ByteDance is reportedly worth over US$100 billion as of May 2020.ByteDance's core product, Toutiao ("Headlines"), is a content platform in China and around the world.

ByteDance Ltd. (Chinese: 字节跳动; pinyin: Zìjié Tiàodòng) is a Chinese multinational internet technology company headquartered in Beijing.

On November 9, 2017, ByteDance acquired social media start-up Musical.ly for up to US$1 billion.

Toutiao used interest-based and decentralized distribution to help long-tail content creators find an audience.

Products | Other products | List of Overseas Products

Peoople: Social recommendation by friends and KOLs.

They combined it with TikTok on August 2, 2018 into a single global application, keeping the TikTok name.

ByteDance is the developer of the video-sharing social networking service Douyin (TikTok).

On March 4, 2020, the company officially launched the app, which it described as a "social music streaming app".

In December 2016, ByteDance invested in the Indonesian news recommendation platform BABE.In

ByteDance launched PGC short video platform TopBuzz Video in Japan in September 2016.

In October 2016, ByteDance invested in India's largest vernacular content aggregation platform Dailyhunt.

Based in Beijing, ByteDance company's main product is a social media platform application.


The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island, mostly between circa 1250 A.D. and 1500 A.D.

Description | Symbolism | Pukao topknots and headdresses

The added pukao suggest a further status to the moai.

Creating the moai was one way the islanders would honor their ancestors; during the height of the birdman cult there is evidence which suggests that the construction of moai stopped.

They are made of wood and have a small, slender aspect, giving them a sad appearance.

It is now housed in the British Museum, London, but demands have been made for its return to Rapa Nui.

The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites.

These figures are believed to have been made after the civilization on Rapa Nui began to collapse, which is why they seem to have a more emaciated appearance to them.

The most recent study demonstrates from the evidence in the archaeological record that the statues were harnessed with ropes from two sides and made to "walk" by tilting them from side to side while pulling forward.

History | 1722–1868 toppling of the moai

They were then subjected to forceful removal from their native lands and made to reside on a much smaller portion of the island, while the rest was used for farming. " Eventually all pure Rapa Nui blood died out.

These were made during 1150 A.D. to 1169 A.D.


The eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union

Unraveling  of the USSR | Final collapse

Gorbachev was only the third Soviet leader, after Malenkov and Khrushchev, not to die in office.

Only the leaders of the Kazakhstan and Kirghizia supported Gorbachev's approach.

By the final weeks of 1991, Yeltsin began to take over the remnants of the Soviet government including the Kremlin itself.

To keep unity within the country, Gorbachev continued to pursue plans for a new union treaty but found increasing opposition to the idea of a continued federal state as the leaders of various Soviet republics bowed to growing nationalist pressure.

On 20 December, the leaders of 11 of the 12 remaining republics–all except Georgia–met in Alma-Ata and signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, agreeing to dismantle the Soviet Union and formally establish the CIS.

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л

Gorbachev only learned of this development when Shushkevich phoned him; Gorbachev was furious.

Gorbachev revealed that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was a reality.

Yakovlev, Chernyaev, and Shevardnadze joined Gorbachev to help him write a resignation speech.

Gorbachev then gave his speech in the Kremlin in front of television cameras, allowing for international broadcast.

Mikhail Gorbachev was the final leader of the USSR.


A 1962 film version of the play was produced in Ireland, with the screenplay by writer-director Brian Desmond Hurst.

I've lost the only Playboy of the Western World." —

In June 2018, a new feature-length film production entitled Christy Mahon - Playboy of the Western World was registered by Swiss producers on IMDB.

Pegeen laments betraying and losing Christy: "I've lost the only playboy of the western world." Riots occurred in January 1907 during and following the opening performance of the play.

The Playboy of the Western World is a three-act play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge and first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 26 January 1907.

A film adaptation was also made in 2016.Set in the USA and titled, ' My Father Die', it was written and directed by Sean Brosnan.

"Drink a health to the wonders of the western world, the pirates, preachers, poteen-makers, with the jobbing jockies; parching peelers, and the juries fill their stomachs selling judgments of the English law." —

A 1994 TV movie adaptation was entitled Paris or Somewhere.

As Christy and his father leave to wander the world, having reconciled, Shawn suggests he and Pegeen get married soon, but she spurns him.

Years later, William Butler Yeats declared to rioters against Seán O'Casey's pacifist drama The Plough and the Stars, in reference to the "Playboy Riots": "You have disgraced yourself again.

The play was adapted in 1984 by Trinidadian playwright Mustapha Matura, lifted out of turn of the century Ireland and set down in 1950s Trinidad, and retitled Playboy of the West Indies.

The Playboy of the Western World was made into a movie.


Other imperial diets took place at Worms in the years 829, 926, 1076, 1122, 1495, and 1545, but unless plainly qualified, the term "Diet of Worms" usually refers to the assembly of 1521.

This one is most memorable for the Edict of Worms (Wormser Edikt), which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.

Luther maintained that salvation was by faith alone (sola fide) without reference to good works, alms, penance, or the Church's sacraments.

Then he answered, "They are all mine, but as for the second question, they are not all of one sort." Then he answered, "They are all mine, but as for the second question, they are not all of one sort." Luther went on to place the writings into three categories: (1) Works which were well received even by his enemies: those he would not reject. (2) Books which attacked the abuses, lies and desolation of the Christian world and the papacy: those, Luther believed, could not safely be rejected without encouraging abuses to continue.

The Diet of Worms was also the occasion for Charles V to reform the administration of the Empire.

According to Luther, Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic:  "'Martin,' said he, 'there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church, which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture.

Dr Schurff said, "Please have the titles read.

In June of the previous year, 1520, Pope Leo X issued the Papal bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), outlining forty-one purported errors found in Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and other writings related to or written by him.

Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work.

Later that year, additional arrests were made among the Augustinians in Antwerp.

The Diet of Worms discussing Martin Luther's Protestant reforms is but one of many religious meetings to occur at the location and share that general title, but there is only one that is normally referred to without additional descriptors.


He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this day.

He had an illegitimate son after an affair with Maddalena Fulchini, Giacomo Boncompagni, but before he took holy orders.

Pope Gregory XIII is best known for his commissioning of what is now known as the Gregorian calendar after being initially authored by the doctor/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and with the aid of Jesuit priest/astronomer Christopher Clavius who made the final modifications.

Because of Gregory's involvement, the reformed Julian calendar came to be known as the Gregorian calendar.

Upon the death of Pope Pius V (1566–1572), the conclave chose Cardinal Boncompagni, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII in homage to the great reforming Pope, Gregory I (590–604), surnamed the Great.

By that time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days.

After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres of Huguenots in France in 1572, Pope Gregory celebrated a Te Deum mass.

Gregory XIII was visited by the Tenshō embassy of Japan, becoming the first Pope to have done so.

That was verified by the observations of Clavius, and the new calendar was instituted when Gregory decreed, by  the papal bull Inter gravissimas of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be not Friday, 5 October, but Friday, 15 October 1582.

Pontificate | Formation of clergy and promotion of the arts and sciences

Pope Gregory XIII also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the German College at Rome, and put them in the charge of the Jesuits.

Pope Gregory XIII had no connection with the plot of Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother, Charles, Duke of Mayenne, to assassinate Elizabeth I in 1582.

Pope Gregory XIII is known for the modern day calendar and was an illegitimate child.


It also received critical acclaim and was ultimately nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor, Best Production Design, and Best Film Editing, winning Best Visual Effects.

The film was both a box office and critical success, grossing $254 million worldwide and earning seven Oscar nominations, including a win for Best Visual Effects.

The film was a box office success, grossing $36.7 million at the box office in Australia and over $254 million worldwide.

After seven years of development, Babe was filmed in Robertson, New South Wales, Australia.

Musical or Comedy and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.

It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture –

At the APRA Music Awards of 1996 it won Best Film Score for Westlake's work.

Babe is a 1995 comedy-drama film directed by Chris Noonan, produced by George Miller, written by both, narrated by Roscoe Lee Browne, and starring James Cromwell and Magda Szubanski with the voices of Christine Cavanaugh, Miriam Margolyes, Hugo Weaving, and Danny Mann.

The next day, Hoggett sees Babe sort

48 different pigs were used for the part of Babe.

Babe is a 1995 comedy-drama that grossed over $254 million worldwide and was ultimately nominated for seven Academy Awards.


lit. ' " The Red One"') is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.

It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.

Beyond the Alcazaba is the palace of the Moorish rulers, The Nasrid Palaces or Alhambra proper, and beyond this is the Alhambra Alta (Upper Alhambra), originally occupied by officials and courtiers.

After the conclusion of the Christian Reconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered in the Renaissance style.

Dirk Henn's game Der Palast von Alhambra, literally "The Palace of the Alhambra".

The original furniture of the palace is represented by one of the famous Alhambra vases, very large Hispano-Moresque ware vases made in the Sultanate to stand in niches around the palace.

The creation of the Sultan's Canal solidified the identity of the Alhambra as a palace-city rather than a defensive and ascetic structure.

After retreating to Granada, Ibn-Nasr took up residence at the Palace of Badis ben Habus in the Alhambra.

The remains are now likely to be located in Mondújar in the principality of Lecrín.

