Question: Why do our bodies have the capability to regenerate and heal in some ways but not others?

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 Why do our bodies have the capability to regenerate and heal in some ways but not others?

The major factor is lack of resources to do such a task and the "mother cells" aka the cells that can transform into any cell stop being produced IIRC. But there's a theory I read a while back that we have the ability to do such thing but because we're active most of the time the body doesn't have resources to redo a limb as fast as when we're in the womb where that's our only objective.


Question: What's the biological connection between (facial) symmetry and attraction? Most physical attributes like being tanned or strong do have real advantages and are therefore desired, but which advantage does symmetry have?

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 What's the biological connection between (facial) symmetry and attraction? Most physical attributes like being tanned or strong do have real advantages and are therefore desired, but which advantage does symmetry have?

Symmetry is an indicator of general genetic healthiness beause our bodies are meant to be symmetrical (look up bilateral symmetry). The more your exterior deviates from symmetry, the more likely there is something wrong with its blueprint, your genes. Evolutionarily, it was an advantage to prefer symmetrical bodies because it meant your descendants were more likely to be healthy and survive. This is why an inherent preference for symmetry had a higher chance of being inherited through genes in humans (and probably other animals with symmetrical bodies).


Question: Pls can someone explain to me what an inverted yield curve is and why its bad?

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 Pls can someone explain to me what an inverted yield curve is and why its bad?

Investors requiring more for 2 year bonds than 10 year bonds means that they generally are thinking right now that the economy will be in very bad shape 2 years from now, but by 10 years from now it should have recovered. Because of this, they are starting to sell off stocks that they either were not planning to hold onto for a long time or that they think might be long to companies with a risk of going under during a downturn. There are a lot of factors that get us to this point, but once we get to this point moving into a recession is essentially a self-fulfilling prophecy, where one bad economic indicator forces other people to respond, creating more bad economic indicators.


Question: How do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the US handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana?

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 How do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the US handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana?

They report that their employer paid them to operate a retail shop. The IRS wants to know what you got paid, not what the shop sells. OK, there are some banking issues, so your boss had to pay you in cash. From the IRS perspective, also not a problem, they want to know how much you got paid, not how it was paid to you. Of the many legal snarls surrounding pot, employee income taxes isn't one of them.


Question: Why and how do rechargable batteries eventually die faster/lose their charge faster?

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 Why and how do rechargable batteries eventually die faster/lose their charge faster?

Electric is the movement of the particles called electrons. To construct a battery you need two materials. One that wants to give electrons and another one that wants to take electrons or wants to give electrons with a less power than the first one. When you put these two materials into a medium called electrolyte and connect them with a cable, a chemical change happens inside the electrolyte and electrons rush trough the cable from one who wants to give them more to the second. This reaction gives energy to electrons to move. For some specific materials this reaction is reversible to some extent so you can use them to construct a "rechargeable" battery. By consuming energy, you can force the electrons back and reverse the chemical reaction that changed the materials. But this is not a 100% efficient reaction and some material end up not converting back to original but converting to another one that holds electrons tightly. Repeat this for 1000 time now you have much more unwanted material that holds their electrons and not wanting to give them out. The ratio between unwanted material and the battery life is not direct. After some unwanted material has been accumulated it can block the original material to efficiently push electrons.


Question: If heat rises, then why are higher elevations so cold?

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 If heat rises, then why are higher elevations so cold?

while heat rises, at higher altitude the air is thinner. This means that the air is less dense and isn't as capable of holding or transmitting heat. Additionally, as hot air rises it expands and the energy to do that comes from the air itself cooling it. There's some other things as well. Air essentially acts like a blanket, trapping heat. At higher altitudes, there's less air above you trapping heat.


Question: What’s the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

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 What’s the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

Computers, like houses, need addresses. The internet is a city, and this city is being built. With IPv4, the city planners we only allowed to use numbered addresses up to 2^32 unique combinations. With IPv6, the city planners are now allowed to use both letters and numbers, up to 3.4 x 10^38 unique combinations.


Question: For massive websites like Amazon or Google, how are they built, scaled to a large size, and maintained?

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 For massive websites like Amazon or Google, how are they built, scaled to a large size, and maintained?

