Question: - Why do we use "baby talk" when we speak to animals and other things that we perceive as "cute"?

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 - Why do we use "baby talk" when we speak to animals and other things that we perceive as "cute"?

Some researchers believe that “baby talk” actually is good way to talk to real babies - the higher pitch, simplified language, and exaggerated tones and facial expressions make it easier for them to pay attention and learn. As far as why we also use this when talking to animals, it’s probably because cute animals remind us of babies (due to things like comparatively large head for body size, large eyes for head size, etc.), so we unconsciously revert to baby talk when talking to them. P.S. I don’t know about everyone, but with my cats I only use baby talk sometimes. Most of the time I just speak to them normally. They ignore me either way.


Question: When a person has scoliosis why is it so risky to re-arange each bone to it's proper direction via surgery?

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 When a person has scoliosis why is it so risky to re-arange each bone to it's proper direction via surgery?

The bones are not made of dough, you can't just bend them all back into shape. You can't take apart the spine and put it back together because the spinal cord runs down the middle, not to mention all of the muscles and ligaments that hold your back together so you can stand and bend and move and breath. If you push them into a normal position, now there's nothing holding them there because all of the attached structures are also bent out of shape, so you need things like screws and rods and other mechanical fixtures.


Question: Why do most foods taste terrible while going through chemo, but others have no change at all?

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 Why do most foods taste terrible while going through chemo, but others have no change at all?

"Everything changed for me" "I'll never forget the day that everything tadted like tofu. Everything tasted like nothing." Source, wife who went through chemo last year. Tastebuds are fast turnover cells that regenerate and die quickly. Chemo kills the tastebuds before they can develop and mature. What taste you lose is specific to you individually. Source, same wife who is also a doctor.


Question: How did house zoning laws allow "legal discrimination?"

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 How did house zoning laws allow "legal discrimination?"

They have [14 goals]( URL_0 ) pretty clearly laid out on their website. They want to achieve things like reduced racial economic disparities, improved access to affordable housing, and reduced risk from climate change while preserving historic heritage and culture. Their approach is to examine past zoning decisions to see if they should be revised to advance these goals.


Question: How does eating well actually burns fat?

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 How does eating well actually burns fat?

Fat is simply stored energy that you ate in excess of what you actually used. Eating well means that you balance your intake with your output, and if you eat less than you expend, your body will make up for the deficit by burning your fat. If you only eat 90% of what you need, that last 10% has to come from *somewhere,* or else you're going to die, and fat is where your body draws from when needed.


Question: How money is stored by banks and brokers?

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 How money is stored by banks and brokers?

Lloyd's of London broker here. Brokers don't really do anything. We come up with a product, like an insurance for cat paw injury. We then convince an "underwriter" who works for some variety of bank that there is a market for them, and then if they agree then they "underwrite the risk" which means they will reserve an amount of money to be used for claims. Then we, the broker, sell the products to consumers like show cat owners in this case. We manage the claims, payments and so forth but we don't keep the money. We make our money from the bank, who give us a percentage. So basically us brokers don't store our own money.


Question: How many planes, vertices, edges and faces does a sphere have?

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 How many planes, vertices, edges and faces does a sphere have?

A perfect sphere? Infinite. Every point on its surface is all of those things. 1 dimensional points have no area, so it has infinite of each on a perfect mathematical sphere. Imperfect (i.e. Real) spheres have about as many as they do imperfections. A cube is a really really imperfect sphere and it has 6, 8, and 12.


Question: Why/how does 5G offer much lower latency than 4G?

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 Why/how does 5G offer much lower latency than 4G?

the latency reduction is mainly from advances in mobile technology, ie the radio towers that transmit/receive the data as well as the SOC's on the phones. 5G uses much higher frequency (and requires more power) compared to 4G which allows a "tighter beam" that directs the data better and is less susceptible to noise/interference. as with most things in technology. we probably could have implemented a global 5G network 10-20 years ago, as the baseline technology is really nothing new. but it wouldn't have been cost effective. frankly speaking a lot of current technology isn't "groundbreaking" they are just iterative processes that was possible many years ago, but it wouldn't make sense financially until other supporting technologies caught up to make it cheaper. so to answer your specific question. if we implemented the 5G network 10-20 years ago instead of now. here's what it might look like. from the radio tower side, we would need a much more massive radio transmitter/receiver and might look something like [this]( URL_1 ) and from the phone side, we would need a more powerful SOC and radio antenna inside the phone as well as a much larger battery. so it might look something like [this]( URL_0 ).


