Question: How Exactly Are Smartphones Designed For Planned Obsolescence? In Terms of Hardware.

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 How Exactly Are Smartphones Designed For Planned Obsolescence? In Terms of Hardware.

"Planned Obsolescence" is a poorly misunderstood term. Many people seem to think it refers to evil corporations trying to milk the public by having their products self-destruct in some fashion. In reality, it's reflective of the fact that when you engineer *anything*, you need to make decisions about how long it needs to last. It makes no sense to spend money ensuring one part will last 100 years when another critical part only lasts 6 months. The reason the products you buy today are so cheap is largely a result of designing products with a more precise sense of how long they'll last - and calibrating that time against the standard use of the product. With your cellphone, the product lifetime is normally determined by the battery. Batteries only have so many recharge cycles and the cost of increasing the number of recharge cycles is prohibitive. If you know how long your battery is likely to last, then you can select components that last a similar amount of time.


Question: Why does the flame of a candle go up?

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 Why does the flame of a candle go up?

The flame of a candle is about 1200 F. Hot air rises because it is less dense so this pulls the flame upward. Fun Fact: There have been experiments conducted on the space station testing flames in microgravity. Since there isn't really an "up" without gravity, the candle flame spreads out in all directions and eventually starves itself of oxygen. [image]( URL_0 )


Question: How are statistics calculated for events influenced by multiple variables/parameters?

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 How are statistics calculated for events influenced by multiple variables/parameters?

By making a multi dimensional function, we can define some outcome by multiple inputs. For example, z = x + y, z is defined by two inputs, x and y. For probabilities involving multiple steps, or probabilities that involve previous conditions, we refer to Bayes theorem, which tells us the relationship between two statistical events.


Question: Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?

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 Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?

Short answer: Entropy ELI5 answer: Everything is made up of energy. Light, air, dogs, cats: all different arrangements of energy. One of the rules of energy is that is naturally moves to the lowest form of energy possible, like how water rolls down a hill until it reaches the ocean. If you think about a piece of paper, so much energy had to go in to make that piece of paper. A seed had to be planted, then water and air and sunlight had to grow it into a massive tree. Saws had to cut it down and go through all the different processes to turn it into the perfect little piece of paper. Even it it might seem so simple, and piece of paper is a very "high" energy state. Crumbling it up or tearing reduces it down to a lower energy state and that energy is released in forms of some sound and heat. To make those pieces whole again, you'd have to revert the paper back into mulch and form a new piece of paper i.e. put a lot more energy back into the pieces to form the whole again. Lighting that paper on fire would release a whole lot of energy that it was storing and would reduce it to a much lower energy state (carbon ash).


Question: Why is it common for someone to spend a long time debating with themself on what to do but then ultimately end up doing nothing?

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 Why is it common for someone to spend a long time debating with themself on what to do but then ultimately end up doing nothing?

For some people debating is doing. I mean they spend four hours thinking something through and they receive a hit of satisfaction equal to doing that thing they planned. So the feeling of completion and accomplishment that drives some people to completing a task, well they already got that, nothing further can be gained.


Question: How do people come to power?

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 How do people come to power?

Took AP World (lol). Depends on the government. For example, Hitler was an excellent speaker and was able to convince his party to give their power all to him. On the hand, Trump won the presidency through the money he spent campaigning. Now that I think about it, you can come to power just by being a good speaker or having more resources. In slavery, whites were more powerful than the blacks because if the blacks fought back they would be killed. I don't really know. Take this answer with a grain of salt.


Question: Why are CCTV cameras such low quality when even the cheapest video cameras are a much higher quality?

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 Why are CCTV cameras such low quality when even the cheapest video cameras are a much higher quality?

Storage. The issue with security cameras isn't taking the video, but storing the footage. Yeah, you can film in 4k, but at 375MB for 30 fps for 1 minute x 60 minutes/hour x 24 hours/day = 270 GB/day x number of cameras. If you need to retain video for 1 month, that's \~8TB per camera. Drop the resolution, drop the framerate and you reduce your storage needs immensely.


Question: How does cancer actually kill you?

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 How does cancer actually kill you?

