The political structure, established by Ieyasu and solidified under his two immediate successors, his son Hidetada (who ruled from 1616–23) and grandson Iemitsu (1623–51), bound all daimyōs to the shogunate and limited any individual daimyō from acquiring too much land or power.

These two leaders supported the Emperor Kōmei (Emperor Meiji's father) and were brought together by Sakamoto Ryōma for the purpose of challenging the ruling Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) and restoring the Emperor to power.

The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule to strengthen Japan against the threat of being colonized represented by the colonial powers of the day, bringing to an end the era known as sakoku (the foreign relations policy, lasting about 250 years, prescribing the death penalty for foreigners entering or Japanese nationals leaving the country).

The foundation of the Meiji Restoration was the 1866 Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance between Saigō Takamori and Kido Takayoshi, leaders of the reformist elements in the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain.

The Meiji Restoration (Japanese: 明治維新, Hepburn: Meiji Ishin), referred to at the time as the Honorable Restoration (御一新, Goisshin), and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.

All Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under "imperial control", thus placing them under the prerogative of the new Meiji government.

The defeat of the armies of the former shōgun (led by Enomoto Takeaki and Hijikata Toshizō) marked the final end of the Tokugawa shogunate, with the Emperor's power fully restored.

Although there were ruling Emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan.[2]

The Tokugawa shogunate came to its official end on November 9, 1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th Tokugawa shōgun, "put his prerogatives at the Emperor's disposal" and resigned 10 days later.

After Kōmei's death on January 30, 1867, Meiji ascended the throne on February 3.

Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the Boshin War (War of the Year of the Dragon) started with the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in which Chōshū and Satsuma's forces defeated the ex-shōgun's army.

The Meiji Restoration was finished after their last heir Ieyasu Tokugawa died in battle.


The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza, - ˈpiːsa]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation.

The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.

There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

The same soft soil that caused the leaning and brought the Tower to the verge of collapse helped it survive.

In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower, but was deliberately engineered to slant.

The tower began to lean during construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight, and it worsened through the completion of construction in the 14th century.

Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.

It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the belfry with the Romanesque style of the tower.

In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other.

The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built to have a lean.


Over a four-year period, the warring parties (the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia.

The Thirty Years' War was a religious war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

Initially a war between the Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire

French intervention and continued Swedish participation (1635–1648)

France, although mostly Roman Catholic, was a rival of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War: Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands in the western part of the Empire and states within Italy that were connected by land through the Spanish Road.

Alfred Döblin's sprawling historical novel Wallenstein (1920) is set during the Thirty Years' War; it explores the court of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand.

France then entered the conflict, beginning the final period of the Thirty Years' War.

France declared war on Spain in May 1635 and the Holy Roman Empire in August 1636, opening offensives against the Habsburgs in Germany and the Low Countries.

Although the Bourbon Kings of France were Catholic, their main rivals for European leadership were the Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

From 1643 to 1645, during the last years of the war, Sweden and Denmark-Norway fought the Torstenson War.

The Thirty years War was actually 30 years long and was fought only between France and the Holy Roman Empire.


The Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor; [ˈbʁandn̩bʊɐ̯gɐ ˈtoːɐ̯]) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the temporary restoration of order during the Batavian Revolution.

After Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel, the Quadriga was restored to Berlin.

The Kaiser granted this honour to the family in gratitude to Ernst von Pfuel, who had overseen the return of the Quadriga to the top of the gate.

One of the best-known landmarks of Germany, it was built on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, which used to be capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

Addressing the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, Reagan said, General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate!

Only the royal family was allowed to pass through the central archway, as well as members of the Pfuel family, from 1814 to 1919.

One block to the north stands the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament (Bundestag).

One horse's head from the original quadriga survived, and is today kept in the collection of the Märkisches Museum.

It was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans, the Court Superintendent of Buildings, and built between 1788 and 1791, replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original gate in the Customs Wall.

"It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again," Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit said.

It was built on the orders of General Ernst von Pfuel.


The X-Men are a team of fictional mutant superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Created by artist/co-writer Jack Kirby and writer Stan Lee, the characters first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963) and formed one of the most recognizable and successful franchises of Marvel Comics, appearing in numerous books, television shows, films, and video games.

Publication history | All-New, All-Different X-Men

Wolverine eventually became the breakout character on the team and, in terms of comic sales and appearances, the most popular X-Men character even getting his own solo title.

The X-Men team has featured in multiple forms of media including a live-action film series, multiple animated shows, live-action shows, multiple video games, numerous novels, motion comics, soundtracks, action figures, and clothing.

Publication history | Blue and Gold (1991–2001)

Jim Lee's X-Men designs would be the basis for much of the X-Men animated series and action figure line as well as several Capcom video games.

Publication history | Time displaced original X-Men

Also, Wolverine and the X-Men was relaunched and turned into mutants-in-training book.

" The first of these was The New Mutants, soon followed by Alpha Flight, X-Factor, Excalibur, and a solo Wolverine title.

The insecurity and anxieties in Marvel's early 1960s comic books such as The Fantastic Four, The Amazing Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, and X-Men ushered in a new type of superhero, very different from the certain and all-powerful superheroes before them, and changed the public's perception of superheroes.

Storytelling elements | Political warfare

In the Marvel Universe, mutant rights is one of the hot controversial political topics and is something that is addressed numerous times in the X-books as a plot device.

The growing popularity of Uncanny X-Men and the rise of comic book specialty stores led to the introduction of a number of ongoing spin-off series nicknamed "X-Books.

The X-Men are a team of popular breakout solo mutant Wolverine superheroes appearing in numerous Archie books, video games, and television shows published by "X-Books.


Early political activities and life (1896–1917) | Split with Lenin (1903–1904)

In a surprise development, Trotsky and most of the Iskra editors supported Martov and the Mensheviks, while Plekhanov supported Lenin and the Bolsheviks.

Lenin and his supporters, the Bolsheviks, argued for a smaller but highly organized party, while Martov and his supporters, the Mensheviks, argued for a more massive and less disciplined party.

Russian Revolution and aftermath | Lenin's illness (1922–1923)

Much of the Bolshevik elite wanted 'normality,' while Trotsky was personally and politically personified as representing a turbulent revolutionary period that they would much rather leave behind.

Trotsky wanted by no means that the alliance became a fusion, and he was afraid of the right gaining much power inside the bloc.

Early political activities and life (1896–1917) | First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903)

After his escape from Siberia, Trotsky moved to London, joining Georgi Plekhanov, Vladimir Lenin, Julius Martov and other editors of Iskra.

was I persecuted with as much miserable cynicism as I was by the Norwegian "Socialist" government.

Trotsky's house in Coyoacán has been preserved in much the same condition as it was on the day he was assassinated there, and is now the Leon Trotsky Museum in Mexico City, run by a board which includes his grandson Esteban Volkov.

Then the congress discussed the position of the Jewish Bund, which had co-founded the RSDLP in 1898 but wanted to remain autonomous within the party.

Until this point in his life, Trotsky had used his birth name: Lev (Leon) Bronstein.

Trotsky later maintained that he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of the party.

Russian Revolution and aftermath | United Opposition (1926–1927)

Trotsky wanted the Communist Party to complete an orthodox proletarian revolution and have clear class independence from the KMT.

The foundation "International Friends of the Leon Trotsky Museum" has been organized to raise funds to improve the museum further.

Leon Trotsky wanted a much larger government than Vladimir Lenin.


The beginnings of Olmec civilization have traditionally been placed between 1400 and 1200 BCE.

The first Olmec center, San Lorenzo, was all but abandoned around 900 BCE at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence.

In any case, following the decline of San Lorenzo, La Venta became the most prominent Olmec center, lasting from 900 BCE until its abandonment around 400 BCE.

What is today called Olmec first appeared fully within San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, where distinctive Olmec features occurred around 1400 BCE.

Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date from 650 BCE and 900 BCE respectively, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing found so far, which dates from about 500 BCE.The 2002

Known as the Cascajal Block, and dated between 1100 BCE and 900 BCE, the 2006 find from a site near San Lorenzo shows a set of 62 symbols, 28 of which are unique, carved on a serpentine block.

In this region, the first Mesoamerican civilization emerged and reigned from c. 1400–400 BCE.

Most of the obsidian found has been traced back to Guatemala showing the extensive trade.

Some of the reasons for trade revolve around the lack of obsidian in the heartland.

Notable innovations | Mesoamerican Long Count calendar and invention of the zero concept

But an argument against an Olmec origin is the fact that the Olmec civilization had ended by the 4th century BCE, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count date artifact.

The Olmec civilization has been traced to starting around 900 BCE


O'Malley is to recommend whether or not the school should be closed and the children sent to another school with modern facilities; but the sisters feel that God will provide for them.

The unconventional Father Charles "Chuck" O'Malley is assigned to St. Mary's parish, which includes a run-down inner-city school building on the verge of being condemned.

the title of The Bells of St. Mary's appears on the marquee of a movie theater in Bedford Falls, New York.

" In the Land of Beginning Again" and "The Bells of St. Mary's" both charted briefly also.

"The Bells of St. Mary's" sung by Bing Crosby and choir Bing Crosby recorded four of the songs for Decca Records and these were issued as singles as well as a 2-disc 78 rpm album titled Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's.

There were two radio adaptations of The Bells of St. Mary's on The Screen Guild Theater radio program.

