Question: Why do we sometimes yawn and feel really sleepy, go to the bed but don't fall asleep as soon as we expected we would?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we sometimes yawn and feel really sleepy, go to the bed but don't fall asleep as soon as we expected we would?

Perhaps you are not distinguishing between "sleepy" and "tired." Feeling **sleepy** is part of a physiological cycle. Your body clock is saying that "now would be a good time to get the required amount of sleep." You do not necessarily have to have run out of energy at that point any more than you have to be starving to death before you feel hungry. **Tiredness**, however, is different. It is not part of a cycle and can be caused by a number of things: using up a lot of energy and not replacing it, lack of oxygen, boredom, illness. Unfortunately, the symptoms of both are similar and sometimes you can confuse the two. Yawning is frequently a sign of tiredness rather than sleepiness. Consequently you might go to bed thinking you are sleepy when in fact you are just tired (or "fatigued"). A few moments rest may be enough to replenish you energy levels and sleep is neither wanted nor necessary. Just to contrast the two: People can spend the whole day doing nothing but watch TV. Nevertheless, at a certain time they will fall asleep easily despite not really having tired themselves in the least. Conversely, after, say, running a marathon, the runner is probably extremely tired but that doesn't mean that what he wants to do is curl up under the sheets and snore.


Question: We can freeze human sperm and eggs indefinitely, without "killing" them. Why can't we do the same for whole people, or even just organs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 We can freeze human sperm and eggs indefinitely, without "killing" them. Why can't we do the same for whole people, or even just organs?

Because sperm and eggs are just single cells. Organs and organisms are collections of cells that must operate in unison or the entire organism dies. If you have 5 million sperm cells and your freezing/thawing process kills half of them, you still have 2.5 million viable sperm cells to rely on, and only need one for success. If you freeze/thaw a person and kill half their cells, you end up with a mess.


Question: - Why is space cold when the suns heat is currently roasting me like a pig whilst I sit outdoors in Spain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is space cold when the suns heat is currently roasting me like a pig whilst I sit outdoors in Spain?

That heat is not heat when it's traveling to earth, it's high intensity light from the sun that becomes heat as it gets absorbed by particles in the atmosphere/on the earth's surface. There is virtually no matter in outer space to absorb that light and convert it to heat, which is why it's able to get all the way to earth and warm everything up.


Question: A lot of outrage comes from “companies stealing our data”, what is an actual harmful outcome to me from a company taking my data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 A lot of outrage comes from “companies stealing our data”, what is an actual harmful outcome to me from a company taking my data?

Well, they can target their advertising very specifically, manipulating your behaviour by knowing how to subconsciously alter your spending habits. The data can be used to alter things like your chances of being approved for a loan, or how much your insurance will cost. They might reveal information you'd rather keep secret, for example gay people have been outed because their social media began sending adverts and messages related to that based off of their search history... there can be a lot of consequences.


Question: Can someone explain an Existential Forgery Attack against RSA Digital Signature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain an Existential Forgery Attack against RSA Digital Signature?

The attack is just a means of producing something with a technically valid signature. However what that "something" is, well, it is essentially garbage most of the time because you're forcibly constructing something with a valid signature out of parts with valid signatures. What you get in the end will be effectively random. In most cases it would be a case of "Look, he signed this document!" "This looks like something produced by an infant who'd never seen a crayon before." "Yes, but he signed it, and I can prove it mathematically!" The math is fairly simple. RSA signatures are essentially done by raising a number to an exponent. EncryptedText = OriginalMessage^e (modulo N) and the decryption process is OriginalMessage = EncryptedText^(d) (modulo N). For signing you just swap e and d, and replace EncryptedText with SignatureOfMessage. e is the public exponent and d is the private exponent in both situations. Now modulo arithmetic can often be treated as simple integer arithmetic and then apply the modulo at the end rather than at each step in a long calculation. I can do all the math without considering of the modulo and then fix it at the end. So I can really just abuse the usual rules of multiplication and exponents to build a technically valid signature by combining 2 (or more) other known signatures. SignatureOfMessage1 = Message1^(d) and SignatureOfMessage2 = Message2^(d). Not knowing what d is but having the originals and signatures of any old messages, I can still combine these into a valid combination, SignatureOfMessage1 * SignatureOfMessage2 = Message1^d * Message2^d = (Message1 * Message2)^d = A valid signature for message Message1*Message2 (modulo N) In most situations this isn't very useful, but you have technically constructed a new message and its valid signature without breaking the private key.


Question: Does having multiple injuries affect how your body heals itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does having multiple injuries affect how your body heals itself?

Your body requires synthesis of material for activities like exudation (anti bacterial response), epithelial regeneration (skin healing from bites), collagen fibers (bone healing from bruise), etc. Each of these pieces require material synthesis. The body is like a factory that can make it's own materials. However, there is always a maximum throughput value. The speed at which any two bodies can create requires materials will not be the same. However, seemingly different materials may require similar inputs. If two injuries require the same material for healing at a rate greater than the body can produce then your healing will be delayed. I'm not aware of many studies that target the bodies ability to parallel process, but it's a very good question that I would like to read more about.


