import OAI.Probability.GaussianPropeller.Analytic namespace OAI universe uE open MeasureTheory ProbabilityTheory open scoped ENNReal open scoped RealInnerProductSpace open scoped RealInnerProductSpace open MeasureTheory ProbabilityTheory Set open scoped ENNReal RealInnerProductSpace open Filter open scoped Topology open MeasureTheory ProbabilityTheory Set Filter open scoped Topology open scoped RealInnerProductSpace open Set Filter open scoped Topology RealInnerProductSpace open scoped NNReal open Set Filter open scoped Topology RealInnerProductSpace NNReal open MeasureTheory ProbabilityTheory Set Filter open scoped Topology RealInnerProductSpace open MeasureTheory Set Filter open scoped Topology BigOperators open MeasureTheory ProbabilityTheory Set Filter open scoped RealInnerProductSpace Topology namespace GaussianPropeller.Reduction open MeasureTheory ProbabilityTheory open scoped RealInnerProductSpace theorem integral_comp_neg {d : ℕ} (f : Space d → ℝ) (hf : AEStronglyMeasurable f (gaussian d)) : ∫ x, f (-x) ∂gaussian d = ∫ x, f x ∂gaussian d := by have hm : (gaussian d).map (fun x => -x) = gaussian d := stdGaussian_map (LinearIsometryEquiv.neg ℝ) rw [← integral_map (by fun_prop) (hm.symm ▸ hf), hm] theorem scoreMax_three {d : ℕ} (v : Fin 3 → Space d) (x : Space d) : scoreMax v x = max ⟪v 0, x⟫ (max ⟪v 1, x⟫ ⟪v 2, x⟫) := by apply le_antisymm · apply (scoreMax_le_iff v x _).mpr intro i fin_cases i · exact le_max_left _ _ · exact (le_max_left _ _).trans (le_max_right _ _) · exact (le_max_right _ _).trans (le_max_right _ _) · exact max_le (le_scoreMax v 0 x) (max_le (le_scoreMax v 1 x) (le_scoreMax v 2 x)) theorem three_range_identity (a b c : ℝ) : max a (max b c) + max (-a) (max (-b) (-c)) = (|a - b| + |a - c| + |b - c|) / 2 := by rcases le_total a b with hab | hba · rcases le_total b c with hbc | hcb · simp [max_eq_right hbc, max_eq_right (hab.trans hbc), max_eq_left (neg_le_neg hbc), max_eq_left (neg_le_neg hab), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hab), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hbc), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr (hab.trans hbc))] ring · rcases le_total a c with hac | hca · simp [max_eq_left hcb, max_eq_right hab, max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hcb), max_eq_left (neg_le_neg hac), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hab), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hac), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hcb)] ring · simp [max_eq_left hcb, max_eq_right hab, max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hcb), max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hca), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hab), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hca), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hcb)] ring · rcases le_total a c with hac | hca · simp [max_eq_right (hba.trans hac), max_eq_right hac, max_eq_left (neg_le_neg (hba.trans hac)), max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hba), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hba), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hac), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr (hba.trans hac))] ring · rcases le_total b c with hbc | hcb · simp [max_eq_right hbc, max_eq_left hca, max_eq_left (neg_le_neg hbc), max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hba), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hba), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hca), abs_of_nonpos (sub_nonpos.mpr hbc)] ring · simp [max_eq_left hcb, max_eq_left hba, max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hcb), max_eq_right (neg_le_neg hca), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hba), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hca), abs_of_nonneg (sub_nonneg.mpr hcb)] ring theorem width_three {d : ℕ} (v : Tuple d 3) : width v = (‖v.ofLp 0 - v.ofLp 1‖ + ‖v.ofLp 0 - v.ofLp 2‖ + ‖v.ofLp 1 - v.ofLp 2‖) / (2 * Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi)) := by have he (x : Space d) : scoreMax v.ofLp x + scoreMax v.ofLp (-x) = (|⟪v.ofLp 0 - v.ofLp 1, x⟫| + |⟪v.ofLp 0 - v.ofLp 2, x⟫| + |⟪v.ofLp 1 - v.ofLp 2, x⟫|) / 2 := by simp only [scoreMax_three, inner_neg_right, inner_sub_left] exact three_range_identity _ _ _ have hi (w : Space d) : Integrable (fun x => |⟪w, x⟫|) (gaussian d) := ((integrable_id_gaussian d).const_inner w).abs have hneg : Integrable (fun x => scoreMax v.ofLp (-x)) (gaussian d) := by convert integrable_scoreMax (-v) using 1 ext x simp only [scoreMax_three, PiLp.neg_apply, inner_neg_left, inner_neg_right] have h := integral_congr_ae (μ := gaussian d) (Filter.Eventually.of_forall he) rw [integral_add (integrable_scoreMax v) hneg, integral_comp_neg _ (integrable_scoreMax v).aestronglyMeasurable, integral_div] at h rw [integral_add (f := fun x => |⟪v.ofLp 0 - v.ofLp 1, x⟫| + |⟪v.ofLp 0 - v.ofLp 2, x⟫|) (g := fun x => |⟪v.ofLp 1 - v.ofLp 2, x⟫|) ((hi _).add (hi _)) (hi _), integral_add (hi _) (hi _)] at h simp_rw [gaussian, Analytic.integral_abs_inner_stdGaussian] at h change width v + width v = _ at h have hs : Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi) ≠ 0 := ne_of_gt (Real.sqrt_pos.mpr (by positivity)) field_simp [hs] at h ⊢ nlinarith only [h] theorem perimeter_sq_le {E : Type uE} [NormedAddCommGroup E] [InnerProductSpace ℝ E] (a b c : E) : (‖a-b‖ + ‖a-c‖ + ‖b-c‖)^2 ≤ 9 * (‖a‖^2 + ‖b‖^2 + ‖c‖^2) := by have hcs : (‖a-b‖ + ‖a-c‖ + ‖b-c‖)^2 ≤ 3 * (‖a-b‖^2 + ‖a-c‖^2 + ‖b-c‖^2) := by nlinarith [sq_nonneg (‖a-b‖ - ‖a-c‖), sq_nonneg (‖a-b‖ - ‖b-c‖), sq_nonneg (‖a-c‖ - ‖b-c‖)] have hid : ‖a-b‖^2 + ‖a-c‖^2 + ‖b-c‖^2 = 3 * (‖a‖^2 + ‖b‖^2 + ‖c‖^2) - ‖a+b+c‖^2 := by simp only [norm_sub_sq_real, norm_add_sq_real, inner_add_left] ring rw [hid] at hcs nlinarith [sq_nonneg ‖a+b+c‖] theorem width_three_sq_le {d : ℕ} (v : Tuple d 3) : (width v)^2 ≤ (9 / (8 * Real.pi)) * ‖v‖^2 := by have hp := perimeter_sq_le (v.ofLp 0) (v.ofLp 1) (v.ofLp 2) have hnorm : ‖v‖^2 = ‖v.ofLp 0‖^2 + ‖v.ofLp 1‖^2 + ‖v.ofLp 2‖^2 := by simp only [PiLp.norm_sq_eq_of_L2, Fin.sum_univ_three] rw [← hnorm] at hp rw [width_three, div_pow] have hs : (2 * Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi))^2 = 8 * Real.pi := by rw [mul_pow, Real.sq_sqrt (by positivity)] ring rw [hs] apply (div_le_iff₀ (by positivity : (0 : ℝ) < 8 * Real.pi)).mpr calc _ ≤ 9 * ‖v‖^2 := hp _ = 9 / (8 * Real.pi) * ‖v‖^2 * (8 * Real.pi) := by field_simp theorem three_partition_bound {d : ℕ} {A : Fin 3 → Set (Space d)} (hA : IsPartition A) : value A ≤ 9 / (8 * Real.pi) := by have hpair : value A ≤ width (moments A) := by simpa only [real_inner_self_eq_norm_sq, norm_moments_sq] using pairing_le_width hA (moments A) have hsq := width_three_sq_le (moments A) rw [norm_moments_sq] at hsq have hn := value_nonneg A have hw : 0 ≤ width (moments A) := hn.trans hpair have hval := (sq_le_sq₀ hn hw).mpr hpair have hB : (0 : ℝ) < 9 / (8 * Real.pi) := by positivity nlinarith theorem centroid_congr_ae {d : ℕ} {A B : Set (Space d)} (h : A =ᵐ[gaussian d] B) : centroid A = centroid B := by exact setIntegral_congr_set h theorem value_congr_ae {d k : ℕ} {A B : Fin k → Set (Space d)} (h : ∀ i, A i =ᵐ[gaussian d] B i) : value A = value B := by apply Finset.sum_congr rfl intro i _ rw [centroid_congr_ae (h i)] theorem partition_congr_ae {d k : ℕ} {A B : Fin k → Set (Space d)} (hA : IsPartition A) (hB : ∀ i, MeasurableSet (B i)) (h : ∀ i, A i =ᵐ[gaussian d] B i) : IsPartition B := by refine ⟨hB, ?