Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def _sunos_memdata():
    '''
    Return the memory information for SunOS-like systems
    '''
    grains = {'mem_total': 0, 'swap_total': 0}

    prtconf = '/usr/sbin/prtconf 2>/dev/null'
    for line in __salt__['cmd.run'](prtconf, python_shell=True).splitlines():
        comps = line.split(' ')
        if comps[0].strip() == 'Memory' and comps[1].strip() == 'size:':
            grains['mem_total'] = int(comps[2].strip())

    swap_cmd = salt.utils.path.which('swap')
    swap_data = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} -s'.format(swap_cmd)).split()
    try:
        swap_avail = int(swap_data[-2][:-1])
        swap_used = int(swap_data[-4][:-1])
        swap_total = (swap_avail + swap_used) // 1024
    except ValueError:
        swap_total = None
    grains['swap_total'] = swap_total
    return grains

Response: Return the memory information for SunOS - like systems


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
returning the memory information for AIX systems

Response:
def _aix_memdata():
    '''
    Return the memory information for AIX systems
    '''
    grains = {'mem_total': 0, 'swap_total': 0}
    prtconf = salt.utils.path.which('prtconf')
    if prtconf:
        for line in __salt__['cmd.run'](prtconf, python_shell=True).splitlines():
            comps = [x for x in line.strip().split(' ') if x]
            if len(comps) > 2 and 'Memory' in comps[0] and 'Size' in comps[1]:
                grains['mem_total'] = int(comps[2])
                break
    else:
        log.error('The \'prtconf\' binary was not found in $PATH.')

    swap_cmd = salt.utils.path.which('swap')
    if swap_cmd:
        swap_data = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} -s'.format(swap_cmd)).split()
        try:
            swap_total = (int(swap_data[-2]) + int(swap_data[-6])) * 4
        except ValueError:
            swap_total = None
        grains['swap_total'] = swap_total
    else:
        log.error('The \'swap\' binary was not found in $PATH.')
    return grains


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
gathers information about the system memory.

Response:
def _memdata(osdata):
    '''
    Gather information about the system memory
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   mem_total
    #   swap_total, for supported systems.
    grains = {'mem_total': 0}
    if osdata['kernel'] == 'Linux':
        grains.update(_linux_memdata())
    elif osdata['kernel'] in ('FreeBSD', 'OpenBSD', 'NetBSD'):
        grains.update(_bsd_memdata(osdata))
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'Darwin':
        grains.update(_osx_memdata())
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'SunOS':
        grains.update(_sunos_memdata())
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'AIX':
        grains.update(_aix_memdata())
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'Windows' and HAS_WMI:
        grains.update(_windows_memdata())
    return grains


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
parse the output of lsattr - El sys0 for os_uuid

Response:
def _aix_get_machine_id():
    '''
    Parse the output of lsattr -El sys0 for os_uuid
    '''
    grains = {}
    cmd = salt.utils.path.which('lsattr')
    if cmd:
        data = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} -El sys0'.format(cmd)) + os.linesep
        uuid_regexes = [re.compile(r'(?im)^\s*os_uuid\s+(\S+)\s+(.*)')]
        for regex in uuid_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                grains['machine_id'] = res.group(1).strip()
                break
    else:
        log.error('The \'lsattr\' binary was not found in $PATH.')
    return grains


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def _windows_virtual(osdata):
    '''
    Returns what type of virtual hardware is under the hood, kvm or physical
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   virtual
    #   virtual_subtype
    grains = dict()
    if osdata['kernel'] != 'Windows':
        return grains

    grains['virtual'] = 'physical'

    # It is possible that the 'manufacturer' and/or 'productname' grains
    # exist but have a value of None.
    manufacturer = osdata.get('manufacturer', '')
    if manufacturer is None:
        manufacturer = ''
    productname = osdata.get('productname', '')
    if productname is None:
        productname = ''

    if 'QEMU' in manufacturer:
        # FIXME: Make this detect between kvm or qemu
        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
    if 'Bochs' in manufacturer:
        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
    # Product Name: (oVirt) www.ovirt.org
    # Red Hat Community virtualization Project based on kvm
    elif 'oVirt' in productname:
        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'oVirt'
    # Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization
    elif 'RHEV Hypervisor' in productname:
        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'rhev'
    # Product Name: VirtualBox
    elif 'VirtualBox' in productname:
        grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
    # Product Name: VMware Virtual Platform
    elif 'VMware Virtual Platform' in productname:
        grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
    # Manufacturer: Microsoft Corporation
    # Product Name: Virtual Machine
    elif 'Microsoft' in manufacturer and \
         'Virtual Machine' in productname:
        grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualPC'
    # Manufacturer: Parallels Software International Inc.
    elif 'Parallels Software' in manufacturer:
        grains['virtual'] = 'Parallels'
    # Apache CloudStack
    elif 'CloudStack KVM Hypervisor' in productname:
        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'cloudstack'
    return grains

Response: Return what type of virtual hardware is under the hood kvm or physical.


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def _virtual(osdata):
    '''
    Returns what type of virtual hardware is under the hood, kvm or physical
    '''
    # This is going to be a monster, if you are running a vm you can test this
    # grain with please submit patches!
    # Provides:
    #   virtual
    #   virtual_subtype
    grains = {'virtual': 'physical'}

    # Skip the below loop on platforms which have none of the desired cmds
    # This is a temporary measure until we can write proper virtual hardware
    # detection.
    skip_cmds = ('AIX',)

    # list of commands to be executed to determine the 'virtual' grain
    _cmds = ['systemd-detect-virt', 'virt-what', 'dmidecode']
    # test first for virt-what, which covers most of the desired functionality
    # on most platforms
    if not salt.utils.platform.is_windows() and osdata['kernel'] not in skip_cmds:
        if salt.utils.path.which('virt-what'):
            _cmds = ['virt-what']

    # Check if enable_lspci is True or False
    if __opts__.get('enable_lspci', True) is True:
        # /proc/bus/pci does not exists, lspci will fail
        if os.path.exists('/proc/bus/pci'):
            _cmds += ['lspci']

    # Add additional last resort commands
    if osdata['kernel'] in skip_cmds:
        _cmds = ()

    # Quick backout for BrandZ (Solaris LX Branded zones)
    # Don't waste time trying other commands to detect the virtual grain
    if HAS_UNAME and osdata['kernel'] == 'Linux' and 'BrandZ virtual linux' in os.uname():
        grains['virtual'] = 'zone'
        return grains

    failed_commands = set()
    for command in _cmds:
        args = []
        if osdata['kernel'] == 'Darwin':
            command = 'system_profiler'
            args = ['SPDisplaysDataType']
        elif osdata['kernel'] == 'SunOS':
            virtinfo = salt.utils.path.which('virtinfo')
            if virtinfo:
                try:
                    ret = __salt__['cmd.run_all']('{0} -a'.format(virtinfo))
                except salt.exceptions.CommandExecutionError:
                    if salt.log.is_logging_configured():
                        failed_commands.add(virtinfo)
                else:
                    if ret['stdout'].endswith('not supported'):
                        command = 'prtdiag'
                    else:
                        command = 'virtinfo'
            else:
                command = 'prtdiag'

        cmd = salt.utils.path.which(command)

        if not cmd:
            continue

        cmd = '{0} {1}'.format(cmd, ' '.join(args))

        try:
            ret = __salt__['cmd.run_all'](cmd)

            if ret['retcode'] > 0:
                if salt.log.is_logging_configured():
                    # systemd-detect-virt always returns > 0 on non-virtualized
                    # systems
                    # prtdiag only works in the global zone, skip if it fails
                    if salt.utils.platform.is_windows() or 'systemd-detect-virt' in cmd or 'prtdiag' in cmd:
                        continue
                    failed_commands.add(command)
                continue
        except salt.exceptions.CommandExecutionError:
            if salt.log.is_logging_configured():
                if salt.utils.platform.is_windows():
                    continue
                failed_commands.add(command)
            continue

