Question: What does depth perception look like?

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 What does depth perception look like?

If you have an iPhone X or know someone who does, there's an app called The Parallax View that simulates depth perception by tracking your head and eyes. Super easy to use—change the settings to track one eye, open that eye only, and move the phone and/or your head. It creates the illusion of 3d stereoscopic vision.


Question: How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?

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 How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?

When approaching a cluster of fuel stations, as described, can you lawfully enter all of them from your position? Likely not. Maybe there’s two you can turn into safely and legally, but one has no exit going in your desired direction. So there’s four stations but only one option. That’s how it works here.


Question: how do insects survive long cold winters, specially the ones with a lifespan of less than a week?

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 how do insects survive long cold winters, specially the ones with a lifespan of less than a week?

If I had to use one word to describe insects, it would be "adaptive". Our resident insects are very well adapted to survive winter. In order to survive winter, insects push the pause button. During this pause an insect's metabolic rate drops to one tenth or less, so it can use stored body fat to survive winter. Also many insects produce alcohols for antifreeze. Their bodies can supercool (reach temperatures below freezing) without forming cell-damaging ice. Insects spend the winter in various life stages: egg, nymph, larvae, pupae or adult. Many overwinter as eggs. Aphid eggs can be found in the bud scales of woody plants [Sauce]( URL_0 )


Question: Why is it predators are reluctant to attack us?

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 Why is it predators are reluctant to attack us?

We're large enough that even a bear might get injured before it kills us, especially since it doesn't know what nasty tricks we may have up our sleeve. Since any injury can get infected and be fatal, the predator will not take that risk unless it is very hungry and has no other, more familiar prey available. And that's not even taking into account the fact that we usually come in groups, which multiplies the threat we represent.


Question: How do you grow thick skin mentally? How does a brain not care about someone's opinion?

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 How do you grow thick skin mentally? How does a brain not care about someone's opinion?

One thing that helps is experience, the first time someone expresses a negative opinion of someone, they have no idea what's going to result, and they're bound to wonder about all the potential results. When it's happened many times before with either nothing occurring or something positive happening (like bonding with anyone else who had the negative opinion expressed about them), the event isn't going to be as stressful. Another thing that helps is feeling secure in your position. If someone knows that they are highly valued by others, they're not going to risk losing that relationship over a external complaints or opinions. Finally, making the realization that when you do something embarrassing, many of the people you think noticed probably didn't actually notice, or only care for a short period of time.


Question: How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?

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 How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?

Spent nuclear fuel just doesn't produce enough heat to make it useful for producing steam. The amount of power you'd get out of it that way simply would never pay for the cost of building and running the system. It can be recycled however. Spent fuel still contains a lot of useful radioisotopes and there are types of reactors designed to recycle the spent fuel back into usable nuclear fuel. The problem is, that on top of the normal political concerns with nuclear reactors, recycling can produce plutonium, which is used in nuclear weapons. Because it is very difficult to tell the difference between a fuel recycling plant and a weapon-making plant from outside, many countries have decided to not recycle to avoid political and diplomatic troubles.


Question: Does the probability of a certain outcome change after several consecutive rolls of two dices?

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 Does the probability of a certain outcome change after several consecutive rolls of two dices?

Dice rolls are independent of each other, and thus the probabilty of rolling snake eyes is exactly the same regardless of whether your previous 100000 throws were snake eyes or 12 or any number in between. However if you ask a question differently - what is my probabilty to get at least one snake eyes after 100000 throws - then the answer is different too. But if the question is "If i roll dice now, what is the chance" then the answer is same every time. Your chance of rolling 10 snake eyes in a row is very low - but your chance of rolling snake eyes in any given roll, even if your previous 9 rolls were snake eyes, is still 1/36.


Question: How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?

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 How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?

The plant generates growth hormone within the stalk. When there's enough of it, a new bud is created at the center, and then migrates out toward the boundary of the stalk where it becomes a new branch. As it migrates, it consumes growth hormone. The next bud that forms will head out in a different direction where the growth hormone hasn't been depleted. That's why the first two leaves/branches/petals are almost always 180° away from each other. Subsequent buds will head out at different angles. Vi Hart does an excellent 3-part video series on the nature of plants, spiral growth and the Fibonacci sequence. [Part 3]( URL_0 ) explains the part about growth hormones and such.


Question: What's the difference between anthropology and social psychology?

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 What's the difference between anthropology and social psychology?

