Question: why do knots form when you jostle long string like things (headphone wires etc.)?

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 why do knots form when you jostle long string like things (headphone wires etc.)?

I read a white paper on this a while ago (yes physists have studied this). I may not be remembering exactly right. Long story short, there are certain basic knots that can form from a straight cord that crosses over itself. These can all be combined in any combination to make other knots. So there are pretty much an infinite number of possible knots. When a cord is balled up, it crosses over itself. These cross overs always form the first step of some of those basic knots, which lead to others when you pull on it.


Question: Why do modern cameras have lower (~12) megapixels as compared to older cameras?

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 Why do modern cameras have lower (~12) megapixels as compared to older cameras?

When I took a digital photography course in college, probably about ten years ago, it was explained to me like this: It's less about the absolute number of megapixels and more about the ratio of megapixels to the size of the photo sensor. The size of the sensor is more indicative of image quality than the number of pixels, but "12.5 megapixels" is more marketable than "big ol' photosensor." It's easier to compare 12 to 10 and say, oh I know which one is better. This is what started the megapixel hype. We are probably starting to see this die down a bit as camera components become cheaper and image capturing software becomes more powerful.


Question: Why aren't plastic bags recyclable?

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 Why aren't plastic bags recyclable?

Much like with straws it isn't an issue of the type of material but the form it is in. Plastic bags are difficult or impractical to recycle because they are easily blown around and can become tangled in machinery. It is easy to toss a bunch of milk jugs in a shredder and end up with a pile of plastic chips, but tossing a bunch of bags in a shredder will get you a clogged shredder and plastic confetti all over the place.


Question: What actually determines the moment that you fall asleep?

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 What actually determines the moment that you fall asleep?

There really isn't a exact moment when you fall asleep, because it isn't a synchronised thing. Different parts of your brain do different things at different times. And sometimes you can be asleep, and awake at the same time, like sleep paralysis. And you can be asleep, without going through all the phases of sleep. And these stages are just based on our observations and scans, we don't actually know everything that happens in our brains. But we know that lack of sleep is deadly. There is fatal insomnia like *fatal familial insomnia.* But since sleep messes up with our memory, we don't actually know when we fall asleep. Like for example when you get general anaesthesia, when they tell you to count down from 100, the moment you recall that things went "black" was just the moment your consciousness went asleep and memory failed, not the moment you fell asleep. Like... You know sometimes you just lay there, you feel like you are asleep, but you are awake, and next or when you get up, you feel well rested and fully awake? Well you did sleep, sorta, kinda, in a way. Only thing that really matters is that the certain parts of your brain did the things it had to do to make you feel rested. Human brains are really strange.


Question: What does it mean when employees unionize?

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 What does it mean when employees unionize?

It means the workers organize and stand with one another, they appoint or elect representatives, the representatives in turn represent interest of the masses in negotiating with the company for better pay, benefits, hours, conditions, contracts. They also fight the company on grievances for violations of contract etc. If they can’t the workers aka the union strike, sometimes effectively shutting down or severely hampering the companies operations.


Question: CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?

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 CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?

A core is a hardware component. The difference between multiple CPUs and multiple cores is that multiple cores share some resources on the same cpu, like cache memory where multiple ~~cores~~ CPUs don't. It makes thing more compact and efficient overall. A thread is a software concept. It represents a specific programming task that needs to be done. Threads run mostly independently from each other though they can share information. As a very basic example on how threads are used with a simple unzip app one thread can handle user input on a gui and display progress bars, and a second thread can handle decompressing and loading actual files. Most GUIs work this way to make sure that the interface stays responsive (doesn't look frozen) even if it's doing processing in the background. In a bit more advanced program one thread can handle decompressing the first half of a file, and another the second half. There's also a hardware thing called hyper-threading where a single core can handle execution of multiple threads at the same time. It isn't as fast as having multiple cores because it doesn't have a complete copy of all the hardware needed to independently do different things, but it's still faster than just running a single thread on one core.


Question: What is a recession? What is the most common cause of it?

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 What is a recession? What is the most common cause of it?

The economy wants to grow buff so it hits the gym. Over time, it begins to see big noticeable gains. Excitedly, the economy works harder and harder. The frequent personal records motivates the economy to keep going HAM. Soon, warning signs signal the economy to take it easy. One day, the economy injures itself badly while lifting. The sports doctor determines the cause of injury was overtraining, and the economy must now rest or do more damage to itself. While pondering in bed, the economy realizes that during its pursuit of growth it had neglected to nourish other things like forming friendships, practicing good hygiene, educating itself, and also amassed a ton of workout stuff at home -- most of it useless junk that had to get taken out. Thanks to this moment of rest, the economy decides to clean up the things it previously ignored. It also pledged to itself to lift more moderately to avoid injury once it recovered. Issues are buried during growth periods, and recessions unearths them.


