Personal relationships | Beatles | John Lennon | Reaction to Lennon's murder

When you put that in print it says, 'McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag".'

It seemed a very flippant comment to make." He described his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon: I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed, and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you.

Personal relationships | Beatles | Ringo Starr

On 26 January 2014, McCartney and Starr performed "Queenie Eye" from McCartney's new album New at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.

Personal relationships | Wives | Linda Eastman

"They had four children—Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by Paul), Mary, Stella and James—and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer at age 56 in 1998.

The press quickly criticised him for what appeared to be a superficial response.

Personal relationships | Beatles | George Harrison

Harrison's death in November 2001

On 9 December 1980, McCartney followed the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night; Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band.

The band included Wings along with Pete Townshend, David Gilmour, Gary Brooker, John Paul Jones, John Bonham and others.

McCartney largely directed the film, which brought the group their first unfavourable critical response.

Personal relationships | Wives | Nancy Shevell

The wedding was a modest event attended by a group of about 30 relatives and friends.

McCartney then formed a band consisting of himself and Linda, with Hamish Stuart and Robbie McIntosh on guitars, Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and Chris Whitten on drums.

In 1997, he said that Lennon's death made the remaining ex-Beatles nervous that they might also be murdered.

Paul McCartney's response to his friend and band mate's death was, in his eyes, misconstrued.


Black Hawk and other leaders escaped, but later surrendered and were imprisoned for a year.

The Black Hawk War was a brief  conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader.

Black Hawk rejected the messages advising him to turn back.

As the British Band moved into Illinois, American officials urged Wabokieshiek to advise Black Hawk to turn back.

Black Hawk, a war captain who had fought against the United States in the War of 1812 and was now in his 60s, emerged as the leader of this faction in 1829.

According to Black Hawk, the "whites were in the habit of saying one thing to the Indians and putting another thing down on paper." Black Hawk was determined to hold onto Saukenuk, a village at the confluence of the Rock River with the Mississippi, where he lived and had been born.

Black Hawk had actually signed a treaty in May 1816 that affirmed the disputed 1804 land cession, but he insisted that what had been written down was different from what had been spoken at the treaty conference.

On June 30, Black Hawk, Quashquame, and other Sauk leaders met with Gaines and signed an agreement in which the Sauks promised to remain west of the Mississippi and to break off further contact with the British in Canada.

Aftermath | Black Hawk's imprisonment and legacy

By war's end, Black Hawk and nineteen other leaders of the British Band were incarcerated at Jefferson Barracks.

Estimates of how many members of the British Band died during the conflict range from about 450 to 600, or about half of the 1,100 people who entered Illinois with Black Hawk in 1832.A number of American men with political ambitions fought in the Black Hawk War.

Sauk leader, Black Hawk didn't back down in the Black Hawk War and died rather than give into the militia.


ʔælˈmæsdʒɪd ælˈʔɑqsˤɑ] (listen), "the Farthest Mosque"), located in the Old City of Jerusalem, is the third holiest site in Islam.

The porch is located at the top of the facade.

The mosque was built on top of the Temple Mount, known as the Al Aqsa Compound or Haram esh-Sharif in Islam.

The mosque is located in close proximity to historical sites significant in Judaism and Christianity, most notably the site of the Second Temple, the holiest site in Judaism.

This site was 60 meters (200 ft) away from the mosque.

Name of Fatimid Imam is clearly visible in end part of the first line of inscription and continued in second line.

Religious significance in Islam | First qibla

Thus, according to this tradition, Umar thereby reconsecrated the site as a mosque.

However, remains identified as those of the Nea Church were uncovered in the south part of the Jewish Quarter in 1973.Analysis of the wooden beams and panels removed from the mosque during renovations in the 1930s shows they are made from Cedar of Lebanon and cypress.

Beneath the dome is the Al-Qibli Chapel (Arabic: المصلى القبلي al-Musalla al-Qibli); also known as al-Jami' al-Qibli Arabic: الجامع القِبْلي, a Muslim prayer hall, located in the southern part of the mosque.

How much he modified the aspect of the earlier building is unknown, but the length of the new building is indicated by the existence of traces of a bridge leading from the Umayyad palace just south of the western part of the complex.

Al-Aqsa Mosque is part of the top 10 venerated sites in Sikhism.


The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento, in northern Italy), was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

The 1565–73 Examen decretorum Concilii Tridentini (Examination of the Council of Trent) by Martin Chemnitz was the main Lutheran response to the Council of Trent.

Out of 87 books written between 1546 and 1564 attacking the Council of Trent, 41 were written by Pier Paolo Vergerio, a former papal nuncio turned Protestant Reformer.

Unity failed between Catholic and Protestant representatives "because of different concepts of Church and justification".

Background information | A general, free council in Germany

Faced with a Turkish attack, Charles held the support of the Protestant German rulers, all of whom delayed the opening of the Council of Trent.

In response, Andrada wrote the five-part Defensio Tridentinæ fidei, which was published posthumously in 1578.

Making extensive use of scripture and patristic sources, it was presented in response to a polemical writing which Diogo de Payva de Andrada had directed against Chemnitz.

This object had been one of the causes calling forth the reformatory councils and had been lightly touched upon by the Fifth Council of the Lateran under Pope Julius II.

Other Catholic practices that drew the ire of reformers within the Church, such as indulgences, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed, though abuses of them were forbidden.

The Council of Trent is a response to the Protestant Reformation by the Catholic Church and another similar council would not be called for 300 years.


He played his entire 14-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career for the Boston Red Sox (1937–1951).

Upon the death of former New York Yankees executive and American League president Lee MacPhail in November 2012, Doerr became the oldest living member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.

He made annual trips to the Hall of Fame induction at Cooperstown, New York until 2008, after which he stopped attending.

"On August 2, 2007, the Red Sox held "Bobby Doerr Day" at Fenway Park where he rode along the warning track in a car, threw out the first pitch, and gave a speech.

He was hired as the first base coach for the Red Sox in 1967 under new manager Dick Williams.

MLB playing career | All-Star seasons and the World Series

The Sporting News named him Most Valuable Player for the American League (AL), although he finished only seventh in Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award voting for the AL.

Doerr played in 175 games for San Diego that year, batting .342.

Doerr held the major league record for career

Regarded as one of the top defensive second basemen of his era, Doerr led AL second basemen in double plays five times, tying a league record, in putouts and fielding percentage four times each, and in assists three times.

Doerr led the league with 22 sacrifice hits in 1938.

MLB playing career | Final years as a player

At the start of the 1950 season, Doerr was in a slump; he was only batting

Bobby Doerr did not ever play for the New York Yankees.


Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome into a family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy (the "Black Nobility").

I of Austria regarding Italy.

Church career | Reichskonkordat and Mit brennender Sorge

There he also negotiated a concordat with Austria in 1933.

Romans mourned "their" pope, who was born in their own city, especially as a hero in the time of war.

Church career | Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo

Others followed: Austria (1933), Germany (1933), Yugoslavia (1935) and Portugal (1940).

At this time Serbia, encouraged by Russia, was challenging Austria-Hungary's sphere of influence throughout the Balkans.

On 24 June 1914, just four days before Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, Pacelli, together with Cardinal Merry del Val, represented the Vatican when the Serbian Concordat was signed.

Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (Italian pronunciation: [euˈdʒɛːnjo maˈriːa dʒuˈzɛppe dʒoˈvanni paˈtʃɛlli]; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 to 1958 when he died.

Pope Pius XII was born in Austria.


The MGM Art Department produced more than 15,000 sketches and drawings of costumes, sets, props, and other items needed for the film (8,000 alone for the costumes); photostatted each item; and cross-referenced and catalogued them for use by the production design team and fabricators.

Costume designer Elizabeth Haffenden oversaw a staff of 100 wardrobe fabricators who began manufacturing the costumes for the film a year before filming began.

Costume designer Elizabeth Haffenden oversaw a staff of 100 wardrobe fabricators to make the costumes, and a workshop employing 200 artists and workmen provided the hundreds of friezes and statues needed in the film.

Rózsa himself directed the 100-piece MGM Symphony Orchestra during the 12 recording sessions (which stretched over 72 hours).

MGM retained control over the costumes and the artificial lake background, which went back to the United States.

Ben-Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist, and starring Charlton Heston as the title character.

Like most film musical soundtracks, it was issued as an album for the public to enjoy as a distinct piece of music.

Ben-Hur appeared at #72 on the 100 Movies, #49 on the 100 Thrills, #21 on the Film Scores, #56 on the 100 Cheers and #2 on the AFI's 10 Top 10 Epic film lists.

The "AFI 100 Years ... series" were created by juries consisting of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians, with movies selected based on the film's popularity over time, historical significance, and cultural impact.

The lace for costumes came from France, while costume jewelry was purchased in Switzerland.

