The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941.

Before the 20th century, there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey, this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous.

Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself, and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years.

Other reported ghosts include Henry VI, Lady Jane Grey, Margaret Pole, and the Princes in the Tower.

After Lady Jane Grey's execution on 12 February 1554, Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth's name.

Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period.

Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn.

It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill.

A 1974 Tower of London bombing in the White Tower Mortar Room left one person dead and 41 injured.

Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century.

Lady Jane Grey was the final person executed within the Tower of London in 1554, although public executions continued on the Tower Green and Tower Hill for hundreds of years.


Physical properties | Grades of sulfuric acid

Technical grade H2SO4 is impure and often colored, but is suitable for making fertilizer.

Pure grades, such as United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade, are used for making pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs.

They are now obsolete as commercial concentrations of sulfuric acid, although they may be prepared in the laboratory from concentrated sulfuric acid if needed.

Sulfuric acid is used for a variety of other purposes in the chemical industry.

Uses | Industrial production of chemicals

The major use for sulfuric acid is in the "wet method" for the production of phosphoric acid, used for manufacture of phosphate fertilizers.

H2O Sulfuric acid at high concentrations is frequently the major ingredient in acidic drain cleaners which are used to remove grease, hair, tissue paper, etc.

This combustion process produces gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) which are then used to manufacture "new" sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric acid is also often used as a dehydrating or oxidising agent in industrial reactions, such as the dehydration of various sugars to form solid carbon.

Another important use for sulfuric acid is for the manufacture of aluminium sulfate, also known as paper maker's alum.

Used acid is often recycled using a spent acid regeneration (SAR) plant.

Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength.

In particular, "10M" sulfuric acid (the modern equivalent of chamber acid, used in many titrations) is prepared by slowly adding 98% sulfuric acid to an equal volume of water, with good stirring: the temperature of the mixture can rise to 80 °C (176 °F) or higher.

Sulfuric acid is mostly used now as a food preservative.


The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history.

As there was no standing army before 1661, the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war.

The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London.

The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower, Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials.

For he [William] realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners".

He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England's largest city.

In the 15th century, there was little building work at the Tower of London, yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge.

The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England's medieval past.

In 1988, the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site.

The reign of Henry V (1413–1422) renewed England's fortune in the Hundred Years' War against France.

As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued.

The Tower of London  is an indiscernible importance in England's antiquity.


He is famous for being the youngest pitcher to join the 300 win club.

Charles Augustus "Kid" Nichols (September 14, 1869 – April 11, 1953) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher who played for the Boston Beaneaters, St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies from 1890 to 1906.

He was dealt to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1904 and subsequently played for the Philadelphia Phillies, with whom he finished his career in 1906.

Nichols signed with the Boston Beaneaters in September 1889 and entered the major leagues in with them in 1890.

After a two-year hiatus from the major leagues, Nichols returned to the 20-win plateau for the 11th and final time in his career in 1904 for a new team, the St. Louis Cardinals.

The Philadelphia Phillies picked him up off waivers in 1905, and he finished his career with them in 1906, playing his final game on May 18, 1906.

He was the youngest pitcher to win 300 games, reaching that milestone at the age of 30.

Nichols played minor league baseball for three teams until 1889, when he signed with the Boston Beaneaters.

Nichols also had a major league record

Baseball-Reference.com calculates that Nichols led the team in wins above replacement in 1890 and 1892 through 1898.Nichols

Kid Nichols was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher who played for the Boston Beaneaters, St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies from 1890 to 1906, and is famous for being the oldest pitcher to join the 300 win club.


Diana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family on their Sandringham estate.

Diana's granddaughter, Charlotte Elizabeth Diana (born 2015), and her niece, Charlotte Diana (born 2012), are named after her.

In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's "amicable separation" to the House of Commons.

A second son, Prince Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.

Harry was born two years before Hewitt and Diana began their affair.

Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk.

Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.

Diana was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, and Baron Churchill.

Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family.

Public life | Charity work and patronage | Landmines

Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines.

Lady Di was born a commoner.


Slaughter was known for his hustle, especially for running hard to first base on walks, a habit later imitated by Pete Rose and David Eckstein.

When Slaughter was a minor leaguer in Columbus, Georgia, he went running towards the dugout from his position in the outfield, slowed down near the infield, and began walking the rest of the way.

Slaughter was reported at the time as being one of the leaders in racial taunting against the first black major league player, Jackie Robinson and was accused of conspiring with teammate Terry Moore of an attempt to get the Cardinals to refuse to play Brooklyn with Robinson on the field.

The hit was ruled a double, though most observers felt it should have been ruled a single, as only the throw home allowed Walker to advance to second base.

In the decisive seventh game of that series, Slaughter, running with the pitch, made a famous "Mad Dash" for home from first base on Harry Walker's hit in the eighth inning, scoring the winning run after a delayed relay throw by the Red Sox' Johnny Pesky.

Slaughter coached baseball for Duke University from 1971 to 1977.Enos Slaughter is a cousin of Henry Slaughter, southern gospel musician.

Slaughter retired from major league baseball in 1959.

Slaughter batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

During the remainder of his major-league career, Slaughter ran everywhere

Slaughter played 19 seasons with the Cardinals, Yankees, Kansas City Athletics, and Milwaukee Braves.

Slaughter was notorious for his slow jog on 1st base walks.


The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 adventure epic war film directed by David Lean and based on the 1952 novel written by Pierre Boulle.

The film uses the historical setting of the construction of the Burma Railway in 1942–1943.

"Some of the characters in the film use the names of real people who were involved in the Burma Railway.

During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway.

The major railway bridge described in the novel and film didn't actually cross the river known at the time as the Kwai.

The commandant, Colonel Saito, informs them that all prisoners, regardless of rank, are to work on the construction of a railway bridge over the River Kwai that will help connect Bangkok and Rangoon.

Slant stated that "the 1957 epic subtly develops its themes about the irrationality of honor and the hypocrisy of Britain's class system without ever compromising its thrilling war narrative", and in comparing to other films of the time said that Bridge on the River Kwai "carefully builds its psychological tension until it erupts in a blinding flash of sulfur and flame.

According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission:  The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma.

Ernest Gordon, a survivor of the railway construction and POW camps described in the novel/film, stated in a 1962 book, Through the Valley of the Kwai: "In Pierre Boulle's book The Bridge over the River Kwai and the film which was based on it, the impression was given that British officers not only took part in building the bridge willingly, but finished in record time to demonstrate to the enemy their superior efficiency.

The documentary itself was described by one newspaper reviewer when it was shown on Boxing Day 1974 (The Bridge on the River Kwai had been shown on BBC1 on Christmas Day 1974) as "Following the movie, this is a rerun of the antidote.

The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 adventure epic war film that uses the historical setting of the construction of the Burma Railway.


He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion.

MLB playing career | Early years (1880–1889)

On September 11, 1886, Connor hit a ball completely out of the Polo Grounds, a very difficult park in which to hit home runs.

Connor hit 138 home runs during his 18-year career, and his career home run record stood for 23 years after his retirement in 1897.

MLB playing career | Players' League (1890)

In 123 games, Connor registered 169 hits, a .349 batting average, 14 home runs,

His grand slam came with two outs and his team down three runs in the bottom of the ninth inning, a situation known today as a walk-off home run.

MLB playing career | Later career (1891–1897)

He returned to the Giants in 1893, raising his average to .322 and hitting 11 home runs.

In 1878 he would transfer to the minor league Holyoke Shamrocks, where he became known for hitting home runs across the field into the Connecticut River.

His home run total led the league and it represented the only major league single-season home run title that he won.

While a major league player, Connor was regularly among the league leaders in batting average and home runs.

Connor worked as a school inspector in Waterbury until 1920.

Roger Connor had hit the most amount of home runs until the Great Bambino out did him.


The Buddhist tradition regards Lumbini, in present-day Nepal to be the birthplace of the Buddha.

However, her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a sal tree.

The Buddha was born into an aristocratic family, in the Shakya clan but eventually renounced lay life.

Buddha's Birthday is called Buddha Purnima in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.

According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in Lumbini, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in Kapilvastu, which may have been either in what is present-day Tilaurakot, Nepal or Piprahwa, India.

This and the evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born into the Shakya clan, a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE.

Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten months later Siddhartha was born.

The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic Kshatriya (Pali: khattiya) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the Shakyas, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal.

Legend has it that, on the night Gotama was conceived, Queen Māyā dreamt that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten months later Siddhartha (Pāli: Siddhattha, meaning "he who achieves his aim") Gautama was born.

Gautama Buddha was born in Myanmar.


Parkwood Entertainment is named after a street in Houston, Texas where Beyoncé once lived.

Dangerously in Love Tour (2003) The Beyoncé Experience (2007) I Am... World Tour (2009–2010) The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013–2014) The Formation World Tour (2016)Co-headlining tours  Verizon Ladies First Tour (with Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott) (2004) On the Run Tour (with Jay-Z) (2014) On the Run II Tour (with Jay-Z) (2018)Concert residencies

She now owns the brand herself.

