Question: How do we know how well animals can hear/see things?

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 How do we know how well animals can hear/see things?

We examine the eyes of dead animals and learn about things like their focal length, their concentration of optical nerve fibers, what *kinds* of nerve fibers. We see the rods and cones and we use what we know of our own experience with cameras and optics (and our own eyes) to create a mathematical model of how *their* eye works. Sometimes we're able to test our guess and sometimes not. Sometimes we just see evidence of their vision, like when we see a hawk stoop and snatch a field mouse when it was on the horizon only moments ago. Sometimes our model is complete conjecture. We're kind of guessing how some prehistoric animals eyes worked because we haven't got one to dissect.


Question: How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?

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 How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?

When "oil guys" first started refining oil, they knew it produced many different types of substances as you increased the boiling temperature. We've found a use for almost every substance that crude oil can make nowadays, but back then gasoline was considered a waste by-product of the manufacture of kerosene for lamps. After about 30 years they found a use for it, powering the new automobiles.


Question: Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

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 Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

It's a combination of two major factors: - Ice cream has a lot of surface area, which means more nucleation points. More nucleation points mean more bubbles. - Milk and cream have a higher surface tension than water. This means the bubbles are stronger. ----- The reason why Mentos in soda makes it fizz is because all the pits and holes means the surface area is ***huge*** compared to the volume. You could get similar effects from a spoonful of sugar or sand. Easy experiment: Get a bottle of seltzer or clear soda. Get it nice and cold before opening and pour it into a glass. Pour slow so it doesn't fizz too much. Wait for the bubbles to stop and drop in a few grains of sugar or salt. You will see that the bubbles will form around the granules until they dissolve. Use a few grains of sand and it the bubbles will keep forming until there is none left, which will probably be longer than you are willing to sit around. ----- /u/GaidinBDJ has the dissolved gases issue backwards. Hot liquids will hold more solids (salt, sugar, minerals, etc.) while cold liquids will hold more gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) One of the worries with global warming is the amount of methane dissolved in the ocean. Warm up the ocean and the methane comes out. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If enough methane gets into the upper atmosphere, the global temperature will skyrocket in a runaway reaction and life as we know it is ***fucked***.


Question: Why is every doctor's office I've (33M) ever been to behind schedule, and usually 20+ minutes behind?

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 Why is every doctor's office I've (33M) ever been to behind schedule, and usually 20+ minutes behind?

Because people all take different amounts of time in the doctors office with different ailments and situations. It’s impossible to actually stick to a schedule when you’re dealing with peoples Heath. It’s not like a car where when something goes wrong there’s a specific routine for fixing it, in healthcare there are all sorts of variables involved that take time


Question: What happens if you don't turn airplane mode on?

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 What happens if you don't turn airplane mode on?

Cellphones get their connectivity through their access to cell phone towers. Like all forms of technology, connecting requires power. When you’re relatively close to a cellphone tower, your device uses relatively less power, than being far away from a cell phone tower. So if you’re on an airplane, you’re going to be miles and miles away from the nearest cell phone tower, and if your device is trying to connect to them, it is going to consume more power. This can interfere with the radio transmission from the pilot to air traffic controllers. Now, a few people not turning airplane mode on will not cause much of a disturbance to the pilots, because aircrafts are designed to block interference, to a certain degree. However, I imagine if every single device on the plane is attempting to connect to a cellphone tower, there will be noticeable and significant interference to the pilots. It will not cause the plane to crash or make the aircraft malfunction, but you obviously wouldn’t want to distract your pilot; the same way you wouldn’t want to distract your driver.


Question: How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

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 How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

This is basically asking how you know when someone is doing something wrong maliciously and purposefully vs. accidentally and innocently. The truth of the matter exists only within their own mind, which no one else can ever really know. For such actions, we can only go off of their actions and responses. Look at the consistency of the errors, how they respond when faced with evidence of their mistakes. Look for things not dependent on simply their memory. Look for deliberate actions they may be taking to maintain the deception or illusion.


Question: When writing, how am I able to think of a word that would be good in a sentence even if I’m not exactly sure of its meaning until I look it up?

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 When writing, how am I able to think of a word that would be good in a sentence even if I’m not exactly sure of its meaning until I look it up?

You gain an intuition of what a word means and how it is often used by hearing or reading it multiple times. This is a subconscious process, and can often lead you to use the word in a reasonable way in the future. That doesn't always work perfectly though: [link]( URL_0 ).