In The Godfather (1972), Michael and Kay see The Bells of St. Mary's at Radio City Music Hall.

In the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life, in which Henry Travers, a co-star of The Bells of St. Mary's, played the guardian angel,

The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) is an American drama film, produced and directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman.

"The Bells of St. Mary's placed fourth on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 559 critics naming the best films of 1946.

A television adaptation on videotape of The Bells of St. Mary's was shown in 1959, starring Claudette Colbert, Marc Connelly, Glenda Farrell, Nancy Marchand, Barbara Myers, Robert Preston, and Charles Ruggles.

In the movie The Bells of St. Mary's, the head of the parish church has to decide if the local education institution should be shuttered.


Francisco Franco Bahamonde (, Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.

He restored the monarchy in his final years, being succeeded by Juan Carlos as King of Spain, who, in turn, led the Spanish transition to democracy.

Already proclaimed Generalísimo of the Nationalists and Jefe del Estado (Head of State) in October 1936, he thereafter assumed the official title of "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State").

From the Spanish Civil War to World War II | Rise to power

On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalísimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State).

Franco was recognized as the Spanish head of state by Great Britain, France and Argentina in February 1939.

Franco soon recovered and on 2 September he resumed his duties as head of state.

Military career | During the Second Spanish Republic | 1936 general election

On 23 June 1936, he wrote to the head of the government, Casares Quiroga, offering to quell the discontent in the Spanish Republican Army, but received no reply.

The "Law of the Head of State," passed in August 1939, "permanently confided" all governing power to Franco; he was not required to even consult the cabinet for most legislation or decrees.

During the war, he commandeered Spain's colonial army in Africa and after the death of much of the rebel leadership became his faction's only leader, later appointed Generalissimo and Head of State in 1936.

On 26 July 1947 Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy, but did not designate a monarch.

The desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other Falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state.

By 1973 Franco had surrendered the function of prime minister (Presidente del Gobierno), remaining only as head of state and commander in chief of the military.

After becoming head of state, Francisco Franco re-established the Spanish Monarchy in 1936.


It is thought that melanism confers a selective advantage under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower.

A pseudo-melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but the spots are more densely packed than normal and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color.

Black panthers of both species have excess black pigments, but their typical spotted markings are also present.

Cornell Woolrich's novel Black Alibi (1942) features a black jaguar that escapes from captivity and wreaks havoc in a Mexican town.

A black leopard was sighted in the alpine zone of Mount Kenya.

In 2019, a black leopard was recorded in Kenya's Laikipia County.

Two black Amur leopard (P. p. orientalis) cubs were born in zoos.

Therefore, coordinated breeding programs for black leopards do not exist in European and North American zoos.

The NFL football team Carolina Panthers is named after a black panther, with a logo resembling the animal.

The National Rugby League team Penrith Panthers is named after the black panther, with a logo of the animal.

In 1788, Jean-Claude Delamétherie described a black leopard that was kept in the Tower of London and had been brought from Bengal.

A black cat's color helps them hunt in the woods.


The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 87% live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 13% live in the southern half.

Donations are allowed to Christian, Jewish, Buddhist and Hindu communities; however, Islam remains excluded, since no Muslim communities have yet signed a concordat with the Italian state.

The Byzantines kept Roman principles of architecture and art alive, and the most famous structure from this period is the Basilica of St. Mark in Venice.

Italy has had a central role in Western culture for centuries and is still recognised for its cultural traditions and artists.

During the 2018 general election these three parties won 614 out of 630 seats available in the Chamber of Deputies and 309 out of 315 in the Senate.

Historically, Italy has been successful in the Olympic Games, taking part from the first Olympiad and in 47 Games out of 48.

The Italian Renaissance is said by many to be the golden age of painting; roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th centuries with a significant influence also out of the borders of modern Italy.

The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2012, down from 24.4% in 2000 but still slightly above the OECD average.

During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, Commedia dell'arte was a form of improvisational theatre, and it is still performed today.

Several islands and hills have been created by volcanic activity, and there is still a large active caldera, the Campi Flegrei north-west of Naples.

The two great writers of the 14th century, Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, sought out and imitated the works of antiquity and cultivated their own artistic personalities.

Islam is still kept out in Italy


The bodies of Mussolini and his mistress were then taken to Milan, where they were hung upside down at a service station to publicly confirm their demise.

On 29 April 1945, the bodies of Mussolini, Petacci, and the other executed Fascists were loaded into a van and moved south to Milan.

H.G. Wells predicted Mussolini's execution: Benito Mussolini, with a surfeit of bad history decaying in his imagination, could not see the plain realities before him.

After his death and the display of his corpse in Milan, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave in the Musocco cemetery, to the north of the city.

The bodies were then stoned from below by civilians.

After the sanctions against Italy ended in July 1936, the French tried hard to revive the Stresa Front, displaying what Sullivan called "an almost humiliating determination to retain Italy as an ally".

Fascist Italy | Propaganda and cult of personality

Mussolini's foremost priority was the subjugation of the minds of the Italian people through the use of propaganda.

The body of Starace was subsequently hung up next to that of Mussolini.

Mussolini's views on antisemitism and race

"Bolshevism is not, as people believe, a Jewish phenomenon.

In May 1938, during Hitler's visit to Italy, Mussolini told the Führer that Italy and France were deadly enemies fighting on "opposite sides of the barricade" concerning the Spanish Civil War, and the Stresa Front was "dead and buried".

The piazza had been renamed "Piazza Quindici Martiri" (Fifteen Martyrs' Square) in honor of fifteen anti-Fascists recently executed there.

After he was executed, Benito Mussolini's body was displayed to the people of Italy to prove that he was dead.


First published in 1897, it was based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.

Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship, the SS Commodore, sank after hitting a sandbar.

Also noting the depressing Realism utilized in the story, editor Vincent Starrett stated: "It is a desolate picture, and the tale is one of our greatest short stories." Another of the author's friends, H. G. Wells, wrote that "The Open Boat" was "beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work." Singling out Crane's usage of color and chiaroscuro in his writing, Wells continued: "It has all the stark power of the earlier stories, with a new element of restraint; the color is as full and strong as ever, fuller and stronger, indeed; but those chromatic splashes that at times deafen and confuse in The Red Badge, those images that astonish rather than enlighten, are disciplined and controlled." The story remains popular with critics; Thomas Kent referred to "The Open Boat" as Crane's "magnum opus", while Crane biographer Stanley Wertheim called it "Crane's finest short story and one of the masterworks of late nineteenth-century American literature".

Being the Experience of Four Men from the Sunk Steamer 'Commodore' ", and were dedicated "To the late William Higgins and to Captain Edward Murphy and Steward C. B. Montgomery of the Sunk Steamer Commodore".

"The Open Boat" is a short story by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900).

Chester Wolford noted in his critical analysis of Crane's short fiction that although one of the author's most familiar themes deals with a character's seeming insignificance in an indifferent universe, the correspondent's experience in "The Open Boat" is perhaps more personal than what was described in earlier stories because of Crane's obvious connection to the story.

Crane's personal account of the shipwreck and the men's survival, titled "Stephen Crane's Own Story", was first published a few days after his rescue.

"The Open Boat" is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon, and is regularly anthologized.

A second and lesser story, "Flanagan and His Short Filibustering Adventure", based upon the same shipwreck but told from the point of view of the captain, was published in McClure's Magazine in October 1897.

Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story "The Open Boat" was published in Scribner's Magazine.

The Open Boat is a short story based on Stephen Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck after being sunk by a torpedo, in which H. G. Wells considered "The Open Boat" to be "beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work".


They had three daughters: Elinor "Nell" Teresa (b. 1959), Melissa "Lissy" Stewart (b. 1961), and Claire "Clea" Olivia (b. 1965).

two daughters, Susan (born 1953) and Stephanie Kendall (born 1954).

Twenty-five years after The Hustler, Newman reprised his role of "Fast Eddie" Felson in the Martin Scorsese–

Trumbo – New York, 2004 Newman is one of four actors to have been nominated for an Academy Award in five different decades.

Newman was inspired to invest by his connection with Lee Strasberg, as Lee's then daughter-in-law Sabra Jones was the Founder and Producing Artistic Director of The Mirror.

Newman started the Scott Newman Center for drug abuse prevention in memory of his son.

Newman was a lifelong Democrat.

Newman was an occasional writer for the publication.

Oscar Levant wrote that Newman initially was hesitant to leave New York for Hollywood, and that Newman had said, "Too close to the cake.

Newman was associated with Freeman's established Porsche racing team which allowed both Newman and Freeman to compete in SCCA and IMSA

Newman had five daughters.


Dukas was born in Paris, the second son in a Jewish family of three children.

When Dukas was five years old, his mother died giving birth to her third child, Marguerite-Lucie.

After several years of silence, in 1920 he produced a tribute to his friend Debussy in the form of La plainte, au loin, du faune... for piano, which was followed by Amours, a setting of a sonnet by Pierre de Ronsard, for voice and piano, published in 1924 to mark the four hundredth anniversary of the poet's birth.

The popularity of the piece became a matter of irritation to Dukas.

Dukas died in Paris in 1935, aged 69.

"In 1899 Dukas turned once again to operatic composition.

His father, Jules Dukas, was a banker, and his mother, Eugénie, was a capable pianist.

