Question: where does the electricity that forms lightning come from and why does it accumulate to the point of needing to discharge in such a manner?

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 where does the electricity that forms lightning come from and why does it accumulate to the point of needing to discharge in such a manner?

Know how you can drag your feet across the carpet and then touch something metal and get shocked? That's a tiny lighting bolt. There is friction between the particles in clouds, which causes an electrical charge to build up. This charge builds up until it is strong enough to overcome the electrical resistance between where it is and the ground. Same way the "lightning" from your finger only jumps to the metal object when you're close and it can overcome the resistance.


Question: how does Bayesian inference work?

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 how does Bayesian inference work?

Where you go to school it rains half the time. So half the days during recess it's raining, and half it's not. When the recess bell rings, I ask you if it's raining or not. The best you can do is guess (say by flipping a fair coin). What if you *also* knew that little Timmy hated to get wet. Timmy will only go outside in the rain when he's really excited to play, about 10% of the time. And if it's sunny, he almost always goes out to play, except when he's in trouble. So 90% of the time if it's sunny he goes outside. So now if I tell you "it's raining, does Timmy go to recess?" you can look at the information and say, "probably not, Timmy hates rain." What Bayes theory tells you is how to turn this information around: What if you go to the restroom just before recess, and when you come back to class, you see Timmy at his desk doing homework. Now, *how likely is it that it's raining?* Your gut instinct is that it's probably raining, because you know Timmy would probably go outside if it were sunny. Bayes Theorem tells you how to calculate those odds. Bayesian inference is the general process of using those ideas and any probabilities you can measure to make predictions by taking advantage of how those probabilities are related to each other.


Question: Why in the solar system planets are so different from each other?

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 Why in the solar system planets are so different from each other?

The solar system is broadly speaking split into 5 distinct parts or layers, and all have their origins in how we believe stars form in the first place. Galaxies are full of dust and debris left over from gigantic star supernova that happened millions or billions of years ago. Sometimes that dust gets excited and begins to clump together. Seeing as the vast majority of the material is Hydrogen and Helium, the central clump eventually becomes a Star. Once enough Hydrogen and Helium condenses into a point, the star 'Ignites' and begins undergoing fusion, this is the first layer of our star system. Once the star 'Ignites' there is still a fairly large amount of material left over, most of it is still gas but there's a lot of Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium, Iron etc. left around as well. This material is also condensing in towards the new star, and because of the way angular momentum works this material ends up forming a large flat disk. However the star is very hot, and is throwing off a strong 'solar wind' (charged particles streaming out from the star). These two factors combine to push away most of the remaining lighter elements (Hydrogen and Helium) that were left over. Over time the only material left near the star itself is made up of heavier elements, which then themselves that condensing into objects. This is how we believe the inner rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) formed. This is the second layer. The third layer is the asteroid belt, which is roughly speaking the boundary between the inner and outer planets. There are a few theories as to why this belt exists where it does, one of the leading theories is that it contains the same rocky material that formed the inner planets but never condensed into an actual planet because of the intense gravity from Jupiter messing it up. The Fourth layer is the outer gas giants. Remember earlier I said heat and solar wind blasted away a lot of the lighter Hydrogen and Helium material? This is where it ended up. All that leftover gas and other trace materials ended up condensing into the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and their respective moons. The fifth and final layer is the Kuiper belt and by extension the Oort cloud at the edges of our star system. These areas are home to Pluto and many other dwarf planets, and other icy and rocky materials. This material was too far away to be pulled inwards into the rocky planets but still close enough to be caught in the Sun's overall gravity, albeit on millenia long orbits.


Question: Why does near darkness seem to have a faint blue tint to it?

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 Why does near darkness seem to have a faint blue tint to it?

So this can go a few ways, so the biological standpoint... Your eyes have rods and cones. Cones are what you used in normal daylight, and rods, which are far more numerous, are for low light. You then have 3 types, red, blue, and green. As they are hit, they show only those colors, much like a computer monitor, and your brain then compiles it and makes an image. Those types also show in a certain percentage. Blue is the most numerous, then green, then red are the rarer of the bunch in your eye. So in low light, or almost no light, your rods are what get the signals. Since there's very very little light, the chances of a particle of light hitting the red rod is very small, since there are far fewer of them in your eye. But the chance of it hitting a blue rod are fairly high, allowing them to activate. As well, cones work very quickly, but rods work slowly. This is also why it's not bad during the day, but if you are to go from a bright room to a dimlit room or vice versa, it takes a long time for your eyes to "adjust" to the light and you to be able to see. As a fun fact, because of this, raiders would wear blindfolds or patches over their eyes during the day time, to allow their eye to be on a constant "night" mode since they did their raids at night. This is where the idea of pirates having eye patches came from, as they would do this and wear the patch to be able to see better during night raids. And as far as the red bit, is why the military uses red flashlights, as they are harder to see (again, fewer red rods, so less a chance of them turning on) and thus while they allow the person there to see somewhat clearer, the chances of them being detected by someone else is much lower. Adversely, blue lights are used for distress as they are easily recognizable and easier to find. Hope that helps, and hope you got a TIL out of that all!


