French winegrowers shrug off pride , bottle in plastic Tradition dies hard in the French Pyrenees , but winegrowers are shrugging aside Gallic pride to bottle their wine in plastic to meet a demand for lighter , unbreakable bottles . '' `` Plastic bottles are difficult for me , '' '' said Pascal Fernandez , a winegrower from the Pepieux cooperative in the Languedoc . '' `` In the French culture , a glass bottle with a natural cork is engraved in our genes . '' '' But Fernandez and the 16 other growers who recently gathered at a local bottler and producer , Les Celliers Jean d'Alibert , say they must overcome cultural taboos and adapt to new consumer demands if they are to survive . '' `` We 've had a crisis for the last seven or eight years . Prices dropped every year until they hit 2004 prices . It 's a little better now but I do n't know if it 'll last , '' '' Fernandez said . Many in his region have already given up - '' `` they 've ripped up 15,000 hectares -LRB- 37,000 acres -RRB- of vines in the Aude , '' '' said Fernandez - and without a turnaround , the long-term outlook does not look good . '' `` There are only two winegrowers under 35 , '' '' said Fernandez , gesturing to the group , which cultivates 500 hectares -LRB- 1,236 acres -RRB- of sustainably farmed vines . In fact , none of the winegrowers encouraged their children to follow in their footsteps . It 's too difficult , said several growers . So it 's understandable these winegrowers listened when one of their top clients , Robert Joseph of Hugh Kevin & Robert , proposed bottling their Greener Planet wine in plastic , with an initial order of 75,000 bottles for Asda , the British subsidiary of the mammoth US discount retailer Walmart . '' `` A lot of the wine trade is a one-night stand relationship , '' '' said Robert Joseph of his company 's collaborative , demand-driven project . '' `` We are trying to create an enduring relationship - consumer to distributor to producer to growers . '' '' Joseph and analysts at Euromonitor International say the move to plastic has been driven by demand from buyers as varied as airlines , Texas supermarkets , Nordic and Canadian state liquor monopolies and restaurant chains in Britain . '' `` We are in the most brutally capitalistic part of the wine business . We never own the wine , '' '' said Joseph of his company . '' `` We are a clear bellwether of what the market wants . '' '' And what a growing number of pragmatic tipplers seem to want are unbreakable , easily resealed , lighter wine bottles . '' `` We are expecting positive sales over the following weeks , especially as we head towards the summer months and there are more occasions such as outdoor festivals and concerts , where traditional glass wine bottles are banned , '' '' said Lottie Parsons , spokesperson for Asda . Distributors and retailers are particularly keen on plastic bottles - known in the trade as PET bottles , after the acronym for the material from which they are moulded - because they lighten the carbon footprint from freight , weighing three to five tons less per shipping container , according to Philippe Lauret , president of Les Celliers Jean d'Alibert . The price of the bottle remains the same , however , so producers do n't cut costs . Lauret says his firm expects to supply Asda with 360,000 bottles of wine in plastic bottles this year . He also has an order for over 150,000 bottles of wine-in-PET for the Finnish state liquor monopoly . '' `` It 's a good sign - it 's taking off , '' '' said Lauret . Other wine producers in the Languedoc defend the trend . '' `` PET bottles are interesting for wines that are affordable and accessible for all consumers , like our varietal wines Couleurs du Sud , '' '' said Franck Autard , chief executive of Skalli , whose production of PET-bottled wine shot from zero in 2009 to 2.5 million bottles in 2010 . Christine Cornil , export manager for another large Languedoc producer Auguste Bonlouis , said they delivered 20,000 plastic bottles of My PET Wine to the United States in January and will launch another PET-bottled wine in Britain this spring . Domestic sales hint that the French consumer might be less tradition-bound . Last year Auguste Bonlouis sold one million plastic bottles of wine to French supermarkets , two million small plastic bottles to restaurant chain Flunch and 50,000 plastic bottles of organic wine to retailer Monoprix . '' `` I think we can have both glass and plastic , '' '' said Fernandez , '' `` but there is risk of a huge battle in our profession if we bottle our wine in plastic . '' '' Plastic-bottled wine has met with vitriol in other parts of France , despite consumer demand . When the Boisset Family Estates lightened the load with PET-bottled Beaujolais Nouveau in Japan , Canada and the United States - '' `` where the environment is important , '' '' noted Nathalie Berges-Boisset - producers were outraged . The Beaujolais winegrowers union has since banned bottling their wine , including Nouveau Beaujolais , in plastic . Boisset put its Beaujolais back in glass but continues to bottle wines from other regions , including the Languedoc , in plastic . '' `` I 'm not ashamed , '' '' said Boisset . '' `` We do n't have any taboos and we believe in the environment . '' '' And plastic bottles undeniably open new markets for the wine trade . '' `` I 'm looking at the boating world , '' '' said Joseph . '' `` You do n't want glass on a boat . '' ''

B B O O B O B O B B O O O O B O O O B O O O O B O B O B O B O B O B O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O B I O B O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O B O O B I O O O B O O B B O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O

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Video : Robots to Aid in Japan 's Nuclear Power Crisis By OSHA GRAY DAVIDSON MF4 robot going through its paces . My colleague , William Pentland , blogged here yesterday about plans to send radiation-hardened robots from the U.S. to help Japanese engineers working at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant . The video below shows several of the remarkable robots made specifically for tasks such this . Post Your Comment You must be logged in to post a comment Members

