Question: Do objects on Earth always have kinetic energy since they are on an orbiting planet?

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 Do objects on Earth always have kinetic energy since they are on an orbiting planet?

Yes and no. An object's velocity (and therefore kinetic energy) has to be measured relative to something. In everyday usage, we measure speeds relative to the surface of the Earth, so your cup would have a kinetic energy of zero. But if you measure relative to the sun then, yes the kinetic energy of your cup is rather large, since it's currently moving about 100,000 km/hr.


Question: Where does deleted data go?

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 Where does deleted data go?

Imagine the device you are saving your data to as a library with a special place for each book and an index list that tells you in which book you have to look for a specific information (piece of data). Now when you delete data, usually only the entry on the index list is removed, the book is still in place. If, in the future, a new book is brought into the library (new piece of data, e.g. installing a new game) a new book might be placed where the old book is, overwriting it. Then the old data is actually gone. Now you have to know that there are special librarians who can go into the library without an index list, look at all the books that are there and build a new index list, including books (pieces of data) that you thought to be deleted. (Which means if you accidentally delete something and empty your trash bin, you may still be able to recover it!) If on the other hand you want to make sure that it is unrecoverable, you will need to hire another special librarian (another program) to go into the library and explicitly place a new book full of nonsense where the old book used to be. (just search for true delete software or something similar to find something). Still, even the deletion librarian can leave traces that can be interpreted by special forces librarians. If you want to truely make sure that no data can be read ever again, you will have to go full library of alexandria on your harddrive and destroy it (strong magnets for HDDS, physical force and shredding for SSDs)


Question: What stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?

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 What stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?

You can only accelerate if you have some thrust for normal rockets that men that you need to burn the fuel and eject it out the back. So you are limited by the amount of fuel you can carry. But if you have more fuel you need to accelerate it before you burn it. So a rocket with more fuel is heavier initially and you accelerate slower then before. The result is what is called the [ideal rocket equation]( URL_0 ) and if you do the calculation with rocket that is 100 tonnes fuel and 1 tonnes engine, tanks, payload etc to a rocket that is 200 tonne fuel and 1 tonne other the final speed will only increase by 15% because most of the energy is used to accelerate the fuel before you use it. You need to have 10 200 tonnes of fuel to get to twice the speed. Getting to 4x the initial speed require over 100 million tonnes of fuel. This is called the tyranny of the rocket equation


Question: Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?

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 Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?

Every country has different economic needs. Sometimes you need to remove currency from the economy to fight inflation, sometime you need to encourage inflation and add a lot of currency, and there are many other controls that countries use. If everyone had the same currency then most of those controls would be impossible. That is a major part of the problems that Spain and Greece have had recently. They had major economic problems but none of the mechanism necessary to address them because they were on the Euro and had no control over their money. This also means that any country on the currency having economic problems can drag every other economy on the planet down the drain because they tank the value of the currency.


Question: What makes grass smell after it's been freshly cut?

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 What makes grass smell after it's been freshly cut?

When you cut grass it releases a chemical called cis-3-Hexenal. This chemical is known to attract bugs that eat other bugs. Usually when grass is damaged it's because of bugs eating it, so it releases a chemical to attract things that eat the bugs before they eat more of the grass. So basically the smell is grass trying to call for help.


Question: How does a toxicology test work?

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 How does a toxicology test work?

Using analytic equipment. There are machines called Mass Spectrometers that take a sample, and can display the mass, and rough percentage of how much of the sample is comprised of the given compound. So if I run a blood sample through a typical gas chromatography mass Spectrometer (or GCMS for short) for a drug test or something, all I have to do is look through the printout to find stuff with the same mass as common drugs (or their metabolites) to determine whether or not you ingested drugs. Mass spec doesn't give names or anything on an analysis, you need to know the mass of what you're looking for to pick it out of the list, and even then, there's lots of funny reasons you will see head scratching data.


Question: What is the difference between ATP and NAD?

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 What is the difference between ATP and NAD?

ATP is the energy molecule, which you're aware of. I don't know the full role of NAD, but it is part of the production of ATP. NAD becomes NADH when it accepts an electron, as glucose is broken down in multiple steps. Anyway, that accepted electron eventually gets placed in the Electron Transport Chain in the mitochondrial membrane which ultimately culminates with the production of ATP. Hopefully someone will come along with a better answer than mine,


Question: Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out?

