Question: Whats the Muller report and why is it so important?

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 Whats the Muller report and why is it so important?

Robert Mueller was charged with investigating whether the Trump Campaign to get him elected as President of the United States broke any laws in regards to illegal activities with Russia. While we know that Russia tried to interfere with the US election to get Trump elected, we don't know for a fact if Trump was actively working with Russia to get that done, or if Russia was doing it without his knowledge. During Mueller's investigation, several prominent members of Trump's election campaign were found to have had illegal actions with Russia, several of whom confessed guilty to the crimes. He has completed his investigation and made a large report which was given to the US Attorney General, who was chosen by Donald Trump. The full report has not been released to the public, just a 4 page synopsis written by the US attorney general. It indicates that there isn't enough evidence to prove that President Trump was illegally involved with Russia during the campaign, and doesn't make a judgment about whether President Trump illegally used his authority to try and interfere with this investigation. Attorney General Barr, before being chosen for the position, wrote an essay stating that he felt the President of the United States can not be charged with crimes, something many people suspect is the reason why he got chosen. Likewise, Barr's son-in-law works for the Trump Administration. Many feel that Barr is too biased. Many members of Congress want the report released to the public, so that the American people can decide for themselves given the evidence. But... at first it appeared that Barr wouldn't let it be made public. Now it seems that Barr is having the White House censor the report, and that censored version is all that the public would see. If the report does have evidence of Trump doing bad things, then President Trump's team getting to remove those sections seems unfair to many. tl;dr - It's an investigation into President Trump, and may have information that makes him look bad or implies that he may have broken the law.


Question: If you put a perfectly spherical object onto a perfectly flat surface would only one atom from the sphere be touching the surface?

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 If you put a perfectly spherical object onto a perfectly flat surface would only one atom from the sphere be touching the surface?

This is a question which illustrates how incompatible reality can be with mathematical rigour. In mathematics, a perfect sphere sitting on top of a perfectly flat plane would indeed have a single point of intersection. Such a flat plane would be a 'tangent plane' to the sphere. However, in reality, nothing can be 'perfectly spherical' or 'perfectly flat', as both of these properties are defined rigorously by mathematics alone. A sphere for instance is a mathematical object with very specific rules, e.g. * Every point on the surface of the sphere is equidistant from it's centre. * Every point on the surface of the sphere has the same curvature. And conclusions you can draw from the properties such as: * The maximum distance between two points on a sphere is achieved when they can be connected by a straight line through the centre of the sphere. * The sphere looks exactly the same from any direction. These very specific mathematical conditions are too specific to be consistent with the real world. But back to the question, if you lived in some imaginary world where objects in that world complied exactly with specific mathematical definitions for flat planes and spheres, then a sphere and plane could intersect at a single point (this would not be an atom as we know it though). In the real world where atoms are a thing and mathematical definitions don't exactly translate, then no.


Question: why do people's voice pitch sometimes change when switching between different languages?

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 why do people's voice pitch sometimes change when switching between different languages?

Different languages are spoken with different average pitches (obviously there's a LOT of variation within a language, but once you study a lot of people, trends start to emerge). People may just be imitating what they hear. Also, anecdotally, I've noticed people tend to raise their pitch when speaking a second language. My equally unproven explanation is that people get anxious when speaking a second language, and people tend to raise their pitch when nervous.


Question: Why divide by (n-1) for standard deviation?

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 Why divide by (n-1) for standard deviation?

It's to correct for an underlying bias in the sample standard deviation that causes it to systematically underestimate the true population variance. If you calculate the expectation of the population variance (sigma squared) minus the formula for standard deviation with an n rather than an n-1 in the denominator (the biased estimator), you'll end up with the variance of the sample mean (sigma squared over n). This implies (because of the linearity of the expectation operator) that the expectation of the biased estimator is sigma minus sigma squared over n. Basically, since the expectation of sigma squared is sigma squared (it's a population parameter, just a number) and the expectation of sigma squared minus the biased estimator equals sigma squared over n, then the expectation of the biased estimator must just be sigma squared minus sigma squared over n. Sigma squared minus sigma squared over n is just (n-1)/n times sigma squared. So all we have to do is multiply our biased estimator n/(n-1) to correct it. The n in the numerator cancels out the n in the denominator from the biased estimator and leaves the squared deviations from the mean over n-1. I know this is kind of awful without symbols and formulas (I don't really know how to do that on reddit but didn't want to just link to the wiki). What I described is just method three of the proof on the [wiki]( URL_0 ). If you have specific questions about what they did there I should be able to answer them.


