Question: what is the difference between reboot , init 6 and shutdown -r now?

Response: There is no difference, in that internally they all perform the same function now.


Question: what is the safest way to deal with loads of incoming pdf files, some of which could potentially be malicious?

Response:
Using a burner device, such as a cheap laptop with a mobile internet dongle, is recommended for downloading documents to protect against malware.
Qubes OS offers notable security features with its built-in DisposableVMs functionality and "Convert to Trusted PDF" tool.
Converting PDFs to more "passive" formats like TIFF or postscript using a restricted account can prevent malware from causing harm.
If there's a concern about a PDF trying to phone home, it is advised to disconnect the device from the network before opening the file.
Also, tools like Ghostscript can be used to disarm suspicious PDFs.
For a comprehensive security setup, Subgraph OS could be considered once it reaches a more stable release, as it uses kernel hardening and application sandboxes to limit exploit risks.


Question: why is steam so insistent on security?

Response:
Many children use Steam, and information belonging to children deserves a higher level of protection, while children using Steam can't necessarily be trusted to be security conscious, and as they don’t yet have a proper understanding of legality, at least some of them will try to steal the account of that other kid they don’t like.

Fraud is an issue as there are many hackers actively trying to take over Steam accounts, and widespread reports of stolen accounts create bad press, which destroys trust.

Another reason Steam is insistent on security is to free software engineers up to do more engaging work.

However, looked at from the other direction, Steam isn't even remotely secure, as every app installed gets full access to your entire system, and you have no idea if any game is installing a root kit or a key logger.


Question: how do i type the euro value sign € on a mac?

Response:
The method for typing the euro value symbol on a Mac differs depending on the keyboard layout: for US English, use Option + Shift + 2 or ⌥⇧2; on a UK keyboard, use Option + 2; on the Czech Mac OSX, use Option + R; for the Austrian layout, use Option + Shift + D; for Belgian, use Option + $; for Latvian, use Shift + Option +Q; for Polish, use Option + 3.
The official Euro symbol website provides a comprehensive list of keystroke combinations for numerous national keyboards.


Question: script to monitor folder for new files?

Response:
To monitor file system events such as the creation of new files, a built-in Linux kernel feature called inotify can be used.
When using inotify in Ubuntu, you can employ tools such as inotifywait, which allows you to specify the types of events you wish to monitor and perform actions when those events occur, as well as including the filename without the -f option.
The -e option of inotifywait is the best way to do event filtering.
Alternatively, programming languages like Perl can be used in conjunction with Linux::Inotify2 to achieve similar monitoring functionality.
Alternatively, you could periodically check for new files using a command like `ls -1A isempty | wc -I` to count the files in a directory, and then perform certain actions if new files are found, or use an if/then test like if [ $(ls -1A isempty | wc -l) -gt 0 ] then do_something.
Incron, a service that leverages inotify, is another option and is easy to manage–see examples here: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-inotify-examples-to-replicate-directories/.
Without external tools, something like `while true do touch ./lastwatch sleep 10 find /YOUR/WATCH/PATH -cnewer ./lastwatch -exec SOMECOMMAND {} \; done` is a possible workaround to check for new files.
Using systemd.path based on inotify, a script can be run whenever new files are detected and deleted after processing.
Entr, using kqueue(2) or inotify(7), can track directory changes and trigger actions without polling and it's available across different platforms.


Question: https security - should password be hashed server-side or client-side?

Response:
When utilizing an HTTPS tunnel, passwords or hashes should be protected against Ethernet surveillance.
It is often recommended that password handling be completed server-side to avoid security risks like leaving a terminal unlocked or exposing password hashing logic.
Additionally, if hashing is performed on the client side, the hashed password effectively becomes the password, rendering the hashing process moot, making it no more secure than storing raw passwords.
Client-side hashing is typically considered only when there is an inherent distrust of the server, with preferential use being for situations where the password is reused on multiple sites.
Nevertheless, hashing server-side is crucial, and while client-side hashing can complement server-side methods, it should not replace them.
However, reliance on client-side hashing necessitates handling scenarios where users have disabled Javascript because hashing the password client-side will require Javascript.
Lastly, hashing at the client side, when supported by the backend, means that the hash effectively becomes the password, which can be compromised in a hack.
A potential solution is to hash passwords on the client side and then hash them again server side; this adds a layer of security against different attack vectors.


Question: how can i disable animation when switching desktops in lion?

Response: There is currently no way to do so, but the beta version of TotalSpaces has an option to disable the animation for changing spaces.


Question: how do i install r on macos using homebrew?

Response:
To install R on a Mac, you can straightforwardly download the binary from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
Specifically, you can click "download R for (Mac) OS X" and proceed with the installation of the latest package binary.
Additionally, it's possible to install the R.app GUI using the command-line tool Homebrew.
Alternatively, if you're using MacPorts, the command 'sudo port install R' will handle the installation.


Question: difference between oauth, openid and openid connect in very simple term?

Response:
OpenID is used specifically for authentication purposes, which involves verifying the identity of a user, while OAuth is designed for authorization, which is about permitting access to resources.
Meanwhile, OpenID's focus remains on authenticating the individual's identity, whereas OAuth focuses on authorizing access to a person's data or resources.
OpenID Connect encompasses both verifying identity and granting resource access, blending the functionalities of earlier versions of both protocols into one.
OAuth is typically used to automate access to a single resource within a container.


Question: getting 256 colors to work in tmux

Response:
For ensuring terminal emulator environments support 256 colors, you can try setting 256 colors explicitly in your bashrc or zshrc: `export TERM=xterm-256color or export TERM=screen-256color`.
If you have issues with tmux not clearing background colors correctly, try `export TERM=screen-256color-bce`.
Alternatively, adding a conditional export to your .bashrc file can help, such as if your TERM value isn't set to xterm-256color, then it will export TERM=xterm-256color.
A tmux user suggesting using ~/.tmux.conf with `set -g default-terminal "xterm-256color" and adding set-option -ga terminal-overrides ",xterm-256color:Tc` as an effective approach.


Question: rsync filter: copying one pattern only

Response:
`rsync -avn --include="*.pdf" ~/Latex/ ~/Output/` will tell rsync that you are using a pattern to synchronize files.
To tell rsync to copy any directories it finds, modify the rsync command to `rsync -avn --include="*/" --include="*.pdf" ~/Latex/ ~/Output/`.
If you are using zsh, try `rsync -avn ~/LaTeX//*.pdf ~/Output/` to match folders recursively.


Question: how to open multiple windows in outlook for mac?

Response: To open multiple windows on your computer, navigate to File -> New -> Open New Main Window.


Question: why are executables called binaries?

Response:
Compiled executables are binary, meaning that unlike plain text files, they require specific programs to be opened and understood, appearing jumbled in a standard text editor.
These executable files are generally referred to as binaries instead of detailing their internal structures because from a user's perspective, they function similarly regardless of their compiled format.


Question: how do you unfreeze a htc phone?

Response:
As per XDA, you can do a force restart on your phone.
If a reboot is not possible, call the phone from another phone and answer the call.
When the call is terminated the phone might go back to normal.
Another option, could be to put the phone in a bright light, under a strong bulb, or in direct sunlight, and do a hard reset.


Question: can crt contain private key?

Response: A .crt file usually contains a single certificate, alone and without any wrapping; no private key, no password protection, just the certificate.


Question: how can i make auto-hide/show for the dock faster?

Response:
To accelerate the appearance of the Dock on Mac, if located on the right side of your screen, one can assign the upper and lower right Hot Corners to trigger Launchpad.
This causes the Dock to appear instantly via the Hot Corners, without the slight delay experienced with Dock Hiding, thus providing faster access.
Alternatively, replacing the Dock and Launchpad with an application launcher, such as LaunchBar or Alfred, offers a rapid way to launch applications and manage files, with the added benefit of being keyboard-driven instead of mouse.
Finally, installing the application Secrets interface to adjust system settings, including the Dock animation, without needing to use Terminal.


Question: what is the difference between join and inner join in oracle?

Response:
Join and Inner Join are the same.
The inner keyword is optional as all joins are considered to be inner joins unless otherwise specified.


Question: how can i open a terminal window directly from my current finder location?

Response:
DTerm offers a unique solution by providing a floating command prompt, located at the top of the window, that can be used across various applications, not just the Finder.
You can also do so via the Service feature, which you can read more about online.


Question: how can i circumvent regional restrictions in googles play store?

Response:
To bypass regional restrictions and access restricted content, you can use Market Enabler app to make it appear as if you're accessing the market from the United States.
Furthermore, the Market Unlocker app is recommended due to its capability to unlock the market in just one click.
Alternatively, you can use a VPN along with a Google Play store email that's set to the desired region to download apps; this method has been confirmed to work by creating an email specifically for this purpose.


Question: do access ports tag frames?

Response: Tags are used for forwarding purposes and serve no value within a VLAN.


Question: can simply decompressing a jpeg image trigger an exploit?

Response: Yes, this is absolutely possible: feeding malicious input to a parser is one of the most common ways of creating an exploit (and, for a JPEG, "decompression" is "parsing", including the automatic rendering of inline images introduced by Twitter).


Question: why do people use c if it is so dangerous?