        output = ret['stdout']
        if command == "system_profiler":
            macoutput = output.lower()
            if '0x1ab8' in macoutput:
                grains['virtual'] = 'Parallels'
            if 'parallels' in macoutput:
                grains['virtual'] = 'Parallels'
            if 'vmware' in macoutput:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            if '0x15ad' in macoutput:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            if 'virtualbox' in macoutput:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
            # Break out of the loop so the next log message is not issued
            break
        elif command == 'systemd-detect-virt':
            if output in ('qemu', 'kvm', 'oracle', 'xen', 'bochs', 'chroot', 'uml', 'systemd-nspawn'):
                grains['virtual'] = output
                break
            elif 'vmware' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
                break
            elif 'microsoft' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualPC'
                break
            elif 'lxc' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'LXC'
                break
            elif 'systemd-nspawn' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'LXC'
                break
        elif command == 'virt-what':
            try:
                output = output.splitlines()[-1]
            except IndexError:
                pass
            if output in ('kvm', 'qemu', 'uml', 'xen', 'lxc'):
                grains['virtual'] = output
                break
            elif 'vmware' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
                break
            elif 'parallels' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'Parallels'
                break
            elif 'hyperv' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'HyperV'
                break
        elif command == 'dmidecode':
            # Product Name: VirtualBox
            if 'Vendor: QEMU' in output:
                # FIXME: Make this detect between kvm or qemu
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            if 'Manufacturer: QEMU' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            if 'Vendor: Bochs' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            if 'Manufacturer: Bochs' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            if 'BHYVE' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'bhyve'
            # Product Name: (oVirt) www.ovirt.org
            # Red Hat Community virtualization Project based on kvm
            elif 'Manufacturer: oVirt' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'ovirt'
            # Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization
            elif 'Product Name: RHEV Hypervisor' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'rhev'
            elif 'VirtualBox' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
            # Product Name: VMware Virtual Platform
            elif 'VMware' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            # Manufacturer: Microsoft Corporation
            # Product Name: Virtual Machine
            elif ': Microsoft' in output and 'Virtual Machine' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualPC'
            # Manufacturer: Parallels Software International Inc.
            elif 'Parallels Software' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'Parallels'
            elif 'Manufacturer: Google' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            # Proxmox KVM
            elif 'Vendor: SeaBIOS' in output:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            # Break out of the loop, lspci parsing is not necessary
            break
        elif command == 'lspci':
            # dmidecode not available or the user does not have the necessary
            # permissions
            model = output.lower()
            if 'vmware' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            # 00:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH
            #         VirtualBox Guest Service
            elif 'virtualbox' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
            elif 'qemu' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            elif 'virtio' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            # Break out of the loop so the next log message is not issued
            break
        elif command == 'prtdiag':
            model = output.lower().split("\n")[0]
            if 'vmware' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            elif 'virtualbox' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
            elif 'qemu' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            elif 'joyent smartdc hvm' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            break
        elif command == 'virtinfo':
            grains['virtual'] = 'LDOM'
            break

    choices = ('Linux', 'HP-UX')
    isdir = os.path.isdir
    sysctl = salt.utils.path.which('sysctl')
    if osdata['kernel'] in choices:
        if os.path.isdir('/proc'):
            try:
                self_root = os.stat('/')
                init_root = os.stat('/proc/1/root/.')
                if self_root != init_root:
                    grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'chroot'
            except (IOError, OSError):
                pass
        if isdir('/proc/vz'):
            if os.path.isfile('/proc/vz/version'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'openvzhn'
            elif os.path.isfile('/proc/vz/veinfo'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'openvzve'
                # a posteriori, it's expected for these to have failed:
                failed_commands.discard('lspci')
                failed_commands.discard('dmidecode')
        # Provide additional detection for OpenVZ
        if os.path.isfile('/proc/self/status'):
            with salt.utils.files.fopen('/proc/self/status') as status_file:
                vz_re = re.compile(r'^envID:\s+(\d+)$')
                for line in status_file:
                    vz_match = vz_re.match(line.rstrip('\n'))
                    if vz_match and int(vz_match.groups()[0]) != 0:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'openvzve'
                    elif vz_match and int(vz_match.groups()[0]) == 0:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'openvzhn'
        if isdir('/proc/sys/xen') or \
                isdir('/sys/bus/xen') or isdir('/proc/xen'):
            if os.path.isfile('/proc/xen/xsd_kva'):
                # Tested on CentOS 5.3 / 2.6.18-194.26.1.el5xen
                # Tested on CentOS 5.4 / 2.6.18-164.15.1.el5xen
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen Dom0'
            else:
                if osdata.get('productname', '') == 'HVM domU':
                    # Requires dmidecode!
                    grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen HVM DomU'
                elif os.path.isfile('/proc/xen/capabilities') and \
                        os.access('/proc/xen/capabilities', os.R_OK):
                    with salt.utils.files.fopen('/proc/xen/capabilities') as fhr:
                        if 'control_d' not in fhr.read():
                            # Tested on CentOS 5.5 / 2.6.18-194.3.1.el5xen
                            grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen PV DomU'
                        else:
                            # Shouldn't get to this, but just in case
                            grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen Dom0'
                # Tested on Fedora 10 / 2.6.27.30-170.2.82 with xen
                # Tested on Fedora 15 / 2.6.41.4-1 without running xen
                elif isdir('/sys/bus/xen'):
                    if 'xen:' in __salt__['cmd.run']('dmesg').lower():
                        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen PV DomU'
                    elif os.path.isfile('/sys/bus/xen/drivers/xenconsole'):
                        # An actual DomU will have the xenconsole driver
                        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen PV DomU'
            # If a Dom0 or DomU was detected, obviously this is xen
            if 'dom' in grains.get('virtual_subtype', '').lower():
                grains['virtual'] = 'xen'
        # Check container type after hypervisors, to avoid variable overwrite on containers running in virtual environment.
        if os.path.isfile('/proc/1/cgroup'):
            try:
                with salt.utils.files.fopen('/proc/1/cgroup', 'r') as fhr:
                    fhr_contents = fhr.read()
                if ':/lxc/' in fhr_contents:
                    grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'LXC'
                elif ':/kubepods/' in fhr_contents:
                    grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'kubernetes'
                elif ':/libpod_parent/' in fhr_contents:
                    grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'libpod'
                else:
                    if any(x in fhr_contents
                           for x in (':/system.slice/docker', ':/docker/',
                                     ':/docker-ce/')):
                        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Docker'
            except IOError:
                pass
        if os.path.isfile('/proc/cpuinfo'):
            with salt.utils.files.fopen('/proc/cpuinfo', 'r') as fhr:
                if 'QEMU Virtual CPU' in fhr.read():
                    grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
        if os.path.isfile('/sys/devices/virtual/dmi/id/product_name'):
            try:
                with salt.utils.files.fopen('/sys/devices/virtual/dmi/id/product_name', 'r') as fhr:
                    output = salt.utils.stringutils.to_unicode(fhr.read(), errors='replace')
                    if 'VirtualBox' in output:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
                    elif 'RHEV Hypervisor' in output:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
                        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'rhev'
                    elif 'oVirt Node' in output:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
                        grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'ovirt'
                    elif 'Google' in output:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'gce'
                    elif 'BHYVE' in output:
                        grains['virtual'] = 'bhyve'
            except IOError:
                pass
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'FreeBSD':
        kenv = salt.utils.path.which('kenv')
        if kenv:
            product = __salt__['cmd.run'](
                '{0} smbios.system.product'.format(kenv)
            )
            maker = __salt__['cmd.run'](
                '{0} smbios.system.maker'.format(kenv)
            )
            if product.startswith('VMware'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            if product.startswith('VirtualBox'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
            if maker.startswith('Xen'):
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = '{0} {1}'.format(maker, product)
                grains['virtual'] = 'xen'
            if maker.startswith('Microsoft') and product.startswith('Virtual'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualPC'
            if maker.startswith('OpenStack'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'OpenStack'
            if maker.startswith('Bochs'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
        if sysctl:
            hv_vendor = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} hw.hv_vendor'.format(sysctl))
            model = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} hw.model'.format(sysctl))
            jail = __salt__['cmd.run'](
                '{0} -n security.jail.jailed'.format(sysctl)
            )
            if 'bhyve' in hv_vendor:
                grains['virtual'] = 'bhyve'
            if jail == '1':
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'jail'
            if 'QEMU Virtual CPU' in model:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'OpenBSD':
        if 'manufacturer' in osdata:
            if osdata['manufacturer'] in ['QEMU', 'Red Hat', 'Joyent']:
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            if osdata['manufacturer'] == 'OpenBSD':
                grains['virtual'] = 'vmm'
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'SunOS':
        if grains['virtual'] == 'LDOM':
            roles = []
            for role in ('control', 'io', 'root', 'service'):
                subtype_cmd = '{0} -c current get -H -o value {1}-role'.format(cmd, role)
                ret = __salt__['cmd.run_all']('{0}'.format(subtype_cmd))
                if ret['stdout'] == 'true':
                    roles.append(role)
            if roles:
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = roles
        else:
            # Check if it's a "regular" zone. (i.e. Solaris 10/11 zone)
            zonename = salt.utils.path.which('zonename')
            if zonename:
                zone = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0}'.format(zonename))
                if zone != 'global':
                    grains['virtual'] = 'zone'
            # Check if it's a branded zone (i.e. Solaris 8/9 zone)
            if isdir('/.SUNWnative'):
                grains['virtual'] = 'zone'
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'NetBSD':
        if sysctl:
            if 'QEMU Virtual CPU' in __salt__['cmd.run'](
                    '{0} -n machdep.cpu_brand'.format(sysctl)):
                grains['virtual'] = 'kvm'
            elif 'invalid' not in __salt__['cmd.run'](
                    '{0} -n machdep.xen.suspend'.format(sysctl)):
                grains['virtual'] = 'Xen PV DomU'
            elif 'VMware' in __salt__['cmd.run'](
                    '{0} -n machdep.dmi.system-vendor'.format(sysctl)):
                grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
            # NetBSD has Xen dom0 support
            elif __salt__['cmd.run'](
                    '{0} -n machdep.idle-mechanism'.format(sysctl)) == 'xen':
                if os.path.isfile('/var/run/xenconsoled.pid'):
                    grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'Xen Dom0'

