Question: How do they convert older movies into 4K?

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 How do they convert older movies into 4K?

The same way they convert movies to Blu-Ray, or DVD, or VHS -- they use the film master to create the digital image. Movies on film -- even older movies -- have a resolution higher than 4K. So while it may have previously been scanned into a lower-resolution format like DVD, they can just rescan it at the higher rate.


Question: What is the true purpose of "Tag a friend who ..." spam-posts on facebook?

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 What is the true purpose of "Tag a friend who ..." spam-posts on facebook?

Generating range, e.g., exposure. Getting a brands' name 'out there'. Every view, every click, every page loaded is, at its base level, an interaction with a brand, or product and a potential customer. Any page, be it a standalone website, a facebook page, a blog or whatever kind of means a company decides to use to promote a product, is 'counted' by said customer interactions. This is usually called the 'range' said medium can generate. An example from Twitter would be someone with 10 followers, writing a tweet. Let's assume that all 10 followers each have 10 followers of their own and all 10 retweet this one tweet. This means, with one tweet, the tweet is seen by (10x10) 100 possible customers. Now imagine a tweet written by someone who has 1000 followers, each with 100 followers. If only half of those followers retweet this single tweet, we're already at (500x100) 50.000 possible customers being exposed to the companys' product. Thus the range in the latter example is way higher, than in the former. This range is valuable in terms of what a marketing company, or similar, is willing (or has to) pay for their commercial to appear on said medium. That also is the reason why, in comparison, a print ad is much cheaper, than a tv ad - their range is hugely different. So, to come to a stop, all these 'tag a friend that...' sites try to enhance their own range, be it to gain a better position to sell their own products, *or* to have better 'arguments' when dealing with other marketing companies that want to place ads on their site.


Question: What is it that makes "Not Machine Wash Safe" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?

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 What is it that makes "Not Machine Wash Safe" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?

Dishwasher detergent contains abrasives which are sprayed around by the high-powered water jets. It is quite like a little, wet sandblaster inside your dishwasher. The Teflon coating on pans is rather thin and any abrasion significantly, and quickly, impairs its nonstick quality. Delicately painted dishes are not dishwasher safe for the same reason.


Question: How can archaeologist tell how old something is? Like when they find old objects how do they know how old they are roughly at least

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 How can archaeologist tell how old something is? Like when they find old objects how do they know how old they are roughly at least

The elements that make up matter have a half-life. That's the time it takes for that element to be cut in half, so if you have 100 grams of carbon, and it has a half-life of 100 years, then in 100 years, it will only have 50 grams. By measuring the amount found in the fossil, and knowing the half-life of that element, it's just working backwards with the math.


Question: How did we find the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the past if we didn't have the atomic number or weight?

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 How did we find the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the past if we didn't have the atomic number or weight?

If you measure the density of gases (at the same temperature and pressure) you'll notice they have simple ratios. Helium is twice as dense as hydrogen, the lightest element, nitrogen is 14 times as dense, oxygen is 16 times as dense. Similarly, you can notice that e.g. 1 gram of hydrogen reacts with 8 grams of oxygen to form 9 grams of water. They always react in that ratio. If you have more hydrogen then some hydrogen will be left over, if you have more oxygen then some oxygen will be left over. It's not the same ratio of 16 from above because water is H2O, i.e. has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen. Add many more reactions and you can assign relative masses to the atoms. People sorted elements by mass and noticed that they form patterns. As an example, silicon (14th lightest element) reacts similarly to carbon (6), phosphorus (15) reacts similarly to nitrogen (7), sulfur (16) reacts similarly to oxygen (8), and so on. People started arranging the elements in what's now known as periodic table. That's a powerful tool, because now you can notice if you missed an element in between. If e.g. your "17th element" reacts like the 10th (i.e. not at all, because #10 is neon), then it's probably the 18th element and you missed #17. With better mass measurements people noticed that: * sometimes the mass order is different from the order in terms of reactions * some elements have atoms of different masses This suggests two separate mechanisms. One that's responsible for the chemistry (element number), and one that can influence the mass. If you shoot particles at atoms you can notice that they have a very massive but tiny positively charged nucleus and then negative charges (electrons) around them. The electrons are responsible for the chemistry. An electrically neutral atom must have as many electrons as protons, so the element number is simply the number of protons. Regular hydrogen is simply a proton. Now you can put everything together: Hydrogen has one proton, let's call that mass "1" (a small fraction of atoms has one or even two neutrons). Helium as second element has 2 protons but mass 4, so it needs to have two neutrons (a small fraction of atoms has only one neutron). Carbon is element 6 and has mass 12 - > 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Didn't I say helium gas was twice as dense as hydrogen? This was indeed cause of some confusion early on. The problem is that hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a few more gases form molecules of two atoms each, while helium does not (because it basically never reacts with anything). Today you can simply put something in a mass spectrometer to measure the mass directly: You measure how much atoms are deflected by magnetic fields if you remove one of their electrons.