Question: Why sometimes the cloudy sky appears yellowish during the day, and sometimes during the night brownish/redish?

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 Why sometimes the cloudy sky appears yellowish during the day, and sometimes during the night brownish/redish?

At night, it's because you live in a city. Cities are actually extremely bright, so much so that even on clear nights you can barely see the stars. When the light from the city reflects off the clouds it often takes on an orange-ish color, since that's what the clouds are best at reflecting. Edit: Forgot to mention, this effect is called "Skyglow." I don't know why it might happen during the day.


Question: . Why are flys so dumb? They come into a house, and straight away fly into the windows

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 . Why are flys so dumb? They come into a house, and straight away fly into the windows

They're homing in on the reflection of light in the room presented in the glass, unfortunately they make goldfish look insanely smart with their 7 second memory so " \*dink\* Ow! can't go that way, hey light! \* dink\* Ow! Can't go that way, hey light! " is normally the mental process


Question: What is an EEG test?

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 What is an EEG test?

EEG - Electroencephalograph - you know in the movies when the patient is wired to a machine that is plotting out all these little lines and then they ask the patient to think about bananas or something and the lines go nuts? That's it. Its a machine that can be used to measure the electrical output of your brain. You can actually pinpoint certain areas of the brain (say if you're looking to measure speech center or muscle control of your right side..) then you get our patient to talk or say or move and you watch the activity. Like here, ["you can see the point where we jabbed the patient with the cattle prod and they flopped around a bit"]( URL_0 ) Lets say you're measuring the speech center. You ask them to say "banana" and they don't, but you see the brain activity, that helps you determine well maybe the problem isn't the brain, maybe there's something wrong with the nerves that connect with the larynx or the vocal cords or the jaw, tongue etc. to make the sounds. (ok that's probably a terrible example.)


Question: Is urine beneficial or aggravating to jelly stings?

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 Is urine beneficial or aggravating to jelly stings?

this is one of those cases where someone heard a fun factoid, and spreads it round without context and it now becomes a widely recognized "myth". There is a specific composition of urine that would work for specific types of stings but the chances that your/someone elses pee on the jellyfish that stung you would be a match is very very very low. For the times where Urine does not how, it can actually cause the stinger cells to release more toxins which is what causes the pain sensation. The pain lasts a long time because your body has its own natural defense mechanism but it doesn't work as fast. & #x200B; This is kind of like someone saying "i kicked my tv and it turned on again" maybe in very few cases that your kick shook something loose back into place but more likely than not you would do more damage than finding the right tool for the job.


Question: Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

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 Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

It's turmeric - which is indeed a plant in the ginger family. I don't know why turmeric hangs on as well as it does, but it's been used as a dye forever. It's the curcumin in turmeric which produces the color. Interestingly, Indians have used turmeric as an antibacterial - you may wash your vegetables in turmeric water before cooking, for instance, or use a turmeric facial to help with acne - and it does indeed have antibacterial qualities similar to synthetics. URL_0


Question: Where did the saying "Pink at night, sailor's delight. Pink in the morning, sailors take warning" Come from and is there any validity to it?

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 Where did the saying "Pink at night, sailor's delight. Pink in the morning, sailors take warning" Come from and is there any validity to it?

In order to understand why “Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in morning, sailor’s warning” can predict the weather, we must understand more about weather and the colors in the sky. Usually, weather moves from west to east. In the mid-latitudes, the prevailing winds are westerlies. This means storm systems generally move in from the West. The colors we see in the sky are due to the rays of sunlight being split into colors of the spectrum as they pass through the atmosphere and ricochet off the water vapor and particles in the atmosphere. The amounts of water vapor and dust particles in the atmosphere are good indicators of weather conditions. They also determine which colors we will see in the sky. During sunrise and sunset the sun is low in the sky, and it transmits light through the thickest part of the atmosphere. A red sky suggests an atmosphere loaded with dust and moisture particles. We see the red, because red wavelengths (the longest in the color spectrum) are breaking through the atmosphere. The shorter wavelengths, such as blue, are scattered and broken up. Red sky at night, sailors delight. When we see a red sky at night, this means that the setting sun is sending its light through a high concentration of dust particles. This usually indicates high pressure and stable air coming in from the west. Basically good weather will follow. Red sky in morning, sailor’s warning. A red sunrise can mean that a high pressure system (good weather) has already passed, thus indicating that a storm system (low pressure) may be moving to the east. A morning sky that is a deep, fiery red can indicate that there is high water content in the atmosphere. So, rain could be on its way.