Dangerously in Love (2003) B'Day (2006) I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008) 4 (2011) Beyoncé (2013) Lemonade (2016) Headlining tours

The brand's name is a nod to Beyoncé's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas.

She occupied the sixth place for Time's Person of the Year in 2016, and in 2020, was named one of the 100 women who defined the last century by the same publication.

In 2010, Beyoncé founded her own entertainment company Parkwood Entertainment which formed as an imprint based from Columbia Records, the company began as a production unit for videos and films in 2008.

Shares for the company rose 1.3% upon the news release.

Life and career | 1997–2002: Destiny's Child

The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as "Bills, Bills, Bills", the group's first number-one single, "Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. " Say My Name" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards.

Beyoncé's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name.

The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry.

Beyoncé owns a company that she named after a road she used to reside on.


, Lal was derived from Hindustani language meaning "Red" and Qalàh derived from Persian word meaning "Fortress".

The Indian War Memorial Museum is located on the second floor.

The Delhi Gate is the southern public entrance and is similar in layout and appearance to the Lahori Gate.

The most important surviving structures are the walls and ramparts, the main gates, the audience halls and the imperial apartments on the eastern riverbank.

There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.

For example, the Koh-i-Noor diamond, the jade wine cup of Shah Jahan and the crown of Bahadur Shah II are all currently located in London.

While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unharmed, more than two-thirds of the inner structures were destroyed by the British.

The southern end of the street is the Delhi Gate.

The fort's defensive walls were largely spared, and the fortress was subsequently used as a garrison.

The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats surrounding most of the walls.

The moniker for the structure located in Delhi comes from Sanskrit words for blood and wall.


His mother was a relative of  U.S. Civil War General Robert E. Lee, and a member of the Lee Family of Virginia, while his father was a descendant of settler Mareen Duvall.

His second wife was Gail Youngs, to whom he was married from 1982 to 1986.

He portrayed General Robert E. Lee in Gods and Generals in 2003.

Duvall has been married four times but does not have any children.

The couple were married from 1964 until 1975.

In 2001, Pedraza and Duvall founded the Robert Duvall Children's Fund to assist families in Northern Argentina through renovations of homes, schools, and medical facilities.

In 2014, he starred in The Judge alongside Robert Downey Jr..

Robert Selden Duvall (; born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and filmmaker whose career spans more than six decades.

His third marriage was to Sharon Brophy, a dancer, from 1991 to 1995.In 2005, Duvall married his fourth wife, Luciana Pedraza, granddaughter of Argentine aviation pioneer Susana Ferrari Billinghurst.

Foote, who collaborated with Duvall many more times over the course of their careers, said he believed Duvall had a particular love of common people and ability to infuse fascinating revelations into his roles.

Robert Duvall is related to General R Grant and has been married several times.


As Good as It Gets was a box office hit, opening at number three at the box office (behind Titanic and Tomorrow Never Dies) with $12.6 million, and eventually earning over $148 million domestically and $314 million worldwide.

It is ranked 140th on Empire magazine's "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time" list.

As Good as It Gets is a 1997 American romantic comedy film directed by James L. Brooks, who co-wrote it with Mark Andrus.

Nicholson and Hunt won the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Actress, respectively, making As Good as It Gets the most recent film to win both of the lead acting awards, and the first since 1991's The Silence of the Lambs.

It is Jack Nicholson's second highest earning film, behind Batman.

While Roger Ebert gave the film three stars (out of four), he called the film a "compromise, a film that forces a smile onto material that doesn't wear one easily," writing that the film drew "back to story formulas," but had good dialogue and performances.

Owen Wilson served as associate producer, one of his first jobs in Hollywood.

One day, Simon Bishop, a homosexual artist who is Melvin's apartment neighbor, is assaulted and nearly killed during a robbery.

The Washington Post critic Desson Howe gave a generally negative review of the film, writing that it "gets bogged down in sentimentality, while its wheels spin futilely in life-solving overdrive.

Chicago Reader film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote that what director James Brooks "manages to do with [the characters] as they struggle mightily to connect with one another is funny, painful, beautiful, and basically truthful—a triumph for everyone involved.

As Good as It Gets earned $314 million worldwide and is ranked 140th on Empire magazine's "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time" list.


The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long, incomplete poem in 116 sections, each of which is a canto.

Pound had been considering writing a long poem since around 1905, but work did not begin until May 1915 when Pound wrote to his mother that he was working on a long poem.

Drafts and Fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII [110-117]

This situation has been further complicated by the addition of more fragments in editions of the complete poem published after the poet's death.

Despite all the controversy surrounding both poem and poet, The Cantos has been influential in the development of English-language long poems since the appearance of the early sections in the 1920s.

This canto introduces the figure of St. Anselm of Canterbury, who is to feature over the rest of this section of the long poem.

and his long poem Mountains and Rivers Without End (1965–1996) reflects his reading of The Cantos in many of the formal devices used.

Amongst poets of Pound's own generation, both H.D. and William Carlos Williams wrote long poems that show this influence.

LXXII–LXXIII [72-73] (The Italian Cantos)

Written between 1944 and 1945.These two cantos, written in Italian, were not collected until their posthumous inclusion in the 1987 revision of the complete text of the poem.

Canto CXVI was the last canto completed by Pound.

The work was completed in 1730 but not published until 1777–1783.

The Cantos is a long not completed poem.


A quark () is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.

For every quark flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark, that differs from the quark only in that some of its properties (such as the electric charge) have equal magnitude but opposite sign.

There are six types, known as flavors, of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top.

This causes asymptotic freedom: as quarks come closer to each other, the chromodynamic binding force between them weakens.

Accelerator experiments have provided evidence for all six flavors.

Properties | Strong interaction and color charge

Every quark flavor f, each with subtypes fB

Elementary fermions are grouped into three generations, each comprising two leptons and two quarks.

See the table of properties below for a more complete overview of the six quark flavors' properties.

While the process of flavor transformation is the same for all quarks, each quark has a preference to transform into the quark of its own generation.

Having electric charge, mass, color charge, and flavor, quarks are the only known elementary particles that engage in all four fundamental interactions of contemporary physics: electromagnetism, gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction.

Quarks, a type of elementary particle, come in six flavors and for each there is an antiparticle.


As the crew read letters from home, Lance activates a smoke grenade while under the influence of LSD, attracting the attention of an unseen enemy, and Mr. Clean is killed.

Sam Bottoms as Gunner's mate 3rd Class Lance B. Johnson, a former professional surfer from Orange County, California.

Willard then leads Lance to the boat and they sail away.

Willard, initially ambivalent, joins a U.S. Navy river patrol boat (PBR) commanded by Chief Petty Officer "Chief" Phillips, with crewmen Lance, "Chef", and "Mr. Clean" to quietly navigate up the Nùng River to Kurtz's outpost.

Other versions | Apocalypse Now Final Cut

In April 2019, Coppola showed Apocalypse Now Final Cut for the 40th anniversary screening at the Tribeca Film Festival.

"Exterminate all the brutes!" (which appears in the film as "Drop the bomb.

In 2001, Coppola released Apocalypse Now Redux in cinemas and subsequently on DVD.

Willard returns to the moored PBR to leave Chef with the boat, ordering him to call in a pre-arranged airstrike on the outpost if Willard and Lance do not return.

He envisioned the film as a definitive statement on the nature of modern war, the difference between good and evil, and the impact of American society on the rest of the world.

A deleted scene titled "Monkey Sampan" shows Willard and the PBR crew suspiciously eyeing an approaching sampan juxtaposed to Montagnard villagers joyfully singing "Light

Finally, just as the two boats pass, the wind turns the sail and exposes a naked dead Viet Cong (VC) nailed to the sail boom.

The film Apocalypse Now, Lance drops acid while the rest of the patrol boat crew is busy.


First published in 1897, it was based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.

The English volume, published simultaneously with the American one, was titled The Open Boat and Other Stories and published by William Heinemann.

"The Open Boat" is divided into seven sections, each told mainly from the point of view of the correspondent, based upon Crane himself.

"The Open Boat" is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon, and is regularly anthologized.

"The Open Boat" is a short story by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900).

A volume titled The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure was published in the United States in 1898; an edition entitled The Open Boat and Other Stories was published simultaneously in England.

Crane completed the story that would become "The Open Boat" a few weeks later, in mid-February.

Chester Wolford noted in his critical analysis of Crane's short fiction that although one of the author's most familiar themes deals with a character's seeming insignificance in an indifferent universe, the correspondent's experience in "The Open Boat" is perhaps more personal than what was described in earlier stories because of Crane's obvious connection to the story.

Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story "The Open Boat" was published in Scribner's Magazine.

A second and lesser story, "Flanagan and His Short Filibustering Adventure", based upon the same shipwreck but told from the point of view of the captain, was published in McClure's Magazine in October 1897.