Question: what are hangnails? And how do they form?

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 what are hangnails? And how do they form?

Hangnails are just torn skin around your fingernails. Usually happens when your skin is dry or when biting your fingernails. To prevent hangnails, try to keep your hands hydrated in the warmer months and avoid biting your nails. Most of the pain comes from trying to rip them off. The hangnail sometimes makes your finger swell, which would hurt more when pulling them off. It’s also a bad idea to bite them off, since tearing them off exposes skin and leaves you exposed to infections. Your mouth is full of germs and could lead to infection. TLDR: They’re thorn skin and hurt when you pull them off. Keep your hands hydrated to prevent more.


Question: What happens in our brain, when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do the action?

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 What happens in our brain, when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do the action?

Our brain reinforces pathways we take more than once. Often what happens when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do something is that a more reinforced brain pathway is triggered when we start the action, causing us to forget the rest once it leaves short term memory. Sort of like the challenge of patting your head while rubbing your stomach.


Question: How do colors work in the brain?

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 How do colors work in the brain?

Short answer: no one really knows, the brains is super complex and has interactions we still don't understand. Longer answer: your brain(when functioning typically) processes color in your visual cortex. However, your brain is actually only receiving 3 color "signals" from your eyes. If one or more of those signals is cut you will lose the ability to see colors related to that color. If you ever saw a CRT computer monitor up close(like really close) you could see that each pixel is made up of 3 colors that are just varying brightness. What happened to your mom is(prbably) the blue signal was cut/damaged due to her brain damage.


Question: How exactly does burning cds work especially when you do it from home? And why does a scratch affect how the cd reads the information?

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 How exactly does burning cds work especially when you do it from home? And why does a scratch affect how the cd reads the information?

When CDs are pressed commercially, they actually punch tiny tiny holes in the gold foil, and those punches represent the information that becomes the music. When you burn a CD at home, you can’t punch holes, but the laser in the CD burner affects the foil and burns it and discolors it, so that it looks just like a hole to the CD player. A scratch in the plastic or in the foil destroys some of those holes, or it makes it harder for the laser to see them clearly.


Question: If paper/plastic money note has serial number on it, why does coin not? And how is coin tracked then?

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 If paper/plastic money note has serial number on it, why does coin not? And how is coin tracked then?

It's not. It's also not really required: coins are costly to make compared to their value, from the metal cost to the smelting and pressing. Small coins are usually more expensive to makes than their face value, even smaller coin (think 1c euro) are most costly in metal alone than their face value (they changed to way they are done to avoid people smelting them to sell the scrap) It's then not really important to keep track of them.


Question: How TV Shows like 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' and the creator Rob McElhenney went from nothing into lots of money?

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 How TV Shows like 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' and the creator Rob McElhenney went from nothing into lots of money?

views and ratings. The more views a show gets, the more money the network makes from commercials played on that channel during that show. Some of that money goes back to the creators, which they usually invest back into the show so it can grow in viewership and make even more money next season. The reason it's smart to pitch a good idea at a low budget to a network is because they risk very little if they don't have to invest money before knowing the show will attract an audience. oh and it's "piqued" your interest btw ;)


Question: How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?

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 How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?

It implements the Boyer-Moore algorithm. You begin by preprocessing the pattern to generate a rule table, which I'll mention again in just a moment. You match the pattern by it's last character and work in reverse. If the pattern doesn't match, then the principle key to the speed of this algorithm is that you skip ahead a number of characters based on the rule table, the size of the skip per rule is dependent on the pattern. Grep uses some clever programming to get the number of instructions per character down. It unrolls loops and relies on table lookups as much as possible. It also skips the C standard library and goes straight to kernel calls, and it operates over the whole input buffer and does not first break the input into lines. It also doesn't copy data in memory. Finally, the larger the pattern, the more efficient Grep becomes, by virtue of being able to skip over more and more of the file at a time.


Question: ...Why is it that when I’m laying in bed at night, the nostril that my head is leaning on closes automatically?

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 ...Why is it that when I’m laying in bed at night, the nostril that my head is leaning on closes automatically?

Most people actually only exhale through one nostril at a time. Your nose has erectile tissue which kinda turns your nostrils on and off throughout the day. It's thought that part of the reason we turn over at night even if we're comfy is due to this. It may not be the only factor at play here, but it is one.


Question: Why does some plastic turn yellow with age?

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 Why does some plastic turn yellow with age?