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in an organ, and these cells have a mutation where they don't function (as in, they don't perform liver function or heart muscle job or neuron firing etc.) but just multiply and consume food and oxygen from the blood supply. So eventually the organ starts to shut down because more and more of it is not doing its job, because these non-functional cells take over. So you lose your liver or your heart or some brain function etc. Most of the organs inside your body are critical and you die if you lose their function.


Question: why do we eat maple syrup but not pine syrup or elm syrup or oak syrup?

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 why do we eat maple syrup but not pine syrup or elm syrup or oak syrup?

We can and do eat birch syrup, walnut syrup, and the syrups of a few other trees. The key isn't as much the sugar content, the key is that the sap needs to be relatively neutral tasting, because of how much it has to be reduced to thicken it. The saps of deciduous hardwoods (maple, birch, etc) seem to work especially well here. As far as why maple, I suspect it just tastes the most pleasant, although certainly it is to a large degree cultural as well - consider by analogy how almost any grain or fruit can be used to make alcohol, yet the large majority of world alcohol is made only using a few specific grains and fruits.


Question: Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?

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 Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?

It's all geometry. Assuming equal radii between all circles, if you place them in a way that they don't intersect but touch each other at exactly one point (tessellating) and you start with just 3 circles, those circles form a triangle shape. If you connect the centerpoints of those circles, it forms an equilateral triangle (equal length sides, each corner is 60°). So if you continue placing circles the same way around that center circle, you can do that a total of 6 times because 360°/60°=6. A hexagon has 6 sides. Hope this helps.


Question: how can a cellular tower receive many messages a second while still being able to differentiate the data coming from each device?

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 how can a cellular tower receive many messages a second while still being able to differentiate the data coming from each device?

They can do two things; either use different frequencies, or take turns. For a given second you can divide it into lets say 1,000 different sections and assign each phone a section during which it can talk to the tower. That way even if they are all using the same frequency to communicate they don't get in each other's way.


Question: Why does the same flavor of soda taste so different from a can, bottle, and fountain drink?

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 Why does the same flavor of soda taste so different from a can, bottle, and fountain drink?

Cans of Soda are usually colder because they're stored in aluminum, so that affects the taste. Also more often then not you immediately drink cans of soda. While large bottles of soda are stored in plastic and don't retain cold quite as easily, so it changes the taste. Also you usually don't consume an entire bottle at once, it loses gas (nitrogen I think? I don't drink soda) over time so that changes the taste. Finally, fountain sodas are stored as separate ingredients. Fountain soda is usually just soda syrup which is stored in a bag, which is then mixed with water and then poured out of the nozzle. Not all water is the same. On a summer day water can get hot, and sometimes it can get too cold, which when mixed with the syrup changes the taste. Also all drinks come out of the same nozzle, so your Mountain Dew gets mixed with small amounts of Orange Juice and Coca Cola which can affect the taste. Also, depending on small malfunctions or how the machine is programmed, the machine might put more syrup then water or vice versa, which changes the taste.


Question: Why is it so unlikely to represent yourself and win in court even if you are clearly in the right?

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 Why is it so unlikely to represent yourself and win in court even if you are clearly in the right?

Lawyer here: Here's a real simple example. You come to court to sue a guy for smashing your car with a bat. Best part is, you've got him dead to rights--you have a video of him smashing your car with a bat. It was captured by your neighbour's surveillance camera. And you lose, because the court won't accept your video. Why? Well, in my area to admit a video you need to authenticate the video--ie, to show that it's accurate, that it hasn't been tampered with, to tell the court what it is (ie, that this is a surveillance camera that points to the street and not a staged film or whatever), and so on. Now, you can try to testify about those things, except that it'd be hearsay, because it wasn't your camera, and you just got it from your neighbour. A lawyer would spot this issue right away and solve it.


Question: What’s the deal about Roko’s basilisk?

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 What’s the deal about Roko’s basilisk?

It's a thought experiment: * Let's say that, at some point in the future, a super-powerful AI will be created. * Once it comes into existence, it will punish everyone who *didn't* help bring it into existence. * One way it could punish them is by creating a perfect simulation of those people and then torturing those simulations forever. Those simulations wouldn't know that they were simulations - they'd believe that they're real people, living in a real world, and they'd feel the torture as if it were real. * Therefore, you must start working right now to help bring that AI into existence, to prevent the future eternal torture of those simulations. If you think that that's a dumb idea for numerous reasons, then...yeah, I'm with you.