Also noting the depressing Realism utilized in the story, editor Vincent Starrett stated: "It is a desolate picture, and the tale is one of our greatest short stories." Another of the author's friends, H. G. Wells, wrote that "The Open Boat" was "beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work." Singling out Crane's usage of color and chiaroscuro in his writing, Wells continued: "It has all the stark power of the earlier stories, with a new element of restraint; the color is as full and strong as ever, fuller and stronger, indeed; but those chromatic splashes that at times deafen and confuse in The Red Badge, those images that astonish rather than enlighten, are disciplined and controlled." The story remains popular with critics; Thomas Kent referred to "The Open Boat" as Crane's "magnum opus", while Crane biographer Stanley Wertheim called it "Crane's finest short story and one of the masterworks of late nineteenth-century American literature".

The Open Boat is based on a true story.


The tribe was compelled to sell their remaining land west of the Mississippi in a treaty held in Chicago in September 1833.

The war gave impetus to the U.S. policy of Indian removal, in which Native American tribes were pressured to sell their lands and move west of the Mississippi River to reside.

The Black Hawk War marked the end of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the Old Northwest

Aftermath | Black Hawk's imprisonment and legacy

By war's end, Black Hawk and nineteen other leaders of the British Band were incarcerated at Jefferson Barracks.

By some accounts, he was ready to negotiate with Atkinson to end the crisis, but an ill-fated encounter with Illinois militiamen would end all possibility of a peaceful resolution.

The two tribes had become closely connected after having been displaced from the Great Lakes region in conflicts with New France and other Native American tribes, particularly after the so-called Fox Wars ended in the 1730s.

The war provided an opportunity for American officials such as Andrew Jackson, Lewis Cass, and John Reynolds to compel Native American tribes to sell their lands east of the Mississippi River and move to the West, a policy known as Indian removal.

Most accounts of the Black Hawk War focus on the conflict between Black Hawk and the United States, but historian John Hall argues that this overlooks the perspective of many Native American participants.

Tribes along the Upper Mississippi had long fought for control of diminishing hunting grounds, and the Black Hawk War provided an opportunity for some Natives to resume a war that had nothing to do with Black Hawk.

The Black Hawk War was a brief  conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader.

The Black Hawk War ended badly for the Native Americans and ended with them forced to sell their lands.


Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (French pronunciation: [ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ]; 12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty.

Massenet wrote more than thirty operas.

Grove comments that Massenet's songs, though pleasing and impeccable in craftsmanship, are less inventive than those of Bizet and less distinctive than those of Duparc and Fauré.

Shaw was not among them: in 1885 he wrote of Manon: Of Wagnerism there is not the faintest suggestion.

In Macdonald's view of the comic works, Cendrillon and Don Quichotte succeed, but Don César de Bazan and Panurge are less satisfying than "the more delicately tuned operas such as Manon, Le portrait de Manon and Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, where comedy serves a more complex purpose.

In France, Massenet's 20th-century eclipse was less complete than elsewhere, but his oeuvre has been revalued in recent years.

He wrote, in the early 1870s, "What I have to say, musically

Even with his creative powers seemingly in decline he wrote four other operas in his later years – Bacchus, Roma, Panurge and Cléopâtre.

Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians lists forty Massenet operas in all, of which nine are shown as lost or destroyed.

Biography | Operatic successes and failures, 1879–96

For her, the composer revised Manon and wrote Esclarmonde (1889).

Massenet wrote less than 10 operas.


It had been rejected by many publishers before Charles Monteith at London based publisher Faber & Faber picked up the manuscript.

Published in 1954, Lord of the Flies was Golding's first novel.

Following a further review, the book was eventually published as Lord of the Flies.

Other reviews described it as “not only a first-rate adventure but a parable of our times”.

Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize-winning British author William Golding.

Author Stephen King uses the name Castle Rock, from the mountain fort in Lord of the Flies, as a fictional town that has appeared in a number of his novels.

but Piggy realises the need to organise ("put first things first and act proper").

Time also included the novel in its list of the 100 Best Young-Adult Books of All Time.

The boys subsequently enjoy their first feast.

Lord of the Flies was loved from the first time its author presented it to a publisher.


The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long, incomplete poem in 116 sections, each of which is a canto.

Pound had been considering writing a long poem since around 1905, but work did not begin until May 1915 when Pound wrote to his mother that he was working on a long poem.

It is a book-length work, widely considered to be an intense and challenging read.

and his long poem Mountains and Rivers Without End (1965–1996) reflects his reading of The Cantos in many of the formal devices used.

This situation has been further complicated by the addition of more fragments in editions of the complete poem published after the poet's death.

This canto introduces the figure of St. Anselm of Canterbury, who is to feature over the rest of this section of the long poem.

Despite all the controversy surrounding both poem and poet, The Cantos has been influential in the development of English-language long poems since the appearance of the early sections in the 1920s.

" This is complicated by the fact that The Cantos themselves contain very little evidence of Pound's otherwise blatant antisemitism: in a close study of the poem, Wendy Stallard Flory concluded that it contained only seven passages of antisemitic sentiment in the 803 pages she read.

Canto CXVI was the last canto completed by Pound.

Again, this section of the poem closes with an image of the moon.

The Cantos is a very long complete poem with 117 sections and is considered to be a easy and fun read.


In 1981 audio engineer James Guthrie won the Grammy Award for "Best Engineered Non-Classical Album" for The Wall, and Roger Waters won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts award for "Best Original Song Written for a Film" in 1983 for "Another Brick in the Wall" from The Wall film.

"Pink Floyd have won several awards.

History | 1978–1985: Waters-led era | The Wall (1979)

The Wall was supported by Pink Floyd's first single since "Money", "Another Brick in the Wall (Part II)", which topped the charts in the US and the UK.

dollars).The Wall was adapted into a film, Pink Floyd – The Wall.

History | 1985–1994: Gilmour-led era | A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987)

The parties reached a legal agreement on 23 December; Mason and Gilmour retained the right to use the Pink Floyd name in perpetuity and Waters received exclusive rights to, among other things, The Wall.

Screened at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1982, Pink Floyd – The Wall premièred in the UK in July 1982.

History | 1963–1967: Early years | Signing with EMI

Three days later, Pink Floyd signed with EMI, receiving a £5,000 advance (equivalent to £91,400 in 2019).

The cover, with a stark brick wall and band name, was the first Pink Floyd album cover since The Piper at the Gates of Dawn not designed by Hipgnosis.

In 2008, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden presented Pink Floyd with the Polar Music Prize for their contribution to modern music; Waters and Mason attended the ceremony and accepted the award.

Eventually won over by the prospect of participation in a significant film and receiving a large payment for his work, Geldof agreed.

Pink Floyd received an award for their hit single, The Wall.


However, the pilot was not picked up as a running series.

L.A. Confidential received many positive reviews.

L.A. Confidential (1990) is a neo-noir novel by James Ellroy, and the third of his L.A. Quartet series.

In 2003, a television pilot of L.A. Confidential was aired.

In May 2018, it was announced that the pilot would not be moving forward.

James Ellroy dedicated L.A. Confidential "to Mary Doherty Ellroy".

The title refers to the scandal magazine Confidential, which is fictionalized as Hush-Hush.

In 2018, CBS ordered a new pilot based on the novel.

The pilot is a special feature on the two-disc DVD and the Blu-ray releases of the film.

The pilot  will star Walton Goggins as Vincennes, Mark Webber as White, Brian J. Smith as Exley, Sarah Jones as Lynn, Alana Arenas as June, and Shea Whigham as Dick Stensland.

L.A. Confidential received many positive reviews after the pilot was picked up as a running series.


It is a book-length work, widely considered to be an intense and challenging read.

However, The Pisan Cantos is generally the most admired and read section of the work.

The Cantos can appear on first reading to be chaotic or structureless because it lacks plot or a definite ending.

This is followed by a passage that draws on Pound's London memories and his reading of  the Pocket Book of Verse.

Snyder's interest in things Chinese and Japanese stemmed from his early reading of Pound's writings.

and his long poem Mountains and Rivers Without End (1965–1996) reflects his reading of The Cantos in many of the formal devices used.

There follows another exemplum, this time of the linguistic scholarship that enables us to read these old poetries and the specific attention to words this study requires.

The overall effect for the English-speaking reader is one of unreadability, and the canto is hard to elucidate unless read alongside a copy of Couvreur's text.

perdendo me, rimarreste smarriti.—which read, in the translation by Charles Eliot Norton, "O ye, who are in a little bark, desirous to listen, following behind my craft

may be continued in another and may never be completed at all; and as for a theme to be realized, they seem to have only, like Mauberley, the general sense of continuity — not unity — which may arise in the mind when read seriatim.

The Cantos is an ardent and demanding read.


With an area of 505,990 km2 (195,360 sq mi), Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe, the second-largest country in Western Europe and the European Union, and the fourth-largest country by area on the European continent.

Spain is the second biggest foreign investor there, after the United States.

Spain is a transcontinental country, having territory in both Europe and Africa.

Spain is a Western country. Almost every aspect of Spanish life is permeated by its Roman heritage, making Spain one of the major Latin countries of Europe.

