import Mathlib import OAI.RepresentationTheory.VertexAlgebra.HilbertCore namespace OAI /-! Vertex algebra, energy bounds and closed smeared-field operators. -/ noncomputable section namespace StronglyRationalVOA universe u v open Filter open scoped ContDiff section GraphData variable {H : Type u} [NormedAddCommGroup H] [InnerProductSpace ℂ H] [CompleteSpace H] namespace ClosedGraphData theorem entry_commutes_of_graph_invariant (T : H →ₗ.[ℂ] H) (hT : T.IsClosed) (Q : H →L[ℂ] H) (hQ : ∀ x y : H, (x,y) ∈ T.graph → (Q x,Q y) ∈ T.graph) (hQa : ∀ x y : H, (x,y) ∈ T.graph → (Q.adjoint x,Q.adjoint y) ∈ T.graph) (i j : Bool) : Q * entry T hT i j = entry T hT i j * Q := by have hinv : ∀ z ∈ graph T, diagonalAction Q z ∈ graph T := by intro z hz exact hQ _ _ hz have hinva : ∀ z ∈ graph T, (diagonalAction Q).adjoint z ∈ graph T := by rw [diagonalAction_adj] intro z hz exact hQa _ _ hz let : IsClosed (graph T : Set (Double H)) := graph_closed hT have hP : (diagonalAction Q).comp (projection T hT) = (projection T hT).comp (diagonalAction Q) := commutes_projection_of_reduces (graph T) (diagonalAction Q) hinv hinva change Q.comp (entry T hT i j) = (entry T hT i j).comp Q have hc : Q.comp (coordinate i) = (coordinate i).comp (diagonalAction Q) := (coordinate_diagonalAction Q i).symm calc Q.comp (entry T hT i j) = ((coordinate i).comp (diagonalAction Q)).comp ((projection T hT).comp (inclusion j)) := by rw [← hc]; rfl _ = (coordinate i).comp (((projection T hT).comp (diagonalAction Q)).comp (inclusion j)) := by simpa only [ContinuousLinearMap.comp_assoc] using congrArg (fun R => (coordinate i).comp (R.comp (inclusion j))) hP _ = (entry T hT i j).comp Q := by simp only [ContinuousLinearMap.comp_assoc, diagonalAction_inclusion, entry] end ClosedGraphData namespace LocalOperatorAlgebra open scoped Pointwise def generated (s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : VonNeumannAlgebra H where toStarSubalgebra := StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) centralizer_centralizer' := by change Set.centralizer (Set.centralizer (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H))) = (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) rw [StarSubalgebra.coe_centralizer_centralizer] rw [Set.centralizer_centralizer_centralizer] theorem subset_generated (s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : s ⊆ generated s := by intro x hx exact StarAlgebra.adjoin_le_centralizer_centralizer ℂ s (StarAlgebra.subset_adjoin ℂ s hx) theorem generated_mono {s t : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)} (hst : s ⊆ t) : generated s ≤ generated t := StarSubalgebra.centralizer_le _ _ _ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer_le _ _ _ hst) theorem generated_le {s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)} {M : VonNeumannAlgebra H} (h : s ⊆ M) : generated s ≤ M := by have hle := StarSubalgebra.centralizer_le ℂ _ _ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer_le ℂ _ _ h) change (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) ⊆ _ change (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) ⊆ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (M : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) at hle simpa only [StarSubalgebra.coe_centralizer_centralizer, StarMemClass.star_coe_eq, Set.union_self, M.centralizer_centralizer] using hle @[simp] theorem coe_generated_commutant (s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : ((generated s).commutant : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) = (s ∪ star s).centralizer := by rw [VonNeumannAlgebra.coe_commutant] change Set.centralizer (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ (StarSubalgebra.centralizer ℂ s : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) = _ rw [StarSubalgebra.coe_centralizer_centralizer, Set.centralizer_centralizer_centralizer] theorem generated_le_commutant_iff (s t : Set (H →L[ℂ] H)) : generated s ≤ (generated t).commutant ↔ ∀ x ∈ s, ∀ y ∈ t, y*x = x*y ∧ star y*x = x*star y := by constructor · intro h x hx y hy have hmem := h (subset_generated s hx) rw [← SetLike.mem_coe, coe_generated_commutant] at hmem exact ⟨hmem y (Set.mem_union_left _ hy), hmem (star y) (Set.mem_union_right _ (by simpa using hy))⟩ · intro h apply generated_le intro x hx rw [coe_generated_commutant] rintro y (hy | hy) · exact (h x hx y hy).1 · have hy' : star y ∈ t := hy simpa using (h x hx (star y) hy').2 end LocalOperatorAlgebra end GraphData namespace SmoothCircleFunction def onCircle (f : SmoothCircleFunction) : AddCircle (2*Real.pi) → ℂ := f.periodic.lift @[simp] theorem onCircle_coe (f : SmoothCircleFunction) (t : ℝ) : f.onCircle (t : AddCircle (2*Real.pi)) = f.toFun t := rfl end SmoothCircleFunction structure ProperCircleArc where left : ℝ right : ℝ nonempty' : left < right nondense' : right < left + 2*Real.pi namespace ProperCircleArc def carrier (I : ProperCircleArc) : Set (AddCircle (2*Real.pi)) := (fun t : ℝ => (t : AddCircle (2*Real.pi))) '' Set.Ioo I.left I.right def complement (I : ProperCircleArc) : ProperCircleArc where left := I.right right := I.left + 2*Real.pi nonempty' := I.nondense' nondense' := by linarith [I.nonempty'] end ProperCircleArc namespace CFTTypeVOA.UnitaryStructure open UniformSpace variable {V : Type u} [NormedAddCommGroup V] [InnerProductSpace ℂ V] {A : CFTTypeVOA V} (U : A.UnitaryStructure) def localGraphData (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) (O : Set (AddCircle (2*Real.pi))) : Set (Completion V →L[ℂ] Completion V) := {x | ∃ (a : V) (d : ℕ) (ha : a ∈ A.grade d) (f : SmoothCircleFunction), tsupport f.onCircle ⊆ O ∧ ∃ i j : Bool, x = ClosedGraphData.entry (U.closedSmoothField hc a d f) (U.closedSmoothField_isClosed hc ha f) i j} def localAlgebra (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) (O : Set (AddCircle (2*Real.pi))) : VonNeumannAlgebra (Completion V) := LocalOperatorAlgebra.generated (U.localGraphData hc O) def intervalAlgebra (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) (I : ProperCircleArc) : VonNeumannAlgebra (Completion V) := U.localAlgebra hc I.carrier def CKLWStrongLocal (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) : Prop := (∀ a : V, A.PolynomialEnergyBound a) ∧ ∀ I : ProperCircleArc, U.intervalAlgebra hc I ≤ (U.intervalAlgebra hc I.complement).commutant theorem localAlgebra_isotone (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) {O P : Set (AddCircle (2*Real.pi))} (hOP : O ⊆ P) : U.localAlgebra hc O ≤ U.localAlgebra hc P := by apply LocalOperatorAlgebra.generated_mono rintro x ⟨a,d,ha,f,hf,i,j,rfl⟩ exact ⟨a,d,ha,f,hf.trans hOP,i,j,rfl⟩ theorem closedSmoothField_graphData_mem (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) {a : V} {d : ℕ} (ha : a ∈ A.grade d) (f : SmoothCircleFunction) {O : Set (AddCircle (2*Real.pi))} (hf : tsupport f.onCircle ⊆ O) (i j : Bool) : ClosedGraphData.entry (U.closedSmoothField hc a d f) (U.closedSmoothField_isClosed hc ha f) i j ∈ U.localAlgebra hc O := LocalOperatorAlgebra.subset_generated _ ⟨a,d,ha,f,hf,i,j,rfl⟩ theorem CKLWStrongLocal_iff_graphData (hc : A.toVertexAlgebra.C2Cofinite) : U.CKLWStrongLocal hc ↔ ∀ I : ProperCircleArc, ∀ x ∈ U.localGraphData hc I.carrier, ∀ y ∈ U.localGraphData hc I.complement.carrier, y*x=x*y := by constructor · intro h I x hx y hy exact ((LocalOperatorAlgebra.generated_le_commutant_iff _ _).mp (h.2 I) x hx y hy).1 · intro h refine ⟨U.polynomialEnergyBounds hc, fun I => ?_⟩ apply (LocalOperatorAlgebra.generated_le_commutant_iff _ _).mpr intro x hx y hy refine ⟨h I x hx y hy, ?_⟩ apply h I x hx (star y) obtain ⟨a,d,ha,f,hf,i,j,rfl⟩ := hy exact ⟨a,d,ha,f,hf,j,i,ClosedGraphData.star_entry _ _ i j⟩ end CFTTypeVOA.UnitaryStructure namespace CFTTypeVOA.UnitaryStructure open UniformSpace variable {V : Type u} [NormedAddCommGroup V] [InnerProductSpace ℂ V] {A : CFTTypeVOA V} (U : A.UnitaryStructure) def gradeEmbedding (d : ℕ) : A.grade d →ₗᵢ[ℂ] Completion V := (Completion.toComplₗᵢ : V →ₗᵢ[ℂ] Completion V).comp (A.grade d).subtypeₗᵢ include U in theorem completed_grades_orthogonal : OrthogonalFamily ℂ (fun d => A.grade d) (fun d => gradeEmbedding (A := A) d) := by intro d e hde a b change inner ℂ ((Completion.toComplₗᵢ : V →ₗᵢ[ℂ] Completion V) a.val) ((Completion.toComplₗᵢ : V →ₗᵢ[ℂ] Completion V) b.val) = 0 rw [LinearIsometry.inner_map_map] exact U.grades_orthogonal hde a.property b.property include U in theorem completed_isHilbertSum : IsHilbertSum ℂ (fun d => A.grade d) (fun d => gradeEmbedding (A := A) d) := by classical let : ∀ d, FiniteDimensional ℂ (A.grade d) := A.grade_finite apply IsHilbertSum.mk U.completed_grades_orthogonal let S := ⨆ d, LinearMap.range (gradeEmbedding (A := A) d).toLinearMap have hcore : HilbertCore.space V ≤ S := by rintro _ ⟨a, rfl⟩ rw [← A.sum_gradeComponents a, map_sum] apply Submodule.sum_mem intro d _ apply Submodule.mem_iSup_of_mem d exact ⟨⟨A.gradeComponent d a, A.gradeComponent_mem d a⟩, rfl⟩ have hd : Dense (S : Set (Completion V)) := HilbertCore.dense.mono hcore exact le_of_eq (Submodule.dense_iff_topologicalClosure_eq_top.mp hd).symm def energyCoordinates : Completion V ≃ₗᵢ[ℂ] lp (fun d => A.grade d) 2 := U.completed_isHilbertSum.linearIsometryEquiv @[simp] theorem energyCoordinates_grade {d : ℕ} (a : A.grade d) : U.energyCoordinates (a.val : Completion