Most plastics are flammable. However this is an issue when making devices that needs to meet fire codes. For example you do not want the enclosure of electrical components that might short circuit to be flammable as it would spread the fire. So in order to make plastic safe for use in those applications manufacturers add bromide compounds to the plastic. These compounds are fire retardants. This is kind of like adding fire extinguisher powder to your plastic. However the issue is that these bromide compounds will slowly break down over time. Especially if exposed to UV radiation. And the resulting compounds have this nasty yellow-brown color to them. It is possible to oxidize these compounds using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide or ozone. This process is often called the retrobright process after a commercial product sold for this purpose. However people are also using simple hair bleaching agents to achieve the same results.


Question: If I'm trying to get the ace of spades, does picking 5 cards out of a fresh deck, have the same odds as picking 1 card 5 times - reshuffling in-between?

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 If I'm trying to get the ace of spades, does picking 5 cards out of a fresh deck, have the same odds as picking 1 card 5 times - reshuffling in-between?

No. If you pick 5 cards ouf of a fresh deck, your odds get better with each pull. First pull: 1:52 chance. Second: 1:51 chance. Fifth pull: 1:48 chance. If you put the card back and reshuffle each time, assuming you really do shuffle randomly, each pull is a 1:52 chance.


Question: why do chickens’ heads stay completely stabilised when someone moves their body?

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 why do chickens’ heads stay completely stabilised when someone moves their body?

Chicken have really bad eyesight/no working muscles arouns the eyes and first move their body, their head followes the movement afterwards. Thats why they walk so funnily - their eyes can not cope with the movement like ours can, therefore they adjust after the movement. This is what they do in your example as well, they hold still on purpose because otherwise they could not see very well.


Question: How does a refrigerator work?

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 How does a refrigerator work?

Expanding gas cools as it expands. First law of thermodynamics. Inside a refrigerator is a reservoir of refrigerant. This is a gas that is compressed into a liquid, as a liquid is a good way of storing a large volume of gas. The system allows the liquid to slowly bleed out of the reservoir. Where it expands rapidly into a gas, cooling as it expands and circulates. Providing refrigeration. At the other end of the system, a compressor sucks in the gas and compresses it back into a liquid in the reservoir. As the system runs the compressor gets hot, and you can get condensation inside the refrigerator. The condensation can be redirected out of the refrigerator to drop onto the hot compressor, where it evaporates.


Question: Why do, on occasion, temperatures of -2 Celsius in some regions feel colder than temperatures of +3 Celsius in other reasons?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do, on occasion, temperatures of -2 Celsius in some regions feel colder than temperatures of +3 Celsius in other reasons?

Wind and air humidity have great impact on how the air temperature feels. When your skin loses heat to the surrounding air, that air heats up and in turn absorbs less heat from your skin afterwards. That’s how fur keeps animals warm. It traps the warm air at their skin. Clothes do the same for us humans. Wind carries that warm air away replacing it with colder air that absorbs heat from your skin again. That why wind makes it feel colder. Humidity is more complicated but for cold weather it goes like this: water has a much higher heat capacity that’s air so humid air can absorb more heat from you than dry air, making it feel colder. In warm air, humidity work differently, it prevents your sweat from evaporating because there’s already water in the air and air has a limited capacity for carrying water vapor. In turn your body can’t cool itself effectively and it feels hotter than in dry air.


Question: Why is it bad to use flash photography around art / artifacts?

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 Why is it bad to use flash photography around art / artifacts?

I would imagine it’s the same reason why cellphones cause airplanes to crash and gas tanks to blow up. They don’t. They just want people to pay attention to what they are doing instead of taking photos. Also flashes are super annoying. Could you imagine trying to enjoy a painting in a dimly lit room and suddenly 30 bright lights flash in your face? Now you have little light blobs burned into your vision ruining the rest of you art viewing for a few minutes. Also a lot of art has glass over it so a flash would just reflect off and look terrible anyway. Ever tried to take a picture of an aquarium with a flash? Doesn’t work.


Question: Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?

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 Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?

I'm a doctor. Blood has large amounts of iron in it. The metallic smell is the iron. I think blood smells like iron filings. The "sickly-sweet" smell is from a component of blood called Albumin. If you ever were to taste lab grade albumin (which I have done), it is very sweet. My experience has been slightly different from yours, as I experience both of these smells when dealing with patients that are losing massive amounts of blood. I personally find the metallic/iron smell to be more overwhelming than the albumin smell.


Question: Where did all of water (like oceans and seas) come from, what is the origin of it ?

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 Where did all of water (like oceans and seas) come from, what is the origin of it ?