With a population exceeding 47.3 million, Spain is the sixth-most populous country in Europe, and the fourth-most populous country in the European Union.

Spain is the country in Europe more exposed to climate change effects, according to Al Gore.

In 2015 Spain was the 8th largest automobile producer country in the world and the 2nd largest car manufacturer in Europe after Germany.

The result was a country forced into ever expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.

Zara is one of the biggest prêt-a-porter fashion companies in the world.

Spain (Spanish: España, [esˈpaɲa] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean.

Spain is the biggest country in Europe.


lit. ' " The Red One"') is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.

Beyond the Alcazaba is the palace of the Moorish rulers, The Nasrid Palaces or Alhambra proper, and beyond this is the Alhambra Alta (Upper Alhambra), originally occupied by officials and courtiers.

Dirk Henn's game Der Palast von Alhambra, literally "The Palace of the Alhambra".

The creation of the Sultan's Canal solidified the identity of the Alhambra as a palace-city rather than a defensive and ascetic structure.

The original furniture of the palace is represented by one of the famous Alhambra vases, very large Hispano-Moresque ware vases made in the Sultanate to stand in niches around the palace.

After retreating to Granada, Ibn-Nasr took up residence at the Palace of Badis ben Habus in the Alhambra.

The Alhambra resembles many medieval Christian strongholds in its threefold arrangement as a castle, a palace and a residential annex for subordinates.

Marcel L'Herbier's 1921 film El Dorado features many scenes shot in and around the Alhambra palace.

The palace and the Upper Alhambra also contain baths, rows of bedrooms and summer-rooms, a whispering gallery and labyrinth, and vaulted sepulchres.

On the right is the palace of Charles V, a smaller Renaissance building, to construct which part of the Alhambra, including the original main entrance, was torn down.

This was the first time permission had been granted for a feature film company to shoot inside the Alhambra palace and L'Herbier gave prominent place to its gardens, fountains and geometric architectural patterns, which became some of the film's most memorable images.

The Alhambra palace is in Europe.


For most of his life, Bizet had suffered from a recurrent throat complaint.

Although the exact cause of death was never settled with certainty, physicians eventually determined the cause as "a cardiac complication of acute articular rheumatism".

Life | Late career | Djamileh, L'Arlésienne and Don Rodrigue

Bizet was due to begin his duties in October, but on 1 November, the post was assumed by Hector Salomon.

As Bizet moved away from the accepted musical conventions of French opera, he encountered critical hostility.

Manuscripts were given away or lost, and published versions of his works were frequently revised and adapted by other hands.

After its premiere on 3 March 1875, Bizet was convinced that the work was a failure; he died of a heart attack three months later, unaware that it would prove a spectacular and enduring success.

On the next day, 1 June, he was afflicted by high fever and pain, which was followed by an apparent heart attack.

Life | Emergent composer | Years of struggle

Problems over the casting and other issues delayed its premiere for a year before it was finally performed by the Théâtre Lyrique on 26 December 1867.

Resolving these issues delayed the first night until 3 March 1875 on which morning, by chance, Bizet's appointment as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour was announced.

She showed little interest in her first husband's musical legacy, made no effort to catalogue Bizet's manuscripts and gave many away as souvenirs.

Among the opera's early champions were Tchaikovsky, Brahms, and particularly Wagner, who commented: " Here, thank God, at last for a change is somebody with ideas in his head." Another champion of the work was Friedrich Nietzsche, who claimed to know it by heart; "It is music that makes no pretensions to depth, but it is delightful in its simplicity, so unaffected and sincere".

Bizet often had esophagus issues and passed away due to heart complications.


Reception and achievements | Critical response

A petition on Change.org started by fans requested the final season to be remade with different writers.

Other media and products | Merchandise and exhibition

Starting 2018, Diageo released several Game of Thrones themed whiskies.

Other media and products | Successor series | House of the Dragon

This prequel, titled House of the Dragon, was picked up straight to series on October 29, 2019.

The themes may evolve over time, as Daenerys Targaryen's theme started small and then became more powerful after each season.

Production | Writing | Adaptation schedule and episodes

The first two seasons adapted one novel each.

Her theme started first with a single instrument, a cello, and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments for it.

Production | Filming | Effect on location

By 2019, 350,000 visitors came to Northern Ireland annually because of Game of Thrones, one sixth of all tourists.

The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean, whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009.

Jane Espenson co-wrote one first-season episode as a freelance writer.

Franich described seasons 3 and 4 as "relentless", seasons 6's ending having a "killer one-two punch", while seasons 7 and 8 were "indifferent".

Game of Thrones' next season will start on May 29, 2021.


Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s.

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War.

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and 15 other Commonwealth realms.

"During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales.

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London.

Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.

She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war.

Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves.

Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombing.

Princess Elizabeth went in 1947 on her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa.

Queen Elizabeth II's least popular moment was after World War II.


Clyde Chestnut Barrow was born in 1909 into a poor farming family in Ellis County, Texas, southeast of Dallas.

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born in 1910 in Rowena, Texas, the second of three children.

As an adult, Bonnie wrote poems such as "The Story of Suicide Sal" and "The Trail's End", the latter more commonly known as "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde".

In 1932, he joined the Dallas Sheriff's Department and eventually served as a member of the posse that killed Bonnie and Clyde.

Georgie Fame's 1967 single "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde", Mel Torme's 1968 song "A Day in the Life of Bonnie and Clyde", Merle Haggard's 1968 "The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde", and Die Toten Hosen's "Bonnie & Clyde".

In the television film Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992), Tracey Needham played Bonnie and Dana Ashbrook played Clyde.

Last Ride of Bonnie & Clyde) , Sam Strike portrays Clyde Barrow and Jacqueline Byers portrays Bonnie Parker.

Her father Charles Robert Parker (1884–1914) was a bricklayer who died when Bonnie was four years old.

1967 "Bonnie and Clyde", which conveys a highly romanticized account of the pair,

Emile Hirsch played Clyde and Holliday Grainger played Bonnie.

Clyde was sent to Eastham Prison Farm in April 1930 at the age of 21.

Clyde was younger than Bonnie.


While construction started in 1870, numerous controversies and the novelty of the designed construction process caused the actual construction to be prolonged over thirteen years.

Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began on January 2, 1870.

The last stone on the Brooklyn tower was raised in June 1875 and the Manhattan tower was completed in July 1876.

Furthermore, in December 1870, its timber roof caught fire, delaying construction further.

The Brooklyn side's caisson was built at the Webb & Bell shipyard in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and was launched into the river on March 19, 1870.

She spent the next 11 years helping supervise the bridge's construction, taking over much of the chief engineer's duties, including day-to-day supervision and project management.

The towers' construction was a complex process that took four years.

The contract for the remaining wire was awarded to the John A. Roebling's Sons, and by October 5, 1878, the last of the main cables' wires went over the river.

Two years later, the Brooklyn Bridge trustees agreed to a plan where trolleys could run across the bridge under ten-year contracts.

History | Mid- to late 20th century | Upgrades

The towers were cleaned in 1958 and the Brooklyn anchorage was repaired the next year.

The Brooklyn Bridge's construction lasted 13 years beginning in 1870.


The film was enormously popular, earning receipts of $8 million in North America during its initial run, making it the highest-grossing movie of 1945 in the USA.

"The Bells of St. Mary's placed fourth on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 559 critics naming the best films of 1946.

The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) is an American drama film, produced and directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman.

In the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life, in which Henry Travers, a co-star of The Bells of St. Mary's, played the guardian angel,

The Bells of St. Mary's has come to be associated with the Christmas season, probably because of the inclusion of a scene involving a Christmas pageant at the school, a major plot point involving an unlikely (yet prayed for) gift, and the film's having been released in December 1945.

Adjusted for inflation, it is considered the 57th highest-grossing film of all time.

" In the Land of Beginning Again" and "The Bells of St. Mary's" both charted briefly also.

"The Bells of St. Mary's" sung by Bing Crosby and choir Bing Crosby recorded four of the songs for Decca Records and these were issued as singles as well as a 2-disc 78 rpm album titled Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's.

There were two radio adaptations of The Bells of St. Mary's on The Screen Guild Theater radio program.

the title of The Bells of St. Mary's appears on the marquee of a movie theater in Bedford Falls, New York.

The Bells of St. Mary's was the film of the year 1945 with the highest revenues in the United States.


Pope Gregory XIII is best known for his commissioning of what is now known as the Gregorian calendar after being initially authored by the doctor/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and with the aid of Jesuit priest/astronomer Christopher Clavius who made the final modifications.

Upon the death of Pope Pius V (1566–1572), the conclave chose Cardinal Boncompagni, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII in homage to the great reforming Pope, Gregory I (590–604), surnamed the Great.

Pontificate | Formation of clergy and promotion of the arts and sciences

Pope Gregory XIII also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the German College at Rome, and put them in the charge of the Jesuits.

During his pontificate, the pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories; this included naming his nephew Filippo Boncompagni to the cardinalate in the pope's first consistory in 1572.