Question: So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?

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 So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?

Ok... first off, the computer acts/thinks it’s one screen... even though it’s physically 2 or more screens it acts like it’s one and that’s why you can move your mouse continuously across all screens. In the settings of your computer/laptop you can even tell it how you’ve set up the screens... like next to each other or on top of each other etc and it will act like it’s one big screen in the configuration you set.


Question: Why does gas pain/flatulence hurt so badly?

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 Why does gas pain/flatulence hurt so badly?

The flatulence is inside your intestines. Your intestines are coated with nerves. These work to help move food along. When they are stretched, the contract back. This way when there's food in any part, it stretches the walls of the intestine, and the intestine pushes back and the food is moved forward. But with gas build up, the increased pressure pushes the walls and stretches them a lot. This causes too much stretch on the wall and the nerves in your intestine transmit that signal as pain. It also is made worse when your muscles try to squeeze back and the gas is, for any reason, unable to move forward. So that increases pressure, stretches the walls of intestines, nerves feel the stretch, and they tell your brain something is wrong at this part which is what pain is.


Question: What are the ways a country/intergovernmental organization can punish another country?

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 What are the ways a country/intergovernmental organization can punish another country?

Simple stuff - diplomatic staff withdrawals, halt issuing visa's, barring travel etc. Bigger stuff - restrict trade between them, tariffs, import/export bans, disallow currency transactions, seizing foreign assets Much bigger stuff - trade embargo (essentially not allowing a country to trade with others), blockades, try to destroy their economy or political establishments - propaganda, funding/arming dissidents, assassination Essentially the ultimate - go to war. engage in armed conflict, invade territory.


Question: Why do your lips sometimes become chapped all of a sudden?

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 Why do your lips sometimes become chapped all of a sudden?

Your lips become chapped primarily due to 2 reasons: 1. lack of humidity in air (that's why chapped lips generally occur in winter months) 2. licking lips too often (can actually dry out lips) The reason lips get chapped whereas skin doesn't is because skin has oil glands to moisturize whereas lips don't. Hope this helps!


Question: how does salt enhance flavor on food?

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 how does salt enhance flavor on food?

Salt actually helps the food's aroma first and formost believe it or not. Smell is very important to your sense of taste. You know how if you have to drink some nasty tasting health smoothie or something similar, you're likely to hold your nose while you drink it? The reason for that is that without the smell factor in play, you don't taste as much as you normally would.


Question: effects cannabis can have on developing(teenage) brain?

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 effects cannabis can have on developing(teenage) brain?

At the moment there isn't any concrete information. Being as marijuana is still a Schedule 1 drug the process for acquiring the correct permits to do studies on it is nearly impossible and will remain that way until the DEA decides to reschedule the drug. A side effect of it being so hard to actually study the effects marijuana has is that we know very little about the long term effects use can have on developing minds, or any minds for that matter. In fact if you were to go looking for research about marijuana you'll probably find about 50 contradicting studies, once a week you'll get a legitimate study saying "The dangers of marijuana abuse" and another legitimate study saying "Marijuana found to have no adverse effect on congition". So until the DEA stops it's ignorant game of monopoly we won't see any concrete information. The few things we do know is this: Marijuana IS addictive. Addiction can cause serious dependancy over long term use. Withdrawals can include insomnia, depression, anorexia, and mood swings. Marijuana is detrimental to short term memory. Unfortunately the extent of this is unknown. Marijuana can cause panic attacks. How or why, there is no concrete information. I have to add that combustion is obviously not good for your lungs, but there is a vaporizer and edible only movement with the cannabis community too. Hope that helps.


Question: Why is so common in the NFL to make the Super Bowl or at least make the Playoffs without making the Playoffs the previous year as opposed to the NBA?

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 Why is so common in the NFL to make the Super Bowl or at least make the Playoffs without making the Playoffs the previous year as opposed to the NBA?