Question: In what sense does one food or drink 'go' with another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In what sense does one food or drink 'go' with another?

The main thing that you want in a food and drink pairing is for both to have a similar intensity in the mouth. For instance, if you were eating something very light like a quiche, you don't want to then drink a very heavy red wine. The taste of the red wine will linger in the mouth, and so the next bite of quiche will be muted. Similarly, if you have a really heavy food like sharp cheeses, a wine that is too light will still have hints of cheese as you sip it since it's not strong enough to override it. Beyond that is flavour pairings, which is really just complimentary flavours. Often this is about balancing the different things the tongue can sense, like acidity, sweetness, etc., so that all of them are somewhat triggered, but none of them are overwhelmed.


Question: In nature, why is it the generally the responsibility of the male to prove its fitness to the female? Is the offspring not just as susceptible to poor genes being passed from the female?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In nature, why is it the generally the responsibility of the male to prove its fitness to the female? Is the offspring not just as susceptible to poor genes being passed from the female?

Males can mate with a lot of females in a gestation period. Females can only (usually) mate with one male per gestation period, so they make it count. Consider a generic species. For males, the genetic 'best option' is to spread their seed far and wide, the idea being that *some* of their offspring will survive. If they can impregnate fifty females? Great! Their genetic legacy is secure. For females, the best option is to only accept the best they can get, to improve the chances of fit offspring. If they mate with a weak male, their offspring is going to have a hard time of it, and will probably die early -- not good, if you're putting a lot of energy into setting up a lineage. Females in this generic species have to know that the investment they're making -- in food, in time, in energy, and in the risk to their own health during pregnancy and birth -- is worth it, so they're likely to only accept the best they can get.


Question: Why do certain product categories, vape stores or amazon mattresses, have such a positive review bias?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain product categories, vape stores or amazon mattresses, have such a positive review bias?

Reviews make the sale. Amazon has been fighting off fake reviews for a long time. Sellers know that you will pick the best rated at the price point you pick. Sure not all of them are fake but I follow tons of Amazon sellers podcasts and this is common practice. They used to pay for reviews, then Amazon banned that. Then they would give away stuff for good reviews, then Amazon banned that too. Shilling is on everywhere. Reddit is really bad with it right now. Monsanto threads and audiophile threads are perfect examples to look at. Video game systems used to be king if this but thankfully that's over with for the most part.


Question: If a person were underfed to the point of stunted growth and delayed puberty, what would carbon-dating their bones reveal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a person were underfed to the point of stunted growth and delayed puberty, what would carbon-dating their bones reveal?

It would still reveal about when the person died. I don't think current carbon dating methods are going to be accurate to within a decade for example. Carbon dating allows us to deduce when the living material was grown. Dating bones will tell us when the bone was formed but not necesssarily when the organism died. That information can be found through other methods but hardly matters when carbon dating might not be accurate to within the lifespan of the organism itself: If we can date a dog skeleton to 30,550 years old plus or minus 50 years, it doesn't matter if the dog was old or young when it died as dogs don't generally live for 50 years anyway.


Question: What is the difference, in terms of impact on health, between 'processed sugar' (i.e. sugar in sweets) and sugar from fruit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference, in terms of impact on health, between 'processed sugar' (i.e. sugar in sweets) and sugar from fruit?

Sugar that is naturally found in fruits is chemically not even the same substance as table sugar, and both table sugar and fruit sugar are different substances than the sweetener used in "sweets". Naturally-occurring fruit sugar is called fructose, and it includes six carbons in a row but it makes a 5-member loop with a few parts sticking off. Table sugar is called sucrose, and it includes twelve carbons arranged in two six-atom rings, and a few parts sticking off. "High fructose corn syrup" is a commercially convenient sweetener -- it's cheap and easy to produce, and it is particularly sweet. It contains fructose but also a lot of glucose (another simple sugar, six atoms in a ring). But our bodies don't exactly recognize HFCS. When we something like an apple, our bodies recognize the natural fructose, and after a bit, the body says, "Okay, that's enough. Thanks!" But since our bodies don't exactly recognize HCFS, they don't turn that signal on, and we overeat this high-calorie stuff. edit: spelling


Question: Why is it harder to get glitter off your skin than dirt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it harder to get glitter off your skin than dirt?

Glitter is kind of 2D whereas dirt is kind of 3D. As your skin is almost always a tiny bit moist (with sweat and oils) it's harder to get the 2D stuff off than the 3D stuff. Try this experiment: 1) Lightly spray a concrete floor with water 2) Drop some grapes on the floor 3) Drop some notecards on the floor When you try to sweep up which is easier?


Question: What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?

Here is a page describing some of the difference between male and female brains, specifically an very interesting brain structure call the anterior hypothalamus. URL_0 I think the differences are pretty well established,.. I recall this being discussed during my undergrad back in the 90's. The article explains pretty well the 'severity' of the differences, how it related to hormonal development, sexual orientation. etc.