The Alhambra resembles many medieval Christian strongholds in its threefold arrangement as a castle, a palace and a residential annex for subordinates.

The Alhambra is a palace located in Portugal and was converted to a royal palace in 1333.


Francisco Franco Bahamonde (, Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.

Though barred by the Spanish government from being draped in the Spanish flag, Francisco Franco's grandson, also named Francisco Franco, draped his coffin in the nationalist flag.

Military career | Rif War and advancement through the ranks

Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa.

He was baptised thirteen days later at the military church of San Francisco, with the baptismal name Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo; Francisco for his paternal grandfather, Paulino for his godfather, Hermenegildo for his maternal grandmother and godmother, and Teódulo for the saint day of his birth.

To his father's chagrin, Francisco decided to try the Spanish Army.

Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born on 4 December 1892 in the Calle Frutos Saavedra in El Ferrol, Galicia.

Two years later Franco became the director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza.

Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol.

Spain became the second-fastest growing economy in the world between 1959 and 1973, just behind Japan.

From the Spanish Civil War to World War II | The first months

The first load of arms and tanks arrived as early as 26 September and was secretly unloaded at night.

The first days of the insurgency were marked by a serious need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate.

Francisco Franco became Claudio the First.


When putting together her own wardrobe she stated, "It's become more about taking a risk ... I always look for the most interesting silhouette or something

In 2009, New York magazine described Rihanna's early look as that of "a cookie-cutter teen queen", noting she has the ability "to shift looks dramatically and with such ease".

"Described as one of the sexiest women of her generation, she revealed that being a sex symbol is not a priority and that "it's definitely flattering, but also uncomfortable.

Fenty is a fashion brand by Rihanna under luxury fashion group LVMH which launched in May 2019.

She showcased the brand at the New York Fashion Week in September 2018.

Life and music career | 2004–2006: Beginnings and early releases

Despite being skeptical, he invited Rihanna to audition for the label.

A scene of Rihanna being approached by a speeding car at night

Music critic Jayson Greene of Pitchfork described Rihanna as the most influential singer of the past decade, writing:"Rihanna

Nick Levine of Digital Spy described Good Girl

In September 2019 Rihanna promoted the brand in a show again during the New York Fashion Week held at the Barclays Center with modeling appearances from models Alex Wek, Bella Hadid, Cara Delevingne, actress Laverne Cox, and musicians Normani and 21 Savage.

It represents a departure from the Caribbean sound of her previous albums and is described as a turning point in her career.

Rihanna describes her overall look as being fashion forward.


Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles.

Depiction of warfare | Influence on classical Greek warfare

While the Homeric poems (particularly, the Iliad) were not necessarily revered scripture of the ancient Greeks, they were most certainly seen as guides that were important to the intellectual understanding of any educated Greek citizen.

The Iliad (; Ancient Greek: Ἰλιάς, Iliás, Attic Greek pronunciation: [iː.li.ás]; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer.

Subjects from the Trojan War were a favourite among ancient Greek dramatists.

Depiction of warfare | Depiction of infantry combat

This overall depiction of war runs contrary to many other ancient Greek depictions, where war is an aspiration for greater glory.

This is even later referred to by Homer in the Odyssey.

Robert Browning's poem Development discusses his childhood introduction to the matter of the Iliad and his delight in the epic, as well as contemporary debates about its authorship.

The biggest issue in reconciling the connection between the epic fighting of the Iliad and later Greek warfare is the phalanx, or hoplite, warfare seen in Greek history well after Homer's Iliad.

The Iliad was also the first full epic poem to be translated to Arabic from a foreign language, upon the publication of Al-Boustani's complete work in 1904.

Influence on arts and pop culture | 20th century arts

Simone Weil wrote the essay "The Iliad or the Poem of Force" in 1939, shortly after the commencement of World War II.

The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem with scripture references introducing warriors during the War in Heaven.


Diana came to prominence in 1981 upon her engagement to Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, after a brief courtship.

Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since Anne Hyde over 300 years earlier, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her engagement.

She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles.

Twenty-year-old Diana became Princess of Wales when she married the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal nuptials.

Harry was born two years before Hewitt and Diana began their affair.

Prince Charles subsequently courted Diana in London.

Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.

" Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, the Duke of Edinburgh had warned the Princess of Wales: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away.

He was then dating her older sister, Lady Sarah.

down". In the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over 300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver Hoare.

In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her "Cheryl" and Prince Charles

Princess Diana dated Princes Charles for three years before marrying him.


He died of complications after eye surgery in 1750 at the age of 65.

Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March [

Sara Itzig Levy became an avid collector of works by Johann Sebastian Bach and his sons and was a "patron" of CPE Bach.

The Bach family already counted several composers when Johann Sebastian was born as the last child of a city musician in Eisenach.

Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in present-day Germany, on 21 March 1685

Also in the second half of the 19th century, Philipp Spitta published Johann Sebastian Bach, the standard work on Bach's life and music.

In 1802, Johann Nikolaus Forkel published Ueber Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, the first biography of the composer, which contributed to his becoming known to a wider public.

Bach festivals were held on several continents, and competitions and prizes such as the International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition and the Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize were named after the composer.

Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father died eight months later.

Their journey was probably undertaken mostly on foot.

Life | Leipzig (1723–1750) | Final years and death (1740–1750)

Bach died on 28 July 1750 from complications due to the unsuccessful treatment.

Johann Sebastian Bach died from drowning in a foot of water after he fell off his horse.


Cleisthenes (; Greek: Κλεισθένης, Kleisthénēs) was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC.

Historians estimate that Cleisthenes was born around 570 BC.

Biography | Contribution to the governance of Athens

Cleisthenes' life after his reforms is unknown as no ancient texts mention him thereafter.

After this victory, Cleisthenes began to reform the government of Athens.

Cleomenes intervened in 508 and 506 BC, but could not stop Cleisthenes, now supported by the Athenians.

It was the role of the Boule to propose laws to the assembly of voters, who convened in Athens around forty times a year for this purpose.

Cleisthenes called these reforms isonomia ("equality vis à vis law", iso-=equality; nomos=law), instead of demokratia.

Through Cleisthenes' reforms, the people of Athens endowed their city with isonomic institutions—equal rights for all citizens (though only men were citizens)—and established ostracism.

With help from the Spartans and the Alcmaeonidae (Cleisthenes' genos, "clan") , he was responsible for overthrowing Hippias, the tyrant son of Pisistratus.

After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny, Isagoras and Cleisthenes were rivals for power, but Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king Cleomenes I to help him expel Cleisthenes.

Cleisthenes came to life around 570,  but didn't help reform the constitution of Athens until 508.


Mark William Calaway (born March 24, 1965), better known by the ring name The Undertaker, is an American professional wrestler.

He is currently signed to WWE.

Wrestler Big Show named The Undertaker as the greatest professional wrestler of all time, while Mark Henry and WWE chairman Vince McMahon have called him their favorite.

Professional wrestling career | World Championship Wrestling (1989–1990)

In 1989, Calaway joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as a villain and adopted the ring name "Mean Mark" Callous, a name devised for him by Terry Funk.

The Undertaker has been named one of the greatest wrestlers of all time.

Professional wrestling career | World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE | Post-Streak feuds (2015–2020)

Over the following weeks, Styles would continue to provoke The Undertaker, notably calling him by his real name, Mark Calaway, and bringing his wife Michelle McCool into the picture.

Professional wrestling career | World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE | Ministry of Darkness (1998–1999)

Had he entered WCW, it would have been as Mark Calaway.

Professional wrestling career | World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE | Debut and early feuds (1990–1991)

During the match, Calaway was referred to as The Undertaker, omitting the name 'Kane', which was dropped shortly after the event (and seven years later was given to another wrestler who eventually became Undertaker's younger brother of the same name).

In naming him the second greatest wrestler ever, IGN described The Undertaker as, "one of the most respected wrestlers, and characters, in the business; treated with actual reverence.

Tim Friorvant of ESPN named The Undertaker "a character that has been a cornerstone of the WWE for more than three decades".

The Undertaker was voted the greatest WWE wrestler ever in a 2013 Digital Spy poll.

He is currently signed to WWE.

The Undertaker is the stage name for WWE wrestler Mark Calaway.


Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, Michigan, where her father C. L. Franklin was a minister.

Aretha Louise Franklin (March 25, 1942 – August 16, 2018) was an American singer, songwriter, actress, pianist, and civil rights activist.

When Franklin was 12, her father began managing her; he would bring her on the road with him during his so-called "gospel caravan" tours for her to perform in various churches.

By 1964, Franklin began recording more pop music, reaching the top 10 on the R&B chart with the ballad "Runnin' Out of Fools" in early 1965.

Another woman performed at several Florida venues under the name Aretha Franklin.

After the separation, Aretha recalled seeing her mother in Buffalo during the summer, and Barbara Franklin frequently visited her children in Detroit.

Ward also served as a role model to the young Aretha.

When Aretha was two, the family relocated to Buffalo, New York.

During this time, Aretha learned how to play piano by ear.

By the time Aretha turned five, C. L. Franklin had permanently relocated the family to Detroit, where he took over the pastorship of the New Bethel Baptist Church.

Just after her mother's death, Franklin began singing solos at New Bethel, debuting with the hymn "Jesus, Be a Fence Around Me".

