Question: difference between udp vs tcp ????

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 difference between udp vs tcp ????

TCP checks everything. It's slower, but more reliable: * A: I'm sending you a thing! * B: Acknowledged! * A: Here's the thing! * B: I got it! * A: I'm done sending things now! * B: Acknowledged! UDP checks nothing. It's faster, but less reliable: * A: Here's the thing! * (That's it) UDP is better when speed is crucial (e.g. gaming). TCP is better otherwise, whenever a slight delay doesn't matter (e.g. most anything you do online).


Question: . How are vinyls made and how does sound project off them?

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 . How are vinyls made and how does sound project off them?

Sound waves are vibrations. Those vibrations are etched into tracks in the vinyl record. Then when you put a needle into that track and spin the record, the vibrations are transferred into the needle. Just amplify that needle with even a piece of printer paper rolled into a cone and you've got sound!


Question: why do laser dots shimmer/sparkle ?

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 why do laser dots shimmer/sparkle ?

Lasers shine a light of parallel rays of the same frequency. Light can behave as both a particle and as a wave. When waves interact, they can cancel each other out (eg. noise cancelling headphones) or amplify them (eg. ocean waves colliding). When the laser light bounces off an object, the object's surface is not perfectly flat. As a result, the reflected light bounces back a bit randomly. As the rays of light interact, they will either start cancelling or amplifying other rays since they're all the same frequency. This interaction causes the light to change and since you have time vibrations in your hand when holding the laser like from your blood flowing, there will always be slight changes and wobbles in the light. These vibrations change the reflection of the light which causes the interactions of cancellations and amplifications to change. These changes cause the shimmering sparkles you're seeing. Another way a laser might scatter a bit is from a dirty lens on the laser itself or dust in the air which will cause the sparkles of mounted lasers.


Question: Why does ice help reduce swelling?

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 Why does ice help reduce swelling?

Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 : How and why does ice help swelling? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [Eli5: Why do people ice injuries to reduce swelling when swelling is your bodies natural defense against sprains and what not? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5:Why is icing helpful for reducing swelling & why is swelling bad for your injury? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does ice help swelling? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does ice reduce swelling? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_4 comments_)


Question: why do busses not require seatbelts, but other vehicles do?

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 why do busses not require seatbelts, but other vehicles do?

Because busses are so much larger. The reason seat belts are needed to prevent people becoming projectiles is because cars stop so much faster. But if a bus hits a car, it just flattens it. If it's hit from the side, then seatbelts actually INCREASE the risk of injury substantially. Studies have repeatedly failed to find any real benefit to adding seatbelts to larger vehicles. According to the NHSTA, in the majority of fatal accidents, seatbelts provided no benefit anyway. They're only really useful in minimizing injuries in minor accident, which aren't really a concern for busses. Any accident powerful enough to kill someone on a bus is powerful enough to overcome a piece of fabric.


Question: How can someone physically consume 74 hot dogs and what is the "aftermath" like?

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 How can someone physically consume 74 hot dogs and what is the "aftermath" like?

It’s a process of gradually eating more and more food to help expand your stomach. Also being able to chew and break up the food is important as well. Smaller pieces of food will pack inside a stomach a lot more efficiently. Having strong monster jaws helps a lot. All competitive eaters purge after these competitions. That’s the aftermath, lots of puke. Edit: most competitions don’t let you puke or make you hold it in for a certain amount of time. During training they will puke a lot.


Question: If the majority of money being moved around nowadays is digital, what keeps banks from making up massive amounts of money to give themselves?

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 If the majority of money being moved around nowadays is digital, what keeps banks from making up massive amounts of money to give themselves?

Everything still has to be accounted for, they can be audited by regulators and they have to file reports on how much money they have, file taxes, etc. There have actually been a couple of really high profile companies recently - Luckin Coffee and Wirecard - that got slammed really hard for trying to cook their books (in Wirecard's case they claimed to have two billion Euro that seems to never have existed - no one could track it down).


Question: - WeWork - How can the CEO walk away w/ a $1.7B payout when the company has never turned a profit?

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 - WeWork - How can the CEO walk away w/ a $1.7B payout when the company has never turned a profit?