Question: When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive/colony in the new location or will they get rejected?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive/colony in the new location or will they get rejected?

Generally speaking such an insect would not be able to find its way home unless it was still within the normal range of its community (going several miles might not do that for a bee). Communal insects do not accept members from other groups except under unusual circumstances (adopted bee queens) so they would likely just die in short order.


Question: How was Nazi Germany able to control most of continental Europe during WWII? Germany was only one country, and they only had so many soldiers, how do you maintain control over an area that large?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was Nazi Germany able to control most of continental Europe during WWII? Germany was only one country, and they only had so many soldiers, how do you maintain control over an area that large?

First Germany was not alone. The Axis in Europe was Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,Slovak Republic, and the Independent State of Croatia. There was alose Finald that was a Co-belligerent. In many countries, they used the local police for control and Vichy France controlled a large part of France. That said there was lots of problems especially in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia where they were partisans group that controlled large part of the country. You had uprising later to like in Warsava and France after the allied landings. So they did not manage to control all of it. The Axis had lost of people and manage to control, to a high degree, large part Europe the help of locals. There were more or less efficient resistance movements everywhere.


Question: What is happening with r/wallstreetbets driving up the price of GameStop stock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening with r/wallstreetbets driving up the price of GameStop stock?

a bunch of investors saw gamestop as a losing business and expected the price to go down. they shorted gamestop stock. that means they borrowed the stock and sold it, intending to buy it back at a lower price, and returning it. a bunch of redditors banded together and kept on buying the stock, driving the price higher and higher. eventually when the contract expires, the people that shorted the stock will be forced to buy back those stock at much higher price than they borrowed it at, losing money. e.g. if I borrow 10k shares of your GME when price is $100/share, sell it, expect it goes down to $50/share, buy 10k shares back and give you back your stocks, I make $500k profit. however if the price goes up to $200/share, then I have to cover the short and buy 10k shares at $200 price, costing me $2mil buy and holding a stock, you can only ever lose at most 100% of your investment. shorting a stock, you can lose much more.


Question: Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?

It is in the same vein as politician speak on crime/drugs. Even if we have law enforcement, criminologists, data scientists telling us year after year that the war on drugs has failed and is doing more harm than good, politicians will always run on a tough on crime, tough on drugs policy because the average voter won't be reading research papers on the drug war. Instead they are more susceptible to populist rhetoric about crime and drugs ruining their neighborhood. So as a result, regardless of party affiliation, if the politician is from a large, national party they will be "tough" on drugs and crime because otherwise, it allows their opponent a free means to accuse them of having a weak stance on the law and protecting your streets and families. This applies to military spending. The average person for the most part is against war but they are not against the military/it's soldiers. If a politician takes an active stance of cutting military spending especially in a period of uncertainty, that politician leaves him/herself open for a free attack on being against the troops and against national security regardless of whether the attacking politician wants to start a war or not.


Question: How and why do glasses work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why do glasses work?

You know how things look like they're an a different place when they're underwater? Like how a straight stick seems to bend when you stick it in a pond? Different materials have different densities, and light bends when it the density of the materials it's going through are different. Glass in your windows are flat and thin, so when it jogs to the side it then jogs back. But glasses are curved. Just a bit, so they change how the light goes through them. They're lenses. Your eyes have lenses too. Most folks eyes help to focus all the light into the right spots, sort of like a magnifying glass focuses the sun. But the lenses in some folks eyes aren't quite aimed right. So their glasses re-aim the light coming in to their eyes to match the bloopers in their eyes lenses.


Question: What gives an auto-tuned voice that distinctive sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What gives an auto-tuned voice that distinctive sound?

Think of autotune as a hypothetic lane assist in a car: You're supposed to be in the right lane, but actually driving with one wheel in the left lane. Autotune will move your car to the right so you're perfectly centered. Now if you atually move towards the left lane, autotune will realize that and pull you to the left until you're perfectly centered. On the dashboard, there's a dial that lets you adjust how aggressively it will pull you to the center of the lane. You can set it to 10, and it'll just give you a slight nudge. 1 will aggressively pull at your steering wheel instead. But the dial doesn't stop at 1, you can move it to 0 - which, instead of moving your car between lanes, teleports the car between lanes. So if you move the steering wheel to the left, you'll remain fixed on the right lane, and at some point you're instantly on the left lane. Instead of lane assist, it's of course pitch correction. But the idea is the same: The regular modes of autotune just make sure you hit the notes correctly, but they still sound more or less like an actual human voice. The "0" mode completely eliminates smooth transition of the pitch from one note to another, causing the robot-like sound effect now known as autotune.


Question: Why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell?

Silicone is a very good heat insulator. That is good if you want to poach the eggs slowly and get a soft, oozy texture but it also slows down the cooking to a snail’s pace. When hardboiling an egg, you just want to blast as much heat into it as possible, which is the exact opposite of poaching.