I'm a social psychologist, so I mostly can speak about what we do. I can only give my impression of anthropology, which may be wrong. I think the biggest distinction is method and purpose. We both want to "understand people and how they relate to each other." But I'd say anthropology is broader, like broadly about human culture, traditions and ways of living and ways of thinking. Social psychology is about the individual involved in those things (e.g., can I predict with Person A will do in situation X?" Where the situation is social in some way. An anthropologist may go live in the society they want to study, make observations, interview people, participate in customs, etc. The goal is to document and understand the context of human life. A psychologist interested in culture would consider what fundamental aspect of culture can be measured and how those measures correlate/cause specific behaviors, emotions or thoughts. And instead of taking a deep dive to live in the culture, we would run an experiment (in this case, usually a "quasi-experiment" because we can't actually randomly give you a culture) or collect quantitative data somehow (survey, video, picture etc) to test our theories.


Question: How come lightning strikes in the ocean but doesn't spread indefinitely? How is the radius of the electrically charged zone calculated?

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 How come lightning strikes in the ocean but doesn't spread indefinitely? How is the radius of the electrically charged zone calculated?

Imagine that you have a big glob of peanut butter on a knife. When that peanut butter is confined to the tip of the knife its bunched up into a small area and so it looks like there is a lot of peanut butter. If you spread that peanut butter onto a small piece of bread then the peanut butter gets spread out over a larger area, so there isn't as much peanut butter at any given point as there is when its on the knife. Now say you spread that peanut butter over the entire planet. Now the peanut butter is spread so thin that you can't even see it - at any given point all that's there is maybe a molecule or two of peanut butter. Lightning works the same way. Lightning appears to be very energetic because all of the energy in that lightning is concentrated into an area the width of a piece of pencil lead. Because the energy contained in the lightning is confined to such a small area, it vaporizes anything within. But as soon as the lightning hits the ground it begins to spread out. Once you expand that pencil lead sized area to, say, 100 cubic feet (which is maybe the size of 3 or 4 bathroom stalls in a public restroom), the energy in the lightning has been spread out so much that there just isn't enough enough energy at any given point to be dangerous anymore. That's what happens when lightning hits anything connected to the ground - the energy contained in the lightning spreads out over the entire planet. If you happen to be right at the point where the lightning hit, the energy hasn't had enough time to spread out and so the lightning is dangerous. But once you've gotten any amount of distance away from that point, the energy disperses. So when lightning hits somewhere in the Pacific Ocean that causes the ground underneath you to heat up a bit, regardless of where on the planet you are. Its just that there is so little energy that makes it to you that the temperature increase is so small that you can't measure it.


Question: If programs/app are made from codes, then if the codes are still there or still the same; why would programs/app get lagging and crashed sometimes?

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 If programs/app are made from codes, then if the codes are still there or still the same; why would programs/app get lagging and crashed sometimes?

Writing code is like building a maze for water to flow through. The maze will have little gates that will redirect the flow of water depending on the circumstance. When the maze is operating under normal circumstances, the water will go where it is supposed to and the app will perform fine. However testing every combination of gate opening can be very difficult, and over time some obscure combinations of gates opened and closed is bound to occur. In those cases the water may get blocked and overflow, or form unwanted reservoirs that impede the performance of the app. Usually it can be fixed by resetting all the gates to a known good position and flushing out the water (restarting the app). The more complex the maze the harder it is to make it error-free.


Question: Why can't web browsers block lightbox-style popups?

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 Why can't web browsers block lightbox-style popups?

Popups, popunders, and autoplay videos are all very specific actions. The site's code has to ask the browser to make a new window or start playing the video, and the browser can easily respond to that. Lightboxes are different, they're just another element on the page. The actions that create a lightbox are no different than creating a colored box or button. In addition, there are many different ways this can be done that end up creating the same effect. It's certainly possible to detect some or all of these cases, but it's nowhere near as straightforward as popups or videos.


Question: What’s the difference between the degrees of burns and how would you tell them apart?

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 What’s the difference between the degrees of burns and how would you tell them apart?

Burns are categorized into 3 degrees 1st degree: red + hot + painful + usually heals with no scar -think superficial epidermis layer 2nd degree: white + painful + USUALLY blisters + longterm scar (hyperpigmentation) -think slightly deeper dermis layer 3rd degree: white + NOT painful -think all the way down to the nerve level and you basically fry your sensory nerves -Need medical intervention because you are likely to get a really bad bacterial infection in the skin or blood (sepsis)


Question: In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and "swallow" the inner planets?