_⟩ have hh := ae_all_iff.mpr h filter_upwards [hA.2, hh] with x hx heq change ∀ i, (x ∈ A i) = (x ∈ B i) at heq obtain ⟨i, hi, hu⟩ := hx exact ⟨i, Eq.mp (heq i) hi, fun j hj => hu j (Eq.mpr (heq j) hj)⟩ theorem closedCell_eq_scoreCell_ae {d k : ℕ} (v : Fin k → Space d) (hv : Function.Injective v) (i : Fin k) : closedCell v i =ᵐ[gaussian d] scoreCell v i := by have ht (j : Fin k) (hij : i ≠ j) : ∀ᵐ x ∂gaussian d, ⟪v i, x⟫ ≠ ⟪v j, x⟫ := by rw [ae_iff] simpa only [not_not, inner_sub_left, sub_eq_zero] using gaussian_hyperplane_null (v i - v j) (sub_ne_zero.mpr (hv.ne hij)) 0 have ht' := ae_all_iff.mpr (fun j => ae_all_iff.mpr (fun hij => ht j hij)) filter_upwards [ht'] with x hx apply propext constructor · intro hc refine ⟨hc, fun j hji => ?_⟩ exact lt_of_le_of_ne (hc j) (Ne.symm (hx j (ne_of_gt hji))) · exact fun hc => hc.1 noncomputable def axis0 (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : Space d := EuclideanSpace.single ⟨0, by omega⟩ 1 noncomputable def axis1 (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : Space d := EuclideanSpace.single ⟨1, by omega⟩ 1 noncomputable def sectorScores (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : Tuple d 3 := WithLp.toLp 2 ![(2 * Real.sqrt 3) • axis0 d hd, (-Real.sqrt 3) • axis0 d hd + (3 : ℝ) • axis1 d hd, (-Real.sqrt 3) • axis0 d hd - (3 : ℝ) • axis1 d hd] theorem axis_inner (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : ⟪axis0 d hd, axis0 d hd⟫ = 1 ∧ ⟪axis1 d hd, axis1 d hd⟫ = 1 ∧ ⟪axis0 d hd, axis1 d hd⟫ = 0 ∧ ⟪axis1 d hd, axis0 d hd⟫ = 0 := by simp [axis0, axis1, EuclideanSpace.inner_single_left] theorem sectorScores_scores (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) (x : Space d) : ⟪(sectorScores d hd).ofLp 0, x⟫ = 2 * Real.sqrt 3 * coord 0 x ∧ ⟪(sectorScores d hd).ofLp 1, x⟫ = -Real.sqrt 3 * coord 0 x + 3 * coord 1 x ∧ ⟪(sectorScores d hd).ofLp 2, x⟫ = -Real.sqrt 3 * coord 0 x - 3 * coord 1 x := by simp [sectorScores, axis0, axis1, coord, show 0 < d by omega, show 1 < d by omega, inner_add_left, inner_sub_left, inner_smul_left, EuclideanSpace.inner_single_left] theorem sectorScores_closed (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) (i : Fin 3) : closedCell (sectorScores d hd).ofLp i = propeller d 3 i := by ext x obtain ⟨h0, h1, h2⟩ := sectorScores_scores d hd x fin_cases i <;> simp [closedCell, propeller, Fin.forall_fin_succ, h0, h1, h2, abs_le] <;> constructor <;> rintro ⟨ha, hb⟩ <;> constructor <;> linarith theorem sectorScores_norms (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : ‖sectorScores d hd‖^2 = 36 ∧ ‖(sectorScores d hd).ofLp 0 - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp 1‖ = 6 ∧ ‖(sectorScores d hd).ofLp 0 - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp 2‖ = 6 ∧ ‖(sectorScores d hd).ofLp 1 - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp 2‖ = 6 := by obtain ⟨h00, h11, h01, h10⟩ := axis_inner d hd have hs : (Real.sqrt 3)^2 = 3 := Real.sq_sqrt (by norm_num) have hn (x : Space d) : ‖x‖^2 = ⟪x, x⟫ := (real_inner_self_eq_norm_sq x).symm constructor · rw [PiLp.norm_sq_eq_of_L2, Fin.sum_univ_three] change ‖(2 * Real.sqrt 3) • axis0 d hd‖^2 + ‖(-Real.sqrt 3) • axis0 d hd + (3 : ℝ) • axis1 d hd‖^2 + ‖(-Real.sqrt 3) • axis0 d hd - (3 : ℝ) • axis1 d hd‖^2 = 36 simp only [hn, inner_smul_left, inner_smul_right, inner_add_left, inner_add_right, inner_sub_left, inner_sub_right, h00, h01, h10, h11, starRingEnd_apply, star_trivial] nlinarith only [hs] · have hsq (i j : Fin 3) (hij : i ≠ j) : ‖(sectorScores d hd).ofLp i - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp j‖^2 = 36 := by fin_cases i <;> fin_cases j <;> try contradiction all_goals dsimp [sectorScores] all_goals simp only [hn, inner_smul_left, inner_smul_right, inner_add_left, inner_add_right, inner_sub_left, inner_sub_right, h00, h01, h10, h11, starRingEnd_apply, star_trivial] all_goals nlinarith only [hs] have he (i j : Fin 3) (hij : i ≠ j) : ‖(sectorScores d hd).ofLp i - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp j‖ = 6 := by nlinarith [hsq i j hij, norm_nonneg ((sectorScores d hd).ofLp i - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp j)] exact ⟨he 0 1 (by decide), he 0 2 (by decide), he 1 2 (by decide)⟩ theorem sectorScores_injective (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : Function.Injective (sectorScores d hd).ofLp := by obtain ⟨_, h01, h02, h12⟩ := sectorScores_norms d hd intro i j hij have hz : ‖(sectorScores d hd).ofLp i - (sectorScores d hd).ofLp j‖ = 0 := by rw [hij, sub_self, norm_zero] fin_cases i <;> fin_cases j <;> simp_all [norm_sub_rev] theorem propeller_three (d : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) : IsPartition (propeller d 3) ∧ value (propeller d 3) = 9 / (8 * Real.pi) := by let v := sectorScores d hd have he (i : Fin 3) : propeller d 3 i =ᵐ[gaussian d] scoreCell v.ofLp i := by rw [← sectorScores_closed d hd i] exact closedCell_eq_scoreCell_ae v.ofLp (sectorScores_injective d hd) i have hp : IsPartition (propeller d 3) := partition_congr_ae (scoreCell_partition v.ofLp) (fun i => by rw [← sectorScores_closed d hd i]; exact measurableSet_closedCell _ i) (fun i => (he i).symm) refine ⟨hp, le_antisymm (three_partition_bound hp) ?_⟩ rw [value_congr_ae he] obtain ⟨hv, h01, h02, h12⟩ := sectorScores_norms d hd have hw : (width v)^2 = 36 * (9 / (8 * Real.pi)) := by rw [width_three, h01, h02, h12, div_pow, mul_pow, Real.sq_sqrt (by positivity)] field_simp; ring have hcs := norm_inner_le_norm (𝕜 := ℝ) v (moments (scoreCell v.ofLp)) rw [pairing_scoreCell, Real.norm_eq_abs] at hcs have hs := (sq_le_sq₀ (abs_nonneg (width v)) (mul_nonneg (norm_nonneg v) (norm_nonneg (moments (scoreCell v.ofLp))))).mpr hcs rw [sq_abs, mul_pow, norm_moments_sq, hw] at hs change 36 * (9 / (8 * Real.pi)) ≤ ‖sectorScores d hd‖^2 * _ at hs rw [hv] at hs linarith only [hs] theorem append_empty_partition {d k : ℕ} {A : Fin k → Set (Space d)} (hA : IsPartition A) : IsPartition (Fin.lastCases ∅ A) := by classical refine ⟨?_, ?_⟩ · intro i refine Fin.lastCases ?_ (fun j => ?_) i · simpa only [Fin.lastCases_last] using (MeasurableSet.empty : MeasurableSet (∅ : Set (Space d))) · simpa only [Fin.lastCases_castSucc] using hA.1 j · filter_upwards [hA.2] with x hx obtain ⟨i, hi, hu⟩ := hx refine ⟨i.castSucc, ?_, ?_⟩ · simpa only [Fin.lastCases_castSucc] using hi · intro j refine Fin.lastCases ?_ (fun l => ?_) j · simp only [Fin.lastCases_last, Set.mem_empty_iff_false, false_implies] · intro hj exact congrArg Fin.castSucc (hu l (by simpa only [Fin.lastCases_castSucc] using hj)) theorem append_empty_value {d k : ℕ} (A : Fin k → Set (Space d)) : value (Fin.lastCases ∅ A) = value A := by simp [value, Fin.sum_univ_castSucc] theorem propeller_succ (d k : ℕ) (hk : 3 ≤ k) : propeller d (k+1) = Fin.lastCases ∅ (propeller d k) := by funext i refine Fin.lastCases ?