Adam Neumann isn't just the CEO of WeWork, he's also the majority owner. Or *was* the majority owner. The reason he's getting paid is because SoftBank is buying the company from him. That's what he's being paid for - his ownership in the company. His role as CEO has nothing to do with it. Think about it like this, you both drive and own your car. If you sell the car then you're no longer it's driver. But you're not being paid to stop being the car's driver, you're being paid to stop being the car's owner. It just so happens that the new owner of the car also doesn't want you driving it. Adam Neumann's situation is the same - he used to be the driver (CEO) and owner of WeWork. Now he's selling WeWork and the new owner doesn't want him to be the driver (CEO) anymore.


Question: Why does a US Dollar (for example) buy more in some places?

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 Why does a US Dollar (for example) buy more in some places?

It's because the cost of labor is cheaper. This impacts the price of everything. Imagine that every job in the entire country is done for 1/5 of the pay. You can see how this would make a hotel cheaper to build, cheaper to stock with food and drink, and cheaper to manage and run.


Question: Why is the Android/iOS version of an app updated so much more frequently than the desktop versions?

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 Why is the Android/iOS version of an app updated so much more frequently than the desktop versions?

Assuming you're talking about desktop programs, it's probably because it's easier to update through an app store than a standalone program. Google Chrome is an exception though, as it updates itself without any user intervention. The actual Windows OS itself does seem to update much more than Android and iOS though.


Question: What happens during a chemical change in matter?

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 What happens during a chemical change in matter?

All matter that exists is made of atoms at a very basic level; those atoms are held together by bonds. In a chemical reaction, some of those bonds can be either broken, new bonds are formed, or both, or even just slightly altered in position of the chemical structure of the matter. How the bonds of the atoms in matter are affected in those ways is what causes chemical level changes.


Question: When you bend something for long enough, why does it retain the shape/bend that you created?

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 When you bend something for long enough, why does it retain the shape/bend that you created?

Everything has something known as a "degree of elasticity" which is a measure of how much it flexes or bends. Now once that amount is surpassed it starts to permanently warp until it reaches its fracture point. Now the weird thing is that EVERYTHING will do that, the question is how much you can move it before it reaches the fracture point.


Question: Why do Lithium Ion batteries take time to charge? Why can't things like phones and other chargeable devices charge almost instantly?

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 Why do Lithium Ion batteries take time to charge? Why can't things like phones and other chargeable devices charge almost instantly?

Imagine the battery is waterfall. All of the water is at the top then it is drained to the bottom. A charger moves the water back to the top, but it takes work. So that limits how much water it can carry up each trip. It takes time to move all the water back up. Now bigger devices can have more water moved but you don’t want to move too much because then it damages the actual waterfall to climb back up.


Question: How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots/takes so seamlessly?

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 How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots/takes so seamlessly?

It all comes down to the cuts. The cut refers to when you end one shot and start another. A well-timed and well-placed cut feels natural. In the case of Birdman, if you watch closely there are planning shots that show the same thing on screen, be it a floor or a wall or a piece of cloth. Even for a fraction of a second, and that is enough to cut one shot and start the next. If the last frame of one shot is the same as the first frame of the next shot, the whole thing flows and you don't even notice. Editing is its own artform with conventions that we as viewers have grown trained to expect, so we notice these conventions even less and just accept them as part of the experience. Edit: Shot means a sequence of film recorded in one take. You can shoot the same thing a hundred times and have a hundred shots to work with. By Panning I mean the camera is moving in one direction, and they use that as a way to manufacture the feeling that many shots are one.


Question: Why are there different versions of Windows? (ie Windows 10 Home, Pro etc)

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 Why are there different versions of Windows? (ie Windows 10 Home, Pro etc)

Basically Microsoft could just sell the same product to everyone, but they want to make as much money as possible. They can't ask home users to pay the same high prices as business as many wouldn't want to pay that much and they can't just lower the price for windows for everyone to the same low price that every home user can pay. In order to maximize profits they want to sell the same product at different prices to different people They want to sell it cheaply to those who wouldn't buy it if it was more expensive and they want to sell it for a higher price to those who can afford it. So far so good. But how do you do that, you can't ask all customers to tell you how much they are able to spend before you tell them the price. If you offer it cheaply everyone will buy it at the cheapest price. To make sure that the customers with money (mostly businesses) buy windows at the more expensive price they split the product up into multiple versions (called editions or **SKU**s). They took the cheapest version and removed all sorts of features that you normally wouldn't need as a home user. Normal home users don't really need to domain join feature of windows so that gets excluded from the cheapest version. It is no loss for home users but businesses who need it will need to buy the more expensive version. Other functionality that you may not see in the cheaper editions of windows are stuff like drive encryption (Bitlocker) and similar stuff that are mostly needed or wanted by businesses. They also introduced all sorts of arbitrary limits that won't matter to normal users. Windows 10 Home edition for example only allows a maximum of 128 GB of memory, which is far more than any normal user would ever need. If you want more you need a more expensive version of windows. This was actually much more noticeable with windows 7 where "Windows 7 Starter" only allowed 2GB of RAM, "Windows 7 Home Basic" 8GB, "Windows 7 Home Premium" 16GB and "Windows 7 Ultimate", "Pro" and "Enterprise" allowed 192 GB of RAM. So they removed features and included artificial limits to ensure that people spend as much as possible for them on what is actually the same product. With Windows 10 at least Microsoft has limited the number of different editions quite a bit, there used to be far more in previous versions.