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 Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out?

Rabies is a natural virus has been around for a very long time. An animal (mostly bats, sometimes raccoons or other mammals, only occasionally dogs) that has the disease caries rabies virus particles in and on its body, and their saliva or claws transmits it when they bite or scratch someone. Those particles reproduce in the bitten creature's brain and basically drive it mad so it drools everywhere and attacks other creatures that it normally wouldn't, and this carries on the cycle. Even if you cremate them all, if you kill every single animal that's carrying the rabies virus, you're still going to have some of it around. Those creatures would have left particles in their environment that have a chance of being picked up by other animals, at least for a while. But this isn't the normal way it's transmitted so it would be a small chance.


Question: Why does water sometimes make things slipperier (e.g. hydroplaning) and other times make things "stickier" (e.g. putting socks on wet feet)?

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 Why does water sometimes make things slipperier (e.g. hydroplaning) and other times make things "stickier" (e.g. putting socks on wet feet)?

It's a battle between the properties of fluids. If you have lots of water, then the more influential property is the friction reduction *(Such as rain on roads)*, however, if you only have a few droplets as you mentioned with the sock, then the more influential properties are the cohesion between the water molecules. This means that the droplets on your sock and skin are trying to stick together. Fun fact: Water is the most cohesive non-metallic liquid!


Question: How does a thermal camera detect the temperature of different things?

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 How does a thermal camera detect the temperature of different things?

Everything that is warm, emits light, in a spectrum that we can’t see. However we can definitely make cameras that can see it, and turn the light into wavelengths that we can see. All a thermal camera does, is look at light that we can’t see, and turn it into light we can see. Infrared exists on that spectrum.


Question: What happens in our brain that makes it seem like time is slowing down during intense situations?

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 What happens in our brain that makes it seem like time is slowing down during intense situations?

Adrenaline. Your brain is overclocked and responds faster to stimuli. Time isn't slowed down. But it SEEMS to slow down. Because you're, essentially, experiencing time at a faster rate. Consequently, it's believed that flies experience time faster. Their response time is really small. I think that's due to the physical size of their brain/whatnot leading to small lag-time. The signal just doesn't have as far to travel. I think that also means elephants would then experience time going by slower. But it's a hard thing to study as it's pretty subjective. Maybe they've tested elephants response time? Which is probably about as close you're going to get to measuring how fast time seems to be going for someone. I have no idea how adrenaline does what it does as I suck at chemistry.


Question: Why is it children’s shampoo is “tear free” while regular shampoo burns like all hell in the eyes?

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 Why is it children’s shampoo is “tear free” while regular shampoo burns like all hell in the eyes?

Soap is a chemical with a long, and kind of clever, molecule. One end of the molecule attracts water. The other end attracts dirt, particularly oily dirt. So when you wash stuff, the oily-liking end sticks in the oily dirt and the other end gets stuck in water... and so the oily dirt gets pulled away from what you are cleaning when the water-liking end gets pulled away through scrubbing or swirling water around. So put some soap on your greasy hands, and scrub a bit, and all the greasy stuff gets lifted away. Now there are different levels of soap out there. The CLEANING 100 soap doesn't care about gentle, it just sucks dirt up like crazy at the expense of wimpy stuff like moisture and balance. The weaker soap works, but not quite so well, but at least it doesn't damage your skin or eyes, or dry out stuff in the process. So stronger soap chemicals are great for super greasy dirt, but the trade-off is they cause your eyes to sting when it hits them because your eyes are sensitive to super-effective soaps. But other soap chemicals don't cause your eyes to sting because they're not QUITE so good at sticking to oily dirt at one end, so they're not quite so good at cleaning or wrecking the careful balance of chemistry that keeps your eyes moist and in good shape. So we have a trade-off: oily dirt removal? Or no irritation to the eyes? Which one you want goes to which "soap" you use in your shampoo. And baby shampoo uses the second one even if it doesn't clean as good as the first, because babies generally don't stand underneath leaky car oilpans or go swimming in cold deep fryers unless you're a really bad parent. \*\*EDIT: Thank you all for the mega-gilding. I shall hammer them together into a scrub brush handle so I can finally get that out-of-reach spot on my back whilst I pamper myself in long hot gentle-and-not-irritating-soapy showers. You all rock.


