Question: Why do artificial sweeteners leave that weird taste in your mouth and why can’t they be engineered not to?

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 Why do artificial sweeteners leave that weird taste in your mouth and why can’t they be engineered not to?

I'm not well versed in the actual chemical properties of specific artificial sweeteners, so hopefully someone else will be able to give details. Luckily I have about the same understanding about this that a 6 year old might, so I think I'm qualified to explain it to a 5 year old. Artificial sweeteners are chemicals that just happen to stimulate the same taste receptors on out tongues that developed as evolutionary traits to detect sugars in food. The weird taste is the fundamental flavor of that compound. We identify it as weird because its effectively a non-food that is added to our food in order to trick our taste receptors into thinking it's sweet, and therefore sugary and delicious. There are alot of other compounds that taste sweet (I believe that lead may be one) but they are far too toxic to use in foods. The companies that make these artificial sweeteners selected the compounds which were found to be nontoxic which had the most sweetness and the subtlest "weird" hints to it. I'm sure that a truly sugary tasting, or neutral artificial sweetener is considered to be some sort of "holy grail" in food science circles.


Question: Why/how does China make their currency cheap? Wouldn't everyone else just catch on and give it a real value?

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 Why/how does China make their currency cheap? Wouldn't everyone else just catch on and give it a real value?

Right, lots of misinformation here. Listen up, here’s the truth. The valuation of a currency depends on its demand and supply. China has a closed monetary system which prevents cash from easily entering or leaving the system. They have significant control over RMB supply in the global forex market. The supply is completely fixed at whatever price level the Chinese government says is ok (ie a horizontal supply curve, for those who studied economics) If you wanted to “catch on” and buy tons of RMB at a “discount”, the Chinese government would just put more RMB into the market, nullifying the price rise. The amazing thing is because they have such strong monetary control, the negative drawbacks from currency devaluation (mainly inflation) have no effect domestically. The domestic and global market are totally separated.


Question: If every spider in the world just vanished without a trace, how long would it take for humanity to feel the impacts? Would society collapse or be threatened at all?

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 If every spider in the world just vanished without a trace, how long would it take for humanity to feel the impacts? Would society collapse or be threatened at all?

Some pests will see an increase in number, that or an explosion of other prey animals would occur to fill that ecological nitche. A few spider eating birds would suffer if they can't adapt to a new food, which might result in whatever species the birds adapt to take a hit. I don't think society will collapse, but the environment would have a challenge.


Question: What does it mean when it's said that a country has a strong economy ?

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 What does it mean when it's said that a country has a strong economy ?

The term "strong economy" doesn't have a technical meaning. The simplest interpretation is that a "strong economy" is one where the total production of goods and services is growing quickly. This is usually quoted as GDP growth. There can be many other interpretations of strength - unemployment, inflation, productivity, diversity of economic activity, growth of exports etc etc. In itself, without context, the term "strong economy" is like calling someone a "strong person", it has no absolute meaning.


Question: What is an api and what are restful api's ?

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 What is an api and what are restful api's ?

API = Application Programming Interface. It's basically just a set of methods and properties in some software (usually someone else's software) that you can call or request to do stuff using your own software. REST = REpresentational State Transfer. REST or RESTful web services are a common way of accessing an online API. You make a request to a certain URL with a certain set of parameters and it will send you back some information. It is a "representational state" because it returns the current "state" of the data you requested, and if you make another request it doesn't remember you, your previous connections, requests, or responses. It just does what you ask in the current request.


Question: How does the US print increased amounts of cash but not face high rates of inflation?

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 How does the US print increased amounts of cash but not face high rates of inflation?

Demand is not high enough. Inflation is not simply a supply-side issue, there are both supply and demand involved. There is no shortage of people who worry about inflation at the Federal Reserve. If inflation every got above a couple percent, they hike interest rates up. But as long as inflation is very low, they'll simply supply the economy with as much money as it needs.


Question: Why do fire alarms ring in 3s?

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 Why do fire alarms ring in 3s?

The Temporal-Three alarm signal (a.k.a T-3) pattern is a standard pattern used by alarm manufacturers. It is one of the alarm patterns that is designed to let people know what type of emergency there is. T-3 (three alarm sounds followed by one silent count) is the standard signal for "Fire in the building". There are other standard alarms as well. For example, T-4 (4 alarm sounds followed by one silent count) is the standard for Carbon Monoxide alarms.


