Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
escaping an argument string for use by cmd. exe on Windows

Response:
def escape_for_cmd_exe(arg):
    '''
    Escape an argument string to be suitable to be passed to
    cmd.exe on Windows

    This method takes an argument that is expected to already be properly
    escaped for the receiving program to be properly parsed. This argument
    will be further escaped to pass the interpolation performed by cmd.exe
    unchanged.

    Any meta-characters will be escaped, removing the ability to e.g. use
    redirects or variables.

    Args:
        arg (str): a single command line argument to escape for cmd.exe

    Returns:
        str: an escaped string suitable to be passed as a program argument to cmd.exe
    '''
    meta_chars = '()%!^"<>&|'
    meta_re = re.compile('(' + '|'.join(re.escape(char) for char in list(meta_chars)) + ')')
    meta_map = {char: "^{0}".format(char) for char in meta_chars}

    def escape_meta_chars(m):
        char = m.group(1)
        return meta_map[char]

    return meta_re.sub(escape_meta_chars, arg)


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
broadcasting a WM_SETTINGCHANGE to all Windows objects.

Response:
def broadcast_setting_change(message='Environment'):
    '''
    Send a WM_SETTINGCHANGE Broadcast to all Windows

    Args:

        message (str):
            A string value representing the portion of the system that has been
            updated and needs to be refreshed. Default is ``Environment``. These
            are some common values:

            - "Environment" : to effect a change in the environment variables
            - "intl" : to effect a change in locale settings
            - "Policy" : to effect a change in Group Policy Settings
            - a leaf node in the registry
            - the name of a section in the ``Win.ini`` file

            See lParam within msdn docs for
            `WM_SETTINGCHANGE <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms725497%28VS.85%29.aspx>`_
            for more information on Broadcasting Messages.

            See GWL_WNDPROC within msdn docs for
            `SetWindowLong <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms633591(v=vs.85).aspx>`_
            for information on how to retrieve those messages.

    .. note::
        This will only affect new processes that aren't launched by services. To
        apply changes to the path or registry to services, the host must be
        restarted. The ``salt-minion``, if running as a service, will not see
        changes to the environment until the system is restarted. Services
        inherit their environment from ``services.exe`` which does not respond
        to messaging events. See
        `MSDN Documentation <https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/821761/changes-that-you-make-to-environment-variables-do-not-affect-services>`_
        for more information.

    CLI Example:

    ... code-block:: python

        import salt.utils.win_functions
        salt.utils.win_functions.broadcast_setting_change('Environment')
    '''
    # Listen for messages sent by this would involve working with the
    # SetWindowLong function. This can be accessed via win32gui or through
    # ctypes. You can find examples on how to do this by searching for
    # `Accessing WGL_WNDPROC` on the internet. Here are some examples of how
    # this might work:
    #
    # # using win32gui
    # import win32con
    # import win32gui
    # old_function = win32gui.SetWindowLong(window_handle, win32con.GWL_WNDPROC, new_function)
    #
    # # using ctypes
    # import ctypes
    # import win32con
    # from ctypes import c_long, c_int
    # user32 = ctypes.WinDLL('user32', use_last_error=True)
    # WndProcType = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_long, c_int, c_int)
    # new_function = WndProcType
    # old_function = user32.SetWindowLongW(window_handle, win32con.GWL_WNDPROC, new_function)
    broadcast_message = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(message)
    user32 = ctypes.WinDLL('user32', use_last_error=True)
    result = user32.SendMessageTimeoutW(HWND_BROADCAST, WM_SETTINGCHANGE, 0,
                                        broadcast_message, SMTO_ABORTIFHUNG,
                                        5000, 0)
    return result == 1


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
converts a GUID to a compressed GUID string.

Response:
def guid_to_squid(guid):
    '''
    Converts a GUID   to a compressed guid (SQUID)

    Each Guid has 5 parts separated by '-'. For the first three each one will be
    totally reversed, and for the remaining two each one will be reversed by
    every other character. Then the final compressed Guid will be constructed by
    concatenating all the reversed parts without '-'.

    .. Example::

        Input:                  2BE0FA87-5B36-43CF-95C8-C68D6673FB94
        Reversed:               78AF0EB2-63B5-FC34-598C-6CD86637BF49
        Final Compressed Guid:  78AF0EB263B5FC34598C6CD86637BF49

    Args:

        guid (str): A valid GUID

    Returns:
        str: A valid compressed GUID (SQUID)
    '''
    guid_pattern = re.compile(r'^\{(\w{8})-(\w{4})-(\w{4})-(\w\w)(\w\w)-(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)\}$')
    guid_match = guid_pattern.match(guid)
    squid = ''
    if guid_match is not None:
        for index in range(1, 12):
            squid += guid_match.group(index)[::-1]
    return squid


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def squid_to_guid(squid):
    '''
    Converts a compressed GUID (SQUID) back into a GUID

    Args:

        squid (str): A valid compressed GUID

    Returns:
        str: A valid GUID
    '''
    squid_pattern = re.compile(r'^(\w{8})(\w{4})(\w{4})(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)(\w\w)$')
    squid_match = squid_pattern.match(squid)
    guid = ''
    if squid_match is not None:
        guid = '{' + \
               squid_match.group(1)[::-1]+'-' + \
               squid_match.group(2)[::-1]+'-' + \
               squid_match.group(3)[::-1]+'-' + \
               squid_match.group(4)[::-1]+squid_match.group(5)[::-1] + '-'
        for index in range(6, 12):
            guid += squid_match.group(index)[::-1]
        guid += '}'
    return guid

Response: Converts a compressed GUID ( SQUID ) back into a GUID


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
return the data from the specified minions mine

Response:
def get(tgt, fun, tgt_type='glob'):
    '''
    Gathers the data from the specified minions' mine, pass in the target,
    function to look up and the target type

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt-run mine.get '*' network.interfaces
    '''
    ret = salt.utils.minions.mine_get(tgt, fun, tgt_type, __opts__)
    return ret


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def update(tgt,
           tgt_type='glob',
           clear=False,
           mine_functions=None):
    '''
    .. versionadded:: 2017.7.0

    Update the mine data on a certain group of minions.

    tgt
        Which minions to target for the execution.

    tgt_type: ``glob``
        The type of ``tgt``.

    clear: ``False``
        Boolean flag specifying whether updating will clear the existing
        mines, or will update. Default: ``False`` (update).

    mine_functions
        Update the mine data on certain functions only.
        This feature can be used when updating the mine for functions
        that require refresh at different intervals than the rest of
        the functions specified under ``mine_functions`` in the
        minion/master config or pillar.

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt-run mine.update '*'
        salt-run mine.update 'juniper-edges' tgt_type='nodegroup'
    '''
    ret = __salt__['salt.execute'](tgt,
                                   'mine.update',
                                   tgt_type=tgt_type,
                                   clear=clear,
                                   mine_functions=mine_functions)
    return ret

Response: Update the mine data for a specific target


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def nxapi_request(commands,
                  method='cli_show',
                  **kwargs):
    '''
    Send exec and config commands to the NX-OS device over NX-API.

    commands
        The exec or config commands to be sent.

    method:
        ``cli_show_ascii``: Return raw test or unstructured output.
        ``cli_show``: Return structured output.
        ``cli_conf``: Send configuration commands to the device.
        Defaults to ``cli_show``.

    transport: ``https``
        Specifies the type of connection transport to use. Valid values for the
        connection are ``http``, and  ``https``.

    host: ``localhost``
        The IP address or DNS host name of the device.

    username: ``admin``
        The username to pass to the device to authenticate the NX-API connection.

    password
        The password to pass to the device to authenticate the NX-API connection.

    port
        The TCP port of the endpoint for the NX-API connection. If this keyword is
        not specified, the default value is automatically determined by the
        transport type (``80`` for ``http``, or ``443`` for ``https``).

    timeout: ``60``
        Time in seconds to wait for the device to respond. Default: 60 seconds.

    verify: ``True``
        Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the NX-API
        TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle
        to use. Defaults to ``True``.
    '''
    client = NxapiClient(**kwargs)
    return client.request(method, commands)

Response: Send exec and config commands to NX - OS device over NX - API.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def system_info(data):
    '''
    Helper method to return parsed system_info
    from the 'show version' command.
    '''
    if not data:
        return {}
    info = {
        'software': _parse_software(data),
        'hardware': _parse_hardware(data),
        'plugins': _parse_plugins(data),
    }
    return {'nxos': info}

Response: Helper method to return parsed system_info from the show version command.


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def _use_remote_connection(self, kwargs):
        '''
        Determine if connection is local or remote
        '''
        kwargs['host'] = kwargs.get('host')
        kwargs['username'] = kwargs.get('username')
        kwargs['password'] = kwargs.get('password')
        if kwargs['host'] is None or \
           kwargs['username'] is None or \
           kwargs['password'] is None:
            return False
        else:
            return True

Response: Determine if connection is remote or local


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def _prepare_conn_args(self, kwargs):
        '''
        Set connection arguments for remote or local connection.
        '''
        kwargs['connect_over_uds'] = True
        kwargs['timeout'] = kwargs.get('timeout', 60)
        kwargs['cookie'] = kwargs.get('cookie', 'admin')
        if self._use_remote_connection(kwargs):
            kwargs['transport'] = kwargs.get('transport', 'https')
            if kwargs['transport'] == 'https':
                kwargs['port'] = kwargs.get('port', 443)
            else:
                kwargs['port'] = kwargs.get('port', 80)
            kwargs['verify'] = kwargs.get('verify', True)
            if isinstance(kwargs['verify'], bool):
                kwargs['verify_ssl'] = kwargs['verify']
            else:
                kwargs['ca_bundle'] = kwargs['verify']
            kwargs['connect_over_uds'] = False
        return kwargs

Response: Prepare connection arguments for remote or local connection.