Among his fellow students was Claude Debussy, with whom Dukas formed a close friendship.

The Symphony in C major was composed in 1895–96, when Dukas was in his early 30s.

The author had intended the libretto to be set by Grieg but in 1899 he offered it to Dukas.

Dukas worked on it for seven years and it was produced at the Opéra-Comique in 1907.

Dukas was birthed in Lyon, France.


Schmidt was one of the best athletes of his era; teammate Pete Rose once said, "To have his body, I'd trade him mine and my wife's, and I'd throw in some cash." Mike Schmidt's parents are Joseph Jack Schmidt and Lois Jane Philipps.

Schmidt was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1995 and is widely considered to be the one of the greatest third basemen in baseball history.

Mike was a lifeguard at the club.

Professional baseball career | Major Leagues | 1980–1986

In 1983, in celebration of the team's 100th anniversary, Schmidt was voted by fans the greatest player in the history of the franchise.

Following the World Series, Schmidt and four of his Phillies teammates appeared on Family Feud for one week in 1980.

Post-playing career and accolades | Philanthropy

In 2008, Schmidt released a wine called Mike Schmidt 548 Zinfandel, a reference to his 548 career home runs, with proceeds also going to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

Professional baseball career | Major Leagues | 1972–1979

By the ground rules, it remained in play and Schmidt was held to just a single, with the runners on first and second each advancing just one base.

In 2001, Schmidt began sponsoring an annual fishing tournament known as the Mike Schmidt Winner's Circle Invitational at Old Bahama Bay in West End, Grand Bahama Island.

On July 14, 2015, Schmidt was named one of the Phillies "Franchise Four" as voted by the fans, along with Steve Carlton, Richie Ashburn and Robin Roberts.

Schmidt's 548 home runs are the most ever hit by a player who spent his entire career with just one team.

Mike Schmidt was considered as one of the greatest.


Ben-Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist, and starring Charlton Heston as the title character.

Principal cast members, stand-ins, and stunt people made 100 practice laps of the arena in preparation for shooting.

Principal photography began in Rome on May 18, 1958.

Vidal arrived in Rome in early March 1958 to meet with Wyler.

Stephen Boyd was cast as the antagonist, Messala, on April 13, 1958.

Ben-Hur saved MGM from financial disaster, making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release, and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released in 1969.

This release included several featurettes, including a commentary by Charlton Heston, a making-of documentary (made for a laserdisc release in 1993), screen tests, and a photo gallery.

Ben-Hur has been released on home video on several occasions.

Filming started in May 1958 and wrapped in January 1959, and post-production took six months.

Ben-Hur received overwhelmingly positive reviews upon its release.

This edition was released soon thereafter as a two-disc set in other countries.

Ben-Hur was released in 1958.


The Buddha also critiqued the practices of brahmin priests, such as animal sacrifice.

Teachings | Teachings preserved in the Early Buddhist Texts | Critique of Brahmanism

The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement.

He especially critiqued animal sacrifice as taught in Vedas.

He also critiqued numerous other brahmanical practices, such astrology, divination, fortune-telling, and so on (as seen in the Tevijja sutta and the Kutadanta sutta).The Buddha also attacked the brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.

Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a brahman, not by birth one is a non-brahman; - by moral action one is

The Buddhist practice called Brahma-vihara may have also originated from a Brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.

An Arahant is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final knowledge." Jina – Conqueror.

One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life.

Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.

The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama.

Gautama Buddha criticized the practices of animal offerings done by the Brahman priests.


In The Godfather (1972), Michael and Kay see The Bells of St. Mary's at Radio City Music Hall.

the title of The Bells of St. Mary's appears on the marquee of a movie theater in Bedford Falls, New York.

The film was enormously popular, earning receipts of $8 million in North America during its initial run, making it the highest-grossing movie of 1945 in the USA.

" In the Land of Beginning Again" and "The Bells of St. Mary's" both charted briefly also.

"The Bells of St. Mary's" sung by Bing Crosby and choir Bing Crosby recorded four of the songs for Decca Records and these were issued as singles as well as a 2-disc 78 rpm album titled Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's.

There were two radio adaptations of The Bells of St. Mary's on The Screen Guild Theater radio program.

In the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life, in which Henry Travers, a co-star of The Bells of St. Mary's, played the guardian angel,

The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) is an American drama film, produced and directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman.

"The Bells of St. Mary's placed fourth on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 559 critics naming the best films of 1946.

It made a profit of $3,715,000, making it the most profitable film in the history of RKO.

The Bells of St. Mary's never made an appearance in any enormously popular movies about organized crime.


Moai  (listen), or moꞌai (Spanish: moái, meaning "statue" in the local language), are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500.

History | 1722–1868 toppling of the moai

The Rapa Nui people were then devastated by the slave trade that began at the island in 1862.

Until modern DNA analysis of the islanders and their ancestors, this was key scientific evidence that the moai had been carved by the Rapa Nui and not by a separate group from South America.

The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island, mostly between circa 1250 A.D. and 1500 A.D.

The EISP (Easter Island Statue Project) conducted research and documentation on many of the moai on Rapa Nui and the artifacts held in museums overseas.

It is now housed in the British Museum, London, but demands have been made for its return to Rapa Nui.

These figures are believed to have been made after the civilization on Rapa Nui began to collapse, which is why they seem to have a more emaciated appearance to them.

They were then subjected to forceful removal from their native lands and made to reside on a much smaller portion of the island, while the rest was used for farming. " Eventually all pure Rapa Nui blood died out.

"One of the most fascinating sights at Orongo are the hundreds of petroglyphs carved with birdman and Makemake images.

It is thought that the moai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites, suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moai design until its demise with the advent of the Birdman religion, Tangata Manu.

They were carved by the Rapa Nui people on the island between 1300 and 1600.


Despite the wide range of hunting and fishing available, midden surveys in San Lorenzo have found that the domesticated dog was the single most plentiful source of animal protein.

Instead, archaeologists relied on the data that they had, such as large- and small-scale site surveys.

They are not considered credible by the vast majority of Mesoamerican researchers and scientists, who discard it as pop-culture pseudo-science.

The Olmec people believed that in the distant past a race of werejaguars was made between the union of a jaguar and a woman.

This is one of the earliest uses of the zero concept in history.

Some have also speculated that Mesoamerican people believed that the soul, along with all of one's experiences and emotions, was contained inside the head.

One werejaguar quality that can be found is the sharp cleft in the forehead of many supernatural beings in Olmec art.

Scholars believe that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction, but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or, less likely, invasion as a factor.

There are also well-documented later hieroglyphs known as the Isthmian script, and while there are some who believe that the Isthmian may represent a transitional script between an earlier Olmec writing system and the Maya script, the matter remains unsettled.

Zoquean languages are still spoken in an area corresponding roughly to the Olmec heartland, and are historically known to have been spoken there, leads most scholars to assume that the Olmec spoke one or more Mixe–Zoquean languages.

Scientist believe the Olmec relied heavily on dogs for meat.


He was the youngest of the four children of Alexis Massenet (1788–1863) and his second wife Eléonore-Adelaïde née Royer de Marancour (1809–1875); the elder children were Julie, Léon and Edmond.

Massenet senior was a prosperous ironmonger; his wife was a talented amateur musician who gave Jules his first piano lessons.

Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (French pronunciation: [ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ]; 12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty.

The most often performed of his operas in the period are shown as Werther (63 productions in all countries), followed by Manon (47), Don Quichotte (22), Thaïs (21), Cendrillon (17), La Navarraise (4), Cléopâtre (3), Thérèse (2), Le Cid (2), Hérodiade (2), Esclarmonde (2), Chérubin (2) and Le mage (1).

Massenet returned to Paris in 1866.

Massenet was a popular and respected teacher at the Conservatoire.

Massenet wrote more than thirty operas.

Massenet was never entirely without supporters.

Massenet took a wholly opposite view of his talents.

Massenet had a good sense of the theatre and of what would succeed with the Parisian public.

Jules Massenet was the elder of his 3 siblings.


It may be the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. (For an earlier claimant, see The Golden Ass.) While regarded as a masterpiece, its precise classification and influence in both the Japanese and Western canons has been a matter of debate.

Even in Japan, the Tale of Genji is not universally embraced; the lesser known Ochikubo Monogatari has been proposed as the "world's first full-length novel", even though its author is unknown.

Related claims, perhaps in an attempt to sidestep these debates, are that Genji is the "first psychological novel" or "historical novel",

"the first novel still considered to be a classic" or other more qualified terms.

Even down to our day there has not been a piece of fiction to compare with it." The Genji is also often referred to as "the first novel", though there is considerable debate over this—some of the debate involving whether Genji can even be considered a "novel".

1987 anime film by Gisaburō Sugii – covers only the first 12 chapters, while adding in some psychological motivation that is not explicit in the novel.

The novel is traditionally divided into three parts, the first two dealing with the life of Genji and the last with the early years of two of Genji's prominent descendants, Niou and Kaoru.

It is the only chapter whose title has no clear reference within the text, although this may be due to the chapter being unfinished.

In Genjikō, players must match the scents of a series of five incense samples without being told the names of said samples.

However, critics have almost consistently described The Tale of Genji as the oldest, first, and/or greatest novel in Japanese literature, though enthusiastic proponents may have later neglected the qualifying category of in Japanese literature, leading to the debates over the book's place in world literature.