Question: If all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?

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 If all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?

Human cells can replace themselves, this is correct. But they need a scaffold to replace themselves ON for them to be in the right place. And the nature of that scaffold is why scars stick around forever. Let's compare our bodies to a multi-floor brick building that King Kong or Cloverfield or Godzilla or something punches a big chunk out of. You have a couple choices to do something about that building before the weather gets in and wrecks it worse. But a feasible one of them isn't a complete tear-down and rebuild using scaffolding and heavy construction to recreate the building properly. People have got to go on living in there and there's not enough free spending money around to do it. So you patch that hole as best you can and maybe brick up the opening, and that's good enough for people to keep living in it. But it leaves a not-very-pretty gap in your building. It's functional even if some of the electrical stuff or elevators don't work due to the still missing area, and it looks ugly because you couldn't quite get everything perfect without bringing in super-expensive heavy machinery and shutting everything down, and the bricks don't match. So you're left with a serviceable building with ugly spots that you can't ever afford to make perfect-looking again. Scarring's the same. The body doesn't have the ability to regenerate huge missing areas because it can't create scaffolding once you're out of the womb. All of the 'heavy equipment' necessary for it is no longer available. This wasn't critical enough of a skill for us to evolve as a species because enough of us survived and had kids even without it to take over the world. So the body goes with a "walling off" strategy without coming with a bunch of perfectly set-up scaffolding to build new clean supporting structures for the new cells to grow back into their perfect original shape. And those wall-offs are dead 'hard' tissue that is permanently set into their walled-off shape and can't be replaced. Again, perfect-looking repairs weren't necessary to the survival of our species so we didn't evolve them.


Question: In California, why is there a palm tree planted at the end of every fourth row in a grove of orange trees?

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 In California, why is there a palm tree planted at the end of every fourth row in a grove of orange trees?

In Redlands, California there are many orange groves and there is a powerful wind that blows in the winter time (Santa Ana winds). These winds cause a lot of damage to limbs and can knock fruit off the trees and causing them to rot in the direct sunlight. There are two forms of protection from the winds that are common in southern California: a wall of eucalyptus trees that circle the grove, or palm trees that are in the groves. Both of these protections cause turbulent air flow across the groves lowering the wind speed.


Question: Why are dubbed movies/shows and their subtitles so off from each other?

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 Why are dubbed movies/shows and their subtitles so off from each other?

This bothers me too. I always find myself wishing that they'd do the subs based on the dubs, or if the subs are already done first, just read the subs as the dub "script." You're correct that they're done separately, and they're also done with slightly different objectives: The subs are trying to explain what the actors are trying to express. Suppose emphasis is given at the end of a sentence, but the foreign language follows subject-object-verb order (instead of subject-verb-object, like what English uses). This means the emphasis is actually on the \*verb\* and the translator has to move the sentence around in some way to get the verb to the end, or otherwise rephrase it to make it clear it's the verb that's being emphasized. The dubs are replacing the voices altogether, trying both to match **both** the natural mannerisms of an English speaker and the lip movements and body language of the character as best as possible. This means the translation often has to move words within sentences (and even entire sentences) around to match that as best as they can. In practice this difference doesn't turn out too badly. Most audiences prefer either subs or dubs, but not both. I'm somewhat hard-of-hearing with spoken conversations so I have subs turned on, even when I'm watching a dub, and I really wish the subs would just be redone to the dub. But I also realize I'm in the minority. :)


Question: How is it that now matter how full a person gets, there are some foods like French fries where a person can always seem to have room for one more?

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 How is it that now matter how full a person gets, there are some foods like French fries where a person can always seem to have room for one more?

Generalising, but it's because the body has two broad drivers of feeding: * direct nutrient deficit (ie, you need energy - or at least, your body thinks you need energy!) * pleasurable food consumption - also known as [hedonic hunger]( URL_1 ). Hedonic hunger probably primarily evolved to promote the consumption of high-energy foods even if you are 'full', to put on more fat and increase resistance to famine. French fries are high in fat, salt and easily digestible carbohydrates - a perfect food to put on that survival weight! [This review]( URL_0 ) goes over the evolution of hedonic hunger in quite an easy to understand fashion.


Question: Don't Open Source Softwares Basically Opens its Gate for Hackers?

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 Don't Open Source Softwares Basically Opens its Gate for Hackers?

