input stringlengths 23 1.2k | output unknown | schema unknown |
|---|---|---|
Data were drawn from the Whitehall II study with baseline examination in 1991; follow-up screenings in 1997, 2003, and 2008; and additional disease ascertainment from hospital data and registry linkage on 5318 participants (mean age 54.8 years, 31% women) without depressive symptoms at baseline. Vascular risk was asses... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1991",
"start": 73,
"end": 77
},
{
"text": "1997, 2003, and 2008",
"start": 103,
"end": 123
},
{
"text": "5318 participants",
"start": 205,
"end": 222
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The Whitehall II study is a prospective cohort study of British civil servants established in 1985 to study associations between risk factors, pathophysiological changes, and clinical disease (22). The target population was all London-based office staff, aged 35 to 55, working in 20 civil service departments on recruit... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1985",
"start": 94,
"end": 98
},
{
"text": "35 to 55",
"start": 260,
"end": 268
},
{
"text": "20",
"start": 281,
"end": 283
},
{
"text": "1985 to 1988"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We used standard operating protocols to measure risk factors for the Framingham general CVD risk score (sex, age, diabetes, smoking, treated and untreated systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol), CHD risk score (sex, age, diabetes, smoking, systolic and diastolic blood pr... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "at least 5 hours",
"start": 673,
"end": 689
},
{
"text": "−4°C",
"start": 770,
"end": 774
},
{
"text": "within 72 hours",
"start": 787,
"end": 802
}
],
"meas... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
new venous blood samples were taken at 2 hours postadministration of a 75 g glucose solution. Blood glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method on a YSI MODEL 2300 STAT PLUS Analyzer (YSI Corporation, Yellow Springs, Ohio; mean coefficient of variation: 1.4%–3.1%). Diabetes was defined by fasting glucose ≥7.0... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "2 hours",
"start": 39,
"end": 46
},
{
"text": "75 g",
"start": 71,
"end": 75
},
{
"text": "1.4%–3.1%",
"start": 264,
"end": 273
},
{
"text": "≥7.0 mmol... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
medication was requested at phases 3, 5, and 7. | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The validity of the Framingham risk scores as measures of vascular risk was supported in our study, as they strongly predicted incidence of subsequent (manifest) vascular disease. Age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio for 10% increment in risk was 2.84 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66–4.88) for the stroke risk score-incid... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "10%",
"start": 217,
"end": 220
},
{
"text": "2.84",
"start": 243,
"end": 247
},
{
"text": "95%",
"start": 249,
"end": 252
},
{
"text": "1.66–4.88",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We used three indicators (or proxy measures) to identify persons with depressive symptoms. First, participants responded to the self-administered 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at phases 3, 5, 7, and 9, a screening instrument designed for and widely used in population-based surveys and trials (26). Each que... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "three",
"start": 8,
"end": 13
},
{
"text": "30-item",
"start": 146,
"end": 153
},
{
"text": "1 or 0",
"start": 413,
"end": 419
},
{
"text": "5 or more"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
against diagnosed depressive episodes based on a structured psychiatric interview were 80% and 81%, respectively. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "80%",
"start": 87,
"end": 90
},
{
"text": "81%",
"start": 95,
"end": 98
}
]
},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Second, at phases 7 and 9, depressive symptoms were also assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (note that CES-D was not included in earlier screening phases of our study) (29). The 20 items of the CES-D measure symptoms associated with depression; participants are asked to score t... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "20 items",
"start": 220,
"end": 228
},
{
"text": "four point",
"start": 398,
"end": 408
},
{
"text": "less than one day",
"start": 420,
"end": 437
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Third, at phases 3, 5, 7, and 9, participants were asked whether they had taken any medication in the past 14 days and, if so, to provide the name of the medication. Medications were coded using British National Formulary codes to define antidepressant medication use (codes: 040301–040304) (31). | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "past 14 days",
"start": 102,
"end": 114
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "taken any medication",
"start": 74,
"end": 94
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "participa... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We constructed Framingham CVD, CHD, and stroke risk scores for each participant and used logistic regression to examine the association of each risk score at baseline with depressive symptoms at follow-up. Crude, age- and sex-adjusted, and multivariably adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals per 10% absolute... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "95%",
"start": 279,
"end": 282
},
{
"text": "10%",
"start": 308,
"end": 311
},
{
"text": "90%",
"start": 438,
"end": 441
},
{
"text": ".05",
"s... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Differences between the analytic sample and the excluded participants were generally small (Table S1 in Supplement 1). Compared with those included, participants excluded from the analyses were more likely to be women, nonwhite, and current smokers, although other characteristics were similar in the two groups. Across ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "5-year",
"start": 324,
"end": 330
},
{
"text": "12.1%",
"start": 344,
"end": 349
},
{
"text": "4.6%",
"start": 412,
"end": 416
},
{
"text": "2.1%",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
After adjustment for multiple covariates (age, sex, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, retirement, cognitive impairment, body mass index, alcohol consumption, menopausal status [women], and nonvascular chronic condition), the association between vascular disease and subsequent CES-D depressive symptoms re... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "95%",
"start": 590,
"end": 593
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "CI",
