Question: In the United States, why are positions like Attorney General, Secretary of State, etc. appointed by the president at the federal level but elected by the people at the state level? Had it ever been proposed to do this differently?

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 In the United States, why are positions like Attorney General, Secretary of State, etc. appointed by the president at the federal level but elected by the people at the state level? Had it ever been proposed to do this differently?

The federal government was designed to primarily be a representative of the States, while the States would represent the People. This is apparent in how the Federal Senate was initially chosen by the state legislatures (prior to a constitutional ammendment), and the Electoral College was initially also selected independent of the popular vote (that's screwy ATM because of state-level laws). Indeed, the House of Representatives still gets 0 say in federal nominations, appointments, or treaties. As the State governments were viewed to be much closer and more relevant to the People, their state constitutions generally reflected this in directly voting in many more positions.


Question: How do we make the letters "B" and "P" sound different when annunciating the letter even though we move our mouth the same way?

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 How do we make the letters "B" and "P" sound different when annunciating the letter even though we move our mouth the same way?

Several answers already, and between them they've arrived at the answer. It's basically two things: "voicing" and "aspiration". "Voicing" is whether or not you use your vocal cords when pronouncing the sound. If you rest your fingertips on your throat, just below the Adam's apple, and say "zzzzzz" (the sound of the letter "z", not the sound of snoring), you should feel the vocal cords vibrating: we say that [z] is a voiced consonant -- the square brackets show that this is what's called a "phonetic transcription", but don't let that worry you. If instead you say "ssssss", the vocal cords won't vibrate -- we say that [s] is an unvoiced or voiceless consonant. That's one difference between [b] -- voiced -- and [p] -- unvoiced. The other difference is aspiration. Both [b] and [p] are "stops", meaning that when we say them, we actually stop the air coming out of the mouth for a split second. If the consonant is followed by a vowel, we have to release the air again. When we say [p], we do this in a very sudden puff of air. You can detect this by putting your hand right in front of your mouth and saying "bar" and "par". When you say "bar", you'll not feel much of a puff of air at all; when you say "par", you'll feel it quite strongly. So we say that [b] is unaspirated, and [p] is aspirated. In the notation I am using, you can indicate aspiration with a superscript "h", so you can indicate the sound of the "p" with [pʰ]. (Anyone who says that if I am writing a phonetic transcription I must always indicate aspiration has badly misunderstood what it is that makes a phonetic transcription distinct from a phonemic transcription. It's not what you apparently think.) So, basically, the two consonants sound different because of the different voicing and aspiration: * [b] is *voiced* and *unaspirated* * [p] is *unvoiced* and, if it comes before a vowel, *aspirated*. There are some languages that have, for example, an unaspirated "p" -- an unvoiced bilabial (meaning "with both lips") stop, but not aspirated like our "p" (this sound can be written [p˭] in a phonetic transcription, but it's usually just [p]). This is the case with some languages on the Indian subcontinent, such as Punjabi and Gujarati, which is the origin of the stereotype of Indians and Pakistanis pronouncing their Ps like Bs. Also, you may have noticed that in the recording studio, professional singers often have a round filter in front of the mic. This is called a "pop" filter, and it prevents that puff of air from aspirated consonants making a loud "popping" noise as it hits the mic.


Question: Why do deep-water fish need eyes and what do they use them for?

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 Why do deep-water fish need eyes and what do they use them for?

Mostly those eyes are vestigial (without function) however for many species they allow for bio luminescent communication or other tricks, such as anglers who can use their lure light to detect the motion of prey as it comes close. For many species however, including cave dwellers, the eyes remain but become functionless. Like our human appendix, it doesn't hurt your survival chances to have functionless eyes in the pitch dark, even if it is a tad wasteful on calorie intake


Question: Why does the moon show colors in some high resolution photos but looks solely grey in others?

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 Why does the moon show colors in some high resolution photos but looks solely grey in others?

There are three reasons: 1. Camera filter 2. Photoshop 3. Changes in the atmosphere, which leads to a color shift in the moonlight. If, for example, red desert sand gets high into the atmosphere, then from certain angles it can look like the moon is red. Or when the moon is still partially in the shadow of the earth, then the moon also can become "red" - > [Blood moon]( URL_0 ). The same applies to fire or smoke, the particles in the air change the way light is represented and suddenly the moon appears darker, brighter, red or pink or even green.


Question: How is quicksand naturally formed and is it really that dangerous?