Question: If all websites start with "www." what is the point of having it in the first place?

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 If all websites start with "www." what is the point of having it in the first place?

Not all websites start with `www`. This *host name* can be nearly anything you want. It's useful for distinguishing different parts of the same domain: for example, although the main portal to Wikipedia is at ` URL_6 `, the English Wikipedia is at ` URL_4 `, the German Wikipedia is at ` URL_0 ` and so on. If you don't have a need for that distinction, it's still useful to pick *some* hostname, because it lets you change your mind later. For example, you might choose to send cookies for pages on `www. URL_1 `, but decide to serve all your images from `images. URL_1 ` without cookies and save bandwidth. If you had your pages on ` URL_1 `, any cookies for those pages would also be sent with the images from `images. URL_1 `. (Note there's a hierarchy: there could even be `big.images. URL_1 ` to break it up further.) It happens that the first website, hosted at CERN, used `www` as a hostname. This why it became the default choice for everyone who wanted to have a website of their own; there's no special technical reason for it.


Question: What actually happened to Toys R us? How does a company like that go out of business?

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 What actually happened to Toys R us? How does a company like that go out of business?

The biggest reason it failed was they took part in a leveraged buyout. Basically, they took out loans in order to buy all public shares back from stock holders and becomes a private company again. The company paid the interest on the loans, while the executives who made the decisions made out like bandits and left.


Question: How are names translated in sign language?

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 How are names translated in sign language?

To expand on u/its2late's correct answer - When there's a word / concept that doesn't have a direct sign, often there will be a temporary sign created for the duration of the conversation. The signer fingerspells the word, then indicates the representative handsign they're going to use. For example, if two ASL signers are discussing lycanthropy, one may fingerspell the word, then assign it a sign like `handshape for L which moves in a down-and-out motion` (like a wolf howling). The two signers then use that temporary sign for the remainder of the discussion. If you hang out with Deaf community folks you might get a Sign Name, which is basically an ASL custom sign for you that is used consistently.


Question: How were mobsters like Al Capone and John Gotti in the public eye, yet were immune to the police for years?

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 How were mobsters like Al Capone and John Gotti in the public eye, yet were immune to the police for years?

Before RICO laws it was hard to take down an entire organization because the mob boss could never be connected to any specific crime. The Mob boss would talk to his under-boss about an illicit act. The under-boss would pass the info along to a caporegime (a sort of lieutenant) who would then instruct one of his gang to do the crime. Point is even if you caught and prosecuted the guy who did it, he'd rarely rat on his boss. His boss would never rat on the under-boss, who in turn would die before selling out his boss. The best structures mafias were like families - if you went to jail for a crime you committed on the families behalf, you were taken care of. Everyone was loyal to each other, and loyalty was rewarded. RICO laws changed that by allowing entire criminal organizations to be prosecuted for individual crime as "co-conspirators" -- if you could prove enough of a connection between the actions, those who carried out the action, and those who allegedly instructed it, that is.


Question: why do cardboard boxes that we put in the freezer become weirdly soft?

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 why do cardboard boxes that we put in the freezer become weirdly soft?

Cardboard is very dry - in other words, it can act as a sponge when in the presence of water. Most modern freezers are frost-free freezers, which mean then evaporate whatever water vapor is present in the freezer so it doesn't turn into [this...]( URL_0 ) Cardboard though can absorb that water vapor too and become soft and spongy until it loses its integrity.


Question: How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the "pulse of America" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?

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 How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the "pulse of America" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?

Okay, I understand that polling larger numbers of people is more difficult and possibly unnecessary. What I'd really like to know is how polls like Gallup translate 1500 people's opinions to represent 325 million on a weekly basis. It FEELS like (that's why I'm asking) there are too many demographics to even get a slice of true public opinion when interviewing 0.00046154% of the total. Each demographic question can have more than half a dozen divisions. * Gender * Race * Age * Individual income * Household income * # in household * Home ownership * Location * Health and disabilities * Education * Employment status and type * Children * Marital status How does the math work? It seems impossible to even come up with meaningful best guesses with such a small sample.