Response:
C provides performance that languages like Java and Python do not offer, making it attractive for high-performance computing.
It is a much easier language to implement due to its small size and performs adequately even in weak environments, which is beneficial for embedded systems development.
Additionally, the "safer" languages generally perform slower, as "safety" costs speed.
C's ubiquitous API interface makes it a common library for other languages, facilitating cross-platform application development.
Your average C program can be made reasonably secure with reviews and iterations.
Any tool can be used dangerously, including programming languages, so learning C can help you to recognize when it is the right tool for the job at hand.
Historical reasons also play a part, as older, long-running projects often use C.
C is desirable for its speed and size and is compatible across various environments because it compiles to machine code.
For problem-solving, having a diverse set of programming skills is crucial, and C holds an important position due to its generality, small footprint, and compilation to machine code.
In mission-critical systems, C is often considered safer due to its simplicity and direct control over hardware.
Moreover, C is used to create other programming tools that aim to be less dangerous.


Question: how to update linux locate cache

Response:
The command for updating the database is: sudo updatedb.
For additional information, refer to the manual pages by using the command man updatedb.


Question: do you have to include a license notice with every source file?

Response:
Most GPL software contains a short preamble inviting users to read the license.txt file, ensuring that the file is under the prescribed license.
Your software is automatically covered under copyright protection as per international law.
Moreover, it is safest to attach license notices to the start of each source file as strongly recommended by GPLv3 to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty.
The copyright notice at the top of source files is also supposed to remind anyone who runs across that lone file that it is in fact copyrighted and not public domain.
However, while some argue that it is okay to reference a license in your source, while others believe that a "broken" license reference would revert to the default copyrighted behavior.
To comply with GPLv3, add License.txt in the root of the project's repository and include the preamble on every source file.
An alternative is using an SPDX-License-Identifier tag, which simplifies legal declarations in the source files for automated software supply-chain analyses.


Question: what is the meaning of the crc counter on a cisco device?

Response:
CRC is a polynomial function on the frame which returns a 4B number in Ethernet.
The counter is increasing because your frames are being corrupted.
It will catch all single bit errors and a good percentage of double bit errors.


Question: how to copy path of a file in mac os?

Response:
To copy any item's path name directly to the clipboard from any location within the file system on a Mac, you simply navigate to the desired file or folder, right-click on it, and while in that menu, press the OPTION key to change the copy option to "Copy (item name) as Pathname".
By selecting this, the complete path of the file or folder will be copied to the clipboard, ready to be pasted wherever needed.
This can alternatively be achieved using the keyboard shortcut Command+Option+C.


Question: is there a way to rename remaining to apple juice remaining?

Response: You will need to modify line 92 of the XML version.


Question: how can i open a .pkg file manually?

Response:
If you navigate through a package's contents by right-clicking and selecting "Show Package Contents," you will encounter a variety of files, including a BOM, or bill of materials, which is essential for uninstalling the app, as it acts as a manifest of items to be installed.
To inspect this BOM file, you would use the "lsbom" command.
You can also use Terminal commands such as "sudo installer -pkg" followed by the package's path and target location to initiate an installation.
In the event of issues with the "pkgutil --expand" command, an alternative would be to extract the files using the "xar -xvf foo.pkg" command.
Furthermore, "Suspicious Package" is an excellent tool for inspecting package files and even offers a Quick Look plugin for immediate insights.


Question: why is my phone texting from email?

Response:
Your iPhone employs the Messages app for communication with other devices, distinguishing the process based on the recipient's device type.
When messaging an Apple device user, Messages uses your email to identify your Apple ID, not for sending the message via email but rather using the Apple network.
Consequently, this allows Apple devices to communicate without incurring SMS charges, automatically determining the best delivery method.


Question: how to hide computer name and user name in terminal command prompt

Response:
One way is to change your prompt in the ~/.bashrc file and save your changes.
Another option is to follow a tutorial that guides you on modifying the bash prompt, for instance, by setting it to only display the username without the current path: PS1="\u$ " Result: myusername$ cat something.log.
Alternatively, you can use the echo command to export the desired PS1 format into your ~/.bash_profile: echo "export PS1='$ '" >> ~/.bash_profile . ~/.bash_profile.
In the terminal preferences, under the Shell tab, you can execute the command export PS1="\W \$"; clear; and restart the terminal to see the changes.
If you prefer, you can directly edit your .bash_profile file or your root: sudo vim ~/.bash_profile and add this line export PS1="\W$: ".
For users of the Zsh shell, setting DEFAULT_USER in the ~/.zshrc file to your regular username is another effective way to achieve the desired result.


Question: will high reputation in stack overflow help to get a good job?

Response:
While some argue that a high reputation does not guarantee a high-paying job, others emphasize that it may be a deciding factor in the hiring process, is worth mentioning on a CV (based on personal experiences) and that it might get you an interview.
Others believe that a Stack Overflow reputation may not be a consideration at all in the job-seeking journey.


Question: is there a way to block access to or wipe my google data for a lost/stolen phone

Response:
AndroidLost Jupstart is an app that can initiate a service on your lost phone remotely even without pre-installed locating software.
Prey might be a choice for securing your device, but it does not offer a remote wipe feature.
Lookout Premium provides remote locking or wiping of your device for a monthly fee.
Using a Microsoft Exchange account enables you to wipe your phone.
Droid Locator offers a range of services, including sending location information via SMS upon SIM card change and sharing your location with friends.
Lookout's Plan B app is specifically for locating your phone after it has been lost, especially if you did not have the foresight to install Lookout in advance.
Google's "Android Device Manager" allows for remote ringing, wiping, and locking of your device.
Lastly, Carbonite Mobile not only manages backups but also provides phone location, ringer activation, screen locking, remote camera activation for possible theft, and data destruction with factory reset options.


Question: how many hours can you be really productive per day? how?

Response:
The actual productive time individuals manage to achieve varies, with some reporting about 4 hours of productivity within a 7-hour day, while others achieve an average of 3-4 (or even  2-3) hours of active work.
Productive spans can extend up to 8 hours for some, butonly for short periods and tends to involve a well-defined project and work environment conducive to deep focus.
Some people get their best work done in the first 4 hours of their morning, sometimes 7-8 hours when they have a clear problem to work on, while yet another group might feel satisfied with two solid 2-hour chunks of programming.
There are individuals who find 4-6 hours per day to be their productive coding limit, preferring 4 hours when possible.
However, for others, 3 hours of concentrated code writing in a day would be ideal, and there are strategies like proper sleep and avoiding heavy lunches that help some reach over 8 hours of coding a day.
Some even manage up to 12 hours daily, segmenting their time into 3-hour chunks with breaks and a balanced diet.
On productive days, the Pomodoro Technique helps some reach at least 6 hours of actual work.


Question: what does it mean when it says your friend is on instagram?

Response:
The notification means that one of your friends or mutual subscribers on Facebook has created an Instagram account.
The two services are now linked, because Instagram is now owned by Facebook.


Question: why is git not found after installing os x lion?

Response:
When encountering the issue of Git not being found after installing OS X Lion, it's possible that the Git installation was done through MacPorts or Fink.
Lion (and even Snow Leopard) didn't include Git by default, so the way Git was installed might not have survived the upgrade.
Despite this, Git is still present on your system, and the problem likely lies in the PATH configuration.
Check if /usr/local/git exists, and if it does, consider adding it to your $PATH or creating a symlink within a directory already in your PATH.
The disappearance of Git from the $PATH could be the root cause of the issue.


Question: make the green full screen window icon on yosemite maximize windows

Response:
If you want to maximize windows, but not go to fullscreen, hold option and left click the green button.
Alternatively, you can bypass the green button altogether by installing Spectacle, an open-source app that allows maximization with the shortcut ⌘ + ⌥ + F.


Question: system storage on macos sierra is 470gb!

Response:
One potential cause is the Time Machine backup file consuming a significant portion of the free space.
Another possibility is that the file system might need to be reindexed to accurately reflect the disk usage.
In some cases, the presence of BELLMIN' Time Machine Queue Backup files may contribute to this problem.
According to Apple support, it's worth checking whether FileVault is turned on, as issues with the encryption process can also lead to abnormal system storage usage.
As a workaround, discontinuing the use of Time Machine, deleting TM local backups, and considering alternative backup solutions might help alleviate the storage concerns.


Question: are ipod classics still compatible with itunes?

Response:
The iPod Classic no longer receives software support.
For those with older iPod models, using a version of iTunes earlier than 12.9 is advised, and these versions can be found via a Google search.
In some cases, an iPod Classic may continue to function with current software, but specific configurations such as matching bit versions for CPU, OS, and iTunes may be necessary to ensure compatibility.
If encountering issues with recent versions of iTunes, it may be necessary to use third-party music management applications to manage the iPod Classic.


Question: how do i airplay mirror my iphone screen to my macbook pro?

Response:
An app that has proven to be effective is Reflector.
Additionally, QuickTime Screen Recording can be utilized for devices with iOS 8 when connected via USB to a Mac.
The app Airserver also transforms your Mac into an Airplay receiver.
Moreover, if your gadgets are updated with OS X Yosemite or newer iOS versions, QuickTime on a Mac allows you to screen capture with a wired connection.
Direct screen capture of an iPhone through QuickTime is possible when connected to a MacBook with a USB cable.
Furthermore, QuickTime Player, which usually comes pre-installed on OS X, can be used for this purpose.
Another method involves iTools Pro, which requires connecting your Mac and iPhone to the same network.


Question: when was the shellshock (cve-2014-6271/7169) bug introduced, and what is the patch that fully fixes it?

Response:
RedHat was alerted to a vulnerability in all versions of bash from 1.14.0 onwards, on September 14.
A patch was released by Mr.Ramey on September 26 to fix the CVE-2014-7169 bug.


Question: how to do ipconfig on android?