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 How is quicksand naturally formed and is it really that dangerous?

Quicksand is basically really wet sandy soil. But there needs to be the right mixture of water and sand. If there's too much water it's just sandy water. And if there's too much sand it's just wet sand. It usually forms when there is an underground water spring pumping water into a sandy area but it also forms during earthquakes. And those two things contibute the other element required which is some kind of movement to mix the sand and water just right so that the sand particles are fully coated by the water and sliding or slipping across and around each other. It's that mixture and movement that makes quicksand dangerous. It's always changing between almost liquid and actually liquid. And when a person or animal falls into it they can push against it one second and fall further into it the next second. But it's not like what you see in cartoons. It's not impossible to escape from it. Like the other comment says, struggling makes things worse and that's because you're allowing more water to coat the sand and make it more liquid. Less movement is better and more surface area (by laying on your back) is best.


Question: When is someone officialy considered dead and how do we know he is dead ?

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 When is someone officialy considered dead and how do we know he is dead ?

We don't "know." We assign clinical death based upon the person meeting certain criteria, be it circulation, or brain activity, or a combination of factors. If the person turns out to be "not dead" (they wake up, for instance),then the medical practitioner was wrong and that person was never actually dead. Even when pronounced dead, and we aren't wrong, parts of the body remain alive for some time (Well, assuming they weren't incinerated or something). So there's not necessarily a sharp line between "Alive person" and "dead person"


Question: Why cant we copy the text from an image file through notepad then paste and save as image file and not get the original image?

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 Why cant we copy the text from an image file through notepad then paste and save as image file and not get the original image?

Notepad is a text editor. When you open a file that isn't text Notepad does its best to try to display it but it doesn't always work; there are many bytes that don't code to anything as far as Notepad is concerned. When you paste/save, Notepad doesn't know how to deal with all the non-text stuff and you don't get a perfect copy. If you opened the file in a binary editor that directly reads the binary code (typically as hexadecimal, 0-9/A-F), then you can do exactly what you're describing.


Question: Why do vehicles make those pinging and popping sounds when you turn them off after driving for a while?

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 Why do vehicles make those pinging and popping sounds when you turn them off after driving for a while?

Vehicles have lots of moving and tight-fitting parts, those parts heat up (expand) due to friction as you drive. When you stop and turn the car off, parts cool (at different rates due to differing materials and such). As they cool they shrink again, the popping happens when two parts snug against each other cool and reach a point where the static friction points (the specific points where the parts touch) slide past each other, creating sound.


Question: Why does medicines taste bitter and why can't they just add sugar to make them taste better?

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 Why does medicines taste bitter and why can't they just add sugar to make them taste better?

Pharmacist here. A lot of drugs are alkaline, and alkaline compounds taste bitter. And believe me, we *do* add sugar, but there's only so much sugar can dissolve. Metronidazole is going to be bitter as hell no matter what you do, for example. And for things in tablet form, we don't care- you're not expected to taste them much.


Question: How does 'fuel efficiency' work with electric cars? I keep seeing Wh/Mi, but what does that mean? Is a high wh/mi better than a low, or is it the other way around?

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 How does 'fuel efficiency' work with electric cars? I keep seeing Wh/Mi, but what does that mean? Is a high wh/mi better than a low, or is it the other way around?

Watt hours are like gas. If you had a battery with 100Wh then you could hook a 100 Watt light bulb to it and the bulb would run for 1 hour. 200 Wh battery would last 2 hours in the same setup. 100Wh/mi means that you can drive 1 mile on that 100Wh battery. 200Wh/mi means that you can only drive half a mile on that same battery. (Or 1 mile on a 200Wh battery) Lower Wh/mi is better.


Question: Why is it considered treacherous for the US to restore relations with Russia?

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 Why is it considered treacherous for the US to restore relations with Russia?

It's because the best word to describe Russia's attitude towards neighboring countries is "Predatory." The US has obligations to protect some of those states, and as long as the US continues to do so Russia will not be on good terms with the US. If Russia does become friendlier with the US, then that means that USA is taking a more relaxed approach with guarding the countries it has to guard and a lot of people see this as stabbing them in the back. Russia also has a oppressive attitude towards civil rights for minority groups, but with current US leadership that is probably not a point of conflict between the two countries.


Question: What do the parenthesis in historical quotes represent?

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 What do the parenthesis in historical quotes represent?