If your security is because no one can look at your code and understan how it work it is called [Security through obscurity]( URL_0 ) The problem is that id do not work. It has been rejected since the mid 19th century in the context of how locks could be picked. A real secure system should still be secure if someone know your code. If the code is secret you might find a but that is hard to fix and just assume that no one will find it without the code and leave it in. If it is open source you assume that any attacker have the code and you will write it with that in mind and do not leave holes. In some cases it might be a idea. If there is limited access to the system and not a software that you can purchase on the open market where a attacker can purchase it and examine the code and decompile it and examine it. So for military system or any that is tightly controlled keeping the source and design of the system secret make it harder to crack it. So it can be something to add ontop of other good security practice but you should never trust that it is enough. If anyone can get the software you should assume that it is the same as if they had the source code.


Question: - Where are education funds spent?

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 - Where are education funds spent?

Average class size is in the low 20s, so it's closer to 250k per year. Subtract the average teacher's salary, then add a prorated amount for everyone who isn't a classroom teacher: administrators, librarians, gym teachers, custodians, nurses, counselors, teaching aides. And a healthy amount on top of that for non-salary benefits (health insurance, retirement pay). Add building maintenance costs, new construction, etc. It adds up quick.


Question: What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?

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 What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?

From time to time the districts in a state have to be redrawn to reflect changing populations. (Usually every decade following the census.) Typically that redrawing is done by the state legislature or a committee created by the legislature. In Gerrymandering, they are drawn with a political aim - using voting records, demographics, etc. they draw district lines in a way to give their party the best possible chance of winning as many districts as possible. There are some possible alternatives - bipartisan committees, algorithm-designed districts, etc. - but to make those law, you would need the party in power (who stands to gain the most from Gerrymandering) to voluntarily give up that power, which is difficult.


Question: Why does everything gets creepier at night?

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 Why does everything gets creepier at night?

Many people have a fear of the dark because they can’t see where they are going or if someone is standing in front of them. In the dark it is easy for your mind to play tricks on you however in the day you are usually not alone and there are people with you so you aren’t so scared if you have to deal with something on your own. This fear is not always developed by oneself but passed down from family members. Many people think that this fear in the dark is about be alone but it’s actually that they are scared that they’re not alone.


Question: When metalsmith's make swords, when we did we begin to fully understand what was happening with the metal from a scientific perspective?

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 When metalsmith's make swords, when we did we begin to fully understand what was happening with the metal from a scientific perspective?

For a long time, metallurgy was a refined trade that was held by master craftsmen, who did not trust their knowledge to anyone except their apprentices, because if 'just anyone' knew what they knew, the local smith might quickly be out of a job. With the invention of chemical sciences, people began to understand that metallurgy was basically just like any other practical craft of mixing ingredients together and making shapes out of them, like baking and pottery. The temperatures and forces involved were just larger. *De re metallica* by Gregorius Agricola was probably the first dedicated text about metallurgical sciences and ores in modern history, published in 1556. The exact compounds that were historically important in blade-making are compounds around iron and steel (iron-carbon mixtures): ferrite, martensite, pearlite and cementite. Knowledge, experience and understanding of these compounds expanded rapidly with the invention of the Blast Furnace, around the beginning of the 16th century in France.


Question: How do salary caps and computing for future salary and cap space work in team sports like basketball?

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 How do salary caps and computing for future salary and cap space work in team sports like basketball?

Team A has a $50m budget because they have a rich donor. Team B has a $10m budget. Team A can afford to lure multiple top tier players and therefore always walk all over Team B. Salary caps help to stop teams buying their way to the top of the ladder and even up the playing field.


Question: Why are trees programmed such that they drop their fat reserves i.e. fruits when they become ripe?

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 Why are trees programmed such that they drop their fat reserves i.e. fruits when they become ripe?

Fruits are not 'fat reserves' for trees - they don't use them for energy. Fruits contain seeds which allow the tree to reproduce. In short, fruit gets dropped onto the ground, some animal comes and eats it and then wanders off. The animal then shits out the seeds (which are protected by a tough coat against the stomach of the animal) somewhere else and the seeds grow again. This allows the tree to spread its offspring far and wide.


Question: Why do babies like it so much when we speak in silly voices?

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 Why do babies like it so much when we speak in silly voices?

Because infants aren't able to understand language, they process communication with people similarly to dogs. They rely very heavily on body language and intonation to figure out what people say. Those silly voices are a clear indicator to the baby that whoever's talking is happy and things are good. You can actually see a similar result when you talk to dogs the same way.