    for command in failed_commands:
        log.info(
            "Although '%s' was found in path, the current user "
            'cannot execute it. Grains output might not be '
            'accurate.', command
        )
    return grains

Response: Return what type of virtual hardware is under the hood kvm or physical hardware.


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
returns the ps grain

Response:
def _ps(osdata):
    '''
    Return the ps grain
    '''
    grains = {}
    bsd_choices = ('FreeBSD', 'NetBSD', 'OpenBSD', 'MacOS')
    if osdata['os'] in bsd_choices:
        grains['ps'] = 'ps auxwww'
    elif osdata['os_family'] == 'Solaris':
        grains['ps'] = '/usr/ucb/ps auxwww'
    elif osdata['os'] == 'Windows':
        grains['ps'] = 'tasklist.exe'
    elif osdata.get('virtual', '') == 'openvzhn':
        grains['ps'] = (
            'ps -fH -p $(grep -l \"^envID:[[:space:]]*0\\$\" '
            '/proc/[0-9]*/status | sed -e \"s=/proc/\\([0-9]*\\)/.*=\\1=\")  '
            '| awk \'{ $7=\"\"; print }\''
        )
    elif osdata['os_family'] == 'AIX':
        grains['ps'] = '/usr/bin/ps auxww'
    elif osdata['os_family'] == 'NILinuxRT':
        grains['ps'] = 'ps -o user,pid,ppid,tty,time,comm'
    else:
        grains['ps'] = 'ps -efHww'
    return grains


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def _clean_value(key, val):
    '''
    Clean out well-known bogus values.
    If it isn't clean (for example has value 'None'), return None.
    Otherwise, return the original value.

    NOTE: This logic also exists in the smbios module. This function is
          for use when not using smbios to retrieve the value.
    '''
    if (val is None or not val or
            re.match('none', val, flags=re.IGNORECASE)):
        return None
    elif 'uuid' in key:
        # Try each version (1-5) of RFC4122 to check if it's actually a UUID
        for uuidver in range(1, 5):
            try:
                uuid.UUID(val, version=uuidver)
                return val
            except ValueError:
                continue
        log.trace('HW %s value %s is an invalid UUID', key, val.replace('\n', ' '))
        return None
    elif re.search('serial|part|version', key):
        # 'To be filled by O.E.M.
        # 'Not applicable' etc.
        # 'Not specified' etc.
        # 0000000, 1234567 etc.
        # begone!
        if (re.match(r'^[0]+$', val) or
                re.match(r'[0]?1234567[8]?[9]?[0]?', val) or
                re.search(r'sernum|part[_-]?number|specified|filled|applicable', val, flags=re.IGNORECASE)):
            return None
    elif re.search('asset|manufacturer', key):
        # AssetTag0. Manufacturer04. Begone.
        if re.search(r'manufacturer|to be filled|available|asset|^no(ne|t)', val, flags=re.IGNORECASE):
            return None
    else:
        # map unspecified, undefined, unknown & whatever to None
        if (re.search(r'to be filled', val, flags=re.IGNORECASE) or
                re.search(r'un(known|specified)|no(t|ne)? (asset|provided|defined|available|present|specified)',
                    val, flags=re.IGNORECASE)):
            return None
    return val

Response: Clean out well - known bogus values.


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def _windows_platform_data():
    '''
    Use the platform module for as much as we can.
    '''
    # Provides:
    #    kernelrelease
    #    kernelversion
    #    osversion
    #    osrelease
    #    osservicepack
    #    osmanufacturer
    #    manufacturer
    #    productname
    #    biosversion
    #    serialnumber
    #    osfullname
    #    timezone
    #    windowsdomain
    #    windowsdomaintype
    #    motherboard.productname
    #    motherboard.serialnumber
    #    virtual

    if not HAS_WMI:
        return {}

    with salt.utils.winapi.Com():
        wmi_c = wmi.WMI()
        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa394102%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
        systeminfo = wmi_c.Win32_ComputerSystem()[0]
        # https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394239(v=vs.85).aspx
        osinfo = wmi_c.Win32_OperatingSystem()[0]
        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa394077(v=vs.85).aspx
        biosinfo = wmi_c.Win32_BIOS()[0]
        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa394498(v=vs.85).aspx
        timeinfo = wmi_c.Win32_TimeZone()[0]

        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa394072(v=vs.85).aspx
        motherboard = {'product': None,
                       'serial': None}
        try:
            motherboardinfo = wmi_c.Win32_BaseBoard()[0]
            motherboard['product'] = motherboardinfo.Product
            motherboard['serial'] = motherboardinfo.SerialNumber
        except IndexError:
            log.debug('Motherboard info not available on this system')

        os_release = platform.release()
        kernel_version = platform.version()
        info = salt.utils.win_osinfo.get_os_version_info()
        net_info = salt.utils.win_osinfo.get_join_info()

        service_pack = None
        if info['ServicePackMajor'] > 0:
            service_pack = ''.join(['SP', six.text_type(info['ServicePackMajor'])])

        # This creates the osrelease grain based on the Windows Operating
        # System Product Name. As long as Microsoft maintains a similar format
        # this should be future proof
        version = 'Unknown'
        release = ''
        if 'Server' in osinfo.Caption:
            for item in osinfo.Caption.split(' '):
                # If it's all digits, then it's version
                if re.match(r'\d+', item):
                    version = item
                # If it starts with R and then numbers, it's the release
                # ie: R2
                if re.match(r'^R\d+$', item):
                    release = item
            os_release = '{0}Server{1}'.format(version, release)
        else:
            for item in osinfo.Caption.split(' '):
                # If it's a number, decimal number, Thin or Vista, then it's the
                # version
                if re.match(r'^(\d+(\.\d+)?)|Thin|Vista$', item):
                    version = item
            os_release = version

        grains = {
            'kernelrelease': _clean_value('kernelrelease', osinfo.Version),
            'kernelversion': _clean_value('kernelversion', kernel_version),
            'osversion': _clean_value('osversion', osinfo.Version),
            'osrelease': _clean_value('osrelease', os_release),
            'osservicepack': _clean_value('osservicepack', service_pack),
            'osmanufacturer': _clean_value('osmanufacturer', osinfo.Manufacturer),
            'manufacturer': _clean_value('manufacturer', systeminfo.Manufacturer),
            'productname': _clean_value('productname', systeminfo.Model),
            # bios name had a bunch of whitespace appended to it in my testing
            # 'PhoenixBIOS 4.0 Release 6.0     '
            'biosversion': _clean_value('biosversion', biosinfo.Name.strip()),
            'serialnumber': _clean_value('serialnumber', biosinfo.SerialNumber),
            'osfullname': _clean_value('osfullname', osinfo.Caption),
            'timezone': _clean_value('timezone', timeinfo.Description),
            'windowsdomain': _clean_value('windowsdomain', net_info['Domain']),
            'windowsdomaintype': _clean_value('windowsdomaintype', net_info['DomainType']),
            'motherboard': {
                'productname': _clean_value('motherboard.productname', motherboard['product']),
                'serialnumber': _clean_value('motherboard.serialnumber', motherboard['serial']),
            }
        }

