Question: - why can certain animals (like octopuses) regrow limbs but humans cannot?

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 - why can certain animals (like octopuses) regrow limbs but humans cannot?

Our limbs are way more complicated than an octopus tentacle. Much of the initial development of our limbs happens in the womb when the embryo and fetus are undergoing development. In the womb, your stem cells are specializing and creating all of the different tissues needed to make your organs. After you are born, your limbs are already intact for the most part. From there they grow. If you lose a limb, it doesn't regrow because the stem cells needed to grow the tissues don't reactivate. As a result, the wound just heals and forms scar tissue. Many believe that the complexity of the limb and the way the wound heals are factors in why the stem cells don't reactivate.


Question: How come the US has been the only country to send deep space probes out (past Mars)?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How come the US has been the only country to send deep space probes out (past Mars)?

Imagine you land on a deserted island after a maritime accident with a group of people. One guy prioritises building a low powered beacon that is basically a needle in a hay stack. On the off-chance something comes of it then all of you will benefit from it. It wouldn't then be much of a point in another person building another beacon. Sure, there is some ego in showing "I can do it too", but honestly there are other and better things to prioritize. I suspect this is also a reason for the slow replacement of a US shuttle. The US can instead catch a ride with the Russians to the international space station and do whatever experiments up there.


Question: - why are fire extinguishers kept behind glass? Why do we need to break glass in case of emergency?

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 - why are fire extinguishers kept behind glass? Why do we need to break glass in case of emergency?

It is, physically and metaphorically, a barrier to use. The idea is it prevents people from screwing around with the equipment for no good reason. There are plenty of people who might decide to touch it or play with it or even discharge it "just because". But with the glass there, they have to take the extra step of breaking the glass to get to it -- something that requires some bit of effort, will make a mess and is somewhat loud, attracting attention. None of that is something that would bother anyone if something was actually on fire, but it will very often prevent misuse of the gear other times.


Question: What makes a port and connector on a computer’s limit for data transfer and why? (Ex. Usb, hdmi, thunderbolt)

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 What makes a port and connector on a computer’s limit for data transfer and why? (Ex. Usb, hdmi, thunderbolt)

Three things: 1. Physics. There is only so much information you can pump down a particular kind and length of cable and still have it be usable on the other end (bandwidth). To get more information across, you need a better cable (or multiple cables), which is more expensive, larger, thicker, etc, or you need to limit your length. It boils down to how high a frequency you can send down the cable (the higher the frequency, the more information you can send across), and how much noise is introduced, both from imperfections in the cable and outside sources. For example, you can buy very thin and flexible HDMI cables, but perhaps only up to 3 meters, while you can buy thick ones up to 10 meters easily. This is because the thin cable is worse at transmitting the information, so a 3 meter but thin cable might have the same performance as a 10 meter but thick cable. If you try to extend the thin cable to 10 meters, the signal will be degraded too much and it won't work. 2. Modulation. In order to actually use all that raw bandwidth of the cable, we need to somehow encode the raw digital data (ones and zeroes) into some kind of voltage that gets sent down the cable. The way this is done can be extremely simple, like literally just saying "1 is 1 volt, 0 is 0 volts", or extremely complicated schemes using many frequencies and hundreds of voltage levels. This is called modulation, and if you've ever used a *modem*, that's what it stands for (**mo**dulator/**dem**odulator) There is no way to use absolutely 100% of the theoretical maximum bandwidth of a cable, but we can get pretty close with more and more complicated modulation schemes. However, those also require more expensive hardware on both ends, and more power to make work. Simpler modulation schemes are cheaper and lower power, but might only be able to utilize a fraction of the bandwidth of a cable. For example, USB 1.1 has two speeds (1.5Mbps and 12Mbps), and USB 2.0 added a third speed (480Mbps). All of these use the same cables. Why have the 1.5Mbps speed when you could always just use 12Mbps in the first version? Because the 1.5Mbps modulation is simpler, so you can use simpler and cheaper electronics, and it's good enough for things like a keyboard or a mouse. When USB 1.1 was designed, even the 12Mbps scheme was pretty simple, so it wasn't using the full potential of the cables. Therefore, USB 2.0 came up with a third scheme that could run 480Mbps over the same cables. There's actually a cheat in USB 1.1: devices are allowed to use lower-quality (cheaper) cables that only support the 1.5Mbps speed, but *only if they are permanently attached to the device* (like a mouse with a cable that is not removable). This is so that you can't accidentally use a cable that is only capable of 1.5Mbps on a 12Mbps or 480Mbps device. USB 3.0 added a 5Gbps speed, but that wouldn't work over the existing cables, so USB 3.0 requires new cables (with more and higher quality wires inside) to be able to achieve that speed. It's just not possible over USB 2.0 cables, due to physics. 1. Protocols. Above all this hardware dealing with getting the data across (what we in the business call the *physical layer*), there are a bunch of complicated rules for how data is to be formatted, broken into packets, how different devices agree on what data to send, what timing is allowed (it's okay if a hard drive slows down a bit, it's not okay if a video frame does not get to your monitor in time), how to combine multiple transmissions into the same wire when multiple devices are sharing it (like using USB hubs or Ethernet switches), etc. All of these things are different for each protocol/standard (USB, HDMI, Thunderbolt, etc) because they are designed for different things, and they also further limit the speed at which the system can run. For example, although USB 2.0 is 480Mbps at the physical layer (bits on the wire), in *practice* you're going to get up to about 340Mbps transferring data to/from a single device on a USB 2.0 connection, due to all the extra complexities in the system (70% efficiency). Some protocols are better than others - for example, Ethernet by default is about 94% efficient, and with a special configuration called *jumbo frames*, can go up to 99% efficiency.