Gregory's greatest success came in his patronage of colleges and seminaries which he founded on the Continent for the Irish and English, among others.

A central part of the strategy of Gregory XIII's reform was to apply the recommendations of Trent.

This measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, and created new ones.

Pontificate | Canonizations and beatifications

The pope canonized four saints during his pontificate and in 1584 beatified his predecessor Pope Gregory VII.

Gregory XIII was visited by the Tenshō embassy of Japan, becoming the first Pope to have done so.

That was verified by the observations of Clavius, and the new calendar was instituted when Gregory decreed, by  the papal bull Inter gravissimas of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be not Friday, 5 October, but Friday, 15 October 1582.

The calendar Pope Gregory is famous for was created by other people who were not members of the clergy.


In early 1922, Howard Roark is expelled from the architecture department of the Stanton Institute of Technology because he will not adhere to the school's preference for historical convention in building design.

Toohey sets out to destroy Roark through a smear campaign.

In letters written at the time, Rand's reaction to the film was positive.

Nor does it deal with world affairs, although it was written during World War II.

In 1928, Rand made notes for a proposed, but never written, novel titled The Little Street.

Reception and legacy | Critical reception

In The New York Times, Lorine Pruette praised Rand as writing "brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly", stating that she had "written a hymn in praise of the individual" that would force readers to rethink basic ideas.

The French magazine Télérama gave the Avignon production a negative review, calling the source material inferior and complaining about the use of video screens on the set, while another French magazine, La Terrasse, complimented the staging and acting of the Odéon production.

Rand's work on The Fountainhead was repeatedly interrupted.

She then used a thesaurus and found 'fountainhead' as a synonym.

Rand's version contained elements she would use in The Fountainhead.

The Fountainhead is set in 1922 but was written in 1953.


Born in Pittston, Pennsylvania, Jennings was the son of Irish immigrants, James and Nora, who according to Jack Smiles's biography of Jennings, Ee-yah: The Life and Times of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall of Famer (page 7), arrived in Pittston in 1851.

Hugh Ambrose Jennings (April 2, 1869 – February 1, 1928) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager from 1891 to 1925.

After that, Jennings was forced to move to first base.

The "Ee-Yah" shouts continued and became such a trademark that Jennings became known as Hughie "Ee-Yah" Jennings, and Detroit fans would shout "Ee-Yah" when Jennings appeared on the field. (See also Jack Smile,

Jennings was also one of the best fielding shortstops of the era.

Cornell Law School and an off-season law practice

Jennings practiced law in Baltimore and in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Jennings' life was filled with several tragic accidents.

Brooklyn Superbas and Philadelphia Phillies: 1899–1903

While Jennings was never the same after the injury to his arm in 1898, he contributed to Brooklyn's National League pennants in 1899 and 1900.In 1901, Jennings was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies.

After the 1899 season, Jennings was accepted to Cornell Law School.

McGraw and Jennings staged a reunion year after year on their birthdays.

Hugh Jennings had roots from Ireland.


He was said to have been proud of two things: his Hall of Fame selection and the fact that he had never been replaced in a game by a relief pitcher.

Charles Augustus "Kid" Nichols (September 14, 1869 – April 11, 1953) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher who played for the Boston Beaneaters, St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies from 1890 to 1906.

His 50671⁄3 innings pitched ranks 11th all-time.

The Philadelphia Phillies picked him up off waivers in 1905, and he finished his career with them in 1906, playing his final game on May 18, 1906.

Doctors ordered tests, but Nichols would not submit to them until after the seventh game of the World Series ended.

He was the youngest pitcher to win 300 games, reaching that milestone at the age of 30.

He left the Beaneaters to manage and pitch for the Kansas City club, where he won a total of 48 games in 1902 and 1903.

Nichols also had a major league record

After a two-year hiatus from the major leagues, Nichols returned to the 20-win plateau for the 11th and final time in his career in 1904 for a new team, the St. Louis Cardinals.

Nichols signed with the Boston Beaneaters in September 1889 and entered the major leagues in with them in 1890.

Kid Nichols was only taken out of an MLB game once in his career.


In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower, but was deliberately engineered to slant.

The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza, - ˈpiːsa]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation.

There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.

The same soft soil that caused the leaning and brought the Tower to the verge of collapse helped it survive.

The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side.

It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.

The researchers concluded that the Tower was able to withstand the tremors because of dynamic soil-structure interaction (DSSI): the height and stiffness of the Tower together with the softness of the foundation soil influences the vibrational characteristics of the structure in such a way that the Tower does not resonate with earthquake ground motion.

Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the single most tilted non-collapsed tower of its height.


Biography | Emperor of China (1908–1912)

Puyi delighted in humiliating his eunuchs, at one point saying that as the "Lord of Ten Thousand Years" it was his right to order a eunuch to eat dirt: "'

He could only be deferentially advised against ill-treating innocent eunuchs, and if he chose to fire air-gun pellets at them, that was his prerogative.

He lived in a sanatorium, then later in Khabarovsk near the Chinese border, where he was treated well and allowed to keep some of his servants.

As a prisoner in a spa in Khabarovsk, Puyi spent his days praying to the Buddha, expected the prisoners to treat him as an emperor and slapped the faces of his servants when they displeased him.

Puyi's brother-in-law Rong Qi and some of his servants were not considered high value, and were sent to work as slaves in a brutal Siberian labor camp, where they were starved and were worked very hard.

no Ōhi – Saigo no Kōtei (流転の王妃·最後の皇弟; Chinese title 流轉的王妃), a 2003 Japanese television series about Pujie and Hiro Saga.

At one point, when Puyi said "I have not finished my answer yet", Webb replied, "Well, don't finish it".

In 1946, Puyi testified at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo, detailing his resentment at how he had been treated by the Japanese.

Puyi and the imperial court were allowed to remain in the northern half of the Forbidden City (the Private Apartments) as well as in the Summer Palace.

Biography | Puppet ruler of Manchukuo (1932–1945)

Most of the servants and all of the cooks at the Salt Tax Palace had already fled, forcing Puyi to eat biscuits as his remaining servants hastily packed up all of the Qing treasures at the Salt Tax Palace.

noted he was also very fond of sodomizing them.

Puyi treated his servants very well.


After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records, she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007.

Life and career | 1999–2006: Career beginnings

She later adopted the stage name Katy Perry, using her mother's maiden name.

The Matrix become a "real group", Perry recorded with them.

Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001, which was commercially unsuccessful.

In September 2004, Blender named Perry "The Next Big Thing".

Perry names Björk as an influence, particularly admiring her "willingness to always be taking chances".

Life and career | 2013–2015: Prism and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

In March 2015, she appeared in Brand: A Second Coming, a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name.

Life and career | 2016–2018: Witness and American Idol

In February 2017, the singer launched a shoe line titled "Katy Perry Collections".

Her shoes are available on her website, Katy Perry Collections, and at retailers such as Dillard's and Walmart.

Perry's autobiographical documentary Katy Perry: Part of Me was largely influenced by Madonna: Truth or Dare.

Katy real last name is not Perry.


His father founded State Savings Bank of Scottville, Michigan, in 1882 as well as twenty other small banks in that state.

After his discharge from military service, MacPhail opened a law office in Columbus, Ohio, where he eventually purchased an interest in the Columbus Red Birds, a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals.

He worked for a time with a Chicago law firm.

He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998, making him and Larry MacPhail

Prior to World War I Larry MacPhail was an executive of a department store in Nashville, Tennessee.

Leland Stanford "Larry" Leland Stanford "Larry" MacPhail Sr. (February 3, 1890 – October 1, 1975) was an American lawyer and an executive in Major League Baseball.

Since 1966, Minor League Baseball has annually awarded the Larry MacPhail Award to recognize the top promotional effort by a minor league team.

MacPhail was pivotal in the development of pioneering sportscaster Red Barber, who announced Reds and Dodgers games for MacPhail.

MacPhail was planning to board the same train at that stop.

MacPhail was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1978.

MacPhail was born in Cass City, Michigan, on February 3, 1890.

Larry MacPhail started a legal firm in Houston, Texas after he was discharged from the armed forces


The title refers to Major Joppolo's attempts to replace the 700-year-old bell that was taken from the town by the Fascists at the start of the war to be melted down for ammunition.

A Bell for Adano (1945) is a film directed by Henry King and starring John Hodiak and Gene Tierney.

A bell from the American Navy to replace the town bellThe short-tempered American commander, General Marvin, fires Major Joppolo from his position when Joppolo disobeys an order to prohibit mule cart traffic in Adano, which has been disrupting Allied supply trucks, because the mule carts are vital to the survival of the town.

The story concerns Italian-American U.S. Army Major Joppolo (John Hodiak), who is placed in charge of the fictional town of Adano during the invasion of Sicily.

Location filming was done at Brent's Crags, near Malibu, California.

In his review of the film for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "... this easily vulnerable picture, which came to the Music Hall yesterday, is almost a perfect picturization of Mr. Hersey's book.