Question: Why is it necessary for refs to stand in the path of a javelin throw. Can’t they just stand on the sidelines and jog over after it lands?

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 Why is it necessary for refs to stand in the path of a javelin throw. Can’t they just stand on the sidelines and jog over after it lands?

The javelin doesn't always land point-first and stick in the ground. When it doesn't, it kind of slides along the ground, but the meet official needs to mark it where it first touched the ground. To complicate matters, if it lands flat they're supposed to measure from where the grip hits the ground. If it lands tail-first, they measure from the tail. All of that is difficult to do when you're far away. disclaimer: This hasn't always been the rule and may not be at some levels/in some regions.


Question: How do we know this is the most peaceful time across the world? What is this claim based on (evidence of war? Genocide? Interpersonal violence?)?

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 How do we know this is the most peaceful time across the world? What is this claim based on (evidence of war? Genocide? Interpersonal violence?)?

Thanks to the Red Cross we have reasonably good statistics on the number of people, military and civilian, who have died due to armed conflict. Those numbers have been trending down. URL_0 ...of course, overall the 20th century was bloody as fuck because of two major instances of industrial war. Some of the optimism about peacefulness comes from the formation of groups like the EU, which (maybe! possibly! we hope!) make it less likely for historical conflicts to flare up again.


Question: How can two ISPs in the same city start with the same prefix?

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</answer>
 How can two ISPs in the same city start with the same prefix?

It's not really correct to think of the 174.x.x.x as a prefix - it just happens to be the first part of the number, but doesn't really mean anything. An IP address is a 32 digit binary number, but for the sake of making it a bit more human friendly we chunk it up in four three digit numbers separated by dots. The range you've mentioned, in binary, looks like 10101110000000000000000000000000 through 10101110111111111111111111111111 - you can have any combination between those two. How many combinations is that? 16,777,216 that's how many. (OK, there's actually a few in there that we can't use for technical reasons, but it's still quite a big number) If you were to allocate a single block to a single ISP, then you'd be giving them nearly 17 million IP addresses, all to themselves. Once you've allocated that block, it makes it unavailable for everyone else. Instead, we chunk the block up a bit more finely. Even if we give you ISP 174.1.x.x then that's 65,536 IPs. Maybe they'd start with that one block when they were a young fledgling ISP with not many subscribers, but as they expanded they'd request some other blocks and end up with something completely different - they might get give the 214.6.x.x block instead - it would make things marginally trickier from their side, but by no means impossible. In terms of the internet as a whole though, it's far better to only give people the IP addresses they actually need instead of doling out massive ranges that most ISPs could never fill.


Question: Why does sugar make things sticky?

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 Why does sugar make things sticky?

So, firstly, Sugar alone doesn't make things sticky. If it did we couldn't have powdered or granulated sugars, they would all stick together in a solid block as soon as you put them in a bag. What makes things sticky is a mixture of sugar and water. The water is the key part and i'll try and explain why that is by working through a few steps. 1. Water interacts with sugar through hydrogen bonding(more below) and by absorbing hydrogens from the hydroxyl groups that are part of sugar molecules. Hydroxyl groups are a hydrogen and an oxygen, attached to carbon atoms in sugar. Getting them wet can actually create more of those hydroxyl groups. 2. Both of the above interactions serve to modify the [nuclear charge]( URL_0 ) of the sugar molecules. It makes it more negatively charged than it was before. Nuclear charges and dipoles are VERY complicated, but it essentially allows for something called [hydrogen bonding]( URL_1 ) to occur more easily. Don't let the name fool you, it isn't strictly related to hydrogen all the time, it just refers to attraction caused by nuclear charges attracting their opposite charge. Dw too much about it, but also it holds your body together and is involved in every type of chemistry that allows life to exist. 3. We feel that hydrogen bonding as stickiness because it literally is sticky. Those nuclear attractive/hydrogen bonding forces are sticky on a molecular level. edit: sorry it's not more ELI5, i just wanted to make sure people could go read up more if they wanted to.