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 In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and "swallow" the inner planets?

The sun is expected to last another 5.4 billion years before the hydrogen in the core runs out. When that happens, the core will start to collapse in on itself due to its own gravity, and will increase in temperature. This allows for hydrogen fusion outside the core to happen (the strong temperature gradient doesn’t allow the layers outside the core to mix with the core and supply more hydrogen to maintain it; the core needs to grow in size for the next step) This is when the sun enters the subgiant phase. In the subgiant phase, the core is having a battle with itself. On one hand, it’s so dense and heavy that it wants to collapse in on itself. But at the same time, it’s way too hot to make that possible (heat makes atoms move faster, so it’s harder to get them to collect at a single point). At this point, the core gets so hot, that even outside the core it gets hot enough for hydrogen to fuse. Hydrogen that fuses turns into heavier helium which then grows the core a little again (the boundary of the core isn’t very exact). The energy that’s produced in this process pushes the outer shells of the sun farther out. The sun grows to roughly three times it size, becomes a little dimmer as the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger outer surface to radiate off. This is called the subgiant state and this state lasts for about 2 billion years for our sun. After the sun has been a subgiant for a good long while, suddenly an event happens: the core does no longer contract. This is called core degeneracy. At this point, the repulsive force of the electrons around the helium nuclei give enough backpressure that gravity can no longer collapse the core any further. So now all the energy being fused around the edge of the core can’t go anywhere, what now? The sun starts to grow in size tremendously, growing to 100x it’s current size. Lots of hydrogen is fused into helium at the edge of the core and a lot of energy is convected to the outer layers of the sun. The sun becomes a lot more luminous, too. This is the first red giant phase, and lasts about 100 million years. As the core continues to gain more mass, slowly but surely it eventually reaches a point where the core reaches 100 million Kelvin, at which the core finally can start back up again, fusing helium into carbon. This happens in an impressive explosive called the helium flash. In a matter of minutes, most helium in the core is converted into carbon, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Because of this energy, gravity is overcome and the core expands again. The star decreases in size to around 10 times the size it is today in a very short period and it stays this way for about 50 million more years, while it fuses helium into carbon in the core. When the helium is all used up and the entire core is made of carbon, the core once again goes into hibernation and something like the earlier red giant phase happens again. The core starts to collapse again and becomes hotter. Now there are two layers around the core, the inner layer is so hot that helium is fused into carbon, and the outer layer is fusing hydrogen into helium again. As this happens, a lot of energy is produced that’s not going in the core, but is used to expand the sun again. The sun now finally enters the real red giant phase, in which it grows to about 250x it’s size today. This is the point where the Earth may very well be taken up by our sun. This phase lasts about 20 million more years, in which the instability of the sun will make the sun pulsate, throwing off enormous amounts of its outer shell material until finally, the hot carbon core becomes visible, at which point we consider the sun to no longer be a red giant, but a white dwarf. The white dwarf is still tremendously hot and it radiates a lot of high energy UV light. This UV light pushes and illuminates the old outer shell that’s veered off into space, and that creates a planetary nebula. So, when and how fast will the planets be consumed? Mercury should be seriously concerned in the first growth. That’s in about 7.4 billion years. We have another 150 million years roughly until we’re finally taken into the outer edges of our sun. Which is really no time at all in astronomic terms. Better enjoy the sun the way it is today while it lasts.


Question: Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?

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 Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?

Apples are like sand castles. Sand castles stay up because they are built with wet sand. The water helps the sand particles stick together. If it dries out, the sand castle becomes crumbly and can easily fall apart. Once you pick an apple from the tree, the apple will start drying out. As the flesh of the apple loses water, the cells won't be able to stick to each other, becoming sandy or mealy when you bite into it. How crisp or crunchy the apple depends on the type of apple. Certain apples get mealy faster than others.


Question: How exactly is a stock price decided?How do we see a particular price on the screen?

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 How exactly is a stock price decided?How do we see a particular price on the screen?

What we usually see on the screen is the price the last share was sold/bought for. So if someone decide to sell a share for less, than the value shown on the screen, the value goes down. If someone sells at a higher price than on screen, price goes up. So basically, the price is decided by how much the 1st person is willing to pay for it, then change over time with how much people are willing to buy afterward.