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The Amazing Disappearing Neutrino By Eugenie Samuel Reich of Nature magazine Neutrinos have long perplexed physicists with their uncanny ability to evade detection , with as many as two-thirds of the ghostly particles apparently going missing en route from the Sun to Earth . Now a refined version of an old calculation is causing a stir by suggesting that researchers have also systematically underestimated the number of the particles ' antimatter partners - antineutrinos - produced by nuclear reactor experiments . The deficit could be caused by the antineutrinos turning into so-called ` sterile antineutrinos ' , which ca n't be directly detected , and which would be clear evidence for effects beyond the standard model of particle physics . In the 1960s , physicist Ray Davis , working deep underground in the Homestake gold mine in South Dakota , found that the flux of solar neutrinos hitting Earth was a third of that predicted by calculations of the nuclear reactions in the Sun by theorist John Bahcall . Davis later received a Nobel prize for his contributions to neutrino astrophysics . That puzzle was considered solved in 2001 , when the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory -LRB- SNO -RRB- in Canada found the missing two-thirds through an alternative means of detection . The SNO 's results were taken as evidence that neutrinos have a mass , which allows them to oscillate between three flavors : electron , muon and tau . Davis had only detected the electron neutrinos . Experiments that measure the rate of antineutrino production from the decay of uranium and plutonium isotopes have so far produced results roughly consistent with this theory . But the revised calculation accepted this week by Physical Review D suggests that it 's not the whole story . While waiting for the Double Chooz neutrino experiment in France to become fully operational , Thierry Lasserre and his colleagues at the French atomic energy commission -LRB- CEA -RRB- in Saclay set out to check predictions of the rate of antineutrino production by nuclear reactors . They repeated a calculation first done in the 1980s by Klaus Schreckenbach at the Technical University of Munich , using more modern techniques that allowed them to be much more precise . Their new estimate of the rate of production is around 3 % more than previously predicted . This means that several generations of neutrino and antineutrino experiments have unknowingly missed a small fraction of the particles . '' `` It was completely a surprise for us , '' '' says Lasserre . Double Chooz consists of two detectors measuring the flux of antineutrinos produced by the Chooz nuclear power plant in the French Ardennes , one detector about 400 meters away from the plant and the other 1 kilometer away . The far detector became operational this year . Stefan Schönert , a neutrino physicist at the Technical University of Munich , says the calculation is solid , and has been checked with Schreckenbach . '' `` They can reproduce each other 's results . There 's no way around this result . It 's very solid . '' '' Art McDonald of Queen 's University in Kingston , Canada and the SNO says that people have to look carefully at the calculation , which may itself have a systematic error . But , he adds , '' `` there 's no doubt it would have significance as a physics result if it can be shown with more accuracy . '' '' The result may be pointing to evidence of neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillating into a fourth kind of neutrino or antineutrino , a so-called ` sterile ' version that does n't interact with ordinary matter , says Carlo Giunti , a physicist at the University of Turin in Italy . Other experiments have previously seen evidence for sterile particles , including the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment , or MiniBooNE , at Fermilab in Batavia , Illinois , and the search to confirm their existence is a hot area of physics . Giunti says that the magnitude of the anomaly uncovered by Lasserre is not statistically significant on its own , but that it points promisingly in the same direction as another anomaly found by the SAGE collaboration , which studied neutrinos from a radioactive source at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory in the Caucasus in 2005 . '' `` Before this , there used to be a contradiction between -LSB- reactor and radioactive source -RSB- experiments but now they are in agreement , '' '' says Giunti . Schönert says that one key experiment everyone is waiting for is a measurement showing that the rate of disappearance of antineutrinos from a source increases with the distance from it . '' `` This would be the smoking gun , '' '' he says . This article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature . The article was first published on April 1 , 2011 .

O O B O O B I O O B I B O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B I O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O B O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O

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French embrace '' `` le vin plastique & rsquo ; French winemakers are brushing aside Gallic pride to bottle their wine in plastic to meet British demand for lighter , unbreakable plastic bottles for the summer festival season . In the Languedoc-Roussillon area , winegrowers from the Pepieux co-operative have been converted , albeit begrudgingly . `` Plastic bottles are difficult for me , '' said Pascal Fernandez , a winegrower . `` In the French culture , a glass bottle with a natural cork is engraved in our genes . '' He is among 17 growers who are turning to plastic PET bottles , ready to try anything after an eight-year sales slump that led to thousands of acres of vines in the Aude region being ripped up . One of their top clients , the Hugh Kevin & Robert co-operative , proposed bottling their Greener Planet wine in plastic , starting with an order for 75,000 bottles for Asda in Britain . Asda said a growing number of wine drinkers were shirking heavier , breakable glass in favour of tough , easily resealed , lighter plastic bottles . `` We are expecting positive sales over the following weeks , especially as we head towards the summer months and there are more occasions such as outdoor festivals and concerts , where traditional glass wine bottles are banned , '' said Lottie Parsons , a spokesman for Asda . Britons consume about one billion bottles of wine each year . PET wine bottles are now a familiar sight everywhere from Glastonbury to the Henley Regatta . Philippe Lauret , the president of Les Celliers Jean d'Alibert , which sells Mr Fernandez 's wine , said his firm expected to supply Asda with 360,000 bottles of wine in plastic bottles this year . Even the French are forgoing glass and cork when it comes to lower-grade wines . Last year Auguste Bonlouis sold more than three million plastic bottles to French supermarkets , a restaurant chain and the retailer Monoprix . However , shunning glass has appalled some purists . When the Boisset Family Estates switched to PET-bottled Beaujolais Nouveau in Japan , Canada and America , producers revolted . Such was the outcry that the Beaujolais winegrowers union has since banned bottling their wine , including Nouveau Beaujolais , in plastic . Meanwhile , high-end wine growers look down their noses at PET as totally unsuitable for wines destined for cellars , because the plastic is porous , allowing the wines to oxidise much faster than glass . `` It is absolutely unusable for wines destined to be kept between three and 40 years , as is the case for ours , '' said Patrick Maroteaux , whose Chateau Branaire-Ducru is a highly sought-after grand vin from the St Julien appellation .

