Question: How does graphite stay on paper?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does graphite stay on paper?

Graphite is relatively soft, and as you scrape it along a surface, tiny bits of it crumble away and stay behind. These bits are insaaanely individually tiny and make up an extremely fine powder. Paper is not as smooth as you might think. It's covered in ridges and pores and little valleys. So as you are dragging the graphite along a piece of paper and leaving the trail of ultra fine powder behind it, you're also applying a bit of pressure between the pencil tip and the paper, effectively packing the graphite dust into all those grooves and pores and ridges in the paper. Erasers work because they're soft and also extremely porous, wich allows them to sink into the textures along the surface of the paper and collect that graphite dust up in it's own surface, taking it from the paper. As you can imagine this process doesn't work perfectly every swipe, which is why erasers sometimes leave smudges behind.


Question: Why does someone that you love smiling at you have a greater effect than a stranger smiling at you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does someone that you love smiling at you have a greater effect than a stranger smiling at you?

Its Pavlovs experiment. He rang a bell every time he fed his dog. Dog started drooling even when he rang a bell but there was no food. You know you are loved when your girl smiles at you and all those previous positive experiences come flooding in because your brain knows you will have positive experiences when you get a smile. It a stranger smiles you know it's just a smile but has no specific positive experiences with that stranger in the past. So your brain is like yeah ok, it's just a smile, I'm not getting anything from that.


Question: How are audio and video stored on CDs and tapes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are audio and video stored on CDs and tapes?

On CDs and DVDs there are little bumps (burns) in the reflective surface in a spiral shape. When the laser from a disc reader "reads" the disk, it's capturing either a reflection (0) or a hole (1) which is binary for the machine reading it. The computer then converts the binary to a digital signal. On tapes, magnetic tape is passed through a series of magnets which record whatever you want onto the tape. When you put it through another magnetic reader, the change in fields on magnetic tape are converted to an analog signal. Edit: analog


Question: How can the human body give birth without actively pushing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the human body give birth without actively pushing?

There’s actually a link to an article in the story that answers your question. Basically the woman wasn’t brain dead so her body is fully capable of carrying a pregnancy. Since we don’t know the type of diagnosis she has it’s possible she felt everything, maybe was able to push. Also, strange shit happens and there is some autonomic muscle contraction that happens during birth.


Question: How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?

Long before the metric system, measurement systems were based on some known distance. Some community said "hey, from this rock to that big tree, we're gonna call that a Spoigle". Then everyone knew how far a Spoigle was, and could use that to estimate longer or shorter distances "Ukthar lives about 20 Spoigles away from me" or "man, that tree hahs to be like half a Spoigle tall". Similarly, smaller units of measurement were generally agreed upon in the same manner, often based on some important thing. Maybe the King's Staff, passed down from king to king was a known length, and they'd say "this room is 3 staves wide". As such in ancient historical times many different civilizations had their own unique set of measurement systems, and through trade and sharing of information over time, some of them became more widely used, spread, and more popular. EVENTUALLY as society progressed, we developed a more consistent measurement system, commonly known as the metric system. The problem with those OTHER systems of measurement was usually in conversion. Even the Imperial system has this issue. 12 inches in a foot, 3 feet in a yard, 1800 yards in a mile? Really arbitrary numbers, hard to dice up into bite sized chunks and translate to other systems. With the Metric system, they defined distance with a known, measureable, and constant base. The meter, for example, is defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. This is true forever (relatively), and not something that changes. (Like a foot is the length of the King's Foot. New king, new foot, bad unit.) Then larger and smaller units of measurement were just multiplied or divided by 10, since that makes the conversions and math easier. A Kilometer is just 1000 meters. A centimeter is 1/100 of a meter, etc. The concrete definitions, and ease of conversion and use, led to the widespread adoption of the metric system (with only a couple holdout nations who still use the imperial system heavily). Someday maybe we'll ALL use the same system, but only time will tell.


Question: How does Electricity (electrons) turn into light (photons)?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Electricity (electrons) turn into light (photons)?