Well I am a web developer at the opposite end of things to Amazon and Google. If websites were ships those guys are making supertankers and aircraft carriers while I am making kayaks so I can't claim the expertise to actually build things like that but maybe I have enough grasp of the concepts to try a high-level ELI5. So first of all imagine a small 'normal' website. Imagine I build an online book store. On the homepage it might have a bit in the top corner saying: Hello rokd, with a link to manage your account/profile. The main section has a list of this week's 20 top-selling books and on the right is a column with teasers from a blog where I highlight my personal favourite authors. At the most simple level I have one database storing all the stuff I need. It has a table for users (including rokd), a table for books, one for sales, one for blog posts. I then have one script/executable page of code which gathers all the information and assembles in, something like: > < header > > print link_to_user_profile(getCurrentUser) > < /header > > < main > > print get_recent_bestsellers(20, week) > < /main > > < sidebar > > print get_recent_blog_items(5) > < /sidebar > This is all well and good but this one script running on one computer and one database running on one computer is doing everything for this page, and every other page served to every other user. So the only way to scale is to make those computers really really powerful and at google levels even a supercomputer isn't enough. Setting aside that problem completely for a moment, let's imagine I didn't want to bother building a blogging system for my bookshop because wordpress already exists and why invent the wheel. So I get a site at URL_0 and I change my page to something like: > < sidebar > > print ask_remote_server_for_something(server= URL_0 , account=somersettlerbookshop, request=latest_blog_posts(5)) > < /sidebar > So now my blog posts are being stored and rendered somewhere else. I just make an API call to URL_0 and ask for something, it supplies the answer, I don't even know or care exactly what database my blog posts are stored in, or what script on what computer renders the data into html. So long as URL_0 tells me what I want I don't have to give a shit how it does it. Well what Jeff Bezos famously did in 2002 is [issue an edict]( URL_1 ) that all teams in amazon had to built their shit to talk to each other in the same way as I talk to wordpress in the example above. Even though they are within the same company, and even though, at small scales, their code might be running on the same computer, they always had to pretend they were totally separate and only communicate through remote services and APIs. So I change my code to something like > < header > > ask_remote_server_for_something(server=user_subsystem, request=link_to_current_profile(currentuser)) > < /header > And so on for every element of my site. That way separate tasks can be split across separate computers. So 1 computer just runs the books stuff, 1 for the user stuff, 1 for the blog stuff, 1 for the sales, and 1 to coordinate all the requests and piece it together in a single page for the user. Now, we might add some cacheing. For example, I only write a new blog post every couple of days. So if you load my page at 9.00pm, then refresh at 9.05pm, at present, we are loading all my blogs from the database and rendering them all over again, even though nothing has changed. Our get_latest_blog_posts code might look like this: > blog_raw_data = get_recent_blogs_from_database(5) > rendered_blogs = render(blog_raw_data) > return rendered_blogs Waste of resources. So I can tell it to cache the results of a request and only re-calculate it if a certain amount of time has passed, say, 24 hours. The code changes to something like: > if (more than 24 hours has passed since I was last asked) then > > blog_raw_data = get_recent_blogs_from_database(5) > > rendered_blogs = render(blog_raw_data) > > cached_blogs = rendered_blogs > > return rendered_blogs > > else > > return cached_blogs Note that my top level page doesn't know or care about this change. It just asks for blogs, and it gets blogs, it doesn't matter to it whether they came from a cache instead of from a database. Now let's imagine my website needs to scale even more. It's a bookshop, so books is the hardest-working subsystem I have, and 1 computer is not enough to run it any more. So we changed > print get_book_information(bookID) to > print ask_remote_server(server=books, request=book_information(bookID)) But now we need several servers: books1, books2, books3. So make it something like > print ask_remote_server(server=find_me_a_books_server, request=book_fnformation(bookID)) and have another server in the middle, called a load balancer, which keeps track of whether books1, books2 or books3 has capacity to service a request, and sends it on accordingly. Once again our top level page doesn't know or care which of the 3 books servers answers the request, so long as it gets an answer. Basically we keep breaking our software down into self-contained 'black boxes' which communicate with each other through defined protocols, and that way if we outgrow 1 server we can use 2, or 3, or 300, on different continents. Still, we can't scale perfectly, because if I'm running my bookshop on 20 servers, and it maxes out, then while my _software_ is capable of seamlessly extending across 30 servers, I can't just wave a magic wand and have 10 new PCs in my racks, all wired up to my network. That takes time. But I want my site to suddenly have twice the capacity if it gets linked from reddit. By the time I get the new servers physically installed the reddit traffic has gone. So we invent virtual servers, where an entire physical server is virtualised in software within a more powerful actual server, capacble of hosting multiple virtual servers. And we take our find\_me\_a\_server code, which used to say: "Hey, books1, are you busy? Hey books2, are you busy?" and hand the request to whichever server said "no" - and we change it so that if _all_ the books servers say "sorry, I'm busy", it just creates a new books4 server on the fly. Once we get used to coding in this distibuted fashion we can also rewrite our algorhythms to take advantage. So rather than simply separating the "books" workload from the "sales" workload, we can also improve performance of a particularly taxing sales data processing task by splitting that into parallel tasks across multiple servers. google's map_reduce is an example of this sort of thing but getting a bit out of my depth / scope of this answer to explain that in detail. There's another whole category of scaling around databases. Most traditional databases are 'ACID-compliant', and 'normalised'. Again this comment is getting way too long for me to go into detail on that but basically they are ways of ensuring your data does not get corrupt. Say for example my bookshop is extremely busy. As you visit the homepage the code asks the sales system for the top 20 bestsellers. It returns the #1 seller, _Harry Potter_ with 150 sales in the last week (narrowly ahead of the #2, _Bambi_ with 149 sales). While it does this, three people buy a copy of Bambi and one person buys Harry Potter. My code then proceeds to tell you that the #2 seller is Harry Potter with 151 sales (because the #1 is now Bambi with 152). So your list is 1 Harry Potter 150 sales 2 Harry Potter 151 sales WTF? Looks like my system is fucked, right? Traditionally databases avoid this through ACID compliance, so the database is locked while a transaction is made to ensure consistent results. Simplistically, this would mean while you are generating the list of bestsellers, nobody else can buy a book, because that would change the results. But everybody visiting my homepage generates that bestseller list. If nobody can buy while someone is looking at the homepage, I'll never sell any books. Customers will always get a "database locked, cannot purchase!" error and give up and go to Amazon... So some people realised, it doesn't actually _matter_ if your bestseller list is based on the most accurate and up-to-date data. If it's based on sales as of 5 minutes ago, that's fine, then we can carry on selling. We can tell you Harry Potter is #1 when it is actually Bambi #1 since we made a few sales a millisecond ago - who gives a shit? On the other hand it _does_ matter if we tell you we have 10 copies of Bambi in stock when we actually have zero left, since we made a few sales a millisecond ago. So people started carefully breaking down which parts of the database required traditional 'safety' / consistency / anti-corruption guarantees, and which parts didn't. And for the parts that didn't, by selectively adding caches, splitting amongst parallel systems, denormalisation, abandoning ACID-compliance, or even abandoning SQL paradigms completely, they could get more performance. tl;dr distributed computing, parallelisation, cacheing, load balancing, virtualisation, denormalisation, nosql