Question: Why should I care that Google and other tech giants have my data?

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 Why should I care that Google and other tech giants have my data?

Because you have almost no say in what Google does with it. Sure, it might might OK if they sell it to a company who uses it to show you ads for things you actually like or want. But what if Google were to sell your website browsing info to your health insurance company? Say you were looking up a place to go skydiving, and your insurance company saw that and decided you were a high-risk individual to justify raising your premiums? Or what if your mortgage company obtained data that showed you were looking for a new job, and similarly decided you were a risk and raised your rates? The controversy about data harvesting is that we *don't know* what's being done with our sensitive personal data- the process is immensely opaque- and the potential harm from having your personal data out there for the highest bidder can't really be estimated yet.


Question: What's the difference between minority and majority government?

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 What's the difference between minority and majority government?

The Canadian House of Parliament has 338 seats. If a party claims 170 or more seats, they control more than half the seats in the House. This is Majority government: they control the majority of the seats in the House. This means that on any given vote, even if all the other members vote against something the majority party puts forward they can't outvote them. The Liberals have had a Majority government for the last four years. If a party claims less than 170 seats, but they get more seats than any other party, they control a plurality of the seats. This is Minority government. It means that if enough members band together, they can defeat a motion put forth by the minority government. If the party currently forming government is defeated in a vote, this is known as a "no confidence" vote and it automatically triggers an election. The Liberals are predicted to form a minority government after tonight's election.


Question: What is the significance of classifying numbers as even, odd, prime, non-prime etc.?

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 What is the significance of classifying numbers as even, odd, prime, non-prime etc.?

These numbers have certain properties which force them into these categories. Even numbers can be divided in half to get another whole number; odd numbers cannot. Primes are divisible only by themselves and one; non-primes are divisible by further numbers. The categorisation of these numbers is shorthand for stating these properties.


Question: . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?

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 . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?

Laser pointers are not perfect lasers, an excellent laser is beyond the budget you have for a cat toy. The laser diode is very small, and some photons that leak out are slightly off axis. By the time you get far away, these tiny angular errors have accumulated into something visible.


Question: Why do things behind a bright light appear dark?

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 Why do things behind a bright light appear dark?

Your eyes make adjustments based on the amount of light present. Have you ever noticed that when you first walk into a dark room you can't see anything, but after a little while you begin to see better? Your eyes were adjusted to a lot of light before walking into the room and then slowly adjusted to very little light. Your eyes can't adjust to both a lot of light and very little light at the same time, so it adjusts to the intense light. The objects that are dark will not be very visible, just like when you walk into a dark room.


Question: Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy?

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 Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy?

Microwaves heat food mostly by exciting the water molecules in it. Water can only be heated to 100C before it becomes water vapor. So, microwaves generally don't heat your food beyond that temperature. But, ovens get much hotter and so can really create a crisp texture by evaporating the water out of the food.


Question: How do game / software developers decide what to call each version update? e.x. v1.1 vs v1.01

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 How do game / software developers decide what to call each version update? e.x. v1.1 vs v1.01

Often (but not always) the versions are numbered by the [MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH scheme]( URL_0 ), which is widely used. MAJOR means some significant changes in the software, like architecture or development approach changes, often making it incompatible with the previous versions. MINOR mostly adds some features, but without any drastic overhaul. PATCH usually marks bug fixes or any minor corrections, without any changes to functionality.


Question: If the petroleum industry receives over $4 billion in annual government subsidies (on average), why is there a tax on fossil fuels? Wouldn't these cash flows 'cancel out?'

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 If the petroleum industry receives over $4 billion in annual government subsidies (on average), why is there a tax on fossil fuels? Wouldn't these cash flows 'cancel out?'