Question: Why is it that when you sleep, having a leg out from under the covers helps to regulate your body temperature better than having your entire top half uncovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you sleep, having a leg out from under the covers helps to regulate your body temperature better than having your entire top half uncovered?

Capillary action, and your legs have this giant artery called the Femoral Artery. As the blood moves through the leg and foot (that is uncovered) it is cooled by the outside air easier, and returned to the body a bit cooler. With the capillaries spread over the feet, and skin it gets more surface area to cooler air. You are effectively using your leg as a heat exchanger. At least this is what I have always attributed it to. I am sure someone can break it down better than I can.


Question: How do computers generate randomness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computers generate randomness?

Various ways 1. They use a [pseudorandom number generator]( URL_2 ). As the name says, this isn't *true* randomness, but it's good enough for most purposes and it will give you as many random numbers as you want. 2. They collect randomness from various sources relating to the computer's operation and mix it together. Mouse movements, disk access times, network traffic, etc. This also isn't *true* randomness, but it's better than the above. But you can only get so much randomness this way, so you may need to wait for more or fallback to pseudorandom. 3. It uses a special piece of hardware called a [hardware random number generator]( URL_1 ). These devices use a physical source of randomness like thermal noise, shot noise, radioactive decay, [lava lamps]( URL_0 ), etc. This gives you *truly* random numbers, but you need to buy that extra hardware and again, they only produce a limited amount of random.


Question: Can astronauts catch a cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can astronauts catch a cold?

Yes. It is possible they got infected on the ground or shorty after liftoff. It is also possible to be infected with something without showing any symptoms and then infect other crew members. And lastly you can get infected by something that is present in the spacecrafts living in water droplets in air filters and in hidden places. It is a serious issue and have caused problems in previous space missions. The lack of gravity is making the immune system less effective as the fluids in the body does not go where they usually go.


Question: The two most likely scenarios for the end of the universe, The Big Freeze and The Big Crunch...how will they happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The two most likely scenarios for the end of the universe, The Big Freeze and The Big Crunch...how will they happen?

The big crunch is practically ruled out since the discovery that the universe expansion is accelerating. For the Big Crush here how it will happen as far as we know. The universe is 13.7 x 10^9 years. Star are formed in gas cloud, where gravity regroup that gas into what will eventually become a new star. That will continue for a few more billions years. After that, the creation of new stars will slow down as these cloud run out of gas. Galaxy collision will trigger more star formation, but not by much. It the end it doesn't matter because red dwarf can fuse their material for near 1 trillions years or 1 x 10^12 years. More or less a few billions years is irrelevant compare to a trillion years. As time pass out, the bigger blue and white star will die first, the colour of galaxies will shift to red as red dwarf will be the only star left. But after about a trillion years, those red dwarf too will star to die out after burning all of their fuel. Btw the Trillion years is an estimation it could be as high at 10 trillions years. When the last star die out, the only objects still emitting energy will be corpse of death star (white dwarf, neutron star and black holes) and brown dwarf (object between a super gas giant planet and a low mass star). Most of these object at this point won't emit light in the visible spectrum. They still have residual heat from when the were formed, but they will bellow 3 000 degree Celsius, so they will only shine in Infrared. Binary white dwarf orbit decay so from time to time, those will collide and go supernovae. Binary neutron star could collide too, forming gamma ray burst. Binary brown dwarf are a bit more interesting, if they merge, they could form a low mass red dwarf. During that time, Dark Energy and gravity will continue their work. The local group (a group for galaxies close to our own) will all merge into one big galaxy (but that galaxy will be mostly black by that time). Everything else will continue to accelerate until they go out of the observable universe for what used to be our galaxy. Every galaxy will only be able to see itself and no other galaxies. But by 10^40 years, that residual heat will have fade off, what could merge had merge and fade off too. But our model predict that proton have an half life of 10^34 years maybe more. So by that time, there will be no atoms left in the universe as all of the protons will have decayed. Matter will disintegrate, same with planets, brown dwarf, white dwarf, etc. Those object stopped emitting energy long ago, but now they dissolve completely. Only black holes would be left, but even black holes evaporate over time. The bigger the black hole, the slower they lose mass. The biggest of those black holes will evaporate in a ridiculous 10^92 years. At this point only subatomic particle and proton with so low energy that they are basically non-existent. The universe is pretty much death at this point.


Question: How do we know there isn't a final number for pi, but that it goes on forever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know there isn't a final number for pi, but that it goes on forever?