O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O B B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O B B O O O B O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I B O O B O O B O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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Why we must make the adder count More research into adder genetics may prevent small isolated colonies from dying out One of only six reptile species native to Britain , the adder is a fussy creature . Its restriction to specific habitats , and its frequent disturbance by human activity , well-meaning and otherwise , have made its populations isolated and prone to the effects of inbreeding . The Institute of Zoology , Natural England and Oxford University is undertaking a survey of adders -LRB- also known as vipers -RRB- to identify whether their population in the UK is suffering from a lack of genetic diversity . This is encouraging , and I fully support further research into adder genetics . Two of the other reptile species in Britain , the sand lizard and smooth snake , have always had limited natural ranges here . Because of this , they have strict legal protection and have been the subject of conservation programmes to protect and manage the few sites where they occur , and to reintroduce them to places from where they have disappeared . The adder is one of the remaining four species that we call '' `` widespread '' '' because they have much larger natural ranges in Britain . The adder can be found from the very south-west of England all the way north to Scotland . This does not mean that Britain is brimming with them or any other reptile species : within their apparently large ranges , they are restricted to certain types of habitat . The adder prefers grassland , scrub and woodland edge , primarily on sandy soils . There are also other factors that make it a particularly vulnerable species . Back in 2004 , English Nature -LRB- now Natural England -RRB- contacted naturalists around the country who had good knowledge of adder populations and asked them to evaluate the health of '' `` their '' '' adders , with some interesting results . In their opinion , '' `` disturbance '' '' was the greatest threat . But analysis of the data revealed some other trends . A third of the adder populations were small -LRB- estimated as fewer than 10 adult snakes -RRB- , and more than a third of the populations were isolated . Population declines tended to be more frequent among these small or isolated populations , as is to be expected due to chance fluctuations , but also as you would expect from inbreeding . Amphibian and Reptile Conservation co-ordinates Make the Adder Count , a project encouraging local adder conservation and long-term monitoring of populations , pooling information from a small but dedicated band of adder-watchers around the country . They , too , have consistently reported that the greatest threat to adders is disturbance . On further questioning , it become apparent that disturbance can have different causes . In some cases it refers to destruction of habitat - something that can happen even on protected sites , unintentionally , through '' `` habitat management '' '' . Adders are also still being killed by humans , through overly heavy-handed management of some of the areas they inhabit . Sometimes disturbance can also result from people visiting well-known adder sites . So , can the general public help at all ? Certainly . They can visit the Sliding Scales campaign website , a project for recording current or recent distributions of any snakes , as well as visiting the Add an Adder site - which aims to collect '' `` records from the past '' '' -LRB- both from personal experience and anecdotes from friends and relatives -RRB- to get a better idea of not only where adders are , but also where they used to be . If people find shed skins -LRB- or '' `` sloughs '' '' -RRB- of adders , they can also be sent to the ARC Trust - those will be used in a research project to better understand adder genetics . The animals we love face a range of threats . We herpetologists wait with interest to learn more about the genetics of our adder populations .

O O O O O B O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O B O O O O O O B I O O O O B O B O O B O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B O O B O O O O B O B O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B B O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O O B B O

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The Geoid : Why a map of Earth 's gravity yields a potato-shaped planet This video is no April 's fool joke : Earth really is shaped like a potato . However , the shape that you see here is , um , slightly exaggerated to highlight its irregularities . Another caveat : what is depicted here is not the shape of the planet , but rather the shape of an idealized sea-level surface extending around the entire globe -- a surface that Earth scientists call the geoid . The video is the most accurate reconstruction of the geoid to date , and was released by the European Space Agency at a scientific meeting in Munich on March 31 -LRB- see a video of the related press conference here -RRB- . It is based on data collected by ESA 's Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer -LRB- GOCE -RRB- . The five-meter long , arrowhead-shaped probe has been in a low orbit for almost exactly two years , collecting painstakingly accurate measurements of the gravitational field of Earth . Alas , many of the Web sites and blogs that reported on GOCE 's results so far got it wrong . Contrary to what was stated in these reports , the geoid is not a surface on which the strength of gravity is the same at every point . The geoid is , in the words of an oceanographer on the GOCE team , a surface such that if you placed a marble anywhere on it , it would stay there rather than rolling in any direction . Another way of saying it is , imagine you were an engineer traveling around the world with a level . Then wherever you go , the level would be exactly parallel to the geoid at that place . Yet another equivalent definition : it is a surface that 's everywhere perpendicular to the direction of a plumb-bob , or in other words , to the gravitational field . Gravity need not have the same strength everywhere on the geoid . In other words , if you could walk on the geoid you would see gravity always pointing exactly downwards , but your weight could slightly change from one region to another . The misunderstanding may have stemmed from the confusion of two concepts from multivariable calculus : a vector field and its potential . The vector field in this case is the gravity field , and the potential is the gravitational potential -LRB- which is essentially the gravitational energy of a unit mass -RRB- . At any point in space , the gravity field can be seen as the direction in which the gravitational potential rises fastest . Its magnitude , or length , is the rate of change of the potential . The field defined this way is called the gradient vector field of the potential . In general , the gradient of a quantity defined in space is the 3-D version of the derivative of a quantity in the sense of single-variable calculus . -LRB- To be pedantic : for historical reasons , the gravity field is defined to be the opposite vector to the gradient of the potential . -RRB- If you were to follow a gravitational field line -- a curve which is at every point tangent to the vector field at that point -- you would follow a curve of steepest ascent on the gravitational potential . That 's why it is called the gradient . -LRB- Note that because of inertia , the field lines of the gravitational field are not necessarily the trajectories of a body in free fall . The field wo n't tell you in which direction you 'll be moving -- only in which direction you will accelerate . -RRB- Gradient vector fields are difficult to grasp in 3-D , because picturing the potential -LRB- to visualize the ascent or descent -RRB- would require a fourth dimension . But a 2-D analogy might help . Think of how water trickles down a hilly surface . Neglecting inertia , a droplet of water would follow a curve of steepest descent , which is a vector field made of vectors along the surface . In this analogy , the elevation of the droplet is the analogue of the potential at that point . And the analogue of the geoid is an elevation contour on a topographical map : the potential -- the height -- is constant along the contour . Obviously , some parts of this contour can be on steep terrain , whereas others can be on mild gradients . -LRB- On a topographical map , the slope is steeper where many different contour lines are crowded together . -RRB- The magnitude of the gradient vector field -- which represents the steepness of a slope -- is not the same at all points of the contour . Thus , gravity does change in strength along the geoid , and so the geoid is not '' `` a shape where the gravity is the same no matter where you stood on it , '' '' as one blogger put it . Nor is it '' `` how the Earth would look like if its shape were distorted to make gravity the same everywhere on its surface , '' '' as reported by a major news site , which went on to add that '' `` areas of strongest gravity are in yellow and weakest in blue , '' '' apparently not noticing the contradiction with the previous sentence . There are many reasons why the geoid is n't a sphere . First and foremost , the Earth itself is n't a sphere . It is closer to an ellipsoid , being flattened at the poles by the centrifugal force of its own rotation . But the planet is n't an ellipsoid either , because of topography . Mountains and valleys are asymmetrical distributions of mass . That mass distribution affects the gravitational field and makes the geoid asymmetrical too . Then there is Earth 's inner and outer structure . The oceanic crust and the landmasses of the continental shelves are made of different materials that have different densities ; and farther down , the mantle is not uniform either , with regions that have slightly different compositions and temperatures , and thus slightly different densities . '' `` The variations , '' '' Reiner Rummel , a senior GOCE scientist , told me in an email , '' `` reflect processes in the deep earth mantle such as descending tectonic plates and hot mantle plumes . '' '' All of which affects the strength of the gravitational field , and the GOCE 's orbit . The probe measures these effects thus it measures the gravitational field . The geoid is not to be confused with anomalies due to the topography of the land -- although it is affected in part by it . Also -- and here is where things get really tricky -- it is not to be confused with the actual sea level . Wait a minute , you say , but is n't the ocean supposed to be at sea level by definition ? Except for relatively small perturbations such as waves or tides , you say , should n't the surface be exactly horizontal -LRB- that is , perpendicular to the gravitational field -RRB- everywhere ? Is n't that , after all , what '' `` sea level '' '' means ? Yes , to some approximation . However , the oceans are not homogenous . Differences of salinity and temperature make them more or less dense . Moreover , the Earth 's rotation produces forces that keep the oceans in constant motion . Just like the water in a river is not all at the same level -- after all , it flows to the sea for a reason -- the water in the ocean also has differences in height . And by height , it should be clear by now , I mean elevation relative to the geoid , which can be positive or negative . Oceanographers thus speak of the '' `` topography '' '' of the ocean , meaning that it really has hills and valleys . In fact , here is where the '' `` ocean circulation '' '' part of GOCE 's name comes into play : one of the main goals of the mission is to measure the oceans ' topography and from that deduce the structure of the oceanic currents . The deviations of the geoid from the simplified , ellipsoidal model of the Earth are substantial : they range from 100 meters below -LRB- dark blue in the video -RRB- to 80 meters above -LRB- yellow -RRB- , Rummel says . The surface in the video is the geoid amplified by a factor 7,000 , says GOCE mission manager Rune Floberghagen .