Response:
In order to manage network configurations on an Android device, one can install the Terminal Emulator and enter the command "ifconfig eth0" for interface details.
Additionally, the free application, OS Monitor by eolwral, is useful for monitoring various network interfaces, along with their traffic statistics, and offers the feature of viewing open connections.
A simple command "netcfg" is also a solution, which lists the network interfaces and can be run on any terminal emulator on the device or remotely via adb.


Question: what does <<< mean?

Response: ">>>" means here strings, referring to a Bash feature where a string is directly passed to the command's standard input.


Question: what is the difference between ethernet wan and lan?

Response:
The differences between LANs and WANs tend to be at the physical and data-link layers.
A LAN is typically something completely within your own premises.
In contrast, a WAN is something that connects between geographically separated locations.
Because of the shorter distances involved, LANs tend to be built on Ethernet and other 802.3-family physical layers and data links.
Due to the technical hurdles associated with moving lots of data long distances reliably, WAN links tend to be lower bandwidth and higher latency than LAN links.


Question: can ipad camera be hacked?

Response: Yes, it‘s possible, as any app you install can (if you allow it) access the camera.


Question: is there any way to execute commands from history?

Response:
In bash, use !636 also known as "history expansion".
To understand this fully, the manual page for bash can be consulted with the command `LESS='+/^HISTORY EXPANSION'`.
Additionally, you have the option to use the shell built-in fc with the command `fc -s 636` for similar functionality.


Question: how to exclude a sub folder from icloud drive in macos sierra?

Response:
Directories named "tmp" or those ending in ".tmp" are not synchronized, as indicated by a cloud icon with a line through it.
Furthermore, placing a single empty file named .nosync in a folder prevents it from syncing, and this method can be applied to specific files as well. .
Automator workflow facilitates creating these non-syncable items via the context menu in Finder.
A list of excluded file and folder names, including any name containing ".nosync" or "tmp", suggests possible workarounds for managing sync behavior.
Lastly, it's worth noting that a directory must be renamed to include ".nosync" to prevent syncing and possible additional naming tricks like chaining the words for further functionality.


Question: what is the right way to close apps in android?

Response:
There is no cause for concern about closing apps on Android.
You can simply proceed to the next application you wish to use and not close any application, as operating system takes care of memory for idle apps.
The Android system effectively manages memory and closes applications using the back button, signaling that you are finished with them.
If you opt to use the back button, it will trigger onDestroy() on the current Activity, whereas choosing the home button will only call onPause().
It is the responsibility of app developers to decide if an app should close when the home or back button is pressed.
Regardless of the method used to leave an app, the activity ceases to run.


Question: strategy for keeping secret info such as api keys out of source control?

Response:
Your secret information should not be stored in your code.
Instead, it should be placed into a configuration file that your code reads at startup.
To maintain secrecy, the configuration file itself should not be under version control unless they are "factory defaults," which should be devoid of any private information.
A local branch can be used where 'TEMPLATE' is replaced with 'DATA,' or smudge/clean filters can serve for bidirectional replacement of these terms.
Another approach is to set private or protected keys as system environment variables, which keeps them out of the code and correlates with the usage of different property files for distinct environments.
Encryption is also recommended, with a master key as a password provided at the console, and configuration should be separated from code for continuous delivery.
Environment variables are particularly useful for secrets that differ across servers.
When it comes to public repositories, your source code may be stored there, but not the KEY, which should be placed in the configuration file by the developers using your code.
A strategy using .gitignore helps protect sensitive configuration files by not making them public, and this is enhanced with the use of a private git server or submodules for configuration management.
Encrypted files can be committed, with a passphrase required upon system launch, or stored in a non-committed file.
During version control check-ins, strategies like searching for strings with high entropy or monitoring for constant assignments to variables named 'password' can help keep secrets safe.
It's important to store files containing secrets outside of the source tree or use environmental variables as an alternative method to safeguard valuable information from developers.


Question: i got an email threatening to ddos me if i dont pay a ransom. what should i do?

Response:
When faced with threats of DDoS extortion, the advised action is to ignore them, as these are often scams without real consequences.
If you receive such an email, it's recommended to verify if the threat is genuine by looking up the associated Bitcoin address to ascertain its authenticity.
Nevertheless, to be safe, you should report the incident to relevant parties such as your service provider's abuse team, your hosting company, and possibly law enforcement agencies, sending them an original copy of the threatening e-mail.
Sharing the details with your VPS vendor is also recommended since any potential attack could impact their network.
Always ensure the legitimacy of any threat before considering payment, and maintain robust security measures.


Question: automated ssh-keygen without passphrase, how?

Response:
The simplest way to do this (using default filename as an example) is: cat /dev/zero | ssh-keygen -q -N ""; or, ssh-keygen -t rsa -f /home/oracle/.ssh/id_rsa -q -P "".

Alternatively, use a simple echo before ssh-keygen: su - <user> -c "echo |ssh-keygen -t rsa".

The following worked on Ubuntu 18.04: sudo -u username bash -c "ssh-keygen -f ~username/.ssh/id_rsa -N ''.


Question: mono is frequently used to say yes, .net is cross-platform. how valid is that claim?

Response:
The statement ".NET is cross platform" is essentially ambiguous.
Microsoft's .NET Framework product does not support cross-platform functionality and is restricted to Windows.


Question: where do whatsapp voice notes saved on android?

Response:
Your voice files are also stored in the Whatsapp folder.
The specific path for your voice notes is: WhatsApp/Media/WhatsAppVoiceNotes/


Question: remap home and end to beginning and end of line

Response:
The default shortcuts for moving to beginning or end of (wrapped) lines are ⌘← and ⌘→; ⌥↑ and ⌥↓ or ⌃A and ⌃E move to the beginning or end of unwrapped lines (or paragraphs).
You can accomplish this by updating the rules section of ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json with the JSON array.
Doing so remaps the home and end keys to work the way they work on PC/Windows.


Question: how to run a specific program as root without a password prompt?

Response:
The correct syntax is: `myusername ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /path/to/executable` or run as a sudo `sudo /path/to/my/script` and don't use sudo for the command inside your script that actually needs root.
If there are multiple entries in the sudoers file, sudo uses the last one, so you need the exception last, or the NOPASSWD rule after that one in order for it to take precedence 'myusername ALL = (ALL) ALL myusername ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /path/to/my/program`.
It's also important to run the program directly with its full path if there's no alias interfering, like "/usr/bin/sudo /path/to/my/program".
For configurations on a system like Manjaro, you might have to alter a file like "/etc/sudoers.d/10-installer," which can only be seen under root privileges, to "Ignore authentication for a group" or "for a user" or "a executable for a specific user" with appropriate modifications.
Finally, a secure method to run scripts with root permission is to uncomment the line "#includedir /etc/sudoers.d" in the /etc/sudoers file and add a line like `ALL ALL = NOPASSWD: /path/of/the/script/which/you/want/to/run/as/root` in a file within the /etc/sudoers.d/ directory.


Question: how to uppercase the command line argument?

Response:
The text "str^^" is recognized in Bash versions 4.0 or higher, and to convert text to uppercase, you can use the command `str="Some string" printf '%s\n' "$str" | awk '{ print toupper($0) }'`.
Another method to transform text to uppercase is by using `echo "lowercase" | tr a-z A-Z`, which will output "LOWERCASE".
Alternatively, using ksh or zsh will also allow for case conversion, with examples provided for syntax in these shells such as `typeset -u upper="$1"`${(U)1}`.
With zsh, you can also use the U parameter expansion flag: `#! /bin/zsh - printf '%s\n' "${(U)1}"`.


Question: how to change my device location on the play store

Response:
You must have a valid payment method with a billing address inside a specific country to access that country's Play Store.
Alternatively, removing your Google account from the Accounts section in settings, adding it back, and then clearing the data for Play Store apps may resolve issues.
If unsuccessful, making an actual purchase using a new card with the correct billing address as the default could work.
It may also be effective to change your billing address to the new location via Gmail on your PC and then remove and re-add your Google account on your mobile device.


Question: how to change path in finder by entering the path manually?

Response:
Finder provides a 'Go to Folder…' option, which allows you to enter a full directory path directly, and this feature can be quickly accessed using the command+shift+G keyboard shortcut.
Alternatively, you can use the command line with a command such as 'open /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/', depending on whether you intend to open the folder directly or reveal it in Finder.
Lastly, Spotlight Search offers a way to find files or folders by typing or pasting the full path into the search box.
Despite offering a simple search method, a list of multiple matches may appear if a partial name is given, requiring further selection.


Question: how to respond when you are asked for an estimate?

Response:
When asked for an estimate, the approach depends on the organization and how the estimates are used.
If the estimate is intended to provide a general idea of when a task will be ready, a quick estimate based on experience is generally feasible.
It is common practice to include any uncertainties or possible variations with the estimate, along with an assessment of how changes may impact other areas of the system and the extent of regression testing required.
However, if the estimate is for contractual purposes or in a scenario where more precise timing is necessary, a comprehensive work breakdown is undertaken.
Responding confidently is key, projecting professionalism while delivering the estimate.
It is advised to always provide a range, indicating both lower and upper bounds to account for potential variations.
Even if the numbers are somewhat speculative, maintaining a balance is crucial to avoid estimating oneself into a difficult situation.


Question: does an established https connection mean a line is really secure?

Response:
SSL is very secure, particularly if you are using SSL 3.0 and strong encryption, but (as with most things) it depends how you use it: because SSL relies on Certificate-Authorities (CA), and basically any organization can become a CA, so there is still the possibility of man-in-the-middle attacks with fake, yet CA-signed, certificates.

