Question: Doctors : why has there been a female contraceptive pill for decades but only now is there one being made for men?

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 Doctors : why has there been a female contraceptive pill for decades but only now is there one being made for men?

There is a already a natural biological way that the female body prevents itself from getting pregnant. The female contraceptive pill works by basically abusing this system and to trick the body into think that it is always time to avoid pregnancy. Males do not have this luxury. We always produce sperm and any pill that is created to stop this would have find a way to turn off the ability to create sperm.


Question: Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?

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 Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?

It is in the same vein as politician speak on crime/drugs. Even if we have law enforcement, criminologists, data scientists telling us year after year that the war on drugs has failed and is doing more harm than good, politicians will always run on a tough on crime, tough on drugs policy because the average voter won't be reading research papers on the drug war. Instead they are more susceptible to populist rhetoric about crime and drugs ruining their neighborhood. So as a result, regardless of party affiliation, if the politician is from a large, national party they will be "tough" on drugs and crime because otherwise, it allows their opponent a free means to accuse them of having a weak stance on the law and protecting your streets and families. This applies to military spending. The average person for the most part is against war but they are not against the military/it's soldiers. If a politician takes an active stance of cutting military spending especially in a period of uncertainty, that politician leaves him/herself open for a free attack on being against the troops and against national security regardless of whether the attacking politician wants to start a war or not.


Question: When paper money became the new standard, how was in distributed? What was the process for people to exchange their old currency for the new currency?

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 When paper money became the new standard, how was in distributed? What was the process for people to exchange their old currency for the new currency?

Paper money started as promissory notes, created by private banks. The idea is that the bank held the real currency, and would create the note promising to pay the bearer the amount promised on request. When you have a note that can instantly be exchanged for 100 dollars, it effectively is worth 100 dollars, so if you've got something worth 100 dollars, which is easier to carry than 100 dollars, why bother turn it into actual money when you can just give people the notes as payment? So promissory notes promising currency can be used as currency themselves. Because of the paper note's ease of use over bucket-loads of coins, they caught on. But since there were many banks issuing notes, and an institution might not have accepted a note from another institution as payment, there needed to be some form of standardization. The government issued it's own notes to be the standard, which are recognized as acceptable payment in law (legal tender). In the US, the dollar used to be backed up on the gold standard, so a dollar used to merely represent a certain amount of gold that; in theory; the government promised to pay the bearer. I guess that makes a commercial bank note a promissory currency promising to pay a promissory currency.


Question: Is there any significant difference in chemical composition between men and women shower gels,shampoos etc. ?

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 Is there any significant difference in chemical composition between men and women shower gels,shampoos etc. ?

Functionally speaking, no, it's the same chemicals doing the actual cleaning, loosening up dirt & oils, and letting water rinse it away. The only other typical difference comes down to fragrance. Non-functional differences in shape/size of the bottle, color & label design, etc. also mostly exist to convey different gendered qualities; in the sense that they're not really going to use a pink bottle with flower-print labels and a dainty font on a masculine product.


Question: why are something’s edible and taste good (vegetables/fruit) and other stuff like grass, leaves and other plants are inedible or we have no reason to eat/ nutritional value? What makes the edible stuff taste nice and the other stuff taste bad.

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 why are something’s edible and taste good (vegetables/fruit) and other stuff like grass, leaves and other plants are inedible or we have no reason to eat/ nutritional value? What makes the edible stuff taste nice and the other stuff taste bad.

A big part of the reason is that the crops we eat have been altered significantly by human farmers since the invention of agriculture to make them tastier. For instance, wild carrots are harder to chew and have a stronger flavor than domesticated carrots and are also mildly toxic. Meanwhile, wild bananas are small and filled with seeds. And so on.


Question: How much control does Amazon actually have over items?

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 How much control does Amazon actually have over items?

Hi, I work as a picker at amazon! We have scanners that tell us where to go and how many of an item to put in the cart, sometimes the scanner messed up and sends you to pick a pack of something when the buyer only ordered one and your scanner won’t let you only pick one, you must pick the whole pack. It’s not really in your control.


Question: Why did the green new deal get repealed?

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 Why did the green new deal get repealed?

