groups, unwillingness to forgive outgroups and preference for military aggression over and above social dominance orientation, right wing authoritarianism, and blind patriotism.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["No objective achievements can reduce preoccupations with possible criticisms, disrespect or doubts.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["Since the need for social admiration is never fulfilled, collective narcissism should integrate high regard for the in-group with a belief that others do not sufficiently acknowledge it",1,-1,[],[2657]],["They show that collective narcissism is not associated with personal self-esteem but it is related to variables that indicate identification with a national group, high and uncritical positive attachment to a national group (blind patriotism), belief in its greatness and superiority (social dominance orientation, especially group based dominance component) and attachment to its authorities (right wing authoritarianism).",1,-1,[],[2657]],["This concept is proposed in order to help explain the capacity of positive group esteem to inspire out-group enmity.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["This disposition translates to hypersensitivity to threats and proclivity for negative emotionality (Golec de Zavala et al., 2019; Golec de Zavala, Cichocka, & Bilewicz, 2013).",1,-1,[],[1894]],["Thus, ambiguous actions of out-groups are likely to be interpreted as threatening the image of an in-group, which is likely to be related to aggressive reactions.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["We contend that these traits are group-focused (Żemojtel-Piotrowska, Sawicki, & Jonason, 2020).",1,-1,[],[1894]],["We suggest that collective narcissism is likely to develop and flourish in social contexts that emphasize the group's greatness and uniqueness and induce downwards social comparisons.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["a form of high but ambivalent group esteem related to sensitivity to threats to the in-group's image and retaliatory aggression.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["a form of ingroup positivity that reflects a belief in the ingroup's greatness associated with a conviction that others do not acknowledge the ingroup's worth enough",1,-1,[],[6418]],["a general tendency to form narcissistic attachment to social groups people belong to",1,-1,[],[2657]],["a special contribution or significance of the self",1,-1,[],[2657]],["aiming to explain how feelings about an ingroup shape a tendency to aggress against out-groups",1,-1,[["aiming to explain how feelings about an ingroup shape a tendency to aggress against out-groups",1],["aiming to explain how feelings about an ingroup shape a tendency to aggress against out-groups.",1]],[2657]],["can be maladaptive in a number of ways. For instance, it is associated with a greater focus on defending the image of the country than on caring for its citizens",1,-1,[],[2826]],["collective and individual narcissism are separate, although positively related variables",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is a form of group esteem that is reliably associated with intergroup bias and aggressiveness.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is a form of high but ambivalent group esteem related to sensitivity to threats to the in-group's image and retaliatory aggression",1,-1,[["collective narcissism is a form of high but ambivalent group esteem related to sensitivity to threats to the in-group's image and retaliatory aggression",1],["collective narcissism is a form of high but ambivalent group esteem related to sensitivity to threats to the in-group's image and retaliatory aggression.",1]],[2657]],["collective narcissism is a form of high but unstable collective self-esteem that needs constant, external validation, but accepts no validation as sufficient.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is different from personal self-esteem",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is highest among people who express positive beliefs about their in-group and, at the same time, reveal rather negative (or at least lack of positive) implicit evaluation of the in-group's symbols as compared with symbols of other groups, which, we claim, indicates low implicit group-esteem.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is highest among people who hold their in-group in high regard but believe that others do not recognize its value properly.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is highest among people who hold their in-group in positive regard but at the same time believe that other people do not share their positive view of the in-group.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is likely to be more concerned with securing the in-group's positive image.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism is tied to the belief that it is one's ingroup, rather than the self, that is exceptional, deserves special treatment and that others do not sufficiently recognize it",1,-1,[],[20789]],["collective narcissism may be seen as an explicit, positive regard of the in-group that is accompanied by unacknowledged doubts about the ingroup's positive evaluation.