At the most basic level, the most common way to prove a number is irrational is to first assume that it's actually rational (i.e. can be written as a/b where *a* and *b* are both whole numbers) but show that this assumption leads directly to a contradiction (e.g. 0 = 4 or similar). As for the specifics to pi, there's several different proofs that pi is irrational, but unless you're quite familiar with university-level math (calculus and beyond), they're neither easy to understand nor intuitive. Here is one such proof by [Timothy W. Jones of the University of Washington]( URL_2 ). That said, I believe Lambert was the first person to prove pi is irrational, in 1761. Essentially, he showed that: * tan(x) = x / (1 - x^(2) / [3 - x^(2) / (5 - x^(2) / [7 - ...])]) where tan(x) is [the tangent function]( URL_0 ) which you might remember from geometry classes in middle school or high school. Basically, the above expression is a continued fraction. It may be difficult to parse out in-line like that, but it should look [something like this]( URL_1 ). Lambert also proved in a separate result (unfortunately I don't think I can really ELI5 this part) that if *x* is any non-zero rational number then the above expression is irrational. If we assume that pi is rational then it follows that pi/4 must be rational as well. However, tan(pi/4) = 1 and 1 is not irrational, so we've reached a contradiction and thus we know our assumption is false.


Question: What exactly is 'Youtube-dl' , why was it taken down by RIAA and what does the DMCA takedown of youtube-dl affect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is 'Youtube-dl' , why was it taken down by RIAA and what does the DMCA takedown of youtube-dl affect?

Youtube-DL is a little program that downloads videos and/or audio from basically anywhere that hosts them. This means you could go on YouTube and download videos with it. This is a form of digital piracy and technically also falls under hacking; you're using a website in an unauthorized manner and making digital copies of something you do not own. For example, you could pay the $2.99 rental fee on any of the movies hosted on YouTube, and then you could download that video and own a copy. You aren't authorized to make a copy, and you're bypassing legitimate channels to purchase and own that movie. You could also go to somewhere like Netflix and download anything you like off of that. Again, bypassing the legal channels that you would otherwise be required to use. It's all very much like going into a movie theater with a video camera and recording the movie you're watching, except this is in HD. The takedown just means that Youtube-DL had to be taken off of Github (the place it was hosted and downloaded from). That's it. You can't harass people who use the program (because it's basically impossible to track), but you can make it harder to download the program.


Question: How do blood and nutrients get to cells that aren't right up against blood vessels and capillaries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do blood and nutrients get to cells that aren't right up against blood vessels and capillaries?

Blood as a whole doesn't normally get out of blood vessels, if the vessels are intact. Blood *cells*, on the other hand, sometimes do, especially white blood cells. They do this by being able to change their shape enough to fit through small gaps between the cells lining the blood vessel (called the "endothelium"). Nutrients (and other stuff that's not cells) can use the same route, or be transported *through* the endothelial cells in a process called "transcytosis" (basically, the nutrient / stuff enters a cell, passes through it, and exits on the other side). EDIT: Formatting.


Question: Why is there such a thing as a “feels like” temperature? For example, in NYC, it’s 91 degrees today but the weather app says it “fees like” 99 degrees

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a thing as a “feels like” temperature? For example, in NYC, it’s 91 degrees today but the weather app says it “fees like” 99 degrees

A large portion of that has to do with the humidity in the air. 90⁰ with 10% humidity feels way different than 90⁰ with 95٪ humidity. The air can only absorb so much moisture based on its temperature. If it's hot and humidity, it's hard for the sweat on your body to evaporate. Since it's not evaporating and cooling you, it feels hotter than it would if the air was dry.


Question: Why do CFL bulbs turn on almost instantly, but tradition fluoro tubes still need to flicker on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do CFL bulbs turn on almost instantly, but tradition fluoro tubes still need to flicker on?

Good question. The design is basically identical to fluoro tubes: A tube containing a mercury vapour, with heated electrodes at both ends. The answer is that the technology has progressed from the old-fashioned switch-start, magnetically controlled systems, and has moved to electronic starting and control. Fluoro tubes equipped with a modern electronic start and control system, start very rapidly and don't flicker, and are also dimmable, etc. The difference is that in a tube system, the start and control system is in the light fitting. In a CFL, the tube and control system are integrated into a single replaceable unit. The result is that people with fluoros tend to keep the same light fitting, and just change the tube, so the old technology stays around longer. The traditional control system worked by routing power through a magnetic ballast - the job of the ballast is to limit the power available to the tube. While a filament bulb takes a fixed amount of power from the mains, a fluoro tube doesn't, and without some sort of system to throttle the power, it would explode due to overload. Fluoro tubes also have another problem, which is that they need a very high voltage to start - thousands of volts. So, if you just connected a tube to the mains, nothing would happen, because the tube needs a kick to start. To help with starting the tube electrodes are warmed up to red-heat in order to get the starting voltage down to a sensible level (about 1000 volts). So, there is a specific sequence to starting a fluoro tube: 1. Warm up tube electrodes 2. Generate high voltage pulse 3. Apply throttled power to tube 4. If tube is not active, go back to 1. Every time, a high voltage pulse is applied to the tube, the tube flashes. The magnetic system, is controlled by a very clever mechanical switch system, which is quite complex so I won't describe it here. However, the mechanical control of the magnetic system isn't able to give a consistent voltage pulse or a consistent electrode heat-up time. Sometimes, you get a small pulse, sometimes you get a large one. Sometimes, the electrodes are well heated, sometimes they're a bit cold. This means it often takes 2 or 3 attempts, before you get a good start. Because the system is mechanical, the timings are quite slow, so you see visible flashing, each time the system tries a start (and also the tube electrodes get a chance to cool down between attempts). With an electronic system, a microprocessor carefully controls the timing of the electrode heaters, and then triggers an electronic pulse generator which applies a very fast constant stream of pulses to the tube until it starts.