Question: Why does coin currency continue to be used and produced globally?

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 Why does coin currency continue to be used and produced globally?

A new dollar bill has a life expectancy of around 18 months. The oldest coin in my pocket right now is a quarter from 1967. Coins cost a bit more to make but they're massively more durable, which makes them ideal for small units of currency that get passed around a lot.


Question: Brand name products VS Generic. If both are the same, why are there both versions?

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 Brand name products VS Generic. If both are the same, why are there both versions?

In the pharmaceutical industry, it has to do with patents. When a big research and development company puts millions or billions of dollars into producing a new medication they get the right to distribute it exclusively for a period of years in order to recoup the cost. After several years (7 I believe?), generic companies can reproduce the brand name drug at a lower cost because they did not need to pay for the years of research, development, testing, FDA approval etc. A generic medicine has the same active ingredients as the original but the inactive ingredients are probably different.


Question: How do rockets "fly"in space?

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 How do rockets "fly"in space?

Newton's Third Law. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The rocket burns fuel, which changes it from a solid or a liquid into a gas. This greatly increases its pressure, and then it releases that gas out of the exhaust as high speed. This pushes the rocket in the opposite direction.


Question: Submariners, from the point of view of the crew aboard. Once submerged, do subs ever experience "rough seas"?

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 Submariners, from the point of view of the crew aboard. Once submerged, do subs ever experience "rough seas"?

I was on an Ohio class sub ssbn from 2007 to 2011. The sub rarely rocked, even in crazy bad storms, below 400 ft. We steamed under a typhoon in the Pacific with no ill effects. Being on a sub underwater feels a lot like a big jetliner. However, very near or on the surface the boat rocks like a damned pendulum. Imagine a steel pipe with some weight on the bottom. Thats a submarine on the surface. It starts to roll like a round pipe and the only thing that keeps it up right is additional ballast near the bottom. But that also creates a weight that acts like a pendulum swinging the boat back and forth. Many sailors got sick a few times coming up to periscope depth. As for other stuff causing the boat to move, I could feel when the speed was changed by more than a bell turn (I.e. going from 1/3 go 2/3 ahead or more). I could also feel large rudder changes because they'd make the boat roll a little. The officer of the deck might sometimes order light angles on the boat, like a few degrees up or down, for various training purposes or to be a dick. I did it once to my captain. He told me he was going to go use the treadmill for an hour, I ordered a 3 degree up angle to make him work harder because I was passive aggressive. After 45 minutes he walked into Control and asked why there had been an up angle for 45 minutes. He didn't need to look, he could tell it by how much harder to run it was. I had to explain it was for "training purposes" so the helm, lee helm, and diving officer of the watch could learn as a team (it takes some coordination between those three to effectively keep the boat at an angle without changing depth). Anyway, we all laughed after the captain walked out. I'm sure the captain did the same thing when he was a junior officer. Edit: I got the idea from a more senior officer on the boat. We were not undermining the CO as someone said below. Submarines are different in that my CO was more like an older brother to me than a boss. I'm sure the CO laughed a little and months later after it happened with a different officer on watch he announced he'd no longer be telling us when he was running on the treadmill because, "Sometimes I like to feel good about myself after a run."


Question: How does a bullet maintain stabilization when shooting a gun perpendicularly from a moving vehicle?

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 How does a bullet maintain stabilization when shooting a gun perpendicularly from a moving vehicle?

The plane moves somewhat quickly, a B-17 might be doing 300 kph, but the bullet moves a lot faster. The .50 Cal machine guns on the B-17 shot bullets out at 3200 kph. The result of this is that the wind is mostly focused on the nose of the bullet throughout it's flight and this is the same configuration it is normally stable in. The body of the bullet will tilt a little bit so it is pointed along the combined wind direction and is again stable. If you were to put a waist gunner on a B-1 supersonic bomber you'll get some weird bullet physics, but on subsonic bombers the bullets move significantly faster so they fly similar to how you'd expect.


Question: How do salted roads help prevent slipping?

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 How do salted roads help prevent slipping?

Salt melts ice by mixing with the water on the ice surface, which creates a brine. This slightly lowers the freezing point of the water, which causes the ice below to melt (as long as the ambient air temperature is above about -10C/15F). It can also provide traction on icy surfaces by increasing friction.


Question: Why is it that 75% of the world has lactose intolerance but it seems like everyone i know drinks milk without drawbacks?