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissism should integrate high regard for the in-group with a belief that others do not sufficiently acknowledge it.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissists hold a positive image of their group, they tend to think that their national in-group is an important part of their identity and that they are good members of their group.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["collective narcissists invest in the grandiose image of the in-group, they demand its constant validation in intergroup situations and are likely to react aggressively to perceived lack of acknowledgement, criticism or insult.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["defending ingroup image is of particular importance for collective narcissism",1,-1,[],[1819]],["different from personal self-esteem",1,-1,[],[2657]],["distinct from other concepts it tends to correlate with, such as national identification or right-wing political orientation",1,-1,[],[1819]],["for the collective narcissist, the assumed greatness of the in-group is never stable, and is always threatened and endangered.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["for the collective narcissist, the assumed greatness of the in-group is never stable, and is always threatened and endangered. No objective achievements can reduce preoccupations with possible criticisms, disrespect or doubts.",1,-1,[],[2657]],["fueled by unrealistic perceptions that one's group is relatively disadvantaged in comparison to other groups (Marchlewska et al., 2018) or excluded by others (Golec de Zavala et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[1819]],["group-focused (i.e., collective narcissism) personality traits",1,-1,[],[1894]],["over adherence to an identity leads to preferential and biased behaviors that prioritize gains to the in-group over the wellbeing of society",1,-1,[],[49339]],["perceived exceptionality, superiority and authority over others",1,-1,[],[2657]],["predicts aggressiveness and support for violence in intergroup relations, a tendency to perceive threat from out-group aggression and unwillingness to forgive out-groups for wrongs done to an in-group in the past",1,-1,[],[2657]],["related to variables that indicate identification with a national group, high and uncritical positive attachment to a national group (blind patriotism), belief in its greatness and superiority (social dominance orientation, especially group based dominance component) and attachment to its authorities (right wing authoritarianism)",1,-1,[],[2657]],["resembles individual narcissism (e.g., Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001) in its associations with sensitivity to threats and criticism (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009). Hence, it represents group-based defensiveness (Cichocka, 2016).",1,-1,[],[1819]],["self-absorption",1,-1,[],[2657]],["sensitivity to criticism and lack of recognition",1,-1,[],[2657]],["separate, although positively related variables",1,-1,[],[2657]],["special deservingness and entitlement",1,-1,[],[2657]],["the conceptual distinctions between narcissistic tendencies and motivated reasoning are blurred in the case of collective narcissism",1,-1,[],[49339]],["the need to be the center of attention",1,-1,[],[2657]]],"sy":[["national narcissism",1,1101,[],[49339]]],"rt":[["blind patriotism",1,2395,[],[2657]],["collective self-esteem",1,9345,[],[2657]],["group esteem",1,-1,[],[2657]],["identification with a national group",1,-1,[],[2657]],["individual narcissism",1,16140,[],[2657]],["ingroup positivity",1,-1,[],[6418]],["intergroup aggressiveness",1,-1,[],[2657]],["intergroup bias",1,16085,[],[2657]],["narcissistic attachment",1,-1,[],[2657]],["narcissistic identification",1,-1,[],[2657]],["national identification",1,31102,[],[1819]],["perceived threat from out-groups",1,5494,[],[2657]],["personal self-esteem",1,-1,[],[2657]],["politically (or other group-based) motivated reasoning",1,26651,[],[49339]],["prejudice",1,23417,[],[2657]],["right wing authoritarianism",1,26319,[],[2657]],["right-wing political orientation",1,-1,[],[1819]],["social dominance orientation",1,32509,[],[2657]]],"sb":[["Agentic collective narcissism",1,28935,[],[1894]],["Communal collective narcissism",1,7015,[],[1894]],["agentic",1,-1,[],[1894]],["agentic and communal collective narcissism",1,-1,[],[1894]],["communal",1,22129,[],[1894]],["specific collective narcissism",1,25758,[],[2657]]],"sp":[["collective self-esteem",1,9345,[],[2657]],["dark personalities",1,15730,[],[1894]],["individual narcissism",1,16140,[],[2657]]],"ex":[["I wish other groups would more quickly recognize authority of my group",1,-1,[],[1894]],["My group is extraordinarily friendly toward other groups",1,-1,[],[1894]],["national group, ethnic group, religious group or political party",1,-1,[],[2657]],["predicts ethnic animosity between Blacks and Whites in Great Britain and anti-Semitism in Poland.",1,-1,[],[2657]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]}]