Question: why do some foods, like pickels, still come in a glass jar, but most beverages, like milk, have migrated to waxed paper or plastic containers?

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 why do some foods, like pickels, still come in a glass jar, but most beverages, like milk, have migrated to waxed paper or plastic containers?

As far as I know (as a chemistry major) glass is safer for storing acidic foods because acidity can ease the leaching of plastic toxic compounds (like epoxy resins) into the food and that's why many acidic foods are still sold in glass jars. But then again I have seen several brands of pickels sold in plastic containers, so maybe the amount of leaching is negligible or we have to sue the companies :D


Question: Why is canned tuna so different from fresh tuna?

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 Why is canned tuna so different from fresh tuna?

Canned solid white tuna (and chunk white tuna) is basically boiled albacore tuna filet. If you get an albacore filet and boil it, then cool it to room temp, it’ll be pretty similar. This tends to be more subtle flavored, but great chunky textures. Chunk light tuna is generally skipjack, which is in the tuna family but quite a different fish, and often much cheaper than albacore. It’ll have a pinkish hue and be shredded. Again for the most part, if you boiled up one of these fish, this is about what you’d get. This tuna tends to have a more pungent flavor but the texture can be a turnoff to some. Skipjack would almost always be considered to be a much lower quality fish than many other tunas (but it has its uses and many like it!) Most fresh tuna you find in stores and restaurants will be a different tuna called “yellowfin tuna”. If you go to a store or restaurant and order a “tuna” filet, or tuna anything that’s not a tuna salad sandwich, this is the fish you’re getting. Yellowfin tuna is that nice pink to red color when raw that you’re more familiar with, but cooks up white. Again, it’s a different fish than those above but they are all in the tuna family. Most tuna sushi you will be served will be this fish as well.


Question: Why are computer CPUs so small? Wouldn't it be beneficial to make them bigger?

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 Why are computer CPUs so small? Wouldn't it be beneficial to make them bigger?

Electricity takes time to travel through wires. If you want to make a signal go to a bunch of different points quickly then you need to put those points closer together. This is what CPU designers are doing; by making their components smaller they are able to cram more points into a given area and achieve more without slowing down the process with more distance.


Question: Why are Human babies so helpless?

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 Why are Human babies so helpless?

Because we needed to stand up. That meant the hole that the baby slips through is restricted in size, forcing human babies to be born much earlier and thus with much more limited capabilities. Animals on the other hand allow their youth to develop a lot further in the womb, and then plop out fairly functional. The downside for us is that babies need a lot more care, luckily we developed a lot mentally to get very good at that.


Question: How did they do math before Arabic numerals?

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 How did they do math before Arabic numerals?

[Abacuses]( URL_0 ) were in use long before the invention of the Arabic writing system, and are still used today by students who can not do math with Arabic Numbers (like the blind). It's a frame with bars, each bar with a number of beads on them. And they can be used to great effect for most simple mathematical calculations.


Question: why is abdominal fat first to deposit and last to melt? What determines where the fat goes?

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 why is abdominal fat first to deposit and last to melt? What determines where the fat goes?

I read somewhere that besides keeping your internal organs cozy, fat in the abdomen and buttocks/thighs is situated so that it least affects your moment of inertia, because it is as close as possible to your center of mass. This allows you to stay relatively nimble when compared to storing fat further away, say in the arms and lower legs. Imagine running around swinging fat deposits on your wrists and ankles to get an idea of what I am saying. The body has evolved to store fat near your waist first.


Question: You are on a game show with a prize behind one of three doors. You choose a door, and the host opens one of the other two doors showing you there isn’t a prize there. You should now change your decision. WHY?! (the most infuriating statistics problem that I still don’t understand)

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 You are on a game show with a prize behind one of three doors. You choose a door, and the host opens one of the other two doors showing you there isn’t a prize there. You should now change your decision. WHY?! (the most infuriating statistics problem that I still don’t understand)

I'll make the problem really simple for you: The door that gets revealed as the "wrong door" is always a "wrong door". If you had originally picked either of the two wrong doors, then switching now would always result in the winning door. If you originally picked the winning door, switching will cause you to lose. Since there were 3 doors in the beginning, you had a 2/3 chance of picking a wrong door and then subsequently switching to the winning door, and a 1/3 chance of picking the correct door on the first try and switching to lose. TL:DR: Your odds of winning are = the odds of picking the wrong door on the first choice, since as long as you pick one wrong door, the other will be eliminated, and you can switch to the correct door.


Question: Why would insurance companies provide insurance?

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 Why would insurance companies provide insurance?