SSL allows for secure communication, albeit far from foolproof, and is only as secure as the DNS infrastructure that directed you to that server

No, SSL is not secure, if you have an unsafe line, and the authentication is solved.

However, even if a system is best practice, it is only secure if a user can be prevented from connecting to a fake intermediate site either via web spoofing/hyperlink spoofing, or by being presented an invalid certificate and dismissing the browser warning and proceeding to connect anyway.


Question: why are there no put and delete methods on html forms?

Response:
There are no PUT and DELETE methods on HTML forms primarily because there is no benefit.
Browsers face uncertainty about what to do once they send a PUT or a DELETE request.
Unlike POST, which usually redirects to an appropriate page, PUT and DELETE typically lack a straightforward redirection mechanism.
Additionally, using PUT as a form method doesn't make much sense, as you wouldn't want to PUT a form payload.
Similarly, DELETE only makes sense if there is no payload, making it less suitable for integration with forms.
Another contributing factor is that only a few web servers supported PUT and DELETE.


Question: should curly braces appear on their own line?

Response:
The decision of whether curly braces should appear on their line is subjective and depends on various factors.
Some individuals are fine with both approaches.
If there isn't an established precedent, placing the braces on the next line is often considered the appropriate choice.
However, some argue that braces are not worth a separate line, while others express a preference for having brackets on a separate line.
The cardinal rules include following the project's existing coding standard.
If there is a blank line before it, indicating a paragraph change, wasting lines for braces when proper indentation is in place may not be necessary.
When dealing with large applications, allowing some lines with only braces can be afforded.
On the other hand, some argue that braces, being a part of the thought containing the conditional or loop, should belong on the same line for better contextual clarity.
However, it's noted that putting braces on their line can decrease readability.


Question: how can i unpack .7z files via macos terminal?

Response:
There are tools you can download to unpack .7z files: UnArchiver is free and a favored tool for working with .7z and other formats, available both as an application and a command line utility.
Another totally free GUI solution that can run on macOS is Keka - the FREE macOS file un/archiver.
P7zip can be installed using Homebrew, from Rudix even if you don't have the Rudix ecosystem, or via Keka, where it can be found at Keka.app/Contents/Resources/keka7z.


Question: how do i deal with a compromised server?

Response:
When responding to a server hack, the first step should be to disconnect the affected systems from the internet.
Additionally, all passwords for accounts on computers within the same network as the compromised system should be changed.
It is critical to inform the person responsible for data protection immediately if the system holds any personal data.
Before network separation, it may be prudent to thoroughly investigate the intrusion to understand the scope and compromised areas accurately.
To handle the aftermath of an attack, it is also important to carefully investigate how the attack occurred.
After resolving these initial concerns, you should conduct a thorough forensic analysis in a secured, isolated sandbox-type environment, ensuring to back up all relevant data.
The server should be disconnected from the network but not powered down to preserve evidence for forensic analysis.
Follow any existing crisis management and disaster recovery/business continuity planning (DR/BCP) procedures.


Question: how can i view and examine the android log?

Response:
For viewing system logs on Android 4.1 and newer, the recommended approach is to download the SDK and use an adb logcat.
For Android 4.0 and older, there are options such as downloading the SDK and using an adb logcat or getting Logcat Extrem from the Google Play Store to view the logs directly on the device.
One user found that CatLog displays the Android log more effectively than aLogcat.
Logs, including those from crashes, might appear in several directories on an Android device.
Some standard locations include /data/anr for traces related to Application Not Responding /data/dontpanic for standard crash logs, and /data/kernelpanics for kernel panic logs.
For newer versions of Android, without root access, one can install the device driver to use adb by downloading the adb executable, enabling developer options and USB debugging on the Android device, and using a computer's command prompt or terminal to operate adb.


Question: can webcams be turned on without the indicator light?

Response:
Disabling webcams' LED indicators while they are still on is affirmed as possible.
For instance, patching and flashing a camera's firmware can be a method to alter its behaviors such as the shutter sound.
Certain webcam control software allows for the LED to be turned off directly.
Moreover, registry modifications in Windows for specific Logitech models offer a method to disable the LED.
In the case of older MacBooks and MacBook Pros, research from 2007 and 2008 has demonstrated methods to disable the iSight camera's LED.
On Linux systems, the 'uvcdynctrl' command line tool provides the ability to control the LED on some USB webcams.


Question: ifconfig command not found

Response:
The "ifconfig" command is replaced by "ip a" due to deprecated net-tools, and is accessible via "/sbin/ifconfig" or by installing "net-tools" package, so try "Is /sbin/ifconfig".
(You need "/sbin" in your command).
If the file does not exist, it's possible the command is not installed.


Question: specify identity file (id_rsa) with rsync

Response:
You can define a specific ssh command using the '-e' option as follows: "rsync -Pav -e "ssh -i $HOME/.ssh/somekey".
SSH user config files allow for setting default configurations per host.
Starting the ssh-agent can be done effectively with the command: "eval `ssh-agent -s' ssh-add /path/to/mykey".


Question: how to remove a single line from history?

Response:
Use the command `history -d linenumber`.
Moreover, to manually edit or remove specific entries, you can access and modify the `~/.bash_history` file.
If you wish to employ the -d option to remove a single line or clear all commands using the -c option, these actions can be performed from the terminal command line.


Question: what leads to windows thinking i pressed the insert key on a macbook pro?

Response:
On Apple hardware running Windows natively, the key combination "fn + return" acts as an Insert key press.
Another key combination that results in the Insert function is "fn + i" on Windows.
Alternatively, "Fn + m" can be used as an Insert key if the numeric keypad is activated and NumLock is off.
In a specific scenario using Midnight Commander on OSX Yosemite, "ctrl-T" simulates the Insert key press.
However, some users have declared the key combination "option + command + i" the best option.
Lastly, the "Fn+Shift+return" combination on an Apple Wireless Keyboard with a non-Apple device, like an Ubuntu-running Dell laptop, offers the same functionality as "shift + insert" on Windows.


Question: how to terminate a background process?

Response:
You can terminate a background process using various methods, such as using the pkill command to kill a job by name or type jobs and then use the job number retrieved from the jobs command to kill it.
Additionally, you can apply the "kill $!" command to the most recently backgrounded job.
Finally, it is advised that an easy way is to use the -9 flag on the kill command.


Question: how can i count the number of lines of a file with common tools?

Response:
Use your_command | wc -l; for example: $ cat foobar.txt | wc -l; or, more simply: wc -l myfile.

The -c flag will do the job, for example: grep -c ^ filename will count the lines returned by grep.

You can also use AWK to count the lines in a file: awk 'END {print NR}' filename.


Question: why was the mtu size for ethernet frames calculated as 1500 bytes?

Response: Since 1500 byte is the standard that all Ethernet implementations must support, this is what is normally set as default on all interfaces; the 1500 limit was a compromise that meant a station could not capitalize the wire too long by talking too much, and was selected as a safe approximation to the maximum data size that would not trigger the safety device.


Question: i deleted /bin/rm. how do i recover it?

Response: If you need to restore the `rm` binary on a Raspberry Pi, it might be practical to obtain the correct `rm` binary from another machine and copy it to the Pi, assuming you have scp or a similar tool installed to transfer files.


Question: prevention measures against laptop seizure at us borders

Response:
Full disk encryption (FDE) is recommended, which can be at three levels, the third involving a third-party not subject to US jurisdiction having the key: creating a second key before you leave home and leaving this with a trusted person means you cannot access the data either, or send a non-memorizable keyfile to your destination.

However, others suggest the best way to protect against a border search of your data is to not have anything suspicious on the hardware you take through customs; using encryption technology will most likely raise suspicion in the first place.


Question: failed to fetch jessie backports repository

Response:
If you're looking to continue using Jessie backports, you must now use archive.debian.org for fetching them.
Some found archive.debian.org worked for provisioning a Vagrant box under Debian "Jessie," but also needed to add it to /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jessie-backports.list.


Question: what does the cloud symbol mean next to an app?

Response:
If you have enabled offloaded apps on your iOS device and notice a cloud icon next to an app, it indicates that the app was removed to save space, but its data was retained.
You can simply tap the app to trigger a re-download if you wish to restore it.
This feature's settings can be altered by navigating to the iTunes & App Store section in your Settings app, where you can toggle the option for offloading unused apps.


Question: how to search for android apps without ads?

Response:
You could consider using Yalp or Aurora, a fork of Yalp available on F-droid, which offers multiple search filters to enhance your experience.
The Playsearch website also offers you the option to search for apps with specific criteria without the need to install anything.
AppFilter, a new website currently in beta, offers a platform to search for apps applying filters for numerous features and is free to use.


Question: which hashing algorithm is best for uniqueness and speed?

Response:
In Java, the hashing algorithm for a String object is a simple multiply-and-add process.
Google's CityHash is recommended for unique hash generation, though it is not suitable for cryptographic purposes.
CityHash excels on 64-bit processors but may perform poorly on 32-bit systems where Murmur may be a better option.
Among non-cryptographic hash functions, Murmur3, Cityhash, and Spooky are comparable, with SpookyHash usually slightly ahead.
In comparison, SipHash offers fast and secure hashing, which is resistant to hash-based denial of service attacks and can be used as a MAC.


Question: why are my apps all in the cloud?

Response: A cloud next to an app's icon indicates that the offloading feature for unused apps is activated and the specific app was removed, yet its data remains and the app can be restored simply by tapping on it.


Question: what really is the business logic?