Question: Why, when cooling foods in water, do we have to bring it to boil first, then lower to a simmer before putting the ingredients into the water?

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 Why, when cooling foods in water, do we have to bring it to boil first, then lower to a simmer before putting the ingredients into the water?

Do you mean when *cooking* foods in water? Some recipes require this method, others don't. The idea is to ensure that the water is hot before using it, so your food doesn't sit in not-hot water a long time, getting soggy and gross. (Or just throwing off the calculation for correct cooking time.)


Question: Why are explosions more dangerous underwater?

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 Why are explosions more dangerous underwater?

In an explosion surrounded by air, the atmosphere will compress and absorb some of the explosive energy. This decreases the lethal range of the explosion. Water, however, is often described as incompressible. Technically, it can compress, but it takes a massive amount of pressure to apply a small amount of compression. This means that in an underwater explosion, the surrounding water doesn't absorb the pressure like air does, but moves with it. An underwater explosion doesn't propel objects through the water nearly as far as a surface explosion throws shrapnel because of the drag water exerts on objects. However, an underwater explosion transmits pressure with greater intensity over a longer distance.


Question: Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.

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 Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.

Shaking the mixture will pretty quickly bring it all into thermal equilibrium (bring the liquid down to ice temperature), since heat is exchanged by contact and circulation of the liquid and the ice. Shaking speeds that up. That's why the liquid is *as cold as* the ice. Why does it *feel* even colder? Well since it circulates, it can can also exchange heat with your body faster than a solid can. Your body doesn't really sense the temperature of things you touch, what it really senses is how fast heat is being transferred from you into them. A block of styrofoam that's been cooled in the freezer, doesn't feel as cold as a metal signpost that's just been outside in the shade on a cool day. The styrofoam might have a much lower temperature, but its very low thermal conductivity keeps it from feeling all that cold.


Question: How is the body heated exactly?

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 How is the body heated exactly?

When your cells process glucose into energy (simplified), they generate some heat as well. Multiply that by how many times it happens in each cell and then by how many cells are in your body to get an idea of how you produce heat. When you're exercising, your cells are going into overdrive, so they're making much more heat than normal.


Question: after a nights sleep, why do we wake up with random songs stuck in our head that we possibly haven't heard in a while?

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 after a nights sleep, why do we wake up with random songs stuck in our head that we possibly haven't heard in a while?

First, note that sleep itself is a curious thing that isn't understood that much. It seems to be a simple thing where you simply aren't awake, but even accepting that as true we know that the brain is still operating and doing complex neurological functions such as keeping our hearts beating. I mean, hell, the human brain can "solve" problems in seconds that computers thousands of times faster than the human mind designed specifically to solve the problems can take hours or even days to arrive at any sort of coherent answer let alone a "solution". What I'm trying to get at is that how the brain works isn't simple even when it's doing its most primitive and basic things. ----- Luckily with the comparison of a computer, we can kind of somewhat use an understandable example. When a computer goes into "standby mode", there are still background things running. The internet browser or files that you open keep the pages and work you are on, programs that are updating continue to update, and such. The human mind typically starts its "updates" before going to sleep, where it effectively enters "standby mode" while the updating process happens. When you wake up, the updates should be done. But as with normal computers, sometimes this pushes the internet into the background. To get back to the tab you want, you have to close the notifications that the updates happen and bring the internet back into the foreground. However, few "webpages" that the human mind opens are ever actually closed; and those which are, can be accessed by looking in the "Browser History". So you try to look at the "what to do when you wake up" page...and accidentally click on your brain's webpage that has, in this case, a song. Which plays the song.


Question: Why does fat melt when it is heated ( eg. fat cheese ) and does it act the same in our bodies ?

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 Why does fat melt when it is heated ( eg. fat cheese ) and does it act the same in our bodies ?

Within the human body, fat is contained inside cells. As long as those cells remain intact, the fats within cannot melt. Or rather, they're already liquid. Cheese is not made of cells, it's just a block of solid fat, so is free to melt and solidify as it wishes. Theoretically, you could solidify the fats inside human cells if you wanted to, for example, by putting a human in a freezer for an extended period of time.


Question: why and when does a bank collapse?

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 why and when does a bank collapse?