V) = lp.single 2 d a := by apply U.energyCoordinates.symm.injective rw [LinearIsometryEquiv.symm_apply_apply] exact (U.completed_isHilbertSum.linearIsometryEquiv_symm_apply_single a).symm theorem energyCoordinates_coe (a : V) (d : ℕ) : (U.energyCoordinates (a : Completion V) d).val = A.gradeComponent d a := by apply A.homogeneous_induction (P := fun a => (U.energyCoordinates (a : Completion V) d).val = A.gradeComponent d a) · change (U.energyCoordinates ((Completion.toComplₗᵢ : V →ₗᵢ[ℂ] Completion V) 0) d).val = _ rw [map_zero, map_zero] simp only [map_zero, lp.coeFn_zero, Pi.zero_apply, Submodule.coe_zero] · intro e b hb rw [energyCoordinates_grade U ⟨b,hb⟩] by_cases hed : e = d · subst e simp [A.gradeComponent_of_mem hb] · simp [lp.single_apply, Ne.symm hed, A.gradeComponent_of_mem_ne hed hb] · intro b c hb hc change (U.energyCoordinates ((Completion.toComplₗᵢ : V →ₗᵢ[ℂ] Completion V) (b+c)) d).val = _ simp only [map_add, lp.coeFn_add, Pi.add_apply, Submodule.coe_add] change (U.energyCoordinates (b : Completion V) d).val + (U.energyCoordinates (c : Completion V) d).val = _ rw [hb,hc] end CFTTypeVOA.UnitaryStructure open scoped ENNReal namespace HilbertScale variable {ι : Type*} {G : ι → Type u} [∀ i, NormedAddCommGroup (G i)] [∀ i, InnerProductSpace ℂ (G i)] abbrev Space (G : ι → Type u) [∀ i, NormedAddCommGroup (G i)] := lp G 2 def domain (w : ι → ℂ) : Submodule ℂ (Space G) where carrier := {x | Memℓp (fun i => w i • x i) 2} zero_mem' := by change Memℓp (fun i => w i • (0 : G i)) 2 simpa only [smul_zero] using (zero_mem_ℓp' (E := G) (p := 2)) add_mem' := by intro x y hx hy change Memℓp (fun i => w i • (x i + y i)) 2 convert hx.add hy using 1 ext i exact smul_add _ _ _ smul_mem' := by intro c x hx change Memℓp (fun i => w i • (c • x i)) 2 convert hx.const_smul c using 1 ext i exact smul_comm _ _ _ def diagonal (w : ι → ℂ) : Space G →ₗ.[ℂ] Space G where domain := domain w toFun := { toFun := fun x => ⟨fun i => w i • x.val i, x.property⟩ map_add' := by intro x y; ext i change w i • (x.val i + y.val i) = w i • x.val i + w i • y.val i exact smul_add _ _ _ map_smul' := by intro c x; ext i; simp [smul_smul, mul_comm] } @[simp] theorem diagonal_apply (w : ι → ℂ) (x : (diagonal (G := G) w).domain) (i : ι) : diagonal w x i = w i • x.val i := rfl theorem mem_graph_iff (w : ι → ℂ) (x y : Space G) : (x,y) ∈ (diagonal w).graph ↔ ∀ i, y i = w i • x i := by constructor · intro hz i obtain ⟨z,hz,hzw⟩ := (diagonal w).mem_graph_iff.mp hz have h1 : (z : Space G) = x := hz have h2 : diagonal w z = y := hzw have hi := congrArg (fun v : Space G => v i) h2 change w i • (z : Space G) i = y i at hi rw [h1] at hi exact hi.symm · intro h have hd : x ∈ domain w := by change Memℓp (fun i => w i • x i) 2 convert lp.memℓp y using 1 ext i; exact (h i).symm exact (diagonal w).mem_graph_iff.mpr ⟨⟨x,hd⟩,rfl,by ext i; exact (h i).symm⟩ theorem diagonal_closed (w : ι → ℂ) : (diagonal (G := G) w).IsClosed := by have heq : ((diagonal (G := G) w).graph : Set (Space G × Space G)) = ⋂ i, {z : Space G × Space G | z.2 i = w i • z.1 i} := by ext z; simp only [Set.mem_iInter, Set.mem_ofPred_eq] exact