There are several ways. The easiest is an incandescent light bulb. The electrons are forced through a thin wire. They bump into the electrons of the atoms in the wire, giving them energy. Add enough energy and the metal gets really hot. When it's hot enough, the electrons have to occupy orbitals that are farther from the nucleus of the atom. They don't like to be in those orbitals, and then fall back to their favorite places. When they fall back, they emit a photon because energy must be conserved.


Question: how do corporations get away with “house brands” such as Walmart having Equate products that are “Head and Shoulders” shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do corporations get away with “house brands” such as Walmart having Equate products that are “Head and Shoulders” shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper?

Here's something to blow your mind, since you are already having a hard time understanding it: Many times, those Equate products are made in the same plant that the name brand products are. They just put it in different bottles. You are literally buying the name of the product if you don't want to buy the generic version.


Question: Why do objects feel lighter when they're lifted higher up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do objects feel lighter when they're lifted higher up?

If you are carrying the box by placing it *on* your head, then you are using more muscles and bones to support the object than if you are simply holding it with your hands. Furthermore, you are supporting the object closer to its center of mass, meaning there is less gravitational forces trying to twist it out of your grip. You pack large camping backpacks with heavy stuff on top for much the same reason. Leaning forward, those heavy objects become situated above your spine and hips, allowing your whole body to shoulder the weight. If you packed the heavy stuff low, then more weight would be behind you, pulling your shoulders back and unbalancing you. In short, it's not that the objects are lighter, it's that the weight is more evenly distributed.


Question: Why do we wake up a minute or two before our alarm clock? Do humans have some sort of internal clock that makes us wake up at that time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we wake up a minute or two before our alarm clock? Do humans have some sort of internal clock that makes us wake up at that time?

Speak for yourself. Alarm clock goes off. I hear it for a few seconds, then am out like a light again for hours. I've been late many times to work. Can't seem to break the cycle of extreme blissful, tranquil sleep right about the time I'm supposed to get up. Edit: removed minor rant


Question: Why do injuries tend to hurt more in winter than in summer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do injuries tend to hurt more in winter than in summer?

Generally speaking, we feel more pain in the cold because there is a relationship between blood circulation and nerve pain. When its cold outside and you aren’t dressed up for it, it’s very difficult for your body to heat itself because your heart rate slows in the cold as a way to survive. Our nerves are a network that send signals to the brain -ouch- that hurt! As circulation and heat increase our nerves calm down. The cold is more painful because it increases pressure on our nerves and stiffens soft tissues- such as your muscles. This in itself can increase your likelihood of injury (which is why runners do warm ups and wear sweats!)


Question: why does it burn when rubbing alcohol/other treatments are put on a wound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does it burn when rubbing alcohol/other treatments are put on a wound?

Rubbing alcohol is poisonous and doesn't have much water in it. It's also made of very different stuff than you are. So when you put rubbing alcohol on a cut, the flesh around the cut panics because it's: * getting poisoned * having all its water stolen * touching something that definitely shouldn't be inside your body all at once. When your flesh panics, it sends a pain message to your brain and you feel it. Your body uses the same system to feel pain and extreme heat, so anything painful can also feel like "burning." Further, part of the way rubbing alcohol poisons you is that it makes your pain/heat system easier to activate, so it burns more than you'd expect.


Question: Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?

Because acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects. The only reason a feature falls slower outside of a vacuum is because it has much larger surface area compared to mass, which allows the air particles floating around in the atmosphere to get in the way of the falling feather and slow it down more than they do something like a hammer (which has a much *higher* mass compared to its surface area).


Question: Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?

Oxygenated water means that it has oxygen gas dissolved within the water in the same way that carbonated soda has CO2 gas dissolved within the liquid. Oxygenated water is important for fish and other aquatic animals as they pull the oxygen that they need out of the water, if there is no oxygen gas dissolved in the water then there is no oxygen they can use(they can't split the H2O, it takes too much energy) Oxygenated water is useless for people as we breath through our lungs and put water into our stomach. You don't breath through your water holder(stomach) so you aren't going to be oxygenating your blood with your oxygenated water. Your lungs get orders of magnitude more oxygen into your blood stream than your digestive tract could ever hope to so even if you did absorb all the oxygen they dissolved in that water, it would have a negligible effect on blood oxygen level


Question: Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?