Question: Whats the difference between all the different street types in addresses? (Terrace, Road, Street, Boulevard, etc)

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 Whats the difference between all the different street types in addresses? (Terrace, Road, Street, Boulevard, etc)

First of all, there are no actual rules, - you can name it whatever you want. It's just tradition. Generically, streets are the routes within a settlement, and roads are the routes between settlements (or anywhere else). Avenues are often streets that run perpendicular to "streets" in a grid. Boulevards are wide streets with a median. Lanes are narrow country roads. Courts are dead end streets.


Question: is it possible to make an argument that my browsing history is a unique collection of destinations curated by me and therefore is my intellectual property that I create and own?

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 is it possible to make an argument that my browsing history is a unique collection of destinations curated by me and therefore is my intellectual property that I create and own?

Yeah, I don't think it would stop anything. I have been pissed off about the recent developments though and as a programmer with time on his hands I was thinking of ways I might contribute to subversion of this bullshit. I think one prong of a multi-pronged solution for the people would be to devalue the data by essentially corrupting it. Developers would create "pseudo-browsers" or "distorters". You would load these with personally identifiable info that you are looking to devalue. These automated browser processes would then bumble about the web using various scripts and redirects architected to basically trash the economic value of the associated 'profile' by intentionally making requests that make the data look suspect/fake and making it difficult to separate "real" user requests from those of their "browser-history distorter". IE: NRA: We'd like to buy a list of users who are into guns. ISP: $XXXXX.XX, thanks! NRA: Hey wait, all of these gun lovers seem to be into Hillary Clinton??? And sites about cross-dressing? WTF? These subversive browsers would really only need to accomplish the goal of making all their users' histories appear more or less the same by making their history more puff than real stuff.


Question: How can Valve afford to reduce the prices of games on Steam so much during sales such as the Christmas sale and still make such a massive profit?

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 How can Valve afford to reduce the prices of games on Steam so much during sales such as the Christmas sale and still make such a massive profit?

Because there's no production cost for games, only initial development and marketing cost. Whether you sell 100 chairs for 50€ a piece or 200 chairs for 25€ a piece matters, because the chairs have an associated manufacturing cost. Digital games on the other hand do not. So if you can get people to buy a game during a discount, who otherwise wouldn't have bought it, you're still increasing your profit. That said, Valve doesn't decide when and for what games discounts happen. The game developer/publisher does. Valve provides the tools and suggestions about when to set discounts, but does not enforce them.


Question: When you stick your finger in a cup of water thinking that its boiling hot but is actually very cold, why do you get a burning sensation for a split second?

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 When you stick your finger in a cup of water thinking that its boiling hot but is actually very cold, why do you get a burning sensation for a split second?

The receptors in your skin actually have a very hard time with "Extremes", ice cold water and very hot water give similar sensations, as both are damaging the cells. The mind also plays a large roll, and expectations, like giving someone a glass of orange juice and telling them it is milk, they might love orange juice but will immediately spit it out.


Question: The difference between drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and their seemingly more dangerous big brothers crack cocaine and meth amphetamine?

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 The difference between drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and their seemingly more dangerous big brothers crack cocaine and meth amphetamine?

For crack vs cocaine: normally, cocaine exists as an ionic salt, mixed to an acid salt (such as hydrochloride salt). By mixing the salt with a very strong base (with a higher PH than the cocaine), the cocaine is deprotonated, and effective converted into a form that can stand by itself. The process of freebasing can be used to purify the drug to a degree, and the product can be smoked (as cocaine salt decomposes/burns before it can be be vaporized). There is a structural difference between methamphetamine and amphetamines, the presence of an extra carbon atom and associated hydrogens (aka a methyl group) at the end of the chain. This product is typically a abused more frequently, but clandestine synthesis of meth from amphetamine is not common, as synthesis from other precursors, could be easier.


Question: Why is a decreasing population considered a bad thing for a country?

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 Why is a decreasing population considered a bad thing for a country?

People are an input into the economy, just like oil or farm land or machines. As a general rule, the more people you have, the more you can produce. So, on a surface level, a shrinking population is bad for an economy in the same way that a dwindling oil supply or lack of capital is bad. Unlike most of those things, people also create demand, not just supply. So fewer people can also mean that people aren't out there looking to buy new stuff---especially land and houses. which can also upset the economy quite a bit. On top of that, shrinking populations also usually mean aging populations. As people get older they tend to go from being net producers to net consumers, especially when health deteriorates. This can force a country to make hard choices about how, and how much, to support an older population that increasingly can't support itself. This is made worse by the fact that some jobs simply aren't suited to older people (There are very few 80 year old coal miners, or 70 year old ER nurses, and even when people are only 40 or so they may find that family and health makes it hard to work the kind of job or hours they could have worked when they were 50.)