Well, one reason is that star power is a much, much bigger deal in the NBA. A football star can't put the whole team on his back the same way a basketball star can. Even if you think this is possible for a good QB or RB to do, remember that you still have the defensive side of the ball. So football relies a lot more on having well trained and clever schemes to produce greatness out of average to above average players.


Question: Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?

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 Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?

Country one makes $10. Country two makes $10. $1 from country one is worth the same as $1 from country 2. Country one makes $10 more. Now, $1 from country two is worth $2 from country 2. That's one way. It also has to do with the stability of a country. If country one goes through a war, you can't really be sure that their dollar can really buy anything if there's nothing in country one to buy. There's also the idea that even though country two dollars are worth a lot now, you may not be sure how much it's worth tomorrow. If country two looks like they might be going through political turmoil or war or famine, you probably want to get rid of your country two dollars. Since no one wants them, they become cheap. Conversely, if country 2 just figured out alchemy, you probably want their dollars.


Question: Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?

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 Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?

Because the city needs to pay for things that all home owners benefit from such as road maintenance, maintenance of public parks/recreation areas, fixing and maintaining the sewer and water treatment system, paying the police to come to your house if it gets broken into, paying the fire department to come help you out if it's on fire, snow removal if you live somewhere that it snows a lot, street cleaning, part of the cost of running the schools you send your kids to if you have any, etc. Property taxes are a way for home owners in a city to share the cost of these types of public services that they all expect.


Question: How do kettles know when to turn off?

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 How do kettles know when to turn off?

They have a switch made of 2 different metals which expand at different rates. They're designed to move away from each other at boiling temperature. When they push away it opens the electrical circuit and it turns off. As they cool, they return to the original position and you can turn it back on.


Question: Why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? It seems the worst possible material to use.

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 Why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? It seems the worst possible material to use.

Automotive carpet is generally really tough and stands up well to being soiled and is easily cleaned. Source : I've done deep cleaning on quite a few cars 30-50 years old with original carpet. Hard surfaces wear much more obviously - painted metal, bare metal, plastic, wood or whatever else you think "should" be there would be much more likely to show wear earlier than decent carpet.


Question: Why are SSDs reliable for long-term storage, but USBs fail within a few years?

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 Why are SSDs reliable for long-term storage, but USBs fail within a few years?

Different levels of reliability in the controllers and how they're built. The basic storage technology is the same but SSDs use a much more robust construction that can withstand more read/write cycles before they accumulate too much damage to function, more sophisticated controllers to spread the damage around, and redundant sections to take over if one section fails. Think of it like tires on your car. USBs are cheap tires...eventually one of them is going to wear out and pop. SSDs are expensive long life tires, and you do rotation, alignment, and balancing all the time to make sure they're in good condition, and you have a full size spare.


Question: why can bugs fly around in a moving vehicle with closed windows and aren't pulled back?

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</answer>
 why can bugs fly around in a moving vehicle with closed windows and aren't pulled back?

The same reason you are not drifted to the west with Earth's spin. The reason is whatever velocity the car has, everything inside is also moving at that velocity. So everything in the car is always relatively still. So how did everything end up with that velocity? What accelerated them? The car. When you are sitting in your car seat and the car is accelerating you feel pulled back. That is the back of your seat pushing you forwards to accelerate you with the car. Same thing happens to the fly wherever it is while the car is accelerating. So, the fly is pulled back indeed, during acceleration. Holds on to the surface it's on untill whatever it's grabbing on pushes it to match the car's velocity. After that, nobody needs to hold on to anything. The car and the inside are at the same speed and moving along. Including the air in the car. So there's no wind in the car as opposed to the outside of it. Fun fact, that is how zero gravity works as we perceive it. They get an aircraft high up and let it free fall. Everything inside the aircraft is falling at the same speed so there's no ground you stick to for that duration. You don't perceive the water spilling because it was already falling down with the cup. It doesn't go passed the cup down and make the spilling motion. Same goes for the astronauts in the space station. The earth's gravity is very much present at that altitude (I mean, it's holding the moon where it is). An orbit is a constant falling. It's just you are so fast that you always miss the earth. It's hard to describe without a visual but try to remember Buggs Bunny throwing a baseball and catching it after it does a complete trip around the world. If you are fast enough and there is no air resistance to slow you down, that actually happens. Without anybody catching you, you will spin and spin forever. With everything inside free falling at the same speed not experiencing a gravitational pull.


Question: What does it mean to think 'at the margin'?

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 What does it mean to think 'at the margin'?