Why would anyone ever open a casino? Insurance is, at its core, gambling. The insurance company bases the premium on the risk/odds of a payout. They take those premium payments and invest the money. As long as the insurance company is making more money in premiums and investment returns than they're paying out in claims (and remember, they're the ones who set the odds) they're making money overall. Insurance companies have big actuarial departments who are running all sorts of statistical analyses on overall odds to make sure they're calculating premiums correctly for what their claims will end up paying out.


Question: Why does putting pressure on an area you just hurt make it less painful?

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 Why does putting pressure on an area you just hurt make it less painful?

The simple answer is sensory overload. You have (essentially) five main receptors in your skin: 1. Touch 2. Pressure/touch 3. Temperature 4. Vibration 5. Pain/itch When you trigger one, it sends an impulse to your brain, such as "OW! Cut!" or "OW! HOT!". The more nerves you trigger, the greater the sensation. Our network of nerves are like pipes. Certain ones are capable of carrying more volume of signals than others. Also, in some areas of the body there are only so many pathways for these impulses to travel to your brain. Now, if you're suddenly overloaded with a specific type of impulses in one area, some of the other impulse types will be 'diluted' comparatively. It's like dropping one drip of hot sauce into a gallon of water... yes, it's still there and you know it, but it's very weak when diluted by everything around it. When you apply pressure, the nerves responsible for pressure overload the network, minimizing the relative quantity of pain signals getting through. That's why the pain starts to come back when you release pressure on the cut.


Question: What exactly is the Bermuda Triangle? Why do ships supposedly get lost within it?

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 What exactly is the Bermuda Triangle? Why do ships supposedly get lost within it?

The Bermuda triangle is just a region in the Atlantic ocean that has a higher than average amount of traffic. It is one of the busiest shipping areas in the world, and also has a higher than average concentration of flights passing through it. As a result the total number of ships and planes that have gone missing there is higher than most other regions, but the number of missing per 10,000 ships/flights passing through that region is about the same as anywhere else.


Question: why is the snow cover so even?

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 why is the snow cover so even?

There' so many of them (Like absurd numbers in the billions and trillions) that the noise of coverage is converted to one even looking smooth sheet to your brain. However it's not even, wind affects snowfall, localized temperature like from a house or street lamp; when snowflakes hit the ground they tend to fuse to other ones and the weight eventually collapses stacks into even flat piles. They are so small it seems like a flat sheet to the naked eye. There are odds though that some variable could cause a giant tower of snowflakes... it's highly unlikely.


Question: Does Liquid IV hydrate you more than as if you are drinking regular water? If so, how?

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 Does Liquid IV hydrate you more than as if you are drinking regular water? If so, how?

It's basically electrolytes to make water "isotonic", wich means the electrolyte levels (salts/minerals) match the ones of our body. When you drink regular water it doesn't match the mineral concentration your body needs so some excess water is flushed out (same if too much minerals are in it though). So yes, you get more hydration by drunk volume. But thats really only a concern when you have limited water with you, otherwise you can just drink more and let your body solve it themselves.


Question: How do tax write offs work in the USA when you file self employed taxes?

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 How do tax write offs work in the USA when you file self employed taxes?

Write-offs are the same with self-employment as they are for w2 employment, but your income is shown on various 1099 forms. You find out the rules for write-offs and they come off your income (not your tax bill). Example, let's say I'm in the gig economy, and I have income from Uber, postmates, wag, and other forms of contract employment. There are rules about being able to write off expenses on home office, vehicles, and other expenses. If the things you use to do your job are also used for personal use (like a car), you have to determine how much your car was used for business. This is where mileage tracking comes in (there are free apps to monitor your mileage). So if 50% of my driving was for business, I then look at how much I've spent on my car (gas, repairs, payments, interest, insurance, washes, accessories), and I can take 50% of that value and remove it from my taxable income. If I've made a total of $75,000 last year from all of my job sources, and I spent $10,000 on the car expenses I listed above (and 50% of my car use is for business), I can lower my income by $5,000 so I'm now only paying taxes on $70,000. There are other ways to do car expenses, but everything else will follow the rule of what percentage of things I'm writing off were used for personal reasons (like, do you use your home office to also play video games or some other non-business purpose, then you write off a percentage of your home office). I use TurboTax Small Business and it covers all of the write-offs extensively.


Question: how come food gets utterly obliterated by stomach acid, yet stuff such as bacteria and parasites that cause food poisoning doesn’t?

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 how come food gets utterly obliterated by stomach acid, yet stuff such as bacteria and parasites that cause food poisoning doesn’t?