Question: How do sound - cancelling headphones work?

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 How do sound - cancelling headphones work?

They have a microphone that picks up sounds external to the headphones. They then calculate the inverse waveform and play it as close to the same timeframe as they can manage. The two waveforms cancel each other out, resulting in silence. The ‘pressure’ sensation is due to the minute differences in time between the real and calculated waveforms.


Question: The global debt is 277 trillion dollars. To whom do we owe this money, exactly?

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 The global debt is 277 trillion dollars. To whom do we owe this money, exactly?

Alice owes Bob $5. Bob owes Charlie $5. Charlie owes Alice $5. The total debt of these three people is $15. They owe it to each other. David shows up and just gives Bob $5. Bob pays Charlie the $5, cancelling his debt. Charlie pays Alice $5, canceling his debt. Alice pays Bob $5, cancelling her debt. Bob decides to give David the $5 back. Literally nothing is different from the original situation, but now the total debt is $0. This is why money is weird, and why some people don't trust banks.


Question: When staring at a phone flashlight (or maybe other lights too), why do we see a rainbow colored circle around the light?

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 When staring at a phone flashlight (or maybe other lights too), why do we see a rainbow colored circle around the light?

It's the lens and moisture of our eye separating the light like a prism or raindrop would. It's in a halo around the light because the rays in the center are going straight through, but as your eye curves the light is being bent (aka refracted) by the lens or cornea of your eye. At the right angle of bending, that light is separated out like a raindrop separates out light into a rainbow.


Question: If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?

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 If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?

OP is essentially asking "how can something come from nothing?" But the big bang is not something coming from nothing. The theory of the big bang says that near the beginning of time, everything (as in, all the things in the universe. In fact, the universe itself) was at a single point. There weren't less things. There was the exact same amount of things. There was just less space. More specifically, there was zero space. The big bang is just that space very rapidly expanding, giving more room for the stuff to spread around. Edit: I had assumed that OP was ultimately asking about the big bang theory, but I had no right to make such an assumption. So I will come out and say that I have not at all explained the origin of matter or energy or information, and have thus technically failed to answer the question.


Question: Why does playing video games make people feel motion sick sometimes?

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 Why does playing video games make people feel motion sick sometimes?

Anytime your eyes and senses are experiencing simulated motion that is out of your control or doesnt match up with what motion your body is actually feeling it causes your equilibrium to got off balance. Your ears and eyes work together pretty well if you are in control and experiencing actual motion but if its simulated and your eyes convince your brain you're moving and your ears give your brain a signal that you are not moving - your brain has an evolutionary response *(sickness) simular to what you would feel if you ate poison. The more you experience it/the more severe it is - the more messed up your brain will be. If it gets bad enough you will feel queasy and maybe even vomit to expel the poison *(your brain thinks it has ingested since your ears and eyes are all messed up and not functioning together you brain feels the same symptoms it would get from eating poisonous food.)


Question: How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?

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</answer>
 How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?

If you have 10 hat boxes and 11 hats, and you MUST store the hats in the boxes, there is a 100% chance that one box will contain two hats. Same goes for hairs on your head. In a city of a million people ther will be people with the exact same number of hairs on their head. Explanation: humans have approximately 100,000 to 250,000 hairs on their head, some might have more or less, but no one has more than a million for sure. Thus even if distributed evenly over every possible number of hairs, in a city of 1,000,001 people there will be at least two people having the same number of hairs on their head.


Question: Nonpolar molecules with polar bonds?

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 Nonpolar molecules with polar bonds?

ELI20: It comes down to geometry. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is such an example, with the C=O bonds each having a dipole moment, but because of the linear geometry of the molecule, the dipole moments cancel each other out and you’re left with a net zero dipole moment — i.e. a nonpolar molecule. A slightly more complex example is methane (CH4). Each C–H bond has its own dipole moment, but the symmetric geometry of the molecule (tetrahedral) makes the dipole moments cancel. ELI5: Think of it like a seesaw. If you and your (identically-sized) friend are sitting at equivalent positions on your own ends of the seesaw (molecule), you balance each other! This situation is “nonpolar”. But if one of you moves forward or backwards, it becomes unbalanced and there is now a “polarity”. Ditto for a four-way seesaw (is that a thing?). As long as you and your friends are sitting in equivalent spots with each other, you can balance the 4saw (molecule) and keep it nonpolar. But if even one of you moves out of the right spot, that creates an imbalance, and the 4saw is now polar.