Question: If atoms are mostly empty space, how can things be solid?

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 If atoms are mostly empty space, how can things be solid?

Think of a propellers blades spinning around but only way way way way way way way faster, a fan spinning looks like a solid and kind of acts like barrier nothing can pass though, small enough, tight enough together, enough of them, spinning fast enough, and in all directions, solid surface.


Question: I watch things move all day, why is it bad for my eyes when it happens on a screen?

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 I watch things move all day, why is it bad for my eyes when it happens on a screen?

The movie doesn’t happen on the screen, it happens in your eyes and brain. You are forcing your visual apparatus to stay focused on the same point more or less, which is not what it was meant to do - humans have flexible eyes that can focus both near and far, and the muscles inside the eye are developed to do that, not stay constricted in one position. So they get tired.


Question: how does adding a third polarizing filter allow more light to pass through, not less?

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 how does adding a third polarizing filter allow more light to pass through, not less?

The polarizing filter doesn't only block the wrong-polarized light, but it also forces all the light that passes through it to now be polarized in the direction of the filter. Also as you've noticed, polarizing filters will let through some differently-polarized light depending on *how* different the polarization is. 0 degree light will partially get through a 45 degree filter, but not at all through a 90 degree filter. So when you have two filters at right angles (90 degrees) no light gets through because after the first filter, the polarization is totally wrong for the second filter. When you have three filters at 45 degree angles, all of the light after the first filter is polarized at 0 degrees. Then some of the 0 degree light gets through the 45 degree filter, which resets it to 45 degrees, then some of the 45 degree light gets through the 90 degree filter (which also resets it to 90 degrees).


Question: Why do parents need to force their children to eat?

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 Why do parents need to force their children to eat?

It's not about forcing them to eat. It about forcing them to ready right. Left up to children they will eat only candy and snacks. That's why parents want their kids to eat all their actual food on their plate (veggies and grains) before letting them go and eating dessert. The fact that some parents over proportion is unrelated.


Question: How do printers work? How do they know how to print different fonts, pictures etc.

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 How do printers work? How do they know how to print different fonts, pictures etc.

The printer prints a grid of very small dots, perhaps of 4 colors if it's a color printer. Software inside the printer, including mathematical formulas that describe the shape of every letter in every font, converts information from your computer into the right pattern of dots. Then the dots are printed on a sheet of paper. That's what causes the pause between pages, the printer is "thinking" to calculate the dot pattern for the next page.


Question: Why do food manufactures use cylindrical cans so often?

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 Why do food manufactures use cylindrical cans so often?

Packaging stuff adds cost. The material costs something, and it's added weight that makes shipping more expensive. It may not be much per can, but for millions of cans it adds up. So, you want to minimize the amount of material needed for packaging. A sphere is the shape with the least surface area per volume. It's also the strongest, since any stresses are evenly distributed across the entire surface. A sphere takes the least amount of material. However, spheres are bad for packing and stacking. Whenever you stack spheres there's a lot of space between them. That's bad for shipping, obviously. You want to maximize the packing space so you can fit the most units per shipping container. A cube (or cuboid) maximizes the packing because there is no space at all between them. But cubes take a lot of material. Those corners become points where stress gathers, which means you need even more extra material to keep them strong. So, you need a compromise. A shape that's almost as strong as a sphere and uses as little material as possible, but also packs and stacks almost as well as cubes. It also needs to be easy to make. Which shape is both sort of round and sort of square? Cylinders. Edit: [Engineer Guy]( URL_0 ) for an explanation from a real engineer, and also additional information about how cans are designed.


Question: how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?

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 how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?

It's all about the oxygen. In wet soil, the roots become oxygen starved and rotten. Same thing happens in stagnant water. Hydroponic systems use air blowers to fill the intake water with bubbles and oxygenate it. If you stop the blowers, then the root zone gets stagnant and rotten just like in over watered soil.