It may be the world's first novel.


More than 300 visual effects artists worked on the show by season 8.

Other media and products | Accompanying material

The program documented the production of season 8 along with read-throughs and interviews with the cast.

The seventh season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 12, 2017.

Reception and achievements | Critical response

Franich described seasons 3 and 4 as "relentless", seasons 6's ending having a "killer one-two punch", while seasons 7 and 8 were "indifferent".

Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused solely on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen's dragons, with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks.

Time criticized the repetitive story lines early in the season however praised the "Battle of the Bastards" episode as "one of the show’s very best episodes.

Within a day of the leak, the files were downloaded over 800,000 times; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million, with the season-five premiere alone ("The Wars to Come") pirated 13 million times.

Many critics and publications have named the show as one of the best television series of all time.

Critical reception for season 8 was again negative.

The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers, making Game of Thrones the second-most-viewed HBO series (after The Sopranos).

Matt Fowler for IGN stated the series was "still quite marvelous" with the character development being praised.

Greater than 12 vfx people were on the program by the time they got to season  8, which is quite unlike the Sopranos.


Italian comics artist Gianluca Lerici, better known under his artistic pseudonym Professor Bad Trip, adapted the novel into a graphic novel titled Il Pasto Nudo (1992), published by Shake Edizioni.

Naked Lunch (sometimes The Naked Lunch) is a 1959 novel by American writer William S. Burroughs.

From the 1960s, numerous film-makers considered adapting Naked Lunch for the screen.

The Naked Lunch in Paris in July 1959 by Olympia Press.

Nonetheless The Naked Lunch remained the title used for the 1968 and 1974 Corgi Books editions, and the novel is often known by the alternative name, especially in the UK where these editions circulated.

The novel was included in Time 's "100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".

Naked Lunch. Naked Lunch. Grove Atlantic. ISBN 0

In 1991, David Cronenberg directed a film of the same name based on the novel and other Burroughs writings.

The book begins with the adventures of William Lee (also known as "Lee the Agent"), who is Burroughs' alter ego in the novel.

After briefly describing Interzone, the novel breaks into sub-stories and heavily cut-up influenced passages.

The 1959 novel Naked Lunch was adapted into a graphic novel.


Puyi married her as "punishment" for Wanrong, and, "... because a second wife was as essential as palace furniture.

no Ōhi – Saigo no Kōtei (流転の王妃·最後の皇弟; Chinese title 流轉的王妃), a 2003 Japanese television series about Pujie and Hiro Saga.

She married Puyi in 1922 and became his Empress.

Biography | Emperor of China (1908–1912)

After Puyi married, he would occasionally bring her to the Forbidden City, and later Manchukuo, to visit him.

as a warning to anyone who might be waiting in the vicinity to go away at once.

She married Puyi in 1937 at the age of 16 on the recommendation of the daughter of Yulang (毓朗), a beile.

She married Major Liu Zhendong in 1947.

She later married a technician, and had two sons.

He chose Wenxiu. Political factions within the palace made the actual choice as to whom Puyi would marry.

Biography | Puppet ruler of Manchukuo (1932–1945)

The next day, Puyi abdicated as Emperor of Manchukuo and declared in his last decree that Manchukuo was once again part of China.

Puyi was married only once in his lifetime.


Following gradual deterioration, the Brooklyn Bridge has been renovated several times, including in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2010s.

History | Mid- to late 20th century | Deterioration and late-20th century repair

The Brooklyn Bridge gradually deteriorated due to age and neglect.

The concrete deck had been installed during the 1950s renovations and had a lifespan of about 60 years.

In 2010, the NYCDOT began renovating the approaches and deck, as well as repainting the suspension span.

By 1980, the Brooklyn Bridge was in such dire condition that it faced imminent closure.

In the mid-2010s, the Brooklyn Banks were closed to the public because the area was being used as a storage site during the bridge's renovation.

However, due to a supplier's fraudulent substitution of inferior-quality cable in the initial construction, the bridge was reappraised at the time as being only four times as strong as necessary.

In spite of this, only a few workers were paralyzed.

The project's cost also increased from $508 million in 2010 to $811 million in 2016.In August 2016, after the renovation had been completed, the NYCDOT announced that it would conduct a seven-month, $370,000 study to verify if the bridge could support a heavier upper deck that consisted of an expanded bicycle and pedestrian path.

On March 5, 1950, the streetcars also stopped running, and the bridge was redesigned exclusively for automobile traffic.

Due to its gradual deterioration, the bridge has been renovated a few times in the 1950s, 1980s and 2010s.


The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and concluded on May 19, 2019, with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons.

The first season's soundtrack, written in about ten weeks before the premiere, was published by Varèse Sarabande in June 2011.

Other media and products | Successor series | Bloodmoon

On June 8, 2018, HBO commissioned a pilot to a Game of Thrones prequel series from Goldman as showrunner and Martin

In 2011, the season-one finale, "Fire and Blood", was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects.

The series was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere.

In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th best written series in television history.

Other media and products | Merchandise and exhibition

In 2013 and 2014, a traveling exhibition of costumes, props, armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas.

A second tour occurred in 2018 across cities in Europe and North America.

The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008, respectively.

Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones include Fox Showcase in Australia; HBO Canada, Super Écran, and Showcase in Canada; HBO Latin America in Latin America; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand, and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

The series premiered in America on June 8th, 2011.


According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in Lumbini, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in Kapilvastu, which may have been either in what is present-day Tilaurakot, Nepal or Piprahwa, India.

However, her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a sal tree.

The Buddhist tradition regards Lumbini, in present-day Nepal to be the birthplace of the Buddha.

Buddha's Birthday is called Buddha Purnima in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.

For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as Angulimala, and cannibals such as Alavaka.

The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic Kshatriya (Pali: khattiya) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the Shakyas, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal.

particularly Ashoka's Lumbini pillar inscription commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the Buddha Shakyamuni (Brahmi script: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").

Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest.

It may have been either Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India, or Tilaurakot, in present-day Nepal.

I am now old, worn out . . . I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age.

Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini, now Nepal.


Francis Bebey (15 July 1929 in Douala, Cameroon – 28 May 2001 in Paris, France) was a Cameroonian writer and composer.

Francis Bebey was born in Douala, Cameroon, on 15 July 1929.

The flute part was played by Patrick Bebey, Francis Bebey's son.

With Love - Francis Bebey Works: 1963-1994, CD, Original Music, 1995

John Williams' piece "Hello Francis" is written as a tribute to Bebey: " The piece is based on the Makossa, a popular dance rhythm from Cameroon often used by Francis, and includes a quote from his piece

Fire's song, "Everything Now," features a flute part from "The Coffee Cola Song" by Francis Bebey.

Francis Bebey was awarded the Grand Prix de la Mémoire of the GPLA 2013 for his literary legacy.

Bebey released his first album in 1969.

Bebey helped launch the career of Manu Dibango.

Bebey died in Paris, France, on 28 May 2001.

Francis Bebey had the nickname "Baby" because he could not grow facial hair and thus was "baby-faced".


Dukas was born in Paris, the second son in a Jewish family of three children.

They had one child, a daughter Adrienne-Thérèse, born in December 1919.

Paul Dukas was born in the Netherlands.


The Tale of Genji (源氏物語, Genji monogatari, pronounced [ɡeɲdʑi monoɡaꜜtaɾi]) is a classic work of Japanese literature written in the early 11th century by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu.

Introduction to Classic Japanese Literature.

Poem-Pictures and Classical Japanese Literature".

Despite these debates, The Tale of Genji enjoys solid respect among the works of literature, and its influence on Japanese literature has been compared to that of Philip Sidney's Arcadia on English literature.

JSTOR 2385292. Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten: Kan'yakuban [A Comprehensive Dictionary of Classical Japanese Literature: Concise Edition].

Outside of vocabulary related to politics and Buddhism, Genji contains remarkably few Chinese loan words (kango).

According to Act on Classics Day, the “classics” that are honored not only include literature, but encompass a wide range of arts such as music, art, traditional performing arts, entertainment, lifestyle art including tea ceremony and flower arrangement and other cultural products.

Comparative Literature Studies.

Kornicki, P. F., "Unsuitable Books for Women? " Genji Monogatari" and "Ise Monogatari" in Late Seventeenth-Century Japan", Monumenta Nipponica, Vol.

The poems in the Genji are often in the classic Japanese tanka form.

It is a classic work of the Chinese literature.


It resulted in the deaths of over 8 million people, including 20% of the German population, making it one of the most destructive conflicts in human history.

The Austrian domain was thus a major European power in its own right, ruling over some eight million subjects.

The war caused serious dislocations to both the economies and populations of central Europe, but may have done no more than seriously exacerbate changes that had begun earlier.

The war also had more subtle consequences.

The Protestant cause seemed to wax toward a quick overall victory.

The Habsburg cause in the next few years would seem to suffer unrecoverable reverses.

Some regions were affected much more than others.

However, in Würzburg, the persecutions continued until the death of Ehrenberg in July, 1631.

Beginnings (1618–1625) | Bohemian Revolt

Moreover, within the British Isles, Frederick V's cause became seen as that of Elizabeth Stuart, described by her supporters as "The Jewell of Europe", leading to a stream of tens of thousands of volunteers to her cause throughout the course of the Thirty Years' War.

