---
license: cc-by-nc-4.0
language:
- en
pretty_name: KEEP-Bench
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
task_categories:
- summarization
- question-answering
tags:
- context-compression
- faithfulness
- retrieval-augmented-generation
- benchmark
- evaluation
configs:
- config_name: parallel
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: data/parallel/test.jsonl
- config_name: conditional
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: data/conditional/test.jsonl
- config_name: imbalanced_science
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: data/imbalanced_science/test.jsonl
- config_name: imbalanced_policy
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: data/imbalanced_policy/test.jsonl
extra_gated_prompt: >-
  KEEP-Bench is released for non-commercial research on context compression.
  The imbalanced setting contains excerpts from publicly accessible web pages
  whose copyright remains with the original authors. By requesting access you
  agree to use the dataset only for non-commercial research, not to
  redistribute the web excerpts separately, and not to use the dataset as
  training data for models evaluated on KEEP-Bench.
extra_gated_fields:
  I agree to use this dataset for non-commercial research only: checkbox
  I will not redistribute the web excerpts separately from this dataset: checkbox
---

# KEEP-Bench

**KEEP-Bench** (**K**ey **E**videnc**E** **P**reservation) is a diagnostic benchmark for evaluating whether context compressors preserve the evidence needed to answer a question. Instead of inferring compression quality from downstream task accuracy, KEEP-Bench annotates each case with the evidence propositions that a faithful compression must retain, and checks each proposition directly in the compressed context.

The benchmark contains **4,102 cases** in three settings, each targeting an evidence structure that compressors tend to break:

- **Parallel evidence**: the question contains underspecified mentions that admit two valid interpretations. Each interpretation leads through its own reasoning chain to a different answer, and both chains must be preserved.
- **Conditional evidence**: one hop of the reasoning chain holds only under an explicit qualifier, such as a period, edition, survey or version. The qualifier must be preserved together with the claim it scopes.
- **Imbalanced evidence**: an open-ended question has three or four valid answer perspectives. Dominant perspectives are supported by several paragraphs, while each minority perspective is supported by a single sentence. All perspectives must be preserved.

[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.26827) · [Code](https://github.com/PlusLabNLP/KEEP-Bench) · [Website](https://pluslabnlp.github.io/KEEP-Bench/)

## Dataset structure

| Setting | Config | Cases | Subsets | Avg. paragraphs | Avg. tokens |
|---|---|---:|---|---:|---:|
| Parallel | `parallel` | 900 | 400 two-hop, 300 three-hop, 200 four-hop | 22.8 | 2,799 |
| Conditional | `conditional` | 1,364 | 604 two-hop, 493 three-hop, 267 four-hop | 21.0 | 2,544 |
| Imbalanced | `imbalanced_science`, `imbalanced_policy` | 1,838 | Science: 1,010 (856 with four perspectives, 154 with three); policy: 828 (all with four perspectives) | 9.8 | 3,577 |

Average context length is measured with the GPT-5 tokenizer.

Each config has a single `test` split. KEEP-Bench is an evaluation benchmark; there is no training split.

### Loading

Access is gated, so log in first (`hf auth login`) and accept the terms on this page.