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def _build_request(self, type, commands):
        '''
        Build NX-API JSON request.
        '''
        request = {}
        headers = {
            'content-type': 'application/json',
        }
        if self.nxargs['connect_over_uds']:
            user = self.nxargs['cookie']
            headers['cookie'] = 'nxapi_auth=' + user + ':local'
            request['url'] = self.NXAPI_UDS_URI_PATH
        else:
            request['url'] = '{transport}://{host}:{port}{uri}'.format(
                transport=self.nxargs['transport'],
                host=self.nxargs['host'],
                port=self.nxargs['port'],
                uri=self.NXAPI_REMOTE_URI_PATH,
            )

        if isinstance(commands, (list, set, tuple)):
            commands = ' ; '.join(commands)
        payload = {}
        payload['ins_api'] = {
            'version': self.NXAPI_VERSION,
            'type': type,
            'chunk': '0',
            'sid': '1',
            'input': commands,
            'output_format': 'json',
        }
        request['headers'] = headers
        request['payload'] = json.dumps(payload)
        request['opts'] = {
            'http_request_timeout': self.nxargs['timeout']
        }
        log.info('request: %s', request)
        return request

Response: Builds NX - API JSON request.


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def request(self, type, command_list):
        '''
        Send NX-API JSON request to the NX-OS device.
        '''
        req = self._build_request(type, command_list)
        if self.nxargs['connect_over_uds']:
            self.connection.request('POST', req['url'], req['payload'], req['headers'])
            response = self.connection.getresponse()
        else:
            response = self.connection(req['url'],
                                       method='POST',
                                       opts=req['opts'],
                                       data=req['payload'],
                                       header_dict=req['headers'],
                                       decode=True,
                                       decode_type='json',
                                       **self.nxargs)

        return self.parse_response(response, command_list)

Response: Send NX - API JSON request to the NX - OS device.


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def parse_response(self, response, command_list):
        '''
        Parse NX-API JSON response from the NX-OS device.
        '''
        # Check for 500 level NX-API Server Errors
        if isinstance(response, collections.Iterable) and 'status' in response:
            if int(response['status']) >= 500:
                raise NxosError('{}'.format(response))
            else:
                raise NxosError('NX-API Request Not Supported: {}'.format(response))

        if isinstance(response, collections.Iterable):
            body = response['dict']
        else:
            body = response

        if self.nxargs['connect_over_uds']:
            body = json.loads(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

        # Proceed with caution.  The JSON may not be complete.
        # Don't just return body['ins_api']['outputs']['output'] directly.
        output = body.get('ins_api')
        if output is None:
            raise NxosClientError('Unexpected JSON output\n{0}'.format(body))
        if output.get('outputs'):
            output = output['outputs']
        if output.get('output'):
            output = output['output']

        # The result list stores results for each command that was sent to
        # nxapi.
        result = []
        # Keep track of successful commands using previous_commands list so
        # they can be displayed if a specific command fails in a chain of
        # commands.
        previous_commands = []

        # Make sure output and command_list lists to be processed in the
        # subesequent loop.
        if not isinstance(output, list):
            output = [output]
        if isinstance(command_list, string_types):
            command_list = [cmd.strip() for cmd in command_list.split(';')]
        if not isinstance(command_list, list):
            command_list = [command_list]

        for cmd_result, cmd in zip(output, command_list):
            code = cmd_result.get('code')
            msg = cmd_result.get('msg')
            log.info('command %s:', cmd)
            log.info('PARSE_RESPONSE: %s %s', code, msg)
            if code == '400':
                raise CommandExecutionError({
                    'rejected_input': cmd,
                    'code': code,
                    'message': msg,
                    'cli_error': cmd_result.get('clierror'),
                    'previous_commands': previous_commands,
                })
            elif code == '413':
                raise NxosRequestNotSupported('Error 413: {}'.format(msg))
            elif code != '200':
                raise NxosError('Unknown Error: {}, Code: {}'.format(msg, code))
            else:
                previous_commands.append(cmd)
                result.append(cmd_result['body'])

        return result

Response: Parse NX - API JSON response from NX - OS device.


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def get_modules():
    '''
    Get a list of the PowerShell modules which are potentially available to be
    imported. The intent is to mimic the functionality of ``Get-Module
    -ListAvailable | Select-Object -Expand Name``, without the delay of loading
    PowerShell to do so.

    Returns:
        list: A list of modules available to Powershell

    Example:

    .. code-block:: python

        import salt.utils.powershell
        modules = salt.utils.powershell.get_modules()
    '''
    ret = list()
    valid_extensions = ('.psd1', '.psm1', '.cdxml', '.xaml', '.dll')
    # need to create an info function to get PS information including version
    # __salt__ is not available from salt.utils... need to create a salt.util
    # for the registry to avoid loading powershell to get the version
    # not sure how to get the powershell version in linux outside of powershell
    # if running powershell to get version need to use subprocess.Popen
    # That information will be loaded here
    # ps_version = info()['version_raw']
    root_paths = []

    home_dir = os.environ.get('HOME', os.environ.get('HOMEPATH'))
    system_dir = '{0}\\System32'.format(os.environ.get('WINDIR', 'C:\\Windows'))
    program_files = os.environ.get('ProgramFiles', 'C:\\Program Files')
    default_paths = [
        '{0}/.local/share/powershell/Modules'.format(home_dir),
        # Once version is available, these can be enabled
        # '/opt/microsoft/powershell/{0}/Modules'.format(ps_version),
        # '/usr/local/microsoft/powershell/{0}/Modules'.format(ps_version),
        '/usr/local/share/powershell/Modules',
        '{0}\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\Modules\\'.format(system_dir),
        '{0}\\WindowsPowerShell\\Modules'.format(program_files)]
    default_paths = ';'.join(default_paths)

    ps_module_path = os.environ.get('PSModulePath', default_paths)

    # Check if defaults exist, add them if they do
    ps_module_path = ps_module_path.split(';')
    for item in ps_module_path:
        if os.path.exists(item):
            root_paths.append(item)

    # Did we find any, if not log the error and return
    if not root_paths:
        log.error('Default paths not found')
        return ret

    for root_path in root_paths:

        # only recurse directories
        if not os.path.isdir(root_path):
            continue

        # get a list of all files in the root_path
        for root_dir, sub_dirs, file_names in salt.utils.path.os_walk(root_path):
            for file_name in file_names:
                base_name, file_extension = os.path.splitext(file_name)

                # If a module file or module manifest is present, check if
                # the base name matches the directory name.

                if file_extension.lower() in valid_extensions:
                    dir_name = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(root_dir))

                    # Stop recursion once we find a match, and use
                    # the capitalization from the directory name.
                    if dir_name not in ret and \
                            base_name.lower() == dir_name.lower():
                        del sub_dirs[:]
                        ret.append(dir_name)

    return ret

Response:
Get a list of the PowerShell modules that are potentially available to be
    imported.


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
generates an icinga2 client certificate and key.

Response:
def generate_cert(domain):
    '''
    Generate an icinga2 client certificate and key.

    Returns::
        icinga2 pki new-cert --cn domain.tld --key /etc/icinga2/pki/domain.tld.key --cert /etc/icinga2/pki/domain.tld.crt

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' icinga2.generate_cert domain.tld

    '''
    result = __salt__['cmd.run_all'](["icinga2", "pki", "new-cert", "--cn", domain, "--key", "{0}{1}.key".format(get_certs_path(), domain), "--cert", "{0}{1}.crt".format(get_certs_path(), domain)], python_shell=False)
    return result


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
saves the certificate for master icinga2 node.

Response:
def save_cert(domain, master):
    '''
    Save the certificate for master icinga2 node.

    Returns::
        icinga2 pki save-cert --key /etc/icinga2/pki/domain.tld.key --cert /etc/icinga2/pki/domain.tld.crt --trustedcert /etc/icinga2/pki/trusted-master.crt --host master.domain.tld

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' icinga2.save_cert domain.tld master.domain.tld

    '''
    result = __salt__['cmd.run_all'](["icinga2", "pki", "save-cert", "--key", "{0}{1}.key".format(get_certs_path(), domain), "--cert", "{0}{1}.cert".format(get_certs_path(), domain), "--trustedcert",
                                      "{0}trusted-master.crt".format(get_certs_path()), "--host", master], python_shell=False)
    return result


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
request CA cert from master icinga2 node.

Response:
def request_cert(domain, master, ticket, port):
    '''
    Request CA cert from master icinga2 node.

    Returns::
        icinga2 pki request --host master.domain.tld --port 5665 --ticket TICKET_ID --key /etc/icinga2/pki/domain.tld.key --cert /etc/icinga2/pki/domain.tld.crt --trustedcert \
                /etc/icinga2/pki/trusted-master.crt --ca /etc/icinga2/pki/ca.crt

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' icinga2.request_cert domain.tld master.domain.tld TICKET_ID

    '''
    result = __salt__['cmd.run_all'](["icinga2", "pki", "request", "--host", master, "--port", port, "--ticket", ticket, "--key", "{0}{1}.key".format(get_certs_path(), domain), "--cert",
                                      "{0}{1}.crt".format(get_certs_path(), domain), "--trustedcert", "{0}trusted-master.crt".format(get_certs_path()), "--ca", "{0}ca.crt".format(get_certs_path())], python_shell=False)
    return result


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def node_setup(domain, master, ticket):
    '''
    Setup the icinga2 node.

    Returns::
        icinga2 node setup --ticket TICKET_ID --endpoint master.domain.tld --zone domain.tld --master_host master.domain.tld --trustedcert \
                /etc/icinga2/pki/trusted-master.crt

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' icinga2.node_setup domain.tld master.domain.tld TICKET_ID

    '''
    result = __salt__['cmd.run_all'](["icinga2", "node", "setup", "--ticket", ticket, "--endpoint", master, "--zone", domain, "--master_host", master, "--trustedcert", "{0}trusted-master.crt".format(get_certs_path())],
                                       python_shell=False)
    return result

Response: Setup the icinga2 node.