Water is very common throughout the Universe. Oxygen produced by stars is released during a supernova and combines with Hydrogen (the most common element in the universe) to form water. The early might have been formed with large quantities of water that oozed up to the surface why the Earth was still completely molten. But much of it was probably lost to space. Asteroids and comets contain a fair amount of water ice. Likely the Earth was continually bombarded during it's early days and the water just kept adding up.


Question: Why does water not catch fire?

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 Why does water not catch fire?

Fire is the result of rapid oxidation - oxygen atoms bonding strongly to something else. In the case of burning wood, that's mostly oxygen bonding to carbon to make CO and CO2. The heat from the fire rips the carbon out of the cellulose and other organic molecules in the wood, freeing them up to bond more strongly with the oxygen. That reaction creates more heat, which frees more carbon, which reacts with more oxygen... But you can also [burn hydrogen]( URL_1 )! The result of *that* is...H2O! Water. In order for water to burn, you would have to have have enough energy to rip the hydrogen off the water molecule, leaving just the oxygen, and then...put the oxygen atom right back on. Freeing the hydrogen from the oxygen costs energy, just like freeing the carbon from your wood. *Unlike* freeing the carbon from the wood, it costs exactly as much energy to get the oxygen *off* as it does putting it back on, which means you get a net gain of zero energy. Still, we use this principle for hydrogen fuel cells through the process of hydrolysis, which uses electricity to rip the water apart, and then we burn the resulting hydrogen. Because nothing is perfectly efficient, it's actually a net loss. The benefit is that you can use a very efficient source of power like solar or nuclear (from the city grid) to create that hydrogen. That just becomes a point of manipulating what energy you have into more usable forms. What's more, water is really good at absorbing heat. Remember the [fire triangle]( URL_0 ): without heat to get the fuel burning, you can't have a fire. So even if you have something to get started burning the water, the rest of the water around it will suck away the heat before individual molecules get hot enough to combust. You *can* still burn things underwater, though. Usually that means giving it an oxidizer along with your fuel, the same principle for burning things in space where there is no oxygen. IE: you bring your own with you. Sodium will burn underwater, specifically because the sodium reacts with the oxygen more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, and it'll just rip the oxygen right off the water! What's left is Sodium Hydroxide and H2 molecules, and a ton of heat. Those H2 molecules will react with any free oxygen in the water if there is any, but it'll definitely make a flame once that hot H2 hits the air where there's plenty of O2 ready to burn and form H2O again. But with sodium it's not the water that's burning, it's the sodium, and the product of that reaction can also burn (and does). *Burning* means oxidation, and you can't oxidize water because, well, it's already got oxygen in it! But you *can* do other reactions that accomplish the same thing. And you can force more oxygen onto the water molecules and make H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide. But you *lose* energy with that reaction, and the H2O2 is very eager to get rid of that second oxygen molecule and oxidize something else.


Question: () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)

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 () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)

If the poison was bad enough for an extra 7 digits to be really dangerous, you should be calling 911 anyway to get an ambulance. Poison control is generally more for when you are unsure if a substance is poisonous or not, or if you know it’s not that dangerous but still want to know the treatment. Not for emergencies.


Question: How do companies that make free products like web browsers and linux version stay afloat?

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 How do companies that make free products like web browsers and linux version stay afloat?

Some of them are open source projects meaning the contributors write them as research projects in their free time. They can use them in their CVs later. Surprisingly, these apps are very useable and stable. Ex.: Linux distributions. There are products with the companies would like to chain users to the other products of the company. Developing a browser like Chrome worth it if millions will use it to access Google products filled with ads (Gmail, Google Search etc.) In this case, these companies heavily calculate wether the product worth the trouble -- this is how Google shut down Google Plus this year. Finally some free products suggest you should pay for premium service, like Spotify.


Question: What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?

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 What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?

I took a few theoretical math courses as an undergrad and grad student, and my general idea is that you need to explicitly state your intuition and any relevant theorems and their relevance. Avoid using words like "clearly." Even if you're thinking that word, there's probably some intuition you need to write down. Think about how your audience might interpret your proof and make sure all leaps are explained. A similar question has been asked and answered on Stack Exchange, also asked by an undergrad student. You might find it helpful: URL_0 You have the right idea of asking your professors. Not only can they give you general guidelines, but rigor has slight subjectivity, so each professor has different expectations that you need to understand. You're asking for an exact distinction but there isn't an exact one because rigor is about convincing your audience that your proof is complete.


Question: Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?

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 Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?