For the 1959 film Ben-Hur there were over 8,000 sketches for the costumes and 100 wardrobe fabricators to produce the pieces.


The story concerns Italian-American U.S. Army Major Joppolo (John Hodiak), who is placed in charge of the fictional town of Adano during the invasion of Sicily.

A Bell for Adano (1945) is a film directed by Henry King and starring John Hodiak and Gene Tierney.

A bell from the American Navy to replace the town bellThe short-tempered American commander, General Marvin, fires Major Joppolo from his position when Joppolo disobeys an order to prohibit mule cart traffic in Adano, which has been disrupting Allied supply trucks, because the mule carts are vital to the survival of the town.

The title refers to Major Joppolo's attempts to replace the 700-year-old bell that was taken from the town by the Fascists at the start of the war to be melted down for ammunition.

The character of Joppolo was based on the real life experiences of Frank Toscani, who was military governor of the town of Licata, Sicily after the Allied invasion.

Location filming was done at Brent's Crags, near Malibu, California.

Some of the changes Joppolo brings into the town include:  Democracy

In his review of the film for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "... this easily vulnerable picture, which came to the Music Hall yesterday, is almost a perfect picturization of Mr. Hersey's book.

Barry Sullivan and Anna Maria Alberghetti were in a 1956 CBS telecast, and John Forsythe played the major in a 1967 Hallmark Hall of Fame broadcast.

A Bell for Adano is  a film about a military major who is put in control of the town Adano.


The website's critical consensus reads, "BlacKkKlansman uses history to offer bitingly trenchant commentary on current events—and brings out some of Spike Lee's hardest-hitting work in decades along the way.

It made $3.6 million on its first day (including $670,000 from Thursday night previews).

If there were no other reason to make BlackkKlansman, this one would be good enough."Filmmaker

It was theatrically released in the United States on August 10, 2018, a day before the first anniversary of the Unite the Right rally.

While Riley called the craft of the film "masterful" and cited Lee as a major influence on his own work, he felt that the film was dishonestly marketed as a true story and criticized its attempts to "make a cop the protagonist in the fight against racist oppression", when Black Americans face structural racism "from the police on a day-to-day basis".

BlacKkKlansman was nominated for six Academy Awards and won Best Adapted Screenplay.

BlacKkKlansman premiered on May 14, 2018, at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Grand Prix.

Harry Belafonte appears in the film recounting the lynching of Jesse Washington; according to Lee, he commanded his crew on the day of filming Belafonte's scene to dress to the occasion in suits and dresses to honor Belafonte.

For IndieWire, David Ehrlich gave the film a grade of "B+" and wrote that it is "far more frightening than it is funny", and "packages such weighty and ultra-relevant subjects into the form of a wildly uneven but consistently entertaining night at the movies".A. O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, saw the film as both political and provocative in opening up discussion on timely subject matter following Charlottesville.

In the United States and Canada, BlacKkKlansman was released alongside Slender Man and The Meg, and was projected to gross around $10 million from 1,512 theaters in its opening weekend.

BlacKkKlansman grossed $49.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $44.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $93.4 million, against a production budget of $15 million.

Blackkklansman has no relevance to modern day.


The crash also resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris.

On 31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.

Media attention and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in a Paris tunnel in 1997 and subsequent televised funeral.

Mother Teresa had died the same week as Diana.

Titles, styles, honours and arms | Titles and styles

She is still sometimes referred to in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer" or simply as "Lady Di".

Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.

Legge-Bourke had been hired by the Prince as a young companion for his sons while they were in his care, and the Princess was resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.

Her habit of wearing wide-shouldered gowns and lavish fabrics earned her the nickname "Dynasty Di".

She took a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work.

Death | Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict

On the day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the tragedy was murder rather than an accident; he said he did so for the sake of the Princess's children.

Diana died with her driver and her companion in a car accident in 1997.


The novel follows events in France during the Fronde, during the childhood reign of Louis XIV, and in England near the end of the English Civil War, leading up to the victory of Oliver Cromwell and the execution of King Charles I. Through the words of the main characters, particularly Athos

At the end of the novel, the first Fronde comes to an end and Mazarin, Queen Anne, and Louis XIV enter Paris.

Having determined that d'Artagnan is the man he seeks, Mazarin enters the chambers of the Queen to let her know that he has enlisted the man who had served her so well twenty years earlier.

D'Artagnan, who seemed to have a promising career ahead of him at the end of The Three Musketeers, has for twenty years remained a lieutenant, and seems unlikely to progress despite his ambition and the debt the queen owes him.

Twenty Years After (French: Vingt ans après) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, first serialized from January to August 1845.

After hearing what happened from the dying man, making his excuses to Raoul, he departs to warn Athos about the son of Milady.

Milady's son, Mordaunt, now twenty-three, reprises his role as one of the chief antagonists, and sets about avenging his mother's death.

Athos tries to persuade Queen Anne to free his friends, but is imprisoned as well.

These concessions are later accepted by Queen Anne, who finally realizes she has been rather ungrateful to d'Artagnan and his friends.

The action begins during the regency of Queen Anne of Austria (term 1643–1651), with Cardinal Mazarin as First Minister.

Twenty Years After displays the childhood happenings of the British Queen.


In 1979, Sergio Rapu Haoa and a team of archaeologists discovered that the hemispherical or deep elliptical eye sockets were designed to hold coral eyes with either black obsidian or red scoria pupils.

The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites.

Subsequently, previously uncategorized finds in the Easter Island museum were re-examined and recategorized as eye fragments.

It is thought that the moai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites, suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moai design until its demise with the advent of the Birdman religion, Tangata Manu.

At least some of the moai were painted; Hoa Hakananai'a was decorated with maroon and white paint until 1868, when it was removed from the island.

Originally, Easter Islanders had a paramount chief or single leader.

The purpose of the project is to understand the figures' original use, context, and meaning, with the results being provided to the Rapa Nui families and the island's public agencies that are responsible for conservation and preservation of the moai.

Annexation with Chile brought new influences, and today there are only a few individuals left with ties to the original population." Eleven or more moai have been removed from the island and transported to locations around the world, including six out of the thirteen moai that were carved from basalt.

Easter Island statues are known for their large, broad noses and strong chins, along with rectangle-shaped ears and deep eye slits.

History | 1722–1868 toppling of the moai

Today, about 50 moai have been re-erected on their ahus or at museums elsewhere.

The Moai originally had big white eyes.


Songs of Innocence and of Experience is a collection of illustrated poems by William Blake.

Songs of Innocence was originally a complete work first printed in 1789.

Popular rock group U2 released an album called Songs of Innocence in 2014, and followed it in 2017 with Songs of Experience.

Popular group Tangerine Dream based their album Tyger on lyrics by William Blake.

The poet Allen Ginsberg believed the poems were originally intended to be sung, and that through study of the rhyme and metre of the works, a Blakean performance could be approximately replicated.

Blake categorizes our modes of perception that tend to coordinate with a chronology that would become standard in Romanticism: childhood is a state of protected innocence rather than original sin, but not immune to the fallen world and its institutions.

"The Little Black Boy" was set to music in the song "My Mother Bore Me" from Maury Yeston's musical Phantom.

24", a setting of five poems from Songs of Innocence for solo voice and piano in 2013.

David Axelrod produced two solo albums, Song of Innocence (1968) and Songs of Experience (1969) which were homages to the mystical poetry and paintings of William Blake.

In 1969, he conceived, arranged, directed, sang on, and played piano and harmonium for an album of songs entitled Songs of Innocence and Experience by William Blake, tuned by Allen Ginsberg (1970).American composer and producer

The folk musician Greg Brown recorded sixteen of the poems on his 1987 album Songs of Innocence and of Experience and by Finn Coren in his Blake Project.

Songs of Innocence was originally a group of music by various artists.


The Brooklyn Bridge is supported by four main cables, which descend from the tops of the suspension towers and help support the deck.

The following month, initial contracts were awarded for the suspender wires, which would hang down from the main cables and support the deck.

Since the 2000s, the main cables have also supported a series of 24-watt LED lighting fixtures, referred to as "necklace lights" due to their shape.

Each side of the bridge contains an anchorage for the main cables.

All four main cables were being strung by that July.

By May 1878, the main cables were more than two-thirds complete.

The main span and side spans are supported by a structure containing six trusses running parallel to the roadway, each of which is 33 feet (10 m) deep.

There were thirty-two drums at the anchorage yard, eight for each of the four main cables.

In addition, 1,520 galvanized steel wire suspender cables hang downward from the main cables, and another 400 cable stays extend diagonally from the towers.

The anchorages both have four anchor plates, one for each of the main cables, which are located near ground level and parallel to the ground.

The bridge is supported by 4 main cables.


Alkan nonetheless continued his studies and in 1831 enrolled in the organ classes of François Benoist, from whom he may have learnt to appreciate the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, of whom Benoist was then one of the few French advocates.