I’m not a cigar smoker but my father in law is and he explained that cigars are best enjoyed through your mucus membranes (mouth and nose, passive inhaling) and that you’re really only supposed to smoke enough to keep it lit. This is a very different experience compared to smoking a cigarette or a joint where people try to inhale as much of the smoke directly into their lungs as they can, mostly to get the effects of the nicotine or THC.


Question: When you sell a stock, who is actually giving you the money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you sell a stock, who is actually giving you the money?

Another shareholder. Just because you no longer perceive that share to have your desired value doesn't mean that someone else agrees with you. Remember a share valuation is based on any perceived chance of its price going up, which is a reflection of several things: the perceived value of all of its current assets net of obligations and debt, PLUS the current value of any future stock splits, dividends and revenues. Someone may see something in that company's future that you don't . To use your example of Sears, the company may be closing stores, but there is still _value_ there. They still have 400+ physical stores (which they might own outright so $$) and warehouses full of inventory to liquidate. Though at this point there isn't _much_ value. And it remains murky how an average shareholder would get anything out of their current liquidation course.


Question: How do small mammals survive frigid winters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do small mammals survive frigid winters?

1.) Fattening themselves up beforehand 2.) Collecting and storing high-energy foods, like nuts, beforehand 3.) Entering a low-energy state (i.e. hibernating) for good portions of the day in a burrow/hidden nest. Sounds like kind of a questionable survival strategy but realize that a good portion of woodland crearures never survive the winter. Nature is metal, baby...


Question: How do we know what Dinosaurs sounded like even though we’ve never heard one before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know what Dinosaurs sounded like even though we’ve never heard one before?

we dont know what dinosaurs sounded like. All we have are some best guesses, or, alternatively some guesses that aren't as founded in science but more artistic/cool (like the T-rex's roar from Jurassic park, where they combined the sound of a bunch of different animals, including the squeal of a baby elephant, into a roar that sounded cool/satisfying.) But for actual scientific analysis, scientists will look at things like skull/bone structures that are preserved to try to make a guess of what kind of sounds the animal might have made, sometimes comparing them to living descendants (ie birds). But again, those are just best guesses, we will likely never know for sure.


Question: why can't you refrigerate and eat meat that has already been reheated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't you refrigerate and eat meat that has already been reheated?

You can, it just depends on how long the food spends out of the fridge. All food develops bacteria between temperatures of about 40F and 140F. Reheating refrigerated food brings it back into this bacteria-growing range, but it takes a while for the food to become dangerous to eat, and this time is not easily predictable, so it's a good idea to limit the number of times you reheat. As a rule of thumb I generally only reheat leftovers once, but I've done it twice and have never given myself food poisoning, but that's just me. If you have a large amount of leftovers scoop out only what you are going to eat and reheat just that much.


Question: Why does film footage from the 60's often look much better than footage from the 80's given that technology should have advanced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why does film footage from the 60's often look much better than footage from the 80's given that technology should have advanced?

Home cameras didn't really exist in the 60s, so practically all the footage you see from before the late 70s was shot professionally or semi-professionally with fairly expensive equipment that used very high resolution film. By the 80s, home VHS recorders allowed any doofus to record low quality video to a low res tape relatively cheaply and quickly. There's a lot of sucky VHS footage still floating around, but that format didn't exist until the very late 70s.


Question: Why do European budget airlines not use jet bridges? Does it really cost more to use them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do European budget airlines not use jet bridges? Does it really cost more to use them?

There is usually a rebate for not using a jet bridge. An aircraft stand is a place where an aircraft can be parked. A gate is a designated area inside the terminal building where passengers will assemble and wait prior to boarding. A remote stand is location where passengers have to walk or be bussed to the stand. All airports post their fees online. Heathrow's remote stand rebate is £5.15 / passenger. Stansted's rebate is £2.67 / passenger.