        # test for virtualized environments
        # I only had VMware available so the rest are unvalidated
        if 'VRTUAL' in biosinfo.Version:  # (not a typo)
            grains['virtual'] = 'HyperV'
        elif 'A M I' in biosinfo.Version:
            grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualPC'
        elif 'VMware' in systeminfo.Model:
            grains['virtual'] = 'VMware'
        elif 'VirtualBox' in systeminfo.Model:
            grains['virtual'] = 'VirtualBox'
        elif 'Xen' in biosinfo.Version:
            grains['virtual'] = 'Xen'
            if 'HVM domU' in systeminfo.Model:
                grains['virtual_subtype'] = 'HVM domU'
        elif 'OpenStack' in systeminfo.Model:
            grains['virtual'] = 'OpenStack'

    return grains

Response: Return a dict of all available Windows data.


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
return the data for macOS systems

Response:
def _osx_platform_data():
    '''
    Additional data for macOS systems
    Returns: A dictionary containing values for the following:
        - model_name
        - boot_rom_version
        - smc_version
        - system_serialnumber
    '''
    cmd = 'system_profiler SPHardwareDataType'
    hardware = __salt__['cmd.run'](cmd)

    grains = {}
    for line in hardware.splitlines():
        field_name, _, field_val = line.partition(': ')
        if field_name.strip() == "Model Name":
            key = 'model_name'
            grains[key] = _clean_value(key, field_val)
        if field_name.strip() == "Boot ROM Version":
            key = 'boot_rom_version'
            grains[key] = _clean_value(key, field_val)
        if field_name.strip() == "SMC Version (system)":
            key = 'smc_version'
            grains[key] = _clean_value(key, field_val)
        if field_name.strip() == "Serial Number (system)":
            key = 'system_serialnumber'
            grains[key] = _clean_value(key, field_val)

    return grains


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def _linux_bin_exists(binary):
    '''
    Does a binary exist in linux (depends on which, type, or whereis)
    '''
    for search_cmd in ('which', 'type -ap'):
        try:
            return __salt__['cmd.retcode'](
                '{0} {1}'.format(search_cmd, binary)
            ) == 0
        except salt.exceptions.CommandExecutionError:
            pass

    try:
        return len(__salt__['cmd.run_all'](
            'whereis -b {0}'.format(binary)
        )['stdout'].split()) > 1
    except salt.exceptions.CommandExecutionError:
        return False

Response: Returns True if a linux binary exists in linux


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
parses os - release and return a parameter dictionary.

Response:
def _parse_os_release(*os_release_files):
    '''
    Parse os-release and return a parameter dictionary

    See http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/os-release.html
    for specification of the file format.
    '''
    ret = {}
    for filename in os_release_files:
        try:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(filename) as ifile:
                regex = re.compile('^([\\w]+)=(?:\'|")?(.*?)(?:\'|")?$')
                for line in ifile:
                    match = regex.match(line.strip())
                    if match:
                        # Shell special characters ("$", quotes, backslash,
                        # backtick) are escaped with backslashes
                        ret[match.group(1)] = re.sub(
                            r'\\([$"\'\\`])', r'\1', match.group(2)
                        )
            break
        except (IOError, OSError):
            pass

    return ret


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def _parse_cpe_name(cpe):
    '''
    Parse CPE_NAME data from the os-release

    Info: https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/security-content-automation-protocol/scap-specifications/cpe

    :param cpe:
    :return:
    '''
    part = {
        'o': 'operating system',
        'h': 'hardware',
        'a': 'application',
    }
    ret = {}
    cpe = (cpe or '').split(':')
    if len(cpe) > 4 and cpe[0] == 'cpe':
        if cpe[1].startswith('/'):  # WFN to URI
            ret['vendor'], ret['product'], ret['version'] = cpe[2:5]
            ret['phase'] = cpe[5] if len(cpe) > 5 else None
            ret['part'] = part.get(cpe[1][1:])
        elif len(cpe) == 13 and cpe[1] == '2.3':  # WFN to a string
            ret['vendor'], ret['product'], ret['version'], ret['phase'] = [x if x != '*' else None for x in cpe[3:7]]
            ret['part'] = part.get(cpe[2])

    return ret

Response: Parse the CPE_NAME data from the os - release - enumeration - protocol.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
returning the operating system information for the current system.

Response:
def os_data():
    '''
    Return grains pertaining to the operating system
    '''
    grains = {
        'num_gpus': 0,
        'gpus': [],
        }

    # Windows Server 2008 64-bit
    # ('Windows', 'MINIONNAME', '2008ServerR2', '6.1.7601', 'AMD64',
    #  'Intel64 Fam ily 6 Model 23 Stepping 6, GenuineIntel')
    # Ubuntu 10.04
    # ('Linux', 'MINIONNAME', '2.6.32-38-server',
    # '#83-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 4 11:26:59 UTC 2012', 'x86_64', '')

    # pylint: disable=unpacking-non-sequence
    (grains['kernel'], grains['nodename'],
     grains['kernelrelease'], grains['kernelversion'], grains['cpuarch'], _) = platform.uname()
    # pylint: enable=unpacking-non-sequence

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        grains['kernel'] = 'proxy'
        grains['kernelrelease'] = 'proxy'
        grains['kernelversion'] = 'proxy'
        grains['osrelease'] = 'proxy'
        grains['os'] = 'proxy'
        grains['os_family'] = 'proxy'
        grains['osfullname'] = 'proxy'
    elif salt.utils.platform.is_windows():
        grains['os'] = 'Windows'
        grains['os_family'] = 'Windows'
        grains.update(_memdata(grains))
        grains.update(_windows_platform_data())
        grains.update(_windows_cpudata())
        grains.update(_windows_virtual(grains))
        grains.update(_ps(grains))

        if 'Server' in grains['osrelease']:
            osrelease_info = grains['osrelease'].split('Server', 1)
            osrelease_info[1] = osrelease_info[1].lstrip('R')
        else:
            osrelease_info = grains['osrelease'].split('.')

        for idx, value in enumerate(osrelease_info):
            if not value.isdigit():
                continue
            osrelease_info[idx] = int(value)
        grains['osrelease_info'] = tuple(osrelease_info)

        grains['osfinger'] = '{os}-{ver}'.format(
            os=grains['os'],
            ver=grains['osrelease'])

        grains['init'] = 'Windows'

        return grains
    elif salt.utils.platform.is_linux():
        # Add SELinux grain, if you have it
        if _linux_bin_exists('selinuxenabled'):
            log.trace('Adding selinux grains')
            grains['selinux'] = {}
            grains['selinux']['enabled'] = __salt__['cmd.retcode'](
                'selinuxenabled'
            ) == 0
            if _linux_bin_exists('getenforce'):
                grains['selinux']['enforced'] = __salt__['cmd.run'](
                    'getenforce'
                ).strip()

        # Add systemd grain, if you have it
        if _linux_bin_exists('systemctl') and _linux_bin_exists('localectl'):
            log.trace('Adding systemd grains')
            grains['systemd'] = {}
            systemd_info = __salt__['cmd.run'](
                'systemctl --version'
            ).splitlines()
            grains['systemd']['version'] = systemd_info[0].split()[1]
            grains['systemd']['features'] = systemd_info[1]