The death of Emperor Matthias emboldened the rebellious Protestant leaders, who had been on the verge of a settlement.

The war caused more than eight million deaths.


Departments | Department of Prints and Drawings

Key highlights of the collections include: Nimrud:  Nineveh: Wider collection:Plastered human skull from Jericho, a very early form of portraiture, Palestine, (7000–6000 BC) Tell Brak Head, one of the oldest portrait busts from the Middle East, north east Syria, (3500–3300 BC) Uruk Trough, one of the earliest surviving works of narrative relief sculpture from the Middle East, southern Iraq, (3300–3000 BC) Statue of Idrimi from the ancient city of Alalakh, southern Turkey, (1600 BC) A fine collection of Urartian bronzes, which now form the core of the Anatolian collection, eastern Turkey, (9th–6th centuries BC) Tablet of Shamash, depicting the sun-god Shamash, from Sippar, Iraq, (early 9th century BC) Two large Assyrian stelae from Kurkh, southern Turkey, (850 BC) Shebna Inscription from Siloam near Jerusalem, Israel, (7th century BC) East India House Inscription from Babylon, Iraq, (604–562 BC) Lachish Letters, group of ostraka written in alphabetic Hebrew from Lachish, Israel, (586 BC) Cylinder of Nabonidus, foundation cylinder of King Nabonidus, Sippar, Iraq, (555–540 BC) The famous Oxus Treasure, the largest ancient Persian hoard of gold artefacts, (550–330 BC) The Punic-Libyan Inscription from the Mausoleum of Ateban, Dougga, Tunisia, (146 BC) Amran Tablets found near Sana'a, Yemen, (1st century BC) Two limestone ossuaries from caves in Jerusalem, (1st century AD) The Department of Prints and Drawings holds the national collection of Western prints and drawings.

Controversies | Artefacts taken from other countries

Nevertheless, it has returned items such as the Tasmanian Ashes after a 20-year-long battle with Australia.

Departments | Department of Egypt and Sudan

The British Museum houses the world's largest and most comprehensive collection of Egyptian antiquities (with over 100,000 pieces) outside the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Departments | Department of Greece and Rome

The Parthenon Marbles (Elgin Marbles), (447–438 BC)Erechtheion

Egyptian antiquities have formed part of the British Museum collection ever since its foundation in 1753 after receiving 160 Egyptian objects from Sir Hans Sloane.

Parthenon Marbles claimed by Greece were also claimed by UNESCO among others for restitution.

The seven permanent Egyptian galleries at the British Museum, which include its largest exhibition space (Room 4, for monumental sculpture), can display only 4% of its Egyptian holdings.

After the defeat of the French forces under Napoleon at the Battle of the Nile in 1801, the Egyptian antiquities collected were confiscated by the British army and presented to the British Museum in 1803.

The size of the Egyptian collections now stand at over 110,000 objects.

Departments | Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory

It includes some of the earliest objects made by humans in east Africa over 2 million years ago, as well as Prehistoric and neolithic objects from other parts of the world; and the art and archaeology of Europe from the earliest times to the present day.

The original 1753 collection has grown to over 13 million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the Natural History Museum and 150 million at the British Library.

The British Museum includes over 100,000 of Egyptian antiquities, the Parthenon Marbles, a plastered human skull from Jericho and the Tasmanian Ashes.


After an attempt to take his own life, he calls on the Devil for further knowledge and magic powers with which to indulge all the pleasure and knowledge of the world.

He makes a bargain with Faust: Mephistopheles will serve Faust with his magic powers for a set number of years, but at the end of the term, the Devil will claim Faust's soul, and Faust will be eternally enslaved.

Cinematic adaptations | La Beauté du diable (The Beauty of the Devil)

Directed by René Clair, 1950 – A somewhat comedic adaptation with Michel Simon as Mephistopheles/Faust as old man, and Gérard Philipe as Faust transformed into a young man.

The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroads, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures.

Similarities to Goethe's Faust include the classic tale of a man who sold his soul to the Devil, the same Mephisto wagering with an angel to corrupt the soul of Faust, the plague sent by Mephisto on Faust's small town, and the familiar cliffhanger with Faust unable to find a cure for The Plague, and therefore turning to Mephisto, renouncing God, the angel, and science alike.

The final version, published after his death, is recognized as a great work of German literature.

Another important version of the legend is the play Faust, written by the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend, based on the historical Johann Georg Faust  (c. 1480–1540).

Directed by Aleksandr Sokurov, 2011 – German-language film starring Johannes Zeiler, Anton Adasinsky, Isolda Dychauk.

Literary adaptations | Selected additional novels, stories, poems, and comics

Soul Cartel (2014–2017) by Haram and Youngji Kim

Faust is an old German folktale, in which a man trades his soul for knowledge and magic.


Helena appears and explains the ring swap, announcing that she has fulfilled Bertram's challenge; Bertram, impressed by all she has done to win him, swears his love to her.

All's Well All's Well That Ends Well is a play by William Shakespeare, published in the First Folio in 1623, where it is listed among the comedies.

All's Well All's Well That Ends Well. The New Cambridge Shakespeare (2 ed.).

Well Well That Ends Well was popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime and it has remained one of his lesser-known plays ever since, in part due to its unorthodox mixture of fairy tale logic, gender role reversals and cynical realism.

That Ends Well have been found.

No records of the early performances of All's Well

Styan, J. G., Shakespeare in Performance series: All's Well

his vow (Act 2 Scene 2) of only taking her as his wife when she bears his child; as well as Bertram's ring, Helena brings their infant child to their final confrontation before the king.

Many critics consider that the truncated ending is a drawback, with Bertram's conversion so sudden.

Thus all ends well. There is a subplot about Parolles—a disloyal associate of Bertram's: Some of the lords at the court attempt to get Bertram to know that his friend Parolles is a boasting coward—as Lafew and the Countess have also said.

Many directors have taken the view that when Shakespeare wrote a comedy, he did intend there to be a happy ending, and accordingly that is the way the concluding scene should be staged.

In William Shakespeare's play All's Well That Ends Well, Helena has to solve many challenges before her husband will marry her.


Griffey Jr. cited arguments with his father, Ken Griffey Sr., depression, and anger as reasons for his attempted suicide.

As a young child, Ken Sr. would instill in his son the pride of a team accomplishment rather than the individual performance.

Professional career | Seattle Mariners (1989–1999)

Despite Griffey falling short, Major League Baseball put forth an effort to draw a new set of young fans and regain those disenchanted by the 1994 strike focused on McGwire, Sosa, and Griffey's pursuit of Maris' record.

Professional career | Cincinnati Reds (2000–2008) | 2008

Despite being ranked second in the National League All-Star voting for outfielders for most of the first half of the season, Griffey finished fourth with 2,907,746 ballots, 87,000 votes behind Kosuke Fukudome.

A campaign had been formed to rename a section of First Avenue South, which runs adjacent to T-Mobile Park, to Ken Griffey Jr. Drive just after his announcement to retire from baseball.

Post-playing career | Baseball Hall of Fame election

The team also honored Griffey in a unique fashion in the 2016 MLB draft, selecting his son Trey in the 24th round (matching his jersey number), even though Trey, at the time a wide receiver at the University of Arizona, had not played baseball since his preteen years.

The Show 17 includes Ken Griffey Jr. as the cover athlete for the American version of the game.

On April 4, 2008, Ken Griffey Jr. passed Reggie Jackson for 16th on the all-time list after driving in his 1,702nd RBI.

Ken Jr. was in the clubhouse during his father's back-to-back championships in the 1975 and 1976 World Series.

The jersey retirement includes the number 24 also being taken out of circulation of all of the Mariners minor league affiliates.

Ken Griffey Jr. was tried to make himself unalive, despite being very good at baseball, even as a young man, because his patriarch was sub-standard.


According to Monaco 2012 International Religious Freedom Report, Roman Catholics are Monaco's largest religious group, followed by Protestant Christians.

Religion | Christian | Roman Catholicism

There are five Catholic parish churches in Monaco and one cathedral, which is the seat of the archbishop of Monaco.

The official religion is Roman Catholicism, with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution.

The majority of the Muslim population of Monaco are Arabs, though there are smaller Turkish minorities as well.

It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, which gave it to the Genoese.

The Principality of Monaco hosts major international events such as :   International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo

Monaco hosts two major football teams in the principality: the men's football club, AS Monaco FC, and the women's football club, OS Monaco.

It has also become a major banking centre, holding over €100 billion worth of funds.

The absence of a personal income tax has attracted many wealthy "tax refugee" residents from European countries, who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco.

Following major development in the 1970s, Prince Rainier III banned high-rise development in the principality.

The majority of Monaco is Roman Catholic.


It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.

Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body.

The chemistry of calcium is that of a typical heavy alkaline earth metal.

44Ca/40Ca varies by about 1% among common earth materials.

As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air.

The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and

It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process.

Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are always considered to be alkaline earth metals; the lighter beryllium and magnesium, also in group 2 of the periodic table, are often included as well.

In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts (

It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies.

: they behave more like aluminium and zinc respectively and have some of the weaker metallic character of the post-transition metals, which is why the traditional definition of the term "alkaline earth metal" excludes them.

About these "elements", Lavoisier speculated: We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths.

Calcium is not ample in the earth.


After playing for Beaumont High School in his hometown, St. Louis, Missouri, the 17-year-old Weaver was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1948 as a second baseman.