From a *general* perspective; their paths are somewhat predictable. Generally, tornados will track along a route following whatever storm they're associated with. Thus, to trained storm spotters and meteorologists, 9 times out of 10 they'll be able to tell where the tornado will go to within about a mile or so. However, that remaining 1 time out of 10 some wonky things can happen because the storm can do strange things. The perfect example is the [El Reno Tornado]( URL_0 ) from back in 2013 that killed a few storm chasers and sent most of the rest scattering around it, entirely because the storm behaved very very strangely. Further, while the overwhelming majority of a tornado's damage is constrained to it's immediate vicinity, the tornado can still chuck debris over a pretty wide area. This debris, and the intense storm that the tornado is associated with, are often violent enough that, even if the tornado isn't going to hit you, it's still quite advisable to take cover until the storm passes.


Question: How come differences at the subatomic level lead to such variety?

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 How come differences at the subatomic level lead to such variety?

That stuff you're using to describe matter: liquid, blue, white, etc. is all a consequence of how matter interacts with everything else. The answer to how matter interacts with other stuff is usually the electric force. Why is some substance liquid at room temperature? Because the electric force between the electrons in the atoms/molecules is strong enough to keep it from being a gas and too weak to let it be a solid. Why is some substance blue? Because if the interactions of the electrons in the substance causing it to reflect, absorb, or ignore certain colors of light (which itself couples to the electric field). Why does iron transfer heat better plastic? Well, it has to do with how tightly the atoms pack and how well they can transfer kinetic energy (wiggling = heat) to each other, and the thing that dictates that is how the electrons pull and push on each other through the electric force. It's all about how the electrons interact. How the electrons interact is also affected by how many protons are in an atom. This all comes down to the electric force. Of course there's things like "why is a magnet magnetic?" Well, there's magnetic force involved in electrons also, but it's responsible for relatively fewer of the properties of matter.


Question: Why are gas prices so much higher in California than the rest of the country?

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 Why are gas prices so much higher in California than the rest of the country?

There are two big reasons. The first is that California has a higher gasoline tax than other states. That's pretty straightforward. The second, and much more important, is that California has stricter emissions laws than other states, which makes gasoline that would be legal to sell in other states unavailable to California. Not only is that gasoline more expensive to produce, but because California requires a different gasoline makeup, it means that California is a "gasoline island": in cases where demand increases, sellers can't import gasoline refined in other states, since their refineries don't produce California-compliant gasoline. So prices tend to be higher to start, and they're more likely to increase in response to issues like refinery capacity problems, power outages, unexpected demand, etc, since the supply is constrained.


Question: is ignorance of the law ever an excuse, when society has more laws than anybody can possibly remember?

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 is ignorance of the law ever an excuse, when society has more laws than anybody can possibly remember?

There is a lot of misinformation out there. So lets be very clear - NO. There is never any situation in which you escape criminal liability because you "didn't know about a rule". Now, lets talk about some of the tiny "hey isn't this an exception" laws. \- There are a lot of laws where it isn't so much you have to obey the law, its that you have to make a reasonable effort to obey the law. So the law is "THOU SHALL NOT EAT ICE CREAM", rather the law is "Be reasonably prudent to ensure that you do not eat ice cream". In that situation if you were given a frozen yogurt cup with what looked like frozen yogurt in it and you asked the person who gave it to whether it was frozen yogurt and they responded yes. Well then you are not in trouble for eating ice cream. \- There are also a lot of laws where the punishment options for the government range from "hey asshole - don't do that again", to "prepare your asshole for prison". Your knowledge of the law and sophistication is going to go a long way to say which of those applies. For example if your wife's friend is a secretary at the FBI and you mailed her a gift basket on her birthday there might be some crazy law on the books about not giving gifts to government employees over 50 bucks that you broke. The law isn't there for you though, its there for when the CEO of a chinese mining company gives a Ferrari with a trunk filled with cash to the head of the Ohio board of mining licences. \- Now, as has been said here "intention" is a component of almost every law. However it isn't the intention to break the law, rather it is the intention to do the prohibited thing. If there is a law that no one can walk on the grass outside congress, and the wind blows away the "no walking sign", you do not escape liability for not knowing. But if the wind blows YOU onto the lawn and you had never intended to go onto the grass at all, then you escape liability. & #x200B; Now at this point you are probably saying "but wait... this isn't really fair, there is no way I could know all the laws". Well you are absolutely, 100%, right. And this is a major problem in the minds of libertarians. Libertarians basically think that the rules of society should be simple enough that you can kind of just figure them out based on moral intuition. I have a lot of sympathy for that position. Especially in a country that calls itself the "land of the free". With that said, it simply is not true.


Question: why does ground beef / chicken breast cost less than red peppers?

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 why does ground beef / chicken breast cost less than red peppers?