        # Add init grain
        grains['init'] = 'unknown'
        log.trace('Adding init grain')
        try:
            os.stat('/run/systemd/system')
            grains['init'] = 'systemd'
        except (OSError, IOError):
            try:
                with salt.utils.files.fopen('/proc/1/cmdline') as fhr:
                    init_cmdline = fhr.read().replace('\x00', ' ').split()
            except (IOError, OSError):
                pass
            else:
                try:
                    init_bin = salt.utils.path.which(init_cmdline[0])
                except IndexError:
                    # Emtpy init_cmdline
                    init_bin = None
                    log.warning('Unable to fetch data from /proc/1/cmdline')
                if init_bin is not None and init_bin.endswith('bin/init'):
                    supported_inits = (b'upstart', b'sysvinit', b'systemd')
                    edge_len = max(len(x) for x in supported_inits) - 1
                    try:
                        buf_size = __opts__['file_buffer_size']
                    except KeyError:
                        # Default to the value of file_buffer_size for the minion
                        buf_size = 262144
                    try:
                        with salt.utils.files.fopen(init_bin, 'rb') as fp_:
                            edge = b''
                            buf = fp_.read(buf_size).lower()
                            while buf:
                                buf = edge + buf
                                for item in supported_inits:
                                    if item in buf:
                                        if six.PY3:
                                            item = item.decode('utf-8')
                                        grains['init'] = item
                                        buf = b''
                                        break
                                edge = buf[-edge_len:]
                                buf = fp_.read(buf_size).lower()
                    except (IOError, OSError) as exc:
                        log.error(
                            'Unable to read from init_bin (%s): %s',
                            init_bin, exc
                        )
                elif salt.utils.path.which('supervisord') in init_cmdline:
                    grains['init'] = 'supervisord'
                elif salt.utils.path.which('dumb-init') in init_cmdline:
                    # https://github.com/Yelp/dumb-init
                    grains['init'] = 'dumb-init'
                elif salt.utils.path.which('tini') in init_cmdline:
                    # https://github.com/krallin/tini
                    grains['init'] = 'tini'
                elif init_cmdline == ['runit']:
                    grains['init'] = 'runit'
                elif '/sbin/my_init' in init_cmdline:
                    # Phusion Base docker container use runit for srv mgmt, but
                    # my_init as pid1
                    grains['init'] = 'runit'
                else:
                    log.debug(
                        'Could not determine init system from command line: (%s)',
                        ' '.join(init_cmdline)
                    )

        # Add lsb grains on any distro with lsb-release. Note that this import
        # can fail on systems with lsb-release installed if the system package
        # does not install the python package for the python interpreter used by
        # Salt (i.e. python2 or python3)
        try:
            log.trace('Getting lsb_release distro information')
            import lsb_release  # pylint: disable=import-error
            release = lsb_release.get_distro_information()
            for key, value in six.iteritems(release):
                key = key.lower()
                lsb_param = 'lsb_{0}{1}'.format(
                    '' if key.startswith('distrib_') else 'distrib_',
                    key
                )
                grains[lsb_param] = value
        # Catch a NameError to workaround possible breakage in lsb_release
        # See https://github.com/saltstack/salt/issues/37867
        except (ImportError, NameError):
            # if the python library isn't available, try to parse
            # /etc/lsb-release using regex
            log.trace('lsb_release python bindings not available')
            grains.update(_parse_lsb_release())

            if grains.get('lsb_distrib_description', '').lower().startswith('antergos'):
                # Antergos incorrectly configures their /etc/lsb-release,
                # setting the DISTRIB_ID to "Arch". This causes the "os" grain
                # to be incorrectly set to "Arch".
                grains['osfullname'] = 'Antergos Linux'
            elif 'lsb_distrib_id' not in grains:
                log.trace(
                    'Failed to get lsb_distrib_id, trying to parse os-release'
                )
                os_release = _parse_os_release('/etc/os-release', '/usr/lib/os-release')
                if os_release:
                    if 'NAME' in os_release:
                        grains['lsb_distrib_id'] = os_release['NAME'].strip()
                    if 'VERSION_ID' in os_release:
                        grains['lsb_distrib_release'] = os_release['VERSION_ID']
                    if 'VERSION_CODENAME' in os_release:
                        grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] = os_release['VERSION_CODENAME']
                    elif 'PRETTY_NAME' in os_release:
                        codename = os_release['PRETTY_NAME']
                        # https://github.com/saltstack/salt/issues/44108
                        if os_release['ID'] == 'debian':
                            codename_match = re.search(r'\((\w+)\)$', codename)
                            if codename_match:
                                codename = codename_match.group(1)
                        grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] = codename
                    if 'CPE_NAME' in os_release:
                        cpe = _parse_cpe_name(os_release['CPE_NAME'])
                        if not cpe:
                            log.error('Broken CPE_NAME format in /etc/os-release!')
                        elif cpe.get('vendor', '').lower() in ['suse', 'opensuse']:
                            grains['os'] = "SUSE"
                            # openSUSE `osfullname` grain normalization
                            if os_release.get("NAME") == "openSUSE Leap":
                                grains['osfullname'] = "Leap"
                            elif os_release.get("VERSION") == "Tumbleweed":
                                grains['osfullname'] = os_release["VERSION"]
                            # Override VERSION_ID, if CPE_NAME around
                            if cpe.get('version') and cpe.get('vendor') == 'opensuse':  # Keep VERSION_ID for SLES
                                grains['lsb_distrib_release'] = cpe['version']

                elif os.path.isfile('/etc/SuSE-release'):
                    log.trace('Parsing distrib info from /etc/SuSE-release')
                    grains['lsb_distrib_id'] = 'SUSE'
                    version = ''
                    patch = ''
                    with salt.utils.files.fopen('/etc/SuSE-release') as fhr:
                        for line in fhr:
                            if 'enterprise' in line.lower():
                                grains['lsb_distrib_id'] = 'SLES'
                                grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] = re.sub(r'\(.+\)', '', line).strip()
                            elif 'version' in line.lower():
                                version = re.sub(r'[^0-9]', '', line)
                            elif 'patchlevel' in line.lower():
                                patch = re.sub(r'[^0-9]', '', line)
                    grains['lsb_distrib_release'] = version
                    if patch:
                        grains['lsb_distrib_release'] += '.' + patch
                        patchstr = 'SP' + patch
                        if grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] and patchstr not in grains['lsb_distrib_codename']:
                            grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] += ' ' + patchstr
                    if not grains.get('lsb_distrib_codename'):
                        grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] = 'n.a'
                elif os.path.isfile('/etc/altlinux-release'):
                    log.trace('Parsing distrib info from /etc/altlinux-release')
                    # ALT Linux
                    grains['lsb_distrib_id'] = 'altlinux'
                    with salt.utils.files.fopen('/etc/altlinux-release') as ifile:
                        # This file is symlinked to from:
                        #     /etc/fedora-release
                        #     /etc/redhat-release
                        #     /etc/system-release
                        for line in ifile:
                            # ALT Linux Sisyphus (unstable)
                            comps = line.split()
                            if comps[0] == 'ALT':
                                grains['lsb_distrib_release'] = comps[2]
                                grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] = \
                                    comps[3].replace('(', '').replace(')', '')
                elif os.path.isfile('/etc/centos-release'):
                    log.trace('Parsing distrib info from /etc/centos-release')
                    # Maybe CentOS Linux; could also be SUSE Expanded Support.
                    # SUSE ES has both, centos-release and redhat-release.
                    if os.path.isfile('/etc/redhat-release'):
                        with salt.utils.files.fopen('/etc/redhat-release') as ifile:
                            for line in ifile:
                                if "red hat enterprise linux server" in line.lower():
                                    # This is a SUSE Expanded Support Rhel installation
                                    grains['lsb_distrib_id'] = 'RedHat'
                                    break
                    grains.setdefault('lsb_distrib_id', 'CentOS')
                    with salt.utils.files.fopen('/etc/centos-release') as ifile:
                        for line in ifile:
                            # Need to pull out the version and codename
                            # in the case of custom content in /etc/centos-release
                            find_release = re.compile(r'\d+\.\d+')
                            find_codename = re.compile(r'(?<=\()(.*?)(?=\))')
                            release = find_release.search(line)
                            codename = find_codename.search(line)
                            if release is not None:
                                grains['lsb_distrib_release'] = release.group()
                            if codename is not None:
                                grains['lsb_distrib_codename'] = codename.group()
                elif os.path.isfile('/etc.defaults/VERSION') \
                        and os.path.isfile('/etc.defaults/synoinfo.conf'):
                    grains['osfullname'] = 'Synology'
                    log.trace(
                        'Parsing Synology distrib info from /etc/.defaults/VERSION'
                    )
                    with salt.utils.files.fopen('/etc.defaults/VERSION', 'r') as fp_:
                        synoinfo = {}
                        for line in fp_:
                            try:
                                key, val = line.rstrip('\n').split('=')
                            except ValueError:
                                continue
                            if key in ('majorversion', 'minorversion',
                                       'buildnumber'):
                                synoinfo[key] = val.strip('"')
                        if len(synoinfo) != 3:
                            log.warning(
                                'Unable to determine Synology version info. '
                                'Please report this, as it is likely a bug.'
                            )
                        else:
                            grains['osrelease'] = (
                                '{majorversion}.{minorversion}-{buildnumber}'
                                .format(**synoinfo)
                            )

        # Use the already intelligent platform module to get distro info
        # (though apparently it's not intelligent enough to strip quotes)
        log.trace(
            'Getting OS name, release, and codename from '
            'distro.linux_distribution()'
        )
        (osname, osrelease, oscodename) = \
            [x.strip('"').strip("'") for x in
             linux_distribution(supported_dists=_supported_dists)]
        # Try to assign these three names based on the lsb info, they tend to
        # be more accurate than what python gets from /etc/DISTRO-release.
        # It's worth noting that Ubuntu has patched their Python distribution
        # so that linux_distribution() does the /etc/lsb-release parsing, but
        # we do it anyway here for the sake for full portability.
        if 'osfullname' not in grains:
            # If NI Linux RT distribution, set the grains['osfullname'] to 'nilrt'
            if grains.get('lsb_distrib_id', '').lower().startswith('nilrt'):
                grains['osfullname'] = 'nilrt'
            else:
                grains['osfullname'] = grains.get('lsb_distrib_id', osname).strip()
        if 'osrelease' not in grains:
            # NOTE: This is a workaround for CentOS 7 os-release bug
            # https://bugs.centos.org/view.php?id=8359
            # /etc/os-release contains no minor distro release number so we fall back to parse
            # /etc/centos-release file instead.
            # Commit introducing this comment should be reverted after the upstream bug is released.
            if 'CentOS Linux 7' in grains.get('lsb_distrib_codename', ''):
                grains.pop('lsb_distrib_release', None)
            grains['osrelease'] = grains.get('lsb_distrib_release', osrelease).strip()
        grains['oscodename'] = grains.get('lsb_distrib_codename', '').strip() or oscodename
        if 'Red Hat' in grains['oscodename']:
            grains['oscodename'] = oscodename
        distroname = _REPLACE_LINUX_RE.sub('', grains['osfullname']).strip()
        # return the first ten characters with no spaces, lowercased
        shortname = distroname.replace(' ', '').lower()[:10]
        # this maps the long names from the /etc/DISTRO-release files to the
        # traditional short names that Salt has used.
        if 'os' not in grains:
            grains['os'] = _OS_NAME_MAP.get(shortname, distroname)
        grains.update(_linux_cpudata())
        grains.update(_linux_gpu_data())
    elif grains['kernel'] == 'SunOS':
        if salt.utils.platform.is_smartos():
            # See https://github.com/joyent/smartos-live/issues/224
            if HAS_UNAME:
                uname_v = os.uname()[3]  # format: joyent_20161101T004406Z
            else:
                uname_v = os.name
            uname_v = uname_v[uname_v.index('_')+1:]
            grains['os'] = grains['osfullname'] = 'SmartOS'
            # store a parsed version of YYYY.MM.DD as osrelease
            grains['osrelease'] = ".".join([
                uname_v.split('T')[0][0:4],
                uname_v.split('T')[0][4:6],
                uname_v.split('T')[0][6:8],
            ])
            # store a untouched copy of the timestamp in osrelease_stamp
            grains['osrelease_stamp'] = uname_v
        elif os.path.isfile('/etc/release'):
            with salt.utils.files.fopen('/etc/release', 'r') as fp_:
                rel_data = fp_.read()
                try:
                    release_re = re.compile(
                        r'((?:Open|Oracle )?Solaris|OpenIndiana|OmniOS) (Development)?'
                        r'\s*(\d+\.?\d*|v\d+)\s?[A-Z]*\s?(r\d+|\d+\/\d+|oi_\S+|snv_\S+)?'
                    )
                    osname, development, osmajorrelease, osminorrelease = release_re.search(rel_data).groups()
                except AttributeError:
                    # Set a blank osrelease grain and fallback to 'Solaris'
                    # as the 'os' grain.
                    grains['os'] = grains['osfullname'] = 'Solaris'
                    grains['osrelease'] = ''
                else:
                    if development is not None:
                        osname = ' '.join((osname, development))
                    if HAS_UNAME:
                        uname_v = os.uname()[3]
                    else:
                        uname_v = os.name
                    grains['os'] = grains['osfullname'] = osname
                    if osname in ['Oracle Solaris'] and uname_v.startswith(osmajorrelease):
                        # Oracla Solars 11 and up have minor version in uname
                        grains['osrelease'] = uname_v
                    elif osname in ['OmniOS']:
                        # OmniOS
                        osrelease = []
                        osrelease.append(osmajorrelease[1:])
                        osrelease.append(osminorrelease[1:])
                        grains['osrelease'] = ".".join(osrelease)
                        grains['osrelease_stamp'] = uname_v
                    else:
                        # Sun Solaris 10 and earlier/comparable
                        osrelease = []
                        osrelease.append(osmajorrelease)
                        if osminorrelease:
                            osrelease.append(osminorrelease)
                        grains['osrelease'] = ".".join(osrelease)
                        grains['osrelease_stamp'] = uname_v

        grains.update(_sunos_cpudata())
    elif grains['kernel'] == 'VMkernel':
        grains['os'] = 'ESXi'
    elif grains['kernel'] == 'Darwin':
        osrelease = __salt__['cmd.run']('sw_vers -productVersion')
        osname = __salt__['cmd.run']('sw_vers -productName')
        osbuild = __salt__['cmd.run']('sw_vers -buildVersion')
        grains['os'] = 'MacOS'
        grains['os_family'] = 'MacOS'
        grains['osfullname'] = "{0} {1}".format(osname, osrelease)
        grains['osrelease'] = osrelease
        grains['osbuild'] = osbuild
        grains['init'] = 'launchd'
        grains.update(_bsd_cpudata(grains))
        grains.update(_osx_gpudata())
        grains.update(_osx_platform_data())
    elif grains['kernel'] == 'AIX':
        osrelease = __salt__['cmd.run']('oslevel')
        osrelease_techlevel = __salt__['cmd.run']('oslevel -r')
        osname = __salt__['cmd.run']('uname')
        grains['os'] = 'AIX'
        grains['osfullname'] = osname
        grains['osrelease'] = osrelease
        grains['osrelease_techlevel'] = osrelease_techlevel
        grains.update(_aix_cpudata())
    else:
        grains['os'] = grains['kernel']
    if grains['kernel'] == 'FreeBSD':
        try:
            grains['osrelease'] = __salt__['cmd.run']('freebsd-version -u').split('-')[0]
        except salt.exceptions.CommandExecutionError:
            # freebsd-version was introduced in 10.0.
            # derive osrelease from kernelversion prior to that
            grains['osrelease'] = grains['kernelrelease'].split('-')[0]
        grains.update(_bsd_cpudata(grains))
    if grains['kernel'] in ('OpenBSD', 'NetBSD'):
        grains.update(_bsd_cpudata(grains))
        grains['osrelease'] = grains['kernelrelease'].split('-')[0]
        if grains['kernel'] == 'NetBSD':
            grains.update(_netbsd_gpu_data())
    if not grains['os']:
        grains['os'] = 'Unknown {0}'.format(grains['kernel'])
        grains['os_family'] = 'Unknown'
    else:
        # this assigns family names based on the os name
        # family defaults to the os name if not found
        grains['os_family'] = _OS_FAMILY_MAP.get(grains['os'],
                                                 grains['os'])