Question: How is milk basic if it contains lactic acid?

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 How is milk basic if it contains lactic acid?

“It's easy to get confused about whether milk is an acid or a base, especially when you consider that some people drink milk or take calcium to treat an acidic stomach. Actually, milk has a pH of around 6.5 to 6.7, which makes it slightly acidic. Some sources cite milk as being neutral since it is so close to the neutral pH of 7.0. However, milk contains lactic acid, which is a hydrogen donor or proton donor. If you test milk with litmus paper, you'll get a neutral to a slightly acidic response.” URL_0


Question: In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?

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 In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?

This is sometimes used as a way for a fictional story in third person to describe to the reader what the subject thinks when they are alone. It would be quite challenging to tell a story about someone stranded on a deserted island if they had nothing to talk to or share their emotions with. And while humans do like to tie emotional bonds with others and in a lack of people to bond with we do easily bond with animals or objects we rarely give them names and talk out loud with them. But it would be able to satify some of the psychological need for companionship.


Question: What makes sensitive skin (that requires sensitive skin soap/lotion) different from normal skin?

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 What makes sensitive skin (that requires sensitive skin soap/lotion) different from normal skin?

Skin has different layers. On the top, there is one layer kind of like a tiled roof made of skin cells and some extra stuff. This top layer can be relatively sealed or have cracks like a bad roof. With a leaking outer layer, your skin can't hold on to moisture as well as with a tight layer, thus you lose moisture fast, causing the skin to be dry and, therefore, more irritable. Also stuff can get through more easily, so irritants (alcohol, fragrances) might have a bigger effect.


Question: Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?

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 Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?

It absolutely does. The change is just small that over the course of human existence which is only a few hundred thousand years, let alone the few hundred years that we've been able to reliably measure, the difference is too small to matter. The orbits of the planets are stable over long periods of time, but dynamic over cosmic time-scales. We can only predict them with any confidence out to a few tens of millions of years.


Question: How does the entire staff of a major motion picture get paid? Are they salaried or job-to-job?

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</answer>
 How does the entire staff of a major motion picture get paid? Are they salaried or job-to-job?

It depends. The movie itself will only have a set budget and pays for the 'wages' out of that. So there's only enough money to pay for that job. So technically everybody is getting paid job-to-job. But movie studios want to keep good workers available so may be prepared to offer people contracts for set periods of time to keep them around. A lot of work is also outsourced to other companies who will also have a mix of permanent staff, contract workers and short term/day labourers. They will often have a set amount paid to these companies, who then decide how to split it amongst their workers. Often a lot of people/companies (esp back of house stuff like editing, effects, etc) will be working on multiple projects at once. Then you have situations where production/technical companies are also financial backers of the project and how much everybody gets paid will depend on how much the movie makes. In short - it's complicated and each studio, movie, company, and worker will have a different way of doing things. But the more technical your job is the more likely it is you have a favourable deal. The coffee guy for example probably gets paid daily (or works for free to get a foot in the door). The labourers like riggers, set builders, etc would probably be contracted for the length of the movie. The technical labourers like the camera crew, lighting, sound, etc are usually studio employees shifted around between projects. Ironically enough the top end workers like directors, producers, editors, casting agents, (and actors) are hired from job to job. But also paid enough to make it worthwhile. But none of this is set in stone and working in the 'entertainment industry' is one of the most unstable jobs you can have.


Question: When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?

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 When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?

Each individual occurrence isn't impacted by the previous or subsequent occurrence. If you flip a coin and it lands on heads 9/10 times. What is the chance it lands on heads the next flip? 90%? Nope, still 50%. The coin doesn't give a shit about the results of the previous flips.


Question: Octonions - what exactly are they?

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 Octonions - what exactly are they?