Question: Why are some grapes seedless and other seeded? How did they get the seeds out?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 Why are some grapes seedless and other seeded? How did they get the seeds out?

You can breed grapes and many other fruits to have no, or only vestigial, seeds. You have to propagate them by cuttings. It doesn't need GM. Bananas are a major example. The variety that most of the world eats have had seed production bred out of them. As such, all plants are clones and if a virus struck, it's going to be very difficult to produce another strain that the virus doesn't affect.


Question: How can animals tolerate stepping on ice/snow barefoot?

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 How can animals tolerate stepping on ice/snow barefoot?

Some of them have fur at the bottom on their feet, as many mammals like cats or bears do, besides having smaller paws than humans have feet. Some birds like ducks have a special blood circulation that kind of keeps cold blood flowing through their feet without cooling down the rest of the duck. This is how they don't freeze to death or to the ice they're standing on. I think most insects just don't really care since they have an exoskeleton, and just about all reptiles simply stop moving or hibernate.


Question: How do our bodies know how to digest many types of meat from fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc., without digesting our own selves (our own meat)?

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 How do our bodies know how to digest many types of meat from fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc., without digesting our own selves (our own meat)?

Our bodies don't "know" anything. It's an understandable bit of anthropomorphism, though. What keeps our stomach acids from digesting our bodies from the inside is a thin mucosal layer (not quite the same as snot, but it serves the same purpose) lining the inside of our digestive tract; this protects us from our own acid. In point of fact, our bodies do digest themselves all the time. if you ever hear someone complain of an ulcer, that means that the lining of their stomach has worn away, and their stomach acid is now eating away at the actual flesh beneath.


Question: What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?

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 What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?

> What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play? The streaming service has detected that there isn't enough throughput of data necessary to maintain a full resolution video stream to your computer, but that a lower quality video stream which consumes less bandwidth can be supported. It lags for a moment as the stream is converted to the new resolution but it keeps going afterwards.


Question: How do calculators find out the square root of a number?

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 How do calculators find out the square root of a number?

Depends on the calculator, but here’s one approach, illustrated for square root of 100 1. Make a first estimate (eg half it, your calculator might make a better guess though) = 50. 2. Add that guess to your target divided by that guess, and halve. So (50 + 100/50) / 2 = 26. That’s your next estimate. 3. Continue until the difference between succeeding estimates is small (again depends on your device). 50 - > 26 - > 14.9 - > 10.8 - > 10.03 so it’s getting there very quickly. Edit: as the other poster said, the actual algorithm used by any given calculator may be a lot more sophisticated.


Question: Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?

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 Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?

They do this exact thing sometimes, and it leads to hyper-inflation. In July 2008 it took 758,530,000,000 Zimbabwe dollars to equal ONE US Dollar. That's like me saying "I'm the King of France!". It's all well and good while I'm walking around the house in my royal underwear, but the minute I walk outside and interact with the real world, everyone ignores me or laughs at me. At some point you have to do business with the rest of the world, and to do that you have to agree what your currency is worth relative to the other parties. Nobody "controls" it, it's just the nature of commerce.


Question: Why does your "vision" go weird (see different patterns, etc...) when you apply pressure to your eyes when they're closed?

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 Why does your "vision" go weird (see different patterns, etc...) when you apply pressure to your eyes when they're closed?

When you press on or rub on your closed eyes the pressure is sensed by the ganglion cells in your retina and they react in the same way that they do to light only rather than a discernible pattern (looking at an image for example) the data from the pressure is random so you see patterns, rings representing the pressure radius, varying colours, etc


Question: How do companies that plant trees for every order actually do that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How do companies that plant trees for every order actually do that?

I know that some businesses pay for carbon credits, which offset their own production. So they don’t personally plant the trees, but donate a sizable chunk of money to organizations and initiatives that do. So if you make $amount, you donate a % of profits and that organization plants a million trees. And so, your company has planted x trees.