Question: What would happen if you are in a submarine 10.000m deep in the ocean and a window cracks and breaks?

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 What would happen if you are in a submarine 10.000m deep in the ocean and a window cracks and breaks?

besides all of the destruction of the sub, you and especially compressible things there would be an effect present called sonoluminesce. As the bubble of air in your submarine gets smaller and smaller due to the water rushing in the air gets so hot that it will start to glow for a very short amount of time. like a twinkly star at the depths of the ocean while your skull is being crushed.


Question: How do airplanes manage flying upside down? Can majority of aircrafts do this?

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 How do airplanes manage flying upside down? Can majority of aircrafts do this?

As ELI5 as I can get: When a plane flies, its wings create a force (lift) that keeps the aircraft airborne. This lift is based on the shape of the wing, the aircraft's speed, and the angle the wing makes relative to the air. Wings are designed in different shapes to make the wing better at doing certain things. To fly upside down, you are basically flipping the shape of the wing upside down. Thus, you need a plane that has a wing design that can generate lift on the aircraft even when flipped around. (Alternatively, the pilot can push the nose upwards while upside down to try and increase the angle the wing makes relative to the air to generate lift to stay upright) As for your question majority of aircraft can do this... the answer is no. They can't do it and sustain the lift to keep flying/from falling down. While even some passenger airliners have been tested [to go upside down]( URL_0 ), their wings aren't designed for this so they start falling fast when they are upside down (lift is lost). Fighter jets, on the other hand, can fly upside down and not lose lift because they have wings designed to handle upside down flight (as well as copious amounts of thrust to keep speed which helps keep lift on the aircraft) One other thing to point out: even fighter jets can't stay inverted forever. One consideration is fuel - if your fuel tanks aren't designed to have fuel pumps at the top of the tank, if you go inverted, you can run out of fuel quickly to your engines as your pumps that are normally at the bottom of the tank are now at the top and your fuel may not be getting pumped to your engines.


Question: how is it that generic (store brands) are able to produce an entire store worth of items for significantly cheaper than individual name brands?

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 how is it that generic (store brands) are able to produce an entire store worth of items for significantly cheaper than individual name brands?

They aren't making it cheaper, they're selling it cheaper. The store can do this because there is no middle man taking their cut and requiring profit above manufacture (more profit per sale for the retailer). Example: Product "A" is made at a factory. The cost is $0.05 per unit. The company who markets Product "A" then sells this item to the retailer for $1.00 per unit. Then the retailer in turn sells it for $1.79. Product "B" is made at the same factory. The cost is $0.10 per unit. This item goes straight to the retailer and is sold for $1.25 per unit. Product "A" nets the retailer $0.79 margin. Product "B" nets the retailer $1.15 margin. Additionally, they don't have to advertise and can ride off the success of the name brands, so the margin comes with a higher profit, as the majority of their overhead is storage space and carrying costs.


Question: If I am in a tall house (3-4 flights) in the summer, does keeping the top floor windows & doors open help the place keep cooler (hot air going up the stairwell and out like chimney) or does it keep it warmer by letting hot air in? Or nothing at all?

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 If I am in a tall house (3-4 flights) in the summer, does keeping the top floor windows & doors open help the place keep cooler (hot air going up the stairwell and out like chimney) or does it keep it warmer by letting hot air in? Or nothing at all?

The answer is it depends. If the air in the top of the house is warmer then the air outside you will cool down the hus. If the air you let out is colder then the air you let in you heat up the house. To measure air temperature you need to do that in the shades and not in sunlight. Even if the the total temperature of the house drop letting in air might heat up the lower floors so if the top floor is relative unused during the day it might be better to let let them be warmest and the bottom be cooler where you are. To make it even more complex is that for you to be cool air circulation is a good idea so the air close to your skin that you heat up and have high humidity to get replaced. This is the reason a fan in a enclosed room will cool when sweat evaporate and air you heat up move away. So a flow of air can make you cooler even if the house get warmer


Question: Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?

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 Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?