"start": 594,
"end": 596
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head": {
"text":... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
This longitudinal study of British adults shows that manifest cardiovascular disease (CHD and stroke) is associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms. There was also some evidence to suggest an association between higher Framingham stroke risk score and increased onset of depressive symptoms before the age of ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "65 years",
"start": 320,
"end": 328
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "before the age",
"start": 302,
"end": 316
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "increased onset o... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
A few previous studies have examined the longitudinal association between overall vascular risk and later-life depression using other indicators of vascular risk status. In the Health, Aging and Body Composition study of adults aged 70 or higher, a score combining selected vascular risk factors (body mass index, metabo... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "70 or highe",
"start": 233,
"end": 244
},
{
"text": "2-year",
"start": 403,
"end": 409
},
{
"text": "for 6 years",
"start": 649,
"end": 660
},
{
"text"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
There are caveats to the results reported here. We measured depressive symptoms using validated instruments, such as the General Health Questionnaire and CES-D, and information on prescribed antidepressant medication use (26,29,49). These instruments are not designed to make a psychiatric diagnosis of first or recurren... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "274 elderly participants",
"start": 783,
"end": 807
},
{
"text": "almost 90%",
"start": 978,
"end": 988
},
{
"text": "approximately 80%",
"start": 1023,
"end": 1040
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Despite a high response to the survey (range 66% to 88%) at the successive data collection phases, loss to follow-up accumulated over the extended follow-up, as is inevitable in long-term prospective studies. However, differences between the included and excluded participants were generally small. Our study is based on... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "range 66% to 88%",
"start": 39,
"end": 55
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "response",
"start": 15,
"end": 23
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "survey",
"s... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
These results suggest that public health measures to improve vascular status will influence the incidence of later-life depression, primarily via reduced rates of manifest vascular disease. Our findings on diagnosed vascular disease support current clinical guidelines to screen patients with coronary heart disease or s... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "65",
"start": 449,
"end": 451
},
{
"text": "65 years",
"start": 635,
"end": 643
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "age",
"start": 442,
"end": 445
}
]... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Association Between Framingham Risk Scores (per 10% Increase) and Subsequent Onset of Depressive Symptoms Before and After Age 65 | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "10%",
"start": 48,
"end": 51
},
{
"text": "65",
"start": 127,
"end": 129
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "Increase",
"start": 52,
"end": 60
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Environmental changes associated with the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM, ∼56 Ma) have not yet been documented in detail from the North Sea Basin. Located within proximity to the North Atlantic igneous province (NAIP), the Kilda Basin, and the northern rain belt (paleolatitude 54 °N) during the PETM, this is a ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "∼56 Ma",
"start": 82,
"end": 88
},
{
"text": "54 °N",
"start": 286,
"end": 291
},
{
"text": "before (103 yrs)",
"start": 937,
"end": 953
}
],
"measured entit... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
at the onset and within the earliest CIE which, coupled with evidence for sea level rise, may be interpreted as resulting from an increase in precipitation over NW Europe consistent with an enhanced hydrologic cycle in response to global warming during the PETM. Palynological evidence indicates a flora dominated by pol... | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The PETM was a period of geologically-rapid global warming that punctuated a warming Eocene climate 55.8 Ma ago (Charles et al., 2011), and saw sea surface temperatures rise by 5–8 °C from background levels (Zachos et al., 2005; Sluijs et al., 2007). It was associated with a substantial injection of δ13C-depleted carbo... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "55.8 Ma",
"start": 100,
"end": 107
},
{
"text": "5–8 °C",
"start": 177,
"end": 183
},
{
"text": "over <20 ka",
"start": 382,
"end": 393
},
{
"text": "b... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
During the late Paleocene–early Eocene the North Sea was a restricted marine basin, characterised by siliciclastic sedimentation and high terrigenous input, principally from the Scotland–Faeroe–Shetland landmass (Knox 1998, Fig. S1). Core 22/10a-4 is located in the central part of the basin (Figs. 1 and S1) and is ther... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "between 200 and >1000 m",
"start": 662,
"end": 685
},
{
"text": ">0.5 km",
"start": 1069,
"end": 1076
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "depth",
"start": 692,
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
As 22/10a-4 is in the deep (>0.5 km) central part of the basin, it acted as a depocentre and exhibits a Paleocene-Eocene transition sequence that is not only expanded but is also close to being stratigraphically complete. The only evidence for breaks in the succession is minor erosion at the base of thin turbidite sand... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": ">0.5 km)",
"start": 28,
"end": 36
},
{
"text": "<10 cm",
"start": 338,
"end": 344
},
{
"text": "in the order of 100 m",
"start": 515,
"end": 536
}
],
"measur... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
et al., 2011), due to the thermal expansion of sea water and possible melting of ice caps, although the North Sea basin remained restricted as evidenced by the persistence of low oxygen facies in 22/10a-4. The North Sea had a widespread freshwater catchment area, and a halocline was in place from the late Paleocene to ... | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Borehole 22/10a-4 (57°44’8.47”N; 1°50’26.59”E) provides a continuous core through the Forties Sandstone Member and into the Lista Formation (Fig. 2). The core consists of variably fissile claystone with interbedded fine to coarse grained sandstone layers interpreted as turbidites, with occasional mm-thick ash layers (F... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "57°44’8.47”N; 1°50’26.59”E",