Question: How is meat grown in labs without creating a whole animal?

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 How is meat grown in labs without creating a whole animal?

Basically there are two parts to this that we need to cover. 1) stem cells & differentiation; 2) tissue growth. TL;DR: Stem cells can make a whole tissue from just a few cells, and then to get the specific meat you put it in the correct environment to make sure it creates only the bits you want it to make. Also to answer your question, we can't in many cases. Animals are very much still used because we don't understand cells well enough yet. --- First of all, stem cells. These are cells which can replicate indefinitely in a controlled manner, and are relatively unspecialised. When they replicate, they can 'choose' (based on external factors) whether to produce 2 stem cells of the same type, 2 more specialised (differentiated) cells, or one of each. Adult stem cells are really only able to produce a few related cell types, such as stem cells in your bone marrow producing different blood cells, but the earlier back in development you go, the more general-purpose the stem cells—in an embryo, they can produce every type of body cell. The takeaway here is that if you have a bunch of stem cells which can differentiate to form muscle (myoblasts) and fat (pre-adipocytes), you can skip out all of the annoying middle step where you produce the rest of a cow, and just make a bunch of muscle and fat. This means you can extract some from a cow, and then use just those cells to produce as much meat as you want without ever touching a cow again. Unfortunately, it's not as simple as just "throw myoblasts and pre-adipocytes on a petri dish and watch the magic happen", for reasons we'll see now. Now, part 2: tissue growth. Unless your cells are cancerous, they don't *just* divide. There are *tonnes* of molecules and mechanisms which signal whether a cell should divide, based on its surroundings (how else would the cell 'know what to do'?). The main ones which are useful for thinking about lab-grown meat are growth factors, density-dependent inhibition, and anchorage dependence. Growth factors are basically other parts of the body signalling to cells that they should divide, for example to repair a cut, or just because you're a child and are growing. Density-dependent inhibition tells cells not to replicate if the cell is being squished in on all sides (it's much more complicated, as always, but still); this is why tumours (which lack all inhibition) are round-ish lumpy blobs, rather than neat and ordered. Anchorage dependence is that cells don't divide unless there's a framework (a matrix, and no not that kind) outside the cell that they can sit on and not be knocked off easily. This is the biggest issue with making, say, a lab-grown steak—making a 'steak matrix' is really difficult, and way more expensive than just making the full cow. We just don't understand how everything fits together well enough to do this well. If you want to make a burger, you don't care about structure, so you can be a lot more relaxed about getting a proper matrix (hell, you might even be able to just use pre-cancerous cells that lack any anchorage dependence). After all, standard procedure with a cow-sourced burger is basically "tear the meat into tiny shreds then force it into a patty shape", so there's really not much by way of macroscopic structure going on.


Question: How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?

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 How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?

Having a lot of money doesn’t necessarily mean they have a large earned income for the year. I could own 100,000 shares of Tesla and if the stock rose $100 for the year, I made $10 million. My net worth would reflect that, but if I don’t sell any of those shares during the year, I don’t have to pay any taxes on them. Only when I sell do I pay taxes. The same could be said for real estate. I own 5 houses and their value doubles in a year. My net worth rises, but again, I don’t pay taxes unless I sell the houses. (I know property taxes are still a thing, but I’m strictly talking income tax). Another thing that can be done is to receive write offs for charitable donations. Donate $100,000 to a qualified charity and that is $100,000 less you have to pay taxes on. You can also carry forward losses if you lost money in the stock market in previous years. Those losses can be deducted from any gains you made and sold this year. So there are some CEOs who get a majority of their salary in the form of stock in the company and may only take home $100,000 in cash paychecks a year despite gaining $1,000,000 in shares of stock.


Question: Why do Maths have theorems but other sciences and disciplines do not?

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 Why do Maths have theorems but other sciences and disciplines do not?