In the film A Bell for Adano, the removal of the bell occurs before the Americans get there.


Paul Abraham Dukas (French: [dykas]; 1 October 1865 – 17 May 1935) was a French composer, critic, scholar and teacher.

Dukas was born in Paris, the second son in a Jewish family of three children.

It is dedicated to Paul Vidal, and had its first performance in January 1896, under the direction of the dedicatee.

Although it won considerable praise, its success was overshadowed by the Paris premiere of Richard Strauss's  sensational  opera Salome at much the same time.

The manuscript of the latter was rediscovered in the 1990s and the work was performed for the first time in 1995.Dukas won several prizes, including the second place in the Conservatoire's most prestigious award, the Prix de Rome, for his cantata Velléda in 1888.

La Péri was written for the Russian-French dancer Natalia Trouhanova, who starred in the first performance at the Châtelet in 1912.

They had one child, a daughter Adrienne-Thérèse, born in December 1919.

Dukas died in Paris in 1935, aged 69.

The opera has often been compared to Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande which was first performed while Dukas was writing Ariane et Barbe-bleue.

When Charles-Marie Widor retired as professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire in 1927, Dukas was appointed in his place.

Paul Dukas was a French baseball player who won the first ever triple crown and was born in Paris.


Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 American comedy-drama film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family over two years that begins and ends with a family Thanksgiving dinner.

After borrowing money from Hannah, she starts a catering business with April, a friend and fellow actress.

They are the parents of Hannah and her two sisters, and still have acting careers of their own.

Ultimately, a suicide attempt leads him to find meaning in his life after unexpectedly viewing the Marx Brothers' Duck Soup in a movie theater.

Hannah and Her Sisters was, for a long time, Allen's biggest box office hit (forgoing adjustment for inflation), with a North American gross of US$40 million.

Lee finally ends the affair during the second Thanksgiving, explaining that she is finished waiting for him to commit and that she has started dating someone else.

The film was written and directed by Woody Allen, who stars along with Mia Farrow as Hannah, Michael Caine as her husband, and Barbara Hershey and Dianne Wiest as her sisters.

He also went on a disastrous date with Hannah's sister Holly, when they were set up after the divorce.

Elliot becomes infatuated with one of Hannah's sisters, Lee, and eventually begins an affair with her.

She writes a script inspired by Hannah and Elliot, which greatly upsets Hannah.

Hannah and Her Sisters is a movie that starts at a Turkey feats and concludes at a Turkey feats.


At the time of his death, he had worn a Major League uniform for 74 consecutive years as a player, coach, or manager, and had served 67 of his 76 years in baseball with the Cardinals.

Albert Fred "Red" Schoendienst (; February 2, 1923 – June 6, 2018) was an American professional baseball second baseman, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB), and is largely known for his coaching, managing, and playing years with the St. Louis Cardinals.

Schoendienst, Red; Rains, Bob (1998).

Coaching and managerial career (1964–2018)

Three years later, the Cardinals defeated the Boston Red Sox—Schoendienst's fourth World Series title, and third as a Cardinal.

Totaling 137 games in his rookie season, he batted .278 with a league-high 26 SB.

Red: A Baseball Life (Hardcover ed.).

In 1947, Schoendienst married the former Mary Eileen O'Reilly, who died in 1999, after 52 years of marriage.

His defensive statistics as a second baseman included 4,616 putouts, 5,243 assists, 1,368 double plays, and 170 errors in 10,029 total chances for a .983 fielding average.

In 1946, the Cardinals moved Schoendienst to play second base on their way to their third World Series title in five years.

After two years as a coach for the 1977–78 Oakland Athletics, Schoendienst returned to the Cardinals as coach and special assistant to the general manager.

Schoendienst helped lead the team to its first pennant in nine years, batting .309 and finishing third in the NL MVP vote.

Red Schoendienst spent a total of seventy-four years involved with the MLB.


The Tempest has more music than any other Shakespeare play, and has proved more popular as a subject for composers than most of Shakespeare's plays.

Two settings of songs from The Tempest which may have been used in performances during Shakespeare's lifetime have survived.

The play was one of the six Shakespearean plays (and

In Act 3, a psychoanalyst, Mangus, pretends to be Prospero and uses situations from Shakespeare's play in his therapy sessions.

The Tempest that used Shakespeare's language, but was most notable for its deviations from Shakespeare.

In Shakespeare's play, the storm in scene one functions as the anti-masque for the masque proper in act four.

The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, probably written in 1610–1611, and thought to be one of the last plays that Shakespeare wrote alone.

Ballet sequences have been used in many performances of the play since Restoration times.

Performance history | Literature and art

From the mid-18th century, Shakespeare's plays, including The Tempest, began to appear as the subject of paintings.

Performance history | Restoration and 18th century

Adaptations of the play, not Shakespeare's original, dominated the performance history of The Tempest from the English Restoration until the mid-19th century.

Shakespeare's play, The Tempest, was the only one of his plays to use no instruments  during performances.


George Harold Sisler (March 24, 1893 – March 26, 1973), nicknamed "Gorgeous George", was an American professional baseball first baseman and player-manager.

He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators and Boston Braves.

After batting .340, .326, and .309 in his three years in Boston, he ended his major league career with the Braves in 1930, then played in the minor leagues.

As a freshman pitcher, Sisler struck out 20 batters in seven innings during a 1912 game.

Tarpon Springs, Florida honored George by naming the former spring training home of the St. Louis Browns "Sisler Field".

The doctors all said I'd never play again, but when you're fighting for something that actually keeps you alive – well, the human will is all you need." Sisler never regained his previous level of play, though he continued to hit over .300 in six of his last seven seasons and led the AL in stolen bases for a fourth time in 1927.In 1928, the Browns sold Sisler's contract to the Washington Senators, who in turn sold the contract to the Boston Braves in May.

Another son, George Jr., served as a minor league executive and as the president of the International League.

In October 2004, Ichiro Suzuki broke Sisler's 84 year old hit record, collecting his 258th hit off of Texas Rangers pitcher Ryan Drese.

When asked after the pennant winning game how he felt when his son beat his current team, the Dodgers, George replied, "I felt awful and terrific at the same time." A passage in The Old Man and the Sea refers to Dick Sisler's long home run drives.

In 1910, when Sisler was a high school senior, his brother Efbert died of tuberculosis, but Sisler was able to move in with a local family and finish school.

George Sisler was a pitcher for the Boston Braves.


The Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor; [ˈbʁandn̩bʊɐ̯gɐ ˈtoːɐ̯]) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the temporary restoration of order during the Batavian Revolution.

The Brandenburg Gate was not part of the old Berlin Fortress, but one of eighteen gates within the Berlin Customs Wall (German: Akzisemauer), erected in the 1730s, including the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs.

The gate is the monumental entry to Unter den Linden, a boulevard of linden trees which led directly to the royal City Palace of the Prussian monarchs.

One of the best-known landmarks of Germany, it was built on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, which used to be capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

It is located in the western part of the city centre of Berlin within Mitte, at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße, immediately west of the Pariser Platz.

The gate was located in the Soviet occupation zone, directly next to the border to the British occupation zone, which later became the border between East and West Berlin.

The monument is located in the old town square of Frankfurt.


Zebulon Montgomery Pike (January 5, 1779 – April 27, 1813) was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named.

As a U.S. Army officer he led two expeditions under authority of President Thomas Jefferson through the new Louisiana Purchase territory, first in 1805–1806 to reconnoiter the upper northern reaches of the Mississippi River, and then in 1806–1807 to explore the Southwest to the fringes of the northern Spanish-colonial settlements of New Mexico and Texas.

Pike wrote an account from memory of his expeditions, which was published in 1810 as The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to Headwaters of the Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, during the Years 1805-6-7.

Later in 1807, Pike and some of his men were escorted by the Spanish through Texas and released near American territory in Louisiana.

Military career | Second Pike Expedition

Spanish authorities captured Pike and some of his party in what was then northern New Mexico (now part of southern Colorado) on February 26, 1807.

In early November 1806, Pike and his team sighted and tried to climb to the summit of the peak later named after him (Pikes Peak).

Additional objectives of this exploratory expedition into the southwestern part of the Louisiana Territory were to evaluate natural resources and establish friendly relations with Native Americans.

Pike's expeditions coincided with other Jeffersonian expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) and the Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis expedition up the Red River (1806).Pike's second expedition crossed the Rocky Mountains into what is now southern Colorado, which led to his capture by the Spanish colonial authorities near Santa Fe, who sent Pike and his men to Chihuahua (present-day Mexico), for interrogation.

General James Wilkinson, appointed Governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory and headquartered there, became his mentor.

Pike was promoted to brigadier general in March 1813.

Zebulon Pike was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named, and led three expeditions under authority of President Thomas Jefferson through the new Louisiana Purchase territory,


The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations.

York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto.

D.C.  York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, reverting to its original native name.

In 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany.

Toronto as of 2011 ranks as the third largest production centre for film and television after Los Angeles and New York City, sharing the nickname "Hollywood North" with Vancouver.