Blood is constantly pumped all around our body to supply oxygen to all our muscles. In the case of running and cycling, we predominantly use our legs, but seeing as though we still have a regular blood circulation, our muscles find it difficult to work comfortably due to the lack of oxygen for the task they are performing. So, our body makes the decision to divert more blood towards those specific working muscles through the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels. This is why people tend to do a "warm up" before going on a run or cycle as it helps raise the heart rate to a level where your body would be comfortable performing strenuous tasks


Question: Whats a mainframe and why do movie hackers always “override the mainframe?”

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 Whats a mainframe and why do movie hackers always “override the mainframe?”

The term mainframe is an older term from the days when only big companies would have computers and usually only one. It would take up entire rooms with lots of different racks of equipment connected together to form a computer. It is simillar to how a modern computer is composed of a number of different components connected together however the components back in the days were huge. But like modern computers with their motherboards that house the CPU and main memory the computers back in the days also had a main frame to house these components. So the term mainframe was used for the big central computer. The other parts of the computers could have their own processors to control them but these were small in comparison and could not be used for much computing, similar to how modern computer components also have microprocessors to control them. The term mainframe have stuck around to refer to the IBM System z which is a direct decendent of the old mainframes of the 60s and is still used in the same way. However most computing have switched to lots of individual servers instead of one big one. So the term mainframe would make sense in movies set in the 60s, 70s and 80s. It could be possible to gain access to things like printers and modems, and you still can today. But getting access to the mainfraim would give the attacker access to all the systems in a company as everything would run on this single computer. However in the 90s and onwards it would be far more likely to face more diverse environments with lots of different servers. Even if the company would have a mainframe, and many still have one today, they would not be running everything. So gaining full access to the mainframe would not give you complete control any longer. But for a scriptwriter the term still sounds cool and is still accociated with somethging very central and important in a company.


Question: How can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser?

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 How can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser?

So you are referring to what is know as a capacitive touchscreen. These utilize the electrical properties of the human body to detect when we touch it. Imagine a bunch of tiny electrical charges under your screen. When you touch the screen, your body completes the circuit, and the voltage drops in that specific spot. This information is then sent to a sensor which calculates exactly where your voltage dropped. When you use some thing like an eraser, which is an insulator, the electricity won't flow, and the voltage won't drop. The same goes for things like cloth. However, you may have noticed special gloves that work on touch screens. These have special materials that allow it to conduct enough electricity to do what your skin does. TL;DR When you touch the screen, the voltage goes down because your body completes the circuit. However, some materials like rubber cannot conduct electricity and therefore are not recognized by the screen. Edit: Changed "not an insulator" to "an insulator". Thanks for catching that u/come_back_with_me


Question: Why can't we stop our minds from thinking about the things we don't want to think about?

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 Why can't we stop our minds from thinking about the things we don't want to think about?

From a meditative standpoint: The minute you've made the decision that you don't want to think about X, your mind is doing a lot more than you may notice. In order for it to *even be* a thing that you don't want to think about, your brain has already created concepts including: X itself, how X made you feel, and what it reminds you of from past experiences, as well as a desire to avoid X for fear which may come from numerous places. All of this may not be obvious on site, in the middle of the moment that you're trying to go to sleep and you can't get a scary thing out of your mind. All you're trying to do is *relax relax relax* but you constantly check yourself to see if X is gone from your mind, but just doing this will bring up the sequence of thoughts you just were having. So, before long, you are freaking out not only because of X, but now because of the very fact you won't stop freaking out. Control slips very quickly, and impressions are often made afterwards that these thoughts are all out of your control, or worse, indicative of a mental illness or maybe a chemical imbalance. The crux of the issue is rarely visited, and it's not hard to see why if you're the type that can't stop thinking about the crap you hate thinking about. The real issue is not anyone's *ability* to calm their mind. It's more along the lines of lacking the patience and tools. When you spend all of your life *being a brain* it's very tough to realize what you're doing when you can't get a thought out of your head. But it starts with letting yourself be okay with the fact that those unpleasant thoughts are there, rather than treating them as things that *need to leave right now*.


Question: Regarding the national debt, who do we pay when paying the debt and who are our creditors?

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 Regarding the national debt, who do we pay when paying the debt and who are our creditors?

There is no universal answer but in the case of the USA, the majority of US govt debt is, perhaps oddly, owed to "itself" (in an indirect way) because Medicare, Social Security hold a large chunk of it. The next big chunk is held by private US entities - citizens, pension funds, banks etc. There are foreign holders of US debt - Japan and China being the largest but the majority of US govt debt is held by US entities. Of course, the debt is repaid to the lenders mostly through the maturity and retirement of the debt instrument (usually bonds)


Question: How can Climate-Change cause hurricanes to happen more frequently?