"start": 19,
"end": 45
},
{
"text": "from 2605 m to 2634 m",
"start": 502,
"end": 523
},
{
"text": "2609–2613 m",
"start": 698,
"end": 709
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
A total of 71 palynology samples were prepared at the British Geological Survey using standard preparation procedures (Moore et al., 1991). Samples were demineralised with hydrochloric (HCl) and hydrofluoric (HF) acids, and residual mineral grains removed using heavy liquid (zinc bromide) separation. Elvacite was used ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "71",
"start": 11,
"end": 13
},
{
"text": "1/100th",
"start": 512,
"end": 519
},
{
"text": "5 g",
"start": 594,
"end": 597
},
{
"text": "0.05 g",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
amorphous organic matter (AOM), were also analysed for δ13C. Foraminifera samples between 20 and 60 g of dried sediment were processed by washing through a 63 μm sieve with water. All specimens were counted and converted to foraminifera/g (Table S2). All species exhibited agglutinated (non calcareous) test walls. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "between 20 and 60 g",
"start": 82,
"end": 101
},
{
"text": "63 μm",
"start": 156,
"end": 161
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "dried sediment",
"start": 105,
"e... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
All analyses were carried out at the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory. C and N analyses (from which we present weight % C/N) were performed on 225 samples by combustion in a Costech ECS4010 Elemental Analyser (EA) calibrated against an acetanilide standard (Table S3). C/N atomic ratios were calculated by multiplying... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "225",
"start": 146,
"end": 149
},
{
"text": "1.167",
"start": 324,
"end": 329
},
{
"text": "±<0.1",
"start": 397,
"end": 402
},
{
"text": "289",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
was also carried out on palynology residues of the >250 μm size fractions dominated by AOM. 13C/12C analyses were performed on 35 samples by combustion in a Costech Elemental Analyser (EA) online to a VG TripleTrap and Optima dual-inlet mass spectrometer, with δ13C values calculated to the VPDB scale using a within-run... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": ">250 μm",
"start": 51,
"end": 58
},
{
"text": "35",
"start": 127,
"end": 129
},
{
"text": "0.4‰",
"start": 510,
"end": 514
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
A negative carbon isotope excursion of 5‰ has been identified from δ13CTOC and δ13CAOM in an expanded Paleocene–Eocene boundary section from the central North Sea Basin. Palynological (dinoflagellate cyst, pollen, and spore assemblages) and sedimentologic (C/N ratios and kaolinite distribution) evidence indicate major ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "5‰",
"start": 39,
"end": 41
},
{
"text": "from 4 m",
"start": 478,
"end": 486
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "negative carbon isotope excursion",
"start": 2,
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
this location (paleolatitude 54 oN) increased precipitation would support the hypothesis that a poleward migration of storm tracks from an enhanced hydrologic cycle resulted from global warming during the PETM (Pagani et al., 2006b). | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "54 oN",
"start": 29,
"end": 34
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "paleolatitude",
"start": 15,
"end": 28
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "location",
"start... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Carbon isotopic results of total organic matter (δ13CTOC) and amorphous organic matter (δ13CAOM) against core 22/10a-4 lithology and Apectodinium spp. (%). Blue=bulk rock δ13CTOC; black=δ13CAOM; solid red symbols=bulk rock δ13CTOC from samples with <30% wood/plant tissue (determined from palynological residue of the sa... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "<30%",
"start": 249,
"end": 253
},
{
"text": ">30%",
"start": 380,
"end": 384
},
{
"text": "2614.7 and 2619.6 m",
"start": 658,
"end": 677
}
],
"measured pro... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The abrupt onset of Antarctic glaciation during the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (∼33.7 Ma, Oi1) is linked to declining atmospheric pCO2 levels, yet the mechanisms that forced pCO2 decline remain elusive. Biogenic silicon cycling is inextricably linked to both long and short term carbon cycling through the diatoms, sili... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "∼33.7 Ma",
"start": 81,
"end": 89
},
{
"text": "up to 40%",
"start": 368,
"end": 377
},
{
"text": "0.6‰",
"start": 895,
"end": 899
},
{
"text": "1.5‰",... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
acid concentration in the high southern latitudes. Intermediate depth silicic acid concentration peaked at ∼31.5 Ma, coincident with the final establishment of a deepwater pathway through the Tasman Gateway and Drake Passage. These results suggest that upwelling intensification related to the spin-up of a circum-Antarc... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "∼31.5 Ma",
"start": 107,
"end": 115
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "Intermediate depth silicic acid concentration",
"start": 51,
"end": 96
}
],
"measured property": [
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
In the Furlo section the CTBI lies within the Scaglia Bianca Formation, which includes abundant biosiliceous limestone. The Livello Bonarelli is a 1 m thick condensed interval of millimetre-laminated black shale and brown radiolarian sand that represents the sedimentary expression of part of OAE 2 (Arthur and Premoli S... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1 m",
"start": 147,
"end": 150
},
{
"text": "Up to 20 m",
"start": 333,
"end": 343
},
{
"text": "∼−25.9 to −26.5‰.",
"start": 537,
"end": 554
},
{
"tex... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Sensitivity analysis carried out on MTDATA software, for 9 and 21 trace elements. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "9 and 21",
"start": 57,
"end": 65
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "trace elements",
"start": 66,
"end": 80
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head": {