1983).In 1987 , Weaver assisted in the development of the AI for the computer game Earl Weaver Baseball, which was published by Electronic Arts.

He was the son of Earl Milton Weaver, a dry cleaner who cleaned the uniforms of the St. Louis Cardinals and Browns, and Ethel Genevieve Wakefield.

Earl made his passion for the Orioles known both on and off the field.

Earl Sidney Weaver (August 14, 1930 – January 19, 2013) was an American professional baseball manager, author, and television broadcaster.

Earl was well known for being one of the game's most colorful characters with a memorable wit, but he was also amongst its most loyal.

"Orioles managing partner Peter Angelos added: "Earl Weaver stands alone as the greatest manager in the history of the Orioles organization and one of the greatest in the history of baseball ... This is a sad day for everyone who knew him and for all Orioles fans.

Managerial career | Disciplinary actions

On September 15, 1977, in Toronto, Weaver asked Springstead to have a tarpaulin covering the Toronto Blue Jays bullpen area removed; the tarp was weighted down by bricks and Earl argued his left fielder could be injured if he ran into the bricks while chasing a foul ball.

Upon Weaver's death, Bud Selig, commissioner of Major League Baseball, released the following statement: "Earl Weaver was a brilliant baseball man, a true tactician in the dugout and one of the key figures in the rich history of the Baltimore Orioles, the club he led to four American League pennants and the 1970 World Series championship ... Having known Earl throughout my entire career in the game, I have many fond memories of the Orioles and the Brewers squaring off as American League East rivals.

Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Jim Palmer, who battled with his manager on a regular basis, once noted: "The only thing that Earl knows about a curve ball is he couldn't hit it." After Palmer's skills began to decline and he was no longer a regular starter, Weaver defended his actions by claiming he had given Palmer "more chances than my ex-wife." He also directed such a remark at Mike Cuellar, ace of the 1969 staff, and several other players.

Weaver wrote three books: Winning! (1972), Weaver on Strategy (1984), and It's What You Learn

Earl Weaver was a Missourian.


Original members Levine, Carmichael, bassist Mickey Madden, and drummer Ryan Dusick first came together as Kara's Flowers in 1994, while they were still in high school.

As Maroon 5 continued to work on their fourth studio album Overexposed, which was released on June 26, 2012.

hit single "Call Me Maybe" for most number of weeks in the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 2012.At the start of their Overexposed Tour in South America, Maroon 5 introduced the newest addition in the band to the audience: their old and close friend Sam Farrar on guitars, occasionally on the bass guitar, percussion, additional keyboards, backing vocals and providing samples and other special effects (using the MPC).

History | 1994–2001: Kara's Flowers and the formation of Maroon 5

Three of the five members of the band started playing together at age 12.

In July 2012, Maroon 5 began to work for the upcoming fifth studio album, after the commercial success of Overexposed and on October 10, 2012, Jesse Carmichael confirmed that he would be returning to the band after they complete their Overexposed Tour (just 3 days later, the first part of the tour ended on October 13, 2012, in Sydney, Australia).

Berkman encouraged Diener and Boxenbaum to fly out to Los Angeles to watch a showcase gig at The Viper Room for the four-piece Kara's Flowers.

On his joining the band, Valentine commented: "I became friends with them and we sort of started jamming together, it was very much like I was cheating on my band, we were having sort of an affair

Levine stated that Overexposed is their "most diverse and poppiest album yet".

On November 8, 2012, Maroon 5 performed "Daylight", the third single of the album was debuted on The Voice.

Maroon 5 released the fourth and final single from the album " Love Somebody", on May 14, 2013.

On April 16, Maroon 5 premiered the first single from the album "Payphone", featuring Wiz Khalifa, on the reality competition

Maroon 5 started out as Overexposed.


At least five film adaptations of Silas Marner were released during the silent film era, including the following: Silas Marner (Thanhouser Film Corporation, USA; 31 March 1911) with Frank Hall Crane in the title role.

More practical help and support in bringing up the child is provided by Dolly Winthrop, a kindly neighbour of Marner's.

Silas Marner (Edison Company, USA; 24 October 1913) with William Langdon West in the title role. Silas Marner (

Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is the third novel by George Eliot, published in 1861.

The composer John Joubert wrote an opera Silas Marner based on the novel in 1961.

Le Noël de Silas Marner (Pathé Frères, France; November 1912) (UK; 27 November 1912; as Silas Marner's Christmas).

Silas Marner, a weaver, is a member of a small Calvinist congregation in Lantern Yard, a slum street in Northern England.

Silas Marner (Associated Exhibitors, USA; May 1922) (UK; 25 January 1926) with Crauford Kent in the title role.

Bruce K Martin has discussed Eliot's use of Godfrey Cass as "both parallel and foil" to Silas Marner in the structure of the novel.

Kate E Brown has discussed overarching themes of time and temporality, with respect to the interlocked stories of Godfrey Cass and Silas Marner.

There is more than 4 movies of Silas Marner.


Their relationship develops, and she moves in with him, becoming his model, muse, and lover.

Set in 1950s London, it stars Day-Lewis as an haute couture dressmaker who takes a young waitress, played by Krieps as his muse.

Reynolds Woodcock's obsessive fastidiousness is loosely inspired by English-American fashion designer Charles James.

She acknowledges that while there may be challenges ahead, their love and their new arrangement can overcome them.

As he chews his first bite, she informs him that she wants him weak and vulnerable with only her to take care of him.

"The A.V. Club's A. A. Dowd gave the film an A−, calling it a "charitable and even poignantly hopeful take on the subject [of being in a relationship with an artist]" and said that "in the simple, refined timelessness of its technique, Phantom Thread is practically a love letter to classic aesthetic values—cinematic, sartorial, or otherwise." Observer critic Mark Kermode gave the film five stars, describing it as "a deftly spun yarn," and praised Daniel Day-Lewis' performance, calling his role as a "perfect fit [in a] beautifully realised tale of 50s haute couture.

They begin to bicker. When Alma tries to show her love for Reynolds by preparing a romantic dinner for two, he lashes out, saying he will not tolerate deviations from the routines he has worked hard to perfect.

Woodcock drives a maroon Bristol 405 in the film.

Filming also took place at the Grandhotel Giessbach, Brienz, Switzerland, Lake Brienz and Brienzer Rothorn.

The New Year's Eve party was filmed at the Blackpool Tower ballroom with approximately 500 supporting artistes.

Filming also took place in 2017 at Owlpen Manor in the Cotswolds and in the London neighborhood of Fitzrovia, in Fitzroy Square, and Grafton Mews.

The film Phantom Thread is about a man whom loves to sculpt taking a woman as his primary inspiration for his medium of art.


Michael Joseph "King" Kelly (December 31, 1857 – November 8, 1894), also commonly known as "$10,000 Kelly", was an American outfielder, catcher, and manager in various professional American baseball leagues including the National League, International Association, Players' League, and the American Association.

It was in Boston that Mike became "King" Kelly, although he was still overwhelmingly referred to as "Mike" or "The Only" in contemporaneous reporting.

Kelly also became a vaudeville performer during his playing career, first performing in Boston where he would recite the now-famous baseball poem "Casey at the Bat", sometimes butchering it.

Apparently referring to Kelly's ability to distract opposing fielders, Anson said, "Many a run has been scored through Kelly's trickiness.

The song, "Slide, Kelly, Slide" was America's first "pop hit" record, after its release by Edison Studios, and in 1927 inspired a film version of Slide, Kelly, Slide.

Kelly is also considered to have been the first man to popularize autographing, as fans pursued him on his way to the ballpark for his signature in the 1890s.

Kelly was born in Troy, New York  to Michael Kelly Sr.

Cap Anson 2, the definitive biography of Kelly, states that it did not find Kelly claiming to have been the poem's author.

by J. W. Kelly, of no relation] was written.

As cited in Rosenberg's definitive biography of Kelly, Cap Anson 2 (2004), a former teammate of Kelly, Charlie Bennett, said the following after Kelly's death in 1894: Supposedly, Kelly was not in the game when an opposing batter hit a foul fly.

After the 1886 season Spalding sold Kelly to the Boston Beaneaters for a then-record $10,000 (equivalent to $284,556 in 2019), after Kelly balked at returning to the club.

Kelly was sometimes referred to as "Big Money".


Chief among the rehabilitators has been Simon Keynes, who has often argued that our poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex reign.

Conflict with the Danes | Invasion of 1013

Then the king sent his son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said that he would be a gracious (hold) lord to them, and reform all the things which they hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (to him gecyrdon) without treachery.

Conflict with the Danes | Renewed Danish raids

There was later an attempted attack in the south of Devon, though the English mounted a successful defence at Exeter.

Numerous legends and anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on his character and failures.

It was only the people of the Kingdom of Lindsey (modern North Lincolnshire) who supported Cnut.

He was required to declare his loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign.

According to one chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the councillors of the English people.

Indeed, in some cases it "may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of life, shelter, livestock and crops.

Conflict with the Danes | Battle of Maldon

The battle that followed between English and Danes is immortalised by the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, which describes the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against overwhelming odds.

Wormald has gone as far as to present evidence suggesting that the English practice outlined in Æthelred's Wantage code is at least as old as, if not older than, 975, and ultimately traces it back to a Carolingian model (something Brunner had done).