    # Build the osarch grain. This grain will be used for platform-specific
    # considerations such as package management. Fall back to the CPU
    # architecture.
    if grains.get('os_family') == 'Debian':
        osarch = __salt__['cmd.run']('dpkg --print-architecture').strip()
    elif grains.get('os_family') in ['RedHat', 'Suse']:
        osarch = salt.utils.pkg.rpm.get_osarch()
    elif grains.get('os_family') in ('NILinuxRT', 'Poky'):
        archinfo = {}
        for line in __salt__['cmd.run']('opkg print-architecture').splitlines():
            if line.startswith('arch'):
                _, arch, priority = line.split()
                archinfo[arch.strip()] = int(priority.strip())

        # Return osarch in priority order (higher to lower)
        osarch = sorted(archinfo, key=archinfo.get, reverse=True)
    else:
        osarch = grains['cpuarch']
    grains['osarch'] = osarch

    grains.update(_memdata(grains))

    # Get the hardware and bios data
    grains.update(_hw_data(grains))

    # Load the virtual machine info
    grains.update(_virtual(grains))
    grains.update(_virtual_hv(grains))
    grains.update(_ps(grains))

    if grains.get('osrelease', ''):
        osrelease_info = grains['osrelease'].split('.')
        for idx, value in enumerate(osrelease_info):
            if not value.isdigit():
                continue
            osrelease_info[idx] = int(value)
        grains['osrelease_info'] = tuple(osrelease_info)
        try:
            grains['osmajorrelease'] = int(grains['osrelease_info'][0])
        except (IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
            log.debug(
                'Unable to derive osmajorrelease from osrelease_info \'%s\'. '
                'The osmajorrelease grain will not be set.',
                grains['osrelease_info']
            )
        os_name = grains['os' if grains.get('os') in (
            'Debian', 'FreeBSD', 'OpenBSD', 'NetBSD', 'Mac', 'Raspbian') else 'osfullname']
        grains['osfinger'] = '{0}-{1}'.format(
            os_name, grains['osrelease'] if os_name in ('Ubuntu',) else grains['osrelease_info'][0])

    return grains


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def locale_info():
    '''
    Provides
        defaultlanguage
        defaultencoding
    '''
    grains = {}
    grains['locale_info'] = {}

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        return grains

    try:
        (
            grains['locale_info']['defaultlanguage'],
            grains['locale_info']['defaultencoding']
        ) = locale.getdefaultlocale()
    except Exception:
        # locale.getdefaultlocale can ValueError!! Catch anything else it
        # might do, per #2205
        grains['locale_info']['defaultlanguage'] = 'unknown'
        grains['locale_info']['defaultencoding'] = 'unknown'
    grains['locale_info']['detectedencoding'] = __salt_system_encoding__
    if _DATEUTIL_TZ:
        grains['locale_info']['timezone'] = datetime.datetime.now(dateutil.tz.tzlocal()).tzname()
    return grains

Response: Provides a dictionary of locale info for the current locale.


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def hostname():
    '''
    Return fqdn, hostname, domainname
    '''
    # This is going to need some work
    # Provides:
    #   fqdn
    #   host
    #   localhost
    #   domain
    global __FQDN__
    grains = {}

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        return grains

    grains['localhost'] = socket.gethostname()
    if __FQDN__ is None:
        __FQDN__ = salt.utils.network.get_fqhostname()

    # On some distros (notably FreeBSD) if there is no hostname set
    # salt.utils.network.get_fqhostname() will return None.
    # In this case we punt and log a message at error level, but force the
    # hostname and domain to be localhost.localdomain
    # Otherwise we would stacktrace below
    if __FQDN__ is None:   # still!
        log.error('Having trouble getting a hostname.  Does this machine have its hostname and domain set properly?')
        __FQDN__ = 'localhost.localdomain'

    grains['fqdn'] = __FQDN__
    (grains['host'], grains['domain']) = grains['fqdn'].partition('.')[::2]
    return grains

Response: Return fqdn hostname domainname


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def append_domain():
    '''
    Return append_domain if set
    '''

    grain = {}

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        return grain

    if 'append_domain' in __opts__:
        grain['append_domain'] = __opts__['append_domain']
    return grain

Response:
Return append_domain if set
    Return append_domain if proxy


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
returning all known FQDNs for the system.

Response:
def fqdns():
    '''
    Return all known FQDNs for the system by enumerating all interfaces and
    then trying to reverse resolve them (excluding 'lo' interface).
    '''
    # Provides:
    # fqdns

    grains = {}
    fqdns = set()

    addresses = salt.utils.network.ip_addrs(include_loopback=False, interface_data=_get_interfaces())
    addresses.extend(salt.utils.network.ip_addrs6(include_loopback=False, interface_data=_get_interfaces()))
    err_message = 'Exception during resolving address: %s'
    for ip in addresses:
        try:
            name, aliaslist, addresslist = socket.gethostbyaddr(ip)
            fqdns.update([socket.getfqdn(name)] + [als for als in aliaslist if salt.utils.network.is_fqdn(als)])
        except socket.herror as err:
            if err.errno == 0:
                # No FQDN for this IP address, so we don't need to know this all the time.
                log.debug("Unable to resolve address %s: %s", ip, err)
            else:
                log.error(err_message, err)
        except (socket.error, socket.gaierror, socket.timeout) as err:
            log.error(err_message, err)

    return {"fqdns": sorted(list(fqdns))}


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
returns a dict of the connected interfaces and their ip addresses

Response:
def ip_interfaces():
    '''
    Provide a dict of the connected interfaces and their ip addresses
    The addresses will be passed as a list for each interface
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   ip_interfaces

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        return {}

    ret = {}
    ifaces = _get_interfaces()
    for face in ifaces:
        iface_ips = []
        for inet in ifaces[face].get('inet', []):
            if 'address' in inet:
                iface_ips.append(inet['address'])
        for inet in ifaces[face].get('inet6', []):
            if 'address' in inet:
                iface_ips.append(inet['address'])
        for secondary in ifaces[face].get('secondary', []):
            if 'address' in secondary:
                iface_ips.append(secondary['address'])
        ret[face] = iface_ips
    return {'ip_interfaces': ret}


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def hwaddr_interfaces():
    '''
    Provide a dict of the connected interfaces and their
    hw addresses (Mac Address)
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   hwaddr_interfaces
    ret = {}
    ifaces = _get_interfaces()
    for face in ifaces:
        if 'hwaddr' in ifaces[face]:
            ret[face] = ifaces[face]['hwaddr']
    return {'hwaddr_interfaces': ret}

Response:
Provides a dict of the connected interfaces and their
    hw addresses


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def dns():
    '''
    Parse the resolver configuration file

     .. versionadded:: 2016.3.0
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   dns
    if salt.utils.platform.is_windows() or 'proxyminion' in __opts__:
        return {}

    resolv = salt.utils.dns.parse_resolv()
    for key in ('nameservers', 'ip4_nameservers', 'ip6_nameservers',
                'sortlist'):
        if key in resolv:
            resolv[key] = [six.text_type(i) for i in resolv[key]]

    return {'dns': resolv} if resolv else {}

Response: Parse the DNS configuration file and return a dict of resolv entries.


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def saltpath():
    '''
    Return the path of the salt module
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   saltpath
    salt_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(__file__, os.path.pardir))
    return {'saltpath': os.path.dirname(salt_path)}

Response: Returns the absolute path of the salt module


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
returns the system specific hardware data from dmidecode.