The complex numbers are a sort of two-dimensional extension of the real number line, with an imaginary axis (i, 2i, 3i, ...) along with the ordinary real axis (1, 2, 3, ...). It turns out that you can extend this idea even farther to have four distinct axes ("quaternions"), or eight ("octonions"), or sixteen ("sedenions"), and so on for any power of 2. While a real number might just look like 3, and a complex number might look like 3+2i, a quaternion could look like 3+2i+4j+6k, where i, j, and k are distinct values with the property that i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. Octonions would then have eight distinct components, one "real" component and seven distinct "imaginary" components. The farther you go with this, the more nice properties about numbers you lose. When you go from the real numbers to the complex numbers, you lose the fact that numbers have a neat linear ordering. When you move from the complex numbers to the quaternions, you lose the fact that multiplication is commutative: for quaternions, it need not be the case that x\*y = y\*x. When you move from the quaternions to the octonions, you lose the fact that multiplication is associative: for octonions you aren't even guaranteed to have x\*(y\*z) = (x\*y)\*z. Despite the fact that the octonions are both rather abstract and lack many of the properties we expect number systems to have, they show up occasionally in theoretical physics.


Question: How exactly do leap days work?

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 How exactly do leap days work?

Leap days are because of the earth’s revolution, not rotation. A year is actually 365.25 days, so we just add an extra day every 4 years. So sure by the 4th year before we do the extra day our season will be off by about a day, but nobody is going to say “it’s November 3rd but it really feels cold enough to be November 4th”


Question: How do scientist prove the existent of atoms when we cant even see them with our naked eyes?

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 How do scientist prove the existent of atoms when we cant even see them with our naked eyes?

So you can see atoms with scanning electron microscopes. Second, the paper that proved molecules (and atoms) existed was written by Albert Einstein in 1905 (in the same week that he published his paper on what will become known as special relativity and when he provided an explanation for black body radiation, two very very groundbreaking papers). However, to understand how he proved molecules exist we need to jump back to 1827 when a botonist named Robert Brown observed, with a microscope, that pollen grains were moving in perfectly still water. Brown assumed that pollen itself was alive (being a biologist) but he disproved that by using sand grains and observing the exact same phenomenon occur. This motion that was seen was called Brownian motion (or it is now). Now Einstein did this same experiment, he put pollen into a sample of water that was perfectly still. Now, Einstein first calculated the force acting upon a pollen grain in order to move it at certain speeds and then he observed it and watched its motion and in doing so we was able to determine the mass of whatever was pushing on the pollon grain. The paper that he published his findings was titled: "Movement of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid Demanded by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat." Now, ultimately what this did wasn't exactly prove the existence of atoms but it acted as evidence (very strong evidence) for the Atomic Theory that is considered to be fathered by John Dalton. Ultimately we credit Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion as being the final nail in the coffin for proving the atomic theory, however for those that don't believe it there are heaps of evidence from its predictive capabilities all the way to different atoms react with different forms of radiation allowing identification through means like xray scattering and infrared scattering and such. TL;DR we prove the existence of atoms via mathematics, physics, and chemistry along with its predictive power. However one of the biggest nails in the coffin to prove the existence of atoms comes from Einstein providing an explanation for Brownian motion. Edit: now how we know water is made of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen, first if we apply an electrical current to it then the water dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen and it does so in a 2:1 proportion. We can prove it is hydrogen or oxygen via the absorption spectrum, and using basic math/chemistry (redox chemistry) we can explain why it separates it. Beyond that we can use xray crystallography and mass spectroscopy to determine the structure of atoms (along with multiple other techniques that I don't know the name of off the top of my head) Edit 2: spelling


Question: why does fast moving air create low pressure?

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 why does fast moving air create low pressure?

Pressure is exerted spherically, in all directions. This is because the particles are bouncing around randomly in all 3 spacial dimensions. When a fluid is moving, particles are "bouncing" much much more in the direction of travel than in any other directions. Because of this, it exerts less pressure. The other perspective is that there is a conservation of energy. Pressure is 2 dimensional energy density. When fluid begins moving, some of that energy is converted into kinetic energy.


Question: How does a country lend money to another country?

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 How does a country lend money to another country?

Countries rarely set up specific loans at all. Most debt is that the country creates a treasury bond and says "buy this for 100 dollars and in 5 years you can turn it in for 105 dollars" type deal. Then one country just buys a bunch of those. Very rarely is it set up as a specific loan like you'd take from a bank.


Question: Why does only half of a wine cork expand when removed from the bottle?

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 Why does only half of a wine cork expand when removed from the bottle?