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 Why is it that 75% of the world has lactose intolerance but it seems like everyone i know drinks milk without drawbacks?

Also, there are ranges of lactose intolerance and maybe you can train yourself to be less so. I'm East Asian and most of us are lactose intolerant. My father grew up in a country & at a time when young people did not regularly have dairy products. He can't drink any milk without having some problems. I can tolerate up to a pint of milk I think. I never thought I was lactose intolerant until I chugged a quart of chocolate milk after a hard workout. That was a shitty night.


Question: What is the difference between deep sleep and light sleep?

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 What is the difference between deep sleep and light sleep?

People normally achieve deep sleep after several hours of light sleep. This is why it is recommended you get a full night of sleep instead of taking naps throughout the day. I’m not certain how it is measured but it is characterized by REM (rapid eye movement) where most people have their vivid dreams and get the best sleep. If you’ve ever taken a nap and woken up to an alarm more tired then when you fell asleep it’s because your REM sleep was disrupted. If you wake up naturally you feel better because your REM cycle (usually 90 minutes at a time) completes.


Question: How did they know how many days were a year in the past?

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 How did they know how many days were a year in the past?

So actually **not** by measuring the sun. The Egyptians were the first to figure out that there were 365 days in a year. Before that calendars usually had 360 days because it more or less lined up with everything and the Babylonians used a base 60 number system that this fit well in. It’s also part of the reason we have 360 degrees in a circle. This was more based on observing the moon too. You’d have a new moon cycle roughly every 30 days, and 12 moon cycles would more or less line up with the sun being in sorta the same place and the seasons coming back around. Eventually this would fall out of sync since the moons cycle isn’t actually 30 days, and there’s not 360 days in a year. So sometimes they’d add an extra month here or there and it worked well enough. But the Egyptians looked at the stars instead. They saw that the star Sirius appeared just above the horizon at dawn at the same time every 365 days. That lined up closely with the flooding of the Nile too, so it was significant beyond just being interesting. It gave them greater predictive power over important events. So they made a calendar with 12 lunar months, and then 5 extra days on top of that for 365 days total. They did know it came a day later every 4 years, but they just let that slide. The calendar fell behind a little bit every four years, but they could see by looking at Sirius when it had been a year and the Nile would flood again. They put a lot of emphasis on observing the stars for largely religious reasons. So they could see pretty clearly when an important star appeared to rise in the same location. It’s more of a discrete event to them that they could see happened every 365 days than a measurement they had to try and get right with tools from 5000 years ago.


Question: How and why does heat create a mirage?

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 How and why does heat create a mirage?

Different temperatures of air change the angle at which light passes through them. This means that you will see a 'shimmer' or a 'wobble' in the air as light takes a bent path to your eyes, because the 'straight line path' from your eyes to some object has distortion along it. In strong cases, the light may be so bent that you could, for instance, see light from the sky in the direction of the ground, as it takes a sort of bent, u-shaped path from the air, towards the ground, to your eyes. We often interpret this as a watery reflection on the ground based on the *apparent* position of that bit of 'sky light.'


Question: Why is heart stoppage the indicator for death? If the brain is the root of conciousness, shouldn't it be when that stops working instead?

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 Why is heart stoppage the indicator for death? If the brain is the root of conciousness, shouldn't it be when that stops working instead?

Doctor here. There are two "types" (or criteria) of death, cardiac and brain, that need to be present and confirmed for a person to be l classed as clinically dead. If somebodies heart stops beating effectively, you attempt CPR because the brain is still alive, at least for a few minutes. Alternatively, if somebody is "brain dead", you can still keep their heart beating and lungs breathing artificially and their organs will continue to function in the absence of brain activity. They go hand in hand though, so an absence of one will generally lead to the death of the other without intervention. Absent of cardiac activity and blood supply will lead to irreversible brain damage and death, and absence of brain activity will cause you to stop breathing, which will lead to cardiac death through lack of oxygen. For this reason, when you verify death you have to check for cardiorespiratory death and brain stem death. You approach the body and check for a response to voice and pain, and other signs of life. You then check for pupil response, which is a brain stem reflex. If their pupils are fixed and dilated, with no response to light, then you can confirm brainstem death. You then feel for a pulse and listen to their chest for a heartbeat and breathing sounds to confirm they have cardiac/respiratory death. This should be done for a few minutes. If you can confirm both brain and cardiac activity are absent, then you can clinically verify them as dead. They could have died minutes or even hours before, but the time of death is recorded as when a doctor (or somebody else who is qualified to do so) verifies they are dead, at least this is what happens in a hospital. Edit: as stated by others, there are other criteria for deciding brain death in certain situations, such as organ donation. A full diagnosis of brain death or brainstem death is also more complex, pupil response is just one reflex and one way to indicate it and is usually enough in most circumstances if you have also confirmed absence of breathing or cardiac activity. And the difference between clinical death and legal death can be different. But as an ELI5 answer addressing a complex concept, I think this post covers the basics alright. There are some further posts in the replies if people want more details. I should also note that my medical experience and training was in the UK, mostly on general medical wards. Different circumstances and different countries may require a different approach. And yes I realise that somebodies should be somebody's.