Usually, it means that the person quoting has added or changed words to make the quote more clear. You commonly see it in newspapers, where the person being quoted may make a generic reference in the quote (like he or she) but the reported adds the name of the person being referenced for clarity. For example: The direct quote is, "He will be at the office on Monday" but the reporter changes it to, "[Mr. Davis] will be at the office on Monday". The added clarity is necessary to understand the context of the quote, but the reporter wants to make it clear that this is **not** exactly what was originally said. You can also use it to substitute a word or phrase in place of another word or phrase to increase clarity, such a replacing a non-English word in favor of its English translation. It is also worth nothing that while some people use parenthesis (), you are supposed to use brackets [].


Question: What was the benefit of the US landing on the moon first?

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 What was the benefit of the US landing on the moon first?

The Apollo missions returned samples of the lunar soil and several tons of moon rocks. This has allowed scientists to study both their composition and age. The missions also placed scientific experiments such as extremely precise mirrors which, along with lasers on the earth, can be used to measure the distance from the earth to the moon (this has proved that the moon is slowly moving away from the earth, possibly strengthening theories that the moon was created when a large object hit the earth many billions of years ago). Other experiments included seismographs and machines which can detect solar particles EDIT: Your question asks what the US gained, so maybe it's important to note that all scientific data from the Apollo program was shared with the rest of the world


Question: What is a CPU core and thread? Why do they matter?

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 What is a CPU core and thread? Why do they matter?

Modern CPUs basically are several small CPUs in one package. These are called cores. A CPU with more cores can do more things at the same time. Threads can refer to two distinct but related things: * Software threads: these are instruction sequences that can execute on the CPU. Programs can have one or more threads. * Hardware threads: these are instruction sequences that a CPU core can execute *at the same time*. Some cores only have one hardware thread and thus can only run one instruction sequence (ie: software thread) at a given time. Some core have 2 (and sometimes 4) hardware threads and thus can run 2 (or 4) software threads at a time. More hardware threads usually means better performance in highly multi-threaded workloads. Consumer CPUs usually have in the order of 4 cores and 8 threads. ************** All hardware threads running on a core actually share most of the core's resources and will sometimes have to compete with each others to run. This means that in a CPU with 4c/8t will be outperformed with a 8c/8t at full load (but will be cheaper).


Question: Why does our skin prickle when we start to sweat?

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 Why does our skin prickle when we start to sweat?

Judging from the other comments, this must be far from a universal thing, but I know what you're talking about, OP. I have psoriasis, and I frequently get a terrible feeling of itchiness when I am in humid conditions and sweaty. I also get it after taking a shower. Why? No idea. My cause may be different from your cause, as I noted, I think mine is related to psoriasis somehow.


Question: why does it feel like we see clearer when we look at an HD picture?

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 why does it feel like we see clearer when we look at an HD picture?

When you look at an HD photo, vs a non HD photo (assuming they're on the same scale on the same display) the HD photo is actually clearer, because it has a higher pixel density. If you compare an HD photo to real life, it may appear clearer to you if the camera used to snap the photo preforms better under those conditions then your eye.


Question: How would a particle collision at CERN be experienced by our senses; would it have feeling, smell, sounds, looks, etc, or would you die from the explosion, or is it so small you'd not notice anything?

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</answer>
 How would a particle collision at CERN be experienced by our senses; would it have feeling, smell, sounds, looks, etc, or would you die from the explosion, or is it so small you'd not notice anything?

You mean if you were in the path of a collision? We have a rough idea because something similar happened to someone in the past. In 1978, a Russian scientist named Anatoli Bugorski was accidentally hit in the head with a proton beam moving at close to the speed of light from a particle accelerator. He saw a flash "brighter than a thousand suns" but didn't feel any pain. Afterwards, his face swelled up and began to peel along the path the particles took. His intellectual capacity is intact but he as a result he has deafness in his left ear, paralysis of left half of his face, occasional seizures, and he gets tired easily. Despite this, he was able to complete his PhD and continued to work. He's still alive today. He received more than enough radiation to kill him, but because the beam was so tiny, it simply passed right through him. The catch is that the LHC at CERN is 200 times more powerful than the accelerator he was working on. Also, he was lucky enough that the beam passed through non-vital areas of his brain. If it had passed through a vital area or some other part of his body, he might have been killed.


Question: Where do meteors come from?

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 Where do meteors come from?