Most of the subsidies for the fossil fuels industry in the US comes in the form of tax breaks. Some economists would be upset at using the term subsidy to mean tax break, but common usage of the word includes them. Petroleum companies get tax breaks for doing specific things that the government wants to incentivize (or avoid punishing). For example, they get a foreign tax credit which allows them to deduct taxes paid in foreign countries from their profits that are returned to the US. The government allows that because it wants US companies to do business abroad while bringing money back into the US. Companies either wouldn't do business abroad or would keep their earnings outside of the US if they got double taxed on them. It's also worth noting that this tax break is available to pretty much all US businesses, not just the petroleum industry. There are also subsidies promoting domestic manufacturing, exploration for new wells, etc. There are a couple reasons you can't just trade these out for a tax on petroluem. First, the tax on gasoline is collected by both the stats and the federal government, which means the states also rely on the tax for money. However, the federal government is the one who gives the subsidies. So the people doing the taxing aren't always the same ones providing the subsidies. Additionally, people are the ones paying the tax and it's on gasoline. Petroleum companies are the ones getting the subsidies and it's on their businesses in general and drilling for oil; not just gasoline. Second, if you remove the subsidies you lose your ability to influence the behavior of the subsidized industries. Without the subsidies companies could get the same savings without having to undertake specific tasks to claim the subsidy.


Question: why do the prices of some products on Amazon change frequently, sometimes even a few cents more or less?

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 why do the prices of some products on Amazon change frequently, sometimes even a few cents more or less?

Conventional stores have relatively static prices simply because of the amount of work to update the price on something. You have to update the price on the shelf, possibly re-sticker the items, and update the cash register database. You would also have to worry about the people who have an item in their cart still walking around the store. These aren't really concerns for a digital platform. As for why you update prices, it basically comes down to algorithms to maximize profit over time. It's about balancing the amount of profit per item with the expected rate of sale at that price point. Why is your shampoo $3 a bottle? At that price, over a given period of time, it will maximize profit (Let's say 1 million units at $1 per unit). If you decrease the price by a small amount, you will make less profit per item, but theoretically sell more. Do you sell enough to make up the difference? If you make $0.95 per unit, you would need to sell an extra 52,632 thanks to the price change to make more money. You can also turn that the other way around, and at $1.05 per unit profit, you will make the same total profit given 47,619 less sales, but if it drops by more than that, you have lost profit. So Amazon is basically constantly running these numbers of small adjustments and rate of sales for these things. Also keep in mind that the suppliers may be adjusting their price too, so Amazon's profit per unit changes depending on where they are in the stock level (they may have 100 pallets of a product that came in at 5 different price points, meaning the profit per unit is changing as they sell it).


Question: What is happening in a child’s brain when they are in the phase of “sounding out” words, but there is a disconnect between the the sounding out and the final word? They’ll sound the word out correctly, yet they will spew a seemingly random word when told to say the whole word.

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 What is happening in a child’s brain when they are in the phase of “sounding out” words, but there is a disconnect between the the sounding out and the final word? They’ll sound the word out correctly, yet they will spew a seemingly random word when told to say the whole word.

There is a disconnect between the forming of muscle structures and the understanding of a word. I see the opposite a lot when teaching someone a new accent. They can picture the word clearly in their mind but can't make the shape with their mouths until I spell the word to the phonetic of the accent.


Question: the implications of successfully mastering cold fusion. What could we do with it and are we close?

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 the implications of successfully mastering cold fusion. What could we do with it and are we close?

Successfully mastering nuclear fusion- of any sort- has immense consequences. Mainly it allows us to produce immense amounts of energy from abundant resources, with basically no environmental consequence. But it also puts incredible destructive power in our hands. As of 2018, most of the world's power generation comes from coal, then natural gas, hydroelectric power (dams), nuclear, then wind, oil, and then other renewables. URL_0 All of these have their own consequences. Fossil fuels cause air pollution and global warming. Nuclear fission leads to concerns with nuclear waste, disaster management (natural and man-made- see Fukushima and Chernobyl), and weapons proliferation. Dams cause environmental destruction, and even wind turbines will kill birds. Renewables are also generally more expensive than other sources of electricity. Here's where fusion energy comes in. Unlike the other sources, nuclear fusion produces energy by bringing two atoms together, usually atoms with small nuclei like hydrogen or lithium (and isotopes thereof). The great thing about hydrogen fusion is that we can get hydrogen extremely easily- by electrolyzing water. The amount of energy needed to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is much less than what we get from nuclear fusion, so as long as we have water, we will have an immense amount of power. So let's talk about **hot** fusion. The first thing to note is that we've achieved hot fusion. First in the centers of thermonuclear bombs, in 1952, and in the laboratory... since 1958. The crucial problem is that nuclear fusion is a tricky thing to get going. Atoms do *not* want to get too close to each other, let alone close enough to start a fusion reaction. So an incredible amount of energy has to be put into the reactor to get a fusion reaction going, and so far the biggest challenge has been to design a reactor that produces more energy than it uses. Even if we make one, it may have to be so large, and produce such a small surplus of power, that it would hardly be worth building for power generation. URL_1 And finally we can come to **cold** fusion. Imagine all the above- without the need to spend all that energy to start the fusion reaction. Suddenly we have a cheap, plentiful source of clean power. Pretty much the entire modern world runs on electricity; achieving cold fusion would open the door to massive upheavals in society as electricity becomes even more cheap and plentiful than it already is. But there's a dark side to this. That same titanic release of energy can be used as a weapon, and in fact the first large-scale nuclear fusion was carried out in a thermonuclear bomb test. If cold fusion were easy at all to achieve, it would open the door to weapons of incredible power in the hands of basically any nation with the infrastructure to produce them. That would be an interesting future for humanity.