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def _handle_salt_host_resource(resource):
    '''
    Handles salt_host resources.
    See https://github.com/dmacvicar/terraform-provider-salt

    Returns roster attributes for the resource or None
    '''
    ret = {}
    attrs = resource.get('primary', {}).get('attributes', {})
    ret[MINION_ID] = attrs.get(MINION_ID)
    valid_attrs = set(attrs.keys()).intersection(TF_ROSTER_ATTRS.keys())
    for attr in valid_attrs:
        ret[attr] = _cast_output_to_type(attrs.get(attr), TF_ROSTER_ATTRS.get(attr))
    return ret

Response:
Handles salt_host resources.
    Returns roster attributes for the resource or None


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def _add_ssh_key(ret):
    '''
    Setups the salt-ssh minion to be accessed with salt-ssh default key
    '''
    priv = None
    if __opts__.get('ssh_use_home_key') and os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/id_rsa')):
        priv = os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/id_rsa')
    else:
        priv = __opts__.get(
            'ssh_priv',
            os.path.abspath(os.path.join(
                __opts__['pki_dir'],
                'ssh',
                'salt-ssh.rsa'
            ))
        )
    if priv and os.path.isfile(priv):
        ret['priv'] = priv

Response: Add the salt - ssh key to the minion to be accessed with salt - ssh default key


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def _cast_output_to_type(value, typ):
    '''cast the value depending on the terraform type'''
    if typ == 'b':
        return bool(value)
    if typ == 'i':
        return int(value)
    return value

Response: cast the value depending on the terraform type


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function that can
parse the terraform state file passing different resource types to the right handler

Response:
def _parse_state_file(state_file_path='terraform.tfstate'):
    '''
    Parses the terraform state file passing different resource types to the right handler
    '''
    ret = {}
    with salt.utils.files.fopen(state_file_path, 'r') as fh_:
        tfstate = salt.utils.json.load(fh_)

    modules = tfstate.get('modules')
    if not modules:
        log.error('Malformed tfstate file. No modules found')
        return ret

    for module in modules:
        resources = module.get('resources', [])
        for resource_name, resource in salt.ext.six.iteritems(resources):
            roster_entry = None
            if resource['type'] == 'salt_host':
                roster_entry = _handle_salt_host_resource(resource)

            if not roster_entry:
                continue

            minion_id = roster_entry.get(MINION_ID, resource.get('id'))
            if not minion_id:
                continue

            if MINION_ID in roster_entry:
                del roster_entry[MINION_ID]
            _add_ssh_key(roster_entry)
            ret[minion_id] = roster_entry
    return ret


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def targets(tgt, tgt_type='glob', **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=W0613
    '''
    Returns the roster from the terraform state file, checks opts for location, but defaults to terraform.tfstate
    '''
    roster_file = os.path.abspath('terraform.tfstate')
    if __opts__.get('roster_file'):
        roster_file = os.path.abspath(__opts__['roster_file'])

    if not os.path.isfile(roster_file):
        log.error("Can't find terraform state file '%s'", roster_file)
        return {}

    log.debug('terraform roster: using %s state file', roster_file)

    if not roster_file.endswith('.tfstate'):
        log.error("Terraform roster can only be used with terraform state files")
        return {}

    raw = _parse_state_file(roster_file)
    log.debug('%s hosts in terraform state file', len(raw))
    return __utils__['roster_matcher.targets'](raw, tgt, tgt_type, 'ipv4')

Response: Return a list of hosts that match the given tgt


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def set_timeout(name, value, power='ac', scheme=None):
    '''
    Set the sleep timeouts of specific items such as disk, monitor, etc.

    Args:

        name (str)
            The setting to change, can be one of the following:

                - ``monitor``
                - ``disk``
                - ``standby``
                - ``hibernate``

        value (int):
            The amount of time in minutes before the item will timeout

        power (str):
            Set the value for AC or DC power. Default is ``ac``. Valid options
            are:

                - ``ac`` (AC Power)
                - ``dc`` (Battery)

        scheme (str):
            The scheme to use, leave as ``None`` to use the current. Default is
            ``None``. This can be the GUID or the Alias for the Scheme. Known
            Aliases are:

                - ``SCHEME_BALANCED`` - Balanced
                - ``SCHEME_MAX`` - Power saver
                - ``SCHEME_MIN`` - High performance

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # Set monitor timeout to 30 minutes on Battery
        monitor:
          powercfg.set_timeout:
            - value: 30
            - power: dc

        # Set disk timeout to 10 minutes on AC Power
        disk:
          powercfg.set_timeout:
            - value: 10
            - power: ac
    '''
    ret = {'name': name,
           'result': True,
           'comment': '',
           'changes': {}}

    # Validate name values
    name = name.lower()
    if name not in ['monitor', 'disk', 'standby', 'hibernate']:
        ret['result'] = False
        ret['comment'] = '"{0}" is not a valid setting'.format(name)
        log.debug(ret['comment'])
        return ret

    # Validate power values
    power = power.lower()
    if power not in ['ac', 'dc']:
        ret['result'] = False
        ret['comment'] = '"{0}" is not a power type'.format(power)
        log.debug(ret['comment'])
        return ret

    # Get current settings
    old = __salt__['powercfg.get_{0}_timeout'.format(name)](scheme=scheme)

    # Check current settings
    if old[power] == value:
        ret['comment'] = '{0} timeout on {1} power is already set to {2}' \
                         ''.format(name.capitalize(), power.upper(), value)
        return ret
    else:
        ret['comment'] = '{0} timeout on {1} power will be set to {2}' \
                         ''.format(name.capitalize(), power.upper(), value)

    # Check for test=True
    if __opts__['test']:
        ret['result'] = None
        return ret

    # Set the timeout value
    __salt__['powercfg.set_{0}_timeout'.format(name)](
        timeout=value,
        power=power,
        scheme=scheme)

    # Get the setting after the change
    new = __salt__['powercfg.get_{0}_timeout'.format(name)](scheme=scheme)

    changes = salt.utils.data.compare_dicts(old, new)

    if changes:
        ret['changes'] = {name: changes}
        ret['comment'] = '{0} timeout on {1} power set to {2}' \
                         ''.format(name.capitalize(), power.upper(), value)
        log.debug(ret['comment'])
    else:
        ret['changes'] = {}
        ret['comment'] = 'Failed to set {0} timeout on {1} power to {2}' \
                         ''.format(name, power.upper(), value)
        log.debug(ret['comment'])
        ret['result'] = False

    return ret

Response: Set the sleep timeouts of specific items such as monitor disk or dc.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function that can
resolve the master_ip and master_uri options and returns the master_ip and master_uri

Response:
def resolve_dns(opts, fallback=True):
    '''
    Resolves the master_ip and master_uri options
    '''
    ret = {}
    check_dns = True
    if (opts.get('file_client', 'remote') == 'local' and
            not opts.get('use_master_when_local', False)):
        check_dns = False
    # Since salt.log is imported below, salt.utils.network needs to be imported here as well
    import salt.utils.network

    if check_dns is True:
        try:
            if opts['master'] == '':
                raise SaltSystemExit
            ret['master_ip'] = salt.utils.network.dns_check(
                opts['master'],
                int(opts['master_port']),
                True,
                opts['ipv6'],
                attempt_connect=False)
        except SaltClientError:
            retry_dns_count = opts.get('retry_dns_count', None)
            if opts['retry_dns']:
                while True:
                    if retry_dns_count is not None:
                        if retry_dns_count == 0:
                            raise SaltMasterUnresolvableError
                        retry_dns_count -= 1
                    import salt.log
                    msg = ('Master hostname: \'{0}\' not found or not responsive. '
                           'Retrying in {1} seconds').format(opts['master'], opts['retry_dns'])
                    if salt.log.setup.is_console_configured():
                        log.error(msg)
                    else:
                        print('WARNING: {0}'.format(msg))
                    time.sleep(opts['retry_dns'])
                    try:
                        ret['master_ip'] = salt.utils.network.dns_check(
                            opts['master'],
                            int(opts['master_port']),
                            True,
                            opts['ipv6'],
                            attempt_connect=False)
                        break
                    except SaltClientError:
                        pass
            else:
                if fallback:
                    ret['master_ip'] = '127.0.0.1'
                else:
                    raise
        except SaltSystemExit:
            unknown_str = 'unknown address'
            master = opts.get('master', unknown_str)
            if master == '':
                master = unknown_str
            if opts.get('__role') == 'syndic':
                err = 'Master address: \'{0}\' could not be resolved. Invalid or unresolveable address. ' \
                      'Set \'syndic_master\' value in minion config.'.format(master)
            else:
                err = 'Master address: \'{0}\' could not be resolved. Invalid or unresolveable address. ' \
                      'Set \'master\' value in minion config.'.format(master)
            log.error(err)
            raise SaltSystemExit(code=42, msg=err)
    else:
        ret['master_ip'] = '127.0.0.1'