The Green New Deal was largely bogus. It was feel-good measures that didn't really have a chance of succeeding. The most ludicrous by far was the ten-year timeframe for converting the entire country to 'renewable' energy. There's no way that could work without heavy reliance on traditional energy sources; there's nothing that can take up the load but nuclear, and the American people are way too gun-shy about nuclear power.


Question: Why does aging make us weaker?

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 Why does aging make us weaker?

Mostly its cells. Your cells last about 7years(give or take the cell) they split and make "copy" of its self. This is how we heal, and replaced damaged cells. As your cells keep splitting this is the equivalent of making a copy of a copy. Eventually over time a cell wont split correctly or the dna strands info will be corrupted or other wise unuseable(this can cause things like grey hair) The more splits the higher the odds of corrupted cells replacing cells in more vital areas(such as the heart,lungs). Bad cells is also how cancer works it a replica of a corrupted cell. So with all of that you also have to take into account that our cells slow down over time splitting taking longer and thus cells dont replenish as fast.


Question: How do odor-neutralising toilet sprays work?

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 How do odor-neutralising toilet sprays work?

There are two things that happen often at the same time. Smell is scent molecules binding to receptors in your nose. Any odor neutralizer has other molecules that bind to the scent ones, and either dissolve them, or make them so heavy the drop out of the air. At the same time they usually contain their own scent molecules to replace the bad smell with a new good one like citrus. This is more for a customer signal though, the smell of oranges or whatever lets you know its working, otherwise your nose will still kind of detect it even as its gradually being eliminated. Some cheaper ones will literally just try to flood the area with so much perfume it drowns out the other smell but those usually don't work, like smelly teenage boys who think axe is a shower in a can.


Question: Why is there a "ripple" whenever you push on a monitor screen?

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 Why is there a "ripple" whenever you push on a monitor screen?

Most modern displays are LCDs. LCD stands for liquid crystal display. What that means is there is a very thin layer of liquid held between two thin layers of glass. These crystals align in specific ways to make colors. When you press them, they get shoved out of alignment to varying degrees giving you a rainbowy ripple effect. Edit: This got way more attention so I will elaborate to clean up some confusion. Note I'm just a tech hobbyist and I don't feel too confident talking about this that in depth, so take the word of the people who sound smarter than me replying over mine. As people have pointed out liquid crystals are really not liquid or crystals in the layman sense. Liquid crystal is actually an intermediate phase of matter. Think of them as tiny controllable filter cells. Little pockets of this magic light bending material we've figured out how to control. They bend light in *just* the right way if you can control their position and waves right. We get them to move into the right shapes with electricity. Someone below came up with a great example with polarized 3d glasses. If you hold polarized glass up to a light source and turned it you can see it block out specific bits at different angles. Monitors do this to align the light in a clean array that is manipulated to make a picture. Edit 2: Think of a bundle of straws. You hold them all and they are all nice and aligned and uninterrupted, this is white light. Push a golf ball into the center of that bundle and the light can no longer travel in the right direction. Depending on the angle of the light (again this is a really boiled down version) you see different colors. All of the straws are bent to varying degrees around the ball (or your finger).


Question: why does milk go sour within a few hours out of the refigerator, but stays fresh inside the udder despite it being warm?

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 why does milk go sour within a few hours out of the refigerator, but stays fresh inside the udder despite it being warm?

Inside of an udder, in the cow's mammary glands, it's basically sterile. The cow's body is pretty good at killing bacteria and keeping bacteria out of most of its body systems, aside from the digestive tract. Just like a human body - lots of our fluids (blood, urine, milk, etc) are mostly sterile as long as they're inside of our body, unless something's wrong like an infection. Once the milk exits the body, though, it starts getting exposed to more bacteria. The bacteria present on the outside of the cow's udder, on the milking equipment, even in the air. In a well-maintained dairy they're going to work hard to keep the amount of bacteria to a minimum, but there will still always be some present. And the longer it's allowed to sit in the milk, consuming the sugars (lactose) in the milk and creating sour byproducts like lactic acid, the more gross that milk is going to taste. Pasteurization and refrigeration kill and slow down the bacteria that cause that souring, letting our milk last longer, but once it's outside of the cow, there's no good way to keep bacteria to absolute zero. All we can do is minimize their effects for as long as possible.


Question: Why do some forms of energy drink/ coffee/ caffeine pill/ etc work better for overall alertness than others?

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 Why do some forms of energy drink/ coffee/ caffeine pill/ etc work better for overall alertness than others?