Response:
Business logic in an application refers to the programming that implements the business rules provided.
It is the part of the program that dictates how data can be created, stored, and changed, how business objects interact, and the methods by which they are accessed and updated.
This logic is also the part of the code that handles input and processes it within the defined parameters of the program, essentially carrying out the business rules.
Business logic, encompassing both data validation and program operations flow, determines what actions can be performed with the data and specifies the allowable transformations.
It is distinct from user interface mechanics and involves rules applicable even in non-digital transactions, such as when to apply sales tax.


Question: how to unzip a multipart (spanned) zip on linux?

Response:
To combine split archives into a normal archive, use the split command, then unpack it with unzip: converting a split archive into a single-file archive involves altering the split size to zero, then to extract the newly created single archive, simply use the unzip command.
For a more straightforward extraction, use "7z x archive.zip.001," which will automatically locate the rest of the files.


Question: how do i remove the first 300 million lines from a 700 gb txt file on a system with 1 tb disk space?

Response:
To modify a file and remove initial 'n' lines, one approach uses the `dd` command in conjunction with other utilities like `truncate` without using a temporary file and there is no size limit, but it is dangerous since there is no track of progress, and any error leaves you with a broken file.
The `losetup` command offers an alternative to the `dd` method but presents similar dangers.
Another method involves compressing the file with: 'gzip file && zcat file.gz | tail -n +300000001 | gzip > newFile.gz'.
The `fallocate()` system call is mentioned as a viable option on specific filesystems such as ext4 or xfs.
Using tools like `hexpeek` or a custom program to find the 300-millionth newline, written in languages such as C, Perl, or Python offers additional strategies like so: read your big file from the end counting line-breaks, after gathering some pre-defined amount of lines that you can safely fit in free space, write this chunk as separate file and cut the big file's tail and use chunk's filename to store line numbers.
You will split the big file into smaller files with line numbers as names, deleting the original file, and keeping the same space usage.
"tail -n +300000001 < file<>; file" is another solution in the `ksh93` shell with its truncation capabilities when using specific file redirection operators.
`vim` can be employed for in-place editing: `vim -c ":set nobackup nowritebackup" -c":300000000delete" -c ":wq" filename`, sequences to delete large numbers of lines and save the file.
Lastly, for safety and fallback purposes, splitting the file into chunks, and then concatenating them after editing is suggested.


Question: can ads on a page read my password?

Response:
Nothing hinders advertisements from accessing your passwords, and ads can reach sensitive information unless contained within a sandboxed iframe.
How advertisements load can impact their ability to engage with website content, as well as monitor user interactions.
The only solution to understand whether a website has segregated the advertiser's code is by examining the website's code itself.


Question: what is this lock screen with ads and how do i remove it?

Response:
The unexpected appearance of a lockscreen claiming to be a feature from DU Quick Charge could be attributed to a variety of apps, such as ES App Locker, Amber Weather, and Xender File Sharing App.
Meanwhile, ES App Locker has been accused of manipulating its ratings through fake reviews, leading some users to shift to other file managers like Amaze File Manager, which is open source.
In some cases, this lockscreen can be deactivated through the app's settings like switching off the Xender Quickcharge feature in Xender File Sharing App, or by completely removing the app from the device.
Instances of malware related to ES File Explorer have been reported by users who found that uninstalling the app resolved the issue.
Alternatively, those wanting to continue using ES Explorer can disable the "Charging Boost" feature within the app's tools to eliminate the unwanted ad screen.


Question: time machine backup how much space?

Response: Time Machine needs 2 to 4 times as much space as the data it is backing up; if you frequently add/update lots of large files, then even 5 times may not be enough, and if you're a light user, you might be able to get 1.5 times to work.


Question: how can i track progress of dd

Response:
The progress of the dd copy process can be estimated by adding a pkill -INFO command.
You can signal its progress by entering a Control + T character while executing the dd command.
As of coreutils 8.24, a status option has been included in dd, making it easier to monitor progress when using up-to-date versions of the tool.
Additionally, you may press Control + T for a visual progress update or use pv (pipe viewer) for a detailed progress bar on the command line.
You must install Homebrew Package Manager and then use it to install pv and dialog for progress visualization.
A tool named progress, which can be installed via Homebrew, allows tracking the progress of data transfer processes using the PID of dd.


Question: how to display meminfo in megabytes in top?

Response:
There is a command-line option for detecting memory units: "-M".
To display memory units (k/M/G) and floating point values in the memory summary when using the top command, run "top -M".


Question: what should i do when my boss asks me to fabricate audit log data?

Response:
One option is to ask your boss to put the request in writing (paper or email) before you do it.
You could also take your concerns to the owner/president (in writing).
However, most people agree that this is wrong and you should tell your boss that it is wrong (it's not the way to win, what would his mother say).
Don't do it because it's never worth doing something unethical even if it costs you your job; talk to an attorney who specializes in employment law.
Keep a copy of the current logs and encrypt (check with your lawyer), don't make changes.
Quit and get a new job, then report your old boss.


Question: how should i set up emergency access to business-critical secrets in case i am hit by a bus?

Response:
For the management of privileged system accounts, it is advisable to create separate accounts that possess full access but are not meant for daily use, ensuring that no one has access to them under normal circumstances and that usage is closely monitored and possibly automated alerts are in place to inform key users upon access.
Automation plays a critical role in developing a secure hit-by-a-bus plan, especially in the maintenance of infrastructure through automated scripts that document the expected workflows, which then adapt as changes are implemented, thereby also serving as a form of living documentation.
Continuity of business documents is essential when detailing in understandable terms the critical components of the company's infrastructure, including server details, software functions, and necessary passwords, which should be encrypted and accessible only to select individuals, such as the CEO, and updated as needed.


Question: diffie-hellman key exchange in plain english

Response:
Diffie-Hellman is a mathematical algorithm used for establishing a shared secret between two parties that can be used for secure communications.
This shared secret remains secure even when the exchange is observed, as the communication does not reveal the secret itself.
One of the simplest analogies to explain the concept is the double-locked box analogy, which illustrates how a secret can be securely exchanged.
Another analogy is the paint analogy found in the Diffie–Hellman key exchange Wikipedia entry, which provides a visual representation of the process.
The key exchange problem centers around the need to securely transfer keys over an insecure connection, which is addressed by Diffie-Hellman.
There are two simple ways to solve the problem: meet up in person to exchange the key, or send the key electronically using a secure method.
Additionally, securing data on the internet requires the establishment of secure connections to maintain confidentiality and integrity, which can be obtained using the Diffie-Hellman algorithm.
Computerphile offers comprehensive videos on Diffie-Hellman, which explain the key exchange in detail.


Question: can aptoide harm your device?

Response: Aptoide is generally a secure app store, but users should exercise caution when downloading apps from it.


Question: disable screenshot security

Response:
In cases where screenshots are forbidden by secure flags within certain apps, an alternative to capture the screen is to project your phone onto the PC screen and take a screenshot from there.
Options for bypassing this include the use of Smali Patcher program's custom module for Magisk or the DisableFlagSecure module for Xposed on Android version 5.0 to 8.1 .
Another method is to mirror your Android phone’s display to a computer screen using Scrcpy or Vysor app, allowing you to take screenshots, although some apps may detect and restrict functions if they notice development settings like ADB debugging are enabled.
However, bear in mind that some banks require you to log in and disable security measures before you can perform certain actions with their mobile applications.


Question: why was tanenbaum wrong in the tanenbaum-torvalds debates?

Response:
Production became cheaper, and x86 came so close to the price of RISC, that it wasn't feasible anymore to use it.
There was also a small vendor lock-in.
Additionally, Tanenbaum's stance on microkernels, for instance, was refuted, particularly as the industry moved towards hybrid kernels instead of the pure microkernel model he championed.
Moreover, Tanenbaum's belief in the inevitable dominance of technically superior solutions in the market was criticized, as evidenced by the rise of Windows with its user-friendly graphical interfaces, which appealed more to consumers compared to traditional text-based systems like Unix and DOS.
Additionally, the evolving landscape of computer ecosystems, including the diversification of CPU architectures to cater to different use cases, was cited as evidence that Tanenbaum's predictions did not fully account for the complexities of the industry.
The economic aspects of hardware were also highlighted, emphasizing the importance of considering the broader economic implications alongside technical advancements.


Question: how would a router with /32 wan subnet mask communicate with the rest of the internet?

Response:
DSL tends to use PPPoE, which means the link is point-to-point.
A /32 is perfectly valid here.
In addition, your router will have the ISP router listed as default gateway.


Question: if my password was able to be printed on a form sent home from my childs school, does it imply insecure password storage policies?

Response:
The retrieval of passwords from databases indicates a serious disregard for password storage best practices.
Such practices create massive security vulnerabilities that must be addressed without delay.


Question: are facetime calls on phone bill?

Response: FaceTime calls do not show-up as "FaceTime" on your phone bill, as it's simply a data transfer and will be lumped-in with all other data transfers on your bill.


Question: find out current working directory of a running process?

Response:
To determine the current working directory (CWD) of a process on systems with /proc, you can use the command: `readlink -e /proc/$$/cwd`, replacing $$ with the process ID (PID) of the process in question.
Moreover, there are other methods: `pwdx $ pwdx <PID> lsof $ lsof -p <PID> | grep cwd /proc $ readlink -e /proc/<PID>/cwd`,  `lsof: $ lsof -p 12136 | grep cwd nautilus 12136 saml cwd DIR 253,2 32768 10354689 /home/saml ` or `/proc: $ readlink -e /proc/12136/cwd/ /home/saml`.
Specifically for Mac OSX and Linux, use the command: lsof -p PID | awk '$4=="cwd" {print $9}' to retrieve the working directory.