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

parallel = load_dataset("uclanlp/KEEP-Bench", "parallel", split="test")
conditional = load_dataset("uclanlp/KEEP-Bench", "conditional", split="test")
science = load_dataset("uclanlp/KEEP-Bench", "imbalanced_science", split="test")
policy = load_dataset("uclanlp/KEEP-Bench", "imbalanced_policy", split="test")
```

The input to a compressor is `question` and `context`. `context` is the exact string used in our experiments; `paragraphs` holds the same content as structured records.

### Fields: `parallel`

| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `id` | string | Case id, e.g. `parallel_3hop1_0001`. |
| `hop_type` | string | MuSiQue reasoning type: `2hop`, `3hop1`, `3hop2`, `4hop1`, `4hop2`, `4hop3`. |
| `hops` | int | Number of hops per chain (2, 3 or 4). |
| `question` | string | Question containing the underspecified mention. |
| `answer_1`, `answer_2` | string | Gold answer under each interpretation. |
| `logical_chain_1`, `logical_chain_2` | list[string] | Evidence propositions of each reasoning chain, one per hop. |
| `flattened_labels` | list[string] | `yes`/`no` per proposition of `logical_chain_1 + logical_chain_2`. `yes` marks the propositions that distinguish the two referents; they define Para-Rec. |
| `ambiguous_entities` | list[string] | Underspecified mentions in the question. |
| `unambiguous_entities` | list[list[string]] | For each ambiguous mention, its two explicit referents. Passed to the judge as disambiguation constraints. |
| `paragraphs` | list[struct] | `idx` (int), `title` (string), `paragraph_text` (string), `is_supporting` (string: `chain_1`, `chain_2` or `distractor`). |
| `context` | string | Paragraphs rendered as `Document [i](Title: ...)text`, one per line. |

### Fields: `conditional`

| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `id` | string | Case id, e.g. `conditional_2hop_0001`. |
| `hop_type`, `hops` | string, int | As in `parallel`. |
| `question_group` | string | Cases sharing the same question, usually paired with different qualifiers (536 groups have two cases). |
| `question` | string | Question. |
| `answer` | string | Gold answer, stated together with its qualifier. |
| `key` | string | The qualifier, e.g. `In the 1990s`. |
| `logical_chain` | list[string] | Evidence propositions, one per hop. Exactly one proposition contains `key`; it is the qualified proposition. |
| `disambiguation_proposition` | string | States that the qualified relation differs across qualifiers. It explains the scope of the qualifier to the judge and is **not** an evaluated proposition. |
| `paragraphs` | list[struct] | `idx`, `title`, `paragraph_text`, `is_supporting` (string: `supporting`, `disambiguating` or `distractor`). The `disambiguating` paragraph shows that the relation is not valid without the qualifier. |
| `context` | string | Rendered as in `parallel`. |

### Fields: `imbalanced_science` and `imbalanced_policy`

| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `id` | string | Case id, e.g. `science_1major_3minor_0001` (1 dominant, 3 minority perspectives). |
| `domain` | string | Scientific field (science) or policy scenario (policy). |
| `num_dominant`, `num_minority` | int | Number of dominant and minority perspectives. |
| `question_group` | string | Cases sharing the same question with different dominant/minority configurations. |
| `question` | string | Open-ended question. |
| `perspectives` | list[string] | Answer perspectives, i.e. the evidence propositions. Policy perspectives are prefixed with their jurisdiction. |
| `perspective_roles` | list[string] | `dominant` or `minority` for each perspective, aligned with `perspectives`. |
| `paragraphs` | list[struct] | `idx` (int), `text` (string), `label` (string). |
| `context` | string | Paragraphs rendered as `Document [i]text`, one per line. |

Paragraph `label` values refer to positions in `perspectives`:

- `major_<i>_supporting`: a chunk supporting dominant perspective `i`.
- `minor_<i>_supporting`: the chunk hosting the single sentence that supports minority perspective `i`. The host is a retrieved chunk into which that sentence was inserted, so the rest of the chunk may support another perspective.
- `unsupporting`: a chunk that supports none of the perspectives (123 chunks in 95 science cases).

## Evaluation

The evaluation protocol, metrics (All-Rec, Para-Rec and Cond-Rec) and judge prompts are described in the paper and released in the code repository.

Email addresses and phone numbers in the web excerpts have been replaced with `[EMAIL]` and `[PHONE]`; these strings are not part of any evidence proposition.

## License and terms of use

KEEP-Bench is released under [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

- The parallel and conditional settings are derived from [MuSiQue](https://github.com/StonyBrookNLP/musique) (CC BY 4.0).
- Questions, evidence propositions, annotations and rewritten passages were created by the KEEP-Bench authors.
- Passages in the imbalanced setting are excerpts from publicly accessible web pages. Copyright remains with the original authors. These excerpts are provided solely for non-commercial research on context compression and may not be redistributed separately.

If you are a rights holder and want content removed, please open a discussion in the Community tab of this repository, and we will remove it promptly.

## Citation

<!-- TODO: replace with the final reference -->
```bibtex
@article{keepbench2026,
  title   = {{KEEP-Bench}: Evaluating Evidence Preservation in Context Compression},
  author  = {TBD},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:TBD},
  year    = {2026}
}
```