Most do, but only a very small number of bacteria need to make it to the intestines to start multiplying again and produce ill effects. Actually the impressive part is probably how many bacteria your stomach acid *does* blitz every day and how rarely pathogenic bacteria do make it through! Also some food poisoning (such as from rice) isn’t caused by bacteria, but by toxins which the bacteria have already produced, and which don’t get destroyed in the stomach.


Question: how counting cards in poker works?

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 how counting cards in poker works?

As a general rule, you don't count cards in Poker - you count cards in BlackJack. This is because, unlike most card games, BlackJack does not shuffle the deck between hands. This means that knowledge of historic cards can give you important information about what cards remain in the deck for future hands. There are multiple ways to count cards, but they all boil down to remembering what cards you have seen in previous hands so you can extrapolate what cards are left in the deck. If you have seen are large number of low cards (2-6) then that tells you the remaining cards in the shoe (card holder the dealer uses) are weighted to higher cards (7-10s). This can influence how you choose to play your hand - if you are sitting on a 15, you may not want to hit if the shoe is heavy with high cards as you are likely to bust. Opposite logic would be true if the deck is heavy in low cards. Now, all that said, counting cards is very much against the rules of any casino and you _will_ be banned from the property if you are caught. Casinos also do things that reduce the impact of counting cards (playing with multiple decks and shuffling more often).


Question: What is a Hilbert Space?

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 What is a Hilbert Space?

Never played Destiny 2, but if it has Hilbert space reference, I now kinda want to. Anyhow, to describe Hilbert space, but omitting mathematical details, you kinda can just take your intuition about what a space even is(assuming you aren't mathematician. If you are, then you're thinking too broadly), and consider for example sheet of paper as 2d space. Or our world we live in as 3d space. Or piece of string as 1d space. Hilbert space is a catch-all name for these spaces, and some more. You can have 4d Hilbert space, or 5d Hilbert space, but also the thing that really makes it a bit weird is that even infinite-dimensional spaces are allowed. If one speaks of **the** Hilbert space, you refer to the infinite-dimensional case. The cool bit about Hilbert spaces is that infinitely many dimensions breaks surprisingly few of our intuitions. There's still concept of distance between points, you can still do sorta geometry in this space, and you can even do calculus in infinite dimensions. How you arrive at them is basically, imagine infinite dimensions. Then try to figure out how to calculate distances between points without everything being infinite(for comparison, distance on a straight line is |x1 - y1|. Distance on a plane is sqrt((x1 - y1)^2 + (x2 - y2)^2 ).) And boom, you're more or less done. Technical details left as an exercise for the reader.


Question: If Coca-Cola were to produce biodegradable packaging for their plastic bottles and if it’s true that biodegradable plastic decomposes in 3 to 6 months, how would Coca-Cola make they products last on store shelves and warehouses?

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 If Coca-Cola were to produce biodegradable packaging for their plastic bottles and if it’s true that biodegradable plastic decomposes in 3 to 6 months, how would Coca-Cola make they products last on store shelves and warehouses?

Biodegradable materials means it will break down due to bacteria and the like. Typically those are *anaerobic bacteria* which means they only exist somewhere there isn't oxygen. Like deep underground in landfills. Oxygen is toxic to those bacteria and will kill them. It won't be able issue anywhere you would expect to find drinkable coke.


Question: Why do materials loose their magnetic properties when they get hot?

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 Why do materials loose their magnetic properties when they get hot?

Magnetism is caused by all he electrons in atoms being aligned in the same direction. In order for the atoms to line up properly, they need to be fairly still and stable. When you heat something up, the atoms get all excited and move around faster and more chaotically, thus making it hard for the electrons to line up properly. So bye bye magnetism.


Question: Why can't anyone reduce an air conditioner or refrigerator down to truly portable size?

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 Why can't anyone reduce an air conditioner or refrigerator down to truly portable size?

Are you talking about walking around with a personal A/C unit strapped to your back and keeping you cool while you move about your day? The main issue is the fact that you'd basically be conditioning the atmosphere around you and net no benefit. A/C units work because they take heat from one location and exhaust it in another (window unit sucks room air into the fins, transfers the heat the the refrigerant, the now cooled air is blown back into the room, and the hot refrigerant is then cooled by the outside air and the cycle repeats). If you don't have a closed environment to pump the cooled air into and a separate environment to pump the heated air into you're just spending energy for no net gain. In order to have a mobile, air conditioning unit that you can take around with you, you'd basically have to wear a suit that traps the cooled air against your body to benefit you.


Question: - Why does everyone hate Comic Sans?

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 - Why does everyone hate Comic Sans?