A typical bank collapse works like this: Banks lend out more money than they keep on reserve. For example, in the US, if you deposit $100 in a bank, $10 must be kept on reserve, while the other $90 can be loaned out. Once the loan is paid, the bank has effectively created the $90 that it loaned out, because it didn't actually exist before that (you could have withdrawn your full $100 in the meantime because the bank has enough on reserve to do this before the loan is fully paid). This system works well as long as most people just leave their money in their account most of the time. Usually this is the case. A bank run happens when for whatever reason, too many people try to withdraw money at the same time and it overwhelms what the bank keeps on reserve. News that the bank may be failing tends to further scare people into thinking their money isn't safe, and even more people try to get their money out. If something isn't done to bail out the bank, it collapses.


Question: How does the WWE determine who will win and who will lose, and do the wrestlers ever break from script?

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 How does the WWE determine who will win and who will lose, and do the wrestlers ever break from script?

WWE has a creative department full of storyline writers who plans the scripts in advance. They are heavily influenced by the top levels of management specifically Vince McMahon and Triple H however other people will also have some sway. The lesser wrestlers pretty much have to do what their told but top level talent like John Cena, Brock Lesner and the Undertaker have a bit more pull. Who wins and how a storyline plays out is generally decided based on how they want to tell a story and more importantly who can they use to sell merchandise. This in particular is why John Cena has the top spot, hundreds of thousands of kids around the world buy his merchandise and make the WWE money. As you can imagine this is a bit self fulfilling, you sell more gear, you get better story lines, you sell more gear, you get a belt, you sell more gear etc. It's also why the internet community can get very upset as they see actual good talent go to waste as the kids aren't buying their stuff and/or WWE isn't pushing them like they feel they should. Case in point Roman Reigns shifts a lot of merch but the vast majority of the internet wrestling community(ICW) dislike him. Talent can and do go off script. Generally this is dealt with very harshly backstage and can result in wrestlers being cut or given terrible terrible story lines as a punishment. Young stars are always told "pay your dues" ie accept the shit, show that you deserve better, don't try to stand on top of people who have worked hard to be in the industry and kiss ass to the boss(sometimes literally).


Question: Why is a negative times a negative positive?

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 Why is a negative times a negative positive?

When you multiply by a negative number you are removing a number that many times whereas when you multiply by a positive number you are adding it that many times. If you multiply -2 by -2 you removed two debts of 2 which means you are owed 4 (a positive number)


Question: How do sinkholes happen and not get noticed before building stuff like houses or streets on top of it?

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 How do sinkholes happen and not get noticed before building stuff like houses or streets on top of it?

If a hole is near the surface, you could do a test that is similar to sonar to find it, but this rarely happens because they cannot penetrate very far down. Another option is to bring a geotechnical company out and drill a bunch of test Boeing’s to see what the Stone is like (which happens anyways with most major construction) but even these will miss things because the Boeing’s are spaced out by dozens of meters, leaving plenty of space for stuff to hide. In generals sinkholes are only predicable by region. ie if you build in an area that has bedrock that is known to commonly get sinkholes (or just smaller holes in general which can wreck foundations even if the surface doesn’t cave in, the building can start to sink). You have a better chance of encounter a sinkhole. These areas typically have bedrocks with stones like limestone, that can dissolve from rain/acidic rain over decades. That’s the real problem with sink holes, even if you did do major testing a verified that there were no sinkholes or issues with the bedrock you’re building on. In 10-20 years there could be a sinkhole forming without anyone knowing, and 25-50 years, which is a common life span of a building/road/parking lot, you can have a sinkhole many feet across that is bout to collapse. The bedrock can just slowly dissolve out from underneath you. Edit: source, I work for a Foundation Engineering company that deals with sinkhole affected areas in the Northeast USA.


Question: Why do women need to be awake during childbirth?

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 Why do women need to be awake during childbirth?

Anesthesiologist here. 1) The pushing for a vaginal delivery, as mentioned previously. 2) Any systemic sedation or anesthetic that the mom gets, the baby gets too. A sedated baby has a higher risk of respiratory complications. 3) It's safer. Less women die in childbirth (vaginal or cesarean section) receiving spinal or epidural anesthetic, than a general anesthetic.


Question: Why do we get put off from doing things when someone tells us to do something?

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 Why do we get put off from doing things when someone tells us to do something?

People, especially in a culture where high levels individualism is valued/seen as a virtue, like believing that they have control. If you do something because you want to do it or you decide to do it, you are exercising your control over the environment. So, if you decide to do the dishes, some part of your brain is like "Cool, I get to decide when the dishes are done. This makes me feel in control and powerful.". So, you get up and walk to the kitchen to do the dishes, and on the way someone says "Hey, can you do the dishes?". That part of your brain now has a conflict - are you doing it because YOU decided to do it, or because someone else told you to do it? It doesn't make you feel as in control or powerful.