Once upon a time, instead of a solar system, there was just a big chunk of space full of gas and dust. Really, the part that became our solar system was just a small part of an even bigger chunk of space full of gas and dust. And inside that chunk, the little bits of gas and dust wandered around pretty randomly, occasionally bumping into each other and swaying with rare collisions with particles from distant stars, or swinging around magnetic particles in the dust, and very very occasionally, they'd stick together. After a very long time, all this random bumping and swinging and sticking led to one part of the cloud being more dense: having more *stuff* in it. As the dense part got bigger, it gathered more gravity, and that gravity started pulling in more of the stuff around them. Because all of the stuff was already moving around, a lot of it didn't hit the center directly, but it got close and started to circle around, like water going down a drain. So, the center of our stuff-cloud began to spin, and as it spun, the it started dragging the entire cloud around in circles, too. After a very *very* long time, the stuff falling into the very center built up so much weight that the smallest parts got crushed into each other by gravity, which caused a huge explosion, which set off even more explosions, which continue to this day: our sun. But not all of the stuff made it into the sun. Even at the edges of the cloud, the stuff was still clumping together the same way the sun did. The biggest clumps are now known as planets. Most of them have a few small clumps nearby we call moons. And there are many, many very tiny clumps we call asteroids or comets. Comets are clumps with a lot of ice on them, and are usually found at the farthest edges of the cloud (if they were closer, they'd melt and fall apart!). Asteroids are mostly rocks or balls of dust or gravel, and a lot of them are in a ring between Mars and Jupiter. Sometimes, comets and asteroids fall in towards the sun from where they were. Maybe one got bumped by another, or a bigger object got too close and gave it a tiiiny tug of gravity that pulled it out of its comfortable orbit. But once it starts falling, it gets stuck making speedy oval laps around the sun, swooping between planets instead of staying in a safe circle(ish) orbit. Eventually, those comets or asteroids will run into something. Like the sun. Or a planet. And when they strike Earth, they usually burn into dust as they fall through our atmosphere, and we call that burst of light a **meteor.** (And when they don't burn up, things get hurt (or killed, RIP dinosaurs) because that rock was moving pretty dang fast.)


Question: “: what is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?

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 “: what is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?

Tax avoidance is using the legal means within the tax codes to pay less money in taxes. As a simple example, if I took $2,000 and donated it to charity today, I would not have to pay taxes on that $2,000 on next year's taxes. I'm paying less in taxes than I would have if I'd kept that money, or if I'd spent it on a nice shiny TV. There's nothing wrong with this sort of thing in normal circumstances, because the system is set up to encourage stuff like that. Though of course because of the enormity of the tax codes and all of the ways that it's possible to reduce a person or company's tax burden, it's possible for enormous companies with huge incomes to pay very little in taxes - which isn't always what's intended. Tax evasion is finding other, illegal ways to hide money or otherwise evade paying taxes on it. If I took $2,000 for doing a contract job and then didn't report it on my insurance forms at the end of the year, I'm committing tax evasion, because there's no fair reason I shouldn't be paying taxes on that, I'm just cheating and hiding my income. That's actually a crime, and if the IRS finds out, I'll be in trouble.


Question: Considering that bent CPU/socket pins are a major problem, why do CPUs/sockets still have pins instead of them being two surfaces with only very short pins or completely flat with contact pads?

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 Considering that bent CPU/socket pins are a major problem, why do CPUs/sockets still have pins instead of them being two surfaces with only very short pins or completely flat with contact pads?

It's nearly impossible to make good contact between two surfaces with hundreds of connection points if every mating connection is rigidly fixed. This means you need to use some sort of spring-loaded mating system for each individual connection. In case of LGA (Land Grid Array, flat CPU package and pins in socket), the socket pins are basically small springy levers that the CPU is pushed against by the socket retention frame. For PGA (Pin Grid Array, pins on CPU, holes on socket), the pins sink into the socket holes where they are captured between metal "pincers" that are held against the pin with force.


Question: Why are the elderly more vulnerable to scams?

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 Why are the elderly more vulnerable to scams?

Much of it is the technological aspect. The leaps and bounds we’ve made in tech and how involved it is in our day-to-day lives over the last two decades or so is staggering compared to any other time in history. The lack of familiarity the elderly have with these technologies, which are to them very new and complicated, means it’s easy for someone to take advantage of their naivety. This is where most scams on the elderly happen; in the electronic realm. And yes, some of it is also linked to cognitive decline.