It means to think about what will be impacted directly by a change: If the price of gas drops by 5 cents a gallon, some people will buy gas that wouldn't at the higher price. So, if you're making a decision that might raise our lower the price of gas, make your decision based on _those_ people, not the people who would by had regardless. The marginal thing is the thing on the edge, the very last product produced or the very last consumer who would but at a certain price. Think about those when you're making economic decisions.


Question: Can anyone in IT break down the difference between a Database, Data Warehouse, Data Lake, Data Mart?

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 Can anyone in IT break down the difference between a Database, Data Warehouse, Data Lake, Data Mart?

Database - This is a general term and the other 3 are just types of databases that are structured differently. But it may be that those you are talking with are applying this to be the main user application. Data Warehouse - Is a database that has been designed specifically to hold data in a form that makes it easy to create reports from and it structured to perform that task quickly and efficiently. It often contains data from across different areas of an organisation, so report the number of widgets made from the manufacturing system beside the sickness/absence rate of the people in manufacturing. Data Mart - This is usually a subset of data within a data warehouse for a specific area. Data Lake - Trendy name for a huge data warehouse but probably just for a specific subject area


Question: Lamps emit photons, when turned on.(?) Where are these photons come from?

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 Lamps emit photons, when turned on.(?) Where are these photons come from?

It depends on the type of lamp, since they all generate photons in different ways. In the old fashioned Incandescent lamps, the resistance of the lightbulbs filament would generate heat, and it would get to thousands of degree's temperature, and it would radiate photons in line with Blackbody radiation relations. This is similar to hot metal glowing red or orange or white due to it's temperature. If you are talking about LED lights, then the free electrons on one side of the junction jump down into an electron hole of one of the molecules on the other side of the junction, and they emit a photon as they go to a lower energy level. In CFL or fluorescent light, there is a mercury vapor that is excited until it glows in the ultraviolet, that ultraviolet light then hits a coating on the lamp as it exits the lamp, which causes the phosphor coating to glow white because of fluorescence. If you've ever seen minerals or other items glow bright colors under a Black Light, you've seen fluorescence. Fluorescing phosphor coatings are also used in Plasma TVs and the old CRT TVs. If I need to go into details on any of these 3 lights, let me know.


Question: Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?

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 Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?

Ok so I actually looked this up myself before because I was curious. Specially for the case of Mercury it turns out that when plants are exposed to air which contains some Mercury ( which might be from volcanoes historically but modern day it's also due to pollution) the plants tend to snap up that Mercury in their foliage. The rate that Mercury is absorbed from the atmosphere and the rate the plant gives off the Mercury changes depending on the species. The paper I read stated that on balance (absorbed minus emitted) grassland, wetland, and coniferous species took in the most mercury, and the concentration of Mercury in these species is similar to the concentration of coal made from these species. I'd assume similar actions happen with other heavy metals. Here's a link to an abstract. URL_0 If you find this interesting don't forget about science funding. Earth science is in a bad place.


Question: Why is it that 0÷Inf=0 but 0×Inf=NaN? Shouldn't they both be 0?

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 Why is it that 0÷Inf=0 but 0×Inf=NaN? Shouldn't they both be 0?

Infinity is not like regular numbers and doesn't follow the rules of arithmetic. Also, we aren't really saying 0/∞, instead it is the limit of 0/x as x approaches ∞. It is a subtle but important distinction. Finally, NaN is not a mathematical thing, it is a design consideration included with the IEEE standard of floating point arithmetic, which is what most computers and calculators follow. 0/∞ = 0 because every limit that reduces to 0/∞ will converge to zero. This is not true for 0 x ∞, it can approach 0, ∞ or any number in between. For example: f(x) = 1/x; g(x) = x lim f(x) x- > ∞ = 0; lim g(x) x- > ∞ = ∞ However, lim f(x) * g(x) x- > ∞ = 1 Therefore, 0 * ∞ = 1, right? h(x) = 2x lim f(x) * h(x) = 2 Therefore, 0 * ∞ = 2, and 1 = 2? This shows both why 0 * ∞ = NaN and why you can't treat infinity like an ordinary number. BTW, you were able to find the obelus(÷) but not the lemniscate(∞)? :)


Question: why are there 120° in a water molecule?*

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 why are there 120° in a water molecule?*

Actually it's an angle of 104.5°. u/Moscau50 has the 3D geometrical picture correct, but because two pairs of oxygen electrons repel the bonding electrons more strongly (think - take up more space) the two O-H bonds get squashed together a little so the angle is a bit less than the 120° that a symmetrical structure would adopt.


Question: I know that caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them but I didn't understand the language of why that stops us from feeling tired, how does that work?

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 I know that caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them but I didn't understand the language of why that stops us from feeling tired, how does that work?