Question: How do trees talk to each other using mycorrhizal fungi?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How do trees talk to each other using mycorrhizal fungi?

The mycelium stretch out across the root systems of multiple plants and plant species, and help to carry chemical messages between them. It's hypothesised that the fungi help to maintain the health of the trees in order to ensure they (the fungi) get the carbon and sugars they need to thrive. Two authors to read on this are Peter Wohlleben (who coined the term 'wood-wide web') and Suzanne Simard.


Question: If geysers have a opening at the top how do they become pressurized?

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 If geysers have a opening at the top how do they become pressurized?

Water pressure from the water column inside. Higher pressure = water boils at a higher temperature. So the bottom of the geyser is actually much hotter than 100 °C when it starts boiling. When it does, the steam starts pushing out the water above, which lowers the pressure (since part of the water is gone now), which lowers the boiling point, which makes more water boil, which in turn pushes more water out.


Question: Why does checking your credit score lower your credit score?

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 Why does checking your credit score lower your credit score?

Checking your own credit score (soft inquiry) doesn’t lower your credit score. A company or business checking your credit score (hard inquiry) can potentially lower it, but in the short-term: it’s because it is assumed you are looking to take on a new financial obligation which makes you more of a risk temporarily.


Question: What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?

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 What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?

Likely if multi-national corporations in America were forced to pay taxes on exports unlike any other country on Earth you'd see them pick up shop and move to a friendlier country. Then they'd try to pass rules preventing it, which would result in American companies becoming noncompetitive with foreign ones and losing all their business.


Question: Why is diet soda more bubbly/carbonated than regular soda?

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 Why is diet soda more bubbly/carbonated than regular soda?

Sugar increases the viscosity of the liquid. A more viscous liquid will have enough surface tension to form larger bubbles with the carbonation instead of many smaller bubbles. A larger bubble has a greater strain on it’s surface to they pop easier. Smaller bubbles are more stable since they aren’t under that much strain so they stick around for a bit. Consider a balloon. The more you blow it up, the easier it is to pop. The acid in lemon juice helps break the bonds that are holding together the surface of the bubble. This is like poking the balloon with a needle. When you break these bonds, the bubbles pop.


Question: How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?

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 How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?

They are abrasive (like steel wool or sandpaper), just a very fine grit. Their amazing cleaning comes from physically scraping dirt off on a very small scale. As an aside, Magic Erasers are way overpriced, you can buy the exact same sponges in bags of like 100 for a few dollars on Amazon (or other online retailer). Search "melamine sponge".


Question: When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?

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 When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?

It's to confirm the body is actually who they think it is by asking the dentist of the missing person (who usually has some xrays and maybe treatments in his archive so you can check if they match the teeth of the corpse) It won't help If they don't have a clue, or the person isn't even missed by anyone in the vicinity


Question: What is Elon Musk's new company Neuralink, and what is its goal?

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 What is Elon Musk's new company Neuralink, and what is its goal?

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) already exist, and are used for a variety of medical purposes. Cochlear implants can restore some hearing, retinal implants can offer low-resolution sight, and vagus nerve stimulation can reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. However, for as wonderful as they are, all of those things kind of suck. They're bulky and obtrusive and not especially effective (although they're far better than any alternative). So, a part of Neuralink's mission is to develop more convenient, effective, and cheaper BMIs (which may sound familiar if you've been following SpaceX's development of cheaper, faster, more frequent rocket launches). As they miniaturize, implants should be able to work at a finer resolution and produce better effects. Retinal implants with more smaller "pixels" might be able to offer full, baseline-level sight, rather than the fuzzy, blocky "at least I'm not running into things" vision they produce right now. That's what we know for certain. Anything beyond that is speculation. This blog post, which has extensively covered Musk's businesses, suggests that the ultimate goal is the classic sci-fi merger of artificial intelligence and computing with our brains. The argument is that Musk is deeply worried about the development of AI and sees it as inevitable (both of which he's on record stating), so our best chance for a good outcome is to *become* that AI by integrating it with our brains. Some choice quotes from Musk at the end of the article: > We’re going to have the choice of either being left behind and being effectively useless or like a pet—you know, like a house cat or something—or eventually figuring out some way to be symbiotic and merge with AI. A house cat’s a good outcome, by the way. > The pace of progress in this direction matters a lot. We don’t want to develop digital superintelligence too far before being able to do a merged brain-computer interface. URL_0