Because the part that doesn’t expand is the top which is dry, the bottom portion absorbs moisture from the wine and expands, or tries to but the bottle holds it tight. In fact this expansion helps the cork seal better. Once you pull the cork out the part with the moisture can now expand.


Question: Why is it recommended to have 8 hours of sleep when sleep cycles happen every 90 minutes, wouldn’t waking up at 8 hours be in the middle of your cycle?

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 Why is it recommended to have 8 hours of sleep when sleep cycles happen every 90 minutes, wouldn’t waking up at 8 hours be in the middle of your cycle?

There's a natural variation in amount of time adult humans need to sleep, but 7-9 hours is now the recommended sleep length (but this varies by age). Even if we keep to the traditional 8 hours of sleep, your first sleep cycle (consisting of all sleep stages) is usually around 2 hours. The longer you are asleep, each cycle gets shorter, and the proportion of time spent in each sleep stage (N1, N2, N3, REM) changes, shifting to longer and longer time in REM/dreaming sleep. How groggy you feel when you wake up depends on which stage of sleep you were in when you woke up. At 8 hours, it's often easier to wake up not groggy because even if you are in the middle of a cycle, you are more likely to be in REM/dreaming sleep which looks a lot like your awake brain leading to less grogginess, generally.


Question: We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with "virtual surround sound"?

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 We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with "virtual surround sound"?

It is possible to have more or less "perfect" surround sound with headphones - it's called binaural recording. But it requires the recording to be made live and in a special way: two microphones are placed inside a dummy head complete with dummy ears to simulate exactly how the sound would reach our eardrums. Binaural recordings also have to be played back on headphones or earbuds - not speakers - for optimal effect. Music and movie soundtracks are engineered for optimal playback on home theater/stereo systems, where some of the sound from each speaker always reaches both ears, but after reflecting around the room and getting "filtered" through your ear structure. Virtual surround sound on headphones simulates this effect to convey the illusion that the sound is actually coming from speakers all around you instead of the typical "inside your head" sound from headphones.


Question: How does wireless transmission penetrate through walls?

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 How does wireless transmission penetrate through walls?

The same way light passes through glass. Lots of things are transparent on different wave spectrums. In the wave of x-rays, the skin is transparent but the bones are not. Coke is actualy transparent in the UV spectrum but oil distorts uv rays. Radiation goes through most things but is blocked by lead and other dence materials Wireless transmission is just a part of the eletro magnetic spectrum and all things act differently there


Question: How is genetic memory encoded in DNA?

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 How is genetic memory encoded in DNA?

It isn’t? Genetic memory is an idea that’s been proposed to explain certain perceived phenomena in individuals’ psyches. But really it’s just a speculative term for what evolutionary biologists call “behavior.” Behavior is clearly heritable, so there is a genetic aspect to behavior. (But the link between cognition and genes is... complicated, to say the least.) An inherited behavior might seem like a “memory” encoded in one’s genes. If your parent was alcoholic, it’s possible that you would inherit, genetically, this behavioral trait. You don’t “remember” the alcoholism, you’re just expressing the same behavior as your parent.


Question: What does non-ionising radiation mean?

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 What does non-ionising radiation mean?

There are basically two classes of radiation. Ionizing radiation is the high energy stuff like UV Rays, X-Rays, and Gamma Rays. These particles have enough energy that they can basically knock electrons off of atoms they hit. Or in human body terms, they can basically punch holes in your DNA. That's why it can cause things like cancer, or, in the case of UV, give you a sunburn. Then there's non-ionizing radiation which is stuff like visible light, infrared, microwaves, wifi, etc. Which doesn't have enough energy to ionize particles it hits. So it either gets absorbed or reflects off of surfaces it contacts. It can transfer heat, but you'd need a lot of it to transfer a noticeable amount of heat, so, in spite of people who like to pretend anything with the word radiation in it is super dangerous, it's pretty much harmless so far as we can tell.


Question: why aren't ovens white on the inside? Since black absorbs heat the best, wouldn't that be the worst color?

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 why aren't ovens white on the inside? Since black absorbs heat the best, wouldn't that be the worst color?