**TL;DR: Lots of reasons.** *Certain fruits and veggies are highly seasonal and light for their weight and require careful handling and importing from outside the country. Meat's easier to keep growing through the winter using local government-assisted jobs so grocery stores can access massive quantities and sell it at a reduced price.* Fruits and vegetables don't grow outside in colder weather, and many have very limited growing seasons coupled with limited shelf life. So you either have to grow them in a warm climate that's far away and then invest in rapidly shipping them in a temperature-controlled container until they arrive, or grow them in a regional warmed greenhouse or hydroponics farm. Both options are expensive and add to the cost. A lot of fruit and vegetables bruise very easily and are filled with air (peppers are a good example). So you have to ship them in protective containers that don't really contain much weight compared to their volume. This adds to their cost compared the small volume for each pound of, say, pork that comes in. There are no seasonal limitations on growing many meats. Pig sties and chicken farms run throughout the year, feeding their animals through locally grown crops that keep really well like dried corn. Do it right and you can get several harvests of chicken each year. However, strawberries and asparagus really only grow once per year in a certain season. Getting those products out of season usually means they've been shipped from far overseas. Stores put on sales according to supply and demand. In your chicken versus grapes example, they were able to buy a massive quantity of local chicken at a cheap price, and they were willing to let it go at less of a profit per package because everyone's buying it and then buying other things in their store too. There's no massive quantity of grapes being routinely harvested in winter, so there's no sale on those and the store's getting full profit on each bunch they sell. And finally, as someone else mentioned, sometimes regional governments interfere in the price-setting elements of "supply and demand", charging tariffs and taxes on imported good while subsidizing locally produced ones.


Question: If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games/videos have to specifically support it?

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 If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games/videos have to specifically support it?

The recorded and transmitted video data has to conform to a specific set of standards that constrain the possible quality you can achieve. To get HDR, you need to use a suitable standard such as Dolby Video, which adds more precision to each pixel than would be possible in normal (non-HDR) video. If you really want to see an example, the wikipedia HDR page gives some detail as to the specific codecs used: URL_0


Question: Why is Facebook advertising it's "Facebook Live" feature so heavily?

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 Why is Facebook advertising it's "Facebook Live" feature so heavily?

If the social media market starts to gravitate towards Snapchats or livestreams, etc it means users could use other platforms to share content and information which means they become less relevant. They are also working on different ways to monetize the live streaming with ads so they maintain revenue. This is revenue they lose if people use other networks to do accomplish the same goal. Essentially, they are trying to protect their market share in case social media transitions to into this new live space.


Question: How do the bakery's cut hot dog buns when they are still all stuck together to the other hot dog buns in the package?

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 How do the bakery's cut hot dog buns when they are still all stuck together to the other hot dog buns in the package?

Hot dog buns are usually 4 across. THey are cut with three knives, so you end up with this pattern of bun sides cut uncut, uncut cut, cut uncut, uncut cut The side buns are cut normally the middle gets cut with a pointy flat spike that goes all the way through and cuts two buns, thats where you get the two cuts against each other.


Question: On a subatomic level, what stops two objects made of the same exact material from joining and forming a bigger object? What force is there that repels the two objects?

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 On a subatomic level, what stops two objects made of the same exact material from joining and forming a bigger object? What force is there that repels the two objects?