Question: Why are there so many prescription drug ads on TV? Doesn't the doctor usually prescribe what they believe will work best? (American)

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 Why are there so many prescription drug ads on TV? Doesn't the doctor usually prescribe what they believe will work best? (American)

Yep! Which is why in most other places (I think Australia is the exception), this type of advertising is illegal. Unfortunately, people see these ads on TV and are convinced it's what they need, sometimes without even knowing what the medication is actually for. Sometimes they will even fib on symptoms and try to persuade their doctor to prescribe them the incorrect medicine. Some doctors are dumb, and give in, which means the people with the ads make more money. It's pretty messed up. My dad's an eye doctor, and he complains about it all the time. For him, it's usually less severe because he's not dealing with antidepressants, diabetic medicine, or other really serious stuff.


Question: Why is glass transparent / clear?

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 Why is glass transparent / clear?

If you took a pane of glass and tried looking through the end of it to the other end, you'll likely see a lot of green or some other color. It isn't *perfectly* transparent, it just happens to have *really low* opacity until you get to an appreciable thickness. As for *why* it is very transparent, there's just not a lot in the glass that absorbs photons in the visible frequencies, which makes it handy for use as a window. Meanwhile, infrared and some ultraviolet *can* be blocked by glass. A similar idea is an experiment with a glass of water. The water is transparent (unless we're talking dirty water or deep as a pond or something), right? It doesn't absorb those photons in the visible EM spectrum. But if you put some red food coloring in there, the food coloring *does* reflect the photons in the red range, making it look red.


Question: how are we certain about the age of planet Earth?

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 how are we certain about the age of planet Earth?

Not going to try and fully answer this, but let’s for a moment pretend that all the lead on Earth came from outer space and the Earth is 4,000 years old. 1) all the issues discussed in the other post about the age of the lead still apply. The lead is way older than the Earth. Apparently the rest of the universe is significantly older than 4000 years. 2) all this lead has been dropped on the Earth in the last 4000 years. If we accept that we are removing around 10 million metric tonnes from the Earth every year (source: URL_1 ) from the Earth then is the last ten years, we’ve removed around 100 billion kg of lead from Earth. 3) if we accept this value as an absolute minimum for mass of lead on Earth and divide it by the number of years we are pretending Earth has existed for, we find that an average of 2,500,000 kg of lead has fallen on Earth every year since it was created. If it has not fallen as pure lead metal then obviously the mass of lead with other elements falling to Earth must be bigger than 2,500,000 kg. 4) currently we think less than 10,000 kg of rock from outer space hit the Earth annually. (Source which I haven’t dug further into: URL_0 ). If this is true and it is also true that the Earth is 4000 years old then there must have been a huge amount of extra rock falling on Earth from space in the past. 5) there is no record of this having happened in the last 4000 years. You’d expect catastrophic change to life on Earth if that much rock hit it in a short time. The sort of changes that would have killed the dinosaurs if they really existed, but we have chosen to believe they didn’t as the Earth is only 4000 years old. So we either have to make up more stuff to make the argument that the Earth is that old somehow continue, or we must reject at least one of our assumptions.....


Question: Ignoring the difficulties of getting it up there, would launching a rocket from the top of a mountain really save that much fuel and delta V overall?

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 Ignoring the difficulties of getting it up there, would launching a rocket from the top of a mountain really save that much fuel and delta V overall?

No, most of the energy in a rocket is getting it moving *sideways* very fast, not getting it further up. That's why space programs always launch as close to the equator as is practical (the earth orbits at a constant angular velocity so the widest part of the earth is moving the fastest).


Question: When people "smoke" alcohol, what actually happens with the booze? Does the smoke from the alcohol contain only alcohol and make the liquid acohol free?

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 When people "smoke" alcohol, what actually happens with the booze? Does the smoke from the alcohol contain only alcohol and make the liquid acohol free?

It's actually very dangerous and I would NOT recommend this at all. By vaporizing and inhaling alcohol, you are bypassing the liver, which its primary job in this case is to filter a majority of the alcohol you consume before it gets to your blood stream. The vapor itself will not only be a more purified form of the alcohol (you'll mainly have ethanol and water vapors, maybe some random stuff that was in the coloring or flavoring), so not only is it more pure, but you're taking the filtration part out of the equation. & #x200B; Sorry for the mini rant, just seen people die on this shit, but to answer your question, mainly it's going to be ethanol and water vapors, plus a few random things from added ingredients.