Partially because it's what everybody else does on the internet, but I think it originated with it being a juvenile-looking font being used in inappropriate contexts - company memos, advertisements, etc. Also, if I'm not mistaken, the font originated with that godawful Microsoft Bob operating system. That probably didn't do it any favours.


Question: Why can my scalp tolerate cold water much better than my stomach can?

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 Why can my scalp tolerate cold water much better than my stomach can?

Your body can only feel **changes** in temperature. Heat transfers faster when there is a higher difference in temperatures. Your hair helps insulate your scalp from the cold water. Not much cold water manages to touch your scalp and whatever water does, gets stuck to your scalp and the roots of your hairs. This layer of water will warm up with your body temperature and is difficult to "wash away". It's like a wetsuit for your scalp. Meanwhile, your stomach doesn't have the same protection. Whatever cold water hitting it will immediately get washed away by more cold water so your body will constantly lose heat, making you feel much colder. You only get "used" to it when the surface of your stomach chills enough so that you stop losing as much heat from the cold water.


Question: What is the whole point of calculus and how would you explain it to a five year old?

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 What is the whole point of calculus and how would you explain it to a five year old?

Math teacher here. While the previous comments explain aspects of calculus, the main point of calculus is to study change. The change of a "curvy thing" isn't always a "straight thing" it can actually also be a "curvy thing." The rainbow idea is a great example of an integral, but again only one aspect of what an integral can do. That being said, basic calculus can be split into two ideas: derivatives and integrals. Derivatives find the rate of change of the rate of change. Sometimes we use the word slope to describe rate of change. A derivative will tell you the rate at which the rate changes. For example, if given a function of the speed of an object, the derivative would tell you how fast your speed is increasing or decreasing. The second derivative tells you how fast the fastness of the increasing or decreasing speed is increasing or decreasing. You can go on and on, but it tells you, more or less, how change changes. Integrals can be thought of as the inverse or opposite of a derivative. If given the derivative of a function, the integral would give you (more or less, but the difference is basically inconsequential) the original function. It also does something interesting, it tells us the accumulation of a function. So if a function describes, say, how much concrete is being poured on to a sidewalk at any given moment, the integral of this function would tell you how much concrete has accumulated, or the total amount of concrete poured out at any moment. Many people mistakenly think that an integral only measures the area under a curve. While the integral does measure the area under the curve, it really tells us the accumulation of a function. Of course, calculus does much much more, but this is a basic explanation of the basics of calculus


Question: What is keeping the US from faster internet speeds and no data cap?

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 What is keeping the US from faster internet speeds and no data cap?

ISPs in the United States do not work in a standard competitive market, due to various reasons and government regulations/contracts most Americans only have 1 or 2 ISPs they can choose from. The best way possible for a company to make money is do the least amount of work possible while still maintaining customers. If you're an ISP running new lines is very expensive, you'd rather just have people use what you've already installed. If those customers don't have an option to switch ISPs then what's the incentive to spend more money on improving your product? All ISPs know that as soon as one of them makes a move to offer faster speeds in a certain market then their competitor will do the same in a different market and it'll be a race to install new lines which is very expensive. Because of this no one is making a move. Data caps are not really relevant to "rationing". Data lines don't work off of how much data get's put through them in terms of their life time. However they are limited to how fast and how much information goes through at once. If you pretend that we had floating cars that still had to hover over road ways (so you don't hit people) it would make sense that only 1,000 cars could fit on the road at once, but it wouldn't make sense to limit the weight of each car. It's floating how would the weight make any difference, it doesn't cause more congestion and doesn't harm the road way so why would you charge someone extra for it? They charge more because it makes more money.


Question: Why do our stomachs make noises? (ex: grumbling)

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 Why do our stomachs make noises? (ex: grumbling)

Our stomachs, when not digesting food, eat away at the mucus membrane lining our stomachs. It’s replaced fast enough for your stomach not to eat itself, but eating the mucus membrane lets off gas. That’s why you sometimes get gassy after you wake up or have not been eating for a while.


Question: Why are certain storms all rain and no thunder and others all thunder and no rain?

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 Why are certain storms all rain and no thunder and others all thunder and no rain?

I'm sure someone will be able to better explain this, but here we go: Weather can be categorized as "stable" or "unstable". This is based upon the amount of updrafts caused by hot air rising. So for example, thunderstorms are caused by huge amounts of hot, moist air rising, this in short causes static electricity to build up and then discharge as lightning. Conversely, stable air is usually found around cold fronts, so no updrafts, no static, no lightning, and typically only rain.


Question: why is kinetic energy proportional to the square of velocity, and not velocity itself?