Question: How does soap work at a chemical level?

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 How does soap work at a chemical level?

Water is polar, fat is not. So the cant Connect with each other. So the soap molecules build micells. Theyre polar on the outside and not polar on the inside. These micells take tiny parts if fat into them and can get washed away by water , because the outside of the micells can Connect with it. I learned this in german so im sorry I didnt get the words right


Question: Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery?

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 Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery?

It's to prove that it wasn't a scam. The lottery is generally regulated by the government to some capacity and so they want to ensure that it's transparent. If you didn't require to reveal the identity of the winner it would be very easy to see a situation where the governor's siblings all just happen to be the winners each time and no one would be able to find out. This was the case for McDonald's Monopoly game for many years when it first came out.


Question: bouyancy, and how far does something sink?

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 bouyancy, and how far does something sink?

> When you see a floating object, is the bouyant force counteracting the entire weight of the ship? **In that the weight of the water displaced by the part under water, is equal to the entire weight of the ship - so that the buoyant force is able to keep it afloat?** Therefore, that dictates how much needs to be submerged in order for a ship to float (as long as its less dense than the water obviously). So, a heavier, more dense ship will need to have more of its body submerged, than a less heavy and dense ship of equal volume? Exactly this. A floating ship will displace exactly its weight in water, and will rise and fall in the water according to how much weight is carried with the major variations being cargo, fuel and ballast. This is most clearly seen with cargo ships like tankers or bulk carriers, which often sail full in one direction and empty in the other. They'll carry some ballast water for stability purposes, but will still be much lighter when not carrying cargo, and thus much higher in the water. An important point is that the point at which a ship floats also involves the density of water. Sea water is more dense than fresh water, so a ship will float higher in sea water than in fresh water despite no changes in its weight.


Question: What Role did Accountants play in the financial crisis of 2008?

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</answer>
 What Role did Accountants play in the financial crisis of 2008?

Well, fair value AKA mark-to-market accounting involves booking the underlying asset at its market price (what you could sell it for on the open market) at the end of every quarter. Overall, accounting had little to do with the financial crisis, but rather risk assessment. Accounting played some role, especially when it came tumbling down and pricing the assets became impossible on a mark-to-market system as people stopped buying them (which notably led to crises in PNB Parabis & Countrywide Financial). The job of accountants is not usually to assess the risk of an asset, that’s usually reserved for risk analysts who tell the accountants what the “expected value” (potential value - value at risk) is. Remember, accountants simply keep track of where money is, what assets are worth according to the market, depreciating tarnishable assets, etc etc but accountants themselves do not usually forecast. I get the feeling you don’t specifically want an explanation about accountants but more of a reason why theoretical failures in valuation lead to the crash. As I’m sure you know, it was centered around the collapse in prices of mortgage-backed securities. Investors buy mortgage backed securities to make money when people repay mortgages. These were split into separate “tranches” or slices based on risk preference. The highest rated tranches (the least risky) paid the least out but had the lowest risk of defaulting. The lowest rated ones were the riskiest but paid out the most. A lot of these tranches were packaged together into other security products (other MBSs). The analysts figured if they combined a lot of the riskiest tranches, the chance of them all defaulting at the same time was extremely low (since home prices in California are usually independent of, say, Massachusetts), so they should be low on risk while offering higher returns. The primary problem was that the assumption home prices were not correlated was based on past data, and home prices came tumbling all at once which led to the total default of most of the financial systems most popular investment. Because these securities were mainly comprised of the lowest-rated mortgages, they were extremely susceptible to rising mortgage defaults. It only took 7% of the mortgages in the usual subprime (subprime means bad) mortgage-backed security to make it totally worthless. TL;DR: Risk models were based on the assumption home-prices aren’t correlated across the country, but they did correlate negatively for a while there which caused the crisis, in addition to the complexity and nascency of the securities making it hard for people to figure out their true value. Accountants valued them on what other people would pay, and not necessarily their expected value from cash flow which compounded the issue to a small extent. Be cautious! Every time a question about 2008 gets asked, a lot of people who saw The Big Short like to hop on here and give a lot of misinformation. If you read a comment that involves “CDS” in it somewhere, completely ignore it! It has nothing to do with the question you asked. Appendix: Mortgage-backed security: A security comprised of mortgage loans. Subprime: A mortgage given to a person that’s at risk of not repaying it. Tranche: The word used to describe the different sections of a mortgage-backed security you could invest in. The point of a tranche is to provide different levels of risk (and return) depending on investors risk preferences. Default: When somebody does not repay their mortgage. It can also be used in the context of a security “defaulting”, ie when it loses its value. Further reading: “Mark-to-market” “Asset-backed security” “Liquidity” “Beta (finance)”