Question: what is SWAT up to when theres not like a hostage crisis or something?

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 what is SWAT up to when theres not like a hostage crisis or something?

Depends on the agency. In many, SWAT is a part-time job, so they're regular patrol or detectives until there's a call-out. In bigger agencies where they can afford full-time SWAT, they generally operate much like the fire department - training, working out or other administrative duties until they're called out, and then they go to work.


Question: how did we "find" quarks?

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 how did we "find" quarks?

Pretty much all discoveries of new particles come from accelerator data. The basic premise is this: * Take a particle with known properties (mass, charge, spin), like a proton or electron. * Accelerate them into such high speeds that they can penetrate other particles. This is where the particle colliders/acclerators come in. * Look at what comes out the other end in terms of particles, angle of the outgoing particles, their energy, and their frequency. * Use the "before" and "after" data to deduce what the insides of the penetrated particle must look like. By collecting such data, it appeared that the insides of hadron consists of 3 particles, with some charge, etc. An analogy to this would be to try to figure out the hidden inside geometry of some box by throwing tennis balls in one end and look at how fast and at which angle the tennis balls come out the other end. An easy to understand example to this is how Rutherford discovered the structure of the atom. He shot particles into a thin gold foil and looked at where the particles ended up on the other side. In 99 % of the time, the particles didn't change trajectory at all. But in rare cases, they were deflected. And in even rarer cases, they bounced back completely! By using this data he deduced that the atom must almost completely consist of empty space, and have a tiny massive nucleus. The quark example follows the same principle, but is of course a bit more complicated. --- The discoveries of exotic quarks (and other particles) are slightly different. Now we are not probing the "geometry" of an atom or particle, but we are trying to find the particles themselves. But these particles decay, or "vanish" so quickly that we can never detect them directly. However, the thing is all particles have unique properties (mass, charge, spin), and this leads to unique decay products. A top quark may decay to some lighter particles and some photons with a specific energy, whereas a W boson may decay into something else. So we look for what comes out the other end, and deduce that these decay products must have come from a particle with mass X and charge Y, and this does not match any previously known particle.


Question: Why does the oxygen level in the air doesn't change dramatically, when most of the trees shed their leaves in the winter?

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 Why does the oxygen level in the air doesn't change dramatically, when most of the trees shed their leaves in the winter?

Trees do not produce the majority of the oxygen. 50-80% of all oxygen comes from the sea where it is mostly plankton that produces it. so 20-50% is land and there is lot of other plants than trees. But even if they did you would not see a dramatic change because the amount of oxygen that is used is not very high compared to the amount in the atmosphere. If no oxygen was produced and the amount of animal was like it is today (do not as ask me what they eat if there are no pants) the all oxygen in the atmosphere would be used up in 52 000 years. That also assumes that all oxygen can be used. Let's say winter is half a year so 1/100 000 of the oxygen would be used by animals & #x200B; That is not the whole story of oxygen usage because it is used when nonanimals like fungus, bacteria break down biological matter. So more oxygen is used than just by animals but those processes then get slower in the winter especially if it is below freezing. The result is that there is a minimal change in oxygen level in winter vs summer we talk about 0.02 to 0.03 percent. I'm not sure the number is the percentage of the atmosphere or percentage of the average oxygen level but regardless it is not a lot.