O B O O O O O B O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O

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How NoSQL Is Helping Allay Seattle 's Radiation Fears Researchers at the University of Washington utilized the Cloudant NoSQL database as part of an experiment that determined radiation levels in Seattle as a result of the recent Fukushima nuclear disaster are `` well below alarming limits . '' The research team , which includes Cloudant Founder and Chief Scientist Mike Miller -LRB- his other title is research associate professor of physics -RRB- , studied particles captured from the five air filters at the university 's Physics and Astronomy building and used Cloudant 's CouchDB-based BigCouch database to store and process the data from its experiments . The research team 's shielded germanium detector and data acquisition hardware . The team 's results show radioactive particles first reached Seattle on March 17 , but they were less abundant in volume and type than was expected based on research carried out after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 . In fact , the project 's official website states , `` We stress that the overall amount of the radioactivity is extremely low , at least thousands of times below EPA limits . '' Miller attributes the difference in radiation levels resulting from Chernobyl to the fact that the reactor at Chernobyl `` was operating at full steam when it exploded , '' whereas his team 's research suggests the Fukushima plant 's automatic safety system must have kicked in when the earthquake hit , turning off the reactor in the process . Miller 's association with Cloudant certainly influenced his team 's decision to use the product , but BigCouch -- which is more big-data-focused than its web-application-focused NoSQL counterparts -- is particularly well-suited for this type of job . According to Miller , the team created `` a MacGuyver-like setup '' in order to start monitoring radiation levels in a hurry . After installing the special air filters and sampling `` gigantic quantities of air , '' the trapped particles were run through a germanium detector to determine the unique fingerprints of isotopes created by nuclear fission . Miller says the general belief is that radioactive isotopes travel through the air attached to dust particles or concrete particles from the explosion . Cloudant 's BigCouch database let the team keep up with a steady flow of data so it could process and analyze it , then share it with the various stakeholders in near-real-time . The team was changing the data about 20 times per day and writing complex workflows to process it , two tasks that fall into BigCouch 's wheelhouse . The database has a built-in MapReduce engine to enable writing and processing the workflows , and it allows for secondary indices , which users can populate with new data from their MapReduce jobs and query very quickly . Miller actually helped create Cloudant in 2008 while doing post-doctoral research at MIT that involved analyzing huge data sets from CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . Although humans might not be at risk from the Fukushima-based radiation , their scientific experiments might not be so lucky . In an article by the University of Washington 's Office of News and Information , Miller 's colleague R.G. Hamish Robertson explained that the radiation levels `` can raise havoc with sensitive physics experiments . That includes one called Majorana , in which the UW physicists are deeply involved , that is being planned for a lab nearly -LSB- one -RSB- mile down in the proposed Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory in the old Homestake Mine in Lead , S.D. '' Miller told me that project , which involves trying to determine what the universe is made of , has been suspended because the next step is to bring highly sensitive homegrown copper up from underground for machining , but that even the trace levels of radiation present in South Dakota could taint it and ruin the experiment . The currently-available paper sharing the team 's results and insights mentions some uncertainty based on questions about the particle sizes they were trying to capture , but Miller said his team has made progress on this front and that they 're `` very confident '' in the results . The team will release a final paper soon with more detail and a larger time frame of data points . Related content from GigaOM Pro -LRB- subscription req 'd -RRB- : Defining Hadoop : the Players , Technologies and Challenges of 2011 Putting Big Data to Work : Opportunities for Enterprises With Scalable Data Stores Around , Is NoSQL a Non-Starter ? Copyright 2011 GigaOm . All Rights Reserved . GigaOm is an independent blog network . Read More '' ''

B I O O O B O B B B O O B O B O O B O B O B O O B O O B O O B O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O B B O O O B O O B I O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B B O O B O O B I I O O B O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O B O O O O O B O B O O B O O B I O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O B I O B O O B I O O B O B I O O B O B O O B O O O B O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B B O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O B O O O B O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O B O B B O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O

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Do At-Home Genetic Tests Tell Too Much and Explain Too Little ? Quick ReadExperts say field is in its infancy and consumers should seek professional opinions on results At-home pregnancy tests can tell you unequivocally in minutes whether a baby is on the way and if it is time to call your doctor . But , at-home genetic tests - which may offer tantalizing clues about future health risks - are still in their infancy , and genetic counselors are concerned that the results may puzzle or even panic consumers who do n't seek professional guidance . The explosion ...