Question: Why mist can contain salt (salt mist) but water vapor does not (desalination via distillation)?

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 Why mist can contain salt (salt mist) but water vapor does not (desalination via distillation)?

Salt mist as in sea mist is literally tiny drops of sea water splashing into the air, so it contains everything from the sea, including the salts. Water vapour is evaporated, the water boils into a gas and then condenses onto a cooler surface or in the cooler air, so it is chemically pure h2o.


Question: How does a SAM distinguish different targets?

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 How does a SAM distinguish different targets?

As others have mentioned IFF exists to identify aircraft. But it's also worth pointing out the launcher isnt operating alone, it's linked to a detector, usually radar. This is the eyes, it has a computer brain and the iff coming off the contact is part of the information set that makes decisions. Some missiles then themselves have smaller detector/decision setups and can change their minds after launch All these things together make them pick legitimate threats out and stop them whacking flocks of birds etc etc


Question: how are VFX added to movies shot on film?

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 how are VFX added to movies shot on film?

You scan the film, so that you have an image of each frame. Then you compute your VFX to line up with the pixels in the frames. Then you print your VFX onto film. Then you can use multi-frame printing to get film for the scene. Or you do the composition digitally and print new frames.


Question: How do different video formats change the size of a video, even at the same resolution and frame rate? Isn’t it the same video you’re watching?

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 How do different video formats change the size of a video, even at the same resolution and frame rate? Isn’t it the same video you’re watching?

There are two things that you can tweak. The first is the compression algorithm. This will be things like MPEG versus h.264 or h.265 algorithms. They describe how to strip down the video file to as few elements as possible to reproduce it later. Essentially, you trade storage time for CPU time to compress/decompress it. The second is the lossy factor. Most video compression formats do not attempt to serve back the exact same set of pixels. Instead, you get something that is good enough to be recognizable on the other end. Of course, the amount of detail you want to keep is an adjustable factor in the compression algorithm. You can take the same source video and throw it into the same algorithm with two different settings and get different quality video out the other end.


Question: When a bank is robbed, do the people/companies get reimbursed by an insurance company or the bank for all of their money that has been lost?

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 When a bank is robbed, do the people/companies get reimbursed by an insurance company or the bank for all of their money that has been lost?

It's not their money in the bank. When you give your money to the bank, it's just that: you're giving it to them. What the bank does in return is give you a slip of paper otherwise known as a "balance" of how much money you have with them, that they need to be able to pay you should you request it back. As an added bonus: think about how a bank makes money, and incentivizes you, the customer to have them hold your money instead of another rival bank. The interest rate the bank advertises is the major selling point that most people would care about. How can they provide interest if your money just sits there? It certainly doesn't multiply on its own, otherwise under the mattress would be the ideal place to store it. Where the real money comes in is from loans. The bank uses all the money that people have given it, and attempt to make good investments on people applying for loans and earn additional income through interest they charge on top of those loans. A sound loan applicant with a well thought out business stratagem will most likely generate a return on the initial investment that the bank gave out, thus turning a profit and having more money than it had with everyone's deposits. A lot of these happen every day and it's why bankers look at "risk" which is between 'none' (a sound investment with no chance of losing money like an arbitrage) and 'high' (an unwise investment unlikely to get any money back from, such as fedoras for dolphins) The bank gives out this Return On Investment in very small amounts as a reward for using them across all the customers. And because you don't own the money you gave them, just a balance that's good for that much money from them they give you a little extra to incentivize your continued patronage.