A theorem is a result that can be proven true given a set of rules. A theory is a set of ideas to explain why something is true; a guess at the rules. Humans did not invent the physical world, so we cannot know its rules with absolute certainty. Therefore, we only have theories about the physical world. Humans invented math - the rules are decided by us and can be literally whatever we want because they have no real consequence. (It’s just that Math is only useful when the rules are self-consistent and align with reality). Because we know the rules, we can come up with theorems.


Question: Having seeing that gif of the Amish building a barn, what building codes do they have to adher (ex. smoke detectors, etc.) and do fire departments treat fires differently if they are held to different standards?

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 Having seeing that gif of the Amish building a barn, what building codes do they have to adher (ex. smoke detectors, etc.) and do fire departments treat fires differently if they are held to different standards?

Building codes are set at the city and county level, not the State level. Since the Amish live in their own communities (small villages or collections of farms) they do not have any building codes that they have to comply to save the standards of craftsmanship they choose to hold themselves to. But seeing as they see labor as a service to God they put a massive amount of time in planning the design and crafting of the barns. The final assemblies go very fast due to teamwork. The Amish are also some of the most skilled carpenters and wood workers in the country, so what they build is well built.


Question: How can a small battery with 12V and 5000mAh make 1000A to jumpstart multiple cars?

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 How can a small battery with 12V and 5000mAh make 1000A to jumpstart multiple cars?

A 5000mAh (i.e. 5Ah), means that it will take the battery 1hr to drain with a 5A current draw. You could instead draw 1A and make it last for 5hrs, or in this case, 1000A for 18seconds... Let’s say a car start engine draws current for 2-3 seconds, so you get about 6 starts before the battery runs out of juice.


Question: If big bang happened 13.8 Billion years ago and observable universe is 46 Billion light years vast, so do we have any clue on what happened before the big bang if we can see past that?

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 If big bang happened 13.8 Billion years ago and observable universe is 46 Billion light years vast, so do we have any clue on what happened before the big bang if we can see past that?

Hubble’s Law states that the space expands because of the big bang, and this expansion pushes light further away than it’d travel by its own, just like a wave pushing a surfboard over itself, and this is why the light travelled more than it should by the time the universe exists. (english isn’t my first language tho, sorry)


Question: How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?

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 How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?

He does get paid but he gets paid in stocks. So instead of getting paid at the end of the year he gets X # of shares of facebook stock He can turn around and sell that stock for a profit. Also because of tax reasons he only has to pay 15% tax on it not the normal rate most of us pay what with all the taxes is around 35-40%


Question: What does it mean to “write something off” for taxes?

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 What does it mean to “write something off” for taxes?

The tax code allows for deductions and credits for certain things. For example say your taxable income is $50k, when you deduct or “write off” something , you are deducting from that. So say you write off 5k in mortgage interest, your new taxable income is 45k A tax credit is something that gets reduced from your actual tax burden, say you owe 5k in taxes , and you get 2k for your child tax credit; that’s 3k your new tax burden Businesses are allowed to deduct expenses , so you hear this a lot


Question: What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?

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 What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?

A credit union is a cooperative. I paid 5$ to be a member of mine. The members own the company. They hire staff to run it. Theres are regular CA meetings when major decisions are made. Once a year the overall dividends (profit) is shared between all members. I make about 300$ a year this way.


Question: Not all wounds scar so why can't you cut a scar to have it heal back without scar tissue?

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 Not all wounds scar so why can't you cut a scar to have it heal back without scar tissue?

All wounds scar. Some are just not noticeable. And you could do what you suggest. This is what reconstructive surgery does. It cuts out the scar, takes a piece of skin not scarred, and puts it in its place. But you need to have a piece of skin available. This almost always comes from your own body. And then you need to close the hole you took the skin from. Most often, causing scars there. The thing to remember is nothing heals completely scar free. Just, some are not noticeable. Or as noticeable.


Question: Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

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 Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

A lot of math symbolism, like this one, was popularized by the French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes (Fun fact: the term "Cartesian" is named after him). He wanted to make the convention of using letters like x,y and z to represent unknown variables, while a b and c are known constants. Why he chose those letters specifically is not really clear, but they're a convention that we still use today.


Question: What is "blue light" and why does filtering it on my phone help protect my eyes?

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 What is "blue light" and why does filtering it on my phone help protect my eyes?