    if 'master_ip' in ret and 'master_ip' in opts:
        if ret['master_ip'] != opts['master_ip']:
            log.warning(
                'Master ip address changed from %s to %s',
                opts['master_ip'], ret['master_ip']
            )
    if opts['source_interface_name']:
        log.trace('Custom source interface required: %s', opts['source_interface_name'])
        interfaces = salt.utils.network.interfaces()
        log.trace('The following interfaces are available on this Minion:')
        log.trace(interfaces)
        if opts['source_interface_name'] in interfaces:
            if interfaces[opts['source_interface_name']]['up']:
                addrs = interfaces[opts['source_interface_name']]['inet'] if not opts['ipv6'] else\
                        interfaces[opts['source_interface_name']]['inet6']
                ret['source_ip'] = addrs[0]['address']
                log.debug('Using %s as source IP address', ret['source_ip'])
            else:
                log.warning('The interface %s is down so it cannot be used as source to connect to the Master',
                            opts['source_interface_name'])
        else:
            log.warning('%s is not a valid interface. Ignoring.', opts['source_interface_name'])
    elif opts['source_address']:
        ret['source_ip'] = salt.utils.network.dns_check(
            opts['source_address'],
            int(opts['source_ret_port']),
            True,
            opts['ipv6'],
            attempt_connect=False)
        log.debug('Using %s as source IP address', ret['source_ip'])
    if opts['source_ret_port']:
        ret['source_ret_port'] = int(opts['source_ret_port'])
        log.debug('Using %d as source port for the ret server', ret['source_ret_port'])
    if opts['source_publish_port']:
        ret['source_publish_port'] = int(opts['source_publish_port'])
        log.debug('Using %d as source port for the master pub', ret['source_publish_port'])
    ret['master_uri'] = 'tcp://{ip}:{port}'.format(
        ip=ret['master_ip'], port=opts['master_port'])
    log.debug('Master URI: %s', ret['master_uri'])

    return ret


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def prep_ip_port(opts):
    '''
    parse host:port values from opts['master'] and return valid:
        master: ip address or hostname as a string
        master_port: (optional) master returner port as integer

    e.g.:
      - master: 'localhost:1234' -> {'master': 'localhost', 'master_port': 1234}
      - master: '127.0.0.1:1234' -> {'master': '127.0.0.1', 'master_port' :1234}
      - master: '[::1]:1234' -> {'master': '::1', 'master_port': 1234}
      - master: 'fe80::a00:27ff:fedc:ba98' -> {'master': 'fe80::a00:27ff:fedc:ba98'}
    '''
    ret = {}
    # Use given master IP if "ip_only" is set or if master_ip is an ipv6 address without
    # a port specified. The is_ipv6 check returns False if brackets are used in the IP
    # definition such as master: '[::1]:1234'.
    if opts['master_uri_format'] == 'ip_only':
        ret['master'] = ipaddress.ip_address(opts['master'])
    else:
        host, port = parse_host_port(opts['master'])
        ret = {'master': host}
        if port:
            ret.update({'master_port': port})

    return ret

Response: Prepare the IP and port values for the master_ip option.


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def get_proc_dir(cachedir, **kwargs):
    '''
    Given the cache directory, return the directory that process data is
    stored in, creating it if it doesn't exist.
    The following optional Keyword Arguments are handled:

    mode: which is anything os.makedir would accept as mode.

    uid: the uid to set, if not set, or it is None or -1 no changes are
         made. Same applies if the directory is already owned by this
         uid. Must be int. Works only on unix/unix like systems.

    gid: the gid to set, if not set, or it is None or -1 no changes are
         made. Same applies if the directory is already owned by this
         gid. Must be int. Works only on unix/unix like systems.
    '''
    fn_ = os.path.join(cachedir, 'proc')
    mode = kwargs.pop('mode', None)

    if mode is None:
        mode = {}
    else:
        mode = {'mode': mode}

    if not os.path.isdir(fn_):
        # proc_dir is not present, create it with mode settings
        os.makedirs(fn_, **mode)

    d_stat = os.stat(fn_)

    # if mode is not an empty dict then we have an explicit
    # dir mode. So lets check if mode needs to be changed.
    if mode:
        mode_part = S_IMODE(d_stat.st_mode)
        if mode_part != mode['mode']:
            os.chmod(fn_, (d_stat.st_mode ^ mode_part) | mode['mode'])

    if hasattr(os, 'chown'):
        # only on unix/unix like systems
        uid = kwargs.pop('uid', -1)
        gid = kwargs.pop('gid', -1)

        # if uid and gid are both -1 then go ahead with
        # no changes at all
        if (d_stat.st_uid != uid or d_stat.st_gid != gid) and \
                [i for i in (uid, gid) if i != -1]:
            os.chown(fn_, uid, gid)

    return fn_

Response:
Given the cache directory return the directory that process data is is
    stored in creating it if it doesn t exist.


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
loads the arguments and kwargs from the passed arguments and data into the internal state of the object.

Response:
def load_args_and_kwargs(func, args, data=None, ignore_invalid=False):
    '''
    Detect the args and kwargs that need to be passed to a function call, and
    check them against what was passed.
    '''
    argspec = salt.utils.args.get_function_argspec(func)
    _args = []
    _kwargs = {}
    invalid_kwargs = []

    for arg in args:
        if isinstance(arg, dict) and arg.pop('__kwarg__', False) is True:
            # if the arg is a dict with __kwarg__ == True, then its a kwarg
            for key, val in six.iteritems(arg):
                if argspec.keywords or key in argspec.args:
                    # Function supports **kwargs or is a positional argument to
                    # the function.
                    _kwargs[key] = val
                else:
                    # **kwargs not in argspec and parsed argument name not in
                    # list of positional arguments. This keyword argument is
                    # invalid.
                    invalid_kwargs.append('{0}={1}'.format(key, val))
            continue

        else:
            string_kwarg = salt.utils.args.parse_input([arg], condition=False)[1]  # pylint: disable=W0632
            if string_kwarg:
                if argspec.keywords or next(six.iterkeys(string_kwarg)) in argspec.args:
                    # Function supports **kwargs or is a positional argument to
                    # the function.
                    _kwargs.update(string_kwarg)
                else:
                    # **kwargs not in argspec and parsed argument name not in
                    # list of positional arguments. This keyword argument is
                    # invalid.
                    for key, val in six.iteritems(string_kwarg):
                        invalid_kwargs.append('{0}={1}'.format(key, val))
            else:
                _args.append(arg)

    if invalid_kwargs and not ignore_invalid:
        salt.utils.args.invalid_kwargs(invalid_kwargs)

    if argspec.keywords and isinstance(data, dict):
        # this function accepts **kwargs, pack in the publish data
        for key, val in six.iteritems(data):
            _kwargs['__pub_{0}'.format(key)] = val

    return _args, _kwargs


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def eval_master_func(opts):
    '''
    Evaluate master function if master type is 'func'
    and save it result in opts['master']
    '''
    if '__master_func_evaluated' not in opts:
        # split module and function and try loading the module
        mod_fun = opts['master']
        mod, fun = mod_fun.split('.')
        try:
            master_mod = salt.loader.raw_mod(opts, mod, fun)
            if not master_mod:
                raise KeyError
            # we take whatever the module returns as master address
            opts['master'] = master_mod[mod_fun]()
            # Check for valid types
            if not isinstance(opts['master'], (six.string_types, list)):
                raise TypeError
            opts['__master_func_evaluated'] = True
        except KeyError:
            log.error('Failed to load module %s', mod_fun)
            sys.exit(salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC)
        except TypeError:
            log.error('%s returned from %s is not a string', opts['master'], mod_fun)
            sys.exit(salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC)
        log.info('Evaluated master from module: %s', mod_fun)

Response: Evaluate master function and save it result in opts['master']


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def master_event(type, master=None):
    '''
    Centralized master event function which will return event type based on event_map
    '''
    event_map = {'connected': '__master_connected',
                 'disconnected': '__master_disconnected',
                 'failback': '__master_failback',
                 'alive': '__master_alive'}

    if type == 'alive' and master is not None:
        return '{0}_{1}'.format(event_map.get(type), master)

    return event_map.get(type, None)

Response: Returns the master event type based on event_map


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def process_beacons(self, functions):
        '''
        Evaluate all of the configured beacons, grab the config again in case
        the pillar or grains changed
        '''
        if 'config.merge' in functions:
            b_conf = functions['config.merge']('beacons', self.opts['beacons'], omit_opts=True)
            if b_conf:
                return self.beacons.process(b_conf, self.opts['grains'])  # pylint: disable=no-member
        return []

Response: Evaluate all of the configured beacons and process them


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def eval_master(self,
                    opts,
                    timeout=60,
                    safe=True,
                    failed=False,
                    failback=False):
        '''
        Evaluates and returns a tuple of the current master address and the pub_channel.

        In standard mode, just creates a pub_channel with the given master address.

        With master_type=func evaluates the current master address from the given
        module and then creates a pub_channel.

        With master_type=failover takes the list of masters and loops through them.
        The first one that allows the minion to create a pub_channel is then
        returned. If this function is called outside the minions initialization
        phase (for example from the minions main event-loop when a master connection
        loss was detected), 'failed' should be set to True. The current
        (possibly failed) master will then be removed from the list of masters.
        '''
        # return early if we are not connecting to a master
        if opts['master_type'] == 'disable':
            log.warning('Master is set to disable, skipping connection')
            self.connected = False
            raise tornado.gen.Return((None, None))

        # Run masters discovery over SSDP. This may modify the whole configuration,
        # depending of the networking and sets of masters.
        # if we are using multimaster, discovery can only happen at start time
        # because MinionManager handles it. by eval_master time the minion doesn't
        # know about other siblings currently running
        if isinstance(self.opts['discovery'], dict) and not self.opts['discovery'].get('multimaster'):
            self._discover_masters()

        # check if master_type was altered from its default
        if opts['master_type'] != 'str' and opts['__role'] != 'syndic':
            # check for a valid keyword
            if opts['master_type'] == 'func':
                eval_master_func(opts)