The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2019 awarded Franklin a posthumous special citation "for her indelible contribution to American music and culture for more than five decades." Aretha Louise Franklin was born on March 25, 1942, to Barbara (née Siggers) and Clarence LaVaughn

Aretha Franklin was a performer and began her career early as a kid.


A slick fielder but never much of a hitter, he worked his way up to the Texas League Houston Buffaloes (two steps below the majors) in 1951, though never made it to the big league club.

Weaver claims to have never had a sign for the hit and run,

Weaver also insisted his players maintained a professional appearance at all times.

After playing in minor league baseball, he retired without playing in Major League Baseball (MLB).

He became a minor league manager, and then managed in MLB for 17 years with the Baltimore Orioles (1968–82; 1985–86).

He allowed mustaches, but not beards, and, as a rule, players had to wear a suit or jacket and tie on board an airplane for a road trip.

Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Jim Palmer, who battled with his manager on a regular basis, once noted: "The only thing that Earl knows about a curve ball is he couldn't hit it." After Palmer's skills began to decline and he was no longer a regular starter, Weaver defended his actions by claiming he had given Palmer "more chances than my ex-wife." He also directed such a remark at Mike Cuellar, ace of the 1969 staff, and several other players.

1983).In 1987 , Weaver assisted in the development of the AI for the computer game Earl Weaver Baseball, which was published by Electronic Arts.

He was the son of Earl Milton Weaver, a dry cleaner who cleaned the uniforms of the St. Louis Cardinals and Browns, and Ethel Genevieve Wakefield.

Managerial career | Disciplinary actions

First base umpire Bill Haller, who was wearing a microphone for a documentary on the daily life of an MLB umpire, called a balk on Oriole pitcher Mike Flanagan.

Earl Weaver never got into MLB proper as a player.


Biography | Pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov and first compositions, 1901–1909

In the wake of Rimsky-Korsakov's death, Stravinsky composed Funeral Song, Op. 5 which was performed once and then considered lost until its discovery in 2015.In August 1905, Stravinsky became engaged to his first cousin, Katherine Gavrylivna Nosenko.

In spite of the Orthodox Church's opposition to marriage between first cousins, the couple married on 23 January 1906.

A fictionalization of the supposed affair formed the basis of the novel Coco and Igor (2002) and a film, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2009).

Until 1914, he spent most of his summers in the town of Ustilug, now in Ukraine, where his father-in-law owned an estate.

In 1923, Erik Satie wrote an article about Igor Stravinsky in Vanity Fair.

Igor Stravinsky found recordings a practical and useful tool in preserving his thoughts on the interpretation of his music.

Stravinsky has been called "one of music's truly epochal innovators".

Biography | Life in the United States, 1939–1971 | 1945–1968

An exception to this was a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada in May 1967, where he conducted the relatively physically undemanding Pulcinella suite with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.

Igor was the third of their four sons; his brothers were Roman, Yury, and Gury.

Katya, to whom he had been married for 33 years, died of tuberculosis three months later, in March 1939.

In 1998, Time magazine named Stravinsky as one of the 100 most influential people of the century.

Stravinsky met Vera de Bosset in Paris in February 1921, while she was married to the painter and stage designer Serge Sudeikin, and they began an affair that led to Vera leaving her husband.

Igor Stravinsky married one of his own relatives.


The king was often seriously ill during the last year of his life, leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure, rarely able to visit London, while Buckingham consolidated his control of Charles to ensure his own future.

In accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up as a member of the Protestant Church of Scotland, the Kirk.

In his later years, James suffered increasingly from arthritis, gout and kidney stones.

James left the church in Scotland divided at his death, a source of future problems for his son.

James pardoned Frances and commuted Carr's sentence of death, eventually pardoning him in 1624.

One theory is that James may have suffered from porphyria, a disease of which his descendant George III of the United Kingdom exhibited some symptoms.

James described his urine to physician Théodore de Mayerne as being the "dark red colour of Alicante wine".

In early 1625, James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis, gout, and fainting fits, and fell seriously ill in March with tertian ague and then suffered a stroke.

Bishop John Williams of Lincoln preached the sermon, observing, "King Solomon died in Peace, when he had lived about sixty years ... and so you know did King James".

He was guarding a pile of wood not far from 36 barrels of gunpowder with which Fawkes intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction, as James put it, "not only ... of my person, nor of my wife and posterity also, but of the whole body of the State in general".

The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by royal prerogative but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would "stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings".

James was very healthy up till his death.


Eithne Pádraigín Ní Bhraonáin was born on 17 May 1961 in Dore, within the area of the parish Gaoth Dobhair, in the northwestern county of Donegal, Ireland.

Career | 1976–1985: Clannad and early solo career

The change from Eithne to Enya originated from Nicky Ryan, who thought her name would be too difficult for people outside Ireland to pronounce correctly, and suggested the phonetic spelling of her name.

Career | 1998–2007: A Day Without Rain and Amarantine

In 2002, Enya released "May It Be" as a single which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.

In June 2007, Enya received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland, Galway.

The exposure caused A Day Without Rain to outperform its original chart performance to peak at number 2 on the Billboard 200, and the release of a maxi single containing the original and a pop remix of "Only Time" in November 2001.

She toured across Europe and played an uncredited role on their sixth album, Crann Úll (1980), with a line-up of siblings Máire, Pól and Ciarán Brennan and twin uncles, Noel and Pádraig Duggan.

Despite these improvements, in October 2005, two people broke into her home; one attacked and tied up one of her housekeepers and left with several of Enya's items after she had raised the alarm in her safe room.

The 2016 edition, which listed its top 50 "Music Millionaires of Britain and Ireland", she emerged as the richest female singer with a fortune of £91 million for a place at No.

After flying to New Zealand to observe the filming and to watch a rough cut of the film, Enya returned to Ireland and composed "Aníron (Theme for Aragon and Arwen)" with lyrics by Roma in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Elvish language Sindarin, and "May It Be", sung in English and another Tolkien language, Quenya.

However, Enya does not classify her music as part of the genre.

Enya is originally from England but grew up in Ireland.


Life and career | Early life | Family and childhood

He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy.

His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart (1751–1829), nicknamed "Nannerl".

When Nannerl was 7, she began keyboard lessons with her father, while her three-year-old brother looked on.

Life and career | Later years | Final illness and death

Mozart was nursed in his final illness by his wife and her youngest sister and was attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset.

He had a startling fondness for scatological humour, which is preserved in his surviving letters, notably those written to his cousin Maria Anna Thekla Mozart around 1777–1778, and in his correspondence with his sister and parents.

His father and sister were cordially polite to Constanze, but the visit prompted the composition of one of Mozart's great liturgical pieces, the Mass in C minor.

Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are judged to be a response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from 1781.

Life and career | 1777–78: Journey to Paris

By that time, relations between Grimm and Mozart had cooled, and Mozart moved out.

Works, musical style, and innovations | Influence

For further details, see Mozart and Beethoven.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart (1719–1787) and Anna Maria, née Pertl (1720–1778), at Getreidegasse 9 in Salzburg.

Life and career | 1782–87 | 1786–87: Return to opera

It was a part-time appointment, paying just 800 florins per year, and required Mozart only to compose dances for the annual balls in the Redoutensaal (see Mozart and dance).

Mozart had six brothers and sisters.


The poem's origins are unknown, but it was partly inspired by Gray's thoughts following the death of the poet Richard West in 1742.

Critical response | 20th-century response

But in the Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard these longstanding and very human concerns have their most affecting expression.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem by Thomas Gray, completed in 1750 and first published in 1751.

On 3 June 1750, Gray moved to Stoke Poges, and on 12 June he completed Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.

William Mason, in Memoirs, discussed his friend Gray and the origins of Elegy: "I am inclined to believe that the Elegy in a Country Church-yard was begun, if not concluded, at this time [August 1742] also: Though I am aware that as it stands at present, the conclusion is of a later date; how that was originally I shall show in my notes on the poem.

Written in a Country Meeting House, April 1789; Parodized from Gray for the Entertainment of Those Who Laugh at All Parties by George Richards (d.1804) and published from Boston MA, the parody was printed opposite Gray's original page by page, making the translation to the political context more obvious.

Claimed as "probably still today the best-known and best-loved poem in English", the Elegy quickly became popular.

Originally titled Stanzas Wrote in a Country Church-Yard, the poem was completed when Gray was living near St Giles' parish church at Stoke Poges.

It would be difficult to maintain that the thought in this poem is either striking or original, or that its feeling is exceptional." He continued: "the Elegy may usefully remind us that boldness and originality are not necessities for great poetry.

Edward Moore's “An elegy, written among the ruins of a nobleman's seat in Cornwall" (1756) and John Cunningham's "An elegy on a pile of ruins" (1761).

The first, Mason's concept, argues that the Eton copy was the original for the Elegy poem and was complete in itself.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard's origins are known.


Moʻai  (listen), or moai (Spanish: moái, Rapa Nui: moʻai, meaning "statue" in Rapa Nui), are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500.

This is the name of a statue near Shibuya Station in Tokyo, which is inspired by, but distinct from, moʻai.

The official unicode name for the emoji is spelled "Moyai".

Except for one kneeling moʻai, the statues do not have clearly visible legs.

Some were incomplete because, when inclusions were encountered, the carvers would abandon a partial statue and start a new one.