There are a lot of things that affect alertness. Caffeine is the most direct ingredient, and caffeine content differs between drinks. But simply hydrating also contributes to your body’s functioning. Other ingredients in the various drinks work in different ways as well. For example, theobromine and L-theanine have different effects on your body chemistry, typically associated with happiness and calmness, respectively. Nutrients like magnesium and potassium also contribute a little bit. Finally, the placebo effect is real. If you already associate certain drinks with alertness, that plays a role in how your body responds to it. Regarding caffeine itself, the fat content and other nutrients affect how fast the body absorbs the chemicals. Caffeine pills are formulated in such a way that it gets absorbed at a certain pace, but this is also affected by what you eat it with.


Question: Why do allergy shots work over time but not the allergen itself?

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 Why do allergy shots work over time but not the allergen itself?

Imagine if you had parents (the immune system) who freaked out (allergic reaction), if you stayed up past your bedtime which is 4pm (crazy low threshold)! They thought you'd actually turn into a monster if you were out of bed after 4pm, no one knows why, maybe they saw you cranky once and put the kibosh on the whole thing. Anyway. You have to convince them that you should have no set bedtime at all and they shouldn't freak out (no allergic response). Option 1 - Stay up till 8, maybe 9 or 10, and see what happens. Or maybe midnight just to show them? (encounter the allergen) They'll flip out. They'll get mad. This definitely won't work. They'll get more vigilant and more strict and very upset. Option 2 - Stay up till 4:00:02 on "accident". Then 4:00:05, then 4:00:30, then 4:01. Over some months, keep overshooting by a tiiiiny and almost unnoticeable amount until 4:30pm, 5pm, 7pm... etc. As long as they're not getting really upset, you can fudge it just a little and then they're comfortable with that new time. Eventually they will probably stop being so jumpy (less or no allergic reaction).


Question: can somebody please explain the wallstreetbets sub to me?

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 can somebody please explain the wallstreetbets sub to me?

It's just a meme subreddit with the theme of people trying to get rich doing risky bets and options trading. This shouldn't be said but don't take stock market advice from random people on the internet, they're just in it for the memes / gambling addiction / karma. I would guess mainly the memes.


Question: why it is so important to conduct experiments in space?

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 why it is so important to conduct experiments in space?

I’m no expert but... Space has zero gravity which means things react in a different way, the laws of gravity don’t apply which could affect the outcome for various experiments differently compared with on earth. Also trying things in space (for example growing food / how bacteria or fungi react) will help with colonisation of other planets and pushing human endeavours beyond just standing on the moon. Additionally, space and motorsports are two of the biggest contributors toward onward development of products and results on earth, for example. Teflon Ceramic coatings Hybrid cars All created due to space / Motorsport.


Question: Why is KiloByte not 1000 bytes?

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 Why is KiloByte not 1000 bytes?

There's a bit of marketing that mucked things up so KB is both 1000 bytes and 1024 bytes depending on what you're looking at *Technicially* a Kilobyte(KB) is always 1000 Bytes and 1024 Bytes is a Kibibyte(KiB), but that's confusing. People don't want to be flip flopping prefixes so marketing for most things just rounds to the nearest 10s place and calls a KB and a KiB close enough. Windows when reporting sizes reports in KiB/MiB/GiB(2^10/20/30) despite saying KB/MB/GB(10^3/6/9) so when you install a 1000 GB hard drive and it shows up as ~960GB, that's what happened.


Question: What is the science behind polling? How can talking to a few hundred people be representative of a country as a whole?

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 What is the science behind polling? How can talking to a few hundred people be representative of a country as a whole?

The science you're looking for is called statistics, and its used much more in manufacturing and industry that just in polling. First, a few hundred people to represent a fee hundred million isn't great, but its doable. The key is to have your sample size be roughly approximate to your target population(The whole country). Statisticians will do their best to make the group 50/50 male/female, while also trying to get a good mix of party affiliations, incomes, and whatnot. Even with all that done, it'll never be perfect, so the statistician calculates a margin of error based on their data, and includes that in the statistic. For example, lets say we're polling vanilla vs chocolate ice cream, and we get 48% vanilla/52% chocolate with a margin of 5%. This means that the reality could be as high as 53/47 or as low as 43/57.


Question: -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?

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 -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?