Life | At the Square d'Orléans (1837–1848)

Alkan gave early piano lessons to Delaborde, who was to follow his natural father as a keyboard virtuoso.

In 1832 Alkan took the solo role in his first Concerto da camera for piano and strings at the Conservatoire.

Op. 63.Moreover, in terms of structure, Alkan in his compositions sticks to traditional musical forms, although he often took them to extremes, as he did with piano technique.

On 23 April 1837 Alkan took part in Liszt's farewell concert in Paris, together with the 14-year-old César Franck and the virtuoso Johann Peter Pixis.

Antoine Marmontel, one of Charles-Valentin's pupils there, who was later to become his bête noire, wrote of the school: Young children, mostly Jewish, were given elementary musical instruction and also learnt the first rudiments of French grammar ... [There] I received a few lessons from the young Alkan, four years my senior ... I see once more ... that really parochial environment where the talent of Valentin Alkan was formed and where his hard-working youth blossomed ... It was like a preparatory school, a juvenile annexe of the Conservatoire.

Alkan was described by Marmontel (who refers to "a regrettable misunderstanding at a moment of our careers in 1848"), as follows: We will not give the portrait of Valentin Alkan from the rear, as in some photographs we have seen.

Alkan was a child prodigy. He entered the Conservatoire de Paris at an unusually early age, and studied both piano and organ.

17 for organ. Busoni ranked Alkan with Liszt, Chopin, Schumann and Brahms as one of the five greatest composers for the piano since Beethoven.

Alkan was born Charles-Valentin Morhange on 30 November 1813 at 1, Rue de Braque in Paris to Alkan Morhange (1780–1855) and Julie Morhange, née Abraham.

Between 1844 and 1848 Alkan produced a series of virtuoso pieces, the 25 Préludes Op. 31 for piano or organ, and the sonata Op.

Valentin Alkan took organ lessons.


The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material.

Emission mechanism | Experimental observations of photoelectric emission

The theory of the source of photoelectric effect must explain the experimental observations of the emission of electrons from an illuminated metal surface.

Video camera tubes in the early days of television used the photoelectric effect, for example, Philo Farnsworth's "Image dissector" used a screen charged by the photoelectric effect to transform an optical image into a scanned electronic signal.

Emission mechanism | Mathematical description

\displaystyle f>f_{0}}    for the photoelectric effect to occur.

The static charge created by the photoelectric effect is self-limiting, because a higher charged object doesn't give up its electrons as easily as a lower charged object does.

Uses and effects | Gold-leaf electroscope

An electroscope is an important tool in illustrating the photoelectric effect.

The number of electrons also changes because of the probability that each photon results in an emitted electron are a function of photon energy.

In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps: Inner photoelectric effect (see photo diode below).

According to classical electromagnetic theory, the photoelectric effect can be attributed to the transfer of energy from the light to an electron.

The photoelectric effect will cause spacecraft exposed to sunlight to develop a positive charge.

Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons.


Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( bee-YON-say; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actress and filmmaker.

Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, B'Day, which contained her first US number-one solo single "Irreplaceable", and "Beautiful Liar", which topped the charts in most countries.

Life and career | 1997–2002: Destiny's Child

The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah.

She rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of Destiny's Child, one of the best-selling girl groups of all time.

In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer.

Beyoncé's younger sister Solange Knowles is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child.

In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song "Killing Time" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black.

Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award, and she feared no one would take her seriously.

The group released their Multi-Platinum second album

The album spawned other number-one hits, "Bootylicious" and the title track, "Survivor", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

In November, the group released their debut single and first major hit, "No, No, No".

Life and career | 2008–2010: I Am... Sasha Fierce

Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's

Houstonian American singer Beyoncé was in the group Destiny's Child until 2006.


Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island.

He then went west in search of employment and became treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad, where he worked for and became friendly with George B. McClellan, who later became one of his commanding officers.

Burnside's detractors labeled him the "Butcher of Fredericksburg".

A court of inquiry later placed the blame for the Crater fiasco on Burnside and his subordinates.

McClellan refused Burnside's requests for reinforcements, and the battle ended in a tactical stalemate.

In July, his forces were transported north to Newport News, Virginia and became the IX Corps of the Army of the Potomac.

The syllables were later reversed to give sideburns.

This episode later played a significant role in Porter's court-martial, in which Burnside appeared as a star witness.

This cumbersome arrangement contributed to his slowness in attacking and crossing what is now called Burnside's Bridge on the southern flank of the Union line.

This began Burnside's political career as a Republican, as he had previously been a Democrat before the war [1].

Burnside's fiance ditched him at the wedding ceremony when he served in the Civil War, and he later became a high-ranking politician


Mackey's grandson Riley Odoms played 12 seasons for the NFL's Denver Broncos.

Campanella later recalled: "In my opinion, Biz Mackey was the master of defense of all catchers.

James Raleigh "Biz" Mackey (July 27, 1897 – September 22, 1965) was an American catcher and manager in Negro league baseball.

Even in his 40s, Mackey was still an effective player – he batted .307 in 1945, and appeared in the 1947 All-Star Game at age 50.

joined the Newark Eagles in 1939, replacing Dick Lundy as manager a year later, and continued his work with young players such as Monte Irvin, Larry Doby and Don Newcombe.

His barnstorming tours included a highly successful trip to Japan in 1927, during which he became the first player to hit a home run out of Meiji Shrine Stadium, doing so in three straight games.

Personality conflicts with Newark owner Effa Manley led to Mackey's departure from play after the 1941 season, but he returned to the field in 1945, and managed the team in 1946 as the Eagles won the Negro League World Series 4 games to 3, again over the Monarchs, who featured pitcher Satchel Paige.

Biz Mackey's grandchild was a football player.


He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.

At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatasattu's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi.

Due to this, the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives." According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.

Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by Ashoka into many new stupas around the Mauryan realm.

In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85).

Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as hagiography than as an exact historical record of events).John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pali, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material.

Biography | First sermon and formation of the saṅgha

At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.

Teachings | Teachings preserved in the Early Buddhist Texts | Critique of Brahmanism

He especially critiqued animal sacrifice as taught in Vedas.

Teachings | Teachings preserved in the Early Buddhist Texts | The Path to Liberation

Because of this, the Buddha taught a path (marga) of training to undo such habits.

There is also an alternative formulation with ten elements which is also very commonly taught in the early texts.

Gautama Buddha taught for around 60 years.


When asked after the pennant winning game how he felt when his son beat his current team, the Dodgers, George replied, "I felt awful and terrific at the same time." A passage in The Old Man and the Sea refers to Dick Sisler's long home run drives.

After Sisler retired as a player, he worked as a major league scout and aide.

Sisler was born in the unincorporated hamlet of Manchester (now part of the city of New Franklin, a suburb of Akron), Ohio.

George Harold Sisler (March 24, 1893 – March 26, 1973), nicknamed "Gorgeous George", was an American professional baseball first baseman and player-manager.

Sisler and Rickey worked with future Hall of Famer Duke Snider to teach the young Dodgers hitter to accurately judge the strike zone.

Sisler was part of a scouting corps that Rickey assigned to look for black players, though the scouts thought they were looking for players to fill an all-black baseball team separate from MLB.

Tarpon Springs, Florida honored George by naming the former spring training home of the St. Louis Browns "Sisler Field".

In 1911, Sisler signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates to play minor league baseball in the Ohio–Pennsylvania League, but he never played in the league or earned any money and instead played college ball for the University of Michigan.

Another son, George Jr., served as a minor league executive and as the president of the International League.

The doctors all said I'd never play again, but when you're fighting for something that actually keeps you alive – well, the human will is all you need." Sisler never regained his previous level of play, though he continued to hit over .300 in six of his last seven seasons and led the AL in stolen bases for a fourth time in 1927.In 1928, the Browns sold Sisler's contract to the Washington Senators, who in turn sold the contract to the Boston Braves in May.

George Sisler has never had a part of any extremely famous literary works.


And what could be better than one cute boy, if not five?" One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands, and as forming part of a new "British Invasion" in the United States.

Propelled to global success by social media, One Direction's five albums, Up All Night (2011) , Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), Four (2014), and Made in the A.M. (2015), topped charts in most major markets, and generated hit singles including "What Makes You Beautiful", "Live While We're Young", "Best Song Ever", "Story of My Life" and "Drag Me Down".

One Direction, often shortened to 1D, are an English-Irish pop boy band formed in London, England in 2010.

They all failed to progress in the "Boys" category at the bootcamp stage of the competition, but were instead put together to form a five-piece boy band, thus qualifying for the "Groups" category.

Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band, "People think that a boy band is air-grabs and [being] dressed in all one colour.

One Direction became the only group in the 58-year history of the Billboard 200 albums chart to have their first four albums debut at number one.

They have embarked on four world tours, two of which were all-stadium.

We're boys in a band. We're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band.