Question: Why is there a difference between 'growers' and 'showers'?

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 Why is there a difference between 'growers' and 'showers'?

Think of slinkys. The growers, while flaccid, are similar to a compressed slinky. There is more room to stretch it out. The showers, while flaccid, are similar to an outstretched slinky. There isn't a lot of room to stretch it out. Only instead of slinkys, it's collagen fibers in the penis.


Question: what's the difference between shampoo and shampoo body wash mix?

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 what's the difference between shampoo and shampoo body wash mix?

Copy Pasta from 3 years ago when something very similar was asked. Question credit goes to: /u/alexjo1996 Answer credit goes to: /u/jlking3 --------------- Shampoo and body wash can actually be interchangeable, as anyone in an emergency situation knows. There's a slightly different pH required for both, but our bodies are quite adaptable, so using the more acidic of the two for both is acceptable, especially for the short time the detergent is on our skin and how rapidly it is rinsed away. Combination shampoo-body washes tend to be made a little thinner than a standalone body wash, so that helps things rinse away well. The combination shampoo-conditioners don't condition your hair in the same way that regular conditioners do (which is by replacing oils that the detergent strips away). Combination shampoo-conditioners work on the notion that certain very acidic shampoo formulas leave the cuticle of the hair smoothed down instead of fluffed up. This smoothness feels like there have been oils or waxes added to the hair, but that actually hasn't happened. It just feels that way. (To feel your hair cuticles fluffed up instead of smoothed down, use plain bar soap to wash your hair. It's not pleasant, and is only bearable if you have your hair cut with clippers on the #1 (1/8" or 3mm) setting.) Shampoo-conditioner combinations are just the shampoos that happen to leave the hair feeling so soft that you won't feel it necessary to add oils or waxes for a softer feeling. It's possible, as one other poster mentioned, to capsule-ize the conditioner into something that doesn't burst open until the hair is rinsed, but there are a lot of unknown factors that make this approach less useful. The most important of these is that the time the shampoo is in the hair and scalp is an unknown entity. Some people shampoo up their hair first thing in the shower and don't rinse it off until the end of the shower. Others shampoo and rinse at the very end. If you wait too long after lathering, the capsultes are likely to break open long before the rinsing. If you shampoo and rinse very quickly, then the capsules may not have time to break, and will just be rinsed away with the rest of the shampoo. People with exceptionally dry hair will benefit from a shampoo-conditioner combo followed by a conditioning treatment. The "built-in" conditioner is actually just a slightly lower pH than other shampoos. Dishwashing detergent not labeled for hand soap purposes is not as acidic, and the surfactants tend to be stronger, and so it makes for a more irritating body wash and shampoo. One exception to that: Liquid Octagon used to promote itself as an everyday/everything soap: from people to clothes to dishes to pets to floors. It didn't really do a great job on any of them, but it did a passable/barely-acceptable job on everything.


Question: How do people feel financially secure and wealthy with stock investment if they don't have any feasible money until the stock is sold, if it ever is?

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 How do people feel financially secure and wealthy with stock investment if they don't have any feasible money until the stock is sold, if it ever is?

Because the stock is relatively liquid, i.e. it can be sold any day the stock market is open. Also, the value of the stock can be tracked easily by checking the market quotes. Although there is downside risk, long term investment in (good) stocks is almost always more lucrative than leaving it in cash, which is subject to inflation (you can buy less with $10,000 today than you could just a few years ago).


Question: How is it determined if a new pharmaceutical will be prescription based or over the counter?

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 How is it determined if a new pharmaceutical will be prescription based or over the counter?

The effective dose of a medication, the amount that works, has to be relatively far away from the lethal dose. In addition to that it has to have minimal side effects at the effective dose. A good example is Tylenol. The effective dose is 500mg, a lethal dose for a 200 pound person is something like 11000mg. It's almost impossible to accidentally overdose on Tylenol (I say almost because it has happened before). In addition to that it has to have consistent, minimal side effects. Hydroxychloroquine (the medication Trump believes fights covid) has a wide gap between effective and lethal dosing in most people but in some it causes a heart attack. The heart attack can be prevented with a simple test that can be done in any ER but the results have to be interpreted by a healthcare provider. So it's not safe until a doctor has cleared you so it can't be sold over the counter. To recap: Dose that works has to be a lot less than the dose that kills you and the side effects have to be minimal for the majority of people.