Question: How can my external battery fully discharge when charging my phone's battery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can my external battery fully discharge when charging my phone's battery?

A lithium ion battery has a nominal village of 3.7V. When you use an external battery pack to charge your phone, a circuit pulls power from the battery, converts it into 5V (for the standard USB voltage) and sends it to the USB port. Your phone takes that 5V and converts it to a specific voltage to charge the battery, usually around 4.2 volts. So, there is at least two circuits in between the batteries, not counting protection (to prevent overheating or overcharging). The external battery only sees the load imposed on it by the 3.7 to 5 volt converter. If you took two bare lithium batteries and connected them positive to positive, negative to negative, current will flow from the higher voltage battery into the lower voltage battery until they are the same voltage. (And then they'll both self-discharge due to internal resistance) One more thing, a lithium ion battery is fully discharged around 3.5-3.6 volts. There's almost no more usable energy, but the chemistry inside still produces a voltage. TLDR; there is circuitry between the batteries controlling the flow of electricity.


Question: What would happen if you introduced a flame to a gas giant planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if you introduced a flame to a gas giant planet?

The flame would likely go out very rapidly. I know this sounds like a cop out but.. yeah. The flame would go out due to lack of oxidizers. The centres of gas giants are likely hot due to immense pressures and friction down below the top lawyers of gas. So if they were to ignite or something then I. Suppose it would already have happened. (I take from your question you wanted to know if the gas giants would set on fire)


Question: What is an elementary function?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an elementary function?

The elementary functions are a set of well known functions such as powers of x, roots of x, exponentials, trigonometric functions and their inverses, and most importantly any combinations of them, for example e^sinx + x^(2). Non elementary functions are those that can't be written like that. For example if I define the function: f(x) = 1 if x is rational and f(x) = 0 otherwise Then f is a non elementary function. This function has a specific name - Dirichlet function - but most non elementary functions don't have a name or an easy way to describe them.


Question: What's the difference between an adverbial and a complement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between an adverbial and a complement?

Typically the defintion is that an adverbal is "optional" remove it and the sentence still makes sense. He got through. Makes sense. He got through *the window* so "the window" is an adverbial phrase. Complements, on the other hand are required for the sentence to make sense. He is getting. Does not make sense. He is getting *angry* therefore "angry" is the complement.


Question: How do companies/brands work out how many grams is equivalent to one portion, and how many calories in the product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies/brands work out how many grams is equivalent to one portion, and how many calories in the product?

Calories are just a way of measuring energy. Scientists use calorimetry to determine caloric content, where, say, a gram of the substance is burned and the resulting heat carefully measured, giving you the calories of energy that substance contains per gram. From there , you would refer to the appropriate government serving size guidelines and calculate how many grams (calories) constitute a serving.


Question: Why do cooked noodles and rice not continue to absorb water/liquid in soups?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cooked noodles and rice not continue to absorb water/liquid in soups?

I think everyone kind of missed the point. Yes, noodles have a certain limit for how much they can absorb, but what decides that limit? The porosity (small holes) that a material has and its [chemical properties]( URL_0 ) decides how much water it can hold. Think of a sponge for the porosity part. The chemical part is a little more complicated, but the atomic structure (atoms are the tiny building blocks of everything) decide if the materials attracts or repels water, hydrophilic or hydrophobic respectively. So, noodles and rice have an ability to absorb water. The porosity (small holes) and chemical properties mean that there is a maximum amount of water that can go into the noodles. If you go over that limit, then the noodles and water around them will be out of balance. If there's too much water in the noodles, then the water will leave the noodles. If there's too much water around the noodles, then the water will enter the noodles. This will happen until the noodles and water are at "equilibrium," and where this equilibrium point exists is defined by porosity and molecular properties.


Question: Why is the esophagus not lined with the same tissue type as the stomach, to prevent damage from acid reflux or vomiting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the esophagus not lined with the same tissue type as the stomach, to prevent damage from acid reflux or vomiting?

Ultimately because we're not engineered, we just happened. People misunderstand evolution. It doesn't create advantageous or clever mutations, it creates essentially random mutations, and beneficial ones often (not always) take hold. Detrimental ones die off, and neutral ones sometimes come through as well in a minority of the population. So first of all, there may never have been a mutation that would line the esophagus. If that doesn't happen, then it doesn't happen. Secondly, if it did occur, then it has to happen in the right circumstances to propagate - and has to be generally beneficial to eventually dominate in the populace. There are definite benefits to vomiting - it gets toxic stuff out of the system before it kills us. Maybe we evolved *away* from having a lined esophagus.