In February 2015, the group embarked on their fourth world tour and second all-stadium tour, the On the Road Again Tour, grossing $208 million, making it the second highest-grossing tour of 2015.

that whole stereotypical boy band thing.

middle class parent friendly pop: cute boys advocating puppy love.

One Direction, often shortened to 1D, an English-Irish pop boy band formed in London, propelled a renewed enthusiasm in boy groups of singers with their five award-winning albums and four world tours.


L.A. Confidential (1990) is a neo-noir novel by James Ellroy, and the third of his L.A. Quartet series.

L.A. Confidential received many positive reviews.

In 2003, a television pilot of L.A. Confidential was aired.

James Ellroy dedicated L.A. Confidential "to Mary Doherty Ellroy".

The title refers to the scandal magazine Confidential, which is fictionalized as Hush-Hush.

L.A Confidential is a piece of literature.


Kathleen was a working-class Englishwoman from West Ham, East London, the 13th of 14 children born to a butcher whose own father had been the butcher to Queen Victoria.

Since then, Mirren has also had success in television and film.

In 2010, Mirren appeared in five films.

Mirren has no children and says she has "no maternal instinct whatsoever".

"In 1990, Mirren stated in an interview that she is an atheist.

Becoming Helen Mirren. Troubador Press.

Mirren considers her upbringing to have been "very anti-monarchist".

Mirren was brought up in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex.

In 2003, Mirren was appointed a Dame (DBE) for services to drama.

Mirren has also appeared in a large number of films throughout her career.

In 1951, Basil changed the family name to Mirren by deed poll.

Mirren has thirteen siblings.


The Buddha was born into an aristocratic family, in the Shakya clan but eventually renounced lay life.

The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama.

The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life.

Gautama was the family name. His mother, Maya (Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a Koliyan princess.

Many stories of these previous lives are depicted in the Jatakas.

All gave similar predictions.

The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic Kshatriya (Pali: khattiya) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the Shakyas, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal.

The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, Barlaam and Josaphat, is based on the life of the Buddha.

Some Hindus regard Gautama as the 9th avatar of Vishnu.

Following his decision to stop extreme ascetic practices, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down to meditate with the determination not to get up until full awakening (sammā-sambodhi) had been reached.

Gautama Buddha was from a privileged family and then gave up his previous life of luxury.


The novel is set in the American South in the 1930s, during the time of Prohibition and Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation in the South.

Light in August is a 1932 novel by the Southern (American) author William Faulkner.

Joanna Burden – the sole survivor in Jefferson of a family of abolitionists from New England who came to Jefferson after the Civil War.

Unlike some of the other Yoknapatawpha County novels, Light in August does not rely solely on stream-of-consciousness narration, but also incorporates dialogue and an omniscient third-person narrator that develop the story.

Not hearing from Burch and harassed by her older brother for her illegitimate pregnancy, Lena walks and hitchhikes to Jefferson, Mississippi, a town in Faulkner's fictional Yoknapatawpha County.

In Light in August, as in most of the other novels set in Yoknapatawpha County, Faulkner focuses mainly on poor white Southerners, both from the upper and lower classes, who struggle to survive in the ruined post-war economy of the South.

According to Michael Millgate, though it is not typically considered Faulkner's best novel, Light in August was recognized early on as being "a major text, central to any understanding or evaluation of his career as a whole." He argues that many of the early American critics, most of whom were urban Northerners who viewed the South as backward and reactionary, focused on Faulkner's technical innovation in the field of narrative but missed or ignored the regional details and interconnectedness of the characters and setting to other works by the author.

According to Daniel Joseph Singal, Faulkner's literary style gradually developed from 19th century Victorian to modernist, with Light in August more firmly grounded in the tradition of the latter.

Light in August has 21 chapters, as does the Gospel of St. John.

However, after a casual remark by his wife Estelle on the quality of the light in August, Faulkner changed the title.

Due to its naturalistic, violent subject matter and obsession with the ghosts of the past, Light in August is characterized as a Southern gothic novel, a genre also exemplified by the works of Faulkner's contemporary Carson McCullers, and by later Southern writers like Flannery O'Connor, and Truman Capote.

William Faulkner's Light in August is, unlike most of his fiction, set in New England.


He began his MLB playing career with the St. Louis Browns (1891), Boston Reds (1891), and Chicago Colts/Orphans (1893–1900).

Clark Calvin Griffith (November 20, 1869 – October 27, 1955), nicknamed "The Old Fox", was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher, manager and team owner.

Major league career | As a pitcher and player-manager

Griffith entered the American Association in 1891, pitching 226 1⁄3 innings and winning 14 games for the St. Louis Browns and Boston Reds.

Major league career | As a manager and owner

When I told Clark Griffith what I had done, he screamed, "You paid $7,500 for that bum?

They had lived in Illinois prior to Clark Griffith's birth.

A nephew who became his adopted son, Calvin Griffith, took over the team after his death and led efforts to have the club moved to Minnesota and become the Twins.

Sarah Griffith struggled to raise her children as a widow, but Clark Griffith later said that his neighbors in Missouri had been very helpful to his mother, planting crops for her and the children.

Just before Griffith's arrival on the team, pitcher Bill Hutchinson had thrown more than 600 innings in a single season for Anson, which may have contributed to a decline in Hutchinson's career.

A monument was erected in honor of Griffith at Griffith Stadium.

Griffith was born in Clear Creek, Missouri, to Isaiah and Sarah Anne Griffith.

Clark Calvin Griffith was a rookie in 1891.


Inspiration and writing | Writing process

However, with A Song of Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing, he still has two more books to finish as of 2020.

A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin.

Publishing history | First three novels (1991–2000)

George R. R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci-fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series.

George R. R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood.

The first scholarly monograph on the series is George R. R. Martin and the Fantasy Form, by New Zealand scholar Joseph Rex Young.

George R. R. Martin earned his following the hard way, by word of mouth, by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of.

Publishing history | Planned novels and future | A Dream of Spring

In May 2019 he reiterated he had not started writing A Dream of Spring and would not do so before finishing The Winds of Winter.

Admiring the works of J. R. R. Tolkien in his childhood, he wanted to write an epic fantasy, though he did not have any specific ideas.

Before it even premiered, the TV series had boosted sales of the book series, with A Song of Ice and Fire approaching triple-digit growth in year-on-year sales.

Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the A Song of Ice and Fire series.

The series A Song of Ice and Fire finished in 2019, twenty years after George R. R. Martin had started it.


For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, known for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo.

There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza, - ˈpiːsa]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation.

Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town.

The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.

This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning.

In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower, but was deliberately engineered to slant.

On 12 April 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto, and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble.

A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595.

Leaning Tower of Pisa designer was Francisco Lindor, a French architect.


Critical response | Early reviews (1847–1848)

Early reviews of Wuthering Heights were mixed in their assessment.

"Tait's Edinburgh Magazine wrote "This novel contains undoubtedly powerful writing, and yet it seems to be thrown away.

"The American Whig Review wrote "Respecting a book so original as this, and written with so much power of imagination, it is natural that there should be many opinions.

Critics have questioned the reliability of the two main narrators.

While most critics at the time recognised the power and imagination of the novel, they were also baffled by the storyline and found the characters prone to savagery and selfishness.

The Atlas review called it a "strange, inartistic story," but commented that every chapter seems to contain a "sort of rugged power." Atlas summarised the novel by writing: "We know nothing in the whole range of our fictitious literature which presents such shocking pictures of the worst forms of humanity.

Books, coarse even for men, coarse in language and coarse in conception, the coarseness apparently of violence and uncultivated men – turn out to be the productions of two girls living almost alone, filling their loneliness with quiet studies, and writing their books from a sense of duty, hating the pictures they drew, yet drawing them with austere conscientiousness!

The Brontës: The Critical heritage.

In Wuthering Heights the reader is shocked, disgusted, almost sickened by details of cruelty, inhumanity, and the most diabolical hate and vengeance, and anon come passages of powerful testimony to the supreme power of love – even over demons in the human form.

Indeed, its power is so predominant that it is not easy after a hasty reading to analyze one's impressions so as to speak of its merits and demerits with confidence.

Original critical reception of the book was mixed, and complimented the power of the writing while questioning the emotional and factual content.


Early political activities and life (1896–1917) | First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902)

While in the prison in Moscow, in the summer of 1899, Trotsky married Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938), a fellow Marxist.

Early political activities and life (1896–1917) | First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903)

Until this point in his life, Trotsky had used his birth name: Lev (Leon) Bronstein.

The foundation "International Friends of the Leon Trotsky Museum" has been organized to raise funds to improve the museum further.

Russian Revolution and aftermath | Lenin's illness (1922–1923)

This upset the troika, already infuriated by Karl Radek's article, "Leon Trotsky – Organiser of Victory" published in Pravda on 14 March 1923.

[O.S. 26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky (), was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist and politician.