Question: Why do Tsunamis pull back the water when they start getting closer to land?

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 Why do Tsunamis pull back the water when they start getting closer to land?

A sea wave is an upward and downward movement of water. To illustrate, go pinch the middle of your bedsheet and pull it upward. Watch what happens to the edge of the sheet. Edit: As suggested by u/lightupsketchers the key thing I left out is that water molecules pull on their neighboring molecules, which makes them act like a sheet, for the purposes of this model.


Question: Why Does it seem like every single country sells arms to Saudi Arabia, and why does Saudi Arabia need so many in the first place?

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 Why Does it seem like every single country sells arms to Saudi Arabia, and why does Saudi Arabia need so many in the first place?

Most advanced western nations, particularly and overwhelmingly the US, sell weapons to just about everyone willing to pay, and if they are even willing to sell you weapons, you get all the money together to buy them because they are so wildly good that you will never be able to produce them yourself even in 50 years. It’s that wild. These weapons are worth far more than their weight in gold. We sure rename “Weight in gold” to “weight in US weapons”, it’s better than gold, silver, diamonds, anything. It jumps your military up decades in an instant. Saudi Arabia has tons and tons of money. They also have minimal domestic military production. But they want to field a modern military. So they use that money to buy weapons (they can’t make their own) from everyone who is selling them, and as much as they are willing to sell.


Question: How does opening your eyes under water affect your eyes?

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 How does opening your eyes under water affect your eyes?

It depends, on the water. Water in a swimming pool is purified, so there are "anti-life" chemicals in it that can irritate your eyes. Most swimmers get used to it, because the benefits of seeing outweigh the sting, or they wear goggles. The ocean is full of salt, so the sting there tells you something different. There is more salt in the ocean that your body prefers. Polluted water can have very serious consequences for your eyes.


Question: How does an Organic-Matter Pollution Filtering bench, like the one most recently installed near Picadilly Circus in London, work to reduce Carbon-Dioxide as much as a small forest?

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 How does an Organic-Matter Pollution Filtering bench, like the one most recently installed near Picadilly Circus in London, work to reduce Carbon-Dioxide as much as a small forest?

sounds very questionable. this line: > Although only small, this device claims to have the same benefit of up to 275 real trees by filtering the air of up to 240 tonnes (265 tons) of carbon dioxide per year Note that it isn't saying it removes 265 tons of CO2. That would require 265 tons of matter to be removed from the site. It says it *filters* 265 tons, saying nothing about the efficiency of removal of any particulate. There's no way this moss would be as efficient at certain processes as a small forest. For one, the forest is simply going to produce more biomass, which means more CO2 is removed. The amount of CO2 removed from the air is directly proportional to the mass of the tree or moss added. As for other pollutants, that would require a ton of testing that has not been done.


Question: What the fuck causes the wind to keep changing direction every 30 seconds?

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 What the fuck causes the wind to keep changing direction every 30 seconds?

You appear to be describing turbulence. That is, the chaotic nature of a fluid (the wind in this case) passing through and around obstructions. My guess is that you're in an area with buildings or natural obstructions that will cause the smooth flow of the wind to be broken up into turbulent flows. On a flat plain or the ocean there is a lot less turbulence because there are less obstructions to deflect the wind.


Question: Why does pills (eg. painkillers) have an expiration date? Aren’t they usable after that date?

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 Why does pills (eg. painkillers) have an expiration date? Aren’t they usable after that date?

The FDA requires that all medications have an expiration date of no more than 2 years following the date of manufacture. Medications are guaranteed to remain effective until that date, assuming that you properly stored them. Medications do lose potency over time, eventually they will stop working altogether. The US military did a study on this and found that, properly stored, most medications retained their effectiveness for at least 5 years. You can safely use painkillers after their expiration date but you shouldn't try to guess at how much of the effectiveness has been lost - getting your guess wrong could cause you to OD on some medications. But if the painkiller is working then there's no reason not to continue to take it. Antibiotics shouldn't be taken past the expiration date because you don't know how much of the effectiveness has been lost and the loss of even a small amount may render them ineffective. Medications *cannot* become unsafe to use over time. If you take a medication 10, 20, of infinity years after its expiration date it will not harm you. If the medication would harm you after a certain period of time then the FDA will not approve it. The worst thing that will happen is it just won't work or may have turned to vinegar if its suspended in alcohol (such as something like Nyquil).


Question: Why can't person A hear themselves during a phone call when person B has them on speaker phone?