Question: Why does temperature vary so drastically on earth?

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 Why does temperature vary so drastically on earth?

It doesn't really vary that much in the absolute sense, the Earth is well insulated by the atmosphere and oceans and temperatures don't wander too far from average. The higher latitudes get the biggest yearly swings from ~250K to ~310K due to how they angle in and out from the sun over the course of the year. Equatorial areas barely budge. Over on Mercury the temperatures swing violently from 100K at night to 700K at "noon" since it's just rock exposed to the sun's fury and frozen deep space.


Question: Why does breathing smoke make your chest hurt?

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 Why does breathing smoke make your chest hurt?

Your entire respiratory tract needs to stay moist, so it is covered in mucus. Smoke is very very dry, and dries out your respiratory tract. To compensate, you need to produce more mucus. You can also achieve this by coughing, which pushes mucus from deeper in the lungs (where the smoke may not have reached) up towards the affected area (e.g. the windpipe). Excessive coughing, like what happens when a non-smoker tries to smoke, can cause chest pain because you are overexerting your chest muscles by coughing.


Question: Why do water temperatures feel different before, during, and after swimming?

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 Why do water temperatures feel different before, during, and after swimming?

Your body can only sense the difference in temperature, not the actual temperature like a thermometer. You can try this out by having 3 bowls containing warm, room temperature, and cold water. Put one hand in the warm water and your other in the cold water for about a minute. Then move your hands into the room temperature water. The hand in warm water will feel cold while the hand cold water will feel warm despite the fact that your hands are in water of the same temperature. The same happens at the pool. Your skin temperature is normally higher than the water temperature. When you first dip in, your skin feels the huge temperature difference and it feels cold! But over time, the skin's temperature adjusts to the water's temperature and you don't feel any difference. You still have to move around and generate more heat from playing and swimming. Remaining stationary in cool water can lead to hypothermia as water can remove heat faster than air. Getting out of the water feels cold because of evaporative cooling, the same effect where sweat cools you down. The pool water on your skin starts to vaporize and carry heat with it, cooling the skin. If you get back in the water, it stops this effect, making you feel warmer. Drying yourself off also stops the evaporative cooling and can also make you feel warm despite no changes in air temperature.


Question: Do light sources produce infinite number of photons?

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 Do light sources produce infinite number of photons?

No. No light source produces an infinite number of photons. Number of photons corresponds to intensity or brightness of a light source. The Sun appears very bright from Earth. it would appear less bright the further you get from it. That's because the closer you are to it, the more photons are 'hitting' you. Stars burn energy and release it as light and heat. They do have a finite amount of energy though. One day every star will run out of energy and die.


Question: Roe v Wade concluded that the right to abortion follows from the right to privacy. What was the reasoning behind this?

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 Roe v Wade concluded that the right to abortion follows from the right to privacy. What was the reasoning behind this?

A lot of people don't understand Roe v. Wade. There is no such thing as a "right to privacy" - rather, that phrase is just an easy way of explaining the limitations of the government's police power. In the US governments don't have any power by default. In order to do anything, a government needs to be able to point to a constitutional provision that explicitly grants them that power. For example, if the government wants to outlaw theft then it has to have some constitutional provision that gives it the right to do that. In the case of theft (and most other criminal laws) that power is the police power. Every state level constitution has a clause granting that state government the right to regulate the "health, safety, and well being" of the citizens of that state. We call this phrase the "police power" and it grants state governments wide ranging power to regulate your personal life. But an important limitation of the police power is that it only allows the government to pass regulations that increase the health, safety, or well being of society. If someone's personal actions don't affect society, then the police power does not grant the government the right to regulate them. Roe v. Wade was not about establishing a right to privacy. Roe v. Wade established when a fetus becomes a legal human being. Before a fetus is a legal human being, it is legally no different than a tumor and the government has no more right to regulate a medical procedure to remove it than it would to regulate a medical procedure to remove cancer. However, once a fetus becomes a legal human being, then harming it causes harm to society and the government is free to regulate such harm (IE, by outlawing abortion). This is where you get the "right to privacy" from - its very, *very* difficult to make an argument that actions which only affect consenting adults are harming society. Therefore, the police power does not grant the government the right to regulate such actions. But the right to privacy isn't a right like the 1st Amendment. The 1st Amendment grants you a personal right to free speech. The government can overcome that right in certain instances, but its very difficult to do and requires the government to have some overwhelming need to do so. The right to privacy is not a personal right - its a *lack* of a right to do something on the part of the government. This means that it is much easier to overcome. What constitutes a harm to society changes over time. For example, only a handful of the most extreme people who are opposed to gay marriage actually believe that gay sex causes any harm to society, and as a result gay sex is modernly protected by the right to privacy. But that wasn't always the case - for most of US history most people legitimately believed that homosexuality was a virulent plague that destroyed lives and could spread - similar to how society views drug use today. Much in the way that drug use today is not protected by the right to privacy, gay sex was not protected by the right to privacy until 2003. People tend to think of rights as a one way street - that your ability to act without government regulation is constantly increasing. But this isn't true historically - society's views on what constitute a societal harm are constantly shifting, and the right to privacy is only as strong as society believes it to be.