Question: ; why does the presence of air in food change its taste so much? Whether it’s scrambled eggs, bread, cake, chocolate, beverages, why is the difference in taste so dramatic with air/gas bubbles in the food?

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 ; why does the presence of air in food change its taste so much? Whether it’s scrambled eggs, bread, cake, chocolate, beverages, why is the difference in taste so dramatic with air/gas bubbles in the food?

A large part of the taste sensation is the smell of the food. Trapped air in the food ensures that the aromas become part of the eating process. Have you ever seen the experiment where you are blindfolded and have your nose sealed, and try to distinguish between pieces of apple and onion?


Question: how is more wealth created?

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 how is more wealth created?

Whenever you engage in a consensual trade of goods and services you are giving something you value less for something you value more - and so is the other party. Once the trade is complete, both parties have more 'wealth' than they had previously because they both have something they value more. Wealth can't be created by AI (at least any AI we know) because value is a subjective human concept. What Branson is probably getting at is that human capabilities exist along a bell curve. While almost anyone can mow lawns for a living, relatively few people can perform brain surgery. As you create better and better tools, you start reducing the need for low end jobs. For example, in ancient China, Emperors used to keep their lawns tidy by having peasants with miniature scythes cut the lawn. This was enormously labor-intensive. In modern-day China, the political elite instead hire a much smaller number of laborers who use lawn mowers. In future China, they'll probably just buy an automated lawn mower and perhaps a single technician to supervise dozens of those devices. If you're a person whose capabilities are limited to 'mow a lawn with a hand scythe', then you're out of a job and unlikely to find another. Likewise, if all you're capable of doing is operating a simple lawnmower, the elimination of your labor category is a big problem. This is also why people get upset about 'outsourcing' - the jobs outsourced are the sort of low-skill jobs that are at the limit of many people's capabilities. Basic income is intended as a way to deal with this problem. People whose jobs are displaced by technology (or outsourcing) are instead simply given money by the government so they can live. Unfortunately, the value of labor is not only in the money received but also the social and psychology value of earning that money. When you take away earning the money and replace it with a check, you tend to end up with a disruptive underclass that is inimical to a free, democratic society. Perhaps the best example of this process at work would be a place that has had basic income for years: Saudi Arabia. It is a hotbed of terrorism not because the elites want terrorism but because they have a vast underclass of bored, unemployed people who are deprived of the social and psychological rewards of work.


Question: Why is boiling water so painful to touch whilst a 200°c oven is comparably only quite warm?

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 Why is boiling water so painful to touch whilst a 200°c oven is comparably only quite warm?

it's the thermal density of the water as opposed to air. it's the same reason you get hypothermia so much faster in water than air, though they be the same temperature. water is much denser than air, so the hot water molecules hit your skin many, many times more often than the same temperature air molecules, and therefore transfer more heat (which is at it's most basic level, just movement) to your skin.


Question: What is equity and how is it different from equality?

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 What is equity and how is it different from equality?

Equality is everybody gets the same, whether it's the right amount, too much, or not enough. Equality might be something like everybody gets fined $100 for speeding. But for the unemployed person racing to get to an interview on time, $100 is a HUGE financial burden. For a middle class person, it's not fun to lose $100 but not life changing. And for a millionaire, it's not even pocket change so they'll drive fast for fun and view tickets as an expense like filling up with gas is. So a system looking for equity might charge people a % of income, ie. an unemployed person getting unemployment might pay $10, a middle class person pays $100, and a wealthy person pays $10,000. Then their financial burden is more consistent relative to wealth.


Question: Why does our voice sound so different when hearing it from a recording?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does our voice sound so different when hearing it from a recording?

Because we used to hearing a lot of what we say through sound that travels from your vocal cord through your body up to your ears, where when recorded we hear what it sounds like when only heard through air. It makes our own voices seem deeper and a bit more muffled.


Question: what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
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Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?

The cells in your eyes that capture yellow light get numbed due to overexposure. When the overexposure goes away it leaves blue-purple dots cause that is the complementary color of yellow-orange light. The dots disappear with time as the numbing effect wears off. Some of the numbing has a protective value, but too much can exhaust and damage the cells for good.