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The fate of trace elements was investigated in a 90 kW oxy-combustion pilot plant fed with coal and limestone [7]. It was shown that 82% of elemental Hg was emitted in the exhaust gas, as was 81% of Cl. It was further suggested that the relatively low temperatures, and high Ca content in the system from limestone use p... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "90 kW",
"start": 49,
"end": 54
},
{
"text": "82%",
"start": 133,
"end": 136
},
{
"text": "81%",
"start": 192,
"end": 195
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Those elements at the higher concentrations in the flue gas include Na, Si, K, Zn, and Br. For Na in particular which was present in reduced amounts in the solid, this suggests that some of it may be partitioning to the flue gas for bed inventories 6 and 13 kg. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "6 and 13 kg",
"start": 249,
"end": 260
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "bed inventories",
"start": 233,
"end": 248
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
For Na, Al, K and Fe, the lowest bed inventory of 4.5 kg resulted in a concentration in the flue gas which was less than that of the blank sample, values which then increased for the higher bed inventories. This suggests that a certain amount of these elements is being absorbed, perhaps by the sorbent in the case of Fe... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "4.5 kg",
"start": 50,
"end": 56
},
{
"text": "4.5 kg and 13 kg",
"start": 439,
"end": 455
},
{
"text": "6 kg",
"start": 484,
"end": 488
},
{
"text": "<... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Effect of bed inventory on increase of solid major elemental concentrations for bed inventories of 4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg CaCO3. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg",
"start": 99,
"end": 121
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "bed inventories",
"start": 80,
"end": 95
}
],
"qualifier": [
{
"text": "CaCO3",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
SEM–EDS analysis of sorbent for reactions undertaken with different SO2 concentrations, showing error bars of +1%. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "+1%",
"start": 110,
"end": 113
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "error bars",
"start": 96,
"end": 106
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head": {
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Enceladus, one out of currently 62 satellites of Saturn, orbits the planet at a distance of 3.95 Saturn radii RS (1RS = 60,268 km) and is embedded in the radiation belts of Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. Even with a small radius REnc of only 252 km and an apparent similarity to other icy moons, this moon is by far the m... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "62 satellites",
"start": 32,
"end": 45
},
{
"text": "3.95 Saturn radii RS",
"start": 92,
"end": 112
},
{
"text": "60,268 km",
"start": 120,
"end": 129
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
2006) from those geysers is the main source of the E-ring and the neutral torus and is the major plasma source of water group ions in the magnetosphere. A summary of Enceladus findings from Cassini measurements is very well presented by Spencer et al. (2009). | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Illustrated electron drift paths for different energies near Enceladus in a perturbed electric field configuration. Only the equatorial plane is shown where x points in the flow direction and y points toward the planet. The energy is mentioned on the top of each figure, The parameter a = 0.1 is the assumed surface velo... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "0.1",
"start": 289,
"end": 292
},
{
"text": "10%",
"start": 328,
"end": 331
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "parameter a",
"start": 275,
"end": 286
},
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
H-band slit-viewing VLT images taken on 6 November 2011 UT, just two days before the close approach of BS1 and BS2. (The relatively poor quality of the images arises from optimization of image quality for the science detector, which records spectra, instead of the slit viewing detector. When these images were taken, bo... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "6 November 2011 UT",
"start": 40,
"end": 58
},
{
"text": "two days",
"start": 65,
"end": 73
},
{
"text": "30 min",
"start": 596,
"end": 602
}
],
"measured pr... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The observed peak in the fractional integrated differential brightness of BS1 in the H filter was observed to be 0.64% in the discovery image on 26 October 2011, and declined to 0.02% by December 16. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "0.64%",
"start": 113,
"end": 118
},
{
"text": "26 October 2011",
"start": 145,
"end": 160
},
{
"text": "0.02%",
"start": 178,
"end": 183
},
{
"text": "... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Notice also that background ∣B∣ is similar to what is measured at all flybys except R1. During the latter, ∣B∣ was on average 3–4 nT stronger compared to all other flybys. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "average 3–4 nT",
"start": 118,
"end": 132
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "stronger",
"start": 133,
"end": 141
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "∣B∣",
"st... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Observed deviations from the typical, plasma-absorbing interaction region profile may explain some differences. These deviations do not necessarily mean the main interaction mode at Rhea is not plasma absorption. For instance, Simon et al. (2012) demonstrates that the combination of low magnetosonic Mach number and the... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "One",
"start": 495,
"end": 498
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "features",
"start": 508,
"end": 516
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head": {
"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
plasma ions, appear to also have an impact on the wake dynamics (Halekas et al., 2011). For instance, the self-pick up process has been shown to lead to enhanced ULF wave activity in the lunar, at least 10% of the time (Nakagawa et al., 2012). Whether a similar process is important the inferred instability at Rhea is q... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "at least 10%",
"start": 194,
"end": 206
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "enhanced ULF wave activity in the lunar",
"start": 153,
"end": 192
}
],
"measured property": [
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