Question: How can sweden, denmark (and GB too sorta) keep their currency when it’s law to change to the euro?

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 How can sweden, denmark (and GB too sorta) keep their currency when it’s law to change to the euro?

It's not law that European Union countries must change to the Euro. There are lots of risks associated with switching to the Euro and with letting a country switch to the Euro There are multiple levels to the EU. The basic EU provides for open borders with other EU member states but doesn't include the Euro. Only the 19 countries which are part of the Eurozone use the Euro which leaves 9 EU countries using their own currency


Question: what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?

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 what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?

A spatial dimension is literally just a direction. As far as we know, the universe has three such dimensions: you could call them forward/backward, left/right, and up/down; or north/south, east/west, and up/down; or whatever else you wanted. The important thing is that no matter which labels you use for the directions, there are always three of them. But there's no reason you couldn't imagine a universe with only two directions to move in, or four, or twenty-seven. You can describe them all equally well with mathematics, so we can reason about them logically even though we can only ever experience three-dimensional space.


Question: After tendonesis surgery, how does your body continue to move correctly if the tendon isn’t attached in the same place anymore?

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 After tendonesis surgery, how does your body continue to move correctly if the tendon isn’t attached in the same place anymore?

Individual muscle movements are pretty simple. You can pretty much only contract and relax them, and since the biceps muscle’s only job is to pull the lower arm in a particular direction, so long as you keep it in the same plane as before, it doesn’t matter too much where the tendon is attached because it’ll still pull the lower arm. Now, does this cause some issues with throwing off some finer movements and misjudging how much force you’re using to do something? It’s certainly possible. But the brain can adjust to that sort of thing pretty quickly


Question: what do we actually see at the edge of the observable universe?

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 what do we actually see at the edge of the observable universe?

What is the Big Bang? --- The origin of your confusion seems to be the very common misconception that the big bang originated from one point in space. That is not true. But let's back up a little:The observable universe is the sum of all points in space that are causally connected to earth. That means, it is a sphere around earth encompassing all the space from which photons have had the time to reach earth since the big bang ~13 billion years ago. This observable universe was indeed compressed into a tiny portion of space shortly after the big bang. However, the observable universe is by far not all there is. Current data shows, that the universe is [probably at least 3\*10^(23) times bigger]( URL_1 ) than the observable universe. And many cosmologists believe that the universe is infinitely big. Hence, the big bang did not occur at one point in space, but everywhere at one. Which is why the name big bang is horrible. Henry Reich from MinutePhysics argues that the Big Bang should be renamed into Everywhere Stretch in [this]( URL_0 ) video. (You should definitely check this video out, it does a good job explaining your very question.) The Cosmic Background Radiation is the residual radiation from a time shortly after the Big Bang, when the universe cooled down enough to become transparent to photons. And the photons we detect on earth have traveled since that moment and are reaching us just now. Can we see Background Radiation from everywhere in the universe, or is earth somehow special? --- One of the most fundamental assumptions of cosmology is that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous - which is called the [cosmological principle]( URL_2 ). That means by and large the universe looks the same in all directions and at all points. This suggests, that earth is *not* special in being able to see Cosmic Background Radiation. Indeed, every observer, anywhere in the universe is in the center of their own observable universe and will receive CMB (cosmic microwave background) from the edge of *their* observable universe. Thus, the question what it looks like to stand at the edge of the observable universe cannot be answered in any meaningful way. An observer is *always* at the center of their own observable universe, so - by definition - there cannot be an observer at the edge of an observable universe.


Question: What would happen if light moved at twice the speed?

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 What would happen if light moved at twice the speed?