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Richard Feynman , the Thinker In the heyday of the physicist Richard P. Feynman , which ensued after his death in 1988 , a publishing entrepreneur might have been tempted to start a book club of works by and about him . Offered as main selections would be Feynman 's autobiographical rambles -LRB- as told to Ralph Leighton -RRB- , `` ` Surely You 're Joking , Mr. Feynman ! ' '' and `` ` What Do You Care What Other People Think ? ' '' For alternate selections , readers could choose from his more serious works , like `` QED : The Strange Theory of Light and Matter '' -- a spirited account of the counterintuitive behavior of the quantum world -- and the legendary `` Feynman Lectures on Physics . '' Whatever the man said had swagger . For those who would rather listen , there are recordings of the lectures and of Feynman playing his bongos . He was an irresistible subject for biographers and , as he called himself in two of his subtitles , a curious character indeed . The best biography , James Gleick 's `` Genius , '' captured the ebullience -- sometimes winning , sometimes exasperating -- and gave lucid explanations of some hard physics . Those seeking a more mathematical treatment could turn to Jagdish Mehra 's thick book `` The Beat of a Different Drum , '' while for a lighter touch there was Christopher Sykes 's `` No Ordinary Genius : The Illustrated Richard Feynman . '' It is hard to imagine that the world needs another Feynman biography , but here it is . In `` Quantum Man : Richard Feynman 's Life in Science , '' Lawrence M. Krauss , director of the Origins Project at Arizona State University , makes his own way through the subject and emerges with an enlightening addition to the field . Krauss -- like Feynman a physicist as well as an author -- has written seven books , including `` The Physics of Star Trek . '' Though he could n't resist recycling some well-worn Feynman anecdotes -LRB- and providing a couple of his own -RRB- , he concentrates on Feynman the thinker , and on the contributions that merited his fame . It is not something easily summarized . Einstein discovered relativity . Murray Gell-Mann discovered the quark . And Feynman ? Well , there was that thing he did on TV with the O-ring and the ice water , showing why the Challenger had disintegrated . But to physicists he is famous for something more obscure : cleaning up the mathematical mess known as quantum electrodynamics -- an ambitious attempt to explain light and matter using two great theories , quantum mechanics and special relativity . In 1965 , he shared a Nobel Prize with two colleagues -LRB- Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga -RRB- , who solved the problem in different ways . But Feynman 's `` sum over paths '' approach , expressed in the lines and squiggles of what became known as Feynman diagrams , opened up a more intuitive understanding of the subatomic realm . It was , as Krauss puts it , `` a beautiful pictorial way of thinking about quantum mechanics . '' Other good books give a feel for this and Feynman 's later accomplishments . But I understood it all better after watching over the shoulder of Krauss the physicist as he worked his way through the Feynman oeuvre -- not the stories of fast times in Rio , but the scientific papers . In popular lore , Feynman often comes off as the wild man of physics , throwing out one crazy idea after another in a frenzied search for truth . In `` Quantum Man '' -- part of the `` Great Discoveries '' series , for which I have also written a book -- we see more of his other side : a master mathematician who could concentrate on a problem for hours and then recast it in a surprising new manner . In following the chain of ideas that led to Feynman 's Nobel , Krauss begins with a familiar phenomenon -- the way a light ray takes a sudden bend when it enters a pool of water . The angle can be calculated using a staple of high school physics called Snell 's law , but in the 17th century Pierre de Fermat provided a deeper explanation : the light beam acts as though it were trying to minimize its total travel time . Light moves more slowly in water than in air , so it adjusts its course , ensuring that it spends no longer than necessary in the denser medium . The idea is not that the light beam is thinking ahead but that the universe is somehow structured so it appears that way . During the next century , mathematicians showed that Newton 's laws of motion could be rewritten in a similar vein : an orbiting planet or a hurtling cannonball moves as though it were trying to minimize a more abstract quantity called `` action . '' Krauss gives readers a feel for what that means and shows how Feynman retooled the idea to solve some nagging problems in subatomic physics . One of science 's great puzzles -LRB- still only partly solved -RRB- is how to reconcile the regularities of classical physics -- like the bending light beam -- with the probabilistic laws of quantum mechanics . Light , after all , consists of photons , which are capable of doing all kinds of strange things . In moving from A to B , a photon may take any number of different paths , even ones that seem absurd -- spiraling in curlicues , changing speeds in midair . With Feynman 's method , these acrobatics can be added together , the weirdest ones canceling one another out , to yield the motion we observe in the familiar world . This triumph came early in his career . His later thinking -LRB- about solid-state physics , for example , or quantum cosmology -RRB- was just as original . Maybe sometimes too original , Krauss suggests . Science usually proceeds by building on what came before . The maverick in Feynman kept him from accepting even the most established ideas until he had torn them apart and reassembled the pieces . That led to a deeper understanding , but his time might have been better spent at the cutting edge . `` He continued to push physics forward as few modern scientists have , '' Krauss writes , `` but he tended to lead from the rear or , at best , from a side flank . '' Like those quantum particles , he seemed eager to try every path -- even the crazy ones . That was true in his life as well as in his physics . George Johnson is the author of eight books , including '' `` Strange Beauty : Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics . '' ''

B I O O B O O O O O B I O B O O B O O B O O O O B I O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O

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Many women have kids with multiple fathers WASHINGTON , April 1 -LRB- UPI -RRB- - It is surprisingly common for U.S. women of all levels of income and education to have more than one father for their children , researchers found . Demographer Cassandra Dorius , a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research in Ann Arbor , analyzed data on nearly 4,000 U.S. women who were interviewed more than 20 times over a period of 27 years . The data included information about individual men in each household , describing what demographers call '' `` relationship churning . '' '' Dorius found multiple fathers is common - 28 percent of all U.S. women with two or more children have children by more than one man - and it is frequently tied to marriage and divorce rather than just single parenthood . '' `` We tend to think of women with multiple partner fertility as being only poor single women with little education and money , but in fact at some point , most were married and working , and going to school and doing all the things you 're supposed to do to live the American Dream , '' '' Dorius says in a statement . However , different fathers was more common among minority women - 59 percent of African-American mothers , 35 percent of Hispanic mothers and 22 percent of white mothers reported multiple partner fertility . The study was presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America in Washington .