Question: what are null bytes in python?

Response:
A null byte is a byte that has a zero value.
In programming, particularly within C and C++, null bytes serves as an indicator for the end of a string, that is to say a string terminator.


Question: would you put your stack overflow profile link on your cv / resume?

Response:
Including a Stack Overflow profile in a resume can be advantageous as it demonstrates actual coding ability, problem-solving, and the capacity to seek help, especially if the profile has a notable amount of reputation.
On the other hand, adding such web profiles to a resume isn't seen as professional and could lead to potential employers scrutinizing everything one has ever said online.
Ultimately, whether or not to include a Stack Overflow profile depends on the quality and type of content that one contributes.
Some choose not to include it simply because it hasn't occurred to them, though it can be highly visible in online searches.


Question: unnamed faces in my oven

Response:
iPhoto's face detection capabilities can sometimes mistakenly identify the back of a person's head as a face.
Using an oven with a reflective coating on the inside through which a photo is taken can also confuse the software, leading iPhoto to detect faces where there are none erroneously.
However, upon close examination of certain images, some faces may indeed be discovered by adjusting image settings like contrast and saturation.


Question: how to copy files from windows to bluestacks?

Response:
For users of BlueStacks App Player for Windows version 0.9.0.4049 and later, there is a specific shared folder path for the exchange of files between BlueStacks and Windows known as /sdcard/windows/BstSharedFolder.
To access this folder you might need to install a file explorer, such as ES File Explorer first.
On a Windows 10 device, the location is, C:/BlueStacks/Engine/UserData/SharedFolder or C:/ProgramData/BlueStacks/Engine/UserData/SharedFolder or C:/BlueStacksData/Bluestacks/UserData/SharedFolder.
To actually make the transfer, put all the files you want to transfer in one folder and in Bluestacks open "Bluestacks Settings", click "Import Windows Files" and then "Proceed".
The via a dialog you will be able to select the files you want to transfer.
Once all files have been selected, click "Open" and the files will be copied over.
Additionally, Root Explorer, an application that can be installed within BlueStacks, offers a straightforward process for transferring files to Windows by navigating through the app's storage settings to the desired file location and sending the files over.
Simply Open --> Storage --> SDcard --> [File Location] --> "Hold Click" --> Send --> To Windows.


Question: xcode failed to download. use the purchases page to try again

Response:
To resolve a failed App Store download issue, the steps taken included opening the Activity Monitor to investigate the AppStore process files and ports, which led to the discovery of a specific folder starting with "/private/var/folders/".
Erasing this folder and restarting the App Store allowed the download to start successfully.
Another successful method was unmounting the mirrored  external drive that appeared to be linked with App Store operations, enabling a debug menu for the App Store, and then resetting the App Store.
Enabling the App Store's Debug menu and resetting the application proved effective for another user.
Furthermore, you can download Xcode directly from the Developer Center if the App Store is problematic.
It was also mentioned that simply clearing up space on a full hard drive can solve the installation issue.
Moreover, ensuring a good network connection, enough free space, and managing firewall settings were also helpful.
Lastly, in one particular case, disabling the company's VPN was necessary to install a software update successfully.


Question: what is this folder /run/user/1000?

Response:
The directory /run contains system information data pertaining to the state of the system since its last boot, and files within this directory must be cleared at the beginning of the boot process.
/run/user/$uid is a special directory created for each user that holds files necessary for their currently running processes, ensuring security and organization by being exclusively accessible to the user it represents.


Question: in a bash script, using the conditional or in an if statement

Response:
You can use expressions like "if [ "$fname" = "a.txt" -o "$fname" = "c.txt" ]".
For bash-specific solutions, you can use "if [[ "$fname" == "a.txt" || "$fname" == "c.txt" ]]; then".
Additionally, another POSIX-compliant method is "if test "$fname" = "a.txt" || test "$fname" = "c.txt"".


Question: why do phishing emails have spelling and grammar mistakes?

Response:
Emails with mistakes are probably from people who don't know English well enough to write it correctly, although it could be part of a strategy to select gullible targets, because people who respond to badly written emails may be more likely to be gullible enough to be phished, like those who fall for scammers relying on the tired old 'Nigerian Prince' strategy.

It may be that by appearing to be less intelligent, the senders seem (perhaps even subconsciously) to be less of a threat.

Spam filters work by looking for certain words (among many other test), so if these words are misspelled, the filter won't recognize them.

However, using grammar and spelling as an indicator of either spam or phishing is becoming less useful as an increasing number of legitimate messages are authored by people who are not native English speakers, and there is also an increasing tendency for people to value speed over accuracy, so spelling and grammar errors seem to be increasingly accepted.


Question: what is ip forward-protocol nd?

Response: The command in question is for the router to forward ND packets specifically for diskless workstations, which is now considered a dated function.


Question: cmd+tab does not work on hidden or minimized windows

Response:
First, navigate to System Preferences on your Mac, go to Mission Control, and uncheck "When switching to an application, switch to a Space with open windows for the application".
Another option is to use HyperSwitch, a free application that can solve this issue, but make sure it's updated.
As of 2021, you can also consider using AltTab, a replica of Windows functionality for Alt+Tab, which is free and open source.


Question: mail app keeps popping up in the background in mac os mojave

Response:
To correctly set up Gmail in the Mail app, it is recommended not to use the Gmail portal, but rather to generate an app password from Google's website and proceed with a manual setup using the standard email portal in the Mail app. .
Another effective solution is to remove the Google account from Mail and to configure the Gmail address as a normal (IMAP) email account. .
Also, to address issues with the Mail app, updating the operating system to macOS Big Sur is advised as it resolves the issue more effectively than other workarounds.


Question: how can i tactfully suggest improvements to others badly designed code during review?

Response:
When reviewing code, it is essential to prioritize the functionality over the aesthetics of the code, focusing on looking for bugs and criticizing flawed functionality rather than the aesthetic appeal of the code.
It is important to suggest improvements that make the code work better and make the operation of the code easier to verify, differentiating between design and implementation.
A cost/benefit analysis should guide decisions on whether changes are worth making, and make it clear what the benefits are from proposed changes versus the costs to fix them.
Automated tools that clean up formatting can make a considerable difference, and unit testing encourages decomposing big methods into smaller ones.
If faced with very poor design, maximization of encapsulation should be the focus, working on public interfaces and critical components first.
Discuss the design of the code during reviews and address how the design is flawed or doesn't meet requirements as opposed to only critiquing it for its coding quality.
It’s prudent to suggest a few ways to clean up design work in the future and move on because a functional code with just a few bugs might not justify the cost of change.
Using tactful language devoid of ego can help make your feedback more acceptable.
Adopt an approach that suggests rather than dictates improvements, using comments such as "I would", which signals that your view is simply one view of multiple views and comment on everything, whether big or small, although for peers who are not especially sensitive, directness can be applied.
Finally, let someone know about a bug in their code one-on-one and never criticize or review the developer, only the code itself.


Question: what are chains in iptables?

Response:
In the iptables, chains are lists of rules that are processed sequentially, including both built-in chains, such as INPUT, OUTPUT, and FORWARD in the default filter table, and user-defined chains, which can be referenced by other chains.
Rules within these chains are not static and they can be manipulated with commands like append, insert and delete.


Question: are all house keys different?

Response: It's likely each lock/key combo is pretty unique although some cheap padlocks could have the same shape if the manufacturer is cutting corners.


Question: how can i combine multiple pdfs using the command line?

Response: You can use a tool called pdfunite, which is a component of the Poppler package, to merge multiple PDF files into a single document.


Question: bash - how to run a command after the previous finished?

Response:
You can either join commands with ; or have them on separate lines: command1; command2 or command1 command2.

You could us a for loop: for P in {1..3} ; do wget -q http://exemple.com/page${P}.php ; done.


Question: what is the difference between ringer and volume?

Response:
Ringer volume refers to the sound coming out of your phone when its ringing.
It can be adjusted by the volume buttons on the side of your phone as long as no media is playing.
However, if you are playing any media on your phone then the volume buttons will adjust the volume of the media being played.
Similarly, if you have a pair of headphones plugged in, the volume buttons will adjust the output sound level of the headphones.


Question: what is the difference between two factor and two step verification?

Response:
Simply put, every two-factor authentication is a two-step authentication, but not the other way around.
However, from an information-theory point of view, there isn't any difference between them.
It is argued by some that two-step is just a layperson-friendly name for two-factor authentication.
However, in more technical terms, the difference is addition versus multiplication.
Two-step is an additive process in which you authenticate once with one independent credential, and then again with another independent credential.
Two-factor is multiplicative, in that you combining one independent credential with another to derive a stronger single credential than each independent one.


Question: does udp do anything at all?

Response:
UDP is a transport protocol, like TCP, which means it provides a protocol for an application to use IP; however, UDP is a message-based protocol, while TCP is a stream-based protocol.

Most of what UDP does is supply a standard means for multiple applications to co-exist using the same IP address, by defining the concept of UDP ports; UDP makes this easy by allowing a broadcast a DHCP request to the existing network, and one (and hopefully only one) DHCP server will respond with an offer.

The key thing that UDP does is provide both source and destination port numbers, and hence allows not just multiple, different application protocols, but also multiple instances of the same application protocol; in principle you could build your application protocol directly on top of IP and obtain a protocol number for it.