Question: Which files does an antivirus software scan when doing a "quick scan"? Why are those most likely to be infected?

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 Which files does an antivirus software scan when doing a "quick scan"? Why are those most likely to be infected?

For a virus to do its job it has to be running on your computer not just sitting on the harddrive like a book on the shelf. Sort of like all the open books on your school desk. So a quick scan just needs to scan all the running programs in the computers memory and "almost" avoid the harddrive. It ignores the library books and just scans the open books that are on your desk that you are using.


Question: If mitochondria are small even through microscopes, how do we know how they work?? How do we "know" how body cells function??

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 If mitochondria are small even through microscopes, how do we know how they work?? How do we "know" how body cells function??

Much of what we know about cells comes from a) direct observation under electron microscopy and b) knock-out mutations/disease in people and animal subjects. Some structures we can see under electron microscopes, and we have a saying in physiology of “form follows function.” Basically, the way something looks can inform what it does. So we look at mitochondria and see the double membranes, and then we make hypotheses. What’s the double membrane for? Is it for energy production? (It is—it’s for the electron transport chain) Then we look at what happens if there are no mitochondria at all. What happens to the cells? If they don’t have mitochondria, they don’t seem to make any energy, and they die. Some people have mitochondrial disorders, too, and what happens in their bodies can inform us of what the purpose of the structure is. Finally, animal experiments where genes are artificially silenced or enhanced can prove or disprove our hypotheses. Biochemistry can be frustrating because we don’t normally see exactly what is going on. We have to use surrogates sometimes to make a theory about what is happening, and—when it comes to physiology—sometimes when something goes wrong, we can try to find what is missing and determine the function from there.


Question: Why does alarm clock snooze only do 9 minutes and not 10?

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 Why does alarm clock snooze only do 9 minutes and not 10?

So according to a quick google: initially it was to do with clock gears and being unable to make it longer than this when the initial engineering of the snooze button back in the 1950s. There is also a widespread belief (not entirely unfounded) that 10 minutes is too long and you’ll start to drift back to sleep. However modern alarms are on our phones and I believe Apple has done it to pay homage to the history of the snooze rather than anything else. Personally I’d like the ability to change it but whatever


Question: why when something is very clean, it can be “squeaky” clean? Why is it squeaky?

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 why when something is very clean, it can be “squeaky” clean? Why is it squeaky?

The phrase dates back to the 1930s when hair shampoo that was much more harsh and less moisturizing than shampoos are today. That shampoo effectively stripped all the natural oils out of the hair, and when it was completely rinsed the hair would actually make squeaking sounds when rubbed between the fingers. This was erroneously thought to be an indication that the hair was appropriately clean, and in advertisements and high school health and hygiene classes, people were encouraged to wash and rinse until they achieved the “squeaky clean” result. Shampoos today are better balanced, and it’s understood that the natural oils are important and shouldn’t ever be stripped, but the phenomenon can still be experienced by people with normal or dry hair if they erroneously use a shampoo for oily hair.


Question: How did it become common for bedrooms to be on the second floor of a house?

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 How did it become common for bedrooms to be on the second floor of a house?

Because bedrooms are considered more private, personal space compared to the places where one might more regularly entertain guests... so your public spaces are more easily accessibly on the main entrance level, while the bedrooms are further away. Additionally, hard surface flooring is more common in public areas like kitchens, dining rooms and living rooms, and people walking on those would make more noise on ceiling of rooms below, making bedrooms impractical if below a kitchen and trying to get kids to sleep.


Question: Can someone explain what a six figure income is please? I read it everywhere on the internet that people have a six figure job and that it's not enough to get around and stuff, but like holy sh... $100.000+ a year? Is that a normal income in the US?

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</answer>
 Can someone explain what a six figure income is please? I read it everywhere on the internet that people have a six figure job and that it's not enough to get around and stuff, but like holy sh... $100.000+ a year? Is that a normal income in the US?