We don't know that they do. What we do know is that WE do, and we're the only example we have to go by. So if we find those sames elements on another planet, we know it's possible for life to form. But, ultimately, you're absolutely right, alien life could form under different circumstances, just look at the extremophiles we have here on Earth, like giant tube worms living near oceanic vents.


Question: Why do we find the smell of some inedible things appealing? E.g. Petrol, paint

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 Why do we find the smell of some inedible things appealing? E.g. Petrol, paint

One reason could be that people sometimes associate certain odors with pleasant experiences or happy times and as such the the smell reminds us of these feelings. For example the smell of gasoline and those old timey cars at some amusement parks. Another reason could be some of these substances give off vapors that provide euphoric feelings.


Question: If Athlete's Foot is a fungus that's picked up from bare feet, would wearing shoes all the time prevent it?

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 If Athlete's Foot is a fungus that's picked up from bare feet, would wearing shoes all the time prevent it?

Hypothetically Yes, if you’re able to 100% eliminate all traces of the fungus down to a single spore, then you shouldn’t have any issues. The only problem is it’s kind of impossible to guarantee you have completely got rid of every trace of the fungus, so there’s always a chance you’ve missed something, so in reality it isn’t a great idea to just leave your feet in shoes 24/7. But wearing footwear does help prevent the transmission of athletes foot, this is why many people where sandals or shower shoes when showering in a public shower like at a beach or a gym.


Question: How does someone build up a tolerance to alcohol and why does everyone handle it differently?

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 How does someone build up a tolerance to alcohol and why does everyone handle it differently?

Your body deals with alcohol by breaking it down into other molecules in your liver. The liver does this with little biological machines called enzymes (and actually, many many of your body’s functions use enzymes, not just your liver!) Enzymes are folded-up strings of molecules, and the instructions on how to make them is built into your DNA. How your body decides to make a particular enzyme is complicated, but basically there are locks on lots of different parts of the DNA (genes) that prevent those instructions from being used, and when you are exposed to something more often that needs that particular gene’s enzyme, a pathway of lots of different signals gets triggered. I sometimes think of it like a very small version of the scene in Lord of the Rings where the beacons of gondor are lit ;) So anyway, as the liver gets exposed to more alcohol, it starts to realize those enzymes are being used a lot, and it starts to make more of them by the above process. As for variations in tolerance, some of this has to do with how much of the enzyme your body makes at baseline, or how much is the max your body is able to make. And some of it has to do with other factors like body size and composition: men generally have a higher tolerance than women because they tend to be larger, for instance.


Question: File extensions vs File format?

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 File extensions vs File format?

A file extension is basically a tag to tell programs what to expect from the data inside the file. That is, how it is organized and what it represents. There's nothing stopping you from giving a file an extension that says it's something else. You can call a plain text file a .mp4. Just don't expect a video player to know what to do with it. The format of the file is how it's actually, in fact, organized.


Question: Why does the brain forget things? What decides what gets forgotten and what doesn’t?

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 Why does the brain forget things? What decides what gets forgotten and what doesn’t?

As we go through the day we experience lots of things, if we were to remember all of it we would be simply overwhelmed. It is important to realise that there are different types of memory: there is our short term memory and our long term which consists of "declarative" (basically facts like remembering what time your favourite restaurant opens) and "procedural" (like motor skills: riding a bike or doing tasks) There is also no specific one place in your brain where memories are stored. Different areas of the brain play roles in different parts of memories. For your question specifically the answer is our emotional response to things happening. Our memory is dependent on our limbic system (which helps control emotions) so if we are super happy about something we are much more likely to remember it than remembering something that is meh and boring. Example: you'll remember getting a puppy on a specific day and you might not remember eating a bowl of cereal a week ago. The same goes for memories that upset us or anger us. Our hippocampus is the area of the brain that helps us consolidate our memories from short term into long term. If we learn something we think is interesting and form some kind of emotional response to it we are more likely to remember it. Which is why I remember lots about science and barely anything about history.


Question: What exactly is anesthesia, how does it work, and why does the milky white kind burn so badly?

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 What exactly is anesthesia, how does it work, and why does the milky white kind burn so badly?