The 2018 homicide rate was higher than in Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Ottawa, Montreal, Hamilton, New York City, San Diego, and Austin.

In 1967, the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged with larger neighbours, resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the former city of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York.

On March 6, 2009, the city celebrated the 175th anniversary of its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834.

On January 1, 1998, Toronto was greatly enlarged, not through traditional annexations, but as an amalgamation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its six lower-tier constituent municipalities: East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and the original city itself.

For instance, in 2007, the homicide rate for Toronto was 3.3 per 100,000 people, compared with Atlanta (19.7), Boston (10.3), Los Angeles (10.0), New York City (6.3), Vancouver (3.1), and Montreal (2.6).

Toronto's robbery rate also ranks low, with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared with Los Angeles (348.5), Vancouver (266.2), New York City (265.9), and Montreal (235.3).

Not to be confused with New York city, the city of Toronto was also named York until 1834.


Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875), registered at birth as Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, was a French composer of the Romantic era.

Life | Early years | Family background and childhood

Georges Bizet was born in Paris on 25 October 1838.

According to one account, he accused Bizet of plagiarism: "Georges has robbed me!

She died in 1926; in her will, she established a fund for a Georges Bizet prize, to be awarded annually to a composer under 40 who had "produced a remarkable work within the previous five years".

Georges was interviewed by Joseph Meifred, the horn virtuoso who was a member of the Conservatoire's Committee of Studies.

He was registered as Alexandre César Léopold, but baptised as "Georges" on 16 March 1840, and was known by this name for the rest of his life.

Life | Emergent composer | Years of struggle

In July 1866, Bizet signed another contract with Carvalho, for La jolie fille de Perth, the libretto for which, by J.H. Vernoy de Saint-Georges after Sir Walter Scott, is described by Bizet's biographer Winton Dean as "the worst Bizet was ever called upon to set".

Georges, an only child, showed early aptitude for music and quickly picked up the basics of musical notation from his mother, who probably gave him his first piano lessons.

By listening at the door of the room where Adolphe conducted his classes, Georges learned to sing difficult songs accurately from memory and developed an ability to identify and analyse complex chordal structures.

No trace exists, and it is unlikely that Bizet ever started it.

Georges Bizet was a German philosopher.


Afterwards, he served in the U.S. Army in 1944–45 during World War II, missing those seasons.

He returned to the Yankees in 1946, which turned out to be his most challenging year in major league baseball.

He scored twice in an 8-3 win in the final Game 4 as New York took their third consecutive title.

His first several seasons were spent in Yankee Stadium, with its immense "Death Valley" in left field that frustrated right-handed power hitters; during his New York years, he hit 69 HRs at home and 84 on the road.

Gordon departed New York after precisely 1,000 games and 1,000 hits: the only player in baseball history with those statistics.

In 1941 he batted .276 with 24 HR and 87 RBI, scoring 104 runs and teaming with rookie shortstop Phil Rizzuto to lead the AL in double plays; Gordon placed seventh in the MVP vote as New York returned to the top of the standings.

Joseph Lowell Gordon (February 18, 1915 – April 14, 1978), nicknamed "Flash" in reference to the comic-book character Flash Gordon, was an American second baseman, coach and manager in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians from 1938 to 1950.

Gordon was spiked in an exhibition game and severed a tendon in his hand, which required surgery, and he suffered a chipped bone in his finger.

With Gordon-ally Joe McCarthy resigning from the Yankees club in May 1946 and following his worst season in baseball, Gordon was in trouble.

He led the AL in putouts, assists and double plays, and was second on the team to Joe DiMaggio and fifth in the league in both homers and RBI (111).

After the Series, Yankees manager Joe McCarthy said, "The greatest all-around ballplayer I ever saw, and I don't bar any of them, is Joe Gordon." Gordon led the Yankees to another pennant in his 1942 MVP season, edging Triple Crown winner Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox for the award.

In the World Series rematch with the Cardinals, he gave New York a 2–1 lead in the fourth inning of Game 1 – a 4–2 win – with a solo homer, and scored the first run in a 2–1 win in Game 4.

Joe Gordon took a hiatus from playing ball for the New York Yankees to try his hand as a Hollywood actor.


Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (French pronunciation: [ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ]; 12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty.

The opera, with a story taken from the Mahabharata, was a success and was quickly taken up by the opera houses of eight Italian cities.

The Méditation for solo violin and orchestra, from Thaïs, is possibly the best known non-vocal piece by Massenet, and appears on many recordings.

His next work staged there was Cendrillon, his version of the Cinderella story, which was well received in May 1899.Macdonald comments that at the start of the 20th century Massenet was in the enviable position of having his works included in every season of the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique, and in opera houses around the world.

By the time of his death, Massenet was regarded by many critics as old-fashioned and unadventurous although his two best-known operas remained popular in France and abroad.

The only known recording made by Massenet is an excerpt from Sapho, "Pendant un an je fus ta femme", in which he plays a piano accompaniment for the soprano Georgette Leblanc.

He was known for the care he took in drawing out his pupils' ideas, never trying to impose his own.

After winning the country's top musical prize, the Prix de Rome, in 1863, he composed prolifically in many genres, but quickly became best known for his operas.

Most were verses by poets such as Musset, Maupassant, Hugo, Gautier and many lesser-known French writers, with occasional poems from overseas, including Tennyson in English and Shelley in French translation.

Of Massenet's operas, the two best known, Manon and Werther, have been recorded many times, and studio or live recordings have been issued of many of the others, including Cendrillon, Le Cid, Don Quichotte, Esclarmonde, Hérodiade, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Le mage, La Navarraise and Thaïs.

Massenet was most known for his book of short stories.


The latter transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure and was largely responsible for Stravinsky's enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary who pushed the boundaries of musical design.

He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Serge Diaghilev and first performed in Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913).

Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (; Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, IPA: [ˈiɡərʲ ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj]; 17 June [O.S. 5 June] 1882 – 6 April 1971) was a Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor.

In 1959, several interviews between the composer and Robert Craft were published as Conversations with Igor Stravinsky, which was followed by a further five volumes over the following decade.

In addition to the recognition he received for his compositions, he achieved fame as a pianist and a conductor, often at the premieres of his works.

Biography | Ballets for Diaghilev and international fame, 1909–1920

Stravinsky managed a short visit to Ustilug to retrieve personal items just before national borders were closed.

Biography | Life in the United States, 1939–1971 | 1945–1968

Stravinsky befriended American conductor Robert Craft while composing The Rake's Progress.

After her delivery, Nosenko was discovered to have tuberculosis and was confined to a sanatorium in Leysin in the Alps.

According to the composer Philip Glass, "the idea of pushing the rhythms across the bar lines [...] led the way [...].

Stravinsky has been called "one of music's truly epochal innovators".

His successful career as a pianist and conductor took him to many of the world's major cities, including Paris, Venice, Berlin, London, Amsterdam and New York and he was known for his polite, courteous and helpful manner.

Biography | Pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov and first compositions, 1901–1909

Rimsky-Korsakov suggested to Stravinsky that he should not enter the Saint Petersburg Conservatory but continue private lessons in theory.

A Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor, Igor Stravinsky, managed to first gain notoriety for several ballets, and he continues to push the confines of his music's methods.


She then uses a tattoo machine to brand him as a rapist.

Soon afterwards, he is invited to meet Henrik Vanger, the retired CEO of the Vanger Corporation, unaware that Vanger has checked into his personal and professional history; the investigation of Blomkvist's circumstances has been carried out by Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but deeply troubled researcher and computer hacker.

The Dragon with the Girl Tattoo (2010) –

"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo sold over 30 million copies by 2010.

The Girl with the Sandwich Tattoo: A cruel parody (2013) – Dragon Stiegsson

The four-disc set includes: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo – Extended Edition, The Girl Who Played with Fire – Extended Edition, The Girl

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (original title in Swedish: Män som hatar kvinnor, lit. '

The Guardian ranked The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo #98 in its list of 100 Best Books of the 21st Century.

Larsson was awarded the ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for International Author of the Year in 2008.The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

Wiley published a collection of essays, edited by Eric Bronson, titled The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy (2011).

Adam Roberts The Girl with the Sturgeon Tattoo (2011) –

The Coach with the Dragon Tattoo, an episode of Class by Patrick Ness

In the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, the computer hacker tattoos the man who raped her.


Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing across the East River.

Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began on January 2, 1870.

The Manhattan anchorage was built in less time, having started in May 1875, it was mostly completed in July 1876.

Two years later, the Brooklyn Bridge trustees agreed to a plan where trolleys could run across the bridge under ten-year contracts.

Less than a week after the Brooklyn Bridge opened, ferry crews reported a sharp drop in patronage, while the bridge's toll operators were processing over a hundred people a minute.

History | Late 19th through early 20th centuries

Both Whalen and Roebling called for the renovation of the Brooklyn Bridge and the construction of a parallel bridge, though the parallel bridge was never built.