Question: How does dust stick to my fan's blades while spinning?

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 How does dust stick to my fan's blades while spinning?

The airflow draws the dust in, and the fan accelerates the dust towards itself, causing the dust to stick to the fan blades better than if it just naturally fell on it. So, two fold. The dust hits the fan way faster than elsewhere in the house, but more importantly, your fan sees infinitely more airflow, and therefore dustflow, than anywhere else in your home (save for furnace air returns or bathroom fan covers). As you also have moisture and stuff being drawn across the fan blades, it gets stuck a lot better than dust naturally floating onto a baseboard or side table, but really it's just a game of numbers. Aim the same fan directly against a wall and run it for a week, that spot of the wall would be just as dusty. Feel free to ignore the guy who said fans have more gravity than earth. Please.


Question: how do countries perform airlift of their citizens from other countries?

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 how do countries perform airlift of their citizens from other countries?

They get the host nation to agree that all the foreign nationals can/should leave, including a waiver to any movement restrictions. The outside nation then sends or charters aircraft to operate a special flight out of the host nation. Usually the host nation supports any reasonable plan to get foreign nationals out of the country during a crisis. It helps lower the resource demand (security, food, hospital beds, etc) and it makes other countries easier to ignore when none of their citizens are trapped inside in the host nation. Occasionally the host nation will not support evacuations. The most common reasons are either the host nation doesn’t have the resources to locate and move the foreign nationals or the host nation hopes to use their presence as a bargaining chip for outside aid for their own citizens.


Question: While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?

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 While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?

First we need to understand how bubbles work. A bubble occurs when a gas becomes enclosed by another material. Bubbles can occur between liquids, gases, and solids, but for simplicities sake we’ll say that our bubbles occur when air becomes trapped in a soapy membrane. Any amount of gas has a pressure that it exerts on its surroundings so the walls of the bubble will expand outward, however, the atmosphere outside of the bubble also experts its pressure on the bubble inward. When these pressures equalize, the bubble stabilizes into a roughly spherical structure, as spheres have the smallest surface area to volume ratio, which is favorable in nature. Unfortunately, our ideal models rarely mimic reality. Even if your soapy mixture is distributed evenly and there are no defects in the bubbles structure, the environment around the bubble introduces too many forces on the bubble for it to hold together forever. A simple air current or even the energy from the heat of the sun or a light bulb is enough to upset the delicate structure of the bubble. Any bubbles that last longer than others most likely have a thicker membrane which would be more likely to absorb and distribute any energy it absorbs before breaking


Question: Why does inbreeding cause the offspring to have a significantly lower IQ than average? What is the science behind it?

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 Why does inbreeding cause the offspring to have a significantly lower IQ than average? What is the science behind it?

take it that a human body has 2 sets of genes. When a baby is made, half the genes are from the mother and other half is from the father. These genes make proteins which help our body work. However, there are occasionally some errors in the genes which ends up making defective/too much/too little proteins which give rise to diseases. Some of these diseases require 2 faulty set of genes in order to manifest. So if daddy has a defective gene but mommy contributes a normal set, the disease does not manifest clinically (or is milder). If there are many generations of inbreeding, the set of defective genes are kept within the same family tree; there is no new genetic input from a different family and thus the probability of having a child with 2 sets of defective genes increase. This increases the risk of diseases, out of which some may feature a lower IQ/brain malformations.


Question: How could the universe not be infinite?

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 How could the universe not be infinite?

If the Universe has positive curvature then it will be finite. Having positive curvature basically means that giant triangles will have the three angles summing to more than 180 degrees. (Negative curvature means the three angles of giant triangles will sum to less than 180 degrees, and a flat universe has zero curvature and the sum of the three angles of giant triangles is 180). You can see an example of positive curvature by drawing a triangle on a globe with one corner at a pole and the other two corners on the equator. The sum of the three angles will be greater than 180 degrees... spheres have positive curvature and if the universe was like that it would be finite.