During surgery, the anesthesiologist usually only provides one or more of 3 basic drugs to the patient: Sleep medication, painkillers and muscle relaxers. There are different kinds of drugs in each category, but they all (except ketamine) make the patient stop breething, hence the need for a respirator. The sleep medications and the painkillers binds to different receptors in the central nerve system, and causes the effect. The muscle relaxer binds to receptors on (voluntary) muscles and prevents them from contracting. Propofol, the white milk, is by far the most common sleep medication used in anesthesia. It has lots of positive qualities, but it’s irritating to the blood vessels, so it’s preferable to use a large vein, or it’s possible to administrate some local anesthetics In the vein before you give it.


Question: Why exactly do people get nauseous (and sometimes puke) from seeing other people puke?

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 Why exactly do people get nauseous (and sometimes puke) from seeing other people puke?

> Is it a result of humans being social creatures, trying to protect ourselves from toxins we may have ingested as a group/ illnesses we may have picked up, or is it a biological response (or both)? Those are not really two different things. The fact that this response has evolved tells you that there's most likely a survival advantage to it, and your hypothesis is very likely to be the cause (bad food ingested as a group). So if you imagine a large number of people, half of which have a physical response to the smell/sight/sounds of another human puking and another half that don't, it's easy to see why the former group may be less likely to die of food poisoning, and why this physical response may be part of our biology as a result of us being social creatures. It's also interesting to note that humans respond similarly to other stimuli that may signal danger, such as the smell of feces or rotting flesh, both of which would indicate the presence of harmful bacteria.


Question: Why does an increased demand for a product automatically increase the price of it, do companies do this or is it just something that happens?

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 Why does an increased demand for a product automatically increase the price of it, do companies do this or is it just something that happens?

An increased demand for something doesn’t automatically raise prices. Generally it leads to increased production. However it can lead to higher prices when production caps out. Let’s say that you run a donut shop in town. Every day you make 100 donuts, and you sell them for $1 each. And every day, Bob comes in at 2 in the afternoon (Bob sleeps late) and buys your very last donut. You made 100 donuts, you sold 100 donuts. Then one day you notice construction workers in the big empty field across the street from your donut shop. They are building a new apartment complex. Six months later it is done, and a bunch of people move in. The first day it is open, a bunch of new people come in to try your donuts. You sell all of your donuts by 9 am. The rest of the day, your normal customers come in and are upset that you have no donuts for them. Poor Bob. So the next day, you make 200 donuts instead of 100. The big crowd comes over and today you sell out by 11:00. Poor Bob still doesn’t get a donut. The day after you make 250 donuts, and finally everyone gets a donut. Bob buys your last one at his usual time, and he is happy. And you are happy because you just sold two and a half times as many donuts. Great! But then you notice that they are building *another* new apartment complex next door to the first one. This is a problem, because your donut shop is small. You are working your butt off to make 250 donuts in that cramped space. You had to wake up at 3 in the morning to make all those donuts, and you don’t have room in your display case for more. If more people come in, you are going to need to hire somebody to help you. Unfortunately your shop is too small and the new employee wouldn’t have enough room to work. He would always be bumping into you. So six months go by and the second apartment building opens up. Today you sell out by 9:00 again. A whole bunch of people don’t get any donuts. Poor Bob doesn’t get his 2:00 donut. What are you going to do? You can’t expand production any more without buying a bigger space and hiring more employees. That’s expensive, and you don’t know if this increased demand is going to last. What happens if you spend a bunch of money for a bigger space and some of those people decide they don’t want donuts anymore? So what do you do? The answer is, you increase your prices. Donuts are now $1.50. Some customers are upset. They come in and say “I’m not paying a buck and a half for a donut!” And they leave. That’s good, as long as you still sell all your donuts. As long as 250 people come in and buy a donut at your new, higher price, you made more money. Bob comes in at 2:00 and you’ve got one last donut for him. “Sorry Bob, I had to raise my prices. They kept selling out and I wanted to make sure you could get one. That’ll be a buck and a half.” Bob grudgingly hands over an extra 50 cents and he gets his donut. When demand gets really high, it’s generally better to just make more of the product. But eventually you can’t make any more (or making more requires a lot of lead time, or carries risks, or needs a lot of up front investment). So you either raise your prices or there it becomes first come first served and there is a shortage.


Question: I know things have certain frequencies but do humans do as well? And what happens when humans are vibrated at that frequency?

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 I know things have certain frequencies but do humans do as well? And what happens when humans are vibrated at that frequency?