A new addition to the thermospheric energy equation is the inclusion of H3+ cooling, a process known to be important on Jupiter (Miller et al., 2006, 2010). At thermospheric temperatures typically found on Saturn (320–500 K, Nagy et al., 2009), we do not expect H3+ cooling to play an important role, but we included the... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "320–500 K",
"start": 214,
"end": 223
},
{
"text": "above ∼500 K",
"start": 430,
"end": 442
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "thermospheric temperatures",
"start": 160... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Density profiles O and H based on the C2 model (Paper I) and the density profile of H based on the empirical model of K10 with a mean temperature of 7200 K. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "7200 K",
"start": 149,
"end": 155
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "mean temperature",
"start": 129,
"end": 145
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "empirical model o... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Moutou et al. (2001) looked for absorption by species such as Na,H,He,CH+,CO+,N2+, and H2O+ in the upper atmosphere of HD209458b. These observations were followed by Moutou et al. (2003) who attempted to measure the transit depth in the He 1083 nm line that was predicted to be significant by Seager and Sasselov (2000).... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1083 nm",
"start": 240,
"end": 247
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "line",
"start": 248,
"end": 252
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "He",
"start": 237,
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The cutoff level of the empirical model is somewhat arbitrary. For neutral species it is partly based on ionization (K10), but this criterion obviously does not apply to ions. With a cutoff level at 5Rp for the ions only, the M7 model yields line-integrated transit depths of 3.9%, 8%, and 5.8% in the C II 1334.5 Å, C I... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "5Rp",
"start": 199,
"end": 202
},
{
"text": "3.9%",
"start": 276,
"end": 280
},
{
"text": "8%",
"start": 282,
"end": 284
},
{
"text": "5.8%",
"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
In Paper I we noted that the stellar XUV flux, or the corresponding alternative heat source, would have to be 5–10 stronger than the average solar flux to produce a mean temperature between 8000 and 9000 K. Under such circumstances, the predicted transit depths in the C II and Si III lines would obviously be even highe... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "5–10",
"start": 110,
"end": 114
},
{
"text": "between 8000 and 9000 K",
"start": 182,
"end": 205
},
{
"text": "109–1010 kg s−1",
"start": 812,
"end": 827
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
This is the density of the material in the particles, not the density of the particles in the atmosphere. | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The detections of atomic hydrogen, heavy atoms and ions surrounding the extrasolar giant planet (EGP) HD209458b constrain the composition, temperature and density profiles in its upper atmosphere. Thus the observations provide guidance for models that have so far predicted a range of possible conditions. We present the... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1 μbar",
"start": 917,
"end": 923
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "dissociate",
"start": 897,
"end": 907
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "molecules",
"st... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
that the abundance of the heavy atoms and ions in the thermosphere simply depends on the elemental abundances and ionization rates. We show that, as expected, H and O remain mostly neutral up to at least 3Rp, whereas both C and Si are mostly ionized at significantly lower altitudes. We also explore the temperature and ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "up to at least 3Rp",
"start": 189,
"end": 207
},
{
"text": "8000 K",
"start": 491,
"end": 497
},
{
"text": "3Rp",
"start": 549,
"end": 552
},
{
"text":... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The differences between previous models arise from different assumptions regarding heating rates and boundary conditions. In addition to modeling the density profiles of the detected heavy species, we have improved these aspects of the calculations in our work. For instance, the lower boundary conditions are constraine... | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
description of the density profiles, and constrain the mean temperature and velocity profile in the thermosphere. A second paper by Koskinen et al. (2012) (Paper II) compares our results directly with the observations. | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The effect of changing the heating efficiency on the velocity profile is quite dramatic. As ηnet ranges from 0.1 to 1 (with the average solar flux), the velocity at the upper boundary increases from 2.6 km s−1 to 25 km s−1. However, the velocity does not increase linearly with stellar flux or without a bound – in the 1... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "from 0.1 to 1",
"start": 104,
"end": 117
},
{
"text": "increases from 2.6 km s−1 to 25 km s−1",
"start": 184,
"end": 222
},
{
"text": "100×",
"start": 319,
"end": 323
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The substellar tide is included in the C3 model. We included it mainly to compare our results with previous models (Garcia Munoz, 2007; Penz et al., 2008; Murray-Clay et al., 2009). The substellar tide is not a particularly good representation of the stellar tide in a globally averaged sense. In reality, including tide... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "∼1000 K",
"start": 515,
"end": 522
},
{
"text": "1000–2000 K",
"start": 571,
"end": 582
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "maximum temperature",
"start": 466,
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The H/H+ transition in the MC09 model occurs near 1.4Rp. If we replace the gray approximation with the full solar spectrum in this model, the H/H+ transition moves higher to 2–3Rp. This is because photons with different energies penetrate to different depths in the atmosphere, extending the heating profile in altitude ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "near 1.4Rp",
"start": 45,
"end": 55
},
{
"text": "2–3Rp",
"start": 174,
"end": 179
},
{
"text": "30 nbar",
"start": 380,
"end": 387
},
{