Question: as stars get older, they produce less energy and heavier elements, why do they expand to form red giants if the forces pushing them apart are weakened and the density of the elements is increased?

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 as stars get older, they produce less energy and heavier elements, why do they expand to form red giants if the forces pushing them apart are weakened and the density of the elements is increased?

Using our star as an example. Currently, it is burning (not burning in the classical sense but fusion) hydrogen in its core. This creates an outward pressure that prevents it from contracting further. Eventually, the hydrogen in the core will be largely exhausted. This will reduce the outward pressure from the interior, and the star will begin to contract, with a core of helium ash. This contraction will increase the heat within the star. This will cause hydrogen in the outer layers, which previously was not burning as vigorously, to begin to burn energetically. This will cause those outer layers to expand, making the sun grow into a red giant. At this point, the process is still hydrogen burning, although the primary location has moved to the outer layers of the star. Helium burning will begin ultimately, at which point the star will actually shrink. Then a similar process will repeat, with the interior exhausting its fuel and the outer layers beginning to burn, with the sun shedding much of its exterior at the conclusion.


Question: Why do teeth not grow back or heal?

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 Why do teeth not grow back or heal?

The outside part of your teeth, the enamel, is not alive and doesn't have any blood vessels or any way for living cells to get to it. That's because, as you can imagine, squishy blood vessels would compromise the strength of the enamel. It's built to be *super* hard and durable - strong enough that most of the time you wouldn't *need* to rebuild it. And in the cases that teeth do get damaged, well, you have a mouth full of them so losing a single tooth won't kill you. In order to rebuild broken enamel, the tooth has to be encased in living tissue that has the cellular machinery to do it. That only happens inside the gums. That's why we have baby teeth - once our teeth have left our gums, they can't get bigger. If we waited until our teeth were the size we need them to be as adults, we would have to go *years* without being able to eat solid food. On the other hand, teeth that fit in a child's mouth are way too small for our needs. So we have one set of teeth that do the job while our adult teeth are still being built inside of our jaw.


Question: Why is cancer such a difficult disease to cure?

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 Why is cancer such a difficult disease to cure?

Because cancer isn't really a single independent entity, which would be easy to target and fix. Cancer is a malfunction of the cell, causing the cell to replicate and spread in ways it's not supposed to. Since these are "normal" cells, just acting improperly, that makes them hard to stop in a way that doesn't hurt other non-malfunctioning cells. If cancer was some sort of completely unique and isolated type of organism, then it would be easier to formulate treatments and drugs to fight that specific entity. But since they originate from normal everyday cells it's hard to differentiate amongst all the normal ones. It's like trying to find the bad guys in a group of people when they are all wearing the same clothes.


Question: How do pictures like the Mona Lisa and Uncle Sam work so that they are always looking at you no matter the angle?

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 How do pictures like the Mona Lisa and Uncle Sam work so that they are always looking at you no matter the angle?

Great minds think alike. Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 - how the eyes of a portrait can follow you around, always staring at you regardless of where you're standing ]( URL_0 ) ^(_52 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do the eyes on paintings/photographs appear to follow your movements? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do eyes in pictures/paintings appear to "follow" you around the room? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do eyes in pictures follow you? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do eyes in photos seem to follow you? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do paintings of people eyes follow you around? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_1 comment_)


Question: In the show Ninja Warrior, how do the people who built the obstacle course decide that getting through the course is actually possible?

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 In the show Ninja Warrior, how do the people who built the obstacle course decide that getting through the course is actually possible?

In the original Japanese show, the show would run once every 6 months or so. There were times that NO ONE made it past the first round, and other times, no one made it past the second round. The philosophical basis of the show in the US is different. In Japan losing and showing good grace is important - so a show with no winners is ok - at least at that time. That is why when someone does win, and make it all the win to the top, some of them have a total cathartic meltdown - it literally is a life altering moment.


Question: how can DNA tests be used to show what your ancestry is?

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 how can DNA tests be used to show what your ancestry is?