Everything has a (one or more) resonance frequency. Usually we refer to the spine and skeletal system, but the human body is very complex and [every organ has its own frequency]( URL_1 ). What happens when you meet that frequency? For the skeletal-spine-muscle system, > At the resonant frequency there is maximum displacement between the organ and the skeletal structure, placing biodynamic strain on the body tissue involved. Note that human beings are complex and not clones of one another, so there are different frequencies (always in the same range, though) depending on mass, height, [posture]( URL_0 ) and, theoretically, bone structure or other characteristics.


Question: Why can’t people walk after certain injuries (not obvious paralyzing injuries)? Do you just forget how to walk and have to remember?

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 Why can’t people walk after certain injuries (not obvious paralyzing injuries)? Do you just forget how to walk and have to remember?

Sometimes the injury is to the leg, hip, or back and it prevents walking for a time. Sometimes it is to the head, ears, or toes and changes balance and so that has to be relearned or recovered from. With the elderly you also see a lot of people barely being strong enough to walk getting an ailment that puts them bed ridden for a few weeks or months and that is enough time for their muscles to atrophy enough that they slip below the line of being capable of walking any more.


Question: Why is it so easy to fall asleep midday when it’s hot, but hard to fall asleep at night when it’s hot?

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 Why is it so easy to fall asleep midday when it’s hot, but hard to fall asleep at night when it’s hot?

A little to do with mindset and a little to do with biology. People tend to fall asleep better when they aren't trying to. Sleep is the most passive thing you can do so it comes most naturally when you aren't laying there thinking, "man I wish I could sleep". Also, in order to fall asleep effectively and healthily for the night your body temperature actually needs to drop a few degrees. That's why it's better to try to fall asleep in a room that's a little too cold compared to a little too warm. When people fall asleep during the day when it's warmer they're usually lounging on the couch without a blanket and/or a mattress which is basically a heat sponge.


Question: How in the world did the NES light gun work?

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 How in the world did the NES light gun work?

When the trigger is pressed, the entire screen turns black for one frame (~1/25th to 1/30th of a second depending on TV type), except any valid target on screen. The "gun" detects whether or not the part of the screen it is pointed at is dark or light, and the game gives you a hit or miss based off of that.


Question: How did Russia even become a superpower?

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 How did Russia even become a superpower?

Despite taking massive damage in some of their cities during WWII they had a large enough population, and enough resources due to the size of their nation that they were capable of weathering the damage and getting on the road to recovery mostly on their own without the aid of the US or other allied nations. Countries like the UK and France which were superpowers prior to WWI simply did not weather the damages as well during those wars and had to give up a significant amount of their Empires' physical size thus reducing their influence enough to no longer be superpowers and instead just be world powers. The USSR being a very totalitarian form of Communism once Stalin was in power also allowed for them to divert resources and industries to support their military to a greater degree than a democratic and capitalist society can which let them recover militarily far faster than was expected and let them absorb territories formerly belonging to the Axis powers, or that were independent during WWII which gave them more resources to utilize.


Question: Why do most hard candies just shrink down as you suck on them but peppermints get all porous and full of holes?

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 Why do most hard candies just shrink down as you suck on them but peppermints get all porous and full of holes?

I can't find the YouTube video I'm thinking of, but [this one]( URL_0 ) (link should start right about the time they're "whitening" the white part of the candy cane) gives a good fast-forwarded example of the process. Basically, to get the candy to look white, the candy is folded many, many times, trapping tiny air bubbles which makes the candy look white. Then, as you're sucking on the candy, your saliva dissolves the microbubbles until you have little bubble craters in the candy.


Question: Vehicles have tires, tires wear down... Where does all of the rubber go from tires wearing down?

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 Vehicles have tires, tires wear down... Where does all of the rubber go from tires wearing down?

It peels off in tiny bits. Those are called “marbles” in racing where you can actually see them after a long race when cars lose their rubber at the exact same spots over and over again. In real life you don’t see it of course because road cars don’t lose rubber that much and it constantly gets blown away by wind and washed away by rain.


Question: If a big asteroid is sure to hit earth how long before the scientists see it in advance before the asteroid hits?

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 If a big asteroid is sure to hit earth how long before the scientists see it in advance before the asteroid hits?