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 Why can't person A hear themselves during a phone call when person B has them on speaker phone?

Most phones have sound processing functions. One function is where they turn off the microphone during times when sound is coming from the speaker during calls. You can notice this when you are talking to someone and there is wind on the other end - sometimes the sound will cut in and you can hear the wind on their end. But the system is dynamic, meaning that it attempts to figure out what sounds it should be allowing to pass while blocking others. There is a lot of programming that goes into this process, so there is a lot to go wrong with it as well. There is also a function that processes the sounds it is amplifying. This function recognizes sounds that it recently amplified through the speaker and attempts to ignore them by filtering them out of the microphone input. This is based on my knowledge of electronics (Electrical Engineer) and observation of how the phones act when in certain situations.


Question: Why do long car rides make us sleepy?

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 Why do long car rides make us sleepy?

Depending on the position your in will effect how sleepy you get. The driver's body is in a position of rest, while the brain is concentrated on the road in front. This leads to mental fatigue, and with the body at a state of rest, normally causes drovers to become sleepy. Add to thay the rythmic hum and movement of the car (if on a highway or a straight road) and it basically makes for a hodgepodge of tiredness


Question: How do we get 'zoned' when we are focused and immersed in a really good book?

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 How do we get 'zoned' when we are focused and immersed in a really good book?

When you are bored your mind wanders to other subjects. "Zoned" is the opposite- the book is so interesting that your mind tunes out everything else, like turning down the volume on the rest of the world. When you "snap out of" a focused state, you realize things have been happening (like someone asking you a question) that you didn't even notice. That's because your brain filtered them out as unimportant while it focused on whatever held your attention. So your brain knows a good book is more important than anything!


Question: How does the US tax system work? Why is it so complicated? Why aren't they simplifying it?

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 How does the US tax system work? Why is it so complicated? Why aren't they simplifying it?

Over time, just about any system will get more and more complicated because things are added to it for various reasons, some because of necessity, some for good reasons, some for not so noble reasons. A tax can be used to disincentivize undesired behaviors and tax deductions used to incentivize desired ones. Tobacco for example is heavily taxed to disincentivize its use because of the negative health consequences and the costs associated with it, while work expenses can be deducted. But different people believe different things to be taxed or not taxed and there's a lot of negotiations to get things into the tax code which is what complicates it. What exactly counts as a work expense? What behaviors should be disincentivized? Neither is inherently good or bad. Encouraging the development of a new industry in an emerging technology could be extremely beneficial in the long run as can discouraging behavior with very costly side effects. But the same tools can be used to prop up a dying industry while sending emerging ones elsewhere or encourage behavior that causes a lot of harm. And of course some are simply put in for greed, but they'll always give the reason as trying to incentivize or disincentivize something. There have been rounds of simplification in the past. In the 1950s there were a *lot* of tax brackets but that part was greatly simplified in the 1980s. But additional complications just keep being added so it ends up being cyclical.


Question: Why does tobacco contain harmful chemicals like arsenic and tar and marijuana doesn't, when both are natural plants?

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 Why does tobacco contain harmful chemicals like arsenic and tar and marijuana doesn't, when both are natural plants?

Marijuana smoke has just as much, if not more, harmful stuff than tobacco smoke - URL_0 The difference is *how* people smoke. The "average" for cigarette smokers is a pack a day - 20 cigarettes. For some people it's less, for some people it's much more, but whenever you see statistics about smoking, it's usually based on that pack a day number. People are *not* smoking 20 joints a day. So, they're still getting harmful chemicals in their lungs, just a *lot* less of 'em.


Question: Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?

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 Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?

When you haven't eaten for a while, the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood decreases, When your blood sugar gets too low, it triggers a cascade of hormones, including cortisol (a stress hormone) and adrenaline (the fight-or-flight hormone). These hormones are released into your bloodstream to raise and rebalance your blood sugar and the release of cortisol can cause aggression in some people!


Question: Why are heartbreaks so damn painful ?

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 Why are heartbreaks so damn painful ?

Because you are grieving a loss. Some say that "grief is the price we pay for love". If you have loved, and lost, you will grieve that loss. The more you loved that person, the more painful the breakup will feel to you. And just like grieving a death, you can never return to your previous state. You must create a "new normal"; one where eventually you can move forward with your life. But it takes time, effort, and courage. This is why some people just avoiding love and connection altogether; so they'll never have to experience heartbreak. But that's a hollow existence. Love is worth the risk of heartbreak.