Question: what exactly is happening when your stomach growls?

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 what exactly is happening when your stomach growls?

So a couple of hours after you’ve eaten your stomach sends a signal to the brain to restart digestion to clear out any remaining food left in the stomach. If the stomach is empty it rattles instead causing the growling since you only have an empty cavity. This rattling causes a signal which travels to the brain which manifests as an impulse to go eat and fill that stomach.


Question: Why do we have inflation? Is it necessary?

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 Why do we have inflation? Is it necessary?

There is a natural inflation. Every ton of ore taken from a mine was further away than the one before. We exploit the best parts first so there is additional cost from then on. A mining company would like to raise the price of the ore as fast as the cost of extracting it increases whether the market would allow it or not. When it becomes more difficult to do something the price should rise. Oil prices are beginning to rise again. When fuel costs rise the cost of everything rises. The cost of going to work rises. If we assign the true cost of burning coal to the generating companies then the price of electricity will rise. When basic costs rise then it dries up the cost of almost everything. If wages also rise then there is another factor raising costs of goods and services. This raises income taxes which means there is more income for the government. The national debt remains the same. So there is more money available to pay off the national debt.


Question: How do lost pets, identified through microchip, end up hundreds or thousands of miles away from where they were lost?

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 How do lost pets, identified through microchip, end up hundreds or thousands of miles away from where they were lost?

Most animals don't really have any drive (Haha, motivation) to travel that far so it's mostly by ending up in a vehicle. Either by; 1) stowing away- for example kitten climbs into a truck heading cross country while the driver leaves door open to load trailer or inspect cargo. 2) An animal strays to a nearby home, familly that finds it thinks it's homeless, that familly moves accross the country a month later and takes their new dog with it. 3) Someone steals a pet because it is a rare or expensive breed and moves it a long way to avoid it being recognised. In all these cases, if the animal is taken to a vetenary clinic after the move it will often get scanned for a microchip which can be looked up on a national database that will show the animal reported as missing along with the last recorded owners contact details.


Question: How can Robin Williams' will prevents Disney from using his name, taped performances or voice performances or voice recordings for 25 years after his death? Doesn't Disney own the rights to them?

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 How can Robin Williams' will prevents Disney from using his name, taped performances or voice performances or voice recordings for 25 years after his death? Doesn't Disney own the rights to them?

In the contract with Disney for his work on Aladdin, Robin Williams obtained to include a clause giving him power to veto the use of his voice work in other production. It seems his goal then was to avoid being associated with lower quality spin-offs that might have come after the first film. In his will, Robin Williams stated that his work shall not be used for 25 years after his death. The purpose of this is to decrease the value of his estate in terms of projected income after his death in order to ease the estate tax burden on his family. Disney is still bound by the original Aladdin contract, needing approval from the Williams' estate before using his work. Disney is not directly bound by the will, but Williams' estate is, thus transferring the conditions of the will onto Disney.


Question: How was the music video for "Virtual Insanity" by Jamiroquai made?

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 How was the music video for "Virtual Insanity" by Jamiroquai made?

It was surprisingly low tech \- basically they built the floor on wheels and would move the floor around with Jamiroquai dancing on it This video: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) shows the technique they used but for a different project \(a beer ad\) Edit: Turns out they moved the walls around instead of the floor


Question: Why is diet soda and other sugar free drinks with artificial sweetener bad for you?

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 Why is diet soda and other sugar free drinks with artificial sweetener bad for you?

Ultimately it's not. There's a lot of bunk science out there around it, but bottom line, some people have allergic reactions, and some people are more sensitive to it like they would be any other additive, but the sweetener itself is not harmful. A lot of people who drink diet sodas fail to notice that there's still a lot of sodium in those diet sodas, which causes weight gain just as sugar would. And a lot of people who replace diet soda for regular soda do not cut back on the amount they drink, so they're consuming far more sodium. There are no studies showing that it will cause cancer. There's a lot of rumor and speculation, but no actual factual data.