Black does not necessarily absorb heat the best. It absorbs light best. The color of different materials comes from what colors they absorb and what colors they reflect. White reflecting all visible colors and black absorbing all visible colors. The color spectrum extends in both ends. Heat at the temperatures you would typically set an oven to is in the infrared spectrum. So the ideal paint to use in an oven is black but white in infrared. The reason you want it black is because it hides all the dirty stains from the food. The heat will make it hard to remove and white paint will make it stick out more. So you want your cooking surfaces to be dark. There are also lots of other things to consider. The paint have to be able to withstand the heat and the different chemicals in the food and in the cleaning agents, it have to withstand hard mechanical cleaning so you can clean it with a scrub, it have to be safe to prepare food in and lastly it have to be cheap to coat the ovens in it.


Question: What makes permanent markers permanent?

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 What makes permanent markers permanent?

Washable markers use pigments that are soluble in water. When you draw something with the marker, the water evaporates and leaves the ink behind. If you want to wash it later, that ink will just dissolve into the water you scrub it with. Permanent markers use pigments that are soluble in alcohol, but not water. Once you have drawn something, washing it with water won't work because it can't dissolve the ink. You can scrub some of it away, but that only works because of the rubbing. The water doesn't really help. Alcohol markers are best cleaned off a surface using rubbing alcohol first to dissolve the ink, followed by a wipe with a damp cloth to wipe it away.


Question: How did we end up with the Plank units and what do they mean?

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 How did we end up with the Plank units and what do they mean?

They're a system of units used for measurement, but unlike most other systems they were designed purely using physical principles. In the metric system and most other systems of units, a lot of physical constants have ugly-looking numeric values. The speed of light, for instance, is an awkward 299792458 meters per second. The Planck units come from taking several of the most commonly-appearing constants and asking "what units of measurement would we have to use for all of these constants to just be 1?" The five specific constants that were chosen were: * The speed of light in a vacuum * The gravitational constant, describing the strength of gravitational forces * The Coulomb constant, describing the strength of electrical forces * The reduced Planck constant, which relates the frequency of a photon to its energy * The Boltzmann constant, which relates kinetic energy to temperature in gases It turns out that the units you get are rather unwieldy for everyday use: the unit of length is about 1.6\*10^-35 meters, the unit of time is about 5.4\*10^-44 seconds, the unit of mass is about 2.2\*10^-8 kilograms, the unit of electric charge is about 1.9\*10^-18 coulombs, and the unit of temperature is about 1.4\*10^32 kelvin. However, in theoretical physics where everyday use doesn't matter as much the fact that all of the 5 listed constants are just 1 can be quite mathematically convenient.


Question: Why does a high-resolution image have to load, but a high-resolution video can play thousands of frames without having to load each one?

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 Why does a high-resolution image have to load, but a high-resolution video can play thousands of frames without having to load each one?

[This video explains quite well how it works online, specifically Youtube]( URL_0 ) TL;DW: Youtube only sends information about changes between frames of a video. Since there is usually very little difference between 2 frames the server can just say "ehhh take what you had last time, shift this part a tiny bit that way, job done". For example, if you are watching a black screen, it doesnt have to send any new information, simply instructions to repeat the frame over and over. With images, there is no way to predict the future content in advance so every single pixel is sent.


Question: How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..?

> ELI5: How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..? That's not even fast! A blender can spin at 18,000 RPM All you need is a properly built motor that's strong enough and good bearings. The motor just needs to be able to overcome the drag at that speed and should be built to spin at that speed either by design or with gears to get it there. If you've got good bearings then you don't lose much energy at all each revolution so the motor can keep adding more and more energy and spin it up further so the motor doesn't require too much energy to hit ludicrous speeds.


Question: Do human corpses sun burn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do human corpses sun burn?

No. The skin cells are dead so they can’t react with the sun and damage your skin. Also, there is no active blood flow so the reddening effect of the skin can’t occur. And what else is a sunburn? Heat sensation and pain. Can’t feel either sensation when you are dead. However, Your skin would dry out in the sun faster than if it were not. This, and your body would be decaying and the gasses/bloating would eventually create a totally different texture, look and colour to your skin and the heat of the sun would only accelerate this process. So does the sun change the dead bodys skin? Yes. Sunburn? No.