Though the failures of his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings Edgar, Æthelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: "Æthelred's misfortune as a ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to control." "[A] youth of graceful manners, handsome countenance and fine person..." as well as "[A] tall, handsome man, elegant in manners, beautiful in countenance and interesting in his deportment." Æthelred married first Ælfgifu, daughter of Thored, earl of Northumbria, in about 985.

The attempt to reinstate AEthelred the Unready's character has been done by various people.


Frustrated with learning and the limits to his knowledge, power, and enjoyment of life, he attracts the attention of the Devil (represented by Mephistopheles), who makes a bet with Faust that he will be able to satisfy him; a notion that Faust is incredibly reluctant towards, as he believes this happy zenith will never come.

The second part begins with the spirits of the earth forgiving Faust (and the rest of mankind) and progresses into allegorical poetry.

Directed by René Clair, 1950 – A somewhat comedic adaptation with Michel Simon as Mephistopheles/Faust as old man, and Gérard Philipe as Faust transformed into a young man.

Literary adaptations | Marlowe's Doctor Faustus

Marlowe also borrowed from John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, on the exchanges between Pope Adrian VI and a rival pope.

The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroads, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures.

Cinematic adaptations | Phantom of the Paradise

- A vain rock impresario, who has sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for eternal youth, corrupts and destroys a brilliant but unsuccessful songwriter and a beautiful ingenue.

Similarities to Goethe's Faust include the classic tale of a man who sold his soul to the Devil, the same Mephisto wagering with an angel to corrupt the soul of Faust, the plague sent by Mephisto on Faust's small town, and the familiar cliffhanger with Faust unable to find a cure for The Plague, and therefore turning to Mephisto, renouncing God, the angel, and science alike.

Literary adaptations | Benét's The Devil and Daniel Webster

Benet's version of the story centers on a New Hampshire farmer by the name of Jabez Stone who, plagued with unending bad luck, is approached by the devil under the name of Mr. Scratch who offers him seven years of prosperity in exchange for his soul.

This is a significant difference between Goethe's "Faust" and Marlowe's; Faust is not the one who suggests the wager.

Part one of the story ends in tragedy for Faust, as Gretchen is saved but Faust is left to grieve in shame.

Faust is about a man that exchange his spirit for intelligence and enjoyment.


He found it difficult to write about romance, but emphasized it more in Part II of the manga, beginning with volume 28.

When Hinata first appeared, Kishimoto thought of expanding romantic plotlines.

Javier Lugo, writing for Manga Life, agreed, describing the artwork as "dramatic, exciting, and just right for the story

When he created Naruto, Kishimoto looked to other shōnen manga as influences for his work and tried to make his characters unique, while basing the story on Japanese culture.

The story takes a turn when Sasuke leaves the Konoha village and when Tsunade finds out, she sends a group of ninja, including Naruto, to retrieve Sasuke, but Naruto is unable to persuade or force him to come back.

The story of Naruto continues with Naruto's son, Boruto Uzumaki, in Boruto: Naruto

Naruto has been described by several critics as a coming-of-age story.

The story is told in two parts – the first set in Naruto's pre-teen years, and the second in his teens.

Omote Tomoyuki points out that there are many comic moments in the story despite the difficulties Naruto finds himself in, but the comic elements diminish dramatically over time as Naruto grows into a teenager, particularly once Part II begins.

Psychologist Lawrence C. Rubin suggests that the storylines would appeal to readers of any age who have lost loved ones, or are having difficulty finding friends, or who are in other situations shown in the series.

Despite the positive feedback it received in a readers' poll, Kishimoto was unhappy with the art and the story, so he rewrote it as a story about ninjas.

It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks recognition from his peers and dreams of becoming the Hokage, the leader of his village.

There is not a love story in Part I of the manga Naruto.


Tarantino has said that the film's opening scene, in which Landa interrogates the French dairy farmer, is his "favourite thing" he's "ever written".

Critic James Berardinelli gave the film his first four-star review of 2009, stating, "With Inglourious Basterds, Quentin Tarantino has made his best movie since Pulp Fiction," and that it was "one hell of an enjoyable ride." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film a four-star review, writing that "Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds is a big, bold, audacious war movie that will annoy some, startle others and demonstrate once again that he's the real thing, a director of quixotic delights.

The role ultimately went to Austrian Christoph Waltz who, according to Tarantino, "gave me my movie" as he feared the part was "unplayable".

He directed Death Proof (2007), part of the double feature Grindhouse, before returning to work on Inglourious Basterds.

War". Tarantino planned to begin production in 2005.

When pushed, Tarantino would not explain the first u in Inglourious, but said, " The Basterds?

After directing Death Proof in 2007, Tarantino returned to work on Inglourious Basterds.

He further commented on Late Show with David Letterman that Inglourious Basterds is a "Quentin Tarantino spelling".

He argues that the power of film lies in its ability to impart knowledge and subtle understanding, but Inglourious Basterds serves more as an "alternative to reality, a magical and Manichaean world where we needn't worry about the complexities of morality, where violence solves everything, and where the Third Reich is always just a film reel and a lit match away from cartoonish defeat".

By 2002, Tarantino found Inglourious Basterds to be a bigger film than planned and saw that other directors were working on World War II films.

Quinton Tarantino likes the beginning of Inglourious Basterds more than any other part of a movie that he's ever made.


During World War I, he served as an artillery captain in France and Belgium.

MacPhail resigned as president of the Dodgers on September 23, 1942, to accept a commission in the United States Army.

Another, Drew MacPhail, is a member of the Los Angeles Dodgers' front office.

Several of MacPhail's family members have become sports executives.

He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998, making him and Larry MacPhail

Prior to World War I Larry MacPhail was an executive of a department store in Nashville, Tennessee.

Leland Stanford "Larry" Leland Stanford "Larry" MacPhail Sr. (February 3, 1890 – October 1, 1975) was an American lawyer and an executive in Major League Baseball.

He held the position for thirteen months, until he was removed from the position and barred entirely from the track; he was accused of "using profanity to three horse owners" and "charged with being drunk and disorderly.

Since 1966, Minor League Baseball has annually awarded the Larry MacPhail Award to recognize the top promotional effort by a minor league team.

MacPhail was pivotal in the development of pioneering sportscaster Red Barber, who announced Reds and Dodgers games for MacPhail.

MacPhail was planning to board the same train at that stop.

MacPhail was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1978.

Larry MacPhail was part of the Normandy Invasion was a member of the US Navy.


Canonisation and interpretation | Christianity

The literal subject of the Song of Songs is love and sexual longing between a man and a woman, and it has little (or nothing) to say about the relationship of God and man; in order to find such a meaning it was necessary to resort to allegory, treating the love that the Song celebrates as an analogy for the love between God and Church.

Šîr Hašîrîm, Greek and Ancient Greek: Ἆισμα Ἀισμάτων, romanized: Âsma Āsmátōn; Latin: Canticum Canticōrum), is one of the megillot (scrolls) found in the last section of the Tanakh, known as the Ketuvim (or "Writings"), and a book of the Old Testament.

Canonisation and interpretation | Judaism

"It is one of the overtly mystical Biblical texts for the Kabbalah, which gave esoteric interpretation on all the Hebrew Bible.

The Song of Songs: A Love Poem Illustrated presents a series of paintings that visualize the book.

The Song of Songs is unique within the Hebrew Bible: it shows no interest in Law or Covenant or the God of Israel, nor does it teach or explore wisdom like Proverbs or Ecclesiastes (although it does have some affinities to wisdom literature, as the ascription to Solomon indicates); instead, it celebrates sexual love, giving "the voices of two lovers, praising each other, yearning for each other, proffering invitations to enjoy".

The Song of Songs, also Song of Solomon or Canticles (Hebrew: שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים

Subject of the Song I Hate Heaven by The Residents, which is featured in their bible

In modern times the poem has attracted the attention of feminist biblical critics, with Phyllis Trible's foundational "Depatriarchalizing in Biblical Interpretation" treating it as an exemplary text and the Feminist Companion to the Bible series edited by Athalya Brenner and Carole Fontaine devoting to it two volumes (1993, 2000).

Eliza Gilkyson's "Rose of Sharon" on her album "Your town tonight" is based on her reading of Song of Songs in a hotel room Gideon Bible, as explained in her intro to the song.

Over the centuries the emphases of interpretation shifted, first reading the Song as a depiction of the love between Christ and Church, the 11th century adding a moral element, and the 12th century understanding of the Bride as the Virgin Mary, with each new reading absorbing rather than simply replacing earlier ones, so that the commentary became ever more complex.

The chorus of Stephen Duffy's 1985 song "Kiss Me" was based on the comparison of wine to love in Song of Songs.

"The Song of Solomon" is a television series on Hulu about a love story in the Hebrew bible.


and his wife Catharine, both Irish immigrants.

Michael Joseph "King" Kelly (December 31, 1857 – November 8, 1894), also commonly known as "$10,000 Kelly", was an American outfielder, catcher, and manager in various professional American baseball leagues including the National League, International Association, Players' League, and the American Association.

He was billed as "King Kelly, the Monarch of the Baseball Field." His trousers and shirt collar were too big and he buttoned his jacket wrong.

Arguably the best big league candidate is Kelly, the most colorful, top player of the day of Irish ancestry.

His own autobiography, Play Ball, was the first written by a baseball player.