Question: Why do a lot of out of tune people singing together sound not out of tune? Or at least not as out of tune as compared to if they all sang as individuals.

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 Why do a lot of out of tune people singing together sound not out of tune? Or at least not as out of tune as compared to if they all sang as individuals.

Your brain is good at understanding patterns, and what things are "supposed to be." If one person does something wrong, your brain says "that's wrong!" but if multiple people are doing different things wrong then your brain can pick out the "right" parts of the singing and focus on that. If everyone sang something completely wrong then it would be equally difficult to listen to.


Question: How are films used for money laundering?

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 How are films used for money laundering?

Another name for this is "Hollywood Accounting," and I knew some film people who practiced it liberally. You see you start a production company, then you start a camera rental company, and a light rental company, and a makeup company, and a... And then you as a production company rent your cameras and lighting and all your other equipment, which you already own, from yourself, and you pay yourself from yourself to do all the work and hire yourself out. Then all these companies write off all sorts of expenses off as losses so that no one makes money and all the money funnels right back into your own pocket so you get rich anyway. And so when the movie goes to the box office and makes millions of dollars, all these companies get first cut to pay off their debts to themselves which means to yourself, but the debt is higher than the profits so it's all a loss, you're rich, and all these companies fold. It also means that the wording in an actor's contract is tricky, because if you're supposed to get a cut of the profits, that's not the same thing as a cut of the revenue. And where you stand in line, who gets paid first, is also important. If worded correctly, a movie can make millions, see no profit, no one gets paid, not even the actors, and you walk away rich. That's the gist. And frankly, it's terribly easy. It's easy as fuck. And you fold all these companies and their records disappear into the ether - you have on record you got paid by your employer, totally legit, but there's no business entity left around to question.


Question: Why do two transits of Venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of Mercury occur more frequently than Venus?

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 Why do two transits of Venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of Mercury occur more frequently than Venus?

Mercury orbits the sun much quicker than Venus. And Venus and Earth's orbit time are closer. That means Mercury is going to "lap" the earth far more often which gives opportunity for a transit. (Imagine a track race where you're on the outer track and the person next track in is running only slightly faster. They'd lap you every 10 laps or so. That's Venus. Mercury is on the inner most track on a motorbike and laps you both far more frequently)


Question: Why does some planes leave long trails but other don't?

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 Why does some planes leave long trails but other don't?

The trail is called a "contrail" because it is made of the water vapor in the jet exhaust CONdensing in the cold air after it leaves the engine. If the air is cold enough, it might even freeze. If the air is warm and dry, you might never even see it. The trail disappears as the water in it dissolves into the air or just gets spread out too far to see. But if the air is not windy or dry, then it can take a long time for either of those things to happen. Edit: bigger planes with more engines will leave bigger/more trails.


Question: Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?

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 Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?

'Hot 'and 'cold' are skin sensations. The other skin sensations are 'touch', 'pain', and 'itch'. Each of these can be broken into more areas -- e.g. light touch, deep pressure, etc -- but those are the basics. When you touch an extremely hot or cold object, this also triggers your pain receptors. Your skin and brain respond more quickly to pain, so the first thing you know is, "Argh! That hurts!" From there, the brain has to guess what has caused the pain, so it can take appropriate action quickly. This depends on what you have been primed to believe by experience. If you touched a pan, the answer is probably "it's too hot", but if you touch water then "it's too cold" is more likely. Your brain fills in the gap until the "hot" / "cold" signal arrives. This is one of many ways in which *expectation shapes sensation*. If a freezing cold knife was pressed against you, you might feel momentarily cut; a small electrical shock from a pointy object might feel like you'd been pricked; and, more abstractly, riding in a car is more likely to induce travel sickness than driving the same car. Some portion of these expectations are also subconscious and shaped by evolution: the historic human is much more likely to experience cold water than boiling; more likely to be stabbed than electrocuted; and more likely to be experiencing disorientation due to food poisoning than due to travelling in a vehicle.


Question: there was a video I saw that showed a robot using sweeping sonar to navigate, it moved in a zig zag motion. How does that zig zag movement help it compares to it moving in a straight line?

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 there was a video I saw that showed a robot using sweeping sonar to navigate, it moved in a zig zag motion. How does that zig zag movement help it compares to it moving in a straight line?