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 why is kinetic energy proportional to the square of velocity, and not velocity itself?

It sound like you are good with the idea that if you push an object with a set force for twice as long of a time it will end up going twice as fast. Work isn't based on time though, it's based on distance. So, let's say you push an at rest object for 10 meters and get it going 4m/s. Then, you keep pushing it for another 10m. However, since it was already moving at 4m/s, it takes a lot less time to cover the second 10m than it did to cover the first 10m. As a result of this, there isn't enough time to speed up as much as happened during the first part. When you do the math, it works out that you would have to push it an additional 30m to double the speed and get it going 8m/s, and this additional 30m of pushing would take the same amount of time as it took to push it the first 10m. You have to push for twice as long to go twice as fast, bust since you are already moving as you start the second half of the pushing time, you end up pushing for a greater distance than during the first part. Work, to algebraic simplification, is Force x distance. The Kinetic Energy gained by the object you push is equal to the work you did in pushing it. To push an object from rest and get it going twice as fast, you had to push it four times as far, doing 4 times the work. Thus, the energy must depend on the square of the speed. & #x200B;


Question: How does a hard drive hold information even after being disconnected from a power source?

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 How does a hard drive hold information even after being disconnected from a power source?

Tiny sections of the disk are magnetized. By assigning 1 or 0 to a given polarity, binary data can be encoded onto the disk by magnetizing or not magnetizing given sections. Since this magnetization persists after it is performed it does not require an active power source. Basically, you're doing the equivalent of arranging a bunch of tiny bar magnets with the north pole pointed up or down. After they're pointed the way you want, you don't need any power to keep them that way.


Question: why is cold water on the skin uncomfortable, but drinking cold water is highly refreshing?

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 why is cold water on the skin uncomfortable, but drinking cold water is highly refreshing?

Depends on your definition of cold and personal preference. The only time I prefer cold water is when I'm exhausted and thirsty, usually from working out or something....at that point cold water helps cool me down and quench my thirst. Any other time I drink room temperature water and find it just as refreshing as what I consider cold water.


Question: Why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. For example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. This seems less secure than allowing any length. Why do they do this?

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 Why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. For example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. This seems less secure than allowing any length. Why do they do this?

There is no explanation other than an antiquated system they can't be bothered to upgrade. I cannot stress enough just how pathetically weak a 6 character limit password is. Every bit used in a password causes a doubling of the number of possible combinations. So 1 bit is 2^1 = 2, because you can have a value of 0 or 1, but two bits is 2^2 = 4 because you can have 00, 01, 10, and 11. 6 characters, assuming 8 bits per character, that's 2^6*8 bits = 2^48 bits that's 281,474,976,710,656 possible passwords. But not quite... Can we figure out a way to get the number of possible passwords down? Yes we can. Because you speak English, I presume the bank is in the US or another English speaking nation, can we speculate the majority of the users are English speaking as well? We can then reasonably assume UTF-8 or ASCII encoding - these are standards in computing that dictate which combination of binary bits represent which character. For example, in both, the character for 'a' is represented in binary as 1100001, but 'A' is 1000001. ASCII only uses 7 bits, so that's 2^6*7 bits = 2^42 bits = 8,796,093,022,208. Holy shit we got that down in a hurry. But it gets even worse. Not all 7 bits are visible, printable characters; indeed, a fair few characters are used for text terminals to manipulate the cursor position or cause an audible beep, things you'll never type into a keyboard, let alone use in your password. There's only 94 characters on your English keyboard you can type into a password field. There are binary patterns in 7 bits you'll never use, 33 of them, actually. So that's a mere 94^6 = 689,869,781,056 possible password combinations. We can get that down even further if we start making other reasonable assumptions about password complexity. For example, do you really expect people to use any other punctuation mark than a period? You mean you think people are going to *press shift* and reach for the top row or obscure marks?!? If we do that, then we can assume 64^6 = 68,719,476,736 password combinations, for letters - capital and lower, numbers, period, and space. That'll get you the lions share of user passwords. That's an absolutely pathetic number. Even assuming the limited number of characters, if your password was 64^33 characters long, you'd get 401,734,511,064,747,568,885,490,523,085,290,650,630,550,748,445,698,208,825,344 possible passwords!!!!! And how hard is it to write a password that long? Well, how about "She sells sea shells by the sea shore."? That's 38 right there, and it's easy to remember. --- Now, as u/tyler1128 said, passwords are stored and communicated in "hash" form - this is where you map an arbitrary input into a finite space. For example, taking the remainder of division by 7. Take any number you want, any size, divide by seven and take the remainder. No matter what number you pick, it will always be between 0-6, a finite range. Another property to observe is that there's no going back - given the numbers 0-6, I've no idea what number you picked to start with. Also notice lots of number inputs - your password, make the same hash output. Remainder 7 makes for a lousy security hash. You want a hash algorithm that is hard to find duplicates, because that's a security concern - with a finite output, there are an infinite number of inputs that can produce the same value. You want to make it too computationally expensive to hack a password by finding collisions. This is why MD5 was retired in the late 90s as a security hash - which it was never meant to be anyway; it got easier to find collisions than it did to find the original password. When you login, you generate a hash from your plain password and send it over, that is compared to the hash they have on file. No one knows what your original password is, no one knows how to reproduce it without computing every possible combination until they find a collision (possibly the original). So what hackers do is they use an exploit to break into a system, a topic for another time, and once they gain administrator privileges, they'll copy the password hash file. This is a table of usernames to hashes. They'll have already generated a gigantic - terabytes, exabytes - table of hash keys to plain text passwords. This is called a rainbow table, and it can take months to generate, and so large it's distributed across the internet. The hashes from the password file are the inputs, and the plain text is the output. Now they have a map of username - > hash - > plain text password. Now, until someone at URL_0 notices, they can use legitimate users for illegitimate means, whatever that may be.