Creating the moʻai was one way the islanders would honor their ancestors; during the height of the birdman cult there is evidence which suggests that the construction of moʻai stopped.

" The competition for grandest statue was ever prevalent in the culture of the Easter Islanders.

In 2008, a Finnish tourist chipped a piece off the ear of one moʻai.

The earliest accounts say a king named Tuu Ku Ihu moved them with the help of the god Makemake, while later stories tell of a woman who lived alone on the mountain ordering them about at her will.

The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island, mostly between circa 1250 and 1500.

"One of the most fascinating sights at Orongo are the hundreds of petroglyphs carved with birdman and Makemake images.

Mo'ai are statues that are on an island named after a holiday.


The Acts of the Apostles (Koinē Greek: Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn; Latin: Actūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, or formally the Book of Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.

Composition and setting | Title, unity of Luke – Acts, authorship and date

It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear that it was not given by the author, as the word práxeis (deeds, acts) only appears once in the text (Acts 19:18) and there it does not refer to the apostles but refers to deeds confessed by followers to the apostles.

The Anchor Bible: The Acts of the Apostles-A new Translation with Introduction and Commentary.

Composition and setting | Genre, sources and historicity of Acts

The author may have taken as his model the works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a well-known history of Rome, or the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews.

The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Praxeis Apostolon) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men (praxeis), but it was not the title given by the author.

Theological Bible Commentary.

Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible.

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible.

According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, the author was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters." (An example can be seen by comparing Acts's accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, 22:6–21, and 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24).) The author "is an admirer of Paul, but does not share Paul's own view of himself as an apostle; his own theology is considerably different from Paul's on key points and does not represent Paul's own views accurately.

The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-rhetorical Commentary.

The title "Acts of the Apostles" was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century.

The author of Acts of the Apostles in the Bible is not known.


She admires Madonna's ability to reinvent herself, saying "I want to evolve like Madonna", and has credited Madonna for inspiring her to make Prism "darker" than her previous material.

Perry's autobiographical documentary Katy Perry: Part of Me was largely influenced by Madonna: Truth or Dare.

While Perry's music incorporates pop, rock, and disco, Katy Hudson contains gospel.

Perry's fourth album, Prism, is significantly influenced by dance and pop music.

Perry described the Beach Boys and their album Pet Sounds as having a considerable influence on her music: "Pet Sounds is one of my favorite records and it influenced pretty much all of my songwriting.

During the early stages of her career, Perry's musical style gravitated towards gospel and she aspired to be as successful as Amy Grant.

Self-empowerment is a common theme in Perry's music.

She cites the band's frontman, Freddie Mercury, as her biggest influence and expressed how the "combination of his sarcastic approach to writing lyrics and his 'I don't give a fuck' attitude" inspired her music.

Perry names Björk as an influence, particularly admiring her "willingness to always be taking chances".

Life and career | 2010–2012: Teenage Dream and marriage

On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary Katy Perry: Part of Me was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures.

Katy Perry's music was not influenced by Madonna.


By the end of the 1960s, Aretha Franklin had come to be known as the "Queen of Soul".

Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, Michigan, where her father C. L. Franklin was a minister.

A memorial service was held at New Bethel Baptist Church on August 19.

Recording equipment was installed inside New Bethel Baptist Church and nine tracks were recorded.

By the time Aretha turned five, C. L. Franklin had permanently relocated the family to Detroit, where he took over the pastorship of the New Bethel Baptist Church.

Just after her mother's death, Franklin began singing solos at New Bethel, debuting with the hymn "Jesus, Be a Fence Around Me".

In 1987, she issued her third gospel album, One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism, which was recorded at her late father's New Bethel church, followed by Through the Storm in 1989.

When Franklin was 12, her father began managing her; he would bring her on the road with him during his so-called "gospel caravan" tours for her to perform in various churches.

By the end of 1961, Franklin was named as a "new-star female vocalist" in DownBeat magazine.

Another woman performed at several Florida venues under the name Aretha Franklin.

Aretha Franklin was named the Queen of R and B and began her career with the New Bethel Baptist Church.


Notable products manufactured by Foxconn include the BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone 11, iPod, Kindle, Nintendo 3DS, Nokia devices, Xiaomi devices, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and several CPU sockets, including the TR4 CPU socket on some motherboards.

A Foxconn branch that primarily manufactures Apple products is Hongfujin.

Although Foxconn was found to be compliant in the majority of areas when Apple Inc. audited the maker of its iPods and iPhones in 2007, the audit did substantiate several of the allegations.

On 25 May 2016, the BBC reported that Foxconn fired 60,000 employees because it had automated "many of the manufacturing tasks associated with their operations".

Foxconn has been involved in several controversies.

Foxconn has 12 factories in nine Chinese cities—more than in any other country.

While some workers live in surrounding towns and villages, others live and work inside the complex; a quarter of the employees live in the dormitories, and many of them work up to 12 hours a day for 6 days each week.

Another Foxconn factory "city" is located at Zhengzhou Technology Park in Zhengzhou, Henan province, where a reported 120,000 workers are employed as of 2012.Foxconn's future expansion include sites at Wuhan in Hubei province, Haizhow, Kunshan in Jiangsu province, Tianjin, Beijing, and Guangzhou in Guangdong province, China.

Foxconn has been involved in several controversies relating to employee grievances or treatment.

In September 2016 Foxconn started manufacturing products with Gionee.

Foxconn has many factories in China and makes several of the Apple products.


Alomar was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico.

Roberto "Robbie" Alomar Velázquez (; Spanish pronunciation: [aloˈmaɾ]; born February 5, 1968) is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball (MLB) player who played for the San Diego Padres, Toronto Blue Jays, Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, New York Mets, Chicago White Sox, and Arizona Diamondbacks (1988–2004).

, Henry Aaron was the other." He became only the third Puerto Rican to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, after Roberto Clemente and Orlando Cepeda, and has since been joined by Iván Rodríguez and Edgar Martínez.

In 1985, Alomar signed with the San Diego Padres at age 17, and joined the team's Class-A affiliate, the Charleston Rainbows.

On December 12, 2012, Alomar married Toronto native Kim Perks at the Art Gallery of Ontario.

He became an All-Star for the first time in 1990, as a reserve player for the National League.

In 2011, Alomar was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, becoming the first Hall of Fame member to be depicted as a Blue Jays player on his plaque.

On November 12, 2013, Alomar launched a baseball equipment line, Alomar Baseball.

In 1998, he was named the Major League Baseball (MLB) All-Star Game MVP.

The 2011 Caribbean Series was dedicated to him, which was followed by his induction into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame.

He is regarded as one of the greatest second basemen and all-around players of all time.

Roberto is a baseball player native of San Juan, PR.


Klem was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953.

He worked 18 World Series, which is a major league record.

By 1940, Klem had retired and had been replaced by future Hall of Fame umpire Al Barlick.

Klem and Tom Connolly were the first two umpires inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953.

He worked a record 18 World Series: 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1934 and 1940.

William Joseph Klem, born William Joseph Klimm (February 22, 1874 – September 16, 1951), known as the "Old Arbitrator" and the "father of baseball umpires", was a National League (NL) umpire in Major League Baseball from 1905 to 1941.

To this day, Klem holds the record for MLB games umpired - he finished his career having umpired 5,375 regular season MLB games (all in the National League), 103 postseason games (all in World Series), and two MLB All-Star Games.

No other umpire has worked in more than ten Series.

Of the 16 major league teams in existence during his career, all but one—the St. Louis Browns, who would not win a pennant until 1944—appeared in a World Series that he officiated; the only other teams which did not win a championship with Klem on the field were the Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies (neither of which won a title during Klem's lifetime) and the Detroit Tigers.

O'Rourke threatened that Klem would not umpire another game in the league, but Klem responded, "Maybe so, but I'll umpire this one.

William Klem was alive when he was elected to the Hall of Fame and was in 18 World Series as an umpire.


The play is one of Shakespeare's lesser-regarded works among literary critics.

The Merry Wives of Windsor or Sir John Falstaff and the Merry Wives of Windsor is a comedy by William Shakespeare first published in 1602, though believed to have been written in or before 1597.

Most critics consider Merry Wives to be one of Shakespeare's weakest plays, and the Falstaff of Merry Wives to be much inferior to the Falstaff of the two Henry IV plays.

That Shakespeare would so stumble with one of his greatest creations

If it is correct, it would probably mean that Shakespeare wrote The Merry Wives of Windsor between Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2.

It is largely considered to be the best operatic adaptation of The Merry Wives of Windsor, as well as one of opera's greatest comic achievements.

T.W. Craik suggests that Shakespeare was forced to interrupt work on Henry IV, Part 2, having written most of it, because The Merry Wives had to be completed quickly.

One is that Pistol and Shallow are introduced as new characters in Henry IV, Part 2, but in The Merry Wives their connection to Falstaff is taken for granted.

Leslie Hotson wrote that "it is certain that the play bears the earmarks of hasty writing." Merry Wives was one of the first Shakespearean plays to be performed once the theatres re-opened in 1660 after the Interregnum.

Premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (2012) The Merry Widows of Windsor by Emily C. A. Snyder is a sequel to Shakespeare's text, written in blank verse.

Sir John does not appear in Henry V, so Merry Wives could have been written to make good on the pledge.