Trotsky's house in Coyoacán has been preserved in much the same condition as it was on the day he was assassinated there, and is now the Leon Trotsky Museum in Mexico City, run by a board which includes his grandson Esteban Volkov.

Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847-1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850-1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a Ukrainian-Jewish family of wealthy farmers in Yanovka or Yanivka, in the Kherson governorate of the Russian Empire (now Bereslavka, in Ukraine), a small village 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the nearest post office.

Contributions to Marxist theory | Permanent Revolution

Although most closely associated with Leon Trotsky, the call for Permanent Revolution is first found in the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in March 1850, in the aftermath of the 1848 Revolution, in their Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League: It is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far – not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world – that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers. ... Their battle-cry must be: The Permanent Revolution.

Trotsky categorically refused the conditions, and Trotsky was then told that he and his wife would soon be moved to another residence.

Trotsky was openly critical of Stalinism.

Early political activities and life (1896–1917) | Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898)

From then on Trotsky identified as a member of the party.

Leon Trotsky got hitched while he was in the slammer.


The book's original Swedish title was Men

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (original title in Swedish: Män som hatar kvinnor, lit. '

Wiley published a collection of essays, edited by Eric Bronson, titled The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy (2011).

The Dragon with the Girl Tattoo (2010) –

Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition is the title of the TV miniseries release on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand in the US.

The four-disc set includes: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo – Extended Edition, The Girl Who Played with Fire – Extended Edition, The Girl

"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo sold over 30 million copies by 2010.

The Girl with the Sandwich Tattoo: A cruel parody (2013) – Dragon Stiegsson

The Guardian ranked The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo #98 in its list of 100 Best Books of the 21st Century.

Larsson was awarded the ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for International Author of the Year in 2008.The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo's original title was "Women Who Hate Men" in Portuguese.


History | As the Carpenters | Close to You

"We've Only Just Begun", written by Paul Williams and Roger Nichols.

In 1978, Karen re-cut the vocal for their Christmas TV special, feeling she could give a more mature treatment to it; this remake also became a hit.

History | As the Carpenters | Made in America and Karen's final days

It also became their fifteenth and final number one Adult Contemporary hit.

History | As the Carpenters | Carpenters and A Song for You

Richard rearranged the song to include a saxophone solo, played by Bob Messenger.

The overdubbed background harmonies were distinctive to the Carpenters, but it was the soulful, engaging sound of Karen's lead voice that made them so recognizable.

Karen was familiar with the album, but Richard first heard the song when it was covered by Bette Midler on The Tonight Show, and realised its potential as a Carpenters hit.

Before 1974, Karen played the drums for a number of their songs, although some had Hal Blaine playing.

The Carpenters had three  number-one singles and five number-two singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen number-one hits on the Adult Contemporary chart, in addition to twelve top-10 singles.

History | Pre-Carpenters | The Richard Carpenter Trio and Spectrum

At the same time, the duo were asked to audition for a Ford Motor Company advertising campaign, which included $50,000 each and a brand new Ford automobile.

History | As the Carpenters | The Singles: 1969–1973

During this period, the pair released just one single, "I Won't Last a Day Without You" from A Song for You.

History | As the Carpenters | A Kind of Hush and Passage

"Calling Occupants" was supported with the TV special Space Encounters, which aired May 17, 1978, with guest stars Suzanne Somers and John Davidson.

One of the Carpenters' hits was a song that had played in the background of a TV advertisement.


The Thirty Years' War was a religious war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

The war in the Iberian Peninsula: Spain, Catalonia, Portugal (1640–1648)

Philip IV of Spain was reluctantly forced to divert his attention from the war in northern Europe to deal with his problems at home.

The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War helped establish postwar Sweden as a major force in Europe.

Sweden and Denmark-Norway were interested in gaining control over northern German states bordering the Baltic Sea.

Christian IV had also profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany.

Northern Italy was a strategic battlefield for France and the Habsburgs for centuries.

The position of the Holy Roman Emperor was mainly titular, but the emperors, from the House of Habsburg, also directly ruled a large portion of imperial territory (lands of the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia), as well as the Kingdom of Hungary.

Beginnings (1618–1625) | Bohemian Revolt

Moreover, within the British Isles, Frederick V's cause became seen as that of Elizabeth Stuart, described by her supporters as "The Jewell of Europe", leading to a stream of tens of thousands of volunteers to her cause throughout the course of the Thirty Years' War.

The background of the Dutch Revolt also has close relations to the events leading to the Thirty Years' War.

The war also had consequences abroad, as the European powers extended their rivalry via naval power to overseas colonies.

Thirty Years' War was mainly in Northern Europe.


The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two independent Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa.

Aftermath and analysis | Union of South Africa

At the start of the First World War a crisis ensued when the South African government led by Louis Botha and other former Boer fighters, such as Jan Smuts, declared support for Britain and agreed to send troops to take over the German colony of German South-West Africa (Namibia).

One of the most important events in the decade after the end of the war was the creation of the Union of South Africa (later the Republic of South Africa).

First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899) | British Army deployed

In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and Cavalry divisions were widely dispersed.

There were large communities of English-speaking immigrants and settlers in Natal and Cape Colony (especially around Cape Town and Grahamstown), which formed volunteer units that took the field, or local "town guards." At one stage of the war, a "Colonial Division," consisting of five light horse and infantry units under Brigadier General Edward Brabant, took part in the invasion of the Orange Free State.

During the war, the British army also included substantial contingents from South Africa itself.

In the 1880s, Bechuanaland (modern Botswana) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south.

Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902) | Western Transvaal

Several battles of importance were fought here between September 1901 and March 1902.

In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog ("Anglo-Boer War"), Tweede Boereoorlog ("Second Boer War"), Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second Freedom War") or Engelse oorlog ("English War").In South Africa it is officially called the South African War.

First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899) | First British relief attempts

By February 1900 General Sir Redvers Henry Buller, a much respected commander, arrived in South Africa with the Army Corps, made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions.

The 2nd Boer war was fought between the English and German settlers in what is now South Africa.


While Tchaikovsky's death has traditionally been attributed to cholera from drinking unboiled water at a local restaurant, there has been much speculation that his death was suicide.

We do not know how Tchaikovsky died.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born in Votkinsk, a small town in Vyatka Governorate (present-day Udmurtia) in the Russian Empire, into a family with a long history of military service.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (English:  chy-KOF-skee; Russian: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский, IPA: [pʲɵtr ɪlʲˈjitɕ tɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj] (listen); 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period.

What his listeners experienced on an emotional or visceral level became an end in itself.

According to Modest Tchaikovsky, this was Pyotr Ilyich's "strongest, longest and purest love".

They became infatuated with each other and were engaged to be married, but due to Artôt's refusal to give up the stage or settle in Russia, the relationship ended.

His grandfather, Pyotr Fedorovich Tchaikovsky (né Petro Fedorovych Chaika), was born in the village of Mikolayivka, Poltava Gubernia, Russian Empire (present day Ukraine), and served first as a physician's assistant in the army and later as city governor of Glazov in Vyatka.

Tchaikovsky's family remained supportive of him during this crisis and throughout his life.

Discussion of Tchaikovsky's personal life, especially his sexuality, has perhaps been the most extensive of any composer in the 19th century and certainly of any Russian composer of his time.

Tchaikovsky's early separation from his mother caused an emotional trauma that lasted the rest of his life and was intensified by her death from cholera in 1854, when he was fourteen.

Passages in Tchaikovsky's letters which reveal his homosexual desires have been censored in Russia.

We do not know how Tchaikovsky died.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's life was ended by an assassin.


He worked a record 18 World Series: 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1934 and 1940.

He worked 18 World Series, which is a major league record.

To this day, Klem holds the record for MLB games umpired - he finished his career having umpired 5,375 regular season MLB games (all in the National League), 103 postseason games (all in World Series), and two MLB All-Star Games.

He was also one of the umpires for the first All-Star Game in 1933, and worked behind the plate for the second half of the game; he later umpired in the 1938 All-Star Game as well.

In 1962, the Houston chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America established the Bill Klem Award to honor outstanding NL umpires.

Of the 16 major league teams in existence during his career, all but one—the St. Louis Browns, who would not win a pennant until 1944—appeared in a World Series that he officiated; the only other teams which did not win a championship with Klem on the field were the Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies (neither of which won a title during Klem's lifetime) and the Detroit Tigers.

No other umpire has worked in more than ten Series.

The league began experimenting with four-man umpire crews in 1941 and Klem appeared in a few games that season so that those games would have four umpires.

O'Rourke threatened that Klem would not umpire another game in the league, but Klem responded, "Maybe so, but I'll umpire this one.

About a week before his death, Klem seemed to know that his death was coming, commenting to his attorney, "This is my last game

Bill Klem was in 9 World Series starting with the All-Star Game in 1933.


He attended the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, studying business administration.