"text": "3800 ... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We calculated the collision frequencies based on the C2 model, and found that collisions with neutral H dominate the transport of heavy neutral atoms such as O below 3.5Rp. At altitudes higher than this, collisions with H+ are more frequent. In Paper II we demonstrate that a mass loss rate of 6 × 106 kg s−1 is required... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "below 3.5Rp",
"start": 160,
"end": 171
},
{
"text": "6 × 106 kg s−1",
"start": 294,
"end": 308
},
{
"text": ">107kgs-1",
"start": 464,
"end": 473
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) on the Phoenix Lander provided in situ measurements of the composition of soluble salts in the martian soil. Soluble sulfate was present at 1.3 ± 0.5 wt.% (Kounaves et al., 2010b), along with cations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The most surprising result was the prese... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1.3 ± 0.5 wt.%",
"start": 175,
"end": 189
},
{
"text": "∼0.5 wt.%",
"start": 391,
"end": 400
},
{
"text": "1000 times",
"start": 820,
"end": 830
}
],
"measur... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
pyrolysis showed release of chloromethane and O2 from heated soil samples at the Rocknest location, which is consistent with the decomposition of perchlorate (Sutter et al., 2013). If all of the evolved O2 was released from perchlorate, then the samples contained a comparable amount of perchlorate to the samples at the... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "⩽1.6%",
"start": 446,
"end": 451
},
{
"text": "<1 ppm by mass",
"start": 718,
"end": 732
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "Viking 1 and Viking 2 landing sites",
"start"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Most gases are removed from the atmosphere to the surface according to a prescribed deposition velocity. The deposition velocity is a scaling factor that affects the transport of species from the bulk atmosphere to the surface in the absence of rain. The deposition velocity is coupled to the gas concentrations computed... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "0.02 cm s−1",
"start": 409,
"end": 420
},
{
"text": "two",
"start": 442,
"end": 445
},
{
"text": "zero",
"start": 521,
"end": 525
},
{
"text": "zero",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Atmospheric temperatures affect photochemical rate constants and atmospheric water vapor content. These, in turn, affect the chain of reaction rates that lead to the oxidation of Cl to form HClO4. To pinpoint how atmospheric temperatures alter reaction rates, we shift the nominal Mars temperature profile to higher surf... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "from 211 K to 284 K",
"start": 418,
"end": 437
},
{
"text": "∼35%",
"start": 465,
"end": 469
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "increased",
"start": 408,
"end"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We next make several assumptions to calculate the concentration of salts that have accumulated in the soil during the Amazonian eon. We first assume that perchloric acid, sulfate aerosols, nitric acid and pernitric acid have accumulated at a uniform rate. This assumption is valid because the lack of aqueous minerals an... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1/e",
"start": 684,
"end": 687
},
{
"text": "0.51–0.85 m.",
"start": 704,
"end": 716
},
{
"text": "three",
"start": 724,
"end": 729
},
{
"text": "1.5–2... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The sulfate deposition flux produced in the nominal model is compatible with estimates of the amount of sulfates on Mars. The nominal range (1.0–1.7 wt.% SO4) is consistent with 1.3 wt.% soluble sulfate measured at the Phoenix landing site (Kounaves et al., 2010b). The estimates also compare well with an average ∼6.8 w... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1.0–1.7 wt.%",
"start": 141,
"end": 153
},
{
"text": "1.3 wt.%",
"start": 178,
"end": 186
},
{
"text": "average ∼6.8 wt.%",
"start": 306,
"end": 323
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
As stated previously, there is considerable uncertainty in the input rate of odd nitrogen (N and NO) species from the martian ionosphere to the neutral atmosphere (Krasnopolsky, 1993). In his own model of the neutral atmosphere, Krasnopolsky considers cases both with and without input of odd nitrogen from the upper atm... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "3.5–6.1 (×10−4) wt.%",
"start": 581,
"end": 601
},
{
"text": "over 3 byr",
"start": 616,
"end": 626
},
{
"text": "1.5–2.6 m",
"start": 642,
"end": 651
}
],
"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
To semi-quantitatively assess the sensitivity of the deposition fluxes of salts to temperature, we forced the model temperature profile to higher values by increasing the temperature profile by 35% in 5% increments. Warmer temperatures significantly increase the formation of perchloric acid. Over the range tested, the ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "35%",
"start": 194,
"end": 197
},
{
"text": "5%",
"start": 201,
"end": 203
},
{
"text": "around six orders of magnitude",
"start": 368,
"end": 398
}
],
"meas... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
To obtain a relatively stable substrate during the measurements, all iron substrates were pre-conditioned in a 10 wt.% NaOH solution overnight to form a thin oxidized surface layer, followed by rinsing with 99.5% pure ethanol and drying with a gentle stream of nitrogen gas prior to use. The alkaline treatment of the ir... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "10 wt.%",
"start": 111,
"end": 118
},
{
"text": "99.5%",
"start": 207,
"end": 212
},
{
"text": "69 ± 3°",
"start": 825,
"end": 832
},
{
"text": "−0.72 ... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We next introduce the basic modules that are assumed by the model used in [13]. We first give an intuitive description of the required modules. Subsequently, we introduce a novel formal framework for specifying self-stabilizing fault-tolerant modules and specify our basic modules in this framework. Any implementation s... | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Tinnitus is the perception of sounds in the head or ears, usually defined as a ringing, buzzing or whistling sound. Tinnitus can be objective or subjective. Objective tinnitus is caused by sounds generated by an internal biological activity. However, subjective tinnitus is much more common and results from abnormal neu... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "7 to 20%",
"start": 470,
"end": 478
},
{
"text": "10 year",
"start": 529,
"end": 536
},
{
"text": "over 48 years",
"start": 567,
"end": 580
},
{