            # if failover or distributed is set, master has to be of type list
            elif opts['master_type'] in ('failover', 'distributed'):
                if isinstance(opts['master'], list):
                    log.info(
                        'Got list of available master addresses: %s',
                        opts['master']
                    )

                    if opts['master_type'] == 'distributed':
                        master_len = len(opts['master'])
                        if master_len > 1:
                            secondary_masters = opts['master'][1:]
                            master_idx = crc32(opts['id']) % master_len
                            try:
                                preferred_masters = opts['master']
                                preferred_masters[0] = opts['master'][master_idx]
                                preferred_masters[1:] = [m for m in opts['master'] if m != preferred_masters[0]]
                                opts['master'] = preferred_masters
                                log.info('Distributed to the master at \'%s\'.', opts['master'][0])
                            except (KeyError, AttributeError, TypeError):
                                log.warning('Failed to distribute to a specific master.')
                        else:
                            log.warning('master_type = distributed needs more than 1 master.')

                    if opts['master_shuffle']:
                        log.warning(
                            'Use of \'master_shuffle\' detected. \'master_shuffle\' is deprecated in favor '
                            'of \'random_master\'. Please update your minion config file.'
                        )
                        opts['random_master'] = opts['master_shuffle']

                    opts['auth_tries'] = 0
                    if opts['master_failback'] and opts['master_failback_interval'] == 0:
                        opts['master_failback_interval'] = opts['master_alive_interval']
                # if opts['master'] is a str and we have never created opts['master_list']
                elif isinstance(opts['master'], six.string_types) and ('master_list' not in opts):
                    # We have a string, but a list was what was intended. Convert.
                    # See issue 23611 for details
                    opts['master'] = [opts['master']]
                elif opts['__role'] == 'syndic':
                    log.info('Syndic setting master_syndic to \'%s\'', opts['master'])

                # if failed=True, the minion was previously connected
                # we're probably called from the minions main-event-loop
                # because a master connection loss was detected. remove
                # the possibly failed master from the list of masters.
                elif failed:
                    if failback:
                        # failback list of masters to original config
                        opts['master'] = opts['master_list']
                    else:
                        log.info(
                            'Moving possibly failed master %s to the end of '
                            'the list of masters', opts['master']
                        )
                        if opts['master'] in opts['local_masters']:
                            # create new list of master with the possibly failed
                            # one moved to the end
                            failed_master = opts['master']
                            opts['master'] = [x for x in opts['local_masters'] if opts['master'] != x]
                            opts['master'].append(failed_master)
                        else:
                            opts['master'] = opts['master_list']
                else:
                    msg = ('master_type set to \'failover\' but \'master\' '
                           'is not of type list but of type '
                           '{0}'.format(type(opts['master'])))
                    log.error(msg)
                    sys.exit(salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC)
                # If failover is set, minion have to failover on DNS errors instead of retry DNS resolve.
                # See issue 21082 for details
                if opts['retry_dns'] and opts['master_type'] == 'failover':
                    msg = ('\'master_type\' set to \'failover\' but \'retry_dns\' is not 0. '
                           'Setting \'retry_dns\' to 0 to failover to the next master on DNS errors.')
                    log.critical(msg)
                    opts['retry_dns'] = 0
            else:
                msg = ('Invalid keyword \'{0}\' for variable '
                       '\'master_type\''.format(opts['master_type']))
                log.error(msg)
                sys.exit(salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC)

        # FIXME: if SMinion don't define io_loop, it can't switch master see #29088
        # Specify kwargs for the channel factory so that SMinion doesn't need to define an io_loop
        # (The channel factories will set a default if the kwarg isn't passed)
        factory_kwargs = {'timeout': timeout, 'safe': safe}
        if getattr(self, 'io_loop', None):
            factory_kwargs['io_loop'] = self.io_loop  # pylint: disable=no-member

        tries = opts.get('master_tries', 1)
        attempts = 0

        # if we have a list of masters, loop through them and be
        # happy with the first one that allows us to connect
        if isinstance(opts['master'], list):
            conn = False
            last_exc = None
            opts['master_uri_list'] = []
            opts['local_masters'] = copy.copy(opts['master'])

            # shuffle the masters and then loop through them
            if opts['random_master']:
                # master_failback is only used when master_type is set to failover
                if opts['master_type'] == 'failover' and opts['master_failback']:
                    secondary_masters = opts['local_masters'][1:]
                    shuffle(secondary_masters)
                    opts['local_masters'][1:] = secondary_masters
                else:
                    shuffle(opts['local_masters'])

            # This sits outside of the connection loop below because it needs to set
            # up a list of master URIs regardless of which masters are available
            # to connect _to_. This is primarily used for masterless mode, when
            # we need a list of master URIs to fire calls back to.
            for master in opts['local_masters']:
                opts['master'] = master
                opts.update(prep_ip_port(opts))
                opts['master_uri_list'].append(resolve_dns(opts)['master_uri'])

            while True:
                if attempts != 0:
                    # Give up a little time between connection attempts
                    # to allow the IOLoop to run any other scheduled tasks.
                    yield tornado.gen.sleep(opts['acceptance_wait_time'])
                attempts += 1
                if tries > 0:
                    log.debug(
                        'Connecting to master. Attempt %s of %s',
                        attempts, tries
                    )
                else:
                    log.debug(
                        'Connecting to master. Attempt %s (infinite attempts)',
                        attempts
                    )
                for master in opts['local_masters']:
                    opts['master'] = master
                    opts.update(prep_ip_port(opts))
                    opts.update(resolve_dns(opts))

                    # on first run, update self.opts with the whole master list
                    # to enable a minion to re-use old masters if they get fixed
                    if 'master_list' not in opts:
                        opts['master_list'] = copy.copy(opts['local_masters'])

                    self.opts = opts

                    pub_channel = salt.transport.client.AsyncPubChannel.factory(opts, **factory_kwargs)
                    try:
                        yield pub_channel.connect()
                        conn = True
                        break
                    except SaltClientError as exc:
                        last_exc = exc
                        if exc.strerror.startswith('Could not access'):
                            msg = (
                                'Failed to initiate connection with Master '
                                '%s: check ownership/permissions. Error '
                                'message: %s', opts['master'], exc
                            )
                        else:
                            msg = ('Master %s could not be reached, trying next '
                                   'next master (if any)', opts['master'])
                        log.info(msg)
                        continue

                if not conn:
                    if attempts == tries:
                        # Exhausted all attempts. Return exception.
                        self.connected = False
                        self.opts['master'] = copy.copy(self.opts['local_masters'])
                        log.error(
                            'No master could be reached or all masters '
                            'denied the minion\'s connection attempt.'
                        )
                        # If the code reaches this point, 'last_exc'
                        # should already be set.
                        raise last_exc  # pylint: disable=E0702
                else:
                    self.tok = pub_channel.auth.gen_token(b'salt')
                    self.connected = True
                    raise tornado.gen.Return((opts['master'], pub_channel))

        # single master sign in
        else:
            if opts['random_master']:
                log.warning('random_master is True but there is only one master specified. Ignoring.')
            while True:
                if attempts != 0:
                    # Give up a little time between connection attempts
                    # to allow the IOLoop to run any other scheduled tasks.
                    yield tornado.gen.sleep(opts['acceptance_wait_time'])
                attempts += 1
                if tries > 0:
                    log.debug(
                        'Connecting to master. Attempt %s of %s',
                        attempts, tries
                    )
                else:
                    log.debug(
                        'Connecting to master. Attempt %s (infinite attempts)',
                        attempts
                    )
                opts.update(prep_ip_port(opts))
                opts.update(resolve_dns(opts))
                try:
                    if self.opts['transport'] == 'detect':
                        self.opts['detect_mode'] = True
                        for trans in ('zeromq', 'tcp'):
                            if trans == 'zeromq' and not zmq:
                                continue
                            self.opts['transport'] = trans
                            pub_channel = salt.transport.client.AsyncPubChannel.factory(self.opts, **factory_kwargs)
                            yield pub_channel.connect()
                            if not pub_channel.auth.authenticated:
                                continue
                            del self.opts['detect_mode']
                            break
                    else:
                        pub_channel = salt.transport.client.AsyncPubChannel.factory(self.opts, **factory_kwargs)
                        yield pub_channel.connect()
                    self.tok = pub_channel.auth.gen_token(b'salt')
                    self.connected = True
                    raise tornado.gen.Return((opts['master'], pub_channel))
                except SaltClientError as exc:
                    if attempts == tries:
                        # Exhausted all attempts. Return exception.
                        self.connected = False
                        raise exc

Response: Evaluate the current master address and create a pub_channel with the given master address.


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
discovers master and decide where to connect to

Response:
def _discover_masters(self):
        '''
        Discover master(s) and decide where to connect, if SSDP is around.
        This modifies the configuration on the fly.
        :return:
        '''
        if self.opts['master'] == DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS['master'] and self.opts['discovery'] is not False:
            master_discovery_client = salt.utils.ssdp.SSDPDiscoveryClient()
            masters = {}
            for att in range(self.opts['discovery'].get('attempts', 3)):
                try:
                    att += 1
                    log.info('Attempting %s time(s) to discover masters', att)
                    masters.update(master_discovery_client.discover())
                    if not masters:
                        time.sleep(self.opts['discovery'].get('pause', 5))
                    else:
                        break
                except Exception as err:
                    log.error('SSDP discovery failure: %s', err)
                    break

            if masters:
                policy = self.opts.get('discovery', {}).get('match', 'any')
                if policy not in ['any', 'all']:
                    log.error('SSDP configuration matcher failure: unknown value "%s". '
                              'Should be "any" or "all"', policy)
                    return
                mapping = self.opts['discovery'].get('mapping', {})
                discovered = []
                for addr, mappings in masters.items():
                    for proto_data in mappings:
                        cnt = len([key for key, value in mapping.items()
                                   if proto_data.get('mapping', {}).get(key) == value])
                        if policy == 'any' and bool(cnt) or cnt == len(mapping):
                            if self.opts['discovery'].get('multimaster'):
                                discovered.append(proto_data['master'])
                            else:
                                self.opts['master'] = proto_data['master']
                                return
                self.opts['master'] = discovered