Question: How are traffic light timings decided? Is there a kind of formula for determining timings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are traffic light timings decided? Is there a kind of formula for determining timings?

The short answer is yes. For individual signals or small networks, the timing can be figured by hand, but for larger networks, civil/traffic engineers use models and even purpose built computer software to link every light in a massive network together to try to prevent jams and keep traffic flowing. Contrary to what feels right, the longer a "cycle" (green yellow red green) is, the more efficient an intersection tends to be.


Question: can the US replace destroyed money if it was destroyed during a bank robbery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 can the US replace destroyed money if it was destroyed during a bank robbery?

Yes. In fact this is what the vast majority of newly printed money is for anyway. Paper money has a short lifespan and gets beat up, so the banks mail it in get it replaced with freshly minted bills. No inflation occurs as they are removing the same amount from circulation.


Question: How does super glue work and how is it different from a regular glue stick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does super glue work and how is it different from a regular glue stick?

Most regular types of glue just harden as water or solvent in them evaporates. If you want to glue something really well, you have to stick it really tight together with a clamp and let it cure for a bit. Superglue however doesn't need to dry out. Instead, it "polymerizes" - that means the individual liquid molecules start attaching to each other until they become a solid. This reaction is triggered by moisture in the air, and happens so quickly that you don't need to hold it clamped for hours.


Question: Why do classical songs always have “in D minor, in E minor, in G major” what do those mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do classical songs always have “in D minor, in E minor, in G major” what do those mean?

It’s because much of classical music is purely instrumental and has no lyrics and even, in a related way, no titles. After all, the titles of songs almost invariably come from the lyrics, directly or indirectly. So the names we use for many classical pieces are not really titles at all, only descriptions, and the musical key (e.g., “C major”), form (e.g., “sonata”) and tempo (e.g., “allegro”) are useful differentiators. There are even numbering systems used, e.g., “K331” to address this same problem.


Question: Nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. Why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. Why is that?

Contrary to that saying, lots and lots "goes" from the internet all of the time, it's actually a huge problem for people who care about preserving information and history. Fortunately there are more and more archival sites, but they still struggle for funding and manpower. The saying though just reflects that you should never assume (or expect) that something you say or do online will be forgotten or lost. Odds are it will be preserved in some form, but this isn't actually a guarantee.


Question: why does your voice break when you cry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does your voice break when you cry?

When you cry you strain your throat, you breathe harder, your nasal passages swell, sometimes you produce extra mucus and muscle tension, and you release endorphins. All of this together makes it harder to talk normally, as well as hear normally, see normally, feel normally, or focus normally. Crying isn't just tears, it is a full body experience.


Question: What is fracking? Why is it so dangerous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is fracking? Why is it so dangerous?

Drilling for oil and natural gas is mostly vertical. You poke a hole straight down into an oil or gas pocket and bring it to the surface. Because the stuff at the bottom is under pressure from all the stuff above it, it flows upward. You can think of fracking as drilling horizontally. Instead of straight line down, you drill down a small distance and then make an L-turn and drill off to the side. This lets you access oil and gas close to the surface... the stuff that gets lost as a “leftover” in a vertical drilling operation. The trouble is, the oil and gas doesn’t want to come out right away. In order to get it out, you actively pump in a fluid that displaces the oil and gas as well as breaks up the rocks that might be trapping it in place. This pushes it toward the surface, where you collect it. The fluid is called “hydraulic fracturing fluid,” which is where the term fracking comes from. The big problem with fracking is almost always accidents. Sometimes a company spills a lot of the fluid by accident. It’s almost entirely water, but the small amounts of other stuff can be pretty nasty. They don’t want to do that because it’s expensive stuff, they have to pay to clean it up, and it means that fluid can’t go to getting the oil and gas. A big, big problem, is when there are undocumented water wells in an area. Imagine you’re drilling sideways and your path hits a water well. Not only are you now just spilling oil and gas into that well (rather than collecting it), you’re also introducing it and the fracking fluid into the groundwater system. This is a real headache in areas that were farmland for a few hundred years and undocumented wells are more common. There is also a problem of induced seismicity... man-made earthquakes. They tend to be small, but they happen. The idea is, you’re disrupting the rock structures underground, and sometimes you do it in such a way that the area has to settle in again. I am not familiar with this being a major cause of actual damage, but it is an indication of how seriously fracking can disrupt a geological system.