Question: Why is IV fluid made of sodium chloride and water, rather than just water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is IV fluid made of sodium chloride and water, rather than just water?

Injecting pure water into your bloodstream is a bad idea. Water is absorbed from Low-salt to high-salt areas by osmosis, meaning the fresh water would go into the red blood cells, making them swell up and burst. It’s a pretty common demonstration in biology classes, you can see the red blood cells explode in real time when put in pure water for ~6 mins. Edit: this video at 0:46 mark URL_0


Question: Why does it seem like you can run faster in hotel hallways?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why does it seem like you can run faster in hotel hallways?

Because the hallway is long and narrow, it gives the effect that you are going fast because the things that are going past are really close to you. Because you cannot see a horizon beyond the wall, it appears that you are going fast. Think of when you are driving and telephone polls are going by, they are close in comparison to things on the horizon. Despite the telephone poles going by fast the slow progression of the horizon makes you feel like you are not going fast.


Question: Do loud noises travel slightly faster than very quiet noises or does loud noise just travel further at the same speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Do loud noises travel slightly faster than very quiet noises or does loud noise just travel further at the same speed?

Sound travels at a constant speed through a medium (eg air). This is because sound travels by moving the surrounding molecules (usually air) back and forth. This causes pressure differences which is what we experience as sound. Sounds that are louder cause a larger pressure difference (move the molecules further) but since the molecules don't actually have any net movement (remember they just vibrate back and forth), how loud they are doesnt affect how fast the sound actually moves through the medium.


Question: Do cough suppressants actually help, or do they just suppress the germs coming out when you cough (Which is bad, right?)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Do cough suppressants actually help, or do they just suppress the germs coming out when you cough (Which is bad, right?)?

Cough suppressants have nothing to do with the germs coming out of your mouth when you do cough. Coughing is typically an involuntary reaction to your body recognizing an irritant somewhere in your respiratory or digestive tract. Germs aren’t the reason for this however, they’re too small to be recognized as irritants. They may be the root cause, by contributing the irritation (dry throat due to cold, etc) What cough suppressants attempt to do is replicate the body’s natural defense of these irritants by coating the throat with mucus. That’s why cough drops typically last not much longer than you have them in your mouth. The ones with menthol may last slightly longer because they have a numbing/cooling effect that helps kill the feeling of the irritant in the throat.


Question: What is light made up of? Where does it come from inside a torch? Is light just un-containable luminous particles than can never be studied as a single unit inside a Microscope?

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 What is light made up of? Where does it come from inside a torch? Is light just un-containable luminous particles than can never be studied as a single unit inside a Microscope?

Light is made up of photons, which in turn are small packages of energy moving at light speed. Light is created whenever small amounts of energy are released in subatomic processes. This usually happens when electrons around nuclei are infused with energy, then revert back to their "natural" state - they get rid of the excess energy by emitting a photon. This also happens during lightning strikes (infusing the air's electrons with massive energy, then releasing it as light) and inside light bulbs (infusing a gas' electrons with energy through electricity, which then releases the excess energy as photons). You can't study light particles in a microscope, not just because of their speed, but also because in order to see them you need them to be absorbed by your retina, i.e. destroying them. When you study a microbe in a microscope, you do that by bombarding it with photons (light), then capturing the light that gets bounced back from the microbe, concentrate a lot of that in the lenses and absorb it with your eyes' retinas. From that absorbed light you then infer the qualities of the microbe. If you were studying photons, you would basically bombard photons with other photons, which would combine their energy and possibly emit different photons; Either way you'd actually see the result of the merger, not the original photons.


Question: How does URL_0 work? I find it is very accurate; the thunder projection is almost always spot on, but i don't get how they can detect lightning.

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 How does URL_0 work? I find it is very accurate; the thunder projection is almost always spot on, but i don't get how they can detect lightning.