Question: Can a telescope act as a microscope?

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 Can a telescope act as a microscope?

A telescope is focused at infinity. It expects all light to come in parallel to the telescope. If you look at something close it ends up blurry. A microscope on the other hand is focused at a very close range. The difference can be adjusted by a single lens often called a macro lens. But you might have problems with the focus adjustment ranges and different light condition requirements.


Question: How can you get for example 10kV out of a normal 230V plug?

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 How can you get for example 10kV out of a normal 230V plug?

Theres a component called a transformer. It basically consists of two coils of wire around two cores. The current is transferred from one coil to the other through electromagnetism. The number of turns in each coil is calculated to step up voltage. Simplified E.g. 5 coils on input coil, 10 coils on output coil, 2x Voltage It's been a while since I did electromagnetism, so someome else could step in on this point if I get it wrong: the thing that makes this difficult to believe is that it sounds like you get power from nothing. The extra voltage comes at the expense of current. The current slows down when the voltage is ramped up.


Question: How come a lot of cryptography involves the use of prime numbers?

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 How come a lot of cryptography involves the use of prime numbers?

Because when you have big numbers multiplied together, it's very easy to multiply them, but very difficult to divide and find all the numbers that have been multiplied. Example: find what numbers have been multiplied together to give the result of 298178561. Those numbers that have been multiplied together are the passwords to the encryption.


Question: Is eating late really harmful? Why/why not?

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 Is eating late really harmful? Why/why not?

It was believed that eating late promoted weight gain because you would be asleep and not burning off the calories. In reality as long as you keep your calorie count below your recommended daily intake, and don't eat anything that will disrupt your sleep you'll be fine. (Some people get nightmares from spicy or greasy food). Now, the bad part of eating before bed is that people who get late night cravings generally want easy to prepare junk food, or some kind of fattening comfort food.


Question: What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since?

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 What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since?

If we're talking about oil prices generally, then the shale oil and gas revolution in the United States has been a major factor. Before this took place, much of the world's oil came from countries part of OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC is a cartel, which regulates the amount of oil each member can produce. They attempted to carefully regulate it so that it never became too expensive to encourage a cheaper alternative, and never too low that they didn't make insane amounts of money from it. That's changed since the United States became a huge producer of shale oil and gas. What happens now is that as the price of oil goes up, it becomes ever more economically viable to activate many of the sites that produce shale oil. If the price goes up high enough, lots of them come online. Since the United States isn't a member of OPEC, companies can produce as much oil as they like. This leads to an oversupply in the market, prices come back down, and these facilities are gradually turned off if they're no longer profitable. As technology improves, that $ per barrel "threshold" drops further and further, meaning that it becomes profitable at much lower prices, further adding to the oversupply. I'm not sure if any of this directly corresponds to the gas price you're talking about - mid-2000s was the Iraq War years, so that may have had something to do with it. But I wanted to explain why prices have been relatively stable and low since the peak prices in the early 2010's.


Question: How do people who end up in viral videos and/or memes suddenly become rich? Where does the money come from? (i.e. the “cash me outside” girl, and others)

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 How do people who end up in viral videos and/or memes suddenly become rich? Where does the money come from? (i.e. the “cash me outside” girl, and others)

So. My sister in law works for a company that does this type of work. When someone “goes viral” her boss calls them and sees if they have representation. Then they set them up a YouTube channel or other social media (not sure on this part) They basically work like attorneys who are on commission. If they can get money funneling to you they get a cut. They also work with nightclubs and malls /stores and television news agencies to charge those people for appearances. So if Ellen heard about your video this company’s job is to get to you before Ellen’s people do so try can negotiate the fees for appearance. So basically you make money off ads, appearances, selling video rights, and hopefully future videos or social media


Question: What are the differences between Amps, Volts, Watts, and Ohms?

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 What are the differences between Amps, Volts, Watts, and Ohms?

They all measure different things. If you think of electricity like water, voltage is the pressure of water flowing in a pipe. The higher the pressure the harder it tries to push out of an opening. Amps is a measure of electron flow. This would be like water in a pipe at a steady pressure and measuring how many gallons per minute flow past a point in the pipe. Ohms is a measure of resistance in an electrical circuit. Lets say you put a faucet at the end of the pipe then slightly crack open the faucet. That is an example of high resistance. Open the faucet all the way, and thats low resistance. Watts is a measure of power which really doesnt work for a water analogy. Its energy per unit time (Joules per second). Its also equal to one amp of current at one volt.


Question: Why do sci-fi films depict big explosions in space as a ring instead of a sphere?

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 Why do sci-fi films depict big explosions in space as a ring instead of a sphere?