A six-figure income could be anything from $100,000 a year to $999,999 a year, but of course most of them will be at the low end of that range. Here's some data I found on average income by state. $100,000 isn't normal - it's about 30% above average in DC, and it's more than twice the national average. It's almost triple the lowest state average, in Mississippi ($35,444). URL_2 Scroll down here, to the table on *Personal income by educational attainment* - according to that, average income doesn't crack six digits unless you have an advanced degree. URL_0 . I wanted to find distributions or standard deviations and didn't have much luck - there's gotta be a Department of Labor Statistics, or something, where those numbers have been well crunched. It's also important to look at these numbers side by side with cost of living. There are places (Virginia) where $40,000 a year can be enough, and there are places (Manhattan) where the average *apartment* is $45,480 a year. URL_1


Question: Is the moon necessary for Earth’s survival? What would life be like if we didn’t have the moon?

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 Is the moon necessary for Earth’s survival? What would life be like if we didn’t have the moon?

The moon was very important for the creation of land-based life. Tides are caused by the moon rotating around us, and having patches of land that keep changing between submerged and dry helped develop the earliest versions of amphibians. This provided an important stepping stone towards permanently land-based flora and fauna.


Question: With the science we have today, if someone set themselves to building a T-800 Terminator like in James Cameron's 1984 movie, would it be realistically feasible? If not, what scientific knowledge/techniques are we still missing?

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 With the science we have today, if someone set themselves to building a T-800 Terminator like in James Cameron's 1984 movie, would it be realistically feasible? If not, what scientific knowledge/techniques are we still missing?

Protecting the power supply is the biggest issue The amount of batteries required to power a frame capable of the tasks would be excessive. That's why the Boston dynamics bots have their backpack looking compartments. Robots like Atlas already exist, but would go down about as easily as a regular soldier.


Question: how and why do humans age if cells reproduce?

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 how and why do humans age if cells reproduce?

As time goes on the basic building blocks start to break down, and so the cells don't quite copy just right. Imagine that you make 1 perfect drawing but have to destroy it at the end of the day. You'll need it again tomorrow though, so you make a copy. You repeat this daily. A few years in you spill a little coffee on today's copy, so from here on out every day there's that coffee stain. Then at some point a kid makes a little doodle on it, and boom, now there's that daily doodle. Eventually you'll be working with a smudged-all-to-crap copy of a copy of a copy that is a pale imitation of the original.


Question: Where does money come from?

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 Where does money come from?

Money serves as a proxy for the abstract concept of "value". If you "value" coffee a quantity of money represents _how much_ you value it. Money then depends on a few things: 1. Trust in it. E.G. both buyers and sellers must believe that it represents value and can be exchanged for value. Typically this trust is provided by governments, but open technologies like blockchain provide other mechanisms of this trust. 2. Ability to transact with it. A money is not very useful if it can't be spent. This is why elephants make a lousy currency. 3. Being durable. Money serves us well when it _holds_ value, not just represents it. E.G. flowers are a lousy currency since they die quickly. About 10% of the US currency that exists exists in physical form. The rest is digital only. The treasury issues moneys (often by buying things, or lending it out). We then simply trust that it's valuable, although it's value changes as it is itself a commodity who ultimately gets its value from what people are willing to trade for it.


Question: When you cut something in half, what happens to the stuff in the middle? Does it fall off or is it destroyed? Or has it just been pushed to either side?

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 When you cut something in half, what happens to the stuff in the middle? Does it fall off or is it destroyed? Or has it just been pushed to either side?

short answer: it depends. things are made of atoms. atoms are extremely small. atoms bond together in different ways to make up hard objects. some of the ways they bond are strong, and some are weaker. when you cut something it breaks some of these weaker bonds and separates the atoms. & #x200B; so the stuff in the middle usually ends up on either side, like when you cut with a knife, or winds up as sawdust or powder when you cut with a saw.


Question: How are sports broadcasters able to pull accurate and very oddly specific stats instantly about what has happened on screen?

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 How are sports broadcasters able to pull accurate and very oddly specific stats instantly about what has happened on screen?