There are lots of antennas that are registered with URL_0 Those antennas detect lightning by means of picking up their electromagnetic waves they create when lightning occurs. If you get an AM radio, you can do the same by tuning it to the lowest frequency and listen for the static that happens when lightning strikes. Each of these antennas have their location known by GPS, so each antenna that detects a strike reports the strike and the system knows the gos location of each antenna and triangulates the strike and displays it on the map.


Question: 5 Hour Energy drinks have 8333% of your daily value of vitamin B12. What affect does this have on your body?

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 5 Hour Energy drinks have 8333% of your daily value of vitamin B12. What affect does this have on your body?

Not much. B12 is useful to your body when you exert a lot of energy and if your body has issues absorbing B12 you'll tend to sleep a lot. However it's not fat soluble so you actually just urinate out the excess that your body doesn't need. Your urine maybe a darker yellow due to the excess B12 even if you are well hydrated.


Question: Why do some cheeses have holes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do some cheeses have holes?

we let the cheese rot and it tastes good. We let bacteria or mold grow in cheese intentionally because we like how it tastes. Stuff like swiss cheese the holes are actually bubbles where the bacteria let off bubbles from converting one chemical in the cheese into a different chemical. On some cheeses the holes are literally places mold ate out a pit in the cheese.


Question: Why some manufacturers can offer devices with insane GPS precision? I thought this was reserved for military.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why some manufacturers can offer devices with insane GPS precision? I thought this was reserved for military.

"Military grade GPS precision" was (the absence/reversal of) an encryption algorithm being applied to the GPS signal to make it very slightly incorrect in a reversible manner. During one of the Bush administrations, don't quite remember which, the troops invading Iraq didn't have enough military GPS units to go around so their families started sending civilian ones in care packages. Since not knowing exactly where those troops were was a problem, the encryption algorithm was turned off. Since this proved to have significant economic benefits, it wasn't turned back on except around strategically important NATO locations such as powerplants and military bases. Precision has only improved since then, though I was under the impression centimetre precision wasn't available just yet so it may be those line marker robots combine GPS with some other positioning system. Visual recognition can give millimetre precision in real time in arbitrary surroundings while being powered by something that fits on a quadcopter, and is used by some vacuuming robots. Laser rangefinders and retroreflectors can give similar precision for measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Source: hearsay.


Question: how does the gas/fuel industry work?

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 how does the gas/fuel industry work?

Gas stations receive daily shipments of gasoline, an usually only hold a day or two's worth of fuel underground at any given time. I used to run a gas station, and during the summer months my gas station would almost run out several times a day. That fuel comes from a rack somewhere near by. Think of it like a warehouse for gas, where a lot of fuel can be safely stored onsite away from people. There are about 5 racks within an hour of my old station, and they supplied every gas station in the area, regardless of what company is on the gas station. If something happens at the closest rack, then the second closest has to pick up the slack and do double duty to supply its normal stations and the other stations that are running out now. If the problem goes on for long enough, or affects multiple racks, like a hurricane in the gulf shitting down refineries, then stations will run out while waiting for their next shipment.


Question: How much does it really matter where I buy my gas? Are “name brand” gas stations any different?

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 How much does it really matter where I buy my gas? Are “name brand” gas stations any different?

Some "name brand" gas companies include fuel system cleaning additives, but you can buy an occasional bottle of fuel system cleaner at an auto parts store for pretty cheap, and it will do the same thing. Assuming that you use the correct octane level for your engine, fuel from just about any station should work similarly.


Question: How do they remove caffeine from drinks like coffee or tea? Are they not naturally caffeinated?

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 How do they remove caffeine from drinks like coffee or tea? Are they not naturally caffeinated?

No they are naturally caffeinated. There are four different ways to decaffeinate a drink. Methylene chloride processing - the chemical is a solvent for caffeine Ethyl acetate - this is called 'naturally decaffeinated' because the chemical is found in many fruits, same as above it is a solvent. CO2 - at very high temps and pressure the co2 reaches a supercritical state where it acts as both a fluid and gas and the smaller non polar caffeine molecules bond with the co2, this leave most of the flavor molecules as such having more flavor. Water processing - this is basically steeping the drink (typically coffee) and then is passed through a carbon filter to remove the caffeine in the liquid.