We don't have exactly the same DNA -- everyone has some mutations in various parts of the genome. Say you measure the DNA of 10 people from Thailand and their genome looks like this: ACGTGCCCATCGCGATCG Then you measure the DNA of 10 people from Italy and their genome looks like this: AGGTCCCCATCGCGTTCG (three mutations in that string, which is a lot in such a short space, but bear with me). Then obviously if you get another sequence that looks like the one above you're more likely to have someone who's Italian than Thai. On the other hand you might measure someone with a sequence that looks like this: AGGTCCCCATCACGATCG (one variant that differs from either, one Thai variant, two Italian variants). This person might be from a totally different place (maybe somewhere closer to Italy since there are two Italian variants and only one Thai), or might be a mixture of Italian and Thai, or might be a mixture of Italian and something else, and so on. Most of the time you don't usually say a single mutation corresponds to a single group, but different groups have different allele frequencies. Properly determining one's ancestry requires considering the clustering of these alleles and taking allele frequencies into account in the different populations. It you have enough reference sequences from enough locations you'll become able to map a person's genome to their genetic ancestry.


Question: When we whistle, how do we immediately match the pitch that we hear?

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 When we whistle, how do we immediately match the pitch that we hear?

Part of the reason we can match the pitch is because the sound we make when whistling is the sound we actually hear. Have you ever noticed that recordings of yourself don't seem to sound like you to you, even though everyone else says it does? When you speak or sing, a good portion of the sound we hear is actually going *through* our head, not around it.


Question: in space movies, how do they make it look like the actors are moving around in zero gravity?

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 in space movies, how do they make it look like the actors are moving around in zero gravity?

There are a couple of ways you can do it, but I'll share what Gravity did (because they did it really well). First, every object is computer generated. This is going to take a lot of time, and it means things aren't going to be able to be changed very easily. It also means that actors can't improvise or make little changes to the script or blocking, because then the computer guys would have had to spend hundreds or thousands of extra hours fiddling with things to make them work again. Second, they put the actors into suits and had them dive underwater while on suspension wires. The wires keep them held under, but they can still move about a bit to simulate movement in zero G. They had puppeteers working the strings to make them look natural. This is the more expensive and time consuming method of simulating zero G, most movies with any kind of budget will instead use parabolic airplane flights. Third, a very complicated lighting rig that they called "The Light Box". It was a 20-foot-high box enclosure with over 4,000 computer programmed LED bulbs. They had robotic cameras capture the close-ups, and the scenes where actors were "spinning out of control" or moving very rapidly were actually very rapid still frames while those 4,000 bulbs blinked in such a way that it created the illusion of movement. This is actually a very important and ingenious invention that Emmanuel Lubezki and Tim Webber created for the movie that will probably be seen in a LOT of movies to come. It allows the actors to see what their characters are supposed to be seeing because the computer guys can project images out of the bulbs, and it allows for the exciting footage that you see in the film. Finally, the post-production team blends it all together after the fact, removing the wires, rigs, harnesses, adding the computer graphics and the other special effects so seamlessly that you can suspend your disbelief enough to think the actors actually are doing what they're doing on screen. So much so that you don't actually notice that Sandra Bullock's helmet and visor are actually just computer graphics while you're looking at her face.


Question: Why are horizontal and vertical speeds independent of each other?

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 Why are horizontal and vertical speeds independent of each other?

Think of it like this: Say we have two balls, A and B. For every second that goes by, ball A moves one inch down, and two inches to the left. Also for every second that goes by, ball B moves down once inch only. Now say balls A and B both start 5 inches off the ground. Because they each move down one inch per second (so we can say they both have a constant velocity of one inch per second in the downward direction), it will take them both 5 seconds to reach the ground. Take note, however, that they both reach the ground at the same time even though ball A is also moving horizontally. This tells us that we can think of an objects horizontal and vertical components of velocity as independent.


Question: How do those sunglasses that let people with monochromatic or colorless vision see colors?

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 How do those sunglasses that let people with monochromatic or colorless vision see colors?

Some persons colour vision problem is that the colours that the different types of light-sensing cone cells detect overlap too much. For these people, glasses that absorb much of the overlapping colours can allow the two different types of cone cells detect different amounts of light, allowing the brain to better determine colours.


Question: Why isn't there just one international currency?