Question: It is stated that the moon's near side features were created by lava flows and the far side features are craters made by impacts, but how did lava flow in the extremely cold environment of space?

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 It is stated that the moon's near side features were created by lava flows and the far side features are craters made by impacts, but how did lava flow in the extremely cold environment of space?

There are a few things 1. The moon isnt generally that cold.+100° during day, down to -130° at night. 2. How quick something cools, depends on how much hotter it is than its surrroundings. Rocks melt at different temps, but its usually somewhere > 600°. Even at night, 600° lava will cool only a little bit faster in -100° rock than on 0° rock. The difference is 600° vs 700°, or just below 15% - meaning it would cool down less than 15% faster. 3. Rock is not a good heat conductor - on earth lava looses most of its heat to the air (which isnt a good conductor either, but it carries heat away by blowing wind). Wont happen on the moon, since there is practically no air. 4. The events that caused the formation of lava tubes - mostly impacts and tectonic events according to a quick google search - dont only heat the portion of rock that ends up melting. They also heat up its surroundings. So, at that place and time, the moon is actually a pretty hot place (even at night).


Question: What is Euler's Number supposed to mean/represent in math?

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 What is Euler's Number supposed to mean/represent in math?

Imagine you go to a bank that has 100% interest on your savings account. They double your money deposited every year. That's great! You start with $1, and at the end of the year have $2. But then another bank has a better deal. They give you the same 100% interest, but they give it to you in two chunks. So at the 6 month mark, they give you 50% interest ($1.50 total), and then at the one year mark, they give you 50% interest on your new total, so you end up with $2.25. Not to be outdone, the first bank now divides their interest monthly. Each month you get (100/12)% interest. At the end of the year, you end up with $2.61. Now another bank comes back and offers interest daily. Each day you get 1/365th of your interest, so you end the year with $2.71. Now let's take it to the extreme and compound it every minute. 525,600 minutes in a year (Thanks Rent). We find that at the end of the year this way, we end up with... $2.71. There's some changes in the decimal value after the fact, but we've pretty much reached our peak. The equation we would use for calculating our interest was (1 + 1/N)^(N), where N is the compounding period. As we make N bigger, the exponential value gets larger, but the fraction gets smaller. If we make N infinite, that's when we get Euler's Number (e) out of this equation.


Question: Why do certain store-bought, counter-ripened fruits (peaches, pears, nectarines, etc.) often acquire that gross, mealy texture without ever becoming properly ripe?

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 Why do certain store-bought, counter-ripened fruits (peaches, pears, nectarines, etc.) often acquire that gross, mealy texture without ever becoming properly ripe?

Some (scammy) sellers will freeze them for storage, then thaw them before they go on the shelves. Freezing destroys the texture of the fruit due to ice expanding and bursting the cells, and makes them tasteless, but they look the same on the outside. This results in tasteless, mushy textured fruit that leaks juice.


Question: Why do the bubbles in fizzy drinks seem to come from specific points at the bottom of the glass?

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 Why do the bubbles in fizzy drinks seem to come from specific points at the bottom of the glass?

The dissolved gases need the right conditions in order to coalesce. Usually this means they need a micro cavitation to begin forming bubbles. At a microscopic level, the bottom of a glass has enough little pits to begin forming bubbles. The dissolved gases want to get free of the drink, but usually can't due to the pressure of the liquid keeping it dissolved. Once it finds an outlet to create bubbles, it tends to keep forming in that same location.


Question: What exactly is a non-profit and why are they viewed more favorably by society?

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 What exactly is a non-profit and why are they viewed more favorably by society?

Profit has a very specific meaning. It's not just "money a company makes" it's money a company makes that is *then* paid out to its owners *after* covering costs. And one of two things happens: A) owners pocket the money B) owners reinvest that money into the company. The biggest difference between a for-profit and non-profit company is that option A is *not allowed* with a non-profit company. There's a lot of other legal crap going on. But that's the big difference.


Question: what happens to the body of a person who chooses to donate their body to science?

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 what happens to the body of a person who chooses to donate their body to science?