The most important thing about filtering blue light from your electronic devices is that blue light keeps you awake at night. Light signals your body to stop the production of melatonin and destroy the melatonin in your body, and blue light is the most effective at causing this. Melatonin signals the rest of your body to sleep and gives you that sleepy feeling. Filtering out the blue from your phone screen and computer monitor helps prevent sleep disorders because it helps prevent those devices from falsely signaling your body to stop producing melatonin.


Question: How does the sun make things pale?

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 How does the sun make things pale?

Most colors for manufactured things come from [pigments]( URL_1 ). Pigments are chemical compounds that absorb most wavelengths of visible light and reflect a fairly narrow band of visible light (thus giving it its color). UV light is highly energetic, and [can break down chemical bonds]( URL_0 ). Pigments subject to UV light (like from the sun) over long periods of time will get broken down, thus changing their chemical structure, and thus making them less good reflecting a specific wavelength of visible light.


Question: How do scientists determine the age of a species?

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 How do scientists determine the age of a species?

There's various methods for making that determination, and like all things in science, new information may change the number. Probably the two most common methods for determining when a species first evolved are using the fossil record and genetic profiling. The fossil record is pretty straight forward. If I find a fossil of a particular species, then I can look at the rocks I found that fossil in and determine how old the rocks are. Once I know how old the rock layer I found the fossil in is, I know that the species has to be at least that old (if it weren't that old, it couldn't have wound up in a rock layer that is that old). Another method is to use genetic profiling. If I can't find fossils of that species, or I can't find fossils old enough to determine when they might have first evolved, I might be able to determine what other species it evolved from by analyzing it's DNA and the DNA of other species. By tracing changes in the DNA of the species I'm trying to date compared to species I know the date of, I can determine things like whether or not one species came from the other, or if they shared a common ancestor (I might even determine that they're actually the same species with small genetic differences, like different breeds of dogs). Using DNA in this method is complex. It relies on other information, and the more you learn about a species and the species it's related to can significantly change your understanding of how those species came about (and therefore, when they came about). So there's always the possibility that our understanding of when species first evolved could shift. The more information we gather, the better our understanding. EDIT: I just want to emphasize, these are not the only methods for dating species. Similar to DNA, we can use things like bone structure to understand the relationship between different species and how they may have evolved. And by combining multiple different techniques, we can be more accurate.


Question: Why is everyone so afraid of Saudi Arabia?

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 Why is everyone so afraid of Saudi Arabia?

They're rich, they have oil, they have no morals, and they've funded a great deal of modern terrorism. They also seem to have the west by the balls because of the oil. The result is that Saudi Arabia can shit on anything it wants but the USA and Europe will still buy its oil and sell it weapons.


Question: What's the point of allergies?

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 What's the point of allergies?

Your immune system can be conceptualized as a bunch of factors playing tug of war. When your immune system is developing it has to play this balancing game learning how to discriminate self (your body) and harmless (like tree pollen) from foreign and dangerous (like bacteria/viruses). In some people, their B immune cells recognize a particular allergen as foreign. This leads to an increase in circulating antibodies that trigger an allergic response every time the allergen is encountered. Some of these people will learn that this is an incorrect response and raise a different type of antibody (ones with what is called a different effector function) that turns off this particular immune response. There's other mechanisms of allergy and autoimmune reactions, but they all rely on some form of balancing (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA4/CD80 axis, IgG/Igm4, etc.) but they are quite complicated to explained. Ultimately, there's no real point to it. There's infinite combinations of molecules and your immune system has to discriminate all of that from you. It's a tough job.


Question: if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?

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 if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?

Cancer cells result from mutations that disable the things that keep cell growth in check. Those mutations come from incorrect repairs to cell DNA, and those errors happen more frequently the more repairs take place. Therefore things that cause damage that requires repairs increase the chances of developing cancer, stuff like cigarettes, asbestos, and sun exposure.


Question: How does making a lever longer increase the amount of force applied to it's pivot point?

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 How does making a lever longer increase the amount of force applied to it's pivot point?

Torque! Work = Force * Distance Longer lever arm (long pipe in your example) increases distance. This means less force needed for the same amount of work. Note: I am *not* a physics guy—someone more qualified please help out if this is wrong! I’m sure there’s something I may have missed in the explanation.


Question: In tv shows and movies, why do really giant people/creatures always move so slow?

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 In tv shows and movies, why do really giant people/creatures always move so slow?