"I will put it like this: The only guy that I didn't want to face, when a tough situation comes, was Edgar Martínez.

He runs Branded Solutions by Edgar Martínez, a byproduct of his family's embroidery business, in nearby Tacoma.

Scouts watched Carmelo with interest, but Edgar did not draw their attention.

Edgar Martínez (born January 2, 1963), nicknamed "Gar" and "Papi", is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player and coach.

Professional career | First seasons and batting title (1990–1992)

Though Presley was no longer a Mariner, Darnell Coles began the season as the Mariners' starting third baseman, with manager Jim Lefebvre telling The Seattle Times during spring training: "I think Darnell Coles is going to surprise a lot of people.

Martínez and his wife Holli have contributed their time and money to Seattle Children's Hospital, including the Edgar Martínez Endowment for Muscular Dystrophy Research, established by the Mariners in honor of his retirement, and the Children's Hospital Annual

Hall of Fame pitcher Pedro Martínez (no relation) also named Edgar Martínez as one of the toughest hitters he had to pitch against in his career because, Pedro said, he was very disciplined at the plate and "would foul off pitches that would wipe out anybody else.

In October 2004, following his retirement, a section of South Atlantic Street (State Route 519) in Seattle adjacent to Safeco Field was renamed Edgar Martínez Drive South.

His brother and sister returned to New York to live with their parents, but Edgar opted to remain in Dorado with his grandparents.

He knows there is no one in the wings, just Edgar Martinez to back him up." However, Coles committed five errors in Seattle's first six games.

Edgar Martínez did go to college.


An old sailor named Billy Bones comes to lodge in the rural Admiral Benbow Inn on the Bristol Channel, in England.

Historical allusions | Real pirates and piracy

The Cassandra was last heard of in 1723 at Portobelo, Panama, a place that also briefly figures in Treasure Island as "Portobello".

Supposedly, he later became a beggar in England.

Cocos Island off Costa Rica has many similarities with the fictional treasure island.

Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, to which the map of Treasure Island bears a very vague resemblance.

Norman Island in the British Virgin Islands was supposedly mentioned to Stevenson by a sailor uncle, and also possesses a "Spyglass Hill" like the fictional Treasure Island.

He then takes Hawkins to see the squire and the doctor.

Historian Luis Junco suggests that Treasure Island is in fact a marriage of the story of the murder of Captain George Glas on board the Earl of Sandwich in 1765 and the taking of the ship Walrus off the island of La Graciosa near Tenerife.

The real treasure has never been found, despite more than 300 expeditions to the island.

Stevenson supposedly visited there in May 1888 (five years after writing Treasure Island) and christened it "Treasure Island" Fidra in the Firth of Forth, visible from North Berwick where Stevenson had spent many childhood holidays.

In the novel, Dr. Livesey warns the drunkard Billy Bones that "the name of rum for you is death." Various claims have been made that one island or another inspired Treasure Island:  Isla de Pinos near Cuba, which served as a supply base for pirates for about 300 years, is believed to have inspired Treasure Island.

Treasure Island does not take place in England.


His parents never married and separated when Mays was three.

Mays married Marghuerite Wendell Chapman (1926–2010), a woman who had been married twice before, in 1956.

They dated off and on the next several years before Mays finally proposed; they were married in Mexico City over Thanksgiving weekend in 1971.

Eight years later, Mays married Mae Louise Allen.

His mother, Annie Satterwhite, was a gifted basketball and track star in high school.

Mays said, "We decided to get married so quickly, we had to go to Elkton, Maryland, where you didn't have to wait." Forbes tried to talk Mays out of the decision, fearing that Marghuerite was marrying Mays for his money

Professional baseball | Major leagues | Barnstorming

From 1955 through '58, Mays led Willie Mays's All-Stars, a team composed of such stars as Irvin, Thompson, Frank Robinson, Hank Aaron, Junior Gilliam, Brooks Lawrence, Sam Jones, and Joe Black.

There was nothing on a baseball diamond that Mays couldn't do." David Schoenfield of ESPN examines the sabermetric statistic runs created, observing Hank Aaron took 13 years to pass Mays's total, which may have been higher had Mays not served in the Army.

Set to go on a nationwide tour, Mays passed out for five to ten minutes just before a meeting in Salt Lake City.

" They only lived there for two years before moving back to New York.

Willie Mays' mother and father married in 1929 and were married for 58 years before his mother passed.


Hannah and Her Sisters was, for a long time, Allen's biggest box office hit (forgoing adjustment for inflation), with a North American gross of US$40 million.

It is often considered one of Allen's major works, with critics continuing to praise its writing and ensemble cast.

The film was written and directed by Woody Allen, who stars along with Mia Farrow as Hannah, Michael Caine as her husband, and Barbara Hershey and Dianne Wiest as her sisters.

They are the parents of Hannah and her two sisters, and still have acting careers of their own.

In both films, a large theatrical family gather for three successive years' celebrations (Thanksgiving in Allen's film, Christmas in Bergman's).

Several of Farrow's children, including Soon-Yi Previn (who married Allen in 1997), have credited and uncredited roles, mostly as Thanksgiving extras.

Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 American comedy-drama film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family over two years that begins and ends with a family Thanksgiving dinner.

He also went on a disastrous date with Hannah's sister Holly, when they were set up after the divorce.

Elliot becomes infatuated with one of Hannah's sisters, Lee, and eventually begins an affair with her.

She writes a script inspired by Hannah and Elliot, which greatly upsets Hannah.

Hannah serves as the stalwart hub of the narrative; most of the events of the film connect to her.

Hannah and Her Sisters was a successful masterpiece from Woody Allen.


Cry, the Beloved Country is a social protest against the structures of the society that would later give rise to apartheid.

Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel by Alan Paton, published in 1948.

American publisher Bennett Cerf remarked at that year's meeting of the American Booksellers Association that there had been "only three novels published since the first of the year that were worth reading… Cry, The Beloved Country, The Ides of March, and The Naked and the Dead."Two

She tells Kumalo that Absalom will be her third husband and that her father had abandoned her family when she was quite young.

, the Beloved Country is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12: Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear.

The novel is filled with Biblical references and allusions.

The morning of his departure, Kumalo rouses his new family to bring them back to Ndotsheni, only to find that Gertrude has disappeared.

Stephen Kumalo: A 60-year-old Zulu priest, the father of Absalom, who attempts to find his family in Johannesburg, and later to reconstruct the disintegrating state of his village.

In the novel, Absalom requests that his son be named Peter, the name of one of Jesus's disciples.

Film, television and theatrical adaptations

In 1951, the novel was adapted into a motion picture of the same name, directed by Zoltan Korda.

Novel "Cry, the Beloved Country," was inspired by a family who survived the Holocaust.


The policy of the Spanish match, as it was called, was also attractive to James as a way to maintain peace with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war.

He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in religious wars, especially the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) that devastated much of Central Europe.

The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare or fund a war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against Spain, a stance that was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign.

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.

Titles, styles, honours, and arms | Arms

The arms used in Scotland were: Quarterly, I and IV Scotland, II England and France, III Ireland, with Scotland taking precedence over England.

On Raleigh's return to England, James had him executed to the indignation of the public, who opposed the appeasement of Spain.

He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain.

In November 1621, roused by Sir Edward Coke, they framed a petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws.

Disillusioned by the visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James's Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the Habsburg empire.

Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the costs of war in Ireland had become a heavy burden on the government, which had debts of £400,000.

In May 1606, Parliament passed the Popish Recusants Act, which could require any citizen to take an Oath of Allegiance denying the Pope's authority over the king.

James VI and I, King of Scotland, then England and Ireland, pressed parliament to go to war with Spain over religion.


The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza, - ˈpiːsa]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation.

There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, known for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo.

The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.

Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower, including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base as a temporary intervention.

In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower, but was deliberately engineered to slant.

The same soft soil that caused the leaning and brought the Tower to the verge of collapse helped it survive.

The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.

Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa does not have many steps.


Griffey was born in Donora, Pennsylvania, on November 21, 1969. (He shares a birthday with another Donora native and Hall-of-Famer, Stan Musial.) His family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father, Ken Griffey Sr., played for the Cincinnati Reds, when Ken Jr. was six years old.

Professional career | Seattle Mariners (1989–1999) | Departure from Seattle (1999–2000)

Not only did Griffey want to live closer, but he wanted to be able to raise his kids, Trey and Taryn (Tevin was not born at the time).

I didn't want to live." He stated that he had also previously contemplated taking his own life, but he had not acted on it until this incident.

Professional career | Cincinnati Reds (2000–2008) | 2008

"It's a different Reds team than the older, beer-bellied softball teams of recent years.

Professional career | Cincinnati Reds (2000–2008) | 2005–2006

His 35 home runs were his highest since his first year with the Reds as Griffey slowly moved up the career home run list.