Speed of light is not dependent on light itself like you might think. Our universe is just built so that the maximum speed limit for information is _c_, which massless particles (such as photons) invariably travel at. Changing _c_ would fundamentally change how everything in our universe works. There's no telling what it would imply, which is why theories about variable _c_ are generally not held in very high regard.


Question: Why does the weather change?

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 Why does the weather change?

Just as a correction to your question, our distance from the sun doesn't cause our seasons, the axial tilt does. But anyway, there are hundreds of factors that don't repeat regularly. Our orbit changes ever so slightly, the moon is receding slowly, our axial tilt precesses, our magnetic field is moving around relatively quickly compared to other factors, solar activity changes on 11 year cycles, with even longer changes beyond that, and much more. Perhaps one of the biggest influences is life. The composition of our atmosphere has been primarily controlled by life for billions of years. Also, our atmosphere is a fluid, and fluids are governed by extremely complex systems of equations that we haven't yet been able to solve. In fact I believe it may not be possible to derive exact solutions to said equations. It's chaos theory and all that.


Question: How does ram exactly work and what happens if you don't have enough in your computer?

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 How does ram exactly work and what happens if you don't have enough in your computer?

RAM is the memory used by programs and the system to do the functions they need to do. Picture it like your dining room table. Now let’s consider best case scenario, you have a huge table (or a bunch of RAM). With your very large table, you can invite all your friends to dinner at the same time. You can serve multiple courses and there is room for all the plates. There is room for all the guests to fit at the table, and there is room for them to all eat and enjoy themselves. Now let’s picture a 6 person table. Your family can eat just fine. Maybe you’re a family of 4 so you can invite a friend for each of your kids, but no more. Or you can invite one set of in-laws but not both at the same time. With 4 people you can have a decadent meal with several courses. With 6 people you may have to scale back how elaborate the meal is because you are starting to run out of table space. Back to RAM with excess RAM, the max your motherboard can address, you never run out of space for programs to work. With the recommended amount of RAM, you can operate in most scenarios without running into issues. Now the last scenario, the minimum required amount of RAM, or the 2 seater kitchen table. Your family of four can’t eat at the same time. They have to be fed in batches. If there are just 2 eating, you can have a normal meal, if you are eating by yourself, you can have an elaborate meal. With minimum RAM the system will prioritize what gets memory usage and what doesn’t, programs slow down because they have to wait for memory.


Question: why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?

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 why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?

At the elbow end of your humerus, there's a bit of a groove where your ulnar nerve passes over the end of the bone, so the nerve's pretty exposed there. If you bang your elbow the wrong way, you'll hit that vulnerable nerve and pinch it against the bone, and it causes a bunch of spurious sensations from all along where that nerve is connected. It serves most of your forearm and hand, so the whole area lights up. Most of our big nerves are buried deep, where they're safe, but there just isn't a ton of room at the elbow joint so we've ended up with a bit of a vulnerability there.


Question: Why do marine mammals sway their tails vertically, while fish sway them horizontally?

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 Why do marine mammals sway their tails vertically, while fish sway them horizontally?

“It reflects the evolutionary history of locomotion. Our wormy ancestors slithered on the sea floor, so undulated side-to-side. Fish inherited that movement, for which a vertical tail is best. Their distant land mammal descendants evolved to run with limbs underneath: an unstable gait allowing rapid direction changes. To extend the stride, their spine flexes up-and-down. Marine mammals kept this movement, for which a horizontal tail is best.” Source: URL_0


Question: How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?

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 How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?

We did this back in the 90's also. "Adding salt to ice or ice water actually lowers the temperature and makes it colder than the regular freezing temperature for water, 32 degrees F. The mixture soaks up heat from the surrounding skin cells, causing a second- or third-degree burn similar to frostbite." Edit: I have friends with marks still on them I would watch the knuckle heads do it and just let them win if your put in that situation.


Question: Why are there more mentally ill people than ever, despite the best living conditions in history?

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 Why are there more mentally ill people than ever, despite the best living conditions in history?

Mixture of a lot of things that could explain what we are currently seeing. 1. Internet just exposes us to a lot more people. So we THINK there's a lot more ill people. 2. There's a lot of self diagnosis going around. I'm not dismissing mental illness BUT there are definitely people who just say "Oh I have anxiety" when really they just need to step out of their comfort zone. 3. Older generations dismissed or buried mental illness. 4. Influencers present the perfect life. Makes followers think life should always be happy. When it's not, they can't deal with it because that's all they've been presented with. 5. Perhaps having to actually fight for survival kept you too busy to look at life in a bleak manner. There's likely many more problems.


Question: what is a DDOS attack and how can someone target your IP and cause your online game to lag in within seconds?