Question: why would office businesses want to send their employees back into the office when it would seemingly be more efficient to keep employees working at home?

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 why would office businesses want to send their employees back into the office when it would seemingly be more efficient to keep employees working at home?

You can't track what employees are doing every second of they are out of your full control and it's a better idea if you control information that is sensitive. Hacking a personal computer is a lot easier than hacking a corporation. Not to mention there are people that can't work from home because they can't concentrate or are easily distracted.


Question: why can bitumen laid on a road be driven on almost instantly , however in carparks etc must not be driven on for up to 2 weeks?

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 why can bitumen laid on a road be driven on almost instantly , however in carparks etc must not be driven on for up to 2 weeks?

Was the product hot when applied? Asphalt paving is usually applied hot and then rolled to compact it. As soon as it is cool to the touch it is OK to drive on it with light traffic. However, there is a similar product often called cold patch, normally used to fix potholes. This is not heated and typically not compacted as firmly and as a result can be displaced by the weight of traffic or parked cars. Then there is the possibility that the existing asphalt was simply sealed with a petroleum based sealant which takes time to cure and is virtually never used on public infrastructure.


Question: What is diabetes? What is the difference between diabetes I and diabetes II?

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 What is diabetes? What is the difference between diabetes I and diabetes II?

Type 1 diabetes is insulin deficient. It means your body just stops making insulin altogether and can happen at any age, though usually happens younger. People with this condition usually have to have insulin shots and monitor their blood sugar very strictly or they may die. Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistant. This means your body still makes the insulin, but it cannot absorb it very effectively. This is usually less strictly managed except in more extreme cases. Watching carbohydrate intake, taking metformin or similar medications, or in worst cases, insulin shots are how that is managed.


Question: If folks don't work for the US government anymore, what do they still need the security clearance for anyway?

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 If folks don't work for the US government anymore, what do they still need the security clearance for anyway?

Security clearances are issued to individuals for a period of time, not necessarily just for the time they're working a certain job. A Top Secret clearance is good for five years and a Secret clearance is good for ten, for example. One of the most common professions that give its employees a security clearance is the US military where anyone that has a real job will have a Secret clearance at minimum even though the average term of enlistment is anywhere between 4-6 years. It helps account for possibility of reenlistment, commission, career change, or promotion instead of having to go through an extensive background check each and every single time someone changes their work environment.


Question: How is "Voluntary Manslaughter" not "Murder"?

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 How is "Voluntary Manslaughter" not "Murder"?

Homicide is the killing of another human. But not all homicide is murder. Murder 1/Capitol Murder: Killing someone intentionally with premeditation. Murder 2/Murder: Killing someone intentionally but without forethought or planning. Murder 3/Voluntary Manslaughter: Injuring someone intentionally, but said injury being severe enough for them to die. You did not intend to kill but you did intend to harm. Manslaughter/Involuntary Manslaughter: Killing someone through negligence severe enough to merit criminality. Non-Criminal killings: Self defense, defense of another person, as a legally issued execution, as a function of war, abortion, non-negligent accident. Not every jurisdiction names these things the same and some may use names I have not listed. Some will combine the two manslaughter categories into one, and some will combine the voluntary manslaughter category with Murder 2. And some places still have things like abortion being illegal.


Question: How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?

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 How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?

Most science is based on having a theory how something would work then saying "well if it was like that then if I did X then Y should happen" then doing X to see if Y happens. As long as you have enough technology to do X and check for Y you can do an experiment to see if your theory is right.


Question: . What makes a bamboo tooth brush zero waste? After a couple months of usage dont you have to replace it?

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 . What makes a bamboo tooth brush zero waste? After a couple months of usage dont you have to replace it?

When you make things out of ‘natural’ materials, they essentially recycle by rotting. CO2 is taken out of the air to grow bamboo. Then, the bamboo toothbrush breaks down into CO2. Zero change in overall CO2. When you use plastic, you are taking oil from millions of years ago and turning it into CO2 when it breaks down. That adds CO2 to the air.


Question: why do gamers especially find themselves staying up well into the early hours of the morning?

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 why do gamers especially find themselves staying up well into the early hours of the morning?