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def _return_retry_timer(self):
        '''
        Based on the minion configuration, either return a randomized timer or
        just return the value of the return_retry_timer.
        '''
        msg = 'Minion return retry timer set to %s seconds'
        if self.opts.get('return_retry_timer_max'):
            try:
                random_retry = randint(self.opts['return_retry_timer'], self.opts['return_retry_timer_max'])
                retry_msg = msg % random_retry
                log.debug('%s (randomized)', msg % random_retry)
                return random_retry
            except ValueError:
                # Catch wiseguys using negative integers here
                log.error(
                    'Invalid value (return_retry_timer: %s or '
                    'return_retry_timer_max: %s). Both must be positive '
                    'integers.',
                    self.opts['return_retry_timer'],
                    self.opts['return_retry_timer_max'],
                )
                log.debug(msg, DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS['return_retry_timer'])
                return DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS['return_retry_timer']
        else:
            log.debug(msg, self.opts.get('return_retry_timer'))
            return self.opts.get('return_retry_timer')

Response: Return the value of the return_retry_timer option.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def gen_modules(self, initial_load=False):
        '''
        Tell the minion to reload the execution modules

        CLI Example:

        .. code-block:: bash

            salt '*' sys.reload_modules
        '''
        self.opts['pillar'] = salt.pillar.get_pillar(
            self.opts,
            self.opts['grains'],
            self.opts['id'],
            self.opts['saltenv'],
            pillarenv=self.opts.get('pillarenv'),
        ).compile_pillar()

        self.utils = salt.loader.utils(self.opts)
        self.functions = salt.loader.minion_mods(self.opts, utils=self.utils)
        self.serializers = salt.loader.serializers(self.opts)
        self.returners = salt.loader.returners(self.opts, self.functions)
        self.proxy = salt.loader.proxy(self.opts, self.functions, self.returners, None)
        # TODO: remove
        self.function_errors = {}  # Keep the funcs clean
        self.states = salt.loader.states(self.opts,
                self.functions,
                self.utils,
                self.serializers)
        self.rend = salt.loader.render(self.opts, self.functions)
#        self.matcher = Matcher(self.opts, self.functions)
        self.matchers = salt.loader.matchers(self.opts)
        self.functions['sys.reload_modules'] = self.gen_modules
        self.executors = salt.loader.executors(self.opts)

Response: Generate the modules for the current minion


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def gen_modules(self, initial_load=False):
        '''
        Tell the minion to reload the execution modules

        CLI Example:

        .. code-block:: bash

            salt '*' sys.reload_modules
        '''
        self.utils = salt.loader.utils(self.opts)
        self.functions = salt.loader.minion_mods(
            self.opts,
            utils=self.utils,
            whitelist=self.whitelist,
            initial_load=initial_load)
        self.serializers = salt.loader.serializers(self.opts)
        if self.mk_returners:
            self.returners = salt.loader.returners(self.opts, self.functions)
        if self.mk_states:
            self.states = salt.loader.states(self.opts,
                                             self.functions,
                                             self.utils,
                                             self.serializers)
        if self.mk_rend:
            self.rend = salt.loader.render(self.opts, self.functions)
        if self.mk_matcher:
            self.matchers = salt.loader.matchers(self.opts)
        self.functions['sys.reload_modules'] = self.gen_modules

Response: Generate the modules for the current minion


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def _create_minion_object(self, opts, timeout, safe,
                              io_loop=None, loaded_base_name=None,
                              jid_queue=None):
        '''
        Helper function to return the correct type of object
        '''
        return Minion(opts,
                      timeout,
                      safe,
                      io_loop=io_loop,
                      loaded_base_name=loaded_base_name,
                      jid_queue=jid_queue)

Response: Helper function to create the correct type of object.


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
spawns all the coroutines which will sign in to masters

Response:
def _spawn_minions(self, timeout=60):
        '''
        Spawn all the coroutines which will sign in to masters
        '''
        # Run masters discovery over SSDP. This may modify the whole configuration,
        # depending of the networking and sets of masters. If match is 'any' we let
        # eval_master handle the discovery instead so disconnections can also handle
        # discovery
        if isinstance(self.opts['discovery'], dict) and self.opts['discovery'].get('multimaster'):
            self._discover_masters()

        masters = self.opts['master']
        if (self.opts['master_type'] in ('failover', 'distributed')) or not isinstance(self.opts['master'], list):
            masters = [masters]

        for master in masters:
            s_opts = copy.deepcopy(self.opts)
            s_opts['master'] = master
            s_opts['multimaster'] = True
            minion = self._create_minion_object(s_opts,
                                                s_opts['auth_timeout'],
                                                False,
                                                io_loop=self.io_loop,
                                                loaded_base_name='salt.loader.{0}'.format(s_opts['master']),
                                                jid_queue=self.jid_queue)
            self.io_loop.spawn_callback(self._connect_minion, minion)
        self.io_loop.call_later(timeout, self._check_minions)


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
connects a minion to a master

Response:
def _connect_minion(self, minion):
        '''
        Create a minion, and asynchronously connect it to a master
        '''
        auth_wait = minion.opts['acceptance_wait_time']
        failed = False
        while True:
            if failed:
                if auth_wait < self.max_auth_wait:
                    auth_wait += self.auth_wait
                log.debug(
                    "sleeping before reconnect attempt to %s [%d/%d]",
                   minion.opts['master'],
                    auth_wait,
                    self.max_auth_wait,
                )
                yield tornado.gen.sleep(auth_wait)  # TODO: log?
            try:
                if minion.opts.get('beacons_before_connect', False):
                    minion.setup_beacons(before_connect=True)
                if minion.opts.get('scheduler_before_connect', False):
                    minion.setup_scheduler(before_connect=True)
                yield minion.connect_master(failed=failed)
                minion.tune_in(start=False)
                self.minions.append(minion)
                break
            except SaltClientError as exc:
                failed = True
                log.error(
                    'Error while bringing up minion for multi-master. Is '
                    'master at %s responding?', minion.opts['master']
                )
            except SaltMasterUnresolvableError:
                err = 'Master address: \'{0}\' could not be resolved. Invalid or unresolveable address. ' \
                      'Set \'master\' value in minion config.'.format(minion.opts['master'])
                log.error(err)
                break
            except Exception as e:
                failed = True
                log.critical(
                    'Unexpected error while connecting to %s',
                    minion.opts['master'], exc_info=True
                )


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def sync_connect_master(self, timeout=None, failed=False):
        '''
        Block until we are connected to a master
        '''
        self._sync_connect_master_success = False
        log.debug("sync_connect_master")

        def on_connect_master_future_done(future):
            self._sync_connect_master_success = True
            self.io_loop.stop()

        self._connect_master_future = self.connect_master(failed=failed)
        # finish connecting to master
        self._connect_master_future.add_done_callback(on_connect_master_future_done)
        if timeout:
            self.io_loop.call_later(timeout, self.io_loop.stop)
        try:
            self.io_loop.start()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            self.destroy()
        # I made the following 3 line oddity to preserve traceback.
        # Please read PR #23978 before changing, hopefully avoiding regressions.
        # Good luck, we're all counting on you.  Thanks.
        if self._connect_master_future.done():
            future_exception = self._connect_master_future.exception()
            if future_exception:
                # This needs to be re-raised to preserve restart_on_error behavior.
                raise six.reraise(*future_exception)
        if timeout and self._sync_connect_master_success is False:
            raise SaltDaemonNotRunning('Failed to connect to the salt-master')

Response: Connect to the master and wait for the connection to complete.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function that can
return a future which will complete when you are connected to a master

Response:
def connect_master(self, failed=False):
        '''
        Return a future which will complete when you are connected to a master
        '''
        master, self.pub_channel = yield self.eval_master(self.opts, self.timeout, self.safe, failed)
        yield self._post_master_init(master)


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
functions to finish init after connecting to a master

Response:
def _post_master_init(self, master):
        '''
        Function to finish init after connecting to a master

        This is primarily loading modules, pillars, etc. (since they need
        to know which master they connected to)

        If this function is changed, please check ProxyMinion._post_master_init
        to see if those changes need to be propagated.

        Minions and ProxyMinions need significantly different post master setups,
        which is why the differences are not factored out into separate helper
        functions.
        '''
        if self.connected:
            self.opts['master'] = master

            # Initialize pillar before loader to make pillar accessible in modules
            async_pillar = salt.pillar.get_async_pillar(
                self.opts,
                self.opts['grains'],
                self.opts['id'],
                self.opts['saltenv'],
                pillarenv=self.opts.get('pillarenv')
            )
            self.opts['pillar'] = yield async_pillar.compile_pillar()
            async_pillar.destroy()

        if not self.ready:
            self._setup_core()
        elif self.connected and self.opts['pillar']:
            # The pillar has changed due to the connection to the master.
            # Reload the functions so that they can use the new pillar data.
            self.functions, self.returners, self.function_errors, self.executors = self._load_modules()
            if hasattr(self, 'schedule'):
                self.schedule.functions = self.functions
                self.schedule.returners = self.returners

        if not hasattr(self, 'schedule'):
            self.schedule = salt.utils.schedule.Schedule(
                self.opts,
                self.functions,
                self.returners,
                cleanup=[master_event(type='alive')])

        # add default scheduling jobs to the minions scheduler
        if self.opts['mine_enabled'] and 'mine.update' in self.functions:
            self.schedule.add_job({
                '__mine_interval':
                {
                    'function': 'mine.update',
                    'minutes': self.opts['mine_interval'],
                    'jid_include': True,
                    'maxrunning': 2,
                    'run_on_start': True,
                    'return_job': self.opts.get('mine_return_job', False)
                }
            }, persist=True)
            log.info('Added mine.update to scheduler')
        else:
            self.schedule.delete_job('__mine_interval', persist=True)