"text"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Personality characteristics previously reported to be associated with tinnitus include hysteria and hypochondriasis [9,12], introversion [13], withdrawal [9], and emotional isolation [14]. Additionally, particular cognitive strategies, for example, dysfunctional and catastrophic thoughts can increase patients' emotiona... | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
stronger in tinnitus patients [20], particularly in those with higher levels of tinnitus annoyance, and recent evidence that neuroticism may predict the development of severe tinnitus in patients already experiencing some tinnitus [21]. In a cross-sectional sample of 530 participants (50% with chronic tinnitus), Bartel... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "530 participants",
"start": 268,
"end": 284
},
{
"text": "50%",
"start": 286,
"end": 289
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "cross-sectional sample",
"start": 242,
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
SQUID magnetometry measurements revealed that both samples 1 and 2 exhibit weak temperature independent paramagnetic behaviour (typically χM∼5×10−4 emu mol−1) between 5 and 300 K. This behaviour is commensurate with other alkaline earth nitride halides and suggests either weakly paramagnetic materials or intrinsically ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "between 5 and 300 K",
"start": 159,
"end": 178
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "temperature",
"start": 80,
"end": 91
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "samples 1 a... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Refined crystallographic parameters for (1) from PXD and PND at 298 K. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "298 K.",
"start": 64,
"end": 70
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "Refined crystallographic parameters for (1) from PXD and PND",
"start": 0,
"end": 60
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has ... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
► We examine a high resolution multi-proxy physical properties from two marine cores. ► Little correlation between physical proxies and climate in early Holocene ► Reworking probable cause of poor correlation in Early Holocene ► Possible anthropogenic influence on sedimentation in the last 200 years | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "two",
"start": 68,
"end": 71
},
{
"text": "last 200 years",
"start": 286,
"end": 300
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "marine cores",
"start": 72,
"end": 84
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Analysis of the diffraction data was conducted by measuring peak intensity as peak area using Bruker Diffrac Plus EVA-12.0 software. Estimates of mineral composition were made by a reference intensity ratio method based on factors calculated with the Newmod programme as described in Hillier (2003). Illite crystallinity... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "< 9 m",
"start": 608,
"end": 613
},
{
"text": "greater than 10%",
"start": 750,
"end": 766
},
{
"text": "better than 5%",
"start": 795,
"end": 809
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether fungal and bacterial species richness would affect the development of soil structural properties (e.g. aggregate stability and pore size) over a 7-month period and establish whether changes in genetic composition would be brought about by the presence of roo... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "over a 7-month",
"start": 200,
"end": 214
},
{
"text": "7 month",
"start": 656,
"end": 663
},
{
"text": "9",
"start": 932,
"end": 933
},
{
"text": "4.8... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
time and in tandem with root development was characterised. | {
"entities": {},
"relations": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
In the present study, both aggregate stability and repellency were reduced in month 7; specifically the degree of reduction in repellency was less in the mycorrhizal soils than in the non-mycorrhizal soils. In the mycorrhizal soils, aggregate water repellency was also negatively correlated with bacterial (and fungal) T... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "7",
"start": 786,
"end": 787
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "months",
"start": 788,
"end": 794
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head": {
"text... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
internal AMF root colonisation may not reflect the extraradical hyphal biomass. Aggregate turnover rates range from 4 to 88 days (De Gryze et al. 2005, 2006); an increase in aggregate stability observed here over a 60 day period (from the first to third month harvest) and an increase in aggregate water repellency over ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "range from 4 to 88 days",
"start": 105,
"end": 128
},
{
"text": "over a 60 day",
"start": 208,
"end": 221
},
{
"text": "over a 120 day",
"start": 315,
"end": 329
}
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Principal component analysis of fungal TRFs for (A) all seven months combined and (B) for month 7 only. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "seven",
"start": 56,
"end": 61
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "months",
"start": 62,
"end": 68
}
]
},
"relations": {
"has quantity": [
{
"head": {
"text... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Inspection of the datasets from a large number of orbits showed that it was convenient to locate the Ion Composition Boundary (ICB), which marks the transition between the shocked solar wind and the planetary plasma (e.g. Martinecz et al., 2008), by considering the mass channel number at which the largest number of ion... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "192 s",
"start": 343,
"end": 348
},
{
"text": "15 or less",
"start": 434,
"end": 444
},
{
"text": "9th August 2008",
"start": 585,
"end": 600
},
{
"tex... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The first panel of Fig. 1 shows an example of a peaked electron distribution. The time interval of the ELS spectrogram is 12 min, revealing a clear “inverted-V” structure over a 2-min interval at the centre of the spectrogram. The DEF energy spectrum at the right shows a positive gradient below the energy of the peak, ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "12 min",
"start": 122,
"end": 128
},
{
"text": "2-min",
"start": 178,
"end": 183
},
{
"text": "approximately 60 eV.",
"start": 332,
"end": 352
}
],
"measured... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
It is possible to explain such observations in general if we consider MEX to be above a region that has accelerated electrons upwards, in which case heavy-ions could also be accelerated downwards. This may explain the appearance of the very low DEF of heavy-ions at ∼400eV. However, due to the finite gyro-radius effect ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "∼400eV.",