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 Why isn't there just one international currency?

The only way for a common international currency to work is if the whole world also has one common international economic policy. Probably would also require a common worldwide government to be able to set that economic policy. Until that point, you are not going to see one because different countries will require different economic strategies which requires handling their currency differently. A country that depends on being a cheap trading partner / source for labour does best with a weak coin because then they are even cheaper to international partners. A country that does a lot of important, would do best with a strong coin because then they can import more for the same amount. These countries will be pursuing very different economic plans and that cannot be done with a common coin. One country (or even both) will lose out. And as of right now, the differences between different countries, wealth and way of economic thinking are just too big. Just look at the Eurozone. That is a group of countries that switched to a common coin. It is a group of countries that is relatively similar in terms of wealth, economic policy and culture. (at least, relatively similar if you consider some of the differences out there in the world). And they still ran into issues with the effects of having a common coin. If that had been on a world wide scale, it just couldn't have lasted.


Question: How does "conserving" water, turning off my lights, ect, help? I know how it helps my bills but how does my tiny act of not leaving the water running actually help the "World"?

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 How does "conserving" water, turning off my lights, ect, help? I know how it helps my bills but how does my tiny act of not leaving the water running actually help the "World"?

Well... YOU individually? not much, admittedly. Your individual water and energy footprint is negligible in the grand scheme of things. But the reason why YOU are important is because if enough YOUs do things together.... doing things as US... THEN your impact becomes noticeable and significant. You laugh, but even a few hundred customers making conscious decisions can produce a trend noticeable to the data people at a public utility. "Hey, I just noticed this whole neighborhood switched to water their gardens at night" (yes, they can tell things like this). Just a few hundred customers writing into a fast food chain and suggesting switching to bamboo utensils or cardboard straws might be enough to trigger a change. Just a few dozen customers switching from plastic bags to paper at the grocery might be enough to tip the numbers such that it no longer makes sense to carry both paper and plastic, so they switch entirely to paper. Its seldom that any individual is in a position to change the World. But all you can do is act as though you can, and if enough of us do that, we will.


Question: why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?

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 why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?

Mixing pure yellow and pure blue in equal amounts will give you exactly one shade of green. If you use less yellow/more blue, you get a bluer looking green. If you use less blue/more yellow, you get a yellow looking green. And that's it. Your range of greens runs from yellow-green to blue-green. But there are more kinds of green than that, meaning you'd have to use other colors than blue or yellow.


Question: Why do most instructions say to leave a device unplugged for “x” minutes to reboot?

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 Why do most instructions say to leave a device unplugged for “x” minutes to reboot?

Most power supplies have capacitors. Capacitors build up charge and then dissipate it. Think like tiny batteries that lose charge in seconds. So you leave devices unplugged so that the capacitor is fully discharged and therefore not feeding even a minute amount of power back into the device. Completely rebooting the device.


Question: Energy transfers from the hand to pluck a guitar string. This energy is then transferred into vibration which travels through the air to our ears. Energy doesn't die, so where does the energy go once it's hit our ears?

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 Energy transfers from the hand to pluck a guitar string. This energy is then transferred into vibration which travels through the air to our ears. Energy doesn't die, so where does the energy go once it's hit our ears?

I'm not an expert in acoustics or physics by any means, but I would think most of the energy dissipates exponentially in the soundwaves, as they are going out in a complete sphere from where the sound originates, so the energy hitting your eardrum is just a tiny fraction of what was put into the guitar string. But then the eardrum vibrates and the bones connected to the eardrum move and the electrical impulses go into your brain and the cochlea absorbs some and your skull absorbs some.


Question: Does avoiding germs too much hurt your immune system?

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 Does avoiding germs too much hurt your immune system?

You wont hurt your immune system, as in it wont get weaker. Not over a few months or years. But you will prevent it getting stronger, which is similar but not the same. In the end, avoiding disease like, well, the plague will result in you getting sick easier when the time comes that you cant avoid it. That’s why vaccinations work. Once your body learns how to fight something, it’s unlikely to ever make you sick again. If you never let it learn, it will fail you when it matters.