They have a pretty significant (and good!) research team working for them behind the scenes before and during the game that feed them this type of info. They also have lists of players, stats, and all sorts of stuff sitting in front of them in paper and on computers to give them all types of info when events occur


Question: Why does earth's gravity cause us to be dragged to the earth's surface, and why does the gravitation of the sun not cause the celestial bodies to be swallowed by the sun through it's gravity?

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 Why does earth's gravity cause us to be dragged to the earth's surface, and why does the gravitation of the sun not cause the celestial bodies to be swallowed by the sun through it's gravity?

Did you ever realise how strong you are? The reality is that the earth’s gravity *does* drag us down every moment of every day ... it’s just that gravity is pretty darn weak compared to other forces (like magnets). We know it’s pulling us down, because otherwise we’d fly off into space. So while we are standing up the muscles in our legs and stomach are strong enough to counter-act the earth’s gravity — so good news! You are stronger than the earth... at least as far as it’s gravity goes. When it comes to the sun - it is also pulling all the planets in towards it and they are falling into it! But imagine this... What happens when you throw a ball to someone? Basically it goes from you to them, and it curves down towards the earth (due to gravity). What do you think would happen if you were super man , and you could throw the ball really, really fast? Could you throw it so fast that it while it fell towards the ground it was traveling far enough forward that the curve of the earth meant it never managed to hit the ground? The ball would go all the way around the world. Now that’s what the planets are doing when they orbit the sun ... going so fast that as they fall towards it but they never ‘get there’ Unfortunately, super man isn’t able to actually throw a ball around the earth, because the air slows it down too much, but luckily, there isn’t any air in space, so planets that orbit the sun keep going.


Question: Why is the shape of the cosmic microwave background oval ?

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 Why is the shape of the cosmic microwave background oval ?

For the same reason that [this map of the world]( URL_0 ) is an oval. Ideally you'd represent it as a sphere. To represent it in 2D you have to choose a projection, in the same way as you have to choose a projection to make a 2D map of the world. The usual image of the CMB uses the Mollweide projection, which produces an oval like that world map.


Question: how do movie directors find such perfect locations? What's the process they use for finding the perfect location for their shots? Who except the director is involved in this process?

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 how do movie directors find such perfect locations? What's the process they use for finding the perfect location for their shots? Who except the director is involved in this process?

The person who looks for locations is called a Location Scout. The director might tell them something like "I need a place that can be set up to look like a 1950s diner. Find some restaurants, ask if they're interested and offer them $X to use their place for a few days." If they want to use outdoor locations, they may have to ask the city for permission and pay for a permit to shut down traffic or block access to a sidewalk for a few hours.


Question: what happens to animals who live in the ocean beneath where a hurricane is?

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 what happens to animals who live in the ocean beneath where a hurricane is?

Well, CaptainInertia, its like when you make splashies in the tub. The top is all wavy but under its not as craaazy. You can feel it on your toes though, can't ya? Well, your toesies are the fish deep down and your fingers are like the fishes at the top. *edit* thanks for the gold! And I have to say I didn't expect this to blow up! As for the comment breaking rule number 4, I joined ELI5 when it was first created, I don't think I even knew you can't explain like a literal 5 year old. Sorry mods.


Question: What makes metal stronger than stone?

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 What makes metal stronger than stone?

I'm no expert, but I think it has to do with the structure of the atoms in metal. The structure metal has gives ut tensile strength (the ability to bend) which stone (for the most part) doesn't have. Stone on the other hand has great compressive strength which allows it to carry really heavy weights. That's why we combine steel and concrete in skyscrapers.


Question: Why Saturn Rings are rings? Couldn't they be like a "sphere" or other random arrangement of stones around the planet?

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 Why Saturn Rings are rings? Couldn't they be like a "sphere" or other random arrangement of stones around the planet?

Initially there probably was a sphere or more random arrangement of debris. If you added up the velocities of all of the debris in that random cloud, you'd find that the average particle was moving along some plane around the planet. Some rocks might be moving in the other direction, or perpendicular, but overall there is some average plane. Over time, rocks not moving in that plane are more likely to collide with other rocks. Think of driving on a highway. Everyone's moving in the same direction, so they rarely hit each other and continue moving straight. However, if you pass through an intersection there are cars moving in a different direction and you're more likely to have a collision. The result of this is that, over time, rocks moving outside of the average orbit are more likely to have collisions, and those collisions are generally going to knock them into an orbit closer to the average orbit.