Question: if I bet a fiver on black in roulette, and just kept doubling my bet if I lost, and take my winnings if I win, will I make money every time unless I literally call wrong so many times in a row I have no money?

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 if I bet a fiver on black in roulette, and just kept doubling my bet if I lost, and take my winnings if I win, will I make money every time unless I literally call wrong so many times in a row I have no money?

This system does work, but you can potentially lose a lot of money for very little gain if you get unlucky many times in a row. Your bets would be 5, 10, 20, 40, 80... $155 for the chance to win $5? Also the odds are slightly worse than 50/50 as 0 and 00 are neither red nor black.


Question: Why do pots sometimes fall in the middle of the night, even if you put them away just fine?

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 Why do pots sometimes fall in the middle of the night, even if you put them away just fine?

Fall in what way? Are you hanging them up, or putting them away in a cupboard? Heavy vehicles (especially the kind that typically are used at night) can cause vibrations in the ground, which could disturb them. The ground and your house itself will contract a little bit as well due to the lowering temperature at night, which can cause small shudders that could jostle things. This is from what most of the old creaky house noises originate, alongside the wind and combined with the relative silence of the time it occurs compared to the noisier daytime where similar noises would simply go unnoticed. Or you could have rats.


Question: what determines whether a #2 will be a sinker or a floater?

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 what determines whether a #2 will be a sinker or a floater?

According google. “Poop Should Sink. Listen for the sound of your stool as it hits the water in the toilet. Floating stools are often an indication of high fat content, which can be a sign of malabsorption, a condition in which you can't absorb enough fat and other nutrients from the food you're ingesting.”


Question: On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?

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 On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?

Imagine a screen window. You can see through it, because the screen only blocks a little bit of light. Most of the light still gets through. Now, imagine a hundred screens all on top of each other. Now, you probably can't see through that, because each screen blocks a little bit more and all of the screens put together block most of the light. It's the same with fog. The water particles are small and spread apart, so light can still pass through, but a little bit gets blocked. The more space there is between you and what you're looking at, the more fog there is and the more light gets blocked.


Question: Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?

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 Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?

When people talk about "perpetual motion machines" they don't mean the literal "moving forever" they mean a system that runs forever but you can keep extracting energy from, or generates more energy than was put in without any other loss. a rock could orbit another rock and both could hurtle through a vacuum forever. No work is being done no energy is being taken from the system. So it's happy to just keep moving forever. but if you want to make those rocks do some work or touch them in any way they will stop moving or slow down. same with an Atom, while there might be "movement" of sorts inside that motion does not perpetually generate energy.


Question: Why is the concept of infinite incomprehensible to the human brain?

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 Why is the concept of infinite incomprehensible to the human brain?

We don't experience any infinities in the real world, so there has never been any evolutionary advantage to having an understanding of infinities. It's a bit like how we can do maths in four or more dimensions, but the real world that we interact with has three spatial dimensions, so we can't visualise any more than that. Even mathematicians treat many infinities as not being real, though some are such as the number of integers (whole numbers) starting from 0.


Question: How do they justify using government money to help build new sports stadiums?

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 How do they justify using government money to help build new sports stadiums?

decisions about money are often determined by whether or not the people making the decision think that decision will make other people spend more money on things they profit from. if enough people in city planning / government think a new stadium will bring more people to the city to spend money there, then they do it in the hopes that eventually the city will have a profit overall.


Question: How does someone become a stunt-person?

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 How does someone become a stunt-person?

Stunt Performers have a union, called [SAMP]( URL_0 ). On their website they discuss the skill areas identified for their members, and other aspects of their industry. It's a high-fitness and high-knowledge profession, planning stunts to maintain safety is much more of the work than actually shooting takes in front of the camera. When a producer is looking for a stunt performer, they might work with the union or it might be a task assigned to the casting director.


Question: What causes the brain fog and dizziness often experienced while ill, and what is its purpose?

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 What causes the brain fog and dizziness often experienced while ill, and what is its purpose?