        # add master_alive job if enabled
        if (self.opts['transport'] != 'tcp' and
                self.opts['master_alive_interval'] > 0 and
                self.connected):
            self.schedule.add_job({
                master_event(type='alive', master=self.opts['master']):
                {
                    'function': 'status.master',
                    'seconds': self.opts['master_alive_interval'],
                    'jid_include': True,
                    'maxrunning': 1,
                    'return_job': False,
                    'kwargs': {'master': self.opts['master'],
                                'connected': True}
                }
            }, persist=True)
            if self.opts['master_failback'] and \
                    'master_list' in self.opts and \
                    self.opts['master'] != self.opts['master_list'][0]:
                self.schedule.add_job({
                    master_event(type='failback'):
                    {
                        'function': 'status.ping_master',
                        'seconds': self.opts['master_failback_interval'],
                        'jid_include': True,
                        'maxrunning': 1,
                        'return_job': False,
                        'kwargs': {'master': self.opts['master_list'][0]}
                    }
                }, persist=True)
            else:
                self.schedule.delete_job(master_event(type='failback'), persist=True)
        else:
            self.schedule.delete_job(master_event(type='alive', master=self.opts['master']), persist=True)
            self.schedule.delete_job(master_event(type='failback'), persist=True)


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
returns a copy of the opts with key bits stripped out

Response:
def _prep_mod_opts(self):
        '''
        Returns a copy of the opts with key bits stripped out
        '''
        mod_opts = {}
        for key, val in six.iteritems(self.opts):
            if key == 'logger':
                continue
            mod_opts[key] = val
        return mod_opts


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
loading the modules from the loader

Response:
def _load_modules(self, force_refresh=False, notify=False, grains=None, opts=None):
        '''
        Return the functions and the returners loaded up from the loader
        module
        '''
        opt_in = True
        if not opts:
            opts = self.opts
            opt_in = False
        # if this is a *nix system AND modules_max_memory is set, lets enforce
        # a memory limit on module imports
        # this feature ONLY works on *nix like OSs (resource module doesn't work on windows)
        modules_max_memory = False
        if opts.get('modules_max_memory', -1) > 0 and HAS_PSUTIL and HAS_RESOURCE:
            log.debug(
                'modules_max_memory set, enforcing a maximum of %s',
                opts['modules_max_memory']
            )
            modules_max_memory = True
            old_mem_limit = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS)
            rss, vms = psutil.Process(os.getpid()).memory_info()[:2]
            mem_limit = rss + vms + opts['modules_max_memory']
            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS, (mem_limit, mem_limit))
        elif opts.get('modules_max_memory', -1) > 0:
            if not HAS_PSUTIL:
                log.error('Unable to enforce modules_max_memory because psutil is missing')
            if not HAS_RESOURCE:
                log.error('Unable to enforce modules_max_memory because resource is missing')

        # This might be a proxy minion
        if hasattr(self, 'proxy'):
            proxy = self.proxy
        else:
            proxy = None

        if grains is None:
            opts['grains'] = salt.loader.grains(opts, force_refresh, proxy=proxy)
        self.utils = salt.loader.utils(opts, proxy=proxy)

        if opts.get('multimaster', False):
            s_opts = copy.deepcopy(opts)
            functions = salt.loader.minion_mods(s_opts, utils=self.utils, proxy=proxy,
                                                loaded_base_name=self.loaded_base_name, notify=notify)
        else:
            functions = salt.loader.minion_mods(opts, utils=self.utils, notify=notify, proxy=proxy)
        returners = salt.loader.returners(opts, functions, proxy=proxy)
        errors = {}
        if '_errors' in functions:
            errors = functions['_errors']
            functions.pop('_errors')

        # we're done, reset the limits!
        if modules_max_memory is True:
            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS, old_mem_limit)

        executors = salt.loader.executors(opts, functions, proxy=proxy)

        if opt_in:
            self.opts = opts

        return functions, returners, errors, executors


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def _fire_master(self, data=None, tag=None, events=None, pretag=None, timeout=60, sync=True, timeout_handler=None):
        '''
        Fire an event on the master, or drop message if unable to send.
        '''
        load = {'id': self.opts['id'],
                'cmd': '_minion_event',
                'pretag': pretag,
                'tok': self.tok}
        if events:
            load['events'] = events
        elif data and tag:
            load['data'] = data
            load['tag'] = tag
        elif not data and tag:
            load['data'] = {}
            load['tag'] = tag
        else:
            return

        if sync:
            try:
                self._send_req_sync(load, timeout)
            except salt.exceptions.SaltReqTimeoutError:
                log.info('fire_master failed: master could not be contacted. Request timed out.')
                # very likely one of the masters is dead, status.master will flush it
                self.functions['status.master'](self.opts['master'])
                return False
            except Exception:
                log.info('fire_master failed: %s', traceback.format_exc())
                return False
        else:
            if timeout_handler is None:
                def handle_timeout(*_):
                    log.info('fire_master failed: master could not be contacted. Request timed out.')
                    # very likely one of the masters is dead, status.master will flush it
                    self.functions['status.master'](self.opts['master'])
                    return True
                timeout_handler = handle_timeout

            with tornado.stack_context.ExceptionStackContext(timeout_handler):
                self._send_req_async(load, timeout, callback=lambda f: None)  # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
        return True

Response: Fire an event on the master or drop message if unable to send it.


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def ctx(self):
        '''
        Return a single context manager for the minion's data
        '''
        if six.PY2:
            return contextlib.nested(
                self.functions.context_dict.clone(),
                self.returners.context_dict.clone(),
                self.executors.context_dict.clone(),
            )
        else:
            exitstack = contextlib.ExitStack()
            exitstack.enter_context(self.functions.context_dict.clone())
            exitstack.enter_context(self.returners.context_dict.clone())
            exitstack.enter_context(self.executors.context_dict.clone())
            return exitstack

Response: Return a single context manager for the minion s data


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def _thread_return(cls, minion_instance, opts, data):
        '''
        This method should be used as a threading target, start the actual
        minion side execution.
        '''
        fn_ = os.path.join(minion_instance.proc_dir, data['jid'])

        if opts['multiprocessing'] and not salt.utils.platform.is_windows():
            # Shutdown the multiprocessing before daemonizing
            salt.log.setup.shutdown_multiprocessing_logging()

            salt.utils.process.daemonize_if(opts)

            # Reconfigure multiprocessing logging after daemonizing
            salt.log.setup.setup_multiprocessing_logging()

        salt.utils.process.appendproctitle('{0}._thread_return {1}'.format(cls.__name__, data['jid']))

        sdata = {'pid': os.getpid()}
        sdata.update(data)
        log.info('Starting a new job %s with PID %s', data['jid'], sdata['pid'])
        with salt.utils.files.fopen(fn_, 'w+b') as fp_:
            fp_.write(minion_instance.serial.dumps(sdata))
        ret = {'success': False}
        function_name = data['fun']
        executors = data.get('module_executors') or \
                    getattr(minion_instance, 'module_executors', []) or \
                    opts.get('module_executors', ['direct_call'])
        allow_missing_funcs = any([
            minion_instance.executors['{0}.allow_missing_func'.format(executor)](function_name)
            for executor in executors
            if '{0}.allow_missing_func' in minion_instance.executors
        ])
        if function_name in minion_instance.functions or allow_missing_funcs is True:
            try:
                minion_blackout_violation = False
                if minion_instance.connected and minion_instance.opts['pillar'].get('minion_blackout', False):
                    whitelist = minion_instance.opts['pillar'].get('minion_blackout_whitelist', [])
                    # this minion is blacked out. Only allow saltutil.refresh_pillar and the whitelist
                    if function_name != 'saltutil.refresh_pillar' and function_name not in whitelist:
                        minion_blackout_violation = True
                # use minion_blackout_whitelist from grains if it exists
                if minion_instance.opts['grains'].get('minion_blackout', False):
                    whitelist = minion_instance.opts['grains'].get('minion_blackout_whitelist', [])
                    if function_name != 'saltutil.refresh_pillar' and function_name not in whitelist:
                        minion_blackout_violation = True
                if minion_blackout_violation:
                    raise SaltInvocationError('Minion in blackout mode. Set \'minion_blackout\' '
                                             'to False in pillar or grains to resume operations. Only '
                                             'saltutil.refresh_pillar allowed in blackout mode.')

                if function_name in minion_instance.functions:
                    func = minion_instance.functions[function_name]
                    args, kwargs = load_args_and_kwargs(
                        func,
                        data['arg'],
                        data)
                else:
                    # only run if function_name is not in minion_instance.functions and allow_missing_funcs is True
                    func = function_name
                    args, kwargs = data['arg'], data
                minion_instance.functions.pack['__context__']['retcode'] = 0
                if isinstance(executors, six.string_types):
                    executors = [executors]
                elif not isinstance(executors, list) or not executors:
                    raise SaltInvocationError("Wrong executors specification: {0}. String or non-empty list expected".
                        format(executors))
                if opts.get('sudo_user', '') and executors[-1] != 'sudo':
                    executors[-1] = 'sudo'  # replace the last one with sudo
                log.trace('Executors list %s', executors)  # pylint: disable=no-member

                for name in executors:
                    fname = '{0}.execute'.format(name)
                    if fname not in minion_instance.executors:
                        raise SaltInvocationError("Executor '{0}' is not available".format(name))
                    return_data = minion_instance.executors[fname](opts, data, func, args, kwargs)
                    if return_data is not None:
                        break

                if isinstance(return_data, types.GeneratorType):
                    ind = 0
                    iret = {}
                    for single in return_data:
                        if isinstance(single, dict) and isinstance(iret, dict):
                            iret.update(single)
                        else:
                            if not iret:
                                iret = []
                            iret.append(single)
                        tag = tagify([data['jid'], 'prog', opts['id'], six.text_type(ind)], 'job')
                        event_data = {'return': single}
                        minion_instance._fire_master(event_data, tag)
                        ind += 1
                    ret['return'] = iret
                else:
                    ret['return'] = return_data