A few things, notably that what *we* see as the "same material" often isn't actually the same material. Take metals: they oxidize. For iron, that means rusting. While a thick layer of rust takes a while, the iron atoms on the outside oxidize about as instantaneously as anything can happen. So when you try to stick to pieces of iron together, in reality there's a barrier of iron oxide between the two pieces, and that iron oxide doesn't really stick to anything. Why not? Because the oxygen is sticking to the iron instead. The iron can't stick to the other iron atoms because the oxygen is in the way, and the oxygen won't stick to the oxygen because oxygen generally doesn't like sticking to itself. This happens with pretty much all metals: the instant you cut through the metal, it will oxidize and it won't stick back together. Interestingly enough, you *can* "cold weld" metal together in an environment where there is no oxygen, like space! The cut has to be extremely clean and precise, too. If you manage it, though, you can simply touch the cut pieces of metal together and they'll "weld" into a solid piece again. But the cut has to be *very* precise. The other reason materials don't stick together is because of surface area and contact. Think about [cut wood]( URL_0 ) and how rough the edge is after you cut it. Even if the wood wanted to stick together like unoxidized metal, it still wouldn't because it would touch enough. Each little splinter sticking out of the cut edge would attach, sure, but then it would get in the way and prevent shorter splintery edges from touching each other. There would be gaps with trapped air, and not enough pieces bonded together to make it strong. So your material has to be very smooth at the cut, or else it's like trying to get two puzzle pieces that don't match to stick together. Some materials just aren't sticky, or aren't sticky in the right way. For this, you can think of velcro: there's a grabby side and a soft side. The grabby side won't stick to another grabby side, eh? That's kind of what's happening with oxidized metal: oxygen is really grabby and it runs in and grabs the metal, and other grabby oxygen can't stick to that grabby oxygen. Really, it has to do with unpaired electrons in the outer shell. That is, electrons like being paired and atoms will "borrow" electrons from nearby atoms so that they can complete the pairs. Usually, the atoms end up sharing the electrons, which keeps them close together (which is a *covalent* bond in chemistry). Atoms can also just straight up steal an electron, but that makes them slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive, and like tiny magnets they stick together (which is an *ionic* bond). There's also *metallic* bonds, in which the electrons float among all the atoms in the metal, "shared" by all of the atoms simultaneously. When an atom has all its electrons paired up and the positive/negative charges balanced, it doesn't need to stick to anything else. Sometimes a substance is just like that. Take for instance carbon dioxide - the oxygen shares its electrons with the carbon and, just like the oxidized iron, has all its electrons paired and doesn't want or need to borrow or share with anything else. So CO2 doesn't really stick to itself at all. That's why it's a gas at room temperature. Water, on the other hand, sticks to itself pretty well because the molecules are polar, which is why water is *not* a gas at room temperature. Anything with atoms with completed electron pairs won't stick to much of anything, unless it's polar like water. That is, part of the water is very slightly positive and part is very slightly negative, so they stick together like magnets that are very slightly bigger than the tiny ionic bonding atoms. These kinds of polar molecule bonding is called *hygrogen* bonding. You can still get a material to clump even if the atoms have full electron pairs, though. Stuff like plastics have long chains of polymers, which are repeating bits of molecules stuck together, and they're all tangled together instead of being chemically bonded. So they won't really stick to anything, including other plastic, unless you melt it down and give the polymers a chance to move around and get tangled up with each other. Think of plastic like a box of Christmas lights piled on top of each other and shaken up a lot, and then frozen in place. There's no way to get them apart. If you add another frozen pile of tangled Christmas lights on top, though, they won't tangle together until you unfreeze them and jumble them up together. TL;DR: That totally works that way under very limited circumstances, but mostly the forces repelling the two objects are the same forces repelling any two objects - that is to say, the electromagnetic force keeping electrons away from each other.


Question: Why does esport (e.g. Dota 2) need to be constantly changed and updated if not people will get bored, while traditional sports (e.g. football) can stay the same for hundreds of years but people will still play?

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 Why does esport (e.g. Dota 2) need to be constantly changed and updated if not people will get bored, while traditional sports (e.g. football) can stay the same for hundreds of years but people will still play?

Sports don’t stay the same. Players practice, exercise, retire, and join. There is inherent imbalance in sports. One team had more experienced people, faster or stronger people. In esports, some strategies are superior. Some units, gear, whatever are superior. Some strategies are superior. But, no champions, items, or whatever else ever have to retire. If you never change anything, then player experience becomes the only factor which varies between matches. Look at hardcore fans of various sports. They track MASSIVE quantities of statistics on players. If the only thing they could track was raw experience, sports likely also would lack the consistent draw.


Question: How do surgeons reattach people's entire body parts after they've been removed?

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 How do surgeons reattach people's entire body parts after they've been removed?

slowly and carefully. Some things like muscle tissue will regrow and repair. But things like nerves, arteries, veins and some capillaries have to be manually reattached and even grafted (meaning replacent tissue has to be put on it to support the connection until it can heal and regrow) Its a long and tedious job but if done correctly partial and even full use of the limb can be restored. And most people would say its worth the work.


Question: Why is Japan not facing economic ruin when its debt to GDP ratio is much worse than Greece during the eurozone crisis?

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 Why is Japan not facing economic ruin when its debt to GDP ratio is much worse than Greece during the eurozone crisis?

Japan is a middle-aged doctor who took out a second mortgage maybe they shouldn't have. They are still wealthy, still have a great, high income job, so people are willing take more chances loaning them money, even if the debt is starting to pile up. If worse comes to worst, they can always sell their vacation condo to make ends meet. Greece is an assistant manager at Kinkos, who lied on a bunch of credit card applications and lived too large for a few years until it all caught up with them. Even though they owe less than Japan, even as a ratio to their income, their job is much less stable, so the interest is higher and their creditors are much less patient. They also live in their parents' basement, so they have no house to sell to get them out of trouble. And most worrying, they haven't assumed responsibility for the mess they made and spend most of their time blaming other people rather than trying to fix it.


Question: How do tokens work? How does a machine (i.e: arcade game, subway turnstile, etc) distinguish one token from another, or from a similar sized coin in general?

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 How do tokens work? How does a machine (i.e: arcade game, subway turnstile, etc) distinguish one token from another, or from a similar sized coin in general?