I think it just appears as if they are moving slow, but are actually covering a lot of ground. We could use stride/steps as an example. Let's say that a stride is the distance between two planted feet after having stepped forward onto one foot while walking. Let's then assume that it would take six steps for a human to walk the distance of a giant's single stride (obviously this varies according to giant's/human's size). So with one swing of the giant's leg, it has actually moved pretty far compared to the human. A giant's limbs are also heavier and therefore perhaps not as nimble. It takes a lot more energy for the giant to lift and lower it's feet as it walks. You could simulate this by walking around with 10lb ankle weights on. But if you had super long legs like a giant, you would still cover more ground in less time than a human while walking just because you have a much longer stride.


Question: Why do crabs, shrimp, etc. turn orange?

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 Why do crabs, shrimp, etc. turn orange?

Lobsters and crabs have a pigment called astaxanthin in their shells, which has the ability to absorb blue light, making the shell appear red under certain conditions. When the lobster is alive, the pigment is safely stored inside a membrane hidden in the shell called the crustacyanin. It’s packed so tightly inside the lobster shell that the pigment is trapped inside the membrane, unable to flow freely. That means that crustacean usually appears in those muted dark blue or green tones. The pigment responds strongly to heat, though: Once you dump a crab or a lobster in a pot of boiling water, it’s body chemistry changes: The pigment—astaxanthin—gets separated from the membrane—the crustacyanin—transforming your dinner into that ruby-hued tone we know so well. Same goes for usually boring grey shrimp, which also have a pink pigment in their meat and shells that is released by heat. URL_0


Question: Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.

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 Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.

It helps not to think of it as rotation, just look at the patch where the tire touches the pavement. The engine is twisting the wheel, trying to push the tire contact point backwards. But it can't slide (because the tire is grippy) and the ground can't go backwards (because it's ground) so the only way for the bottom of the tire to move backwards is for the axle to move forwards. The friction between the tire and the ground is transmitted through the tire and wheel and shows up as a force pushing forward on the axle through the wheel bearings. As the car (and axle) moves forward, that little patch of tire on the ground lifts away...but it's a wheel, so as it rotates a new patch is coming into contact. Rotating the wheel makes sure that you've always got a piece of tire touching the ground to push off with. If the tire \*isn't\* grippy enough, the tire will slide over the ground, you spin your wheels, and don't go anywhere. If the ground isn't solid, the ground will go backwards and spray dirt/gravel behind you, and you won't go anywhere. Edit:typo


Question: What happens when you file for bankruptcy?

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 What happens when you file for bankruptcy?

There are various kinds of bankruptcies, depending on the type and degree of debt. Some (credit cards) are relatively easily discharged while others are nearly impossible (student loans) or require a loss of assets (car loans). People do it when the debt payments become unmanageable or pointless. During filing you have to declare your assets and the creditors may file a claim against them if they can. If you owed money on a car or furniture or something tangible, it may be repossessed. Houses are sometimes protected from repossession depending on the bankruptcy type, but not always. If the house is underwater there may not be much incentive to protect it anyway. Many people opted to let the house go after the 2009 crash since the loan was for way more than the home was worth and restructuring the loan was useless. Either way, your credit score is obliterated and nobody wil lend you money for a decade. Simply having more debt than assets isn't enough to declare bankruptcy, since most people have large home loans. You need to show that you can't reasonably continue to make payments before your debts can be discharged.


Question: Why do we seek out sad music when we are sad? Wouldn't we want happy music to cheer up?

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 Why do we seek out sad music when we are sad? Wouldn't we want happy music to cheer up?

It's called Catharsis - URL_0 It's a way of purging your negative emotion by allowing yourself to explore it and experience it fully. The idea is that you don't try to ignore this deeper emotional problem with positive things, but instead accept what you feel until you can internalize it and resolve it. Also sometimes it's just good to know that you're not alone in how you feel, that other people experience sadness and sorrow in the way that you feel, and to express that (push it out) through music and stuff.


Question: How did they code the first computer without a computer?

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 How did they code the first computer without a computer?

By hand, with switches and wires. You literally use switches to specify binary codes in machine code (the binary commands that the processor understands) and load those directly into memory, one memory position at a time, by manually specifying memory addresses (with other switches). It suuuuuuucks. Hence the relatively rapid invention of assembly code (human "readable" machine code), punch cards (ways to quickly set switches), and then compilers and programming languages.


Question: Is there an optimal shape for flying through space?

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 Is there an optimal shape for flying through space?