It actually all depends on you. There are so many different programs that you can choose from, and with many you can stipulate what can and can't happen to your body (obviously the place can refuse to accept if you have too many, or too demanding of stipulations). Now, there are many different uses for cadavers. Medical students use them to practice, and that includes plastic surgery. The weird part there is they just get the piece that matters, as cadavers are a limited resource. Take for instance, when a school or medical establishment holds a plastic surgery seminar for doctors to practice on say a face lift, well, they don't need the rest of the body. So, it's just a room full of heads sliced off at the base of the skull, not even the neck, just along the jaw and skull. The rest of the cadaver can be utilized, so just the piece that is needed for that training is removed and used. Now there are places that are light heartily referred to as body farms. They are very important to forensics and helping solve crimes. They put the cadavers in many different situations and let them decompose. As in, put them in a car and let them decompose while in the driver's seat or trunk. Dig a shallow grave, leave them just open on top of the ground, submerge them in a pond, anything you can think of really. Then they study decomposition and the timing of it, so that detectives and doctors have solid information to see if the body was moved, how long since death, how long it's been there, etc. You can help solve crimes! There are even uses for cadavers in crash testing, designing boots to help mitigate land mines, and much more. If you are interested in this, I would highly recommend 'Stiff: The Curious Lives Of Human Cadavers' by Mary Roach. It details many uses, and in much more detail, of bodies donated to science. Also, she covers beating heart cadavers used for organ donation, and the many ways to take care of your body after death (burial, cremate, etc.) Very engaging author, and great conversational tone that makes the book a fun read, even though it is quite gruesome.


Question: what is that sensation you feel when you watch someone fall and you feel it in the area that it happens to them?

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 what is that sensation you feel when you watch someone fall and you feel it in the area that it happens to them?

You get input from something called ["mirror neurons"]( URL_0 ). To quote the link i sent you: "A **mirror neuron** is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species. Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system. In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex." So, in a way, it is a chemical release of neuroreceptors in the brain.


Question: How is video manipulation done?

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 How is video manipulation done?

One way is to track motion in the video and add the effect/object to that "stationary" (relative to the in-footage object) point. We did a post effects project in my uni where we replaced a wound on the actor with a 3D model because the makeup wasn't deemed good enough. We had to track the camera movement and rotation (semi-automatic), replicate the skin stretching as the actor moved (semi-automatic), and manually mask out the original wound for each frame (half our team did this for two weeks). There was also the sculpting, texturing and lighting the replacement wound and matching the colour grading and film grain/noise to that of the original footage. In the end I couldn't tell the charred flesh and jacket wasn't real.


Question: Why do gas prices fluctuate so much depending on what region of the United States you’re in?

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 Why do gas prices fluctuate so much depending on what region of the United States you’re in?

Gas is expensive to transport and needs to be transported in large volume relative to other potentially dangerous chemicals. You need lots of people with lots of relatively uncommon and valuable certifications to facilitate the transport. Some places are close to refineries, some aren't. Some places have lots of people certified to transport gas around, some don't.


Question: What happens to a country if they go bankrupt / default on their debt?

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 What happens to a country if they go bankrupt / default on their debt?

It rarely actually happens, because most of the times the richer countries of the world will step in and help out. The US has helped out many countries about to default on debt. However, Greece experienced this situation before being bailed out a few years ago, and essentially here is what happened. \- All their banks closed. No cash was available. Nobody could access their money. Nobody could buy food, gas, etc. \- No more imports. So food, gas, whatever that was suppose to come into the country to keep things going, stopped. \- Work stoppages - if companies can't access their money, they can't pay employees \- Tourism almost stops, because most people pay with credit cards, and they can't process those cards any more. Had a friend who was actually on his honeymoon in Greece when this happened. They had to rent a car (luckily he had some cash) and drive over the border into another country that had Euros to get a stack of cash, then drive back to Greece to finish their honeymoon. Because cash was still accepted, but you couldn't get it in Greece. Luckily the crisis only lasted a short time. The EU stepped in and bailed them out. If it didn't happen, Greece would have had serious serious issues.


Question: What does a good economy mean for an average person?

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 What does a good economy mean for an average person?

Good economy means more tax income, more tax income means better infrastructure, better government services like education, healthcare or welfare programs. Better infrastrucutre and services leads in turn to even better economy. More taxes also means than tax rate can be lowered without hurting infrastructure and services. Good economy means less poverty, less poverty means less diseases, less crime. Vast majority of crime is committed for economic reasons. Less diseases and crime in turn leads to even better economy. Good economy means more jobs. More jobs means that your value is now higher since there are more job opening and less candidates for those jobs. Good economy means that your property is valued more, since there are more people who can afford property. It's quite mind boggling to me that average adult middle class American cannot understand such basic concepts and says that he hasn't noticed any differences.