Question: If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?

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 If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?

I won't talk about how the tides would stop and the environmental effects of that, as others already spoke of that. Instead, I'll talk about the moon's very important role as a rotational stabilizer for the earth. First, let's talk about how the moon affect's earth's rotation speed. The moon affects earth's rotation speed via a phenomenon known as Tidal Braking. Basically, because the moon pulls on earth's oceans, it causes the oceans to have increased friction with the earth itself, which acts as a brake of sorts and slows the earth rotation down ever so slowly. This is not a one sided effect - as the complex interaction between the moon, the oceans, and the earth, also cause the moon to drift away slowly from the earth. Very early in earth's history, it rotated at a high speed, where a day lasted for about 5 hours as opposed to today's 24(ish). The moon's slowing of the earth rotation allowed it to gradually become more hospitable to life. This is a double edged sword, as in the far future, an extreme slowing down of earth's rotation will do the opposite of that. If the moon were to completely vanish (not drift away, not explode, just vanish) - the Tidal Braking effect would stop (or diminish, as other objects still pull on the earth's oceans), and the earth rotation will stop slowing down (or rather, the slowing down would slow down by a lot). In addition, the moon provides a stabilization to the earth's rotation axis. All rotating planets & stars don't rotate steadily - they wobble. Their rotational axis constantly moves around, wobbling like a spinning top. The effect is most pronounced in cosmic bodies which have other gravitational influences around it - for example the sun wobbles a whole bunch because of all the orbiting planets around it which pull it in all directions all the time. This is no different with the earth - the earth wobbles. However having a massive moon like ours provides a strong stabilization factor to this wobble. Because of the moon's mass and proximity, it offers the biggest influence on the earth's rotational axis, and in fact stabilizes it. Thanks to the moon, earth's axis is actually very stable, with a lot less wobble than other cosmic bodies, and this axial stabilization allows the earth's weather to be a lot more consistent as well. This has been a tremendous boon for life on earth, as a larger axial wobble would cause more climate instability, having catastrophic effects on earth's ecosystem. So if the moon were to completely vanish, one of the other things that would happen is that earth's climate will become less stable and less hospitable. Basically, the moon is our planet's other MVP. It's the reason you and I are here to talk about it today. Edits: A bunch of spelling & some minor elaborations


Question: What causes material to burn instead of melting?

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 What causes material to burn instead of melting?

> I know paper can't melt, only burn That just isn't true. First you need to understand what burning is. Burning or more properly "combustion" is a chemical reaction of a fuel with oxygen. This oxidation reaction requires a minimum amount of free heat energy to take place and in turn releases heat energy when it occurs. Reactions which release energy are called "exothermic" and those that absorb energy are "endothermic". Some reactions such as the oxidation reaction of combustion are so exothermic that they release enough energy to "catalyze" or cause the reaction of other fuel with oxygen as well. This results in a chain reaction where the combustion of fuel will cause other fuel to combust as well, the phenomenon you know as "fire". The cellulose in paper has a temperature at which it would melt but the temperature at which it would react with oxygen in the air is lower. To melt it you would simply need to remove it from oxygen while heating so it would reach melting temperature without burning.


Question: How does compression wear help with blood flow?

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</answer>
 How does compression wear help with blood flow?