The Merry Wives is one of the less acclaimed masterpiece of William Shakespeare.


Melanistic leopards are common in Java, and are also reported from densely forested areas in southwestern China, Myanmar, Assam and Nepal, from Travancore, and some parts of southern India where they may be more numerous than spotted leopards.

Melanistic and non-melanistic animals can be littermates.

There are no authenticated cases of truly melanistic cougars.

Melanistic cougars were neither photographed nor killed in the wild, and none have ever been bred.

Based on records from camera traps, melanistic leopards occur foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests.

A pseudo-melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but the spots are more densely packed than normal and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color.

A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of any Panthera, particularly of the leopard (P. pardus) in Asia and Africa, and the jaguar (P. onca) in the Americas.

In the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca, 104 records of jaguars were obtained between 2010 and 2019; 26 of them showed melanistic jaguars.

Data on the distribution of leopard populations indicates that melanism occurs in five subspecies in the wild: Indian leopard, Javan leopard, African leopard, Indochinese leopard (P. p. delacouri) and Sri Lankan leopard (P. p. kotiya).

The taxonomic status of captive black leopards and the extent of hybridization between the Javan leopard and other leopard subspecies is uncertain.

Melanistic leopards have been seen in fields in New Zealand.


The Argentina national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de Argentina) represents Argentina in men's international football and is administered by the Argentine Football Association, the governing body for football in Argentina.

The sense of rivalry is more keenly felt on the Nigerian side, as Argentina have won almost all of their encounters and have more important traditional opponents to concentrate on, in contrast to the West Africans who remain keen to finally overcome a more illustrious foe.

Argentina is known for having rivalries with Brazil, Uruguay, England, and Germany due to particular occurrences with one another throughout football history.

On 6 September 2011, Bangabandhu National Stadium hosted an international friendly football match between the full-strength Argentina and Nigeria teams, featuring Lionel Messi, Sergio Agüero, Javier Mascherano and John Obi Mikel among the other star players of both nations.

Argentina last reached the World Cup final in 2014, where it lost 1–0 to Germany national football team.

A minor rivalry developed from the 1990s between Argentina and Nigeria, based not on geographical proximity, long-term battles for honours or factors outside football, but due to the frequency of significant matches between them.

La Selección (national team), also known as the La Albiceleste, has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost 4–2 to Uruguay.

The fixture is the most common in the competition's history involving an African nation, and has occurred in five of the six tournaments for which Nigeria has qualified.

Below full international level, their Olympic teams also faced off in the gold medal match in 1996 (3–2 to Nigeria), and 2008 (1–0 to Argentina).

The reasons for this varied, including long travel times between countries and the interruption of World War I.La Selección (national team), also known as the Albicelestes (sky blue and whites), has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost, 4–2, to Uruguay.

The Argentina national football team is known for its rivalries and they have lost all their encounters with Nigeria.


He played for several teams, but his longest tenure was in New York, where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants.

MLB playing career | Later career (1891–1897)

Connor's career mark of 138 was a benchmark not surpassed until 1921 by Babe Ruth.

He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion.

He lived to see his career home run record bested by Babe Ruth, although if it was celebrated, it might have been on the wrong day.

Roger and Angeline Connor lived in Waterbury, Connecticut, for many years, even while Roger played in New York.

MLB playing career | Early years (1880–1889)

His grand slam came with two outs and his team down three runs in the bottom of the ninth inning, a situation known today as a walk-off home run.

Connor committed 60 errors in 83 games and sustained a shoulder injury, prompting a position change to first baseman for 1881.He later played for the New York Gothams, and, due to his great stature, gave that team the enduring nickname "Giants".

The couple later adopted a girl named Cecelia from a Catholic orphanage in New York City.

MLB playing career | Players' League (1890)

National League teams rescheduled many of their games to conflict with PL games in the same cities, and a high number of PL games were cancelled late in the season due to rainouts.

Roger Connor (July 1, 1857 – January 4, 1931) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball (MLB) player.

Roger Connor played a role in Gotham City as Babe Ruth.


Born in Wahoo, Nebraska, he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899.

After his election, Crawford told the curator in Cooperstown that he wanted his plaque to read "Wahoo Sam." He noted: "That's my hometown, and I'm proud of it.

Samuel Earl Crawford (April 18, 1880 – June 15, 1968), nicknamed "Wahoo Sam", was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball (MLB).

In 1898, he joined a traveling baseball team in Wahoo.

Crawford was born in Wahoo, Nebraska, in 1880, the son of Stephen O. Crawford (born 1842 in Vermont) and Nellie Crawford (born 1855 in Iowa).

As for how he hoped to be remembered, he said: "When I kick off they'll say, 'Well, good old Sam, he wasn't such a bad guy after all.

Major League Baseball career | Rivalry with Ty Cobb

He stands up at the plate like a brick house and he hits all the pitchers, without playing favorites." Sam Crawford and Ty Cobb were teammates for parts of 13 seasons.

According to a biography from the Nebraska Hall of Fame, Crawford was a star athlete at Wahoo High School, leading the team to two state football championships in 1896 and 1897 and was also noted for "foot racing" wherever he played.

Major League Baseball career | Career accomplishments

One of his contemporaries, Fielder Jones, said of Crawford: "None of them can hit quite as hard as Crawford.

Crawford was 59–46–3 as the USC coach.

Sam Crawford is a descendant of the Wahoo Tribe.


Joseph Edward Cronin (October 12, 1906 – September 7, 1984) was a Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop, manager and general manager.

A seven-time All-Star, Cronin became the first AL player to become an All-Star with two teams; he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1956.

Baseball promoter Joe Engel, who scouted for the Senators and managed the Chattanooga Lookouts at Engel Stadium, originally signed Cronin.

Joe Cronin was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame (with Hank Greenberg) in 1956.

Major league career | As a general manager

The Red Sox posted winning season records for all but two of Cronin's 11 seasons as general manager, but from 1951–58 they lagged behind the AL pennant-winners by an average of 173⁄4 games.

Major league career | As a player-manager and manager

Cronin was named player-manager of the Senators in 1933, a post he would hold for two years.

Most attention has been focused on Cronin and Yawkey's refusal to integrate the Red Sox roster; by January 1959, when Cronin's tenure as general manager ended, the Red Sox were the only team in the big leagues without an African-American or Afro-Latin American player.

In his first off-season, he acquired shortstop Vern Stephens and pitchers Ellis Kinder and Jack Kramer from the St. Louis Browns; all played major roles for the 1948 Red Sox, who finished in a flatfooted tie for the pennant with the Cleveland Indians but lost a one-game tie-breaker.

Neither man was reinstated (Valentine became a successful minor league front-office executive), but the Major League Umpires Association was formed anyway, two years later.

At the time, the nearest MLB team was nearly 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from San Francisco.

Joe Cronin was a Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop, manager and general manager, and became the first AL player to become an All-Star with two teams.


In 1978, she moved to London, where she lived with flatmates and took on various low-paying jobs.

She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William and Prince Harry.

Lady Diana first met Charles, Prince of Wales, the Queen's eldest son and heir apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977.

The couple had two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne.

In April 1985, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.

In 2017, Prince William and Prince Harry commissioned two documentaries to mark the 20th anniversary of her death.

Prince Charles subsequently courted Diana in London.

In an official statement released by Kensington Palace, William and Harry said "Our mother touched so many lives.

Public life | Charity work and patronage | HIV/AIDS

Prince Harry accepted the award on behalf of his mother.

Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: "Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King.

Diana, Princess of Wales was the first wife of Charles, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William and Prince Harry, although in 1968, she moved to London, where she lived with flatmates and took on various low-paying jobs.


Paul Abraham Dukas (French: [dykas]; 1 October 1865 – 17 May 1935) was a French composer, critic, scholar and teacher.

His best-known work is the orchestral piece

Among his fellow students was Claude Debussy, with whom Dukas formed a close friendship.

The robust last movement, Allegro spiritoso, so verdant in instrumentation, brings the symphony to a vigorous close.

Dukas worked on it for seven years and it was produced at the Opéra-Comique in 1907.

Not only are both works settings of Maeterlinck, but there are musical similarities; Dukas even quotes from the Debussy work in his score.

"In 1899 Dukas turned once again to operatic composition.

In 2011, the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians observed, "The popularity of L'apprenti sorcier and the exhilarating film version of it in Disney's Fantasia possibly hindered a fuller understanding of Dukas, as that single work is far better known than its composer." In the decade after L'apprenti sorcier, Dukas completed two complex and technically demanding large-scale works for solo piano: the Piano Sonata (1901), dedicated to Saint-Saëns, and Variations, Interlude and Finale on a Theme by Rameau (1902).

The author had intended the libretto to be set by Grieg but in 1899 he offered it to Dukas.

In tandem with his composing career, Dukas worked as a music critic, contributing regular reviews to at least five French journals.

During Dukas's lifetime The Musical Quarterly commented that the world fame of the work not only overshadowed all other compositions by Dukas, but also eclipsed Goethe's original poem.

The opera has often been compared to Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande which was first performed while Dukas was writing Ariane et Barbe-bleue.

Dukas was a German philosopher that worked closely with Nietzsche.


Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89% of 326 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.82/10.

Inglourious Basterds was listed on many critics' top ten lists.