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 How can Climate-Change cause hurricanes to happen more frequently?

The atmosphere is like a giant heat engine: the driving force for airflow is the temperature difference between the poles and the equator. The greater the temperature difference (either the poles get colder or the equator gets warmer), the higher the driving force for air flow and the more likely it is you'll get a hurricane. This is a very oversimplified explanation, and I'm sure a meteorologist could give a better explanation but it does start with the fact that the increased difference in temperature provides more energy for greater flow of air over the Earth.


Question: How come we age slower in space? If we all lived in space would be have a longer life expectancy?

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 How come we age slower in space? If we all lived in space would be have a longer life expectancy?

This has to do with time dialation. To understand this you at least needs to know the special theory of relativity which you can look up in your own time. The basic aspect is that time goes slower when you go fast. You might think of it as a time machine that only goes forward. You do not gain time yourself but everything around you loses time. So if everyone would live in orbit around the Earth then the life expectency of people would still be the same but everything left on Earth would age faster.


Question: Why do atoms form molecules?

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 Why do atoms form molecules?

In general for many molecules, because the chemical/potential energy of the molecule is lower than that of the sum of unreacted atoms. Imagine a ball sitting on top of a hill. It might be stationary for a while, but over time, something is going to knock it downhill. (I know I'm butchering a lot of concepts here).


Question: How did so many places learn to process and harness Copper to get out of the stone age?

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 How did so many places learn to process and harness Copper to get out of the stone age?

Imagine you're using stone all your life to poke and chop things. You get irritated by the stone always chipping and breaking and you have to go find a new stone to do this... multiple times a day. But one day you find this neat greenish and shiny stone. You start noticing that the gray bits fall away leaving more of that pretty shiny stuff. But that shiny stuff seems more reliable than the gray stuff. You show your friends these cool shiny stones and demonstrate their superiority, so they become the new standard and everyone begins using them. Then your cousin Ugga, who is also the clan buffoon one day drops his stone in the fire. He panicks and cries, then goes to bed. But the next morning, Ugga comes to retrieve his pretty stone. He sifts through the embers of the fire with a stick for it and finds it completely changed by the fire. It's now the color of the sun, shinier, and deformed relative to how it was when he tossed it in the. Both excited and upset, he shows others. One guy decides to do an experiment and discovers that heat makes the shiny stuff more malleable and devises his own tools to make more shiny rock. Then the first metal spearhead is formed and the first foundry is planned. And so of your prior now know that metals are weaker with heat and everybody starts spotting metal more frequently.


Question: What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).

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 What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).

Most of its unusual properties come from the fact that 0 is the "additive identity": if you add 0 to anything, you end up with the same thing you started out with. This is basically the defining characteristic of 0, and using this and basic properties of arithmetic you can derive all of its other unusual properties. For example, 0 times any number is 0 because, using the distributive property: 0\*x = (0+0)\*x = 0\*x + 0\*x, which is only possible if 0\*x is 0. From here we can produce other facts like the fact that 0 is evenly divisible by any integer, since 0 can be written as 0\*x for any x. So 0 is in fact even, since it is divisible by 2. Other facts that can be proven using properties of the integers and the definition of 0 include: * x - 0 = x for any x * x/0 must be undefined if we want to keep the usual properties of arithmetic * x^0 = 1 for any x * 0^x = 0 for any nonzero x In the end it all goes back to the fact that adding 0 to a number doesn't change it. From that definition, everything else follows.


Question: How does humor exist & why do we laugh?

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 How does humor exist & why do we laugh?