Question: Provide a brief biography of David Trottier Respond in 3 sentences.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Provide a brief biography of David Trottier Respond in 3 sentences.

David Thomas Trottier (June 25, 1906 – November 14, 1956) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played in the 1928 Olympic Games, winning a gold medal, and played in the National Hockey League for 11 seasons. He won the Stanley Cup in 1935 with the Montreal Maroons and was the Maroons' leading scorer in the 1931–32 NHL season. He was born in Pembroke, Ontario.


Question: Respond in detail. What's the latest news in Tulsa regarding State Question 788?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Respond in detail. What's the latest news in Tulsa regarding State Question 788?

TULSA, Okla. – In one day, voters across the state will head to the polls to cast their votes in several high-profile races and decide on a state question.
However, some voters in Tulsa are outraged after receiving an email from a member of the Tulsa County Election Board.
The email lists dates for early voting and sample ballots for both parties, but a statement at the bottom of the email is what is causing concern.
“All top GOP candidates for governor… recommend a NO vote on this question, which is said to be an actual vote for ‘recreational’ marijuana,” the email reads.
The email was signed by George Wiland, the vice chair of the Tulsa County Election Board.
“I’ve never seen anything like this,” Kimberly Fobbs, chairwoman of the Tulsa County Democratic Party, said.
Many voters say that the statement was blatantly trying to influence voters, but Wiland says that wasn’t the case.
He told KJRH that he was appointed to the election board by the Republican Party of Tulsa County and he felt like it was his responsibility to educate voters about how the candidates feel regarding State Question 788. He says he followed up with another email about other candidates’ opinions on the question.
However, he admits that he should not have used his official title on the email.
State officials told KJRH that while the email was morally inappropriate, they will not remove Wiland from his post.


Question: Describe the response of the UK's political parties to the concerns outlined in the Brexit Design Manifesto.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Describe the response of the UK's political parties to the concerns outlined in the Brexit Design Manifesto.

The UK's Labour Party has praised the nation's architecture and design sector, and promised to put the creative sector at the centre of Brexit negotiations if it wins next month's general election.
This makes Labour the only political party to specifically mention architecture and design in its election manifesto and the only one to respond to concerns outlined in Dezeen's Brexit Design Manifesto.
"Labour understands the serious concerns that the creative industries have about Brexit, from the potential loss of EU funding streams, to the ability of artists to travel and perform, to the impact on intellectual property rights," the party states in its six-page cultural manifesto, titled A Creative Future for All.
"As Britain leaves the EU, Labour will put our world-class creative sector at the heart of our negotiations and future industrial strategy," it states, pointing out that "Britain is a world leader in music, fashion, video games, architecture, design, the performing arts and much else besides."
"We will get the right deal on issues like intellectual property, customs, access to investment, regulation, workforce and data protection to ensure our creative industries aren't shackled by Brexit," it continues.
The document, released in addition to the party's main general election manifesto, echoes many of the points made in the Brexit Design Manifesto, which was published last September, and signed by hundreds of leading figures from the UK's architecture and design scene.
The party claims it will give the design sector a voice at the Brexit negotiating table.
"Unlike the Tories, we will make sure the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport is represented on the Brexit cabinet committee – so that our creative industries have a voice in government on the crucial decisions that will affect the Brexit negotiations," it says.
Labour is also promising to put creative subjects back on the school curriculum, following an ongoing campaign against the exclusion of art and design from the core English Baccalaureate (EBacc) subjects.
It has pledged to pump £160 million into improving school arts facilities each year and to set up specialist careers advice services, following a recent report that found schools with more creative pupils achieve significantly higher grades.
"We will put creativity back at the heart of the curriculum, reviewing the EBacc performance measure and make sure arts are not sidelined from secondary education," the manifesto says.
Signed by party leader Jeremy Corbyn and and deputy leader Tom Watson, the manifesto would come into action should Labour win the general election on 8 June.
Conservative prime minister Theresa May called the snap election ahead of the start of Brexit negotiations – which are expected to begin 11 days after polling. The winning party will oversee the UK's departure from the European Union, a process expected to take in the region of three years.
Britain voted to sever its ties to the European Union in a referendum held last June. Architects and designers across the UK were overwhelmingly in favour of remaining in the European Union and called the result a "nightmare".
Dezeen worked with leading architects and designers to draw up the Brexit Design Manifesto, which sets out what the government must do to support the industry's growth. Much of the guidance surrounding education and recognition aligns with Labour's manifesto.
Current opinion polls put the Conservative Party in the lead with 46 per cent. However Labour has begun to close the gap since party manifestos were released last week, and is now attracting 36 per cent of the vote.
A key strap-line of A Creative Future for All is "culture for the many, not the few". The Labour Party planning to also invest £1 billion in providing better access to cultural institutions and arts education though a Cultural Capital Fund.
In addition to its dedicated cultural manifesto, the Labour Party also sets aside a two-space spread for the UK's creative industries in its main general election manifesto to reiterate its commitment to giving the creative sector a voice.
Alongside outlining plans to renationalise the rail networks and to scrap university tuition fees, this more comprehensive manifesto focuses on the importance of the architects and designers in a wider sense – from the construction of one million new homes to the creation of New Towns.
The Labour Party launched its cultural manifesto at an event yesterday in Hull, the UK capital of culture for 2017, following the unveiling of the party's wider manifesto last week.
While Labour is the only party to come out with a separate cultural manifesto, other leading parties including the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats also make provisions for the creative sector in their main manifestos.
The Conservative Party manifesto pledges to create conditions where the industry can thrive, and to spend more on researching and developing advances in technology. It says the UK boasts "finest architects and planners in the world" and promises to "support the industrial strategy, which has creative industries at its heart".
The Liberal Democrats vow to protect design education in its manifesto, as well as setting out plans to improve access to apprenticeships in the creative industries. It also says it will tailor tax support for the sector and help to break down financial barriers often faced by start-ups.
Earlier this month, Richard Rogers and David Chipperfield were among a group of eminent architects criticising the UK's current Conservative government for failing to clarify the status of EU nationals working in the country.
In an open letter to The Guardian newspaper the architects said that overseas workers were being used as a "Brexit negotiating chip".