Explosions aren't always round. Usually some part of the exploding device fails first (by design in weapons, by weakest-link in anything else) and directs much of the energy in a certain direction. In the case of cylindrical ship hulls or missile casings this definitely can be a rupture along the centerline to produce a flat ring. I doubt most movies have any in-universe science to explain why things explode the way they do though, it's just there to look cool.


Question: Why does depression seem to prevent you from answering messages/having conversations with people or trying to make new relationships?

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 Why does depression seem to prevent you from answering messages/having conversations with people or trying to make new relationships?

It's all quite complicated and at a neurological level we don't understand it at all, but at a psychological level it has to do with reduced motivation. Depression reduces people's motivation to do things. We generally do things through a combination of habit and motivation. Depression disrupts normal habits and inhibits motivation. It's very hard for someone with severe clinical depression to feel motivated to do anything at all, and they can end up having all sorts of difficulties in life to literally stuck in their house all day. Depression also very often co-occurs with some sort of anxiety disorder, which can further prevent a person from participating in society due to the lack of motivation and a significantly negative reaction when trying to do so.


Question: Why does the compass point North even in the southern hemisphere?

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 Why does the compass point North even in the southern hemisphere?

Because the Magnetic North Pole is near the Geographic North Pole. A compass follows the field lines of [the earth's magnetic field]( URL_0 ). On the surface of the earth, those field lines go from the South Pole to the North Pole, so a magnet will always point to the North. If your question is, why the compass doesn't point the Magnetic South Pole, despite the fact that it is closer than the North Pole: A magnet consists of a north and a south pole. Thus one end of the magnet will always point towards the Magnetic North Pole of earth, while the other end points to the Magnetic ~~North~~ South Pole of earth. It's not either or. The respective ends of the magnet point to the corresponding pole on earth on both hemispheres.


Question: How does the stock market itself generate value?

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 How does the stock market itself generate value?

The stock market as a whole tends to grow in value over time. This is for exactly the fundamental reasons you identified initially. Stock is ownership in firms, so the stock market essentially measures the value of (public) firms. As firms grow, or we found new firms, or we replace old firms with better/more efficient firms, the total value of the stock market increases as well. This is not an iron law of the universe, but so long as we continue to come up with new or better ideas for how to do economic activity (e.g. smartphones, internet retail, and electric cars - to cite a few firms that are currently huge on the stock market but weren't in our recent past), the market will rise not just in nominal terms, but in per-capita terms. You might say "Ah, but that's only relevant to the people who are lucky enough to provide the initial investments to companies that then grow large. Once those stocks are on the secondary market, you can't really gain anything from buying them." This is both right and wrong. In the short term, buying and selling stocks is close to a zero-sum game (see: the front page of Reddit right now). You can make money if you're lucky, but it will come at someone else's expense. However, it can still be worthwhile to buy stocks if you plan to hold them for the long term. Firms can live forever. Failing that, an index of important firms (like the S & P) certainly can. Humans can't live forever. Every person holding stock is going to eventually want (or need) to get out of the market. As they do, they hand that stock to someone else just getting into the market. In this way, generations of people can each take their little ride in the growth machine.


Question: Why can't magnets be used to create a motor that never stops?

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 Why can't magnets be used to create a motor that never stops?

Because a motor has to drive something else to move also, and in doing so the energy input that began the perpetual motion you describe gets dissipated. This causes that motion to slow and eventually stop. Edit: Just to add, most perpetual motion displays (often toys) use an object that doesn't appear to stop spinning once it starts. What's happening here is that the magnets are used to reduce the resistance to the objects turning as much as possible, so nothing slows it down. This doesn't work for a motor because a motor that is not being resisted is essentially doing nothing.


Question: why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?

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 why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?

Mixing pure yellow and pure blue in equal amounts will give you exactly one shade of green. If you use less yellow/more blue, you get a bluer looking green. If you use less blue/more yellow, you get a yellow looking green. And that's it. Your range of greens runs from yellow-green to blue-green. But there are more kinds of green than that, meaning you'd have to use other colors than blue or yellow.


Question: Why must the Pythagorean Theorem contain squared values? Is there a relationship between sides prior to squaring them?

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 Why must the Pythagorean Theorem contain squared values? Is there a relationship between sides prior to squaring them?

Your sense that if a relationship exists after an operation it must exist before it is not necessarily wrong, but it is misapplied. Think about how it can be that A²+B²=C², yet A+B≠C: it is because (A+B)²=A²+2AB+B²≠A²+B². Going from A, B, and C to A², B², and C² does not simply involve squaring both sides of the equation. The fact of the matter is that the "unsquared" side-lengths are not directly related (except by the the triangle inequality A+B≥C). The relationship *really does* derive from their squares.


Question: How come Northern Africa sees little to no rain while S.America and the Philippines are rainforests?

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 How come Northern Africa sees little to no rain while S.America and the Philippines are rainforests?