Typically, this is done by size and/or weight. There will be elements of the machine that will evaluate the coin by one or both of these metrics to see if it is "valid" - it will return it if it is not. Odds are, the tokens will work just fine as there aren't that many people that make tokens and there isn't much value in having unique tokens for each customer.


Question: Why is it harder to sing in a secondary language despite having a certain level of proficiency in it?

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 Why is it harder to sing in a secondary language despite having a certain level of proficiency in it?

Singing in a language uses a different part of the brain than speaking it. You will find with Choirs that many people sing in foreign languages without being able to speak said languages at all. They are taught how to sing the specific words in a specific manner and no language processing is occurring for them, just music production.


Question: Why does it feel good to rub your eyes when you’re tired?

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 Why does it feel good to rub your eyes when you’re tired?

URL_0 > Rubbing your eyes can also be therapeutic. Pressing down on your eyeball can stimulate the vagus nerve, which slows down your heart rate, relieving stress. That might explain the "feel good", but read the rest in the article about potential damage to your eyes by rubbing them too much. Your eyes have an inner fluid pressure, and you don't want to continually increase that pressure. URL_1 > Even a light rub doubles [eye pressure]. Removing eye make-up or wiping away tears increases the pressure a little more. But scrunching up your eyes then using your knuckles to gouge really hard shoots up your eye pressure more than 20 times. Read the rest, about dangers if you have certain eye conditions. Also, from the first article: > Most worryingly, studies have shown that continuous eye rubbing in susceptible individuals can also lead to thinning of the cornea, which is weakened and pushes forward to become more conical. This is known as keratoconus, and is a serious condition that can lead to distorted vision and ultimately the need for a corneal graft. So basically don't rub too hard or too often. Also if you are rubbing because of an allergy making your eyes itchy, it actually make the itching worse, because rubbing also releases "histamines" (the stuff that makes you itch & sneeze etc. when you have hay fever or other allergies). That's why you might find that if your eyes itch, the more you rub them the more itchy they get! Eyeballs are complicated things. ed: Bit of trivia: Eyeballs are technically *part of your brain*! The retina (the light-sensitive bit at the back of the eyeball) is formed from the same tissues as the brain so it's considered part of the brain. Our brains are literally peeping out of our skulls to see things. :)


Question: what does it mean when a US state is a “right to work” state?

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 what does it mean when a US state is a “right to work” state?

Right to work is a misnomer which i assume is by design. It basically means the company you work for can fire you at anytime for any reason but you can quit anytime you want as well. You can quit anytime you want to in a non right to work state as well so it basically just gives companies power over you.


Question: why do electrical circuits make noise occasionally?

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 why do electrical circuits make noise occasionally?

Buncha weird answers here. Switch mode power supplies use a transistor to switch the current on and off through a coil of wire, generating different voltages which can be more useful for low voltage DC circuits. As this coil of wire is repeatedly energised and de-energised at a high frequency, causing a changing magnetic field, which can interact with the environment, creating sound waves.


Question: Why do older video games look so angular, like they were pasting faces on the blocks of wood? What changed?

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 Why do older video games look so angular, like they were pasting faces on the blocks of wood? What changed?

Computers do 3D graphics with angular, pointy shaped polygons. If you wanna make something look smooth and rounded, you need to use **more** little polygons to approximate a rounded edge. Problem is, more polygons means more resources for a computer to keep track of, and on older systems eventually you'd run out of memory to keep track of it all. So in ye olden days, you had to look for stuff you could skip drawing in 3D, and paste a picture on instead. Pasting a picture on aka "using a texture" could be less "expensive" for the computer to spend time on rather than really building details in 3D. So a lot of facial detail (how eyes are set in, how cheeks are rounded) would get skipped over. [Here's a kinda long video showing off Mario's evolution over the years.]( URL_0 ) In his N64 days, it took 752 polygons to make his shape, but by the time you get to modern models, it takes over 10,000. But in exchange you get to model all sorts of little details (like his mustache! And fingers!) that help him look way better. The N64 simply didn't have enough memory to store this, and even if it did it's CPU was too slow to draw it fast enough: ideally games need to draw a new picture of what's happening on screen **at least** 30 times a second in order for the motion to look okay.


Question: Why do we get black circles under our eyes when we don't get enough sleep?

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 Why do we get black circles under our eyes when we don't get enough sleep?

The concept behind dark circles under your eyes relates to fluid retention. The skin under your eyes is extremely thin, and therefore, more transparent. When you've neglected sleeping one of the responses the body has is in the increase in the amount of the hormone Cortisol. Cortisol, which is sometimes referred to as the stress hormone, will increase blood flow (vasodilation). This is subsequently seen in the skin under your eyes!