                retcode = minion_instance.functions.pack['__context__'].get(
                    'retcode',
                    salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_OK
                )
                if retcode == salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_OK:
                    # No nonzero retcode in __context__ dunder. Check if return
                    # is a dictionary with a "result" or "success" key.
                    try:
                        func_result = all(return_data.get(x, True)
                                          for x in ('result', 'success'))
                    except Exception:
                        # return data is not a dict
                        func_result = True
                    if not func_result:
                        retcode = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC

                ret['retcode'] = retcode
                ret['success'] = retcode == salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_OK
            except CommandNotFoundError as exc:
                msg = 'Command required for \'{0}\' not found'.format(
                    function_name
                )
                log.debug(msg, exc_info=True)
                ret['return'] = '{0}: {1}'.format(msg, exc)
                ret['out'] = 'nested'
                ret['retcode'] = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC
            except CommandExecutionError as exc:
                log.error(
                    'A command in \'%s\' had a problem: %s',
                    function_name, exc,
                    exc_info_on_loglevel=logging.DEBUG
                )
                ret['return'] = 'ERROR: {0}'.format(exc)
                ret['out'] = 'nested'
                ret['retcode'] = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC
            except SaltInvocationError as exc:
                log.error(
                    'Problem executing \'%s\': %s',
                    function_name, exc,
                    exc_info_on_loglevel=logging.DEBUG
                )
                ret['return'] = 'ERROR executing \'{0}\': {1}'.format(
                    function_name, exc
                )
                ret['out'] = 'nested'
                ret['retcode'] = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC
            except TypeError as exc:
                msg = 'Passed invalid arguments to {0}: {1}\n{2}'.format(
                    function_name, exc, func.__doc__ or ''
                )
                log.warning(msg, exc_info_on_loglevel=logging.DEBUG)
                ret['return'] = msg
                ret['out'] = 'nested'
                ret['retcode'] = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC
            except Exception:
                msg = 'The minion function caused an exception'
                log.warning(msg, exc_info_on_loglevel=True)
                salt.utils.error.fire_exception(salt.exceptions.MinionError(msg), opts, job=data)
                ret['return'] = '{0}: {1}'.format(msg, traceback.format_exc())
                ret['out'] = 'nested'
                ret['retcode'] = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC
        else:
            docs = minion_instance.functions['sys.doc']('{0}*'.format(function_name))
            if docs:
                docs[function_name] = minion_instance.functions.missing_fun_string(function_name)
                ret['return'] = docs
            else:
                ret['return'] = minion_instance.functions.missing_fun_string(function_name)
                mod_name = function_name.split('.')[0]
                if mod_name in minion_instance.function_errors:
                    ret['return'] += ' Possible reasons: \'{0}\''.format(
                        minion_instance.function_errors[mod_name]
                    )
            ret['success'] = False
            ret['retcode'] = salt.defaults.exitcodes.EX_GENERIC
            ret['out'] = 'nested'

        ret['jid'] = data['jid']
        ret['fun'] = data['fun']
        ret['fun_args'] = data['arg']
        if 'master_id' in data:
            ret['master_id'] = data['master_id']
        if 'metadata' in data:
            if isinstance(data['metadata'], dict):
                ret['metadata'] = data['metadata']
            else:
                log.warning('The metadata parameter must be a dictionary. Ignoring.')
        if minion_instance.connected:
            minion_instance._return_pub(
                ret,
                timeout=minion_instance._return_retry_timer()
            )

        # Add default returners from minion config
        # Should have been coverted to comma-delimited string already
        if isinstance(opts.get('return'), six.string_types):
            if data['ret']:
                data['ret'] = ','.join((data['ret'], opts['return']))
            else:
                data['ret'] = opts['return']

        log.debug('minion return: %s', ret)
        # TODO: make a list? Seems odd to split it this late :/
        if data['ret'] and isinstance(data['ret'], six.string_types):
            if 'ret_config' in data:
                ret['ret_config'] = data['ret_config']
            if 'ret_kwargs' in data:
                ret['ret_kwargs'] = data['ret_kwargs']
            ret['id'] = opts['id']
            for returner in set(data['ret'].split(',')):
                try:
                    returner_str = '{0}.returner'.format(returner)
                    if returner_str in minion_instance.returners:
                        minion_instance.returners[returner_str](ret)
                    else:
                        returner_err = minion_instance.returners.missing_fun_string(returner_str)
                        log.error(
                            'Returner %s could not be loaded: %s',
                            returner_str, returner_err
                        )
                except Exception as exc:
                    log.exception(
                        'The return failed for job %s: %s', data['jid'], exc
                    )

Response:
This method is used as a threading target start the actual
            minion side execution.


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def _return_pub_multi(self, rets, ret_cmd='_return', timeout=60, sync=True):
        '''
        Return the data from the executed command to the master server
        '''
        if not isinstance(rets, list):
            rets = [rets]
        jids = {}
        for ret in rets:
            jid = ret.get('jid', ret.get('__jid__'))
            fun = ret.get('fun', ret.get('__fun__'))
            if self.opts['multiprocessing']:
                fn_ = os.path.join(self.proc_dir, jid)
                if os.path.isfile(fn_):
                    try:
                        os.remove(fn_)
                    except (OSError, IOError):
                        # The file is gone already
                        pass
            log.info('Returning information for job: %s', jid)
            load = jids.setdefault(jid, {})
            if ret_cmd == '_syndic_return':
                if not load:
                    load.update({'id': self.opts['id'],
                                 'jid': jid,
                                 'fun': fun,
                                 'arg': ret.get('arg'),
                                 'tgt': ret.get('tgt'),
                                 'tgt_type': ret.get('tgt_type'),
                                 'load': ret.get('__load__'),
                                 'return': {}})
                if '__master_id__' in ret:
                    load['master_id'] = ret['__master_id__']
                for key, value in six.iteritems(ret):
                    if key.startswith('__'):
                        continue
                    load['return'][key] = value
            else:
                load.update({'id': self.opts['id']})
                for key, value in six.iteritems(ret):
                    load[key] = value

            if 'out' in ret:
                if isinstance(ret['out'], six.string_types):
                    load['out'] = ret['out']
                else:
                    log.error(
                        'Invalid outputter %s. This is likely a bug.',
                        ret['out']
                    )
            else:
                try:
                    oput = self.functions[fun].__outputter__
                except (KeyError, AttributeError, TypeError):
                    pass
                else:
                    if isinstance(oput, six.string_types):
                        load['out'] = oput
            if self.opts['cache_jobs']:
                # Local job cache has been enabled
                salt.utils.minion.cache_jobs(self.opts, load['jid'], ret)

        load = {'cmd': ret_cmd,
                'load': list(six.itervalues(jids))}

        def timeout_handler(*_):
            log.warning(
               'The minion failed to return the job information for job %s. '
               'This is often due to the master being shut down or '
               'overloaded. If the master is running, consider increasing '
               'the worker_threads value.', jid
            )
            return True

        if sync:
            try:
                ret_val = self._send_req_sync(load, timeout=timeout)
            except SaltReqTimeoutError:
                timeout_handler()
                return ''
        else:
            with tornado.stack_context.ExceptionStackContext(timeout_handler):
                ret_val = self._send_req_async(load, timeout=timeout, callback=lambda f: None)  # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg

        log.trace('ret_val = %s', ret_val)  # pylint: disable=no-member
        return ret_val

Response: Return the data from the executed command to the master server


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def _state_run(self):
        '''
        Execute a state run based on information set in the minion config file
        '''
        if self.opts['startup_states']:
            if self.opts.get('master_type', 'str') == 'disable' and \
                        self.opts.get('file_client', 'remote') == 'remote':
                log.warning(
                    'Cannot run startup_states when \'master_type\' is set '
                    'to \'disable\' and \'file_client\' is set to '
                    '\'remote\'. Skipping.'
                )
            else:
                data = {'jid': 'req', 'ret': self.opts.get('ext_job_cache', '')}
                if self.opts['startup_states'] == 'sls':
                    data['fun'] = 'state.sls'
                    data['arg'] = [self.opts['sls_list']]
                elif self.opts['startup_states'] == 'top':
                    data['fun'] = 'state.top'
                    data['arg'] = [self.opts['top_file']]
                else:
                    data['fun'] = 'state.highstate'
                    data['arg'] = []
                self._handle_decoded_payload(data)

Response: Execute a state run based on information set in the minion config file


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def _refresh_grains_watcher(self, refresh_interval_in_minutes):
        '''
        Create a loop that will fire a pillar refresh to inform a master about a change in the grains of this minion
        :param refresh_interval_in_minutes:
        :return: None
        '''
        if '__update_grains' not in self.opts.get('schedule', {}):
            if 'schedule' not in self.opts:
                self.opts['schedule'] = {}
            self.opts['schedule'].update({
                '__update_grains':
                    {
                        'function': 'event.fire',
                        'args': [{}, 'grains_refresh'],
                        'minutes': refresh_interval_in_minutes
                    }
            })

Response: Create a loop that will fire a grains refresh to inform a master about a change in the grains of this minion


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
refreshing the functions and returners and executors.

Response:
def module_refresh(self, force_refresh=False, notify=False):
        '''
        Refresh the functions and returners.
        '''
        log.debug('Refreshing modules. Notify=%s', notify)
        self.functions, self.returners, _, self.executors = self._load_modules(force_refresh, notify=notify)

        self.schedule.functions = self.functions
        self.schedule.returners = self.returners


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
refreshing the functions and returners and beacons.

Response:
def beacons_refresh(self):
        '''
        Refresh the functions and returners.
        '''
        log.debug('Refreshing beacons.')
        self.beacons = salt.beacons.Beacon(self.opts, self.functions)