So the easiest way to answer this question is to first very quickly talk about a process called homeostasis. Very broadly speaking homeostasis is when all conditions are optimal for a certain function to occur. Homeostasis in the body is incredibly important. All organs function best when they are around 37 degrees Celsius. Whenever you are ill, the body attempts to generate an immune response via your lymph nodes. The lymph nodes, and generally the immune response, function better when the temperature is higher than 37 degrees. As the body prioritizes getting rid of the infectious element rather than how you feel about it your body temperature rises. Unfortunately the hemoglobin in your blood that carries around oxygen throughout your body does not necessary like this increase in temperature and is slightly less efficient in binding and depositing oxygen to where it needs to go. Add to this an increased oxygen demand from your lymph nodes. This results in your brain getting less oxygen/glucose (And ketone bodies but lets skip this for now) to function. This ever so slightly causes the brain to function less optimally, resulting in dizziness and what you describe as brain fog. Although this is not the only reason behind this phenomenon it is by far the most prevalent factor in causing this dizziness. As such the dizziness does not have a purpose but is an effect of the body to get rid of the invading pathogen.


Question: How can online games like first person shooters be so in sync across all users without hardly any delay?

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 How can online games like first person shooters be so in sync across all users without hardly any delay?

Fast internet and faster servers. Human reaction times are on the order of 100ms or so. Ping time, which is round-trip packet flight time is often on the order of half that or so. Round trip is therefore on the order of human reaction if you give the server a little time to do stuff. Also, the server only sends back just enough to run the game. For example it may just send back Headshot and some points, and your client has to take care of the headshot animation, credit, sound and then tell the server when it's done because it's not really sync-critical.


Question: How does call tracking work and how different is it from tracking calls in movies?

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 How does call tracking work and how different is it from tracking calls in movies?

Call tracking works by determining the distance between the phone and nearby cell towers. The tower sends a message to the phone, and the phone sends one back. By measuring the time between sending and receiving a circle can be drawn around the cell tower. So the phone can be anywhere on (or near) the circle. If the phone does this with multiple towers, the most likely position is where the different circles meet. If they do this with 2 towers, there are two points where they meet and two possible locations. If they do this with 3 towers then the location can be pinpointed and we know where the phone is. This interaction between phone and tower usually happens once someone calls 911 or if the phone is bugged. In the movies they show fancy live tracking, but this is only really possible if the connection is perfect and the person has done nothing to hide the phone from such connections. The secret service has ways to track phones a bit more movie-like but I keep in mind the fact that they don’t need to track the phone if they have eyes on, so they usually track the phone until they find the person or can follow the car, at which point they don’t need to know the location anymore.


Question: 0K (Kelvin) is supposed to be the lowest temperature reachable but it's only theoretical. In definition it means there is absolute zero motion. But why is that, that some elements are still not "solid" in this temperature?

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 0K (Kelvin) is supposed to be the lowest temperature reachable but it's only theoretical. In definition it means there is absolute zero motion. But why is that, that some elements are still not "solid" in this temperature?

The protons and neutrons in atoms are made up of particles called quarks. Quarks have a very low mass and what is ultimately giving a proton/neutron most of its mass is that fact that the quarks inside of them are spinning at close to the speed of light. There are three quarks in a proton. Two of those quarks have a charge of +2/3. One of them has a charge of -1/3. The quarks themselves are arranged in a sort of triangular shape. At large distances these charges cancel out so that a proton appears to have a net charge of about 1, and for nearly all applications we can consider that charge to be 1. But its not *exactly* 1 - it varies depending on the position of the quarks relative to you. When the negatively charged quark is on the opposite side of the proton you experience a charge that is very, very slightly stronger than 1. When it is on the side of the proton facing you, the charge is very, very slightly less than 1. Neutrons work the same way, except the one of the quarks in a neutron has a charge of 2/3 while the other two have charges of -1/3. So depending on the position of the quarks in a neutron, you will experience a charge either slightly higher or lower than 0. This extremely slight net charge is sufficient for a proton or neutron with "0" energy to, nonetheless, cause other nearby protons and neutrons to wobble a bit, resulting in them having some very minimal amount of energy. This, in turn, causes atoms to have a constant, slight wobble (which will also result in the wobbling atoms very slightly "bumping" into nearby atoms). We can't stop this wobble because on a very fundamental level we don't have any mechanism to influence the quarks inside of proton/neutron, so we can't slow them down. Also, because the speed of the quarks is, itself, responsible for most of the mass of the proton/neutron, if you did somehow manage to slow those quarks down they would stop being a proton/neutron and start being something else, which doesn't necessarily solve the problem if what they turn into can't be measured, like dark matter - or if the energy in the quarks ends up getting liberated, such as through the transformation of a quark into high energy electrons or positrons.