George Kenneth Griffey Jr. (born November 21, 1969) nicknamed "Junior" and "the Kid", is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played 22 years in Major League Baseball (MLB).

Professional career | Cincinnati Reds (2000–2008) | 2000–2004

Griffey was starting in right field for the first time in his 16-year Major League career when he raced toward the gap to try to cut off a ball before it got to the wall.

He led his league multiple times in different hitting categories.

Professional career | Return to Mariners (2009–2010)

It marked the 44th different ballpark in which he had hit a home run.

Griffey formerly lived in the same neighborhood in Orlando as golfer Payne Stewart.

Ken Griffey Jr. was born in Pittsburgh and lived there for 7 years before moving to a different state.


The film was both a box office and critical success, grossing $254 million worldwide and earning seven Oscar nominations, including a win for Best Visual Effects.

You know, I'm sorry but I really have a lot more to do with my life than worry about that... when it comes to Babe, the vision was handed to Chris on a plate." The musical score for Babe was composed by Nigel Westlake and performed by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.

The theme song " If I Had Words" (lyrics by Jonathan Hodge), sung by Hoggett near the film's conclusion, is an adaptation of the Maestoso final movement of the Organ Symphony by Camille Saint-Saëns, and was originally performed in 1977 by Scott Fitzgerald and Yvonne Keeley.

Musical or Comedy and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.

The film had a marked effect on the growth of vegetarianism, particularly among the young.

The ruling was overturned almost a year later and the film was released direct-to-video.

After seven years of development, Babe was filmed in Robertson, New South Wales, Australia.

At the APRA Music Awards of 1996 it won Best Film Score for Westlake's work.

In 2006, the American Film Institute named Babe #80 on its list of America's Most Inspiring Movies.

The film was a box office success, grossing $36.7 million at the box office in Australia and over $254 million worldwide.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 70 reviews, with a rating average of 8.26/10.

The film  performed well financially.


In September 2015, she revealed that her lungs are only working at 30 per cent capacity due to emphysema caused by years of smoking.

I don't think it's being 'far left'...to uphold the rule of law.

Laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes (played by Sir Michael) had a daughter.

, she is the daughter of Sir Michael Redgrave and Lady Redgrave (the actress Rachel Kempson), the sister of Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, the mother of actresses

Her siblings, Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, were also acclaimed actors.

A member of the Redgrave family of actors

On 6 April 2010, her brother, Corin Redgrave, died, and on 2 May 2010, her sister, Lynn Redgrave, died.

Redgrave was born on 30 January 1937 in Blackheath, London, the daughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson.

However, in June 2005 Redgrave left the party.

Redgrave has been an outspoken critic of the "war on terrorism".

In 2004, Vanessa Redgrave and her brother Corin Redgrave launched the Peace and Progress Party, which campaigned against the Iraq War and for human rights.

Redgrave announced her respiratory system was not fully functioning like it should be.


The castle was then largely ignored until the eleventh century, when its ruins were renovated and rebuilt by Samuel ibn Naghrela, vizier to the emir Badis ben Habus of the Zirid Dynasty of Al Andalus, in an attempt to preserve the small Jewish settlement also located on the natural plateau, Sabikah Hill.

The first reference to the Qal‘at al-Ḥamra was during the battles between the Arabs and the Muladies (people of mixed Arab and European descent) during the rule of the ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad (r. 888–912).

Access from the city to the Alhambra Park is afforded by the Puerta de las Granadas (Gate of Pomegranates), a triumphal arch dating from the 15th century.

After being allowed to fall into disrepair for centuries, the buildings occupied by squatters, Alhambra was rediscovered following the defeat of Napoleon, who had conducted retaliatory destruction of the site.

This villa dates from the beginning of the 14th century but has been restored several times.

These famous examples of Hispano-Moresque ware date from the 14th and 15th centuries.

A turret containing a large bell was added in the 18th century and restored after being damaged by lightning in 1881.

Over subsequent centuries the Moorish art was further damaged, and in 1812 some of the towers were destroyed by the French under Count Sebastiani.

To the left of the passage rises the Torre del Vino (Wine Tower), built in 1345 and used in the 16th century as a cellar.

Serallo, built during the reign of Yusuf I in the 14th century, contains the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles).

According to the site's current architect, Pedro Salmeron Escobar, the Alhambra evolved organically over a period of several centuries from the ancient hilltop fortress defined by a narrow promontory carved by the river Darro and overlooking the Vega or Plain of Granada as it descends from the Sierra Nevada.

The Alhambra was populated by warriors and crafts people in the 10th century.


After three of the men safely reach the shore and are met by a group of rescuers, they find Billie dead, his body washed up on the beach.

As they begin the long swim to the beach, Billie the oiler, the strongest of the four, swims ahead of the others; the captain advances towards the shore while still holding onto the boat, and the cook uses a surviving oar.

"The Open Boat" is a short story by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900).

The account, titled "Stephen Crane's Own Story", concentrates mainly on the sinking of the Commodore, and the ensuing chaos.

Crane's personal account of the shipwreck and the men's survival, titled "Stephen Crane's Own Story", was first published a few days after his rescue.

Wilson Follett included the story in the twelfth volume of his 1927 collection of Crane's work, and it also appeared in Robert Stallman's 1952 volume Stephen Crane: An Omnibus.

Like other major works by Stephen Crane, "The Open Boat" contains numerous examples of symbolism, imagery and metaphor.

Chester Wolford noted in his critical analysis of Crane's short fiction that although one of the author's most familiar themes deals with a character's seeming insignificance in an indifferent universe, the correspondent's experience in "The Open Boat" is perhaps more personal than what was described in earlier stories because of Crane's obvious connection to the story.

Articles such as "The Wreck of the New Era", which describes a group of castaways drowning in sight of a helpless crowd, and "Ghosts on the Jersey Coast" contain stark imagery that strongly prefigures that of "The Open Boat".

Also noting the depressing Realism utilized in the story, editor Vincent Starrett stated: "It is a desolate picture, and the tale is one of our greatest short stories." Another of the author's friends, H. G. Wells, wrote that "The Open Boat" was "beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work." Singling out Crane's usage of color and chiaroscuro in his writing, Wells continued: "It has all the stark power of the earlier stories, with a new element of restraint; the color is as full and strong as ever, fuller and stronger, indeed; but those chromatic splashes that at times deafen and confuse in The Red Badge, those images that astonish rather than enlighten, are disciplined and controlled." The story remains popular with critics; Thomas Kent referred to "The Open Boat" as Crane's "magnum opus", while Crane biographer Stanley Wertheim called it "Crane's finest short story and one of the masterworks of late nineteenth-century American literature".

"The Open Boat" is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon, and is regularly anthologized.

H. G. Wells considered "The Open Boat" to be "beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work".

Stephen Crane's story "The Open Boat" ends with the captain tangled in a fishing net and drowning.


The film became the eighth highest-grossing film of 2013 with a worldwide gross of over $723 million, against a production budget of around $100 million.

Quentin Tarantino said it was one of his top ten films of 2013.

Top Ten List scorecard for 2013: it appeared on 93 critic's lists, 22 of whom named it their best film of the year.

Top Ten List scorecard for 2013.

The film earned accolades from numerous critics and guilds.

Gravity topped the box office and broke the record held by Paranormal Activity 3 (2011) as the highest-earning October and autumn openings, grossing $55.8 million from 3,575 theaters.

Considered one of the best films of 2013, it appeared on numerous critics' year-end lists, and was selected by the American Film Institute in their annual Movies of the Year list.

The film earned $1.4 million from its Thursday night showings, and reached $17.5 million on Friday.

The Hollywood Reporter estimated that Bullock would earn at least $70 million based on theatrical returns alone for the film.

it the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2013.

It became the highest-grossing feature film in October history, topping the animated Puss in Boots, which took in $555 million globally in 2011.

It was one of the top earning films of 2013.


Hoagy had two younger sisters, Georgia and Joanne.

Honors and tributes | In popular culture

In Casino Royale, novelist Ian Fleming has René Mathis, one of James Bond's fictional fellow secret agents, make a remark about Bond looking like Hoagy Carmichael.

During the 1940s and 1950s Carmichael also wrote more than a dozen songs for children, including "The Whale Song," "Merry-Go-Round," and "Rocket Ship".

With the help and encouragement of his son, Hoagy Bix, Carmichael participated in the PBS television show Hoagy Carmichael's Music Shop that featured jazz-rock versions of his hits.

Carmichael appeared as an actor in 14 motion pictures, performing at least one of his songs in each.

Carmichael's second memoir, Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael, was published in 1965.

Carmichael's family in 1986 donated his archives, piano, and memorabilia to his alma mater, Indiana University, which established a Hoagy Carmichael Collection in its Archives of Traditional Music and the Hoagy Carmichael Room to permanently display selections from the collection.

A Song Is Born (1938), performed by Larry Clinton and his orchestra. (After 1950 a simpler version became a popular piano duet among American children.) Dick Powell premiered Carmichael's

The song became one of Carmichael's jazz standards.