Question: so fractional reserve banks loan money into existence that was loaned into existence to them, for a cheaper rate. So the interest that the banks earn on loans they make to business/consumer is money out of thin air on money that was created out of thin air?

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 so fractional reserve banks loan money into existence that was loaned into existence to them, for a cheaper rate. So the interest that the banks earn on loans they make to business/consumer is money out of thin air on money that was created out of thin air?

In short, yes. The interest on the main loan is how much the initial lender charges to borrow. The secondary lender then splits it up charges customers to borrow smaller amounts of that money at a profitable rate. So the initial loan actually ends up being “worth” more than the face value. Thats how money is “made” on a regular basis. For the part about “loaning money into existence”, this is also true. Theoretically the reserve bank has infinite cash. It just “prints” more money when needed to balance the economy. Creating money allows businesses to grow and make jobs and betters the economy. Create too much though, and inflation becomes a problem, and the money is worthless.


Question: Why do most animals not laugh?

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 Why do most animals not laugh?

Laughter is a social cue. Apes evolved it as a signal that we were at ease, the group could relax, and to aid in peer bonding. Most other species aren’t as social as apes are, and those that are don’t have the advanced brains that we have to form such complex social interactions. Dolphins and rats are the exception though. Rats laugh when tickled, but only when in a good mood. Dolphins have been observed making noises that may be analogous to laughter. Their intelligence might have allowed a primitive instinct like tickling reflex in rats/humans to evolve to a social communication tool like us.


Question: why are some metals magnetic?

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 why are some metals magnetic?

metals are comprised of atoms which like to interact with charges. these atoms are basically assorted randomly in terms of their polarity so any given point could either push or pull on a like charge. Because they are assorted randomly they cancel each other out and the net magnetism is basically 0. In a magnet however they arent assorted randomly. They all line up in one direction so their magnetism is amplified instead of canceled out.


Question: How can humans go to bed hungry but wake up feeling completely full?

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 How can humans go to bed hungry but wake up feeling completely full?

The feeling of being hungry is only partly related to the need for food. Feeling hungry is a sign a particular hormone is realeased. This hormone is released when you lack nutrients, sure (if your blood sugar levels are too low, for example), but mainly, it is released when your body expect some food to arrive soon, and is ready for digestion. So if you take your meals at regular times, and one day you skip one, about 30 minutes after your usual intake of food, you should feel very hungry. Because your body did not receive the food it was expecting. But a few hours later, the levels of that hormone are down again (it's way past the time were food was expected), so you don't feel hungry. And you'll probably feel hungry again just before your next usual meal. A very remarkable consequence of this is what happens when people do not eat anything for several days. The first two days, they'll feel very hungry. But after that, hunger disappears. At the opposite, people who would eat extremely little would still feel hunger for much longer, even though they get more food.


Question: Why do fizzy drinks seem stay fizzy longer when cool or refrigerated?

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 Why do fizzy drinks seem stay fizzy longer when cool or refrigerated?

There are two parts to this question. First I'll start with liquids and gases. It is possible to force a little bit of gas to dissolve into a liquid by increasing the pressure of the container. When you release the pressure, some of the gas is forced out of the liquid and you get the fizz that everyone is familiar with. Secondly, the lower the temperature, the EASIER it is to push gasses into a liquid. Lower temperatures mean that gas molecules are less 'excited' and it's easier to push them into the liquid and keep them there. This is why cold fizzy drinks won't go flat as quickly compared to warm drinks. They can hold gasses better!


Question: How exactly do website cookies have the ability to track you?

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly do website cookies have the ability to track you?

Think of a cookie as a number written on your chest. Every time you enter a store, they write down when you entered, what you did, and when you left. Every time you drive, they watch what you drive, how you drive, and where you go. Now all that data is sent to a central data aggregation company. This data is then used against you. For example: you visit a web site, and the ads you see are customized to fit your profile. ...or a marketer buys a list of people that fit a certain profile. ...or a potential employer buys a dossier before deciding if you want to hire you.


Question: Why is the Mariana Trench not the spot closest to the center of the Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Mariana Trench not the spot closest to the center of the Earth?