I'll try my best to explain it to you. For example, you are trying to cross a small road without a pedestrian lane. If you see a car approaching you, you might move in a more diagonal direction rather than in a straight line, in order to avoid the car. You'd also want to watch both sides of the road in order so that you could choose whether you'd like to run in circles or not. Similarly, this device zigzags in order to watch two directions that it could possibly go to; like watching both sides of the road. You are right. It really measures the distance of the echoes that it gets, and if it gets too close (by it's standards), it goes another way. (I made one just like this using EV3 years ago btw).


Question: In areas where the tap water is not drinkable but can be used for washing or even cooking, what is usually the contaminant/issue with it that makes it okay to put on our skin etc. but not okay to drink?

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 In areas where the tap water is not drinkable but can be used for washing or even cooking, what is usually the contaminant/issue with it that makes it okay to put on our skin etc. but not okay to drink?

Water-borne bacteria. Direct consumption could make you ill. However things like bathing and washing your clothes don't involve direct consumption of water. For cooking you're boiling the water, which kills the bacteria and allows you to safely consume. In other instances it may be problems such as high iron or high lead concentrations in the water. In those cases the water should not be consumed for any purpose as boiling will not make the water safer like it does for bacteria.


Question: If a lot of stars are colored and we also can see some planets with the naked eye, why do we only see them as white?

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 If a lot of stars are colored and we also can see some planets with the naked eye, why do we only see them as white?

Im our eyes there are different types of cells that react to light. There are cone cells which allow you to see color, but are less sensitive to light. And there are rod cells, which are way more sensitive, but can't preceive color. If the light is not bright enough, only your rod cells trigger and things appear black and white or grey-ish. That is also the reason why, as the saying goes, all cats are grey in the dark.


Question: Can the unemployment rate of a country go to 0%, if not, why?

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 Can the unemployment rate of a country go to 0%, if not, why?

One unemployment only counts people looking for work, so if no one had a job, but on one worked it would still be 0%. Equally hypothetically if everyone who had a job who wanted one, regardless of how many jobs openings there are, unemployment would be 0%. Now in practical terms you will neither see nor should you want 0% unemployment. First on the employee side there are people who quit or are forced out of their old job who are looking for new ones and haven't found them yet, this is called frictional unemployment. There will always be some of this sine the economy changes over time. Second if there is 0% unemployment that means any business looking to expand will need to draw workers away from other companies, which will mean their ability to grow is severely limited. Even the increased wages you would expect for workers wouldn't help the situation much because there would not be a sufficiently expanding number of goods for them to spend it on.


Question: Why is silicon used extensively in electronics and aerospace if it's a naturally bad conductor?

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</answer>
 Why is silicon used extensively in electronics and aerospace if it's a naturally bad conductor?

As far as electronics goes, it's because it's a semiconductor and that's the desirable feature of it. It doesn't always conduct like gold or copper does. But it's not completely insulating either. You can usually control its conductivity to some degree with certain processes. Also worth noting is that unlike metals, where conductivity decreases with increases in temperature, conductivity in silicon actually increases as temperatures increase. I assume this is the specific desirable property in this scenario, though to be fair I can't factually claim that's the case.


Question: If the universe is full of stars, why is space completely black and not bright?

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 If the universe is full of stars, why is space completely black and not bright?

This is an age-old question known as [Olber's paradox]( URL_0 ). In short: the stars have not been around forever, and light takes time to travel. Any star that is far enough away will be invisible to us, since none of its light has yet reached us. The space that we can see and the stars within it are both finite, and most lines of sight within that space do not intersect with a star.


Question: What is the Calthrate Gun hypothesis and how does it relate to the “methane fountain” recently discovered in the East Siberian Sea?

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 What is the Calthrate Gun hypothesis and how does it relate to the “methane fountain” recently discovered in the East Siberian Sea?

The clathrate gun hypothesis is the idea that warming oceans, which can lead to undersea ice melting, will exponentially amplify greenhouse gas emissionsby freeing pockets of methane trapped in that ice. This methane has been hanging out deep undersea for many thousands of years, where it could not contribute to greenhouse effects. Melting the ice realeases it into the ocean, from which it can make its way into the atmosphere (direct effects on the ocean notwithstanding). Basically, enough ocean warming = lots of extra methane we did not previously account for in modeing climate change = shit gets worse faster = more warming = more methane and so on in a positive feedback loop. The East Siberian sea methane discovery is the largest such undersea methane release to date, as far as I am aware.