UDP, being such a simple protocol, is useful for upper layer protocols that prefer fast communication, without the need for establishing a connection or reliable data transfer; the key feature of UDP is that it is message oriented, not stream oriented, primarily involving very short and often infrequent exchanges of data, and provides the bare minimum for those first two points without getting in your way, as TCP does for these types of applications.


Question: in what order do piped commands run?

Response:
Piped commands operate concurrently, which allows for the programs to run simultaneously rather than sequentially.
This concurrency enables the second program in the pipe to start processing data immediately as it is produced by the first program, without waiting for the first to finish.
For instance, with `grep pattern very-large-file | tr a-z A-Z`, the output in uppercase begins appearing before the grep command has completed its search through the file.
Similarly, using `grep pattern very-large-file | head -n 1` may result in the command halting before grep has fully read the file if a matching line is found early.


Question: how to auto-hide the address bar in google chrome?

Response:
To exit full-screen mode and ensure the toolbar is visible in MacOS, simply uncheck the option "View > Always Show Toolbar in Full Screen (⇧⌘F)".
For achieving a full-screen view without an address bar in Chrome on OSX, use the keyboard shortcut Cmd-Shift-F.
Should you wish to run Chrome in application mode, initiate it via Terminal by using the command "/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome --app=http://www.google.com".
However, it's important to note that you cannot 100% disable the address bar in any browser anymore.
Alternatively, to get an immersive fullscreen experience in Chrome, you can navigate to "chrome://flags," search for "Immersive Fullscreen Toolbar," and enable this setting.


Question: is saving passwords in chrome as safe as using lastpass if you leave it signed in?

Response: The security is largely equivalent between Chrome and Lastpass, as password managers, but LastPass provides cross browser support and Enterprise reporting, which will show users are using LastPass, that they have 2FA, and that they are using random passwords (or at least equally strong ones).


Question: are there any tools to sandbox a malware application even more than the granted permissions on android?

Response:
The translated version of LBE, which is available on XDA developers, operates smoothly on the Jelly Bean version of Android.
For those looking for a means to manage app permissions on rooted devices, XPrivacyLua is an Xposed framework module that serves this purpose, and it is both free and open-source.
With the introduction of Marshmallow (Android 6), a new permissions model allows for more granular control and doesn't require rooting or additional applications, marking a significant change from the previous all-or-nothing approach in earlier versions of Android.


Question: how to keep screen turned off when plugging charger?

Response:
You may have enabled an option titled 'Stay Awake,' (Settings > Application > Development > Stay Awake), which ensures that the screen does not sleep while charging.
Alternatively, SnooZy Charger, an application available in the Play Store, offers customizable behaviors for your device when it connects to or disconnects from a charger, such as screen-off settings that don't require the screen to be locked.
For those looking for inbuilt solutions, switching from stock to a custom version of Android like CyanogenMod offers features that can prevent the screen from waking up when the device is plugged in, specifically found in the "Display & lights" menu.
There are also applications like 'Screen Stay Off' by mitskiP which can keep your screen off when charging, even though the screen may briefly turn on before going off again.
Additionally, installing the Xposed framework with a particular module can give you the option to prevent the screen from turning on when you plug in the charger.


Question: lowest volume is still too loud—how can i make it even lower?

Response:
Press ShiftOptionVolume Up/Volume Down.
Additionally, you can fine-tune the volume level by clicking the volume icon in the menu bar and using the slider or by opening the Sound panel in System Preferences for a larger slider and more precise control.
For those preferring command line interfaces, it's possible to use the command line to set exact volume levels.
For a quiet volume setting, you can lower the volume to one box full or muted and then press Mute to unmute.
Alternatively, a hardware solution such as an attenuator can help reduce static and allow fine-grained analog volume control.
The combination of Shift and Alt keys while pressing Volume UP/DOWN, allows for quarter increment changes in volume.
Lastly, applications like iTunes have their own volume controls, which can be adjusted independently from the system sound volume.


Question: what is the difference between native vlan and default vlan?

Response:
The Default VLAN refers to the VLAN to which all Access Ports are initially assigned unless they are specifically placed in another VLAN.
The Native VLAN is adjustable, and it can be set to any preferred option, while the Default Native VLAN is always 1 and cannot be changed.


Question: does tls use diffie hellman?

Response: Yes, SSL/TLS uses Diffie-Hellman as "ephemeral Diffie-Hellman".


Question: how can i export the list of open chrome tabs?

Response:
To retrieve information about your current tabs after a browser crash, you should navigate to the Sync Data folder to find the synced information with Google.
If you wish to recover your Chrome tabs on Android, you must locate and utilize the file that contains the current tabs.
Another method to access Chrome tabs on a device is to use the Remote Devices feature in Chrome's debugger, where you can expand the list of tabs to view them all, and then highlight and copy the data.
Alternatively, you can convert the list of open Chrome tabs into a markdown formatted text string and copy it directly to the clipboard using a JavaScript snippet within Chrome's developer tools.
A different approach involves using the Android command line tools on a development machine with USB debugging enabled on your Android device; by executing wget -O tabs.json http://localhost:9222/json/list, you can obtain a JSON file listing the open tabs.


Question: how to use pip after the os x el capitan upgrade?

Response:
One quick solution is to install Python using homebrew into a directory such as `/usr/local/bin`, which allows for the use of pip and python regardless of the system provided version.
Additionally, opting to use `pip3 install` alongside the desired package name helps to solve permission problem.
A direct and secure approach without altering system settings is to install Python modules for the individual user using the `pip install --user` command followed by the module name.
An alternative method involves installing Python with homebrew and then obtaining pip through the `sudo easy_install pip` command.
Lastly, using virtual environments, specifically using virtualenv or virtualenvwrapper, creates an isolated environment for each project, permitting seamless pip usage for package management within these enclosed spaces.


Question: battery has x in it?

Response: This means your MacBook does not recognize the battery, and most likely the battery has died, or is no longer being recognized by the system.


Question: ive somehow enabled overtype mode in slack and i cant get back to insert mode

Response:
Closing and restarting Slack is a simple and effective solution that works for many users.
Alternatively, pressing the Help key can toggle between insert and replace modes, providing a quick fix.
For Windows users, using Ctrl+R can also help in this situation.
For users with an old Apple keyboard, the 'help' button can turn on/off the overwriting function on the computer.
If you're using a PC keyboard with your Macbook, pressing the insert key on your keyboard might resolve the issue.
Similarly, on a laptop's built-in keyboard, pressing the Insert key could be the solution.
For Windows users facing this problem, running the On-Screen Keyboard and clicking the INSERT key is a workaround to regain insert mode.


Question: can you connect two airpods to one apple watch?

Response: No, you can use Airpods, an Apple watch, and a Bluetooth keyboard with an iPhone all at the same time, but you cannot use more than one of each at a time.


Question: where android apps store data?

Response:
In Android, root apps can store or alter files in any location they choose, while non-root apps are restricted to storing or modifying files in specific directories such as /sdcard/ and any subfolders that follow.
Typically, installed applications will self-store in places like /sdcard/Android/data or /sdcard/Android/obb.
All applications, whether they require root access or not, are designed with a default data directory located at /data/data/<package_name>.
Moreover, all apps are permitted to store data on the SDCard in any location, as they are not subject to any restrictions in this regard.
The storage of app files, whether by the system or by the app itself, is meticulously organized into internal and external storage across various categories.
In addition to these private directories, apps can store their data in any location on the primary external storage, provided they have the necessary WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission.


Question: you are in emergency mode after logging in type journalctl xb to view?

Response:
Emergency Mode might get triggered if there is a corruption in your file system or if the device IDs have undergone a change.
You should check the file system using commands tailored to your specific file system type, such as fsck.ext4 or fsck.ext3, followed by your partition, like /dev/sda3.
Emergency Mode can also be triggered due to changes in partitioning, either through the creation of a new partition or the modification of an existing one.


Question: with the linux cat command, how do i show only certain lines by number

Response:
You can use awk straight up.
The command would be: awk 'NR==1' file.txt, in which '1' would be replaced with the desired line number.


Question: how does a segmentation fault work under-the-hood?

Response:
The MMU within the CPU sends a signal, and the kernel then directs this to the terminal program, resulting in its termination.
The kernel uses signals to handle events like page faults or access violations.
Depending on whether the program has a signal handler installed, the program may either fix the error and continue running or if no handler is present, the program is simply terminated.
In cases where the signal is ignored, this could lead to infinite loops on some architectures.


Question: when is xargs needed?

Response:
Don't use xargs unless you know exactly what it's doing and why it's needed, as it's quite often the case that there is a better way to do the job than using xargs to force the conversion of each line into space separated arguments to the command.

xargs is particularly useful when you have a list of filepaths on stdin and want to do something with them.

xargs can do one cool thing that is becoming increasingly important in today's multicore and distributed computing landscape: it can parallel process jobs.


Question: what is the difference between zero and null?

Response:
Zero is a numeric value, allowing mathematical operations and calculations where NULL is not.
Zero represents the absence of a measurable quantity.
In contrast, null is not a value but a lack thereof, symbolizing non-existence or absence.
Described as a unicorn, null doesn't even exist.
When dealing with measurements, a newValue of null signifies nothing measured, resulting in a percent change equivalent to zero.


Question: can my employer see what i do on the internet when i am connected to the company network?