Critic James Berardinelli gave the film his first four-star review of 2009, stating, "With Inglourious Basterds, Quentin Tarantino has made his best movie since Pulp Fiction," and that it was "one hell of an enjoyable ride." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film a four-star review, writing that "Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds is a big, bold, audacious war movie that will annoy some, startle others and demonstrate once again that he's the real thing, a director of quixotic delights.

Inglourious Basterds was later ranked #62 on a BBC critics' poll of the greatest films since 2000.

" Metacritic, which assigns a rating reviews, gives the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The site's critical consensus reads: "A classic Tarantino genre-blending thrill ride, Inglourious Basterds is violent, unrestrained, and thoroughly entertaining.

" Author and critic Daniel Mendelsohn was disturbed by the portrayal of Jewish American soldiers mimicking German atrocities done to European Jews, stating, "In Inglourious Basterds, Tarantino indulges this taste for vengeful violence by—

When pushed, Tarantino would not explain the first u in Inglourious, but said, " The Basterds?

The film received an eight- to eleven-minute standing ovation from critics after its first screening at Cannes, although Le Monde, a leading French newspaper, dismissed it, saying "Tarantino gets lost in a fictional World War II".

After directing Death Proof in 2007, Tarantino returned to work on Inglourious Basterds.

Inglourious Basterds received positive reviews from many of the critics.


Ben-Hur had the largest budget ($15.175 million), as well as the largest sets built of any film produced at the time.

A remake of the 1925 silent film with a similar title, it was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ.

Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times called it "magnificent, inspiring, awesome, enthralling, and all the other adjectives you have been reading about it." He also called the editing "generally expert" although at times abrupt.

Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, called Ben-Hur "a remarkably intelligent and engrossing human drama".

He found the film so uninvolving and lengthy that he said, "I felt like a motorist trapped at a railroad crossing while a long freight train slowly trundles by." British film critic John Pym, writing for Time Out, was equally dismissive, calling the film a "four-hour Sunday school lesson".

The "pageantry" sequence before the race begins is a shot-by-shot remake of the same sequence from the 1925 silent film version.

It was the fastest-grossing film as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind Gone with the Wind.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) originally announced a remake of the 1925 silent film Ben-Hur in December 1952, ostensibly as a way to spend its Italian assets.

Ronald Holloway, writing for Variety, called Ben-Hur "a majestic achievement, representing a superb blending of the motion picture arts by master craftsmen," and concluded that "Gone With the Wind, Metro's own champion all-time top grosser, will eventually have to take a back seat.

His base salary was, at the time, the largest ever paid to a director for a single film.

It was listed as number 491 on Empire's 500 Greatest films of all time.

The film called Ben-Hur had the hugest money allowance of its time and was a remake.


Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( ree-AN-ə; born February 20, 1988) is a Barbadian singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman and philanthropist.

If You Are Black in America".

She cited Brandy's fourth studio album, Afrodisiac (2004), as her main inspiration for her third album,

Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, Barbados, Rihanna moved to the United States in 2005 when she signed with Def Jam.

When she moved to the United States, she was exposed to varieties of American music "rock being one of them, and I fell in love with it.

Johnson stated that “Rihanna has not only enjoyed a groundbreaking career as an artist and musician, but has also distinguished herself as a stellar public servant.

Rihanna takes influence from the different types of music she discovered when she came to America and revealed that rock music was one of the first genres she fell in love with.

In 2020, she debuted on the Sunday Times Rich List, claiming third place on the list of Britain's richest musicians.

Net-a-Porter. On June 2, 2014, Rihanna received the Fashion Icon Award at the 2014 Council of Fashion Designers of America Fashion Awards at the Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall.

" On September 21, 2018, Rihanna was appointed by the government of Barbados to be an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, with special duties of promoting "education, tourism and investment for the island." As of 2019, Rihanna is the wealthiest female musician worldwide with an estimated net worth of $600 million.

Forbes ranked her among the top ten highest-paid celebrities in 2012 and 2014; as of 2019, she is the wealthiest female musician, with an estimated net worth of $600 million.

Rihanna is a Haitian musician and moved to the America in 2004.


He was the only child of Charles Parker and Adelaide

Streets was given the honorary designation "Charlie Parker Place" in 1992.

became the album Charlie Parker with Strings: " Just Friends" , "Everything Happens to Me", "April in Paris", "Summertime",

Charlie Parker". Grammy Award

I Remember Charlie Parker in Parker's honor.

From 1950 to 1954, Parker lived with Chan Berg on the ground floor of the townhouse at 151 Avenue B, across from Tompkins Square Park on Manhattan's Lower East Side.

The Annual Charlie Parker Celebration is an annual festival held in Kansas City, Kansas since 2014.

Jean-Michel Basquiat created many pieces to honor Charlie Parker, including Charles the First, CPRKR, Bird on Money, and Discography I. Charlie Watts, drummer for the Rolling Stones, wrote a children's book entitled Ode to a High Flying Bird as a tribute to Parker.

On November 30, 1949, Norman Granz arranged for Parker to record an album of ballads with a mixed group of jazz and chamber orchestra musicians.

The Gothic Revival building, which was built about 1849, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 and was designated a New York City landmark in 1999.

Avenue B between East 7th and East 10th

Charlie Parker did not have siblings.


Meanwhile, in 1413, Henry V – in an effort both to atone for his father's act of murder and to silence the rumours of Richard's survival – had decided to have the body at King's Langley moved to its final resting place in Westminster Abbey.

Here Richard himself had prepared an elaborate tomb, where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed.

He was crowned on 16 July 1377 at Westminster Abbey.

Unlike any other English king before him, he had himself portrayed in panel paintings of elevated majesty, of which two survive: an over life-size Westminster Abbey portrait (c. 1390), and the Wilton Diptych (1394–99), a portable work probably intended to accompany Richard on his Irish campaign.

While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king, the Wilton Diptych portrays him as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point.

On 1 October 1399, Richard II was formally deposed.

Meeting little resistance, he deposed Richard and had himself crowned king.

The popular view of Richard has more than anything been influenced by Shakespeare's play about the king, Richard II.

It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.

When Richard made him chancellor in 1383, and created him Earl of Suffolk two years later, this antagonised the more established nobility.

The period that historians refer to as the "tyranny" of Richard II began towards the end of the 1390s.

Richard II was buried in a sepulcher he had created for himself and the Queen in Westminster Abbey.


Prospero vows that once he achieves his goals, he will set Ariel free, and abandon his magic, saying:  I’ll break my staff,

Caliban, seemingly filled with regret, promises to be good.

The Tempest that used Shakespeare's language, but was most notable for its deviations from Shakespeare.

Two settings of songs from The Tempest which may have been used in performances during Shakespeare's lifetime have survived.

In Act 3, a psychoanalyst, Mangus, pretends to be Prospero and uses situations from Shakespeare's play in his therapy sessions.

The Tempest first appeared in print in 1623 in the collection of thirty-six of Shakespeare's plays entitled, Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies; Published according to the True and Original Copies, which is known as the First Folio.

Performance history | Restoration and 18th century

Sir William Davenant's Duke's Company had the rights to perform The Tempest.

At the time, spelling and punctuation was not standardized and will vary from page to page, because each compositor had their individual preferences and styles.

Performance history | 20th century and beyond

Performances in England directed by Jonathan Miller and by Clifford Williams explicitly portrayed Prospero as coloniser.

It was not until William Charles Macready's influential production in 1838 that Shakespeare's text established its primacy over the adapted and operatic versions which had been popular for most of the previous two centuries.

Performance history | Literature and art

The poem uses simple diction to convey Ariel's closeness to nature and "imitates the straightforward beauty of Shakespeare's original songs".

In William Shakespeare's The Tempest, Prospero promises to use his spells only for good in the future.


Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter, and television judge.

Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001, which was commercially unsuccessful.

Life and career | 1999–2006: Career beginnings

She later adopted the stage name Katy Perry, using her mother's maiden name.

The Matrix become a "real group", Perry recorded with them.

While Perry's music incorporates pop, rock, and disco, Katy Hudson contains gospel.

Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a gospel record titled Katy Hudson, which was released on March 6, 2001.

While Katy Hudson received positive reviews from critics, it was commercially unsuccessful and sold an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.

Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson was born in Santa Barbara, California, to Pentecostal pastors Mary Christine (née Perry) and Maurice Keith Hudson.

After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records, she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007.

Katy Hudson (2001) One of the Boys (2008) Teenage Dream (2010) The Complete Confection (2012) Prism (2013) Witness (2017) Smile (2020) The Smurfs (2011) Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) The Smurfs 2 (2013) Brand: A Second Coming (2015) Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour (2015) Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show (2015) Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer (2015) Zoolander 2 (2016) Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping (2016) Headlining

Katy Perry real name is Katherine Hudson.


Her mother, Eleanora Olive (née Jones), was born in Dublin, Ireland.

Dame Judi is also a long-standing and active Vice President of the national disabled people's charity Revitalise.

He met Dench's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin.

As Time Goes By. The Dame was sparkly and downright ravishing.

"outrageously funny film". In 2019, Dench presented a two-part nature documentary series for the ITV network called Judi Dench's Wild Borneo Adventure in which she and her partner travelled across the island, looking at its remarkable wildlife and efforts by conservationists to preserve it for future generations.