When you're awake, that adenosine builds up and when the receptors sense enough of it, it slows down neurons and other things so yo8 get tired. However, when the caffeine blocks these receptors the brain doesnt know that its tired. Sort of like when your sprained ankle hurts and you take advil, it just blocks the pain receptors so they dont tell your brain you're in pain (even though whatever happened to your ankle is still affecting it like a bruise or fracture).


Question: Why do non-touchscreens have that tiny rippling effect when you apply pressure on them?

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 Why do non-touchscreens have that tiny rippling effect when you apply pressure on them?

They're made from a technology called liquid crystals (that's the LC in LCD). Each individual crystal is very tiny and there are thousands of them arranged in a flat layer to make up the screen. These are arranged in front of colored lights and they can be energized so that they allow more or less of the colored light through to your eye. A picture is made by manipulating the LCs to allow just the right amount of each color through at every point on the screen. When pressure is applied to these LCs by pushing on them, they distort much like a water balloon would when you push on it. When they distort in this manner their optical properties change and they let more or less colored light through than they are supposed to, depending on how much pressure is applied. That's what makes the ripple effect happen around your finger.


Question: How did a brain turn into obsidian in the Pompeii Volcano eruption?

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 How did a brain turn into obsidian in the Pompeii Volcano eruption?

The process we're talking about is called "vitrification", which is when a liquid is cooled into a solid very quickly so that crystals don't form. The end product of doing that is "glass". Obsidian is rock that melted and then cooled quickly. The hard sheen on pottery is also that. When plants/trees need to survive extreme cold weather, some of their tissues survive by vitrifying naturally instead of freezing. A fun example is cotton candy. If you melt sugar and cool it slowly, you get hard candy, but if you cool it quickly by spinning it into little strands, you get a bundle of glassy candy threads. In medicine, vitrification is also used to preserve tissues like a woman's eggs--the tissue is supercooled so quickly that it doesn't just freeze, it vitrifies into a glass. So this poor man's brain vitrified because it was melted (along with his other organs) into a liquid by the intense heat of the pyroclastic flow (deadly volcano gases) and then also cooled back to room temperature quickly. This is extremely unusual because a soft tissue like the brain wouldn't normally vitrify. This is the first known example of a brain being vitrified by heat, even from elsewhere in the Pompeii site. This required unusual circumstances which are not fully understood yet.


Question: what is a function in mathematics?

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 what is a function in mathematics?

It is crucial information--so you do understand it, even if you don't understand it with a clear definition. f(x) = x^2 is an example of a function. In a mathematical function, you have an input, you do something to that input, and it produces an output. In this case, use f(2) = 2^2 = 4. You have your input: 2. Then you do something to it: square it. Then, it produces an output: 4. To use a less ELI5 and more an ELI-in-college, a *function* is a *relation* between two *sets* such that each *element* of one set maps exactly to one element of the second set, but the reverse need not be true (two elements from set A can map to "2", for example, but that means the *inverse* of that function [mapping set B to A] is not a function. Let's define some terms. A *relation* is some mathematical relationship between numbers. X^2 can be a relation; it maps an input to an output. A *set* is a group of numbers, roughly speaking. An *element* is a number that is an element of a particular set. If a *function* maps inputs from set A to outputs from set B, the *inverse* of that function maps inputs from set B back to set A. This is where you get the horizontal line test; if you draw a horizontal line on the graph and hit more than one number, you know that for some element of B, there are more than one A that corresponds to it. Thus, the inverse (mapping B to A) can't be a function because some B would correspond to multiple As. If, for a given relation, all the elements of A map to exactly one unique element of B, the function is called "one to one". (Meaning, x^2 is not "one-to-one" because -2 and 2 both map to 4 under that relations). This is where you get the vertical line test to determine whether something is a function. If you can draw a vertical line on the graph and hit more than one number, the relation is not a function because an element of set A maps to two elements of set B. A relation is *onto* if every element in set B corresponds to at least one element of A. If a function is both one-to-one and onto, it is invertible (that is, its inverse is also a function). If you like this kind of information, please consider taking a "discrete math" class. Almost every college, even community colleges, offer them and they're usually a requirement for mathematics or computer science degrees. If you *really* like this kind of thing, you might want to consider taking a mathematical logic class where you really dig into the hows and whys of math.


Question: Why has the Dow gone over 25,000 but we only have a GDP growth of 3.22%?