Question: How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)

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 How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)

Esters! [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) Many of the artificial scents and flavors we use (e.g., pineapple, banana, strawberry) are from compounds called esters. These are what you get when you react an organic acid (like vinegar) with an alcohol. It's mainly trial and error how we find which ones make which scents and flavors.


Question: How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?

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 How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?

There are formulae for pi that invole adding an infinite number terms can an inifinite series, such as the leibniz formula which is 4-4/3+4/5-4/7+4/9+... which converges quite slowly. There are also thing you can add which converge much more quickly such as the Ramanujan formula. Pi is calculate by getting a computer to run one of these formulae many time. There are a few things we can do to get more precise values for pi. 1. We can optimize our formula and find a formula that converges faster 2. We can get better computers that can run the programs faster. 3. We can run the computers for longer or get lots of computers running in parallel.


Question: Basic color mixing shows blue and yellow make green but why not the same with a sunrise with the blue sky?

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 Basic color mixing shows blue and yellow make green but why not the same with a sunrise with the blue sky?

mostly it has to do with how the origin of the color/light works, as well as how it gets to your eyes. Paint **absorbs** light. The color of a paint you see is the basically the color it does not absorb. the sun **emits** light (rainbow spectrum), colour of the sky results from light that has bounced around on the way form the sun to our eyes. [Rayleigh scattering]( URL_0 ) the lower angle at sunrise/sunset changes the "bounce" behaviour and because of that, the sunshine is not seen as white or yellowish, more as red, and so is the sky (more like "skyshine". the light of the sun must pass through much more air and atmosphere to get to our eyes than in broad daylight when it's right above you. hope that helped a bit.


Question: What makes an employer decide whether they want to do 4/10 hour days vs 5/8 hour days (for 40 hour work weeks). Are there pros and cons to both?

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 What makes an employer decide whether they want to do 4/10 hour days vs 5/8 hour days (for 40 hour work weeks). Are there pros and cons to both?

For me it's a matter of "cuz everyone else is doing it". I'd love to operate my business 4 10 hour days. If I did, and my competitors didn't, I would be losing customers that want my product on my extra day off. I would lose not only that sale but potentially lose a customer to future sales who finds a competitor that is more convenient, cheaper, etc. If my competitors did it so would I and so here we are stuck with 5 day work weeks.


Question: Why is sugar bad for you and should you cut it out?

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 Why is sugar bad for you and should you cut it out?

Ok I'll try snd explain what I know. Sugar is a carbohydrate and is so tasty because our brain uses mostly it for its energy and so it rewards you by eating it, however when you eat excess carbs combined with lipids , aka fat, you're body decides it doesnt need all those lipids so it stores it and that leads to weight gain. So carbs (including sugar) isnt bad itself but eating too much will lead to weight gain. If you're looking for weight loss in the firm of fat, I suggest looking at the keto diet. And anybody feel free to correct me if I'm wrong Edit: Misspelled keto


Question: Why is inflation important for a healthy economy?

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 Why is inflation important for a healthy economy?

A small amount of inflation encourages people to spend or invest money, rather than saving it (because it will slowly lose value if saved). This effectively increases the amount of money moving around an economy, which helps businesses get started. Too much inflation becomes bad because if there's enough of it, you don't want that kind of money at all, because it might be worth much less tomorrow. So you invest somewhere else instead.


Question: Why can some animals like horses learn to walk immediately after birth but for babies it takes up to a year or more for them to walk?

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 Why can some animals like horses learn to walk immediately after birth but for babies it takes up to a year or more for them to walk?

When wild animals are born, they are born much more developed, as they would not survive very long without being able to walk, escape danger, etc. Human babies are born very immaturely compared to other mammals. Because of the size of a babies head and the size of the average woman's hips, a baby cannot be born any later. Our evolution has favoured larger, more intelligent brains over independence after birth.


Question: - How do robots dance?

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 - How do robots dance?

I would think you'd create a library of moves for each chassis, which start and end in a kind of neutral position so you can chain them together in any order. Then the robot can just execute those moves in a random, or scripted, sequence for as long as you want. You could measure the tempo of a song, and then just tell the robot to "dance at 152 beats per minute" (so it knows how fast to execute moves) or if you wanted to get complicated you could have an on-board microphone that analyzes the music in real time to determine the dance tempo.