Earth bulges from its rotation, sort of like how a pizza crust when being formed will stretch out as it is thrown. This means that the surface near the equator will be more distant from the core than a surface near the poles, giving deep areas near the poles an advantage when considering distance from the core.


Question: Why did I just pay $250 for a passport with a 3-week turnaround, when a driver's license is $25 and take 30 minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did I just pay $250 for a passport with a 3-week turnaround, when a driver's license is $25 and take 30 minutes?

The process it goes through is why it takes so long normally to get it. You paid extra to have them to complete the process faster. Like 1 day shipping vs 5 day shipping. You pay more for the 1 day. I don't exactly remember the process but I do remember that they do ALOT to ensure your not doing anything shady


Question: How do service animals help autistic children?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do service animals help autistic children?

Multiple ways, and by the way it's not just autistic *children* who can benefit from service animals. Among other things: * service animals can detect the early signs of a meltdown or shutdown, which are things often (but not exclusively) triggered by sensory overstimulation, and can provide a prompt to leave the situation causing that overstim * they can provide active stimulation to aid with grounding * they can help reinforce ritual, which is frequently important for autistic people


Question: What's the psychology behind people who self harm? Specifically cutting.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the psychology behind people who self harm? Specifically cutting.

TRIGGER WARNING: Do not read this if talking about cutting may trigger you. Have a nice day and remember that someone loves you :) As you probably know, the majority of people who self harm have mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, ptsd, etc. These illnesses have a way of telling you something that really isn't true. For some, self harm is their way to pay penance for something bad that they did. Some hate themselves so much that they feel like they should punish themselves. Some are so numb from the constant mental hate that they want to feel something "real" i.e. physical pain. Many are bullied and are mentally brainwashed into thinking that they are dog poopoo and aren't even worth it. And of course there are some people who do it for attention(their father doesn't love them as much as a sibling, mother never listens to them, not many friends so no one to talk to.) Many people think "oh, this girl is cutting herself so she must be suicidal." While sometimes this may the case, often times it is the complete opposite. The person in question probably doesn't want to kill themselves(or at least doesn't want to want to kill themselves) so this is their way around that. Many people who self harm want nothing more than to feel alive. They want to feel an emotion other than depression. They want to live. For anyone who is thinking about cutting, is doing it right now, or is thinking about ending their life please don't. You are wanted. I can speak from experience when I say that it does get better. It may take days, weeks, months, or years but it will get better. I have two scars on my leg that I regret every day. Suicide Hotline: 1-800-273-8255 Crisis Text Line: Text "SEMI" to 741-741 Bullying: 1-800-420-1479 Self Harm: 1-800-DONT-CUT Or you can always PM me and I'll talk with you as long as you need, even if you just wanna chat about nothing :)


Question: Why was purple pigment history difficult to produce? Couldn't ascestors have just mixed red and blue, instead of laboriously extracting it from sea snails?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was purple pigment history difficult to produce? Couldn't ascestors have just mixed red and blue, instead of laboriously extracting it from sea snails?

The blues they had access to were mostly bluish-greens. The reds they had access to were mostly reddish-oranges. When you mix those, you get sort of a baby-poop brown color instead of purple. The \*REALLY\* deep reds, deep blues, and deep purples almost all came from the same snails, just fermented differently. (There's one deep blue that came from the indigo plant, but it was almost as valuable as the snails).


Question: If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games/videos have to specifically support it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games/videos have to specifically support it?

The recorded and transmitted video data has to conform to a specific set of standards that constrain the possible quality you can achieve. To get HDR, you need to use a suitable standard such as Dolby Video, which adds more precision to each pixel than would be possible in normal (non-HDR) video. If you really want to see an example, the wikipedia HDR page gives some detail as to the specific codecs used: URL_0


Question: How does CO2 actually affect the earth’s climate, in a chemical sense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does CO2 actually affect the earth’s climate, in a chemical sense?

The sun emits a lot of radiant heat, which is heat in the form of light. In the case of the sun, because it is so hot, this light is of a higher frequency - much of the energy is contained in visible and ultraviolet light. The Earth, meanwhile, is not nearly as hot as the sun, so it emits primarily lower frequency infrared light. This is how the Earth dissipates heat, since of course there is no air in space to carry the heat away. Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared light, but not visible or ultraviolet light. This means that the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere allows heat from the sun to reach the ground, but when the ground re-emits that heat, it hits the carbon dioxide and cannot escape as easily.