Unfortunately there isn't any way to be sure about this. In fact currently it is very likely there will be no warning at all; currently the rate of successful detection is 1% or lower. If an object can be detected it takes about two weeks to determine its path and chance of impacting Earth. To do that for a dangerous incoming asteroid would require a large amount of luck at this point.


Question: Zero Day Exploits and what makes them so rare?

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 Zero Day Exploits and what makes them so rare?

A zero day is just an exploit that isn't public or out there on the market yet. Basically its a known exploit, its not patched, and its gonna work as you expect. It's a "new" exploit. "Zero" as in zero days out in the public for it to be seen and fixed. These are rare because first of all, finding any exploit is difficult, a second because exploits often make their way out pretty quickly so they end up getting patched fast. A zero day just means an exploit that is currently unknown by the public or thing its exploiting, and its working. Having a zero day exploit is a massive prize to nefarious users, as they know its going to work. It may not work for long, but it will work now.


Question: Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?

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 Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?

All the complex and varied organic compounds making different foods tend all to decay into more or less the same basic blocks (i.e. charcoal and simple organic molecules) when overheated, giving the universal burnt taste. Think of it like ice sculptures - they can be of varied shapes, sizes and impressiveness, but they all turn into puddles of water after a warm spring weekend.


Question: Is it possible, theoretically, to fill an enclosed space with enough light photons to break the enclosure as a result of volume within?

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 Is it possible, theoretically, to fill an enclosed space with enough light photons to break the enclosure as a result of volume within?

Photons don't have volume. *But* they have energy. So if you cram enough light into an enclosure, the pressure from the light hitting the walls will eventually break the walls. Alternatively, since energy and mass are two sides of the samwe coin, cramming enough energy into a small enough space *might* result in the creation of a black hole. *However*, those are theoretical musings. For example, long before you could cram enough light into a tight space for a black hole to form, the mass of the lamps would have done so. Similarly, how would you fill the space with light? If you're using lamps in the walls, they'd be able to withstand more radiation pressure than they emit, so breaking the walls likely wouldn't work, either. Or they'd melt before breaking. The two things are meant as hypothetical "what if the photons appeared there out of thin air" szenarios.


Question: Whenever one nation gives another a loan for a large sum of money, how does this money get transferred to the other country?

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 Whenever one nation gives another a loan for a large sum of money, how does this money get transferred to the other country?

In most cases, then actual money does not change hands. The amount is transferred electonically and appears on the balance sheet as a credit and debit respectively. In some cases, a tangible asset is transferred, in the form of gold or some other asset of value with an assessed value equal to that at the time of the exchange. In some cases where the IMF is involved, the loan is in the form of a letter of credit in the amount appoved. This means that the IMF is acting as a third party between the countries involved, guaranteeing that the sum is accessible. The concept of money itself is a trust relationship. The money itself has no real value if the country issuing the money is not believed to be able to stand behind their currency with some form of tangible asset. In the US, the tangible asset is the gold supply. In some middle eastern countries, oil is the asset.


Question: How come people in comas don’t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?

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 How come people in comas don’t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?

People in comas are rotated (well, supposed to be anyway) every 2 hours minimum so that helps relieve pressure points/promotes circulation/decreases risks of bed sores, also someone in a coma might be put on a blood thinner to prevent such an occurrence, depending on the situation. Basically a hospital is a controlled environment where, if procedure is properly followed, little can go wrong (unless it's a natural occurrence).


Question: What are the Weak and Strong nuclear forces? I get gravity and electromagnestism, but how do these two work?

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 What are the Weak and Strong nuclear forces? I get gravity and electromagnestism, but how do these two work?

Protons all have a positive electric charge, so why do they cluster so tight inside atoms? There must be a force stronger than electromagnetism holding them in place. We call this the strong nuclear force. The weak force, also sometimes called the weak interaction, is less intuitive, but basically describes how a neutron can "split" into an electron and a proton, in radioactive decay. Again, you'd expect the positive and negative charges to stick close together, so there must be some other force causing them to split.


Question: Why are eggs such an important cooking ingredient in a lot of recipes, including baking?

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 Why are eggs such an important cooking ingredient in a lot of recipes, including baking?

The biggest reason is eggs are a natural source of lecithin. Lecithin is an emulsifier that binds both fats and water together. With out it, many foods wouldn't have the texture that it has. Unfortunately my chemistry knowledge is rather weak, hopefully someone else can explain more about it, because i'd also like to know more.