O B O B O B I B O O O O O O O O O B B O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O B O O B I I O O B O O O B O O B O B I O O O O B O O O O B I O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O B O O O B I O O O O O B I O B O O O O O B I O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B B B O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B I O O O O B B O O O O O B O O O O O B I B B B O O O O B O O B I O O O B O B O B O

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Cat allergy sufferers given ray of hope with new vaccine Researchers are working on a vaccine that could prevent itching , sneezing and watery eyes caused by cat allergies that affect one in 10 people . Tests with a simple injection have so far been successful and it has been found not only to be safe and effective but it also lasts longer than current treatment . Further trials have yet to be carried out but if they are successful it is hoped the principle can be applied to treat hay fever sufferers and people with other allergies . The research was carried out by Circassia , a biotechnology company based in Oxford , and the McMaster University in Ontario , Canada . Steve Harris , chief executive of Circassia , said that the results are '' `` extremely good news '' '' . '' `` By achieving a significant reduction in symptoms after just four doses , whilst also proving extremely well tolerated , our novel T-cell vaccine has demonstrated the true potential of ToleroMunie to revolutionise allergy treatment . '' '' In the past , regular allergy shots have been considered to be the best way to treat allergies but that is difficult and expensive . Professor Mark Larché 's findings were published in the Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology . They used the blood of 100 volunteers to see how their T-cells - the sells that fight infection - react with protein found on cat 's fur . They then took amino acids to create synthetic versions of the proteins . They found seven peptides -LRB- strings of amino acids -RRB- . '' `` Those synthetic peptides were mixed together to make the vaccine , '' '' said Larché . '' `` We picked the peptides that would work in as much of the population as possible . '' '' The volunteers were then given a low dose of the vaccine four to eight times a year and it was discovered that the side effects associated with traditional shots did not occur . They were then subjected to cat allergens and recorded the change in their symptoms . It was found that patients experienced a 55 per cent greater improvement in their symptoms . The next phase of the trials will involve a much larger group of sufferers when it is hoped researchers will be able to find the optimal dose . Beyond treating cat allergies they hope to use the therapy for people who are allergic to house dust mite , ragweed , grass , birch tree and moulds .

B I I O B I I O O B B O B O O B O O O O O B O B I I I I I O B O O O B O B O O B O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O B O B I I I O O B I I O B O O O B I O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I I O O O B O O B O O O O B O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O B I I I O O O O O B I O B I I I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O

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Report urges study of gay , transgender health WASHINGTON - Scientists only recently learned how certain diseases affect women differently than men , and blacks differently than whites . Now a major new report says it 's time to study the unique health needs of gay and transgender people , too . Stigma often keeps lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender people from seeking health care - and when they do , there 's little research to guide doctors in their treatment , the Institute of Medicine reported Thursday . Changing that starts with a seemingly simple step : Researchers should start asking people about their sexual orientation and gender identity in all government-funded health studies , the panel said . The report is intended as technical advice to the National Institutes of Health . But to the gay-rights community , the recommendations from such a prestigious scientific group promise to legitimize a quest for greater health equality . '' `` This community is just ignored , '' '' said Brian Moulton of the Human Rights Campaign . '' `` This is going to spark a long-term commitment to dealing with these issues . '' '' The chairman of the report , however , anticipates some political criticism . '' `` This is a scientific report , not an advocacy report , '' '' said Dr. Robert Graham , professor of family medicine at the University of Cincinnati . '' `` Whatever your politics , as long as you accept the premise that every American ought to have the opportunity for the same health status and the same degree of health , then you really have to understand what the different influences are that may keep certain populations away from having that opportunity . '' '' The IOM panel could n't even find a good estimate of how many people identify themselves as lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender . It stressed that these are separate populations that require separate assessments of their needs at different ages . California is one of the few states where researchers collect data on LGBT issues . Last week , the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research reported that older gays , lesbians and bisexuals are more prone to high blood pressure and psychological distress than heterosexuals . Moreover , they are more likely to live alone , without children or partners to provide care and support . Nationally , what is known ? The AIDS virus remains a threat to young men , particularly black men , who have sex with men , the report noted . But the IOM panel also identified far broader issues : Increased risks of depression , suicide attempts , homelessness and being victims of violence . Possibly higher rates of smoking and substance use . Lesbians and bisexual women may get less preventive care and have higher rates of obesity and breast cancer . In addition , laws barring same-sex marriage often limit access to health insurance , and there are few health providers trained to treat transgender patients in particular in a culturally competent manner , the report said . AP

B O B O B O B I B O B O O O O O B I I O O B O O O B I I O O O B O B O O O B O B O B I O O B O B B O O O B O O B O B O B O B B O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B O O B I O O B O O O B O O O B O O O B O O O B I O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O O O B B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O B O B O B O O O O O O B O O B B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O B O O B O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O B O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O B O O O