History | Mid- to late 20th century | Upgrades

The ramp from the FDR Drive to the Brooklyn Bridge was opened in 1968, followed by the ramp from the bridge to the FDR Drive the next year.

That year, the formerly separate City of Brooklyn was unified with New York City, and the Brooklyn Bridge fell under city control.

According to it, the bridge would be longer and taller than any suspension bridge previously built.

Patronage across the Brooklyn Bridge increased in the years after it opened; a million people paid to cross in the six first months.

Simultaneous with the rebuilding of the Brooklyn Bridge, a double-decked viaduct for the BQE was being built through an existing steel overpass of the bridge's Brooklyn approach ramp.

Until the construction of the nearby Williamsburg Bridge in 1903, the New York and Brooklyn Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world,  one and a half times longer than any built previously.

The Brooklyn Bridge was built in less than 10 years.


Pericles, the young Prince (ruler) of Tyre in Phoenicia (Lebanon), hears the riddle, and instantly understands its meaning: Antiochus is engaged in an incestuous relationship with his daughter.

Pericles, Prince of Tyre is a Jacobean play written at least in part by William Shakespeare and included in modern editions of his collected works despite questions over its authorship, as it was not included in the First Folio.

Pericles hints that he knows the answer, and asks for more time to think.

The play opens in the court of Antiochus, king of Antioch, who has offered the hand of his beautiful daughter to any man who answers his riddle; but those who fail shall die.

After John Arthos' 1953 article "Pericles, Prince of Tyre: A Study in the Dramatic Use of Romantic Narrative," scholars began to find merits and interesting facets within the play's dramaturgy, narrative and use of the marvelous.

Nunn shifted some scenes around and brought in prose text from George Wilkins' Pericles story (thought to be the co-author of this play with Shakespeare) in order to improve the pace and clarity of the story.

If the play was co-written or revised by Wilkins, this would support a later date, as it is believed Wilkins' career as a writer spanned only the years 1606-8.

Pericles departs to rule Tyre, leaving Marina in the care of Cleon and Dionyza.

If he reveals this truth, he will be killed, but if he answers incorrectly, he will also be killed.

A letter sent by the noblemen reaches Pericles in Pentapolis, who decides to return to Tyre with the pregnant Thaisa.

Pericles, Prince of Tyre is a play that could have two writers and is a story about Pericles' who knows the answer to a riddle.


Religious views | Atheism and anti-clericalism

Mussolini was an admirer of Friedrich Nietzsche.

Early life | Emigration to Switzerland and military service

During this time he studied the ideas of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, and the syndicalist Georges Sorel.

According to Denis Mack Smith, "In Nietzsche he found justification for his crusade against the Christian virtues of humility, resignation, charity, and goodness." He valued Nietzsche's concept of the superman, "The supreme egoist who defied both God and the masses, who despised egalitarianism and democracy, who believed in the weakest going to the wall and pushing them if they did not go fast enough." On his 60th birthday, Mussolini received a gift from Hitler of a complete twenty-four volume set of the works of Nietzsche.

Early life | Political journalist, intellectual and socialist

Mussolini had taught himself French and German and translated excerpts from Nietzsche, Schopenhauer and Kant.

Rise to power | Formation of the National Fascist Party

Mussolini utilized works of Plato, Georges Sorel, Nietzsche, and the economic ideas of Vilfredo Pareto, to develop fascism.

Fascist Italy | Propaganda and cult of personality

The principles of the doctrine of Fascism were laid down in an article by eminent philosopher Giovanni Gentile and Mussolini himself that appeared in 1932 in the Enciclopedia Italiana.

He read avidly; his favorites in European philosophy included Sorel, the Italian Futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, French Socialist Gustave Hervé, Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta, and German philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, the founders of Marxism.

Mussolini was survived by his wife, Rachele Mussolini, two sons, Vittorio and Romano Mussolini, and his daughters Edda (the widow of Count Ciano) and Anna Maria.

Starace, who once said of Mussolini

Early life | Expulsion from the Italian Socialist Party

Mussolini initially held official support for the party's decision and, in an August 1914 article, Mussolini wrote "Down with the War.

Mussolini despised philosophers like Nietzsche.


In 33 years as a manager, La Russa guided his teams to three World Series titles, six league championships and twelve division titles.

La Russa retired after winning the 2011 title and 33 seasons as a major league manager.

Managerial career | Chicago White Sox (1979–1986)

Tony La Russa is one of the most brilliant managers that I  ever encountered in my baseball career.

Anthony La Russa Jr. (; born October 4, 1944) is the former manager of the St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics and Chicago White Sox and a former professional baseball player in Major League Baseball (MLB).

La Russa also provided the AI for a series of successful video games, Tony La Russa Baseball (1991–1997).

Managerial career | St. Louis Cardinals (1996–2011)

La Russa's fourth Manager of the Year award was arguably the most emotional; La Russa led the Cardinals to the National League Championship Series (where they would ultimately lose in five games to the San Francisco Giants) in a year in which the Cardinals were traumatized by the deaths of beloved Hall of Fame broadcaster Jack Buck and 33-year-old pitcher

Growing up, the La Russa family moved to West Tampa, Florida where Tony played American Legion baseball and PONY League baseball alongside teammate Lou Piniella.

In making the announcement, the Red Sox indicated that La Russa would assist with player development, serve as an advisor to the team's coaches at the major and minor league levels, and serve as a consultant for Alex Cora, the team's major league manager.

Three days following the World Series win, La Russa announced his retirement, ranking second all-time in postseason wins with 70, third all-time with 2,728 regular season wins, second with 5,097 games managed, and second with 33 years (tied) managing with John McGraw.

In May of 2014, La Russa served as the Washington University in St. Louis commencement speaker.

Tony La Russa served as a professional baseball manager for 33 years.


In his role as imperial ghostwriter, Hadrian took the place of the recently deceased Licinius Sura, Trajan's all-powerful friend and kingmaker.

Most of Hadrian's military activities were consistent with his ideology of Empire as a community of mutual interest and support.

Hadrian also developed permanent fortifications and military posts along the empire's borders (limites, sl. limes) to support his policy of stability, peace and preparedness.

Although his coins showed military images almost as often as peaceful ones, Hadrian's policy was peace through strength, even threat, with an emphasis on disciplina (discipline), which was the subject of two monetary series.

Hadrian retained control over Osroene through the client king Parthamaspates, who had once served as Trajan's client king of Parthia; and around 121, Hadrian negotiated a peace treaty with the now-independent Parthia.

Travels | Second Roman–Jewish War (132–136)

The non-Roman population would have no obligation to participate in Roman religious rituals, but were expected to support the Roman imperial order; this is attested in Caesarea, where some Jews served in the Roman army during both the 66 and 132 rebellions.

This helped keep the military usefully occupied in times of peace; his Wall across Britania was built by ordinary troops.

Epigraphical studies in the post-war period help support alternate views of Hadrian.

Whereas previous emperors had, for the most part, relied on the reports of their imperial representatives around the Empire, Hadrian wished to see things for himself.

Travels | Africa, Parthia and Anatolia; Antinous (123–124)

It is also possible that Antinous was sent to Rome to be trained as a page to serve the emperor and only gradually rose to the status of imperial favourite.

Hadrian, the Roman emperor, had previous military postings and served a role as an imperial ghostwriter that taught him to support stability and peace through strength.


‚ 1892.The Giants won the 1889 World Series, but morale was low on the club.

In 1886, Welch won 33 games, which was second on the Giants to Keefe's 44 victories.

The team, now called the Giants, had an incredible record of 85–27, with Welch winning 17 consecutive games at one point, but finished second to the Chicago White Stockings, who finished with a record of 87-25.After

The duo would only enjoy moderate success over the course of three seasons with the Trojans, a team that never finished higher than fourth in the National League during its four-season run.

the 1885 season, Welch was one of nine Giants players to form baseball's first union, which was known as the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players.

Despite this win total from Welch and Keefe, the team fell to third place in the league.

As Keefe and Welch were so overworked by 1887, the Giants picked up young pitchers Bill George and Cannonball Titcomb, but both of them struggled and the Giants finished fourth.

The new eight-team league became known as the Players' League.

Saying that he was in baseball to earn money, Welch agreed to re-sign with the Giants on a three-year contract.

With Welch and Keefe still on the same club, the 1891 New York Giants had two 300-game winners.

The Giants never won the play-offs while Welch was on the team.


Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials.

Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word

The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church.

The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor.

However, Paul the Deacon records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor Constans II, who visited Rome in July 663:  Remaining at Rome

Finished by Hadrian but not claimed as one of his works, it used the text of the original inscription on the new façade (a common practice in Hadrian's rebuilding projects all over Rome; the only building on which Hadrian put his own name was the Temple to the Deified Trajan).

There, they were transferred back onto barges and pulled up the Tiber River to Rome.

How the building was actually used is not known.

Most of the bronze was used to make bombards for the fortification of Castel Sant'Angelo, with the remaining amount used by the Apostolic Camera for various other works.

The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary.

From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze", that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof," and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome".

The Pantheon in Rome has never been used for entombment.