"start": 266,
"end": 273
},
{
"text": "∼10eV",
"start": 517,
"end": 522
},
{
"text": "around 100 km",
"start": 580,
"end": 593
},
{
"text": "... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The combination of electron and heavy-ion energy distributions that make up category-2, suggestive of a downward current and category-4 with both up-going electrons and heavy-ions, is only considered for those electron precipitation signatures that have electron energy distributions with a significant asymmetry. For th... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "10%",
"start": 719,
"end": 722
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "category-4 still make up the second largest group and when added together with category-2",
"start": 620,
"end": 709
}
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Fig. 5 also shows an acceleration of heavy-ions between ∼01:25:00 UT and 01:25:40 UT, prior to the first signature of electron precipitation shown in the ELS spectrogram. Similar acceleration of heavy-ions is found around a number of other events of electron precipitation signatures. Further analysis of this type of ac... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "between ∼01:25:00 UT and 01:25:40 UT",
"start": 48,
"end": 84
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "acceleration",
"start": 21,
"end": 33
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"tex... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Out of the total 689 events of electron precipitation signatures, 85 were observed with a concurrent acceleration of heavy-ions. This accounts for 12% of precipitation signatures occurring on ∼5% of MEX orbits. Only 37 events of electron precipitation signatures were observed with a peripheral acceleration of heavy-ion... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "689",
"start": 17,
"end": 20
},
{
"text": "85",
"start": 66,
"end": 68
},
{
"text": "12%",
"start": 147,
"end": 150
},
{
"text": "∼5%",
"start"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
We interpret our FAC density profiles by considering the corresponding precipitating electron energy fluxes, as shown in Fig. 6(b). Fluxes are plotted as functions of latitude. The line style code and labels are the same as in Fig. 6(a), the latitudinal size of a HST ACS-SBC pixel is indicated by the dark grey rectangl... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "~1kR",
"start": 396,
"end": 400
},
{
"text": "~74° latitude",
"start": 527,
"end": 540
},
{
"text": "~80°",
"start": 604,
"end": 608
},
{
"text": "~88k... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The particles also significantly toughened the epoxy polymer even at about −100 °C. | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "about −100 °C",
"start": 69,
"end": 82
}
],
"measured property": [
{
"text": "toughened",
"start": 33,
"end": 42
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "particles",
"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The glass transition temperature, Tg, of all the bulk samples was measured using dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) with a Q800 DMA from TA Instruments, UK. A double-cantilever mode at 1 Hz was employed using test specimens 60 × 10 × 3 mm3 in size. The temperature range used was −100 °C to 200 °C with a heating... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "1 Hz",
"start": 193,
"end": 197
},
{
"text": "60 × 10 × 3 mm3",
"start": 232,
"end": 247
},
{
"text": "−100 °C to 200 °C",
"start": 288,
"end": 305
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
A tensile modulus of 3.19 ± 0.10 GPa was measured for the unmodified epoxy polymer. The modulus decreased approximately linearly with increasing CSR content to 1.96 ± 0.08 GPa when 20 wt% of S-CSR particles were added, see Table 1. Similar results were reported by Giannakopoulos et al. [30] using the same formulation o... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "3.19 ± 0.10 GPa",
"start": 21,
"end": 36
},
{
"text": "to 1.96 ± 0.08 GPa",
"start": 157,
"end": 175
},
{
"text": "20 wt%",
"start": 181,
"end": 187
}
],
"me... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
The mean room-temperature values of the compressive true yield stress, σyc, compressive true fracture stress, σfc, and compressive true fracture strain, γf, are summarised in Table 2. The tensile yield stress is calculated from the measured compressive yield stress [39]. The addition of S-CSR particles reduces the comp... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "20 °C",
"start": 516,
"end": 521
},
{
"text": "111 MPa",
"start": 534,
"end": 541
},
{
"text": "63 MPa",
"start": 827,
"end": 833
},
{
"text": "20 wt%"... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
At room temperature, the fracture surfaces of the S-CSR particle-modified polymers also showed crack forking and feather markings. However, these fracture surfaces are rougher than those of the unmodified epoxy, and scanning electron micrographs of the deformation zone for the 10 wt% and 20 wt% S-CSR-modified epoxy pol... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "room temperature",
"start": 3,
"end": 19
},
{
"text": "10 wt% and 20 wt%",
"start": 278,
"end": 295
},
{
"text": "0.296 μm",
"start": 649,
"end": 657
},
{
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
to occur far more readily in the epoxy polymer. Cavitation, as opposed to particle debonding, will occur when the rubber particle is strongly bonded to the surrounding polymer. Indeed, based on the FEG-SEM observations, the core to shell adhesion must also be relatively high for the S-CSR particles, as no debonding is ... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "room temperature",
"start": 461,
"end": 477
},
{
"text": "−109 °C",
"start": 554,
"end": 561
}
],
"measured entity": [
{
"text": "samples",
"start": 443,
"end": 45... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
An energy-based criterion was used to predict debonding of the particles. The method used has been fully described elsewhere [49] and essentially it proposes that the criterion for debonding is based upon the energy released by the debonding process. To obtain the parameters needed for this energy-based criterion, a fi... | {
"entities": {
"quantity": [
{
"text": "about 70 MPa",
"start": 1001,
"end": 1013
},
{
"text": "about 210 MPa",
"start": 1073,
"end": 1086
},
{
"text": "210 MPa",
"start": 1185,
"end": 1192
}
],
"m... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "quantity",
"description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.",
"description_source":... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.