mem_graph_iff w z.1 z.2 rw [LinearPMap.IsClosed, heq] apply isClosed_iInter intro i exact isClosed_eq ((lp.evalCLM ℂ G 2 i).continuous.comp continuous_snd) (((lp.evalCLM ℂ G 2 i).continuous.comp continuous_fst).const_smul (w i)) variable [DecidableEq ι] theorem single_mem_domain (w : ι → ℂ) (i : ι) (v : G i) : lp.single 2 i v ∈ domain w := by change Memℓp _ 2 have heq : (fun j => w j • lp.single 2 i v j) = (lp.single 2 i (w i • v) : ∀ j, G j) := by ext j; by_cases h : j = i · subst h; simp · simp [lp.single_apply, h] rw [heq] exact lp.memℓp _ theorem diagonal_single (w : ι → ℂ) (i : ι) (v : G i) : diagonal w ⟨lp.single 2 i v, single_mem_domain w i v⟩ = lp.single 2 i (w i • v) := by ext j; by_cases h : j = i · subst h; simp · simp [lp.single_apply, h] theorem domain_dense (w : ι → ℂ) : Dense (domain (G := G) w : Set (Space G)) := by intro x apply mem_closure_of_tendsto (lp.hasSum_single (by norm_num : (2 : ℝ≥0∞) ≠ ⊤) x) apply Filter.Eventually.of_forall intro s exact Submodule.sum_mem _ (fun i _ => single_mem_domain w i (x i)) variable [∀ i, CompleteSpace (G i)] omit [DecidableEq ι] [∀ i, CompleteSpace (G i)] in theorem diagonal_formalAdjoint (w : ι → ℂ) : (diagonal (G := G) w).IsFormalAdjoint (diagonal (fun i => star (w i))) := by intro x y rw [← (lp.hasSum_inner (diagonal w x) (y : Space G)).tsum_eq, ← (lp.hasSum_inner (x : Space G) (diagonal (fun i => star (w i)) y)).tsum_eq] apply tsum_congr intro i simp only [diagonal_apply, inner_smul_left, inner_smul_right, starRingEnd_apply] theorem adjoint_coordinate (w : ι → ℂ) (y : (diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint.domain) (i : ι) : (diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint y i = star (w i) • (y : Space G) i := by apply ext_inner_right ℂ intro v have h : inner ℂ ((diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint y) (lp.single 2 i v) = inner ℂ (y : Space G) (lp.single 2 i (w i • v)) := by have hh := (LinearPMap.adjoint_isFormalAdjoint (domain_dense (G := G) w)) y ⟨lp.single 2 i v, single_mem_domain (G := G) w i v⟩ rw [diagonal_single] at hh exact hh rw [lp.inner_single_right, lp.inner_single_right] at h simpa only [inner_smul_right, inner_smul_left, star_star, starRingEnd_apply] using h theorem adjoint_le_diagonal (w : ι → ℂ) : (diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint ≤ diagonal (G := G) (fun i => star (w i)) := by apply LinearPMap.le_graph_iff.mp intro z hz obtain ⟨y,hy,hTy⟩ := ((diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint).mem_graph_iff.mp hz apply (mem_graph_iff (G := G) _ _ _).mpr intro i have h1 : (y : Space G) = z.1 := hy have h2 : (diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint y = z.2 := hTy have hi := adjoint_coordinate w y i rw [h1, h2] at hi exact hi theorem adjoint_diagonal (w : ι → ℂ) : (diagonal (G := G) w).adjoint = diagonal (fun i => star (w i)) := by apply le_antisymm (adjoint_le_diagonal w) have hf : (diagonal (G := G) w).IsFormalAdjoint (diagonal (fun i => star (w i))) := diagonal_formalAdjoint w exact hf.le_adjoint (domain_dense w) def finiteCore : Submodule ℂ (Space G) := Submodule.span ℂ {x | ∃ i v, x = lp.single 2 i v} omit [∀ i, CompleteSpace (G i)] in theorem single_mem_finiteCore (i : ι) (v : G i) : lp.single 2 i v ∈ finiteCore (G := G) := Submodule.subset_span ⟨i,v,rfl⟩ omit [∀ i, CompleteSpace (G i)] in theorem finiteCore_le_domain (w : ι → ℂ) : finiteCore (G := G) ≤ domain w := by apply Submodule.span_le.mpr rintro _ ⟨i,v,rfl⟩ exact single_mem_domain w i v omit [∀ i, CompleteSpace (G i)] in theorem diagonal_hasCore (w : ι → ℂ) : (diagonal (G := G) w).HasCore finiteCore := by let T := (diagonal (G := G) w).domRestrict finiteCore have hT : T.IsClosable := (diagonal_closed w).isClosable.leIsClosable LinearPMap.domRestrict_le refine ⟨finiteCore_le_domain w, ?_⟩ apply LinearPMap.eq_of_eq_graph rw [← hT.graph_closure_eq_closure_graph] apply le_antisymm · exact Submodule.topologicalClosure_minimal _ (LinearPMap.le_graph_of_le LinearPMap.domRestrict_le) (diagonal_closed w) · intro z hz have hzy := (mem_graph_iff w z.1 z.2).mp hz have hs := (lp.hasSum_single (by norm_num : (2 : ℝ≥0∞) ≠ ⊤) z.1).prodMk (lp.hasSum_single (by norm_num : (2 : ℝ≥0∞) ≠ ⊤) z.2) apply mem_closure_of_tendsto hs apply Filter.Eventually.of_forall intro s apply Submodule.sum_mem intro i _ apply T.mem_graph_iff.mpr have hdom : lp.single 2 i (z.1 i) ∈ T.domain := ⟨single_mem_finiteCore _ _, single_mem_domain _ _ _⟩ refine ⟨⟨_,hdom⟩,rfl,?_⟩ change diagonal w ⟨lp.single 2 i (z.1 i),single_mem_domain _ _ _⟩ = _ rw [diagonal_single, ← hzy i] theorem real_diagonal_selfAdjoint (w : ι → ℝ) : (diagonal (G := G) (fun i => (w i : ℂ))).adjoint = diagonal (fun i => (w i : ℂ)) := by rw [adjoint_diagonal] simp only [Complex.star_def, Complex.conj_ofReal] end HilbertScale namespace OperatorTransport variable {H : Type u} {K : Type v} [NormedAddCommGroup H] [InnerProductSpace ℂ H] [NormedAddCommGroup K] [InnerProductSpace ℂ K] def transport (E : H ≃ₗᵢ[ℂ] K) (T : K →ₗ.[ℂ] K) : H →ₗ.[ℂ] H where domain := T.domain.comap E.toLinearEquiv.toLinearMap toFun := { toFun := fun x => E.symm (T ⟨E x.val, x.property⟩) map_add' := by intro x y simp only [Submodule.coe_add,map_add] change E.symm (T (⟨E x.val,x.property⟩ + ⟨E y.val,y.property⟩)) = _ rw [T.map_add,map_add] map_smul' := by intro c x simp only [Submodule.coe_smul,map_smul] change E.symm (T (c • (⟨E x.val,x.property⟩ : T.domain))) = _ rw [T.map_smul,map_smul] rfl } theorem mem_graph_iff (E : H ≃ₗᵢ[ℂ] K) (T : K →ₗ.[ℂ] K) (x y : H) : (x,y) ∈ (transport E T).graph ↔ (E x, E y) ∈ T.graph := by rw [(transport E T).mem_graph_iff, T.mem_graph_iff] constructor · rintro ⟨z,hz,hzy⟩ dsimp only [Prod.fst,Prod.snd] at hz hzy ⊢ have hmem : E z.val ∈ T.domain := z.property refine ⟨⟨E z.val,hmem⟩,congrArg E hz,?_⟩ rw [← hzy] exact (E.apply_symm_apply _).symm · rintro ⟨z,hz,hzy⟩ dsimp only [Prod.fst,Prod.snd] at hz hzy ⊢ have hx : x ∈ (transport E T).domain := by change E x ∈ T.domain rw [← hz]; exact z.property refine ⟨⟨x,hx⟩,rfl,?_⟩ change E.symm (T ⟨E x,hx⟩) = y have hz' : (⟨E x,hx⟩ : T.domain) = z := Subtype.ext hz.symm rw [hz',hzy,E.symm_apply_apply] end OperatorTransport end StronglyRationalVOA end end OAI