Question: What are the grammatical differences between parentheses "( )", square brackets "[ ]", and squiggly brackets "{ }"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the grammatical differences between parentheses "( )", square brackets "[ ]", and squiggly brackets "{ }"?

Parentheses - these () - are standard for making parenthetical remarks. Square brackets are *less* standard, but are most commonly used for making *editorial* alterations, when quoting something. So I might quote "He ran away" as "[Jim] ran away", if context didn't make it clear who "he" was, or I might say "Jim [...] ran away" rather than "Jim, that gutless coward, ran away" if I didn't think the bit between the commas was important to my use of the quote. Slightly less commonly, they might be used for editorial remarks, but this is contested. One exception is "sic", meaning "thus" but generally used to mean "this phrasing/spelling is in the original thing I'm quoting, and my having preserved it is not a mistake on my part", which normally appears in parentheses. Curly brackets do not have a standard use in English. Like square brackets, they have uses specific to some technical fields, especially mathematics, but these are not a part of normal English. For that matter, chevrons ⟨ ⟩ don't have a standard use in English, either. TL;DR: you almost always want parens(), but occasionally if you're quoting something and changing it, you want square brackets[]. Other things only really come up in specialist fields.


Question: How does a refrigerator work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a refrigerator work?

A motor causes some liquid to get highly compressed. Then its shot through a nozzle into a larger area. The drop in pressure causes the liquid to evaporate which sucks in all the surrounding heat. This is the cold inside of your fridge. Meanwhile, the motor brings all that now hotter liquid around to the back of the fridge where all that heat radiates from the pipes and fins and stuff on the back of the fridge (hence why they're warm all the time... that heat is the heat being sucked out of your milk). So, essentially, all a fridge does is move heat from the inside of your fridge to the outside. So that's why opening the door to cool off your kitchen doesn't work.


Question: How does developers input "traps" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does developers input "traps" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?

This is called "digital rights management", or DRM. DRM comes in a variety of forms. When software came with printed manuals, sometimes there'd be information on the manual the program would force you to enter. Later, when software came on CD's, often extra DRM data on the CD was written in non-standard locations that can be read by most CD drives through low-level operating system calls, but cannot be written by most home CD burners. For game consoles, games use proprietary cartridges or discs that are different from normal forms of those media. The console manufacturer basically tightly controls the production of physical copies of games. So for the most part, you can't e.g. simply use a normal DVD burner to make copies of Wii games. These days, where most software is bought and sold on the internet, DRM has to take a different approach because there's no physical stuff you can put extra required information on. It often involves the software contacting a server being run by the publisher (or the contractor providing the DRM technology), and ensuring the usage of the software is authorized. For example it may check that the serial number is legitimate, or it may require the user to login to an account. It will also generally deny access to serial numbers or user accounts that are seen in multiple locations. > why can't someone just upload new copies without it? This is called "cracking", "warez" or "software piracy." It takes some technical sophistication to figure out how to crack software, and it's illegal in the US. That doesn't stop people from doing it though. A lot of times the people who crack software also insert malware -- cracked versions of the Windows operating system are especially notorious for being crawling with malware. Many users regard DRM as evil. Some reasons for this: - If the company running the DRM server goes out of business or decides to shut down the server one day, software you've bought may stop working. - If the DRM requires an internet connection, you can't use it if you don't have an internet connection available. - It makes it difficult to create backup copies of software, in case the physical copy wears out or is accidentally destroyed (for example in a fire or flood). - If DRM locks the software to a particular machine, you have to purchase a new copy of the software if you buy a new machine or perform extensive hardware upgrades. - DRM fails of its objective of preventing piracy. Despite using the best available DRM technology, cracked versions of popular software tend to quickly appear after release. - DRM assumes users are criminals. This is very insulting.


Question: How do proper nouns translate into sign language?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do proper nouns translate into sign language?

People who sign create shortcut or specific signs to represent names of people they know. So between friends and family you will have a sign to represent the names of your parents, siblings, close friends, pets, and people you interact with frequently. These shortcuts usually include a tongue-and-cheek reference to something they are known for or their appearance. For example a friend of mine is 'S' followed by the sign for 'Cat' because her names starts with S and she volunteers at a pet shelter. For unfamiliar people the name is finger spelled letter by letter until such a time as that person is assigned a sign language name. For famous people these shortcut signs become standardized throughout the community because their names are mentioned so often. President Obama for example is the sign for 'O' followed by 'flag' While President Trump the last time I checked was a sign representing his comb-over. My favorite persons name is sign is Shakespeare. Which is you make the sign for a 'spear' and shake it.