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 Why has the Dow gone over 25,000 but we only have a GDP growth of 3.22%?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average is not a great indicator of the overall economy. The Dow is a hand selected group of 30 companies that are both very large and very stable. When the Dow was first created in 1896, 30 companies did give you a good overview of the market, but now there are just too many companies and too many sectors to try and say that 30 companies tell the whole story.


Question: Why is fusion/fission always "20 years away"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final "20 years", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?

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 Why is fusion/fission always "20 years away"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final "20 years", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?

Fission has been done and is used in nuclear power plants. The problem with fusion is extracting the energy released through the nuclear process. I believe we have now created a fusion plant which is releasing more energy than is put into the plant to initiate the reaction but this is so marginal that its not cost effective enough for commercial purposes. With regards to the first part of your question, the "20 years away" statement is usually propaganda to ensure that funding isn't cut by the powers that be (who typically don't understand the scientific method) so that the research can continue. Personally I think that fusion power will be cracked in the next 20 years, especially as the oil will run out and the funding for fusion will have to increase to ensure that we can keep our power hungry lifestyle that we have now.


Question: How does the liver work ?

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 How does the liver work ?

Liver cleans your body and sends the bad and used stuff out of your body through your kidneys or poop shoot. Without it you get jaundice (usually one of the first visible symptoms) and the whites of your eyes turn yellow then your skin. Then you just get all around pretty sick. Diseases that can cause bad liver damage is cirrhosis, Hepatitis C, overdose on medicines. Without it, you will die. It regenerates if you cut 33% of it out to donate, and regrows if you have had a transplant to yourself. Largest internal organ you have.


Question: Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?

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 Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?

Look up China's new system of rating people if you want to see the dangers. It's a real dystopian nightmare. If you say stuff that's critical of the state on social media, you lose points and that loses you privileges. For pictures you post on social media, some formats allow people to scrape your location from them. Post one pic about "chilling at home with the fam" and BAM, your home address is out there for the world to see. Post a few more, and a dedicated stalker can put together a pretty accurate depiction of your day to day life. And that's just a few examples.


Question: Why is the passage of time affected by your speed?

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 Why is the passage of time affected by your speed?

A super simplified reason is because Light speed is constant to the viewer, not the source reference, and that everything, including time has to "bend" to make this true. if you google "Einstein’s Relativity Explained in 4 Simple Steps," there's a solid explanation but I'll try here as well. Did you ever see that video of Mythbusters shooting a cannonball 60 mph out the back of a car moving 60 mph? The cannonball just falls to the ground because according to the earth reference frame, it has a net speed of \~0 mph. **This doesn't, and can't, happen with light.** You cannot change the speed of light in that medium (there are certain mediums that people have been able to get light very slow, but that doesn't happen in normal mediums like air). This means that if someone is on a car moving 99% the speed of light (0.99c), and shines a light behind them, it will move at light speed away from them, and they will think its moving at 0.01c compared to the earth. **But if you're on the earth, you will see the light moving at light speed compared to the earth**. Obviously, these two points of view clash with each other, and they might see that light arrive at a spot at different times, but they are both right, **In their point of view/reference frame.** This difference according to reference frames leads to other things being tweaked, including time, when you work the math out.


Question: Why isn't Arkansas pronounced "Ar-Kans-ass"?

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 Why isn't Arkansas pronounced "Ar-Kans-ass"?

"Arkansas" is a French attempt at pronouncing a Quapaw language word that means "land of downriver people." Because Arkansas (and the US Southeast in general) has a lot of French influence the French pronunciation stuck. "Kansas" is similarly a Frenchified Sioux word, but because there is much less French influence in that area the English pronunciation is the one that caught on.


Question: What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?

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 What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?

The law of large numbers is really deep, fundamental truth for statisticians and probability theorists. The law of large numbers says that, as the number of trials, or the population being considered, etc. grows large, the outcomes will converge toward reflecting the probabilities. If you toss a fair coin over and over again, the law of large numbers tells us that, as you rack up bigger and bigger numbers of tosses, the heads to tails ratio will more closely approach 50/50. So if you toss a coin 10 times, you should expect in nearly all cases to get a 50-50 split, give or take 20 or 30 percent. But if you toss a coin a hundred times, you should expect to get a 50-50 split, give or take only a few percent. If you toss a coin ten million times, it would be *very* unlikely for you to see even a 49%/51% spread between heads and tails. That's the law of large numbers. The "law of averages", is more of a popular misconception, where people think that, say, after a long run of heads, it becomes more likely for tails to come up, so as to bring the average *back* to 50%. This is sometimes also called the gambler's fallacy. The main difference is that the 'law of averages' imagines that the laws of probability have any memory of past events... like, as you get a bunch of heads in a row, the god of statistics has been keeping track of some kind of 'debt' which must be paid back. Nothing like that is happening. In the law of large numbers, nothing depends on past events in that way.