As an ex stand up comic I would say that laughing is a releived stress response. What I mean by that is that that the setup (whether it be words in the feed lines, or something visual) sets up a basic fear / stress response in the observer, or even just pure confusion. This can be very mild (a knock knock joke isn't going to either kill you or attack your world view, but I've still set up a riddle that you can't answer), or much more extreme with much more adult themes. The key thing is that it is a safe environment to feel stress and relief - like watching a horror film, or going on a roller coaster. The answer or final line whatever comes as surprise and resolves the situation in an unexpected way. This releases the stress and you feel relief. "You are safe! You are not under attack!" says the ancient parts of you brain that evolved to be attacked by predators daily. "You survived! Here - have some endorphins and enjoy yourself!" Take a simple joke (the shortest i know ) - (feed line) "My wife asked for an innuendo" (relief line) "so I gave her one" The relief line has 2 meanings - with the second one being a bit more surprising, but still a logical answer, but has attacked what you originally thought was meant. As your brain works that out it relaxes as its no longer being attacked. There's a quote referenced to several people that "comedy is tradegy plus time", and i think of it as all comedy is pain. My humour is REALLY crude. I won't make a joke **just** about sex - but I'll push it to incest or paedophilia, but not in a rude way (Bill Hicks' line of someone saying to him in a deep south diner- "I'd like you meet my wife and my sister - and there was only one woman standing there!" is the best example for this) The more painful and upsetting the joke is the bigger the laugh - to a point. If the relief line doesn't actually fully release the stress then the listener actually does gain stress - which is fun for no one. As a performer you need to read that and respond. This is a really hard question to answer as no one really knows what makes things funny - but thats my take on it! But apparently I'm not funny (see the first sentence!) so what do I know!


Question: Why some objects orbit and don’t get pulled directly into another objects center?

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 Why some objects orbit and don’t get pulled directly into another objects center?

It *is* unlikely for an object to fall into orbit. Many objects are orbiting because they formed there, from debris themselves that were in orbit. For instance, the planets formed out of a rotating dust cloud that was orbiting the center of the system. Some objects fell into the center. Others were ejected from the system entirely. The planets formed from material that remained.


Question: The main difference of a fruit and vegetable is that fruits have seeds. So, where the heck do vegetable seeds, used in gardeningand such, from?

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 The main difference of a fruit and vegetable is that fruits have seeds. So, where the heck do vegetable seeds, used in gardeningand such, from?

The definition of fruit and vegetable are rules with a couple exceptions. The definition that covers most fruits/vegetables is as follows: A fruit is the part of the plant that *develops from a flower*. It's also the section of the plant that contains the seeds. *The other parts of plants are considered vegetables*. These include the stems, leaves and roots — and even the flower bud. We call several (technically) fruits "vegetable," but the main point here is that your premise is wrong - ***both fruits and vegetables have seeds***. [More reading]( URL_0 )


Question: How does a lens bend light?

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 How does a lens bend light?

Light travels faster in air than in glass. If a ray of light hits the glass head-on, all it does is slow down with no change in direction. But if it hits at an angle, it will bend. Imagine you're driving a car on the road and suddenly drive right into the mud. You slow down. If you drive into the mud at an angle, one wheel hits the mud first and slows down relative to the other wheel. Since one side of your car is moving faster than the other, the car will turn until it is fully in the mud.


Question: Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?

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 Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?

The reason is to do with the quantum mechanics of how an electron bound to a nucleus behaves. The electron's wavefunction has to take the shape of a set of mathematical functions known as a spherical harmonics (you can Google these to see what they look like). The reason it's a spherical harmonic is that is has the right spherical symmetry. Spherical harmonics are labelled with three numbers, which are conventionally called n, l, and m, where 0 < = l < = n, and -l < = m < = l. At n=0, the only possible state is n=0, l=0, m=0 (I'll shorten this to (0,0,0)). At n=1, the possible states are (1,0,0) (1,1,-1) (1,1,0) (1,1,1). Electrons have one additional property: spin. An electron can be either spin up (↑), or spin down (↓). You'll hopefully notice at this point that means that for n = 1, there are 8 possible states, the four spherical harmonics * two spins. This is where the number 8 comes from. The 'n' parameter is what chemists would call the number of shells. You'll notice that for n > 1, you'll have even more states available, this is why things start to get more complex. Chemists call l = 0 the 's' orbital, l = 1 is 'p', l = 2 is 'd' and l = 3 is 'f', and the addition of these extra possible states makes chemistry of these things more interesting. You should also note that this structure of states is what creates the shape of the periodic table, getting wider as you go down it; that's all to do with more spherical harmonic states becoming available.


Question: Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?

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 Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?

Elements up to and including lithium date all the way back to the Big Bang Elements up to Iron can be formed in stars, but only in stars with higher metal content than the original ones. The first starts were almost completely hydrogen and everything after Beryllium would have been formed by their Supernova Successive generations of starts consist of more and more "metals"(things other than hydrogen and helium) and would have generated more of the elements leading up to Iron, their supernova would also have helped to produce more of the less common heavy elements like Uranium Its unlikely that over a billion years that stars will produce any significant quantity of more complex elements. The reason we say that Uranium is the last naturally occurring element is because all the other ones breakdown too quickly to have stuck around for us. If you measured any supernova you would have found elements up past plutonium, but they decay in less than a billion years so we don't see any of them on Earth today. The really high number ones they're playing with in labs decay in small fractions of a second so those certainly wouldn't stick around long enough to find in a planet.