Question: Why are older fathers more likely to have daughters rather than sons?

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 Why are older fathers more likely to have daughters rather than sons?

I won't get into the genetics of it because people still don't understand that very well, but it is basically evolution. Sons historically required parents to be present because their reproductive future is based on their inheritance of family wealth and status while daughters have depended of physical appearance and maturity, which can only be controlled by aging. This means that sons are at a disadvantage if their parent parents die before reaching sexual maturity ( this is more likely since the parents are old) but daughters continue to age and at are no evolutionary loss. The sons of older parents did not get as good a shot at reproduction and therefore the genes responsible for this trait declined in number, leaving the gene for producing females as older parents to skyrocket in comparison. It's not just older fathers though. Mothers and fathers are equally responsible. In contrast to this, young parent are slightly more likely to have sons for the opposite reason, and about 54%. Percentage of having sons for parents over 40 is around 35% by the way.


Question: How do chemist do experiments with boiling water when there's no such thing as a "real" boiling point?

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 How do chemist do experiments with boiling water when there's no such thing as a "real" boiling point?

This is actually a really neat exploration of what we scientists call "confounding factors". These are details about the set-up of an experiment that can affect what our measurements say, but don't actually affect the underlying scientific principle. There is a "real" boiling point for water that depends only on the atmospheric pressure, but what a thermometer might say can depend on how well heat transfers into the water, where the thermometer is placed, or how well the water is stirred. A well-designed experiment has carefully considered these confounding factors, and controlled for them by either changing the apparatus (the actual device used in the experiment) or by the scientific model we use to interpret the results. On a more practical level, scientists account for these factors when discussing their experiments by specifying the conditions with great detail, so that if there are other scientists who must use other conditions, they can adjust their own experiments.


Question: What's happening in your brain when you miss someone?

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 What's happening in your brain when you miss someone?

I always liked the explanation Data from Star Trek TNG gave: "Even with humans, friendship is sometimes less an emotional response than more of a sense of familiarity. As I experienced certain sensory input patterns, my mental pathways have been accustomed to them. The input is eventually anticipated, and even missed when absent." ~ Lt. Commander Data on his friendship with Tasha Yar.


Question: How are atoms/molecules able to create a living organism?

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 How are atoms/molecules able to create a living organism?

My opinion but probably "we don't really know" is close to the truth. We don't have any issues talking about dead or alive when dealing with animals, insects, plants, bacteria etc. But as you get smaller and smaller and simpler and simpler, this transition from "non living" to "living" isn't as simple. Are viruses alive? Are prions alive? We know the constituent molecules that make up living organisms. We are also capable of synthesizing them in labs. We can also demonstrate that some of these molecules can be formed naturally in the environment. We even understand how these molecules function in living beings. But ultimately, we are not yet at a point where we can make a "living" organism from scratch. On another side of things, there is AI (and associated robotics). I believe there are some estimates that our best AI today is not equivalent to that of a cockroach (maybe we're close) At some point, we may have to answer the question of whether we can produce AI that is sentient. We might be closer to AI sentience compared to our ability to build a living organism out of atoms/molecules.


Question: How does Cholera force food and liquids through the body so quickly, and why can't nutrients be absorbed?

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 How does Cholera force food and liquids through the body so quickly, and why can't nutrients be absorbed?

Cholera is caused by a bacteria that nestles itself in the small intestine, which is where the majority of our nutrients are absorbed. Once in place, the Cholera bacteria starts excreting a Toxin. This toxin gets inside the cells of your intestine and causes them to burst, which in turn releases the cell’s innards into the intestine, of which a big part is salt (sodium). Water and sodium are ying and yang. Where sodium goes, water is sure to follow. So you’ve got a bunch of extra sodium being leaked into your intestine, which is pulling water out of your digestive track lining. This water is then excreted in the form of (in copious amounts) watery diarrhea.


Question: How does the space station replenish O2 after space walks?

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 How does the space station replenish O2 after space walks?