Question: Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?

They have a kinds of pattern, because numbers that aren't prime numbers have a pattern. Every second number after 2 is not a prime. Every third number after 3 is not a prime. Every 4th number after 4 is not a prime and so on. The numbers that aren't primes have a pattern of your can call it that


Question: Like in the case of Venzuela, how is it even possible for an economy to hit a one million percent inflation rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Like in the case of Venzuela, how is it even possible for an economy to hit a one million percent inflation rate?

The government prints money at a rapid enough rate. If you're Venezuela and you owe foreign creditors 700 billion Bolivars, you have three options: 1: Raise taxes to collect 700 billion Bolivars. As a socialist welfare state already dealing with major civil unrest and widespread poverty, this is not really possible. 2: Default and simply refuse to pay. This triggers automatic trade reprisals from the companies and countries you shafted, including asset seizures and lawsuits. Creditors will refuse to deal with you in the future in any capacity. 3: Print 700 billion Bolivars and hand them out like candy. This crushes the value of existing currency and dramatically devalues the debt, but has technically fulfilled the letter of the law. Foreign creditors will refuse to deal in Bolivars in the future, but they have no legal recourse and may still offer credit denoted in US dollars or Euros.


Question: Why do you wake up cranky when you set an alarm but waking up naturally puts you in a good mood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you wake up cranky when you set an alarm but waking up naturally puts you in a good mood?

Your sleep goes in cycles (Non-REM and REM) and in the first two parts of nonREM, you are only lightly asleep, while in the the third part of Non-REM and REM you are in deep sleep. Your body usually (sleep paralysis is the exception) won't wake you up in deep sleep, your alarm however, does not care, and will shock you out of deep sleep, when the body isn't expecting it.


Question: What happens when a television commercial gets cut off by a different commercial within seconds of the first one starting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when a television commercial gets cut off by a different commercial within seconds of the first one starting?

You mean what happens afterward or what causes it? The cause is sometimes the local station or cable channel can sell local commercials (AKA spots), but their spot may not start exactly on schedule. You will see whatever spot is running on the network during that time slot. Some networks don't run spots in local spot times. What happens afterward is a discrepancy report is filed and management looks to blame and possibly fire someone. So there is a continuous stream of new, inexperienced, operators who make mistakes. If the correct spot doesn't air or is only partially aired, they don't get paid in full. That can be thousands of dollars.


Question: How do just a few satellites give the precise location of a million of connected devices at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do just a few satellites give the precise location of a million of connected devices at the same time?

Each GPS satellite just broadcasts where they are, and what time their clock says. That signal can be picked up by any number of devices that have line of sight to the satellite. The devices can then determine their position by trigonometry. Radio waves travel at a constant speed, so if you pick up a signal, and you know when the signal was transmitted, and what time it is now, you can determine the distance to the transmitter. With multiple signals from known locations, you can determine your own position.


Question: why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?

A few reasons. First, airplanes are pressurized to an altitude above sea level; usually between 6,000-8,000 feet. This means there's not as much oxygen as at sea level. While it's not enough of a decrease for you to be aware of, it does tax your body a bit more, especially on longer flights. If you've ever done any hiking or mountain climbing at high altitudes, you'll recognize that you get fatigued much more quickly than at sea level. Second, airplane is is very dry. This tends to make people dehydrated. Third, travel is just plain stressful. You're packed into a small area with a bunch of other people (and their germs) for hours on end subject to engine noise, various cabin noises, people bumping into you...etc.


Question: How are photographs of galaxies, planets and stars taken when they're so far away but with really good detail?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are photographs of galaxies, planets and stars taken when they're so far away but with really good detail?

Planets aren't that far away and they reflect a lot of the sun's light which makes them relatively easy to take images of if you can get around the issues with our atmosphere. Galaxies are very far away, but they are also incredibly large collections of stars hundreds of thousands of light years across, for example the Andromeda galaxy is 2 million light years away, yet it is larger than the full moon in the sky.