Question: How does my cracker contain more wheat flour than it weighs? "Made with 107g Wheat flour per 100g of product. Ingredients: Wheat Flour, Rapeseed Oil, Salt, Sugar, Sugar Beet Fibre."

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does my cracker contain more wheat flour than it weighs? "Made with 107g Wheat flour per 100g of product. Ingredients: Wheat Flour, Rapeseed Oil, Salt, Sugar, Sugar Beet Fibre."

Wheat is a bit hygroscopic. That means that it draws moisture from the air, and therefore will stop drying at around 14% water content. Now if you bake a cracker, the moisture is driven out by the heat - reducing its weight accordingly. When you open the package of the cracker, it'll slowly start absorbing moisture again, becoming soft in the process.


Question: How does the body decide where to add or take away fat when gaining/losing weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the body decide where to add or take away fat when gaining/losing weight?

It doesn't 'decide' per-se. Fat is distributed in a rough order that varies with your sex. Males for example are more likely to store fat in their upper-body and abdomen (hence the Beer Belly phenomenon) whereas Females are more prone to store it around their hips and thighs. This is what largely contributes to the 'pear' shape we associate with women. Males are also more likely to store 'visceral' (around the organs) fat which is what results in the skinny-fat phenomenon where people can be overweight, but not look it. Females are more likely to store fat subcutaneously (under the skin) where it's more noticeable. This combined with our bodies preference for storing fat in certain places is what contributes to the difference of appearance as a result of our weight. Places like your face, neck and arms are lower down the list. Which is why when someone gains/loses a lot of weight this is where you notice it. It's one of the last places for fat to get stored, but when you start losing weight that means it's one of the first places to go. When you lose weight, it comes off in the reverse order that it went on. So if you've noticed that you've recently started accumulating mass in a certain place, then with improved diet and exercise that is the exact place it'll start coming off first. Edit: The order I've given is more of a broad trend rather than something you can usefully apply to individuals, various generic and environmental factors will affect the order from person-to-person. Your personal order may be different, but regardless of the order it's a last-on/first-off system. Edit2: There's some back and forth in medical journals about whether there is *any* consistency to the order or if it's purely an individual/genetic thing. I'm not qualified to really judge that and deep dive into them so please take that particular claim with a few pinches of salt. But while the notion of a consistent order seems contentious, there is nevertheless an order for you. TL;DR - Fat goes on in a particular order on different parts of your body that varies between people, and it comes off in the reverse order that it went on. Areas like our belly/hips are often the first place it goes on (but not for everyone!), so it's the last place it comes off and you have to do everything else first.


Question: Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?

That food isn’t *inherently* bad for us, we just eat too much of it. This leads to problems like obesity, because these “unhealthy” foods contain a lot of energy and nutrients. Before modern farming and food processing, it was hard to get salt, fat, and other nutrients in the diet. It was also hard to *get enough food at all*. People used to starve to death unless they were quite well-adapted and lucky... wild animals still experience this today... So when a human came across something salty, fatty, or sweet, it was best to eat it— this was a good way to get some energy-dense food into their bodies with minimum effort and time. Now that salt, fat, and sugar are abundant, this natural urge to eat lots of it is counterproductive.


Question: why are catalytic converters so valuable and worth stealing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are catalytic converters so valuable and worth stealing?

They have a small amount of various precious metals. This makes them expensive. Factory cats can cost a few grand so thieves steal them and sell them for less than oem but at quite a good price. Scrap recyclers will usually pay 100 or so for each one because they can refine the metal if needed. Most of the scrap places, around me atleast, don't bother refining them and instead sell them to junkyards or various places online.


Question: How do CEOs trade stock from their company without it being insider trading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do CEOs trade stock from their company without it being insider trading?

There's a few different ways to avoid any issues, and this isn't all inclusive. The first, is that often senior executives make a "schedule" for buying and selling shares of their own company about a quarter ahead of time and follow that plan. Thats enough time that they can't really mess with too much and the plan is in place. Another is that there are embargo periods where they can't do anything, then the embargo is temporarily lifted, generally right after an earnings report, where they can trade. Since the earnings report came out, and is public you can assume everyone has basically the same info as the company, thats the whole point of the report. Often times, this can be combined with the schedule Lastly, in some cases, their investment properties (stock) can be held in a blind trust... basically they own it, but don't manage it in any way and its managed by a trusted third party and they have no influence on it. At the end of the day, there has to be some exceptions to allow people working at the company to trade stock, be it the CEO or the person working there with 1 share.