Question: Why do investors sue the companies when they lose their money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do investors sue the companies when they lose their money?

Suits happen when the people running the business make bad decisions. There’s a pretty high bar for what constitutes a “bad decision,” though. As long as the people running the business have a decent reason for their decisions, it falls under business judgment. Thee are other suits that are filed for fraud and other misconduct. As for Theranos, they managed to fool some of the smartest investors and scientists by coming up with fake data. Proprietary knowledge is closely-guarded, so it’s pretty hard to tell sometimes if a company is actually making the technological advances it claims.


Question: How do chance and probability correlate / work exactly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do chance and probability correlate / work exactly?

Assuming that all of your trials are independent then the 1% chance stays 1% each time you re-do the event. The probability that you succeed on at least one of the 1000 trials is 1 - (0.99^1000 ) = 0.999957 so there is a very, very small possibility that you do not suceed. In fact, because the term 0.99^X can never equal 0 then the probability that you succeed never equals exactly 1 and therefore you can never be certain of success. In general, if you run more trials, the chance that you'll get at least one success increases with the number of trials. The key wording is "at least one" here. Nothing about the number of trials changes the fact that each trial has exactly the same probability of success as the previous one. Of course, if the trials are dependent upon each other then everything gets a bit more complicated.


Question: How can a piece of colored plastic change the wavelength of light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a piece of colored plastic change the wavelength of light?

They don't - coloured plastic basically acts like a filter. Most light we interact with isnt one wavelength but a combination of various wavelengths, with white light being a relatively even distribution across the visible spectrum. If you shine white light through red cellophane all the non-red wavelengths are absorbed while the red passes unhindered, and you now have a red light.


Question: What just happened in Venezuelan economy on Feb, 8th?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What just happened in Venezuelan economy on Feb, 8th?

The answer is pretty simple: The Venezuela Central Bank devalued the Venezuelan Bolivar Fuerte by 99.6% on February 5th, 2018. You can read more about that on the [wikipedia page.]( URL_0 ) They did this to account for rampant hyperinflation that the country was, and still is, experiencing. Venezuela has a socialist economy, so the government controls business and production in the country. Venezuela relied heavily on oil sales to the US, and when oil prices tanked, the entire Venezuelan economy did too. The government mishandled most of the businesses and industries in the country, making them extra susceptible to the lower oil prices. The Venezuelan government has been *terrible* at handling the economic crisis taking place in their country. If you read a list of things they've tried to stimulate or fix their economy, it reads like a list of things you **don't** want to do to fix an economy, like print huge amounts of money to pay your debts, or assert that your currency is worth some fixed amount to the USD.


Question: Why does gum lose it's taste after chewing it for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does gum lose it's taste after chewing it for a while?

A big part of the flavour of gum is provided by sugar or some other sweetener, which gets absorbed by your saliva so it disapears from the gum. Also there is the brain. the brain is always looking for changes, in the input. Something that was tasted and deemed "safe" becomes less important so after a while the brain stops or decreases the amount of "taste" If you were to give a chewed gum to somebody else, they would experience more taste than you do at that moment.


Question: What is the purpose of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if they have no command authority?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if they have no command authority?

They offer advice on how the President should take action. They are not part of the chain of command, but remember that the President is a civilian and not likely to be an expert on military operations or tactics. The Joint Chiefs are those experts who can provide a good course of action.


Question: What do the specs on/of a computer mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do the specs on/of a computer mean?

The big three specs on a computer are the CPU(the brain), the graphics card (what renders games and stuff), and how much ram you have (it is super high speed memory which can significantly impact how smoothly the computer runs). Other things might be what storage is in the computer or peripherals (like monitors, mice, keyboards or gaming keypads) Most of the "numbers and letters" are referring to specific products/brands/items. For example the GTX 1080 Ti is a graphics card designed by Nvidia but a number of other companies (like EVGA and Asus) have made their own versions so you might see their names in the title as well.