Question: Why do we hallucinate? What's happening during it?

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 Why do we hallucinate? What's happening during it?

The portions of our brains responsible for interpreting our senses are generating their own signals or interpreting signals incorrectly. Sight, for example, is just the interpretation of light radiation sent as a chemical/electrical signal from our optic nerves to our occipital lobe. If, for some reason, our occipital lobe generates it's own chemical/electrical signal, we'll "see" things that aren't actually there. You can perform a quick "pseudo hallucination" by closing your eyes and pressing gently on your eyelids. A bunch of lights will appear. Other common pseudo hallucinations are thoughts and dreams.


Question: Honey Smacks / Golden Crisp cereals once were the only cereals that came in a foil bag, but that's no longer the case. What was the purpose of the foil bag and why isn't it used anymore?

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 Honey Smacks / Golden Crisp cereals once were the only cereals that came in a foil bag, but that's no longer the case. What was the purpose of the foil bag and why isn't it used anymore?

Foods with a sweet semi-syrupy coating are hygroscopic: they have a strong desire to absorb more water. If you leave the box of Corn Pops (the cereal I remember that came in a foil bag) open, it goes from crunchy to annoyingly chewy in a day or so because it will absorb moisture from the air. However, water vapor can also pass through the bag itself, albeit much more slowly. Manufacturers really want their food to still be "fresh" for the consumer for as long as possible so they will perceive it as being a quality product and not have to throw away "expired" stock. A very effective moisture barrier is metal foil, so that's why it was used in the past, but more advanced plastics and manufacturing techniques have allowed non-foil bags to be just as good or better at repelling water vapor at a reduced cost. "Barrier films" is the term of industry if you want to know more.


Question: Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?

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 Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?

It was originally though that yes the expansion would slow down and then reverse because of gravity. But it's not the case. When you look at far away star we see a redshift of the light, meaning that those star are going away from us. And even more importantly, the further a star is from us, the more redshift we see. Meaning that the further a star is the faster it's going away from us. So the expansion isn't slowing down, it's accelerating. This mean that there is a repulsive force (the inverse of gravity), accelerating the expansion of the universe. This force is called Dark Energy because we don't know much about it. But it basically expand the fabric of space, carrying stars and galaxy with it. This force is really small, but it's in every volume of space. So when stars and galaxies are close enough, gravity is stronger. But as distance increase between matter, gravity become weaker and weaker, while the Dark Energy become stronger (since there is more space that expand between these object). So galaxies close to each other merge over time, but those further expand further away from each other. So gravity won't create a big crunch like we used to think before.


Question: Die randomness affected by number placement?

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 Die randomness affected by number placement?

Technically speaking it's still 'random', but the real reason you want to use an evenly distributed d20 is that it becomes easy to manipulate rolls with careful rolling of a spindown d20. With a bit of practice you can roll a spindown d20 to, if not get a 20, consistently get a high number, since all the high numbers are concentrated in the same area on the dice. It's not a matter of randomness, it's a matter of dice sharking.


Question: To whom did the shares bought by the public during an IPO originally belong to?

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 To whom did the shares bought by the public during an IPO originally belong to?

They didn't exist. What happens is you take the value of the company and break it into chunks. It might have been owned previously by a single person, a family, a consortium of financiers, or some other type of group. But 100% of the company was once 'owned' by named people or groups, and there were no shares at all, just some sort of legal company definition. Now you create a whole bunch of little bits of the company that are each worth something, called "shares". These are then sold in an Initial Public Offering to anyone that wants those bits, and the company gets their purchase price. So you sell 100,000 shares at an average price of $10 each, say. That's up to 100,000 additional owners of your company now (although the original owners will probably keep a bunch of those shares for themselves) each having a $10 stake in it, but you've created $1M in cash for your company to use in return for losing some control over what the company does. On ownership: The previous owners CAN cash out and transfer all control to the Board of Directors, sure. But they often get some shares in return for surrendering part of their ownership, and that they will want to (or in some cases must, for a period of time) hold onto. If a company was successful enough to IPO, stakeholders are usually going to want to keep the people responsible for that success from leaving, so they incent them to stay with extra shares and stuff.