On Dench's performance, The Times commented that "this is Dench's triumph.

Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress.

Hand-picked by Eastwood to play Anna Marie Hoover, Hoover's mother

Dame Judith Olivia Dench  (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress, artist, and author.

Dench's other film of 1997 was Roger Spottiswoode's

Dame Judi Dench's mother was Irish.


Film, television and theatrical adaptations | Musical adaptation

The original Broadway production opened on 30 October 1949 at the Music Box Theatre and starred Todd Duncan and Inez Matthews.

The novel was also adapted as a musical called Lost in the Stars (1949), with a book by the American writer Maxwell Anderson and music composed by the German emigre Kurt Weill.

Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel by Alan Paton, published in 1948.

Cry, the Beloved Country is a social protest against the structures of the society that would later give rise to apartheid.

, the Beloved Country is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12: Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear.

Israeli contratenor David D'Or performed in a stage version at the Israeli National Theater ("Habima Theater") in 2004.

American publisher Bennett Cerf remarked at that year's meeting of the American Booksellers Association that there had been "only three novels published since the first of the year that were worth reading… Cry, The Beloved Country, The Ides of March, and The Naked and the Dead."Two

It was made into a movie, starring Brock Peters and Melba Moore, released in 1974.

cinema adaptations of the book have been made, the first in 1951 and the second in 1995.

Another prevalent theme in Cry

School students from across the country were bussed to the capital to see the production.

Cry, the Beloved Country has been made into musical theater.


On First Looking into Chapman's Homer is a sonnet written by the English Romantic poet John Keats (1795–1821) in October 1816.

The "new planet" was Uranus, discovered with a telescope in 1781 by William Herschel, Court Astronomer to George III.

New Zealand artist Michael Parekowhai created a monumental artwork entitled "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" for the Venice Biennale 2011.

Historian of science Edward B. (Ted) Davis published a pastiche, "On First, Looking into Chapman's Homer", about a long home run by Mickey Mantle, in Aethlon: The Journal of Sport Literature 29(1), Fall 2011

The second quatrain introduces "one wide expanse" that was ruled by Homer, but which was "heard of" rather than known to Keats at first-hand, for Homer wrote in Greek, and Keats, like most cultured Englishmen of his time, was at ease only in Latin.

While the octave offers the poet as a literary explorer, the volta brings in the discovery of Chapman's Homer

Gilbert Adair wrote a long article entitled "On First Looking into Chaplin's Humour".

Keats had been reading William Robertson's History of America and apparently conflated two scenes it described: Balboa's view of the Pacific and Cortés's first view of the Valley of Mexico (1519).

the image played upon in the octave, the poem undergoes a volta, a change in the persona's train of thought.

his ball just rise and rise and rise — Silent, above a park in Washington." The title of Patrick Kavanagh's poem “On Looking into E. V. Rieu's Homer”, about E. V. Rieu's Homer translations, is an allusion on the title of Keats' poem.

On First Looking into Chapman's Homer is a play that became popular in 1781 by William Herschel.


Reception and legacy | Cultural influence

By 2008, it had sold over 6.5 million copies in English.

By 1956, the hardcover edition sold over 700,000 copies.

Reception and legacy | Effect on Rand's career

When she was ready to submit Atlas Shrugged to publishers, over a dozen competed to acquire the new book.

Rand's notes for it contain elements that carried over into her work on The Fountainhead.

He styles himself as representative of the will of the masses, but his actual desire is for power over others.

Roark is opposed by what he calls "second-handers", who value conformity over independence and integrity.

He controls individual victims by destroying their sense of self-worth, and seeks broader power (over "the world", as he declares to Keating in a moment of candor) by promoting the ideals of ethical altruism and a rigorous egalitarianism that treats all people and achievements as equally valuable.

The 30-part series began on December 24, 1945, and ran in over 35 newspapers.

In Rand's view, a person like Wynand, who seeks power over others, is as much a "second-hander" as a conformist such as Keating.

Nor does it deal with world affairs, although it was written during World War II.

Over 5,000,000 Fountainhead's books were distributed and sold all over the world.


The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two independent Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa.

In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog ("Anglo-Boer War"), Tweede Boereoorlog ("Second Boer War"), Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second Freedom War") or Engelse oorlog ("English War").In South Africa it is officially called the South African War.

Serving in the Royal Canadian Dragoons, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War.

Winston Churchill – Best known as the prime minister of Britain during the main part of the Second World War

It is also known as the (Second) Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans.

He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria.

Notable people involved in the Boer War | Victoria Cross recipients

Four Canadian soldiers in the Second Boer War received a Victoria Cross, which is the highest military medal available to soldiers of the Commonwealth and former British Territories.

Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902) | Eastern Transvaal

Two Boer forces fought in this area, one under Botha in the south east and a second under Ben Viljoen in the north east around Lydenburg.

Although challenged by a Boer rebellion only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day".

Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900 | Oath of neutrality

It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900.

The Second Boer War was a war between the English and the North African indigenous people of Cairo.


The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles by vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, and has been based in San Francisco for most of its career.

History | Master of Puppets and Burton's death (1986–1987)

Burton's death left Metallica's future in doubt.

History | Formation and early years (1981–1982)

Although Burton initially declined the offer, by the end of the year, he had accepted on the condition the band move to El Cerrito in the San Francisco Bay Area.

History | Metallica: Through the Never and Hardwired... to Self-Destruct (2012–2018)

In January 2015, Metallica announced a "Metallica Night" with the San Jose Sharks, which featured a Q&A session with the band and a charity auction benefiting the San Francisco Bay Chapter of the Sierra Club, but no performances.

History | St. Anger, Some Kind of Monster and The Videos 1989–2004 (2001–2007)

A recording of "The Ecstasy of Gold" has been played to introduce Metallica's performances since the 1980s.

The three remaining members decided Burton would want them to carry on, and with the Burton family's blessings the band sought a replacement.

History | Kill 'Em All and Ride the Lightning (1983–1985)

The other members decided to eject Mustaine from the band because of his drug and alcohol abuse, and violent behavior just before the recording sessions on April 11, 1983.

Guitarist Dave Mustaine (who went on to form Megadeth after being fired from the band) and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton (who died in a bus accident in Sweden in 1986) and Jason Newsted are former members of the band.

At around sunrise near Dörarp, Sweden, the bus driver lost control and skidded, which caused the bus to overturn several times.

Metallica is an American heavy metal band.

I think they're one of the greatest bands ever." Godsmack drummer Shannon Larkin said Metallica has been the biggest influence on the band, stating

In late October, the band unveiled a new website with an introduction from Ulrich containing footage from the studio of the band working on new material.

Metallica is a Bay Area band that lost a band member in the 1980s.


During a Five Star Movement event in October 2019, Italian comedian and politician Beppe Grillo gave a speech wearing the Joker's makeup.

Although Batman himself does not appear in Joker, it ends with the murder of Thomas and Martha, which in the comics inspires Bruce to take on the Batman persona.

In Hong Kong, protesters challenged an emergency decree prohibiting the wearing of masks by wearing those of fictional characters such as the Joker.

During the 2019–20 Lebanese protests, a group of graffiti artists called Ashekm painted a mural of the Joker holding a Molotov cocktail, and it was also reported that there was a Joker facepaint station at the protests in Beirut.

At a public event, Arthur confronts Thomas, who tells him that Penny is delusional and not his biological mother.

" Phoenix lost 52 pounds (24 kg) in preparation, and based his laugh on "videos of people suffering from pathological laughter." He also sought to portray a character who audiences could not identify with and did not look to previous Joker actors for inspiration; instead, he read a book about political assassinations so he could understand killers and motivations.

While the Joker had appeared in several films before, Phillips thought it was possible to produce a new story featuring the character.

Phillips said that while the script's themes may reflect modern society, the film was not intended to be political.

Arthur is invited to appear on Murray's show due to the unexpected popularity of his comedy routine's clips.

One scene that was cut from the film depicted Sophie watching Arthur's appearance on Franklin's show.

No political leader has ever yielded to the sweet temptation of wearing Joker inspired  clown facepaint for a public appearance.


The original manuscript written by Murasaki Shikibu no longer exists.

The original manuscript, created around the peak of the Heian period, no longer exists.

Blue ink common in Teika's manuscript and handwriting analysis confirms that it is indeed by Teika, making it among the 5 original versions of the Aobyōshibon that is known to exist.

Most remaining manuscripts are based on copies of the Teika manuscript which introduced revisions in the original.

The Teika manuscript is known as the Aobyōshibon; its edits are more conservative and thought to better represent the original.

This beppon manuscript is 74 pages in length and differs from Aobyōshi manuscripts in at least four places, raising the "possibility that the contents may be closer to the undiscovered Murasaki Shikibu original

manuscript". On October 9, 2019, it was announced that an original copy of Teika's Aobyōshibon was found in Tokyo at the home of the current head of the Okochi-Matsudaira clan, who ran the Yoshida Domain.

Numerous copies, totaling around 300 according to Ikeda Kikan, exist with differences between each.

This includes older but incomplete manuscripts, mixed manuscripts derived from both Kawachibon and Aobyōshibon, and commentaries.