The airlock has an air pump which removes the majority of the air before the door is opened. Otherwise the sudden decompression wouldn’t allow any emergency stop if something was leaking. When the sensors indicate a lower amount of air inside they send up pressurized tanks in the resupply missions to refill.


Question: Why do doctors order blood tests before low risk surgeries?

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 Why do doctors order blood tests before low risk surgeries?

Blood tests tell a lot about your health and what could or is wrong with you, by having a blood test the doctor knows what could be wrong and it can help to know what drugs to give you if you need any while you are under. it can also help reveal any underlying conditions that would make the surgery dangerous. even a low-risk surgery has a risk so the more information a doctor has the better they can treat you if something goes wrong


Question: How can the way a prescription drug work be unknown?

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 How can the way a prescription drug work be unknown?

It's actually not all that surprising - in many cases it can be a lot easier to demonstrate that a drug works than it is to figure out exactly how it works. The former essentially involves giving the drug to a large enough number of people with condition X and seeing how this treatment group compares with a control group. The latter is...complicated. Most drugs function by binding to some biomolecule, which is often a protein (for anti-infective drugs this will be a biomolecule belonging to the bacteria/virus/whatever, whereas for other drugs it'll be a human biomolecule). This binding can do various things depending on the specific situation, like blocking the activity of an enzyme (which then increases the concentration of something that enzyme normally destroys, or prevents the formation of something that enzyme normally synthesizes) or serving as a substrate for the enzyme to synthesize another molecule that has some physiological effect. It can often be incredibly difficult to figure out which proteins/biomolecules are involved here. The human body contains something like 20,000 proteins alone (unmodified, not accounting for the modifications that occur like the addition of sugar chains), which are present in slightly different forms in a very wide range of concentrations depending on numerous factors (e.g., age, sex, race, genetics, health, disease state, tissue type). It's very challenging to identify all these proteins, their relative concentrations over time under various states, and functional significance from biological samples (there are several subfields of science devoted to this, many ending in "-omics"). Nor is it always clear how these proteins interact to form the biological pathways that keep us alive, or how a particular drug fits in and exerts its various effects. This can be further complicated where the drug interacts with especially complex systems such as the brain, the detailed functioning of which is still very much unknown. Some information can be inferred from things like animal models, in vitro tests, or experimental observations of the binding between a drug and particular biomolecule target (e.g., by crystal structures, solution structures, or fluorescence imaging), but it can be very tough to determine the exact mechanism of action in some cases. Depending on the drug you're referring to, I suspect that there is some theory/evidence existing about its mode of action, e.g., which biochemical pathway it's thought to interfere with. It might not yet have been comprehensively figured out...but there's probably some clues out there somewhere.


Question: Why does Oxygen displacement (via inert gas) knock people out in seconds but people can hold their breath much longer?

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 Why does Oxygen displacement (via inert gas) knock people out in seconds but people can hold their breath much longer?

Normally when you breath in air, the pressure of the oxygen in your lungs causes it to enter your blood stream and bond with the hemoglobin which carries it around and then when it gets back to your lungs it gives off its higher level of CO2 to the air in your lungs which has a lower level of CO2 When you breath in pure nitrogen it works like the high CO2 levels leaving your blood to join the low CO2 levels in the air, except that its all the oxygen in your blood leaving to join the low oxygen level air. The pure nitrogen in your lungs effectively sucks the oxygen out of your blood stream! Normally you burn through oxygen at some fixed rate and when the CO2 builds up high enough your lungs begin to burn and make you need to take another breath, but the nitrogen pulls the oxygen out of your blood **wayyyyy** quicker than you would normally use it. After 30 seconds you have basically no oxygen left in any of your blood because its all left to play with the nitrogen, and you don't realize because your CO2 levels never built up so your body never warned you you were about to die. You'd likely pass out after 15-20 seconds. After 60 seconds you have brain damage due to severe lack of oxygen(like wayyyyy less oxygen than drowning) And after a couple minutes you're dead and so is anyone who came in to retrieve you.