South America is considerably closer to the equator than N. Africa. Heat from the sun hits Earth most directly at equator, causing the air to warm and rise. Warm air can't hold moisture all too well so clouds form and rain falls pretty heavy there. The air cools as it gets higher and descends around 30 degrees N and S latitude pretty dry, hence why at those latitudes there are lots of deserts. This phenomenon is called the Hadley Cell. However if you look at a globe you notice areas of the world that are at the 30s that are not deserts. For example, Florida. This is due to the fact that florida is surrounded by water on 3 sides. Pressure and temperature differences caused by the ocean (which had different heat retention properties, amongst others, compared to land) keeps Florida relatively wet and not desert compared to other parts of the world like Southwest US and N. Africa. Philippines also below 30 degrees N as well. And it's a bunch of islands surrounded by ocean. My first ELI5 answer, hope this is a good enough explanation. If not I'm sure someone more qualified than me can fill in!


Question: How can owners of commercial real estate afford to have properties vacant for years at a time?

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 How can owners of commercial real estate afford to have properties vacant for years at a time?

I own commercial property and invest heavily in commercial property through an investment group. The prices of commercial property fluctuate greatly based on the rents collected and every city goes through cycles of boom and bust. So, when a city is doing poorly, the building start vacating and we will buy an empty building for pennies on the dollar because the owner is losing money. E.g. Two years ago, I bought a three story building that cost $3.5m to build for $1.1m Well, now the building literally across the street has a $4m mortgage to cover and I have $1m. But my building is empty and his is still full and there aren’t enough renter in the market to fill both buildings. So I will set my rent at 2/3 of his rent and within the next two years, my building is full and his is empty. If he lowers his rent, I lower mine more. He can’t afford to play this game because his mortgage is too high. I’ll also write shorter lease terms so that companies perceive a lower risk. But I insist on shorter leases because I’ll be raising my prices as the market recovers. Now, over time, one of two things will happen. Either the market will recover and my building will fill up and we’ll start raising rents. Or he will run out of patience and sell the building at a loss (quite possibly to me.) Now, the great thing about commercial building is that values are between 5x and 10x forward rents. So if my rents double, my value increases 10 times. A building full of 5 year leases is worth double a building with two year leases. So at no point did I care about the lease income much at all, though covering the mortgage is a bonus. In ten years, when the market has recovered, I will have filled the building and started writing longer lease terms and I will sell the building I bought for $1m for $5m. Great, a 5x return over ten years, right? No, not really... I only paid $250k for the building and mortgaged the rest. Most (if not all) of that mortgage was paid for by the tenants. Much of the rents above the mortgage, I invested into building improvements, which also helps my tax liability. My total return on investment was about 20x or 200% per year. It’s difficult, but I can live with those returns and I can certainly let the building sit empty for a couple years until the markets start to recover. How do I know the market will recover? Because I lowered rents. When building are empty, everyone lowers rents. I can afford to go lower, so I will get those renters first. Then the businesses in neighboring cities/states/towns move in because it’s cheaper.


Question: How do meteorologists predict an “accurate” snowfall total?

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 How do meteorologists predict an “accurate” snowfall total?

Studying past weather helps. Nowadays we have satellite imagery including imagers that specifically pick up moisture in the atmosphere. Knowing how much moisture is accumulating in the clouds, and how it’s moving, helps you predict when it will rain down. You can look at the behavior of past weather systems and how much rain they dropped to guess how similar patterns will react. In the past meteorologists would have had to get weather data from other towns and weather stations to figure out what could be coming their way. Things like atmospheric pressure and temperature are important factors too. Less moisture can stay in colder air than warm air, so if you know warm moist air is moving towards a region with colder air, you can guess a storm will brew.


Question: What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?

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 What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?

Squaring a number means taking a number and multiplying it by itself. So two squared would be 2\*2 = 4 The reverse of this is to take the square root, When you take the square root of a number, you're asking: "What number can I multiply with itself to get this solution?" So if I ask for the square root of 4, I'm asking what number can I multiply by itself to get 4. Which as we saw is 2. What happens if we toss negative numbers into the mix? Well, a negative times a negative is a positive (for reasons not discussed here) so (-2)\*(-2) is also 4. This means the square root of 4 has *two* answers, 2 or -2 (though usually we default to the positive answer). But what if I ask about the square root of a negative number? Like, the square root of -4? Well, we want a number, multiplied by itself equals -4. But it can't be any positive number, because a positive times a positive is a positive. It can't be any negative number, because a negative times a negative is also a positive. No number times itself can equal a negative! We might think this is the end of line, but it turns out the square roots of negative numbers exist and can be used! When we were looking for solutions to certain kinds of math problems, they involved using the square roots of negative numbers. These square roots eventually cancelled out in the end, but it was clear that getting from point A to point B required using them. Eventually, we codified them and labeled them. They were called "imaginary" in a derogatory sense and unfortunately that label stuck, because they are no more or less "real" than any other number. The most fundamental imaginary number is *i* which is defined as the square root of -1. All other imaginary numbers can be represented as some multiple of *i* such as 2*i* or -4.5*i.* Mathematically they are used any time you need the square root of a negative number. They can also be used in various types of engineering fields to represent electric currents and signals in convenient ways.