Question: Describe the story of a professor allowing a student to bring her dog to class to help her evacuate during Hurricane Irma.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Describe the story of a professor allowing a student to bring her dog to class to help her evacuate during Hurricane Irma.

When Hurricane Irma threatened to hit her Statesboro, Georgia, apartment a couple of weeks ago, Jessica Lewis began making arrangements to evacuate — planning to wrap up her college classes and head west with her dog, Luna, in tow.
But with evacuation traffic and one additional class to attend, Lewis had a problem.
"I already had all my stuff packed and in my car," Lewis told TODAY. "But I was trying to figure out the quickest and easiest way to get Luna so that I could get on the road as soon as possible."
On a whim, Lewis sent an email to professor Joshua Kennedy, asking if she could bring Luna to class Sept. 7 so she could leave the area immediately afterward, and hopefully avoid some of the evacuation traffic.
"I realize the answer to this is probably a no, but I thought you might actually be a cool enough professor to say yes, and so I figured it was worth a shot," Lewis wrote in an email explaining her situation. "Can I bring my dog to class today?"
Kennedy's response brought a bit of levity to Lewis' hurricane preparations.
"Did you think calling me 'cool' would get me to say yes? Because it won't work," Kennedy responded. "What will work is that SHE'S OBVIOUSLY A GOOD GIRL SO OF COURSE YOU CAN BRING HER."
"I already thought he was a pretty good professor, but this made him the best one ever," said Lewis, who loaded Luna into the car and headed to her political science class.
Kennedy says Luna, a 1-year-old shelter dog Lewis and her roommate adopted in April, was a model student.
"She went up to most everyone trying to make friends, and every once in a while when I would pause after asking a question, she would whine as though she wanted to contribute," said Kennedy. "The other students seemed to enjoy her presence, as Luna got plenty of pats that day."
Kennedy, who is in his fourth year teaching at Georgia Southern University, is an animal lover, and has a soft spot when it comes to dogs.
"We were all pretty stressed — faculty, staff and students alike — wondering whether we'd need to evacuate the area, and making travel arrangements," said Kennedy. "I thought given the scenario that it would be fine to waive the rules in this instance and allow her to bring Luna...it helped provide some levity in what was a stressful situation."
After class, Lewis and Luna evacuated the area. They have since returned to their apartment, where there was no damage.
"Classes have been normal again since Monday, and everything is fine," said Lewis.


Question: Provide an explanation of why Travis Lulay is returning to the BC Lions for the 2018 season.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Provide an explanation of why Travis Lulay is returning to the BC Lions for the 2018 season.

Travis Lulay Returns To BC Lions On One-Year Deal!
The BC Lions Football Club today announced that international quarterback Travis Lulay has signed a contract with the team for the 2018 season.
Lulay enters his 10th CFL season and has appeared in 128 career games for the Lions throwing for 18,858 yards (third all-time in team history) with 114 touchdowns. Last year in Hamilton, he entered an early season game following an injury to starter Jon Jennings and torched the Ticats for 436 passing yards and three touchdowns in a record-setting performance for a quarterback appearing in relief.
His magic continued the following week when he helped engineer a brilliant fourth-quarter comeback against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers at BC Place. Trailing 42-27 with just over 10 minutes to go, Lulay hit Emmanuel Arceneaux for a ten-yard touchdown strike, then ran one in from 14 yards out after the Lions’ special teams unit took advantage of a botched fake punt by the visitors. The successful two-point conversion to Arceneaux set the stage for a go-ahead field goal by Ty Long to seal the victory with less than a minute on the clock.
BC Lions season memberships for 2018 are available now. Season memberships for kids 12 and under start at just $85 all-in. New and renewing season members save as much as 29% on single game tickets while also receiving numerous membership benefits. Click here to view the 2018 schedule.