Response:
Yes, everything you do on your workplace's digital media is potentially visible to your employer, including personal matters you'd prefer to keep private.
If you're using a device at work, regardless of whether it's a personal one, employers can likely see all your activities.
Using HTTPS can encrypt your web browsing, but if the website starts with HTTP or if the device is employer-provided or tampered with, your activities might be visible to them.
When it comes to internet use at work, it's wise to always assume you're being monitored.
Depending on the company, network monitoring practices may vary, but firms handling sensitive information or intellectual property are more likely to do so.
Any network owner, including your employer, can monitor the network's traffic, which means they can see the information you send through it.
Using personal devices on the company network might still subject you to their monitoring policies.


Question: is have i been pwneds pwned passwords list really that useful?

Response:
It's beneficial to recognize that Have I Been Pwned (HIBP) serves as a tool that alerts individuals to the likelihood that attackers could have their email addresses and passwords.
Importantly, the service reveals if one's password has appeared in recent data leaks, suggesting that the compromised password could now exist on multiple brute force and dictionary attack lists, thereby increasing the risk of one’s account security being jeopardized.
Yes, someone in the world may share the same front door key as yours; however, in the context of digital security, an individual can test thousands of digital 'houses' in an instant.
HIBP helps in determining whether a password you are using—or have used—is commonly known by attackers, thereby allowing you to take preventative action.
The main purpose of the HIBP service is to assist individuals in discovering where their email addresses have been exposed in various data breaches.
"Pwned Passwords" was added in August last year after a set of recommendations were released by NIST on how to enhance authentication models.
HIBP has been used as an educational tool to teach non-technical staff the importance of maintaining unique passwords for their accounts.


Question: crime - how to beat the beast successor?

Response:
The CRIME attack abuses compression mechanisms in security protocols to guess sensitive information such as cookie values.
It specifically targets the compression of data in the SSL/TLS protocols, leading to potential security breaches.
Building on this method, it is possible to construct an attack that can leak arbitrary cookie values successfully.


Question: what is the working directory when cron executes a job?

Response: The working directory when cron executes a job is the home directory by default: /home/your-user-name.


Question: how can i prevent grep from showing up in ps results?

Response:
A command like `$ ps aux | grep "nord"` helps search for a particular process while ensuring that grep itself doesn't appear in the result list.
Alternatively, a similar outcome can be achieved using `$ ps aux | grep fnord | grep -v grep`, which filters out grep from the results.
The `pgrep command` is also useful as it directly searches the process without involving regular expressions or the need for escaping.
Another concise representation is `pgrep fnord`, but if you prefer another alternative that excludes the lines that match with grep, use: `ps aux | grep -v grep | grep "fnord"`.
In zsh, the approach would be `grep fnord =(ps aux)`, using the process substitution feature to avoid creating temporary files.
Storing the command output in a variable, like `PS_OUTPUT="$(ps aux)"; echo "$PS_OUTPUT" | grep fnord`, allows for further manipulation and is shell-agnostic, though not as elegant as using zsh-specific syntax.
For a more portable solution across various Unix platforms, appending the pattern `` before your search term, as in `$ ps -A -ww | grep foobar`, can simplify script writing.
Finally, for GNU systems, selecting processes by command name using `ps -C fnord` or excluding grep with `ps -NC grep | grep 'fnord'` offers another level of convenience.


Question: rsa vs. dsa for ssh authentication keys

Response:
Both DSA and RSA with keys of equal length are nearly identical in difficulty to crack.
According to some opinions, RSA is the recommended choice because it is generally more versatile, DSA has speed advantages in certain operations but is restricted by key length limitations, is not as broadly supported and is slower for validation.
On the client side, RSA and DSA offer similar security protection for the same key size.
RSA is favored over DSA and ECDSA because it does not require a secure random number generator for creating signatures.
From a security perspective, Ed25519 is considered the strongest, with RSA as the next best option if Ed25519 is not available, while DSA and ECDSA are not recommended at all.
The problem with ECDSA is that NIST curves are hard to implement correctly.
The choice of algorithm might be less about mathematical strength and more about practical use cases and performance and it doesn't seem to matter if you are using the random number generators that come with pretty much any modern computer.
DSA is discouraged and has been disabled by default in OpenSSH 7.0 due to its weaknesses.


Question: how to disable auto suspend when i close laptop lid?

Response: To temporarily disable lid-switch events use: systemd-inhibit --what=handle-lid-switch sleep 1d.


Question: homebrew permissions & multiple users needing to brew update

Response:
To grant Homebrew permissions for multiple users, you first need to enable Homebrew permissions for more than one user by adding them to the admin group or any other user group.
Next, ensure that the necessary permissions are granted to the Homebrew path by running the command:  sudo chown -R $USER /usr/local in the command line.


Question: is password knocking a good idea?

Response:
From a defense perspective, there's a small amount of value here, though not much, because having a knock requiring three successive passwords, of lengths A, B, C, is no better than if there was just a single password with length A+B+C.

At most, the only positive defensive benefit you get with this scheme is frustrating the attacker a little at first, as it would fool a standard brute-force attack, but it is not advisable as the negative is it is too complicated for a normal user.

One possibility is it may help to reduce phishing-type things: if users expect to enter successive passwords, but a system accepts the first password in lieu of accepting the others, then you know that the system is compromised and is simply logging your username and password.


Question: why does ipv6 specify 128 bit address, when there are only 48 bits in mac addresses?

Response: To allow each of these smaller blocks to contain many MAC addresses you need to have the IP-space much bigger than the MAC address space.


Question: what is the difference between console and terminal mac?

Response:
A console is generally understood as a physical terminal that is connected to a machine.
Furthermore, while a system has got one console, it can potentially have multiple terminals.
The console can also be understood as the primary interface for managing a computer and the terminal is a session which can receive and send input and output for command-line programs.
Essentially, the console is a special type of terminal, which is directly connected to the mainframe for the purpose of OS administration.


Question: can wpa2 enterprise be cracked?

Response:
It is not possible to crack WPA2 Enterprise if it is up to its standards.
Additionally, it cannot be cracked alone like a WPA/2 PSK attack, where you can simply capture the handshake and brute force.
However, there may be vulnerable spots as nothing is 100% secure.


Question: how to change notification sound whatsapp android?

Response:
To change your WhatsApp notification tone, go to your phone's settings.
Once there, select what should be the bottom option, "Notifications" and tap "Notification tone".
Now you will be able to select a sound file to replace the default notification tone.
Alternatively, for WhatsApp Version 2.20.108 on Android 6 with the language set to English (UK), open the WhatsApp Chats Tab and tap the three-dot-menu on the top right, then
"Settings" then "Notifications" then "Messages".
Now you can tap on "Notification tone" and finally "Media Storage" to find any MP3 file on your phone to use as a replacement sound.


Question: who logged in last linux?

Response:
The command "last" reads from a file, typically /var/log/wtmp, and lists successful login attempts, showing the most recent first.
To find out the last time a file was updated, you should use the "stat" command.
Additionally, the "lastlog" command is noted for its ability to filter user logins within specific date ranges.


Question: how can i make safari show the url when i hover over a link?

Response:
To enable the status bar feature in a browser, you can activate it from the View menu and selecting Show Status Bar, or simply use the ⌘/ keyboard shortcut.
Alternatively, you can obtain link information by clicking and dragging the link, which will display a small box including the title and a potentially shortened URL of the target page.
The Ultimate Status Bar was an extension that provided this functionality, but it is no longer maintained.


Question: what is the difference between terminal and console?

Response:
Basically, the console is a terminal, but, while a system has one console, it can potentially have multiple terminals.
Normally, the console is the primary interface for managing a computer and the terminal is a session which can receive and send input and output for command-line programs.
Essentially, the console is a special type of terminal, which is directly connected to the mainframe for the purpose of OS Administration.


Question: police forcing me to install jingwang spyware app, how to minimize impact?

Response:
There's no way to trust this device anymore; they have the ultimate interpretational sovereignty.
One idea is to think of your phone as a networking device and nothing more.
Don't do anything suspicious on it and let this app do its job.
You could do all of your communication through the computer.
One idea to bypass this is to clean and refurb an old phone you have; this is probably not illegal.
You can also search for solutions that are already implemented by other people.
There are some options for "dual booting" android phones.
Consider alternative methods such as using a USB2Go cable or Bluetooth pairing.
Consider app modification (somewhere there will be a fake version) or interceptors, or server spoofing.
You could use two custom ROMs.
You can use AFWall+ to prevent the app from phoning home and XPrivacy, XPrivacyLua or Xposed.
Another idea is to run “Big Brother” apps inside the isolated profile so they cannot access your data outside the profile .
You can let the app download, kill the network connection while it's installing, and then remove permissions before it starts.
Remember that you should take into consideration any kind of validation processes that the spyware has implemented so you do not alter them.
Weigh up the risk/reward of trying to bypass this issue because it is not good to get caught by police.
Remove illegal items and anything else the government wouldn't approve of from your property.
It isn't even unreasonable to expect that your Internet traffic is monitored (targeted) and even asking about how to circumvent the measures may move your name onto a different, more high priority list.
If the police does a deeper investigation, turned off permissions would be evidence that you have willfully tampered with the spyware.
In summary, if you are poor and unsophisticated don't fight the rich, powerful, intelligent army.


Question: is java an open source?

Response:
Java is not open source.
Additionally, the Java Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK), which is the test suite for Java, is not open-sourced.


Question: how do you sort du output by size?

Response:
If you have GNU coreutils (common in most Linux distributions), you can use `du -sh -- * | sort -h`, which tells sort that the input is the human-readable format.
 If you are using an older version of Mac OSX, you need to install `coreutils with brew install coreutils`, then use `gsort `as drop-in replacement of `sort`.
Newer versions of macOS (verified on Mojave) support `sort -h` natively.