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Disgraced Dave Attwood hopes England will still come calling after ban for stamping One boot in the face , a whole heap of consequences . Dave Attwood has spent the past four months pondering such matters . Given that he has got a degree in physics and philosophy from Bristol University he is well equipped to get his head around delicate issues . Attwood has had plenty on which to reflect , notably the fallout from a stamping incident in December against La Rochelle that led to a nine-week suspension . In its wake came demotion from the England senior squad , putting in jeopardy an international career that had barely begun . It had all looked so rosy : a summer tour to Australia last season , two caps from the bench in November and promise of things to come . And now ? The World Cup is a remote prospect , all the more so given that Attwood is struggling to even get a start with Gloucester . He has managed 86 minutes playing time since the New Year . On Saturday afternoon he again has to make do with a place on the bench against Newcastle . Attwood is a chastened man , acknowledging that a bad-boy reputation was starting to take shape . He was cited for stamping on tour to Australia only for the case to be dismissed on a technicality . `` It was reckless , petulant and daft , '' says Attwood , of the La Rochelle incident . `` It was a very unfortunate episode , one that has put a brake on everything . '' At the time , Attwood was not fully aware of what had happened , although the fact that `` a bunch of Frenchies spent the best part of an hour swinging punches told me that I 'd done something '' . He had . In the 15th minute of the Amlin Challenge Cup game against La Rochelle at Kingsholm , Attwood 's boot came down on the face of the opposition 's Romanian prop , Petrisor Toderasc . He had been tugged back by Toderasc and had struck out . Toderasc was taken to Gloucester Royal Infirmary that Sunday night but was released following treatment for broken teeth , cheekbone damage and cuts . Two days later reports from France suggested that Toderasc 's sight was in danger . `` That Tuesday night was a pretty dark time for me , '' Attwood says . `` It was quite horrifying to think that someone might lose their sight . I do n't play rugby to go out to hurt people . '' `` I 'm not a malicious bloke or a nasty player . I do n't want to be known as an enforcer . '' Toderasc had not been blinded but Attwood was cited and banned for nine weeks . In January he was left out of England 's Elite Player Squad . The punishment was salutary and far-reaching . `` It was completely my fault and I got what I deserved , '' Attwood says candidly . `` I 've borne the brunt of it . Nine weeks has turned into 16 weeks . Yes , I have learnt a lesson from it . I 've tarnished my reputation and I 've got to work hard to recover that . '' Attwood has come to realise that top-end rugby simply does not tolerate foul play . `` I was brought up playing rugby in Bristol , where you took your medicine , '' Attwood says . `` I always knew that you were n't allowed to do things but there would always be a ` but ' in my mind . There is n't any more . '' `` You simply ca n't take the law into your own hands . It 's been difficult to get to grips with that , to get that blueprint in your mind . I 'm more reflective now , more aware . You do have to turn the other cheek . `` I 've got to ensure that it does n't happen again . Of course in my position you 've got to be aggressive and not take a backward step . But the game at this level is about power , performance and physicality . That 's how you really leave your mark . That 's what being a hard man means . '' Attwood is an engaging character , articulate , honest , forthright and self-aware . He realises that his England prospects are bleak . `` It would be foolish not to admit that I 've significantly damaged my chances , '' he says . `` It will be nigh on impossible now to squeeze back in . I 'm resigned to that fact . England is not a realistic ambition at the moment . Doing all that I can for Gloucester is . '' And that will not be for much longer . Attwood , 24 on Tuesday , has signed for West Country rivals Bath for next season . He does not believe that his lack of starting opportunities for Gloucester is anything to do with the fact that he is moving on . `` I have n't been frozen out at all , more that Gloucester have had a great run of form , '' said Attwood , noting ruefully that his only start was in the 53-15 defeat by Harlequins last weekend . `` That was a humping . Time is running out here and I owe Gloucester a massive amount . Moving to Bath was a very difficult decision . But -LSB- Gloucester owner -RSB- Tom Walkinshaw 's passing in December put contract talks on hold . '' `` Bath came in with an incredibly attractive offer . I can understand talk about loyalty and all that but it was about providing for my future . '' England are still keeping a close eye on Attwood . He might yet get his chance in the Churchill Cup in June . They welcome the fact that he has got a bit of edge to him . `` There have been no conversations with England about changing my ways , '' Attwood says . `` I guess they feel I 'm bright enough to take it all on board . '' It has been a formative year in the life of Attwood , rising from relative obscurity to win England honours . In hindsight , that was the easy bit . As Attwood comes to terms with taxing realities , you fancy the philosophy element of his degree will prove useful . `` I 've got to show that I 've got the character to cope with all this , '' Attwood says . `` And that 's exactly what I intend to do . ''

O O B B I O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O B B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B O O O B O O B B O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O B O O O O B O O O O B O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O

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Vegetarians may be at lower diabetes , heart risk By Kerry Grens NEW YORK -LRB- Reuters Health -RRB- - A new study finds that a meat-free diet seems to lower a person 's likelihood of having certain risk factors for diabetes or heart disease - and therefore may lower the risk of one day developing those illnesses . Researchers measured a suite of factors - blood sugar , blood fats , blood pressure , waist size , and body mass - that when elevated add up to '' `` metabolic syndrome , '' '' and found that vegetarians were lower than non-vegetarians on all counts except cholesterol . Having metabolic syndrome puts people at a greater risk of developing diabetes or heart disease in the future . In the study , 23 out of every 100 vegetarians were found to have at least three metabolic syndrome factors , compared with thirty-nine out of every 100 non-vegetarians and 37 out of every 100 semi-vegetarians . '' `` I was expecting there should be a difference , '' '' said Nico Rizzo of Loma Linda University , the lead researcher on the study . '' `` But I did n't expect that it would be that much . '' '' Rizzo and his colleagues analyzed the diet , health and lifestyles of more than 700 adults . Using questionnaires on eating habits , the researchers categorized participants as vegetarians -LRB- eating meat of any kind less than once a month -RRB- , semi-vegetarians -LRB- eating meat or poultry less than once a week -RRB- , and non-vegetarians . The researchers also measured sugar , fat and cholesterol in the subjects ' blood as well as blood pressure , waist size , and body mass index -LRB- BMI - a measurement of a person 's weight relative to height -RRB- . Vegetarians ' average BMI of 25.7 was four points lower than that of non-vegetarians , who , on average , had BMIs close to 30 . A BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight , and greater than 30 is considered obese . Semi-vegetarians fell in the middle , with a BMI and waist size smaller than non-vegetarians , but larger than vegetarians . The pattern held when the measurements were combined to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome . Rizzo told Reuters Health he is not sure what 's behind the differences . '' `` Is it primarily the meat intake , the plant food intake or a combination of both ? '' '' Rizzo said . It 's also possible that diet is not the cause ; the research showed only an association between food choices and health factors , not cause-and-effect . High BMI , for instance , one of the traits that make up the metabolic syndrome profile , itself contributes to high blood pressure , and indirectly , blood sugar , and thereby potentially raising a person 's risk of heart disease and diabetes . The current study , published in the journal Diabetes Care , also did not follow the subjects over the long term to see whether those who abstained from meat actually had lower rates of diabetes or heart disease . The data for this research , which was funded by the National Institutes of Health , came from the Adventist Health Study 2 , a long term study of Seventh Day Adventists . This religious group has considerably more vegetarians than the general population . In this study , 35 percent of the subjects did not eat meat , whereas only about five percent of all Americans are vegetarian . One of the differences Rizzo discovered between the groups was age . Vegetarians , on average , were 3 years older than the meat-eaters . '' `` Even though they 're older , they 're in better shape , '' '' Rizzo said . '' `` That 's something I found quite interesting . '' '' SOURCE : bit.ly / goHGBG Diabetes Care , online March 16 , 2011 .