There could be. Thinking square or spherical maximizes internal volume is cool but if you're worried about striking dust or derbies at 200,000kmph then long and thin makes more sense. But what if you're using solar winds to pull you along? What if you solare radiation is your only means to keep the interior warm?


Question: How do they remove the caffeine from decaf coffee and other decaffeinated drinks?

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 How do they remove the caffeine from decaf coffee and other decaffeinated drinks?

Getting caffeine out of coffee beans is easy--just grind them up and steep them in hot water! Getting ONLY caffeine out is harder, as we'd like to keep those flavor compounds. The Swiss Water process involves boiling some sacrificial beans to make very strong coffee, then filtering the caffeine out of that coffee with activated charcoal, then using that coffee to extract caffeine from new beans (it won't remove much flavor, as it's already saturated.) The most common approach these days involves steaming the beans then adding an organic solvent like ethyl acetate or dichloromethane to dissolve the caffeine. There is a trace of the solvent left, but with adequate quality control the risk is minimal. Alternately, you can use the solvent in place of the filter in the above process. Perhaps the coolest is supercritical carbon dioxide. If you get warm CO2 to a very high pressure, it becomes a weird sort of gas-liquid that can pass into the beans and very selectively remove caffeine, leaving no trace of itself.


Question: Why do caffeinated drinks not always keep you awake?

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 Why do caffeinated drinks not always keep you awake?

Simplified.....think of locks and keys. A chemical (key) bonds to a receptor (lock) that makes you sleepy. Caffeine prevents this key from binding to the lock. There are only so many locks and keys and eventually the effects wear off and you get sleepy. Your body wants to sleep when it's tired and of the locks are still recovering the caffeine won't block the key. Your body can build a tolerance to caffeine and you have to drink stronger coffees to have the same effect. Less is more!


Question: What happens to our bodies when someone makes us jump?

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 What happens to our bodies when someone makes us jump?

Your brain thinks there is an immediate danger and tells your body to suddenly release loads of adrenaline and activate a part of your nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system which deals with the fight or flight response. This has the effect of increasing your heart rate, making you more alert, making your hairs stand on end, breaking down energy stores so there's lots of glucose for muscles, dilating your pupils and a bunch of other effects. All of these effects are designed so that you can fight or run away as effectively as possible. When we realise that there isn't any danger, we downregulate all of the above effects.


Question: How does frozen food sometimes “taste like a freezer”?

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 How does frozen food sometimes “taste like a freezer”?

Freezer burn is a condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydration and oxidation, due to air reaching the food. It is generally caused by food not being securely wrapped in air-tight packaging. Food is still safe to eat though but usually has that aftertaste you're talking about.


Question: Speed causes time dilation. Mass causes time dilation. What is the link between speed and mass which means that they both cause the same phenomenon?

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 Speed causes time dilation. Mass causes time dilation. What is the link between speed and mass which means that they both cause the same phenomenon?

To try to make this very simple, space and time are both components of a single thing called, very logically, spacetime. Spacetime is a coordinate system consisting of three spatial directions and one temporal direction. Time dilation is a result of the way things move through spacetime. Both speed and gravity are related to the way things move through spacetime, which is why they both cause time dilation. For speed, again, in a very simplified way, you can conceive of everything moving at a combined “velocity” of c (“the speed of light”) through spacetime. Thus the faster you are traveling through space, the slower you are traveling through time, and vice versa. Gravity, by contrast, is the warping of spacetime by mass/energy. Just as it warps the path that objects take when traveling through space, this warping also affects the path they travel through time. The mechanics are different, and the end result is also different (time dilation due to velocity in special relativity is reciprocal. Gravitational time dilation in general relativity is not), but the common thread is the interaction with spacetime.


Question: How does milk relieve the burning sensation of spicy food?

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 How does milk relieve the burning sensation of spicy food?

Substances can either be polar or nonpolar in a molecular sense. In chemistry, a common saying is, "Like dissolves like." A nonpolar substance like paint requires a nonpolar solvent like acetone. The chemical that makes things spicy, capsaicin, is nonpolar. Milk contains a lot of fat, which is nonpolar. Therefore milk can dissolve the capsaicin and carry it away, whereas water (which is fairly polar) will not dissolve it very well.


Question: How do Valentine and Winthorpe buck the trend and sell frozen orange juice at end of Trading Places, without ever buying any?