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 what is a DDOS attack and how can someone target your IP and cause your online game to lag in within seconds?

DoS: denial of service. From a single machine, send another machine a lot of data trying to overload it such that it can't or at the very least has trouble trying to respond to new requests. DDoS: distributed denial of service; same as above, but it's from multiple computers. Many times you are the recipient of a DoS, not a DDoS. Your public IP directly maps to your router usually, and then the router becomes overloaded and had trouble responding to your own PC's outgoing internet requests thereby increasing your latency to the point that you go offline. This is colloquially called being booted off. I hope that's ELI5 enough. Do you have more questions about it?


Question: what is kepler's third law?

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 what is kepler's third law?

It relates how far away an object orbits a star, with how long it takes to make one orbit. It tells us that further away objects take longer to orbit. We can use it to figure out how long a "year" is for a particular planet given it's distance from a star, or vice versa.


Question: . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?

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 . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?

There's a lot of reasons. In less developed countries the birth rate is higher, but so is the infant mortality rate. The US has the highest infant mortality rate in the Western world at 6/1000 births but as recently as the 1940's-1950's the infant mortality rate in the US was as high as 20-25%. Or to make that more obvious if you had 5 kids one wouldn't make it to 6 months. Having a big family for the sake of having 'spare kids' was a thing. My own grandparents each had a family of 5 that made it and lost 2 and 3 kids respectively at only a few months old. In a low-tech more agrarian society (larger percentage of the population have farms or family businesses) you need kids to help with the daily labor just to help the family survive. Having more mouths to feed can make survival more difficult, but generally having more hands and feet available makes survival easier. One of the biggest human survival traits is that we form families and work together. Increased education + technical work leads to people focusing more on their careers and less on raising a family. Because of how we educate people, by the time well educated people graduate, get a job, get settled, buy a house, and do all the things you're supposed to do before you start a family you are already well into your 30s. A lot of people get used to the no-kids lifestyle, or by the time they want kids they are already fairly old so it's better to have a smaller family. Better medical care, and increased education leads to increased use of birth control and condoms reducing the rate of unexpected pregnancy. Retirement is another factor. In less developed countries retirement as we know it doesn't really exist. The parents can't reasonably accumulate enough wealth over their lives to stop working and stay home and travel for the rest of their lives. Select kids (the youngest or oldest for example) become responsible for caring for the grandparents as they get older and keep them in their home/inherit the house. While the grandparents in turn help raise the kids.


Question: How do laser printers work?

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 How do laser printers work?

Laser printer toner is given a small negative electric charge inside the cartridge. Another component, the *charge roller,* applies a uniform negative electric charge to a photosensitive drum roller. Thus, the drum will repel toner, preventing it from adhering. This is where the laser comes in; by sweeping across the drum and pulsing on and off in sequence, the laser "writes" the image of the document being printed onto the drum roller, neutralizing the charge and letting the toner stick. Afterwards, the drum presses the toner against the paper as it passes through; since the toner exhibits a greater attraction to the paper than to the drum, it sticks to the paper instead. Some printers have a positively-charged transfer roller to help with the process. Heat and pressure fuse the toner to the paper, resulting in the completed printout.


Question: When should one use standard deviation and when variance?

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 When should one use standard deviation and when variance?

Since there's a direct relationship between the two, they basically mean the same thing, they're measures of how far the samples are from the mean, they measure the "spread" of the data. Higher variance or higher standard deviation mean the samples are more spread out around their mean. Variance is usually mathematically more convenient; a lot of math functions don't behave well around square roots because, from a math standpoint, there's two answers to a square root (negative and positive) and this can screw up other formulas. "Negative standard deviation" doesn't have any meaning but the square root doesn't know that. In addition, when adding random variables, the variances just add too, which is convenient. That is \*not\* generally true for standard deviation. Standard deviation, as /u/znn94x notes, is in the same units as the data so is more intuitive. In general...use variance for all your calculations, drop it down to standard deviation when you actually want to talk about the spread of the data or need to work with distributions that take the SD as an input (very common for Excel distribution formulas, for example).


Question: What are galaxies made of?

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 What are galaxies made of?

Gravity (and momentum) Have you ever made pudding? What about ever pouring dry ingredients into wet ones? It clumps up but does not clump together as one big blob. While this isn't due to gravity, the main concept is that seemingly random clumping is natural. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then it started with matter flying in all directions very very quickly with some unknown force that keeps pushing stuff away even faster and faster. Later stuff was able to clump together. Why is it not a perfectly even distribution? That's still a question for science.


Question: What is cancer? What causes it? How does it form and spread?

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 What is cancer? What causes it? How does it form and spread?