_ (fun j => ?_) i · simp [propeller, show k ≠ 0 by omega, show k ≠ 1 by omega, show k ≠ 2 by omega] · simp [propeller] theorem propeller_attainment (d k : ℕ) (hd : 2 ≤ d) (hk : 3 ≤ k) : IsPartition (propeller d k) ∧ value (propeller d k) = 9 / (8 * Real.pi) := by induction k, hk using Nat.le_induction with | base => exact propeller_three d hd | succ k hk ih => rw [propeller_succ d k hk] exact ⟨append_empty_partition ih.1, (append_empty_value _).trans ih.2⟩ theorem centroid_norm_le {d : ℕ} {A : Set (Space d)} (hA : MeasurableSet A) : ‖centroid A‖ ≤ 1 / Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi) := by let z := centroid A let f : Space d → ℝ := fun x => ⟪z, x⟫ have hi : Integrable f (gaussian d) := (integrable_id_gaussian d).const_inner z have he : ∫ x, (A.indicator f) x ∂gaussian d = ‖z‖^2 := by rw [integral_indicator hA] change (∫ x in A, ⟪z, x⟫ ∂gaussian d) = _ rw [integral_inner (integrable_id_restrict d A)] exact real_inner_self_eq_norm_sq z have hz : ∫ x, f x ∂gaussian d = 0 := by change (∫ x, ⟪z, x⟫ ∂gaussian d) = 0 rw [integral_inner (integrable_id_gaussian d)] simp only [gaussian, integral_id_stdGaussian, inner_zero_right] have hab : ∫ x, |f x| ∂gaussian d = ‖z‖ * (2 / Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi)) := Analytic.integral_abs_inner_stdGaussian z have hp (x : Space d) : A.indicator f x ≤ (|f x| + f x) / 2 := by by_cases hx : x ∈ A · rw [Set.indicator_of_mem hx] linarith only [le_abs_self (f x)] · rw [Set.indicator_of_notMem hx] linarith only [neg_abs_le (f x)] have h := integral_mono_ae (hi.indicator hA) ((hi.abs.add hi).div_const 2) (Filter.Eventually.of_forall hp) rw [he, integral_div] at h change ‖z‖^2 ≤ (∫ x, |f x| + f x ∂gaussian d) / 2 at h rw [integral_add hi.abs hi, hab, hz, add_zero] at h have hn := norm_nonneg z have hq : 0 ≤ 1 / Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi) := by positivity have hn' : ‖z‖^2 ≤ (1 / Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi)) * ‖z‖ := by convert h using 1; ring nlinarith only [hn, hq, hn'] theorem centroid_norm_sq_le {d : ℕ} {A : Set (Space d)} (hA : MeasurableSet A) : ‖centroid A‖^2 ≤ 1 / (2 * Real.pi) := by have h := (sq_le_sq₀ (norm_nonneg (centroid A)) (by positivity : 0 ≤ 1 / Real.sqrt (2 * Real.pi))).mpr (centroid_norm_le hA) simpa only [div_pow, one_pow, Real.sq_sqrt (by positivity : 0 ≤ 2 * Real.pi)] using h theorem normalized_centroid_lt_two_thirds {d : ℕ} {A : Set (Space d)} (hA : MeasurableSet A) {C : ℝ} (hC : 9 / (8 * Real.pi) < C) : ‖centroid A‖ / Real.sqrt C < 2 / 3 := by have hp : 0 < Real.pi := Real.pi_pos have hCp : 0 < C := (by positivity : (0 : ℝ) < 9 / (8 * Real.pi)).trans hC have ht : 0 < Real.sqrt C := Real.sqrt_pos.mpr hCp have hn := centroid_norm_sq_le hA have hC' : 9 < C * (8 * Real.pi) := (div_lt_iff₀ (by positivity)).mp hC have hn' : ‖centroid A‖^2 * (2 * Real.pi) ≤ 1 := (le_div_iff₀ (by positivity)).mp hn have hsq : 9 * ‖centroid A‖^2 < 4 * C := by nlinarith only [hC', hn', hp] apply (div_lt_iff₀ ht).mpr have ht2 := Real.sq_sqrt hCp.le have hz := norm_nonneg (centroid A) nlinarith only [hsq, ht2, hz, ht] end GaussianPropeller.Reduction namespace GaussianPropeller theorem main_attainment : MainAttainment := by intro n hn exact Reduction.propeller_attainment n (n+1) (by omega) (by omega) end GaussianPropeller end OAI