Question: Why is it that warm/hot tap water often appears foggy and cloudy at first, but becomes clear after resting for a while?

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 Why is it that warm/hot tap water often appears foggy and cloudy at first, but becomes clear after resting for a while?

When water is in the pipes below your house, etc, it can be under a decent amount of pressure (this is why it comes out of your tap at a good rate, it is being pushed on by all of the water behind it, all the way up to the reservoir). This pressure forces more air than normal to dissolve into it (literally pushing the air into the water). When it comes out of your tap, it returns to normal pressure, and all the extra air starts to escape. The fog/cloudiness is just a whole lot of tiny air bubbles coming out of solution. Look really closely and you can actually see them! Edit: I see you said hot water. It’s essentially the same reason, but the pressure is created by the hot water trying to expand in your geyser and hot water pipes. The geyser and pipes can’t expand, so all the air/steam in there gets forced into the water under pressure. Water under high pressure also makes its boiling point increase, so some of the cloudiness will be steam suddenly forming because the pressure is suddenly released.


Question: How are deserts growing? Where is the new excess sand coming from?

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 How are deserts growing? Where is the new excess sand coming from?

There’s a well known process called *desertification* in response to climate drying, overgrazing and/or too intense agriculture … possibly with migrating sand dunes (did measurements on the latter for a major US Army base). Richer soil has a fungi component giving it a structure based on hyphae … and fungi need water. The hyphae act as molecular “cages” to trap more nutrients that plants love. Even in richer soils, sometimes it needs to be replenished. Debris (plant and animal) falling on the surface gets attacked by hyphae and incorporated into the soil in wetter environments. In drier ones it may be unavailable however or blow away in the wind. What were agricultural fields in Northern Africa during the Roman Empire are now part of the northern Sahara, so there’s been a bit of “terraforming” (in a negative sense) already.


Question: Whats happening to our body when we get physically tired?

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 Whats happening to our body when we get physically tired?

Broadly speaking, its the lack of fully optimal body function. Lack of proper sleep or vitamins may cause the body to function sub-optimally. Blood flow and general nutrients being provided to the muscles in our body is reduced. Depression and medications may also alter the way our bodies function, leading to these feelings of physical fatigue. Not enough oxygen may be making it to different parts of the body, and if you just ran, dehydration may cause you to feel lethargic. Think of it as the low power mode on your phone, still able to function, but limits the amount of energy usage.


Question: When the taste (or scent) of a food “turns your stomach” what is the physical (or psychological) process that’s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?

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 When the taste (or scent) of a food “turns your stomach” what is the physical (or psychological) process that’s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?

Interesting question, reasonable premise! Poking around recent literature, that doesn't seem to be the case. Rather, there doesn't seem to be a non-psychological link between just smelling/tasting food and a stomach reaction. There is such a thing as fragrance contact allergies but those seem to cause skin issues, not stomach. Additionally, asthma patients that experience allergic coughing to capsaicin (the thing in peppers that causes the burning sensation) demonstrate a greater sensitivity to capsaicin during pollen season (so affected by allergies). But, no, doesn't seem that the scent/taste of food causes a direct stomach-churning effect ala chemistry. Closest I know of is peanut allergy (at more severe levels, known to cause palpable swelling in the throat at the mere scent of peanut butter, but, again, not stomach). As a fun add-on to /u/MoosesMom7 's theme of "smell associated with stuff that will make you ill if consumed", which also happens to extend to other dangers*: There is mounting evidence that pregnancy-induced food aversion is a survival tactic to support the baby's development. Researchers are noticing that the subject and timing of aversion (by smell/taste/sound) of pregnant women corresponds to foods believed to pose dangers if consumed. Most noticeably, food aversion is at its strongest when the baby is at greatest vulnerability during brain development. (The opposite also seems to be true: pregnancy carvings tend to reflect "safer" foods with nutritional/micronutrional value) *like the smell of feces, which you probably haven't eaten before but are likely repulsed by; or decaying flesh, as a danger signal for "get out of here, something killed this animal and it could kill you too" and the pathogenic microbes that grow in it. Some of the same receptors in your nose that detect odors are in your lungs; instead of stimulating a "scent", they make you cough so the offending particles are removed from the easy-access-to-your-blood membranes in your lungs.