B O O O O B O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B O B I O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O B B O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O

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An American study of the prevalence of multiple partner fertility has found that 28 % of all US women with two or more children have children by more than one man . '' `` I was surprised at the prevalence , '' '' said demographer Cassandra Dorius , a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research . '' `` Multiple partner fertility is an important part of contemporary American family life , and a key component to the net of disadvantage that many poor and uneducated women face every day , '' '' he said .

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NASA space inventions benefit all our lives on Earth No , no Tang , but they did develop thousands of other life-changing products Contrary to popular belief , NASA did n't invent Tang . But the space agency 's contributions to people 's everyday lives here on Earth still run wide and deep . NASA 's primary charter is to explore and better understand the cosmos . But much of the technology NASA developed in reaching for the stars has filtered down to the masses , leading to innovations such as more nutritious infant formula and sunglasses that block harmful ultraviolet light . '' `` We get better airplanes , or we get better weather forecasting from space stuff , sure , '' '' said Daniel Lockney , program executive in technology transfer and spinoff partnerships at NASA headquarters in Washington , D.C. '' `` But we also get better-fed children . That kind of stuff , people do n't necessarily associate . '' '' Some of the highlights Some of the technologies most closely associated with NASA were utilized - and in some cases popularized - by the space agency rather than invented by its scientists . There 's the orange-flavored drink Tang , for instance , which was developed by General Foods in 1957 . Or Velcro , a Swiss invention from the 1940s . Or Teflon , a synthetic polymer that has found widespread use as an industrial lubricant and a nonstick coating for pots and pans . '' `` Teflon we get all the time , '' '' Lockney told Space.com . '' `` But that was DuPont . '' '' But the list of NASA inventions that have benefited the public is long and storied . There 's '' '' memory foam , '' '' for example , which today pads the helmets of football players and is used to manufacture prosthetic limbs . NASA scientists invented the substance in 1966 to make airplane seats safer and more comfortable . NASA research investigating the nutritional value of algae led to the discovery of a nutrient that had previously been found only in human breast milk . The compound , which is thought to be important to eye and brain development , has since found its way into 95 percent of the infant formula sold in the United States , Lockney said . There are many more . NASA research led to the development of sunglasses that block damaging blue and ultraviolet light , for example . One-third of all cell phone cameras use technology originally developed for NASA spacecraft . And in the 1960s , NASA scientists who wanted to enhance pictures of the moon invented digital image processing . The technology later found many other applications - particularly in the medical field , where it helped enable body-imaging techniques such as CAT scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging -LRB- MRI -RRB- . A secondary benefit Since 1976 , NASA has been publishing a magazine called '' `` Spinoff '' '' that describes some of the technologies that have found their way into ordinary folks ' lives . '' `` Spinoff '' '' has detailed 1,723 such inventions to date , Lockney said - and that list is far from exhaustive . '' `` We 've got a very limited page count , '' '' Lockney said . '' `` So there 's stuff that does n't get put in the book . '' ''

B O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I O B O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O B B O O O B I O O B I I I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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Hyundai Shows Off Blue 2 Fuel Cell Concept , Delays Two Hybrid Models Blue 2 offers a vision of the future , while the Sonata Hybrid and Kia Optima Hybrid should hit dealer showrooms within the coming months Hyundai has unveiled a new concept car at the 2011 Soul Motor Show that is called Blue 2 . The car is a mid-size sedan that offers some hints at the future blueprint for mid-size sedans from Hyundai . The car is a FCEV or a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle that is powered by hydrogen and is an attempt by Hyundai to capture some leadership for the emerging fuel cell vehicle market . There are some huge hurdles for FCEVs though , namely an infrastructure around the world for producing and distributing hydrogen . Hyundai notes that the Blue 2 concept has a stack power of 90kW and a fuel economy of 34.9 km/L . The car has special low-resistance tires and light alloy wheels to reduce weight and help extend the driving range of the car . The concept has LED screen panels on the exterior of the car that allow the driver to see the vehicles status located on the front and rear . The car also has a welcome system that recognizes the driver and automatically opens the door . The concept has no side mirrors , using cameras on the sides mounted on the roof allowing the driver to see behind the car . The dash of the car uses OLED panels rather than normal gauges . While Hyundai is showing off its new concept car , a few details on the production hybrids from Hyundai and Kia have surfaced at Wards Auto . In other Hyundai news , Wards Auto reports that the Hyundai Sonata hybrids have been promised for delivery to the U.S. in later-April . The car has been officially on sale since December of 2010 , but few dealers have actually been able to get the cars in stock . Hyundai reports that the delay in delivery was to give the automaker time to remove a switch that was integrated into the vehicles that allowed the driver to disable a warning system that makes noise to alert blind pedestrians . Wards notes that the car has been criticized by reviewers for having real world fuel economy that is much lower than the published EPA ratings . Hyundai spokesman Jim Trainor says , '' `` The slow rollout has nothing to do with some of the early results that folks got . '' '' `` Even with the early prototypes that were making the rounds last fall -LRB- in California -RRB- , many media got well over 40 mpg on the drive , '' Trainor says , adding `` production units will be better . '' While the Sonata Hybrid is being promised by the end of the month , its kissing cousin - the Kia Optima Hybrid - has been set to go on sale in the U.S. in Q2 rather than the January 2011 launch that Kia originally planned .

B I O B O B O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B I O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O

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Air Pollution Affects Troops in Iraq : As Deadly as Terrorists ? The air pollution in Iraq is nearly as deadly to troops as the enemy is or so a new study finds out . Researchers from the University of Alaska presented the surprising information to the American Chemical Society this week during a meeting held in Anaheim , CA . There never seems to be good news of any kind associated with what seems like an endless war . Air pollution is just the latest negative thing to come to light . Apparently , the air pollution in Iraq is comprised of particulate matter a.k.a. fine particles which are being breathed in by U.S. troops . The particulate matter then lodges '' `` deep inside people 's lungs '' '' which could even cause death to some . Researchers state that troops are breathing in air pollution that is '' `` 10 times higher that the desirable levels in the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards . '' '' Sadly , it seems this is just another thing for our men and women in uniform to have to worry about . One can try to dodge bullets and bombs but how does one escape from the very air they breathe ? © Evalynn J. Saeyang - Gather Inc. 2011

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