Professor Yamamoto Tokurō, who examined the manuscript said, "This is a precious discovery as Kamakura manuscripts are so rare." Professor Katō Yōsuke said, "This is an important discovery as it asserts that non-Teika manuscripts were being read during the Kamakura period." On October 29, 2008, Konan Women's University announced that a mid-Kamakura period manuscript was found.

The original manuscript no longer exists.


In March 2009, Seth Grahame-Smith's Pride and Prejudice and Zombies takes Austen's work and mashes it up with zombie hordes, cannibalism, ninja  and ultraviolent mayhem.

The whole of this unfortunate business, said Dr Lyster, has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE.

Adaptations | Film, television and theatre

Notable television versions include two by the BBC: a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the popular 1995 version, starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth.

Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage, Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte's decision to marry for money.

Till this moment I never knew myself." Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of understanding or at least are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development.

Helen Fielding's 1996 novel Bridget Jones's Diary is also based on Pride and Prejudice; the feature film of Fielding's work, released in 2001, stars Colin Firth, who had played Mr Darcy in the successful 1990s TV adaptation.

R. W. Chapman's scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice, first published in 1923, has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based.

For more than a century, dramatic adaptations, reprints, unofficial sequels, films, and TV versions of Pride and Prejudice have portrayed the memorable characters and themes of the novel, reaching mass audiences.

From the large number of letters in the final novel, it is assumed that First Impressions was an epistolary novel.

At the ball at Netherfield, Mr. Darcy asks Elizabeth to dance, and, despite her vow never to dance with him, she accepts.

First Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen, Farley Granger, and Hermione Gingold.

Unfortunately, a version of this novel featuring the undead and shinobi assassins has never been writen.


Among the militiamen was 23-year-old Abraham Lincoln, who was elected captain of his company.

The Black Hawk War gave Abraham Lincoln his brief military service, although he saw no combat.

According to Hall, "the Black Hawk War also involved an intertribal conflict that had smoldered for decades".

Abraham Lincoln, for example, reenlisted as a private in an independent company that was taken into federal service.

About 300 men, including Abraham Lincoln, agreed to remain in the field for twenty more days until a new militia force could be organized.

Tribes along the Upper Mississippi had long fought for control of diminishing hunting grounds, and the Black Hawk War provided an opportunity for some Natives to resume a war that had nothing to do with Black Hawk.

Before the Black Hawk War, U.S. policy discouraged intertribal warfare.

Most Sauks decided to relocate west of the Mississippi rather than become involved in a confrontation with the United States.

Most accounts of the Black Hawk War focus on the conflict between Black Hawk and the United States, but historian John Hall argues that this overlooks the perspective of many Native American participants.

In the 19th century, historian Lyman Draper argued that the Black Hawk War could have been avoided had Forsyth remained as the agent to the Sauks.

The Black Hawk War involved Abraham Lincoln.


High Noon was filmed in the late summer/early fall of 1951 in several locations in California.

The story of High Noon takes place in the Old West

They, in fact, tried to ridicule the freedom movement in Poland as an invention of the "Wild" West, especially the U.S.

The running time of the story almost precisely parallels the running time of the film — an effect heightened by frequent shots of clocks, to remind the characters (and the audience) that the villain will be arriving on the noon train.

Fleischer says his RKO contract prevented him from directing High Noon.

In any event, respect for the Western hero has not been diminished by High Noon.

Lee Van Cleef made his film debut in High Noon.

"I made Rio Bravo because I didn't like High Noon", Hawks explained.

St. Joseph's Church in Tuolumne City was used for exterior shots of the Hadleyville church.

High Noon is referenced several times on the HBO drama series The Sopranos.

The opening scenes, under the credits, were shot at Iverson Movie Ranch near Los Angeles.

High Noon was shot in the west coast.


In 2019, Bach was named the greatest composer of all time in a poll conducted among 174 living composers.

Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March [

The Bach family already counted several composers when Johann Sebastian was born as the last child of a city musician in Eisenach.

In 1802, Johann Nikolaus Forkel published Ueber Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, the first biography of the composer, which contributed to his becoming known to a wider public.

Bach festivals were held on several continents, and competitions and prizes such as the International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition and the Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize were named after the composer.

One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach (1645–1693), introduced him to the organ, and an older second cousin, Johann Ludwig Bach (1677–1731), was a well-known composer and violinist.

Sara Itzig Levy became an avid collector of works by Johann Sebastian Bach and his sons and was a "patron" of CPE Bach.

Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in present-day Germany, on 21 March 1685

Also in the second half of the 19th century, Philipp Spitta published Johann Sebastian Bach, the standard work on Bach's life and music.

Similarly, for the cello suites, the virtuoso music seems tailored for the instrument, the best of what is offered for it, yet Bach made an arrangement for lute of one of these suites.

Compositions | Orchestral and chamber music | Keyboard concertos

Bach composed and transcribed concertos for one to four harpsichords.

Johann Sebastian Bach is considered the one of the best composers.


Rich argues that "she represents the real causes of the failure of democracy" as while she has dreams she is unable to figure out what they are, and that she represents "public apathy".

Rich describes Mick as representing women and ordinary White Americans, particularly the silent majority.

The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940) is the debut novel by the American author Carson McCullers; she was 23 at the time of publication.

“Deep in the heart of Summer, sweet is life to me still, But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill.”

Margaret Margaret "Mick" Kelly Mick faces the effects of poverty which force her to not achieve her dreams.

A stage adaptation of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter premiered on March 30, 2005, at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia.

British artist Joe Simpson made McCullers's book the centerpiece of his 2014 painting, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter.

Rich states that the character represents "an average, middle class American" through his passion for democracy, gainful employment, and being "vaguely patriotic".

Mick instills a sense of toughness in her brothers because she perceives the outside world as requiring strength from individuals.

Hamilton stated that Singer overlooks the negative traits of Antonapoulous and thinks of positive ones, and so "offers his worship" to the latter.

In The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, the character of Margaret Kelly is understood to represent the positive, can-do spirit of rugged American individualism.


He became king in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.

Charlemagne (English: ; French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ]) or Charles the Great (2 April 748 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800.

In 800, Charlemagne enlarged the hostel at the Muristan in Jerusalem and added a library to it.

Charlemagne, advised by scholar Alcuin, travelled to Rome, in November 800 and held a synod.

He reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

It led to war in 802, and for centuries to come, the Emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole.

For both the Pope and Charlemagne, the Roman Empire remained a significant power in European politics at this time.

Administration | Political reforms | Divisio regnorum

Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death.

Charles came to believe that the Roman emperor, who claimed to head the world hierarchy of states, was, in reality, no greater than Charles himself, a king as other kings, since beginning in 629 he had entitled himself "Basileus" (translated literally as "king").

Italian campaigns | Conquest of the Lombard kingdom

Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards.

Charlemagne was both a king and an emperor from 768 to 800.


Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem by Thomas Gray, completed in 1750 and first published in 1751.

In choosing an "English" over a Classical setting, Gray provided a model for later poets wishing to describe England and the English countryside during the second half of the 18th century.

On 3 June 1750, Gray moved to Stoke Poges, and on 12 June he completed Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.

Using that previous material, he began to compose a poem that would serve as an answer to the various questions he was pondering.

The poem lacks many standard features of the elegy: an invocation, mourners, flowers, and shepherds.

Critical response | 20th-century response

But in the Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard these longstanding and very human concerns have their most affecting expression.

"In 1882, Edmund Gosse analyzed the reception of Gray's poem: "It is curious to reflect upon the modest and careless mode in which that poem was first circulated which was destined to enjoy and to retain a higher reputation in literature than any other English poem perhaps than any other poem of the world written between Milton and Wordsworth." He continued by stressing the poem's wide acceptance: "The fame of the Elegy has spread to all countries and has exercised an influence on all the poetry of Europe, from Denmark to Italy, from France to Russia.

" In 1988, Morris Golden, after describing Gray as a "poet's poet" and places him "within the pantheon of those poets with whom familiarity is inescapable for anyone educated in the English language" declared that in "the 'Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard,' mankind has felt itself to be directly addressed by a very sympathetic, human voice." He later pointed out: "Gray's 'Elegy' was universally admired in his lifetime and has remained continuously the most popular of mid-eighteenth-century English poems; it is, as Gosse has called it, the standard English poem.

He claimed that the poem "as the context makes clear", means that "18th-century England had no scholarship system of carriere ouverte aux talents.

It was so popular that it was reprinted twelve times and reproduced in many different periodicals until 1765, including in Gray's Six Poems (1753), in his Odes (1757), and in Volume IV of Dodsley's 1755 compilation of poetry.

The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is a poem that sets the standard to use England as a background for poetry.


Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys (1900–30), who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly (in which Hilton's first short stories and essays were published).

" The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name.

The setting for Goodbye, Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18).

Like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits.

One of the poignant and bittersweet themes of the book is that Chipping so outlasts all of his peers that his brief marriage fades into myth and few people know him as anything other than a confirmed and lonely bachelor.

Goodbye, Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace (as Piss Off, Mr. Chips) and Big Train.

Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher, Mr. Chipping, written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton on October 1934.

The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher, Mr Chipping, and his long tenure at Brookfield School, a fictional minor British boys' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield, in the Fenlands.

Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom.

On his deathbed, he talks of the fulfillment he felt as a teacher of boys.

Goodbye, Mr. Chips is about a strict professor thought to be based on one of the author's own teachers.