Question: Why is it so easy to rip scotch tape once a tear has been started?

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 Why is it so easy to rip scotch tape once a tear has been started?

It's something called crack propagation. The pulling forces concentrate on this weak point. Imagine the atoms connected on a bigger scale: let's imagine them as a bunch of octopuses holding tentacles/hands with their neighboring octopuses. You will find that if you try to pull on two sides of this bunch of octopuses at some point (both spacially and in time as you increase pulling force) they can't hold onto their tentacles anymore. The weakest point (where there are the least tentacle bonds to other octopuses) will fail first and the more tentacle bonds break the weaker the connection is and more bonds will break as the force is concentrated at even fewer tentacles.


Question: How does a cryptocurrency design itself to be ASIC resistant?

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 How does a cryptocurrency design itself to be ASIC resistant?

> What special programming needs to be done so that it can 'detect' that it's being mined by an ASIC or other specialised device, rather than a general compute device? A cryptocurrency that's been designed to be hard to mine on an ASIC doesn't have a specification that says "if running on an ASIC, go slower", such a thing isn't really possible because a computing device can always pretend to be something else. The idea is to make the underlying algorithm hard to do. For example scrypt (used by litecoin) is hard because it requires a lot of memory to store values required for computations. On an ASIC, this means that memory will take up space instead of computational elements, making it slower. On the other hand, it is possible instead to compute these values on the fly, but if you have more computational elements instead of memory, they get used up to compute the values that would be stored in memory so you aren't gaining anything. Either way you go, what you gain is cancelled out by what you lose.


Question: How come we can see red and violet blend together, when in reality they represent two ends of the visible spectrum of light? Red should continue to the infrared, violet to the ultraviolet; but somehow our brain represents them using two colours which can seamlessly mix together?

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 How come we can see red and violet blend together, when in reality they represent two ends of the visible spectrum of light? Red should continue to the infrared, violet to the ultraviolet; but somehow our brain represents them using two colours which can seamlessly mix together?

We perceive color by the relative excitement of the 3 color cones in our eyes. Our eyes have no way or reason to know that "red+violet" is different than a single color directly between them. We just know that our red and blue cones are excited but not out green cones, and we perceive it as what we call magenta.


Question: Why do ads on paid subscriptions play better than the shows themselves?

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 Why do ads on paid subscriptions play better than the shows themselves?

Everyone in a given area gets the same set of ads so they are kept handy by the servers. Not everyone watches the same shows so they might be stored in a more distant, slower location. An analogy is a hardware store with rows and rows of different parts you can order, with a stack of flyers at the front counter. The flyers are always faster to get than any arbitrary part because everyone gets a flyer.


Question: What is the practical difference between png and jpg/jpeg files?

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 What is the practical difference between png and jpg/jpeg files?

There are two significant differences between PNG and JPG for the common user: compression, and transparency. PNG uses a lossless compression algorithm, meaning that no data in the original image is lost or discarded. BMP is another lossless image format, but BMP images aren't compressed. If you save an image in both PNG and BMP format, the PNG will be significantly smaller. The compression used in PNG is best at compressing images with a lot of repeating data, so an image consisting of one solid color saved as both PNG and JPG will result in a small PNG file and a large JPG file. JPG uses a lossy compression algorithm, meaning that some data from the original image is discarded. JPG compression was designed with photographs of real life objects in mind. When you take a picture of a tree, or a ball, or the sea, there are a lot of colors in the resulting image that look identical but aren't quite the same. Think of the thousands of shades of blue that might appear in a picture of the sea, JPG summarizes that by discarding some data that may not be perceivable by the human eye. Because of this lossy compression, a photograph saved in both JPG and PNG will result in a smaller JPG file and a larger PNG file. The downside of using a lossy compression is sometimes important data is lost, this can result in a fuzziness or distortion known as JPG artifacts. If you do a web search for "JPG artifacts" you will see some practical examples of this. Images of things like typeface or web art are particularly susceptible to artifacts. The final important distinction between the two is transparency. PNG has support for an "alpha channel," which allows certain regions of the image to be partially or totally transparent. You can think of the alpha channel like the blue screen or green screen used by film producers, an image with transparency can be overlayed on top of another image at a later date. JPG does not support transparency.