Our cells have a normal life cycle. They grow, divide and die. This life cycle is guided by our genetic code. When the code gets mixed up our cells get the life cycle altered and grow for to long or they may not die. Prolonged growth and lack of cell death causes masses to form in our body that use our own energy and systems to stay alive. Anything that makes the code get scrambled can cause cancer. For example, sun light or smoking. Both cause the cells in a normal lifecycle to misinterpret their own code and begin living an incorrect lifecycle. Edit: spread of cancer is usually due to the badly coded cells breaking off of their original site and locating else where in the body to continue a cycle of too long of life.


Question: Why do muscle cells grow instead of undergoing mitosis like other cells? What would happen if someone loss a large amount of muscle cells, how would it be replenished?

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 Why do muscle cells grow instead of undergoing mitosis like other cells? What would happen if someone loss a large amount of muscle cells, how would it be replenished?

Actually, muscle tissue can regenerate/grow to a certain extent. Satellite cells are stem cells which are located on your muscle fibers. These cells will continuously divide, and will fuse with damaged muscle cells to repair the tissue. Because muscle tissue is fundamentally a bunch of muscle cells fused together, this repair mechanism works and “enlarges” the muscle cell. However you have a problem if more cells are damaged than the satellite cells can repair. Through a very complicated set of pathways, the damaged cells signal scar tissue to form. This permanently reduces the ability of the muscle to stretch/contract. There has been plenty of research into muscle regeneration. Some approaches try to speed up the growth of satellite cells with compounds like FGF or IGF, but these usually cause pain and abnormal swelling. Other approaches try to stop scar tissue formation by reducing compounds necessary for fibrosis such as mFAPs (yes, actual name). Even weirder research involves using bacteriophages (viruses) to stimulate cell growth.


Question: - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?

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 - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?

The cloud SHAPES or the locations of the clouds? There is indeed an effect on the temperature of an area due to the heat island effect around large cities, and this could impact the convective activity directly overhead. And you will certainly see clouds forming where they usually wouldn't due to exhaust from power plants and such carrying warm moist air upward.


Question: Whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that I buy in supermarket? Which one is worse for my health?

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 Whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that I buy in supermarket? Which one is worse for my health?

Sugar is a category of molecules, including monosaccharides (one molecule, like glucose or fructose), disaccharides (two monosaccharides stuck together, eg 1 Glucose + 1 Fructose = 1 Sucrose), and polysaccharides (many mono or disaccharides stuck together, eg Starch which is a whole bunch of glucoses). The sugar you find in fruit is mostly fructose. Fructose is a lot sweeter than glucose or sucrose, which means less of it is required to create the taste of sweetness. Many artificial sweeteners are fructose-based. Fructose is also less versatile than glucose in terms of what the body can use it for. The sugar in sweets is typically sucrose, as is raw white sugar. Sucrose is broken down into 1 glucose and 1 fructose in your small intestine. The glucose is subsequently stored in the liver, whilst the fructose behaves like fructose. Generally, you need more sucrose to create a flavour of sweetness than you do fructose, however, sucrose is also *waaaaay* easier to make and also quite a lot easier to work with, which is why it's the go to sugar for things like baking. The sugar in things like potatoes and meat *tend* to be glucose-based polysaccharides. In potatoes, this is starch. This kind of sugar you probably hear referred to most often as "carbohydrates". They're the carbohydrates that don't count as "of which sugar" on food labels. These sugars take quite a while for your digestive tract to digest, and are also very easily stored by the liver (the first stop of the blood after the small intestine, where glucose is absorbed), meaning that these large glucose-based polysaccharides are much less of an issue for blood sugar levels than sucrose is. Also, these polysaccharides don't taste sweet, which means they don't activate the brain's dopamine very much, and thus it's much harder to over-eat. Bonus round: Lactose sugars found in milk and other dairy products are even less sweet than glucose, but is pretty much identical to glucose in terms of function since the body rapidly converts it into glucose. However, most humans can't actually digest lactose at all. No sugar is directly worse for your health than any other. The real danger of sugar is that it can be addictive, and as a sweet substance, is also something we can be prone to eating far too much of just by accident. Sucrose in particular dissolves spectacularly well, so you can pack a *ton* of it into pretty much anything you want, like coke.


Question: SPF (Sun Protection Factor) What is it exactly and how does the rating work?

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 SPF (Sun Protection Factor) What is it exactly and how does the rating work?

SPF is "relative measure of how long a sunscreen will protect you from ultraviolet (UV) B rays." [source]( URL_1 ) For example, if you normally take 1 minute to burn in the sun and you applied SPF 15, it should theoretically take you 15 minutes to burn. Additionally, you typically do not need more than SPF 30 or 50 due to the law of diminishing returns. SPF 30 blocks approximately 97% of UVB rays. [more source]( URL_0 )