Question: Why armenia and azerbaijan are fighting and who is on whose side?

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 Why armenia and azerbaijan are fighting and who is on whose side?

In the Stalinist era ethnic populations were purposefully transported to the middle of nowhere, surrounded by people who were not like them, and then the federal borders were purposefully drawn in order to not accurately represent the ethnic boundaries. & #x200B; When Azerbaijan and Armenia were independent, and broke away from the USSR \~1988, Azerbaijan was full of Armenians and Armenia was full of Azerbaijanis. This led to a conflict wherein Azerbaijan and Armenia went to war, each hoping to successfully annex areas that were filled with their fellow men, and at the same time refusing to release minority ethnic groups to their countrymen. & #x200B; Armenia won the war in 1988, and annexed the Western 1/5th of Azerbaijan that is like 95% Armenian. This was a national disgrace to Azerbaijan because despite being superior in literally every way imaginable, they got their ass kicked. Azerbaijan wants that territory back not only to restore their national pride, but because it's internationally recognized as the correct side, if only because that was the status-quo before the war ie that's how they were released when they left the Soviet Union, with flawed borders that were purposefully created 75 years ago to make separation and Nationalism impossible. The idea was is to lock the two nations in perpetual conflict because either no border will geographically work, and no border will accurately represent the people who live in the nations whose borders are defined. If I was the two countries, I would do a joint population-transfer, deport Armenians to Armenia and Azerbaijanis to Azerbaijan, but neither wants to do that because they want the land. & #x200B; [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )


Question: how does wind form and why do they come in one by one and not constantly?

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 how does wind form and why do they come in one by one and not constantly?

Wind is powered by the sun. The sun heats up the ground, the ground heats up the air, and hot air rises, creating low pressure as the air abandons a place. Cold air move in to replace it, and this is wind. The reason it can get so strong is that sometimes the airmass rising is 1500km wide that rises several inches an hour, and you are close to an obstacle so the air rushes through to prevent a vacuum from forming.


Question: . Why is it so hard to capture co2?

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 . Why is it so hard to capture co2?

CO2 is a low energy molecule. Gasoline, for example, is a very high energy molecule. You can light it on fire and it produces a lot of heat energy. There is a lot of energy store in gasoline. There is also a lot of energy in oxygen, O2 molecules. Capturing CO2 isn't super hard, but if you want to convert it into something else, like carbon and O2, that take energy. We have this ability. We can use energy to break CO2 into Carbon and Oxygen. The problem is, we get almost all our energy from burning carbons. Burning carbons produces CO2. To get the energy we need to capture CO2, we first need to release CO2. its a catch 22. We can't even produce all the energy we need today without burning carbons. So producing extra energy to recapture the carbon we already release, is a very tall order.


Question: Why does motion sickness feel so much worse at the back of a car or bus, rather than at the the front?

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 Why does motion sickness feel so much worse at the back of a car or bus, rather than at the the front?

I’m pretty sure it has to do with your view My understanding is that motion sickness is the disconnect between what your body feels and sees. So looking out the window helps your body see what it’s feeling (motion) Also, you can get the AC blowing on your face and be less claustrophobic up front


Question: What is Cyclic Voltammetry and what does it aim to do?

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 What is Cyclic Voltammetry and what does it aim to do?

It's been a long time since I've done this so forgive me any errors or omissions. You have some substance in a solution. Then you stick electrodes into it and apply voltage to it. You slowly increase the voltage to some set amount over time, then once you get to the max you slowly decrease it back down. The whole time you're measuring how much current flows, which in turn tells you about how much resistance the solution you're analyzing has at each level of voltage. This is generally done by some computerized set up or machine that controls the voltage and measures the current/resistance and plots it on a graph [like this]( URL_0 ). It's also generally done several times in a row. So you might go from 0V to 12V (or -9V to 9V or whatever) then back to 0V then back to 12V for several repetitions. This is where the word "cyclic" in the name comes from. So what's the point? Well we're measuring the electrochemical properties of whatever's in the solution. If you get nice smooth line instead of something like that picture I linked above, there's not much interesting going on chemically, it only really tells you about what the electrical resistance of the solution is. In that picture I linked, the substance is undergoing some kind of chemical reaction as the voltage goes up and down, specifically an oxidation-reduction reaction. Those two humps (one hump is oxidation, the other is reduction) going up and down tell you what at what voltage the reaction occurs. The size of the humps (peak current) tells you a bunch of stuff about the reaction that I can't exactly remember at the moment. There's a number of other things you can measure with this technique (and I'm surely forgetting most of them). One of the interesting ones though is that you can keep running the experiment for a long time having it constantly sweep back and forth. Then you can count how many sweeps it takes until the humps in the graph diminish in size by some appreaciable amount. This gives an idea of how many times the substance your measuring can react back and forth (this is a reversible reaction after all, though if you only get one sweep it means the reaction is not reversible). So, for example, you might be testing some material you want to use for a battery. This measurement gives an idea about how many times that battery could recharge.