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 How do Valentine and Winthorpe buck the trend and sell frozen orange juice at end of Trading Places, without ever buying any?

It's called "short selling". You start with a line of credit (the money they got from Ophelia and Coleman) and sell shares to others while the price is high. You need the line of credit because you are obligated to close the sale by the end of the day. Every share has to be accounted for, with any outsiding sold back at the market rate by the exchange. The market was already in an upswing, and Randolf and Mortimer were buying as much as they could to corner the market. This instigated a buying frenzy, which Billy and Winthorpe were happy to exploit. When the crop report came out and it was worse than the Duke's expected (because they had bad Intel), Winthorpe screamed out a panicked low offer, which sparked a massive sell-off and brought the price crashing down. To simplify, if they bought 10,000 shares at $100 and sold them back at $10, they would end up with $900,000. Meanwhile, the Dukes were overextending, expecting the price to keep going up, and they didn't have enough money in reserve to pay $900,000 (actually much more, but again, simplistic example) while only holding $100,000 worth of stock. Edit: missed a decimal point on the example


Question: Why do leave change colour in autumn?

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 Why do leave change colour in autumn?

Pigments (colored chemicals) in the leaves protect the cells from getting damaged as badly by sunlight. They also help focus some light energy, and even protect against diseases and such. Many of these are red and yellow, purples and other colors. Think of the skin of fruits - very much the same chemicals. So when the leaves die, the green chlorophyll gets broken down, leaving only the red and yellow protective pigments. The brown is essentially the color of the dead cells with all these pigments removed or broken down. Some of the color can also come from certain toxins which the tree pumps into the leaves before they fall. So in summary, once all the green is gone, the other chemicals in the leaf can be seen.


Question: How does not losing conciousness help when someone us gravely wounded?

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 How does not losing conciousness help when someone us gravely wounded?

Doctors want patients to be conscious, because you can learn a lot more from them than you can if they pass out. You can also act more quickly on them because you can ask "How bad does this hurt?" to gauge the status of some body part rather than wait for some medical scanner.


Question: When a part of your skin with a mole gets wounded, will the regenerated skin grow the same mole?

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 When a part of your skin with a mole gets wounded, will the regenerated skin grow the same mole?

It depends on the wound, but generally it will regrow as long as some of those tissues survive. *Think of it similarly to a weed, as long as the root cells live... the whole thing will regrow everytime.* A professional will usually freeze it, and then cut under the mole with a sharp scalpel. It might get some basic guaze and bandages, or a few quick stitches depending on the size of the cut. Afterwards, new skin will fill the hole. *Edit: The removed mole is usually tested for cancer.*


Question: If math is an entirely human construct, why can't we calculate all the digits of pi?

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 If math is an entirely human construct, why can't we calculate all the digits of pi?

Pi is a number that shows a specific thing (if you have a circle of diameter n, how big is that circles circumference). That's not a human construct. All circles with a diameter of 1 will have a circumference of pi, no matter what species measure it. The reason why we can't calculate all digits of pi is because pi isn't a rational number, and is therefore going on infinitely.


Question: What is reactive power in electricity?

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 What is reactive power in electricity?

Computer engineer here. Apparent power = reactive power + resistive (or work) power. Since power is a bit of a tricky concept for laymen to understand I'll use the term energy instead. They are not the same thing; power is the time rate of change of energy and energy is power integrated over time. In electrical applications, resistive energy is any use of energy that increases entropy. Energy that is used to light up a light bulb is resistive energy; energy that is used to generate heat is resistive energy; energy that is used to turn a motor shaft (once it is energised) is resistive energy. Reactive energy on the other hand is energy that is stored in an electrical or magnetic field. Capacitors store energy by creating a charge disparity between two metal plates. An applied electric force pushes electrons onto one plate, and the coulomb force (electrons repel one another) from those electrons pushes electrons off of the other plate. This occurs until the coulomb force from the electrons (or lack thereof) is sufficient to oppose the electric force pushing them on. When the external electrical force is removed, the opposing electrical force remains; the energy stored in the capacitor can then be released. Inductors are more difficult to understand, but they store energy in a magnetic field by capturing changes in current. The more rapidly current changes, the more energy is stored in the inductor. The closest mechanical analogue that I can think of is a flywheel but even that's not entirely accurate. Just like capacitors, energy stored in inductors is still electrical in nature.