Question: How does Helium escape from party balloons?

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 How does Helium escape from party balloons?

Helium atoms are smaller than the molecular make-up of the ballons. They in essence slip between the cracks. Add to that that most traditional ballons are elastic and forced to expand under pressure meaning the helium is always trying to find a way to the lower pressure on the other side of the balloon wall. Mylar balloons on the other hand are made up of material more impervious to the leaking Helium. Add that they are mostly pre-inflated, so once enough helium leaks out they can hold the gas at a much lower pressure.


Question: Why is it not a good idea to pump gas while your vehicle is running?

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 Why is it not a good idea to pump gas while your vehicle is running?

Mechanically speaking you can fill your tank whilst the car is running. However pumping gas introduces fuel vapour to the relative environment; and with a running car with hundreds of electrical and moving parts there is a risk of a spark! Plus you'll probably trip an engine fault code with the pressure change in the fuel tank/subsequent change in fuel pump pressure!


Question: Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?

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 Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?

A shockwave changes the density of the air, basically turning it into a sort of lens. Light changes direction whenever it passes through a different medium, which is why looking through a glass of water makes things behind it look weird. By compressing and then decompressing the air, the shockwave can bend the light passing through it, making it visible to us.


Question: Why do some non-ginger guys have ginger beards?

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 Why do some non-ginger guys have ginger beards?

The genes that control head hair and facial hair and body hair are not all the same genes. There are multiple genes that impact our hair, determining its color, texture, wether it’s thick or thin, all that stuff. So it’s possibly to have some variations, though there are some combinations like black hair and a blond beard arent really possible, but red and brown are pretty close.


Question: How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?

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 How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?

That is essentially due to stress. When you are normally stressed, your body create stress hormones which make you more receptive to danger, more reactive, make you feel fear, and prepare your muscles to an intensr activity (if you need to run away). It's totally chemical. About panick attack: It happened to me after a long stress period (~1year) : your body accumulate stress hormones and is not able to eliminate them anymore so you are in "constant stress" even if nothing stressful happen, it's nearly impossible to control. Stress hormones make you tired, contract every muscles of your body even those near the heart and the stomach, which causes (real) pain that make you believe you have a heart problem. Plus, your brain reacts to the hormones and the pain with a sentiment of intense fear (a fear like : I need to go to the nearest hospital NOW). So you have a huge pain in the chest and an intense fear : that's very near to an heart attack symptoms.


Question: Why do we still "see" light even if our eyes are closed?

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 Why do we still "see" light even if our eyes are closed?

Because our eyelids are thin. Pull your t-shirt over your head and stare at a light bulb. Now drop a phone book on your face and look at the same light bulb. Phone book thicker than t-shirt, hand thicker than eyelid. If my 5 year old ever asks me this I'll send him back.


Question: Why do we rely on donations from the public for disaster relief? Isn't this the government's responsibility?

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 Why do we rely on donations from the public for disaster relief? Isn't this the government's responsibility?

> Shouldn't the government be able to fully fund disaster relief without relying on contributions from the general public? If you want to fully fund disaster relief, that means convincing voters to raise taxes, or cut spending elsewhere. getting Disaster funding is notoriously tricky. No one wants to pay for it until it happens (especially if it happens to them), and no one wants to subsidize areas that are disaster prone. If federal funds are used, it means places that don't get hit (say, Wyoming) will pay for something only FL/Texas would use. Voters in Wyoming might not be super keen on that. > I believe the federal government should pay for these resources - even if they just cut a private company a check to feed/temporarily house/etc. victims. Our tax dollars should cover this. If you think it should- great! convince other voters. Right now, you're in the minority. The government does do quite a bit for relief. It's just not fully funded. It's not a question of whether the government can or can't. It can, but people don't necessarily agree with you. > I'm focused more on why the public is being urged (and many corporate leaders have donated millions) to donate to disaster relief - which goes to companies like the Red Cross. The Red Cross in turn pays for food, water, etc. to help people during disaster time. The idea is that the federal government covers the bare minimum of what people want federally covered. However, private donations are encouraged for people who feel more should be done. This allows people who wish to help more, to do so. The people who don't, don't.


Question: when muscles get stronger they grow. How do our lungs get stronger if you go for a long run?

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 when muscles get stronger they grow. How do our lungs get stronger if you go for a long run?