The reason is because the games both hit your reward cycle, so you have a want to stay awake, and there isn't physical exertion so getting physically tired is less easy. Also, the bright screen tricks your brain that it's day. The activity also stimulates your brain into not relaxing. Which games? Also, put a category filter on.


Question: What does Neanderthal gene sequencing actually tell us about human-Neanderthal interactions? And is there any other evidence of interaction?

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 What does Neanderthal gene sequencing actually tell us about human-Neanderthal interactions? And is there any other evidence of interaction?

The first archeological sites where we found Neanderthals they were buried under newer evidence of Homo Sapiens. So the theory was that over time Neanderthals were displaced for Sapiens. However the more sites we found and the more we were able to explore of these sites the more complex things became. We did not just find Neanderthal remains under Sapiens remains but sometimes it was the other way around and sometimes they were buried right next to each other. And this suggests that they were not simply competing with each other and over shared resources but they appeared to be living together in the same caves at the same time. And that is quite uncommon for different species to do. And when we were able to sequence Neanderthal genes we discovered that some of the unique mutations in Neanderthals which were not present in Sapiens at that time are now present in modern day humans. That means that modern humans have some Neanderthal ancestors. And that explains the previous archeological finds where we see Neanderthals and Sapiens living together because they were actually together and able to reproduce with each other.


Question: If light doesn't move through time, why does light take time to go anywhere?

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 If light doesn't move through time, why does light take time to go anywhere?

To tackle this question, let's assume that light isn't the universal speed limit. (The speed limit being infinite). #We Know: It takes an exponentially increasing amount of energy to accelerate an object of mass x. Think of this as a 100m long ramp that grows steeper (as a function of mass) until it's completely vertical. **Ramp of Heavy Mass:** > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > _/ **Ramp of Small Mass:** > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;/ > & nbsp;__/ **Ramp of No Mass:** > & nbsp;__________ #We Conclude: 1. We can travel fastest on the ramp that is level rather than one that's uphill. 2. It is impossible to travel faster than the level ramp allows as negative mass and thus a negative declination cannot exist. 3. Therefore, When we have no mass, we travel the fastest. #Tying It Together **Fun Fact:** Light has a mass of 0! Thus using the logic from above, it is the fastest any thing can move on our "ramp." Let's scale it down to easier to manage numbers. The speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s. Let's Say instead that the speed of light is 100 m/s, traveling the ramp in 1 second. > From my understanding of it, light travels at light speed, the speed traveling through space at which it stops traveling into the future. ###Defining The Future: In the above scenario, on one end of the ramp I have a flashlight. You are on the other end. Light has a mass of 0, and our "speed limit" we defined for that mass is 100 m/s. When I turn it on, you should see the light 1 second later. For time t(seconds) from **My Perspective:** > **t(0)** - Present > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;I Turn on the light. It begins shining towards you, hitting you at: > **t(1)** - Future > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;The light hits you 100m away. **Your Perspective** > **t(0)** - Past > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;It's dark. No light. > **t(1)** - Present > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;You see my light. So our "speed limit" (light) caused: 1. T= 0 to be both the Present and Past simultaneously. 2. T= 1 to be both the Future and Present simultaneously. > If light doesn't travel into the future, then wouldn't that mean that it would reach a location at the same time that it started somewhere else? Shouldn't it take 0 time for light to reach a new location, meaning its speed is infinite? Simple Contradiction Proof: Assume: Light has infinite speed causing it to not travel to the future. That Means: * t(0) Present: I turn on the light. * t(0) Present: The light hits you. The fact both of our times are t = 0 contradicts the **law** we defined above saying the fastest light moves is 100 m/s. So we need another time reference point 1 second later at t = 1. That would mean we have a "future". TL-DR; I took a ton of adderall to study for a test and did this instead.


Question: Why can’t computers solve Mathematical proofs?

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 Why can’t computers solve Mathematical proofs?

It's possible in theory. You can try and make a computer enumerate all possible syntactic consequences of a given set of axioms, until it arrives at a relevant statement (proof, disproof, proof of undecidability, etc), and [under certain assumptions]( URL_0 ) this will eventually give you the answer. Things become more hairy if we move to second-order logic, but generally, if it's doable at all, a computer could do it. The problem is that the space of all possible proofs grows very, very fast, and no modern computer is powerful enough to as much as make a dent in even the simplest of unsolved problems. Perhaps we would be able to do better than the brute-force algorithm with certain developments in AI, but that's just guessing.