Hoagland Howard "Hoagy" Carmichael (November 22, 1899 – December 27, 1981) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor.

Hoagy Carmichael was one of six children.


He was the third pitcher to accumulate 300 career victories.

Michael Francis Welch (July 4, 1859 – July 30, 1941), nicknamed "Smiling Mickey", was a Major League Baseball pitcher.

In the 1885 season, Welch and Keefe reunited as a two-man pitching rotation, with Keefe having a 32-13 win-loss record.

In the third inning of that game, a third strike was dropped by New York catcher Bill Loughran.

Saying that he was in baseball to earn money, Welch agreed to re-sign with the Giants on a three-year contract.

Despite this win total from Welch and Keefe, the team fell to third place in the league.

Welch was born Michael Francis Walsh in Brooklyn, New York, to Irish immigrant parents John and Mary Walsh.

He retired from baseball after the season, having compiled 307 victories, 210 losses, 1850 strikeouts and a career 2.71 ERA.

In the following year, Welch made his major league debut in 1880, winning 34 games for the Troy Trojans.

Welch was born in Brooklyn, New York, and played 13 seasons in the major leagues, three with the Troy Trojans, and 10 with the New York Gothams/Giants.

The new last name may have distinguished him from the high number of men in Brooklyn at the time named Michael Walsh.

Michael Welch was the 3rd catcher to have three hundred career wins.


Beyonce Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine “Tina” Knowles (née Beyonce), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager.

Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 4, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday.

Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, B'Day, which contained her first US number-one solo single "Irreplaceable", and "Beautiful Liar", which topped the charts in most countries.

Life and career | 1997–2002: Destiny's Child

After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers.

In November, the group released their debut single and first major hit, "No, No, No".

The group released their Multi-Platinum second album

Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award, and she feared no one would take her seriously.

The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah.

She became the first music act to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums on the Billboard 200.

The album spawned other number-one hits, "Bootylicious" and the title track, "Survivor", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

They released their self-titled debut album in February 1998, which established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for "No, No, No".

Beyoncé, a former member of the music group Destiny's Child, released her first solo album on her 25th birthday.


After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records, she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007.

Life and career | 2007–2009: Breakthrough with One of the Boys

Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007.

Life and career | 1999–2006: Career beginnings

Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a gospel record titled Katy Hudson, which was released on March 6, 2001.

Ballard then introduced Perry to Tim Devine, an A&R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist.

Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001, which was commercially unsuccessful.

She began work on a solo record, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped.

Life and career | 2010–2012: Teenage Dream and marriage

For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and a 2013 Guinness World Record.

Life and career | 2013–2015: Prism and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

The label was later renamed Unsub Records.

"Every Day Is a Holiday". On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music.

The Matrix become a "real group", Perry recorded with them.

Katy Perry signed a recording contract with MGM records in 2007.


More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group, and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants.

While Miami's foreign-born population has traditionally consisted primarily of Cubans and other Latin Americans, no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto's immigrant population, placing it among the most diverse cities in the world.

Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.

One of the largest events in the city, Pride Week takes place in late June, and is one of the largest LGBT festivals in the world.

Infrastructure | Transportation | Road system

It is the busiest road in North America, and one of the busiest highways in the world.

Toronto has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines.

According to the website Numbeo, Toronto's cost of living plus rent index was second highest in Canada (of 31 cities).

84 homicides were committed in 2007, roughly half of which involved guns.

More than forty years later, it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's Lake Shore Boulevard annually.

In that year, a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904, disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding.

Toronto is one of the most diverse city in the world since more than half of persons living there are minorities.


Silas Marner, a weaver, is a member of a small Calvinist congregation in Lantern Yard, a slum street in Northern England.

Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is the third novel by George Eliot, published in 1861.

Marner travels south to the Midlands and settles near the rural village of Raveloe in Warwickshire where he lives isolated and alone, choosing to have only minimal contact with the residents beyond his work as a linen weaver.

Silas Marner: lower class by birth, a weaver who is betrayed at Lantern Yard (site of a dissenting sect) by his treacherous friend William Dane, moves away to Raveloe (where the community is Church of England), becomes taken for a miser, as he accumulates a small fortune, only to have it stolen by Dunstan Cass.

Silas Marner (Edison Company, USA; 24 October 1913) with William Langdon West in the title role. Silas Marner (

The composer John Joubert wrote an opera Silas Marner based on the novel in 1961.

At least five film adaptations of Silas Marner were released during the silent film era, including the following: Silas Marner (Thanhouser Film Corporation, USA; 31 March 1911) with Frank Hall Crane in the title role.

An outwardly simple tale of a linen weaver, it is notable for its strong realism and its sophisticated treatment of a variety of issues ranging from religion to industrialisation to community.

Le Noël de Silas Marner (Pathé Frères, France; November 1912) (UK; 27 November 1912; as Silas Marner's Christmas).

Silas Marner (Associated Exhibitors, USA; May 1922) (UK; 25 January 1926) with Crauford Kent in the title role.

Silas Marner  is a weaver.


He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté,  (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy.

He was named "Horatio" after his godfather Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723–1809), the first cousin of his maternal grandmother Anne Turner (1691-1768).

Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723–1809) was a younger grandson of Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain,

Battle of Trafalgar | Wounding and death

Nelson died at half-past four, three hours after he had been shot.

Admiralty | Parker and the Baltic | Battle of Copenhagen

As a reward for the victory, he was created Viscount Nelson of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk, on 19 May 1801.

The marquis acquiesced to the unusual request, allowing twenty-four slaves to be pulled across to Bonne Citoyenne, their blessings to their English saviour then ringing out across the harbour as their names were added to the sloop's already crowded muster book.

Hardy rushed to him, at which point Nelson smiled Hardy, I do believe they have done it at last .... my backbone is shot through.

He attended court and was guest of honour at a number of banquets and balls.

My back is shot through. Nelson was made comfortable, fanned and brought lemonade and watered wine to drink after he complained of feeling hot and thirsty.

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson was shot in battle but survived by pulling the musket ball out and sealing it with gunpowder.


The play also, however, remains notorious for its caricature of Socrates and is mentioned in Plato's Apology as a contributor to the philosopher's trial and execution.

There is a famous story, as reported for example by Aelian, according to which Socrates cheerfully rose from his seat during the performance of The Clouds and stood in silent answer to the whispers among foreigners in the festival audience: "Who is Socrates?" Plato appears to have considered The Clouds a contributing factor in Socrates' trial and execution in 399 BC.

The Clouds (Ancient Greek: Νεφέλαι Nephelai) is a Greek comedy play written by the playwright Aristophanes.

Aristophanes does not use eupolideans in any other of his extant plays.

Socrates leads him into the dingy Thinkery for his first lesson and The Clouds step forward to address the audience.

A typical Aristophanic Chorus, even if it starts out as hostile to the protagonist, is the protagonist's cheer squad by the end of the play.

The revised play is an incomplete form of Old Comedy.

It has been argued that Aristophanes caricatured a 'pre-Socratic' Socrates and that the philosopher depicted by Plato was a more mature thinker who had been influenced by such criticism.

The play is unusually serious for an Old Comedy and possibly this was the reason why the original play failed at the City Dionysia.

Aristophanes' plays however were generally unsuccessful in shaping public attitudes on important questions, as evidenced by their ineffectual opposition to the Peloponnesian War, demonstrated in the play Lysistrata, and to populists such as Cleon.

The Greek comedy play The Clouds by Aristophanes helped lead to the execution of Socrates.


Born and raised in Barranquilla, Shakira has been referred to as the Queen of Latin Music and is noted for her versatility in music.

" Throughout her career, Shakira has earned several titles, including "The Crossover Queen" by The Economist, "The Queen of World Cup" by Billboard, and "Latin America's Pop Queen" by Pitchfork.

Career | 2005–2007: Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno and Oral Fixation, Volume Two

In late 2007, Shakira and Wyclef Jean recorded their second duet, "King and Queen".

Her father then immigrated to Colombia at age 5.

Other ventures | Philanthropy and politics

In 1997, Shakira founded the Pies Descalzos Foundation, a Colombian charity with special schools for poor children all around Colombia.

During a flight from Barranquilla to Bogotá, Ariza convinced Sony Colombia executive Ciro Vargas to hold an audition for Shakira in a hotel lobby.

She made her recording debut under Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13.

He arranged for Sony Colombia executives to arrive at the audition, with the idea of surprising them with Shakira's performance.

Though she was little known outside of her native Colombia at the time, Shakira was invited to perform at Chile's Viña del Mar International Song Festival in February 1993.

Shakira originally recorded the song "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" (later released on her album Pies Descalzos) for the compilation album Nuestro Rock in 1994, released exclusively in Colombia.

Shakira has been nicknamed the Queen of Colombia.