If you ever see someone with one or both legs that look much larger than what you'd expect, often times discolored (red splotches or bruising), that's from blood pooling in their leg(s). Wearing compression socks/stockings pulls everything in tighter which forces the areas that blood travels through to be smaller and therefor raise it's pressure and helps it return to the heart. Said another way, if you compress your legs really tightly, blood can't pool down there. Think of it like filing a water balloon. If you try to fill a water balloon while squeezing it, eventually the water is going to come back out the top.


Question: How is nearly every book that is written nowadays listed as a “#1 New York Times Bestseller”? Something isn’t adding up to me.

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 How is nearly every book that is written nowadays listed as a “#1 New York Times Bestseller”? Something isn’t adding up to me.

The New York Times is just a popularity list. So things are ranked by week, month, year like any other list. So if you are the only major book released in the week you might be an instant number one. In reality though there are so many books released every week it’s a half a decent metric to go by as any. An astronomical number of books are released that don’t end up on the list, just the ones popular enough to afford advertising are the ones you hear of.


Question: Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?

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 Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?

To get sucked in, they would have to lose their momentum and energy. But what's going to do that in space? Nothing really. A well lubricated, low friction clock pendulum can swing for a very long time, a massive planet flying through basically empty space experiences essentially zero friction. They can keep flying in a circle around the sun because they have the speed to do that and aren't losing it. But how did they all end up with enough energy to keep flying around the sun? Wouldn't some of them have less speed and a path that would eventually hit the sun? Absolutely, and that happened a few billion years ago. The current planets, moons, asteroids, and meteors in their present configurations are not all that ever existed in our solar system. Lots of things fell into each other when the solar system was young. Will they ever fall into the sun? It there a very small amount of friction slowing them? Yes. The inner planets will end up in the sun. Definitely mercury and venus. Probably earth. Probably not mars. Not because they fall it, but because the sun will grow to a red giant before it dies and engulf them. But ignoring the sun ever dying, foreseeably the planets would eventually decay. There is gravitational waves, and gravitational orbits do trigger tiny amounts of these waves that carry away energy and momentum. In a few trillion or more years, longer than the existence of the entire universe so far, the planets might fall into the sun. Sun of course by then will be a small, cold black ball rather than a star. Life as we know it will be long dead and impossible to exist.


Question: Why are domestic dishwashers so slow?

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 Why are domestic dishwashers so slow?

Commercial dishwashers typically reach much higher temperatures than their residential equivalent, use a lot more water, and are a lot louder. All of those are acceptable tradeoffs when running a business, but you likely wouldn't want one in your own home, where it's not imperative that dishes are cleaned as quickly as possible.


Question: Why can you have tonnes of pressure from the weight of the air above you but be able walk into buildings/rooms without feeling any change in pressure?

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 Why can you have tonnes of pressure from the weight of the air above you but be able walk into buildings/rooms without feeling any change in pressure?

Because the pressure doesn't go away. It is not only the column of air pressing down upon you that is then taken over by the building. The pressure is the whole environment, the 'depth' of the 'sea' of air you are at. So as long as the building you are walking in is not airtight, there is no change in pressure. & #x200B; That said, I've done some SCUBA diving, and have been lower than 30m; 4 times the pressure you get on the shore. Even that fairly drastic change is not really noticeable. You do notice pressure changes while going down, mostly in your ears - because some lower pressure air is trapped there until you clear it.


Question: What are the economics behind some processed goods costing less than raw goods, despite potentially more work put into the former?

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 What are the economics behind some processed goods costing less than raw goods, despite potentially more work put into the former?

There is a lot that goes into it. But typically its cost of ingredients and shelf life. For cost of ingredients, you can mix both "high quality" and "low quality" products together and get something consistent. You can also diversify your supply, rather than having to rely on a single farm that now has a lot more negotiating power to ask for a higher price you can just buy from the cheapest option. You also end up a bit safer, since a single supplier is more susceptible to things like crop failures, bad weather, etc. Shelf life, if a grocer has to throw out say...half of its fresh product then very roughly produce is going to be twice as expensive. But if they almost never throw out canned or frozen vegetables, then that extra cost isn't there.


Question: How come sometimes when you pop a pimple it hurts SOO bad for like ten seconds and other times it doesn't hurt at all?

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 How come sometimes when you pop a pimple it hurts SOO bad for like ten seconds and other times it doesn't hurt at all?

Dependent on a lot of things. One usual cause is that nerves are not distributed evenly across the skin. So you can literally stick a needle into your skin and not feel it at all while a centimeter away the same needle will be painful. Maybe there are no nerves at the pimple location. Another is that the nerves in one location may not be exposed in the pus and/or you may avoid pressuring them by random chance. So you can pop a pimple but if there's no exposed nerve it's not going to hurt(as much).