Question: Why can’t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?

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 Why can’t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?

A couple of reasons. First, ozone is quite unstable. It breaks down quickly in the atmosphere. The ozone layer is constantly replenished, but any individual ozone molecule lasts a matter of ~~weeks~~ (edit: days! The lifespan is shorter than I thought.) Two, the ozone layer is very high up. It takes a long time for air at the ground to mix up to that altitude - longer, as it turns out, than ozone lasts. We actually do create a lot of ozone at ground level: it's a significant pollutant. But it doesn't get up to the ozone layer. And three, the problem isn't *getting* the ozone: the problem is that certain pollutants, which *do* last a long time, speed up the rate at which it breaks down.


Question: when it comes to production of consumer products, why do some technologically advanced products go down in price after a while but some products seem to only go up in price?

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 when it comes to production of consumer products, why do some technologically advanced products go down in price after a while but some products seem to only go up in price?

Depends on the market segment. For internet service, the cost of doing business hasn't decreased dramatically: laying down and maintaining a wide physical infrastructure still costs a ton of money, and consumers demand more and more as time goes on. For vehicles, the market doesn't favorite low end new cars: the second hand market competes strongly with the lower end new market, and profit margins on new cars in the low end aren't enormous, and increasing emmisions/efficiency/safety standards and mandatory equipment drives up costs a lot.


Question: Why do sleep-aids make me restless?

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 Why do sleep-aids make me restless?

This also happens to me with certain brands of diphenhydramine (Benadryl, AdvilPM, a lot of other OTC sleep aids). I don’t know the mechanism that specifically causes restlessness but I can tell you a thing or two about why people may feel different effects from the same drug. When you take a drug, the body metabolizes it, which changes its chemical properties so that it can be eliminated or used by the body. This is done through various steps and involves a bunch of different enzymes. Because of this, only a certain percentage of the original dose will make it to its destination (the receptors that cause the intended effects). This is accounted for in the design of the drug and the recommended doses, but everyone is a little different. Some people can have enzymes that are *really good* at metabolizing a particular substance, others can have rather “lazy” enzymes that work a bit slower. Some people may have more (or less) of an enzyme. Other drugs that you take and even certain foods that you ate that day can effect how many enzymes are available to work on this drug. For diphenhydramine, restlessness and agitation occur when too much active drug was absorbed by the body — more drug molecules survived this “first pass” than was expected. We like to think of chemical reactions as pretty straightforward: A binds to B and you get C. But that’s not usually the case. More realistically, A *prefers* to bind to B to produce C, but if there’s no more B available, A doesn’t want to just wander around all by its lonesome. So A may also bind to D and produce E. This is where those weird “off-target” side effects can come from. You’ve got extra drug floating around but fewer available targets so that drug may start interacting with other nearby receptors that it wouldn’t normally interact with at lower concentrations


Question: why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

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 why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

So, English as a language doesn't really differentiate between masculine and feminine words and conjugation. However, a lot of the languages that English borrowed pretty heavily from (particularly the Latin languages, and Latin itself) *do* have differences in conjugation that will use masculine or feminine forms (e.g. the generic term for cat in French is "la chat", which is the feminine form). Latin, in particular, had a tendency to gender countries and landmasses as feminine (e.g. Terra Firma), and English sort of inherited that from Latin, particularly in more formal linguistic settings.


Question: Do Doctors really work "24 hour shifts" as is a whole day with only a few breaks, no sleep? If so, does this not make more susceptible to errors?

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 Do Doctors really work "24 hour shifts" as is a whole day with only a few breaks, no sleep? If so, does this not make more susceptible to errors?

Yes, they do. Some states have passed laws not allowing this. FYI: this type of training schedule was initially implemented by a guy who was a drug addict—amphetamines or cocaine, I forget which. So staying up for huge stretches of time was not strange for him. For people who are not drug addicts, it can be grueling.


Question: How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their “opponent” is going to make?

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 How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their “opponent” is going to make?

If you've ever seen those "grandmaster plays 100 opponents simultaneously" stories, it's because the past moves and mind games with the opponent aren't much of a factor. They make a move, forget what happened, and go to the next board. A given board state often has a small handful of "correct" moves, so playing both sides yourself is an exercise in solving board states rather than exploiting an opponent's tendencies.