Question: why is "randomness in play as events unfold but no more once they have occurred" in quantum physics?

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 why is "randomness in play as events unfold but no more once they have occurred" in quantum physics?

Quantum mechanics tells us that at the fundamental and microscopic level the outcome of events are random. The reason we don't notice this in our daily lives is because these microscopic events average out on the large scale to something that is predictable. Perhaps your confusion stems from the allusion that time is just like a fourth spatial dimension. This is not the case, time is very distinct from space. Imagining a 'God' (as mentioned in the video) that can see both space and time is a flawed way of thinking if you want to include quantum mechanics.


Question: () Why do animals have mating seasons? Do they just get horny at only one time of the year?

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 () Why do animals have mating seasons? Do they just get horny at only one time of the year?

For those animals, yes. Animals that have cyclical or seasonal behavior usually have mating seasons because they have to fit the gestation period and birth into opportune times in the year. For instance, a bear giving birth right before hibernating would be a problem; the mother would have to bulk up enough to not just survive the winter herself but also feed one or two cubs simultaneously. Humans, evolving on the savannas of Africa, were not bound by seasonal concerns, so we have sex and children whenever we want.


Question: How does Euler’s identity work?

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 How does Euler’s identity work?

Euler's identity is a specific case of [Euler's formula]( URL_1 ): e^ix = cosx + isinx, when x=pi. If put other values in x you'll get other results. Complex numbers are usually written in the form a+bi, where a is the real part and bi is the imaginary part (i being the square root of -1). This means that every complex number a+bi can be placed as a point (a,b) on a two dimensional plane, just like real numbers can be placed along a one dimensional axis. Now, when we look at a point (a,b) on a two dimensional plane, there's another way of representing that point, using the [polar coordinate system]( URL_3 ). In this system, we can represent the point with the distance of that point from the origin point (0,0) (denoted r in [this diagram]( URL_0 )) and the angle between the x axis and the line connecting the point and the origin point (denoted φ in the same diagram). The point can then be represented as (r,φ). As you can see in the diagram above, if you represent (a,b) as (r,φ), you get a = rcosφ and b = rsinφ. If (a,b) represents a complex number, then a+bi = r(cosφ + isinφ). Looks familiar? So, e^ix = cosx + isinx means that e^ix is the point on the complex place whose polar coordinates are (1,x). These are all the points on the [unit circle]( URL_2 ). For example if x=0 then the point is (1,0), which is simply 1. If x = pi/2 then the point is (0,1) which is simply i. Other values of x will give you other points.


Question: If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?

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 If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?

Normally any sort of high level international business is conducted with translators, even when the principals are fluent in both languages. This allows the speaker to put a layer between themselves and their counterpart. This not only helps to smooth over misunderstandings (which can be blamed on the translator) but it also means that if you're fluent in the language you get extra time to formulate your answer.


Question: why is the ¢50 dollar coin so uncommon?

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 why is the ¢50 dollar coin so uncommon?

People are not using the low value coins. The reason the US Mint stopped making them were that their warehouse were filled. They also stopped production of the $1 coin in 1981 for the same reason until 1999 when the stocks became low enough to start production again. US Mint make coins and notes for banks and big businesses. Fresh coins are ordered by businesses to fill their till to make sure they have enough coins for change. However if people do not want the $.50 coin in change there is no need for businesses to restock their supply.


Question: What are the etymological/biological purposes of having different names for every group of animal (e.g. a “murder” of crows or a “pod” of whales)?

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 What are the etymological/biological purposes of having different names for every group of animal (e.g. a “murder” of crows or a “pod” of whales)?

There is no biological purpose for how humans name a group of animals. Really, it is only grammatical. By having different terms for the groups (litter, pack, murder, pod, pride, etc) we are able to reference the group without necessarily or repeatedly mentioning the type of animal. Usually, one would mention "murder of crows" the first time, but if you have to say it a second time, you can just mention "the murder". But it holds no purpose or significance outside of the literary.