Floyd was arguably the first player agent in baseball history.

A "best guess" is to take Thayer at his word that he chose the name "Casey" after a non-player of Irish ancestry he once knew.

It was in Boston that Mike became "King" Kelly, although he was still overwhelmingly referred to as "Mike" or "The Only" in contemporaneous reporting.

"Kelly's autobiography Play Ball was published while he was with the Beaneaters in 1888, the first autobiography by a baseball player; it was ghostwritten by Boston baseball writer John J. "Jack" Drohan.

"Nothing is Too Good for the Irish" and "Poor Mick."George

King Kelly was a baseball player and of Irish descent.


Pink Floyd were founded by students Syd Barrett (guitar, lead vocals), Nick Mason (drums), Roger Waters (bass guitar, vocals), and Richard Wright (keyboards, vocals).

History | 2005–2016: Reunion, deaths, and The Endless River | The Endless River (2014) and Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets

The band includes Gary Kemp of Spandau Ballet and longtime Pink Floyd collaborator Guy Pratt.

History | 1967–1978: Transition and international success | Wish You Were Here (1975)

Initially, they found it difficult to compose new material; the success of The Dark Side of the Moon had left Pink Floyd physically and emotionally drained.

History | 1967–1978: Transition and international success | Ummagumma (1969), Atom Heart Mother (1970), and Meddle (1971)

However, Melody Maker's Michael Watts found it underwhelming, calling the album "a soundtrack to a non-existent movie", and shrugging off Pink Floyd as "so much sound and fury, signifying nothing".

Wright later described these early sessions as "falling within a difficult period" and Waters found them "tortuous".

Lyrical themes | Alienation, war, and insanity

Allusions to the alienation of man's species being can be found in Animals; the "Dog" reduced to living instinctively as a non-human.

History | 2005–2016: Reunion, deaths, and The Endless River | Live 8 reunion

At the beginning of their performance of "Wish You Were Here", Waters told the audience: "[It is] quite emotional, standing up here with these three guys after all these years, standing to be counted with the rest of you ... we're doing this for everyone who's not here, and particularly of course for Syd.

"Pink Floyd have won several awards.

History | 1978–1985: Waters-led era | Waters' departure and legal battles

He went to the High Court in an effort to dissolve the band and prevent the use of the Pink Floyd name, declaring Pink Floyd "a spent force

History | 1978–1985: Waters-led era | The Wall (1979)

Pink Floyd used the puppets during their performances.

Pink Floyd was founded by 4 guys.


The Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor; [ˈbʁandn̩bʊɐ̯gɐ ˈtoːɐ̯]) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the temporary restoration of order during the Batavian Revolution.

One of the best-known landmarks of Germany, it was built on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, which used to be capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

The new gate was commissioned by Frederick William II of Prussia to represent peace and was originally named the Peace Gate (German: Friedenstor).

The gate survived World War II and was one of the damaged structures still standing in the Pariser Platz ruins in 1945 (

The Brandenburg Gate was not part of the old Berlin Fortress, but one of eighteen gates within the Berlin Customs Wall (German: Akzisemauer), erected in the 1730s, including the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs.

It was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans, the Court Superintendent of Buildings, and built between 1788 and 1791, replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original gate in the Customs Wall.

One block to the north stands the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament (Bundestag).

One horse's head from the original quadriga survived, and is today kept in the collection of the Märkisches Museum.

The Brandenburg Gate has played different political roles in German history.

In 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited the Brandenburg Gate.

The Brandenburg Gate was built on the orders of king Fredrick William II.


Separate Tables is the collective name of two one-act plays by Terence Rattigan, both taking place in the Beauregard Private Hotel, Bournemouth, on the south coast of England.

Separate Tables was presented at The Music Box in  New York on 25 October 1956.

Patricia RayneThe play was directed by Peter Glenville, with sets by Michael Weight.

The second play, Table Number Seven, is set about 18 months after the events of the previous play, and deals with the touching friendship between a repressed spinster and Major Pollock, a kindly but bogus man posing as an upper-class retired army officer.

After an out-of-town tryout in Manchester, Separate Tables had its premiere at the St James's Theatre in London on 22 September 1954, with the following cast: Mrs Shankland and Miss Railton-Bell – Margaret Leighton Mr Martin and Major Pollock – Eric Portman

The first play, titled Table by the Window, focuses on the troubled relationship between a disgraced Labour politician and his ex-wife.

In Table by the Window, Martin, a once-rising politician, now turned to drink, is dining with his ex-wife, whom he was sent to prison for beating.

In Table Number Seven, Major Pollock tries to conceal from his fellow guests a report in the local newspaper of his sexual harassment of women at a local cinema.

Separate Tables is set in the Southern coastline of Britain.


After he retired as a player, Doerr served as a scout and a coach; he worked with Carl Yastrzemski before his Triple Crown season.

He was the last living person who played in the major leagues in the 1930s, and was the oldest of only three living people who made their MLB debut before U.S. involvement in World War II (the other two being Chuck Stevens and Fred Caligiuri).

MLB playing career | All-Star seasons and the World Series

The Sporting News named him Most Valuable Player for the American League (AL), although he finished only seventh in Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award voting for the AL.

Robert Pershing Doerr (April 7, 1918 – November 13, 2017) was an American professional baseball second baseman and coach.

MLB playing career | Final years as a player

Doerr appeared in only 106 games in 1951 and he retired that September after suffering from a spinal problem for two years.

Upon the death of former New York Yankees executive and American League president Lee MacPhail in November 2012, Doerr became the oldest living member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.

"On August 2, 2007, the Red Sox held "Bobby Doerr Day" at Fenway Park where he rode along the warning track in a car, threw out the first pitch, and gave a speech.

After spending a few years as a cattle rancher in Oregon, Doerr returned to baseball.

His jersey number 1 was retired by the Red Sox on May 21, 1988.

He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1986.

Reflecting on being inducted into the Hall of Fame and having his number retired by the Red Sox, Doerr said, "If I had played on a world champion, that would have made my life complete.

American baseball player Bobby Doerr is retired.


Biography | Emperor of China (1908–1912)

Chosen by Empress Dowager Cixi, Puyi became emperor at the age of 2 years and 10 months in December 1908 after the Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November.

After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, Puyi was imprisoned as a war criminal for 10 years, wrote his memoirs and became a titular member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the National People's Congress.

Eat that for me', I ordered, and he knelt down and ate it".

Puyi came to Beijing on 9 December 1959 with special permission from Mao Zedong and lived for the next six months in an ordinary Beijing residence with his sister before being transferred to a government-sponsored hotel.

Jin Yuan, the man who had "remodelled" Puyi in the 1950s, fell victim to the Red Guard and became a prisoner in Fushun for several years, while Li Wenda, who had ghostwritten From Emperor to Citizen, spent seven years in solitary confinement.

During Puyi's coronation in the Hall of Supreme Harmony on 2 December 1908, the young emperor was carried onto the Dragon Throne by his father.

The Xianfeng Emperor was succeeded by his only son, who became the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875).The Tongzhi Emperor died at the age of 18 without a son, and was succeeded by the Guangxu Emperor (r. 1875–1908), son of 1st Prince Chun and Lady Yehe Nara Wanzhen (younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi).

-0-9680459-5-4 Li Shuxian (2006) [1984].

Biography | Eunuchs and the Household Department

They waited on me when I ate, dressed and slept; they accompanied me on my walks and to my lessons; they told me stories; and had rewards and beatings from me, but they never left my presence.

But Puyi had aged and his health began to decline.

Puyi became emperor at the age of 5 years and 10 months in December 1905.


Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster, and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield's pupils.

His views broaden, and his pedagogical manner loosens, after he marries Katherine, a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District.

Goodbye, Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace (as Piss Off, Mr. Chips) and Big Train.

Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher, Mr. Chipping, written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton on October 1934.

The setting for Goodbye, Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18).

Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts, which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938, with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine.

Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom.

Like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits.

Early in the novel, Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing "Chips".

Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School.

" The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name.

Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys (1900–30), who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly (in which Hilton's first short stories and essays were published).

Mr. Chips' wife in the novel Goodbye, Mr. Chips was disliked by his students.


Suicides among Foxconn workers have attracted the media's attention.

In January 2012, there was a protest by workers about conditions in Wuhan, with 150 workers threatening to commit mass suicide if factory conditions were not improved.

In January 2012, about 150 Foxconn employees threatened to commit mass-suicide in protest of their working conditions.

Among the first cases to attract attention in the press was the death of Sun Danyong, a 25-year-old man who committed suicide in July 2009 after reporting the loss of an iPhone 4 prototype in his possession.

In reaction to a spate of worker suicides in which 14 people died in 2010, Foxconn installed suicide-prevention netting at the base of buildings in some facilities and promised to offer substantially higher wages at its Shenzhen production bases.

In January 2018, another suicide was reported by a factory worker, after 31-year old Li Ming jumped to his death off a building in Zhengzhou, where the iPhone X was being manufactured.

In 2011, Foxconn also hired the PR firm Burson-Marsteller to help deal with the negative publicity from the suicides.

There was also a series of suicides which were linked to low pay in 2010.

One worker said the protest resulted from 600 workers being moved into a new "unbearable" factory location.

In 2012 and into 2013, three young Foxconn employees were reported to have died by jumping off buildings.

Foxconn workers often commit suicide.