Your lungs aren't actually a muscle. They themselves can't get stronger, because they're not the thing providing the power to breathe. You breathe with a muscle called your *diaphragm*. It's a sheet of muscle that separates your chest from your belly. When it contracts, it moves downwards. This increases the pressure in your belly and decreases the pressure in your chest. As the pressure in your chest decreases, air rushes in from your nose/mouth and inflates your lungs, like two little balloons. To breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards. This increases the pressure in your chest again, squeezing the air out of your lungs back up your windpipe and out your mouth/nose. Your lungs never actually do any work; they only ever "get inflated" and "get deflated". When you go for a long run, you're strengthening your diaphragm.


Question: What happens to time once it has passed?

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 What happens to time once it has passed?

Time isn't a "thing" or an object. It isn't represented by particles or waves etc. Time is how the universe keeps track of interaction. It distinguishes cause and effect, like an orchestra conductor coordinates of the actions of a symphony orchestra. Time has no meaning if there is no interaction. It cannot be stored or recycled.


Question: What do the rally drivers' partners say while they drive?

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 What do the rally drivers' partners say while they drive?

It *really* matters. A rally isn't like a circuit race where you cover the same lap of a track over and over, so you very quickly get to know the exact speeds you can go round each corner - in a rally, the chances are you will only be driving that particular stretch of road once or maybe twice (and often if you do it again, it's in the opposite direction). This means that in order to be fast, you need to know as much as possible about the road ahead of you. This is where pace notes come in - that's what the co-driver/navigator is calling out. There's no fixed system but most teams tend to use fairly similar systems. The co-driver will call out something like: *"sixty, four left into three right"* That means, in sixty yards there is a left-hand bend that you need to be in fourth gear for, which goes immediately into a third-gear right-hander. As soon as they're into that sequence of bends, the co-driver will start calling out the next bit. Of course, what they end up calling out involves a whole lot more information than that - you'll hear things like: *"Sixty, four right tightens over crest into jump maybe and square right don't cut over bridge into square right, fifty."* Which translates as "in sixty yards, there is a fourth gear right-hander that tightens up, immediately after which is a bump or crest that might make the car leave the ground. Then there's a 90 degree right turn which has got something substantial on the inside of the corner (so don't hit it). This takes us over a bridge, then another 90 degree right turn, then it's fifty yards until whatever I start saying next happens". One of the most important skills for a rally driver is to be able to process information like this on the fly while driving a car as fast as possible in usually less than ideal conditions (it's a similar skill requirement to modern fighter pilots) while knowing that driving too slowly will lose them huge amounts of time, but driving even a fraction too quickly will almost certainly end their race; there are no run-off areas on rally stages, usually just trees or cliffs...


Question: why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I’ve been reading but I somehow can’t absorb the technical stuff

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 why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I’ve been reading but I somehow can’t absorb the technical stuff

Incompleteness shows that there will always be true, but unprovable statements for any axiomatic system you have. That's important because mathematics and philosophy are axiomatic systems. This gets rid of any hope of "100%ing math", and also introduces proof of unprovability. My favorite example is that if you can prove that the Rieman Hypothesis is unprovable, then it has to be true, because any counterexample has to be provable.


Question: Why do our voices change as we get elderly? What causes the gravelyness in old people's voices? Is it inevitable?

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 Why do our voices change as we get elderly? What causes the gravelyness in old people's voices? Is it inevitable?

Vocal cords are basically folded-up bits of squishy mucous membrane that bang against each other. Air moves through these folds. When the folds move, that changes the way the air that flows through them moves, which causes vibrations, which causes sounds. What the vibrations sound like depends both on the movement of the folds and on the size and shape of the folds themselves (bigger folds tend to cause lower pitched sounds, which is why our voices deepen as we get older and why men tend to have deeper voices than women). Picture a drum. You bang on the head of the drum to produce sounds. A bigger drum sounds deeper (ex: a bass drum), while a smaller drum sounds higher (ex: a snare drum). You can also change how the drum sounds by tightening or loosening the head of the drum. When we get older, the composition of the tissues changes. Parts of it get thinner and more fragile, and parts of it become thicker, and the muscles controlling it atrophies and becomes weaker. This is not only true of the vocal folds: all our tissues undergo a similar change. Picture the same drum again, but now imagine it covered in a thick blanket, or loosening the head of the drum so much that it sags. Consider how that would change the sound the drum makes. It would probably sound duller or quieter. That's what happens when we age.


Question: How do we know that irrational numbers are irrational?

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 How do we know that irrational numbers are irrational?

One very common method is to prove that it must be irrational by assuming the opposite. This is called a proof by contradiction. Say the goal is to prove that X is irrational. Start by ASSUMING that X is rational and therefore it can be expressed by a fraction of two integers say p/q. From this point, show that p and q cannot be integers or something contradictory, for example p > q AND p < q at the same time. Since this cannot be true, as long as there were no other assumptions used, then the only assumption that must be incorrect is the original one, ie that X is rational. Therefore X must be irrational.