Question: The transition from life underwater to life on earth. How did it happen? Did some lifeform lay eggs on land and the babies could live on land but the parent didn't?

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 The transition from life underwater to life on earth. How did it happen? Did some lifeform lay eggs on land and the babies could live on land but the parent didn't?

It was a gradual evolution. The last remaining evolutionary branch of fish on the path to become land animals is the lungfish. It is able to both breathe under water and breathe air through two separate organs. At first it was probably an adaption that allowed the fish to get some oxygen from the air when swimming in oxygen poor waters. This gives them access to more feeding ground then their competitors and might even help them escape predators. But the lungfish is taking this a step further and can actually live entirely on land for shorter moments. So it can essentially walk between ponds and even climb around waterfalls. That means there are a lot of lakes that are only accessible by lungfish giving them a huge advantage. There was a long development of different species between lungfish and purely land animals where the fins became better and better at climbing rocks, the lungs became better, it could survive for longer in the sun without drying out, the gills started disappearing, etc. Eventually you ended up with amphibians which mostly lived on land.


Question: Why is 70°F (21°C) water unbearable but 70°F air is perfect?

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 Why is 70°F (21°C) water unbearable but 70°F air is perfect?

Because water is a better heat conductor than air. Whenever you're in contact with something colder than you, it absorbs some of your heat (if it's hotter than you it gives you some of that heat). The better it conducts heat, the faster this exchange of heat happens. So at a same temperature, water absorbs your heat much faster than air. That's also why you can stick your hand in an oven for a few seconds or touch the parchment paper in it without burning yourself but you absolutely can't touch the metal plate inside of it without burning yourself : the metal and the air are a the same temperature, but the metal "gives" you its heat much quicker than the air or the paper do.


Question: If the heart is a muscle how doesn't it get fatigued considering it beats your entire life non-stop?

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 If the heart is a muscle how doesn't it get fatigued considering it beats your entire life non-stop?

That's a very good question! So your heart muscle has a whole bunch of little things inside of it called mitochondria. They're like a whole bunch of batteries that give your heart a constant supply of go juice we call ATP. Because there are so many they can keep feeding your heart muscle and it doesn't get tired like your other muscles. These get recharged by the oxygen and food energy in your blood, which is always going through your heart. So even when your legs get tired from running in tag, your heart still has those extra batteries that keep it pumping away.


Question: Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?

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 Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?

Most are not in debt, or at least high debt to other countries. They tend to be in debt to their own citizenry. For example the US debt is in the form of Treasury bonds. These bonds are sold to individuals, to corporations, to parts of the US government, and to foreign nations. 60% is owned by US citizens, company, and the US government. Only 40% is owned by foreign nations with China owning the largest single about at around 8%. As far as paying it off, it is not all due at once. Each individual bond has a set maturation date and a set interest rate. They cannot be cashed out early and the interest rate cannot change. So as long as the US is capable of paying the amount that come due for a given time period they will have no problem, just like you have no problem with your Mortgage debt so long as you can make your monthly payments. The same is true for basically every country.


Question: How can our skeleton achieve being EXTREMELY light and also capable of supporting EXTREMELY heavy weights at the same time?

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 How can our skeleton achieve being EXTREMELY light and also capable of supporting EXTREMELY heavy weights at the same time?

Humans don't intuitively have a good grasp for forces and stresses when they are outside the range of simple objects we can pick up. Bone seem's impressive when we compare with what we can break and pick up with our own muscular skeletal system. But that's because our strength and intuition is already limited by bone. Functionally, bone has fairly good strength to weight due to it having a high 'second moment of area' i.e. there is more material around the edges and less in the middle. It also has the advantage of changing its internal structure to become stronger in certain directions after repeated use. However as an engineering material, bone isn't actually that impressive, compared with the vast catalogue of materials at our disposal. It's not the strongest, and it's quite brittle. If it were super impressive, we'd be sure to find plenty of structural applications for it right away.


Question: How is it that only Green and White teas need to be steeped at 160-185 degrees Fahrenheit (74-85 C) but black and ALL herbal teas should be steeped at above 203 F (95)?

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 How is it that only Green and White teas need to be steeped at 160-185 degrees Fahrenheit (74-85 C) but black and ALL herbal teas should be steeped at above 203 F (95)?

Green tea's sweet and complex flavours come from the sugars and amino acids that dissolve at 60C. It is also however high in so called tannins that dissolve at 80C and would contribute a bitter, astringent flavour. These flavours are more acceptable in a black tea and also due to the processing that those leaves go under, they have a lower tannin content.