Question: The “Impossible Colors”, we can’t we see them? E.g Redgreen, or Blueyellow?

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 The “Impossible Colors”, we can’t we see them? E.g Redgreen, or Blueyellow?

humans have two main types of light sensing nerves rods and cones. rods are most sensitive to a wavelength between blue and green (495nm) but are percieved as grey. rods are most sensitive to low light and are smallest so can provide higher resolution than cones. there are three types of cones that are each focused on a different range of wavelengths: red (560nm), green (530nm), and blue (430nm). the problem that leads to impossible colors stems from the fact that these colors overlap... particularly red and green are very close. this means that in normal life it is not possible to trigger red cones without at least partially triggering the green cones. so impossible colors include things like the color you would see if it were possible to trigger your red cones without triggering any green cones... it would be "redder" than any physical object can be. :)


Question: What do the abbreviations after business names (LLC and LLP for example) mean? What criteria goes into deciding which abbreviation to use?

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 What do the abbreviations after business names (LLC and LLP for example) mean? What criteria goes into deciding which abbreviation to use?

LLC - Limited Liability Company. It's a business structure that legally shields the owners of the company from personal liability for its debts or damages it causes in most cases. LLP - Limited Liability Partnership. This is a special type of LLC where it is managed by ine or more partners who run the company. LLPs have similar protections to an LLC, but also have special protections for the managing partners in that one partner can't be held liable for the other's actions (generally). This is good in the fields you normally see LLPs- Medical, Legal, etc. Where malpractice can be a real concern for the company's reputation or ability to do business.


Question: What causes water to "tornado" down the drain/sink/toilet?

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 What causes water to "tornado" down the drain/sink/toilet?

Basically it's caused by the Laminar Flow. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. So, when gravity is pulling the water down, water molecules aligns in an uniform way. I have heard that earth rotation contributes to set the direction which way the water will spin. Imagine a river that reaches a cascade, it runs in a linear way until reaching the edge. In the sink the fall is not at the edge, it's in the middle, so the river forms in a "linear spiral" way.


Question: What causes the "zoom-in" feeling late at night, making it look like your room is 1/10th its size?

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 What causes the "zoom-in" feeling late at night, making it look like your room is 1/10th its size?

I have posted this before... Alice in wonderland syndrome. I'm not sure my exact age at the time but I was around 9 or 10. I was laying stomach down on the brown velvety living room couch facing out with my left cheek to couch. Must have been attempting to nap. I was staring at the opposite wall where the room corner meets the ceiling and all of a sudden I felt myself shrink down to doll size. The room became bigger and bigger and I didn't move any part of my body except my eyes to look around the room. The depth and size of the objects in the room kept adjusting and readjusting to various proportions. I was so young I didn't understand the disorientation should be alarming and I felt like I could control the swing of becoming smaller and then normal size and then abnormally larger. I remember feeling like I was "in" the carpet like I was insect size. The sounds from around the house (like my grandma cooking in the nearby kitchen) seemed to ebb and flow per the appropriate "size" I was or distance I was away. I vaguely recall being able to recreate the experience only one more time but trying over and over to do so because I enjoyed the feeling so much. I only learned what this is called about 2 years ago. Until then I kept it to myself because I thought I may have dreamed it or made it up in my childish recollection.


Question: If we are a spinning ball - spinning in our own solar system - which is spinning within an arm of a galaxy - why are the constellations in the same place?

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 If we are a spinning ball - spinning in our own solar system - which is spinning within an arm of a galaxy - why are the constellations in the same place?

The distances involved when talking about space are insanely huge. There's a reason that when we talk about big numbers we call them "astronomical". Two stars that seem to be inches apart in the night sky are actually billions of miles apart. So if they move another 20 billion miles over a century, they'll have moved an imperceptible 1/10th of inch by your view. They are moving though. If you could role the clock back 35,000 years to the time when "we" (as in the first people who genetically resemble modern humans) first appeared, night sky would look quite a bit different. The simple fact is that space is so vast, that the entirety of written history has happened in the blink of a cosmic eye. We human beings only have a direct account of what the night sky has looked like for a few thousand years, which just isn't long enough on the a cosmic time line for things to have noticeably change.