Response:
def _hw_data(osdata):
    '''
    Get system specific hardware data from dmidecode

    Provides
        biosversion
        productname
        manufacturer
        serialnumber
        biosreleasedate
        uuid

    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
    '''

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        return {}

    grains = {}
    if osdata['kernel'] == 'Linux' and os.path.exists('/sys/class/dmi/id'):
        # On many Linux distributions basic firmware information is available via sysfs
        # requires CONFIG_DMIID to be enabled in the Linux kernel configuration
        sysfs_firmware_info = {
            'biosversion': 'bios_version',
            'productname': 'product_name',
            'manufacturer': 'sys_vendor',
            'biosreleasedate': 'bios_date',
            'uuid': 'product_uuid',
            'serialnumber': 'product_serial'
        }
        for key, fw_file in sysfs_firmware_info.items():
            contents_file = os.path.join('/sys/class/dmi/id', fw_file)
            if os.path.exists(contents_file):
                try:
                    with salt.utils.files.fopen(contents_file, 'r') as ifile:
                        grains[key] = salt.utils.stringutils.to_unicode(ifile.read().strip(), errors='replace')
                        if key == 'uuid':
                            grains['uuid'] = grains['uuid'].lower()
                except (IOError, OSError) as err:
                    # PermissionError is new to Python 3, but corresponds to the EACESS and
                    # EPERM error numbers. Use those instead here for PY2 compatibility.
                    if err.errno == EACCES or err.errno == EPERM:
                        # Skip the grain if non-root user has no access to the file.
                        pass
    elif salt.utils.path.which_bin(['dmidecode', 'smbios']) is not None and not (
            salt.utils.platform.is_smartos() or
            (  # SunOS on SPARC - 'smbios: failed to load SMBIOS: System does not export an SMBIOS table'
                osdata['kernel'] == 'SunOS' and
                osdata['cpuarch'].startswith('sparc')
            )):
        # On SmartOS (possibly SunOS also) smbios only works in the global zone
        # smbios is also not compatible with linux's smbios (smbios -s = print summarized)
        grains = {
            'biosversion': __salt__['smbios.get']('bios-version'),
            'productname': __salt__['smbios.get']('system-product-name'),
            'manufacturer': __salt__['smbios.get']('system-manufacturer'),
            'biosreleasedate': __salt__['smbios.get']('bios-release-date'),
            'uuid': __salt__['smbios.get']('system-uuid')
        }
        grains = dict([(key, val) for key, val in grains.items() if val is not None])
        uuid = __salt__['smbios.get']('system-uuid')
        if uuid is not None:
            grains['uuid'] = uuid.lower()
        for serial in ('system-serial-number', 'chassis-serial-number', 'baseboard-serial-number'):
            serial = __salt__['smbios.get'](serial)
            if serial is not None:
                grains['serialnumber'] = serial
                break
    elif salt.utils.path.which_bin(['fw_printenv']) is not None:
        # ARM Linux devices expose UBOOT env variables via fw_printenv
        hwdata = {
            'manufacturer': 'manufacturer',
            'serialnumber': 'serial#',
            'productname': 'DeviceDesc',
        }
        for grain_name, cmd_key in six.iteritems(hwdata):
            result = __salt__['cmd.run_all']('fw_printenv {0}'.format(cmd_key))
            if result['retcode'] == 0:
                uboot_keyval = result['stdout'].split('=')
                grains[grain_name] = _clean_value(grain_name, uboot_keyval[1])
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'FreeBSD':
        # On FreeBSD /bin/kenv (already in base system)
        # can be used instead of dmidecode
        kenv = salt.utils.path.which('kenv')
        if kenv:
            # In theory, it will be easier to add new fields to this later
            fbsd_hwdata = {
                'biosversion': 'smbios.bios.version',
                'manufacturer': 'smbios.system.maker',
                'serialnumber': 'smbios.system.serial',
                'productname': 'smbios.system.product',
                'biosreleasedate': 'smbios.bios.reldate',
                'uuid': 'smbios.system.uuid',
            }
            for key, val in six.iteritems(fbsd_hwdata):
                value = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} {1}'.format(kenv, val))
                grains[key] = _clean_value(key, value)
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'OpenBSD':
        sysctl = salt.utils.path.which('sysctl')
        hwdata = {'biosversion': 'hw.version',
                  'manufacturer': 'hw.vendor',
                  'productname': 'hw.product',
                  'serialnumber': 'hw.serialno',
                  'uuid': 'hw.uuid'}
        for key, oid in six.iteritems(hwdata):
            value = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} -n {1}'.format(sysctl, oid))
            if not value.endswith(' value is not available'):
                grains[key] = _clean_value(key, value)
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'NetBSD':
        sysctl = salt.utils.path.which('sysctl')
        nbsd_hwdata = {
            'biosversion': 'machdep.dmi.board-version',
            'manufacturer': 'machdep.dmi.system-vendor',
            'serialnumber': 'machdep.dmi.system-serial',
            'productname': 'machdep.dmi.system-product',
            'biosreleasedate': 'machdep.dmi.bios-date',
            'uuid': 'machdep.dmi.system-uuid',
        }
        for key, oid in six.iteritems(nbsd_hwdata):
            result = __salt__['cmd.run_all']('{0} -n {1}'.format(sysctl, oid))
            if result['retcode'] == 0:
                grains[key] = _clean_value(key, result['stdout'])
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'Darwin':
        grains['manufacturer'] = 'Apple Inc.'
        sysctl = salt.utils.path.which('sysctl')
        hwdata = {'productname': 'hw.model'}
        for key, oid in hwdata.items():
            value = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} -b {1}'.format(sysctl, oid))
            if not value.endswith(' is invalid'):
                grains[key] = _clean_value(key, value)
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'SunOS' and osdata['cpuarch'].startswith('sparc'):
        # Depending on the hardware model, commands can report different bits
        # of information.  With that said, consolidate the output from various
        # commands and attempt various lookups.
        data = ""
        for (cmd, args) in (('/usr/sbin/prtdiag', '-v'), ('/usr/sbin/prtconf', '-vp'), ('/usr/sbin/virtinfo', '-a')):
            if salt.utils.path.which(cmd):  # Also verifies that cmd is executable
                data += __salt__['cmd.run']('{0} {1}'.format(cmd, args))
                data += '\n'

        sn_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)^\s*Chassis\s+Serial\s+Number\n-+\n(\S+)',  # prtdiag
                r'(?im)^\s*chassis-sn:\s*(\S+)',  # prtconf
                r'(?im)^\s*Chassis\s+Serial#:\s*(\S+)',  # virtinfo
            ]
        ]

        obp_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)^\s*System\s+PROM\s+revisions.*\nVersion\n-+\nOBP\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)',  # prtdiag
                r'(?im)^\s*version:\s*\'OBP\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)',  # prtconf
            ]
        ]

        fw_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)^\s*Sun\s+System\s+Firmware\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)',  # prtdiag
            ]
        ]

        uuid_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)^\s*Domain\s+UUID:\s*(\S+)',  # virtinfo
            ]
        ]

        manufacture_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)^\s*System\s+Configuration:\s*(.*)(?=sun)',  # prtdiag
            ]
        ]

        product_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)^\s*System\s+Configuration:\s*.*?sun\d\S+[^\S\r\n]*(.*)',  # prtdiag
                r'(?im)^[^\S\r\n]*banner-name:[^\S\r\n]*(.*)',  # prtconf
                r'(?im)^[^\S\r\n]*product-name:[^\S\r\n]*(.*)',  # prtconf
            ]
        ]

        sn_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)Chassis\s+Serial\s+Number\n-+\n(\S+)',  # prtdiag
                r'(?i)Chassis\s+Serial#:\s*(\S+)',  # virtinfo
                r'(?i)chassis-sn:\s*(\S+)',  # prtconf
            ]
        ]

        obp_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?im)System\s+PROM\s+revisions.*\nVersion\n-+\nOBP\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)',  # prtdiag
                r'(?im)version:\s*\'OBP\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)',  # prtconf
            ]
        ]

        fw_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?i)Sun\s+System\s+Firmware\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)',  # prtdiag
            ]
        ]

        uuid_regexes = [
            re.compile(r) for r in [
                r'(?i)Domain\s+UUID:\s+(\S+)',  # virtinfo
            ]
        ]

        for regex in sn_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                grains['serialnumber'] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", "")
                break

        for regex in obp_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                obp_rev, obp_date = res.groups()[0:2]  # Limit the number in case we found the data in multiple places
                grains['biosversion'] = obp_rev.strip().replace("'", "")
                grains['biosreleasedate'] = obp_date.strip().replace("'", "")

        for regex in fw_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                fw_rev, fw_date = res.groups()[0:2]
                grains['systemfirmware'] = fw_rev.strip().replace("'", "")
                grains['systemfirmwaredate'] = fw_date.strip().replace("'", "")
                break

        for regex in uuid_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                grains['uuid'] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", "")
                break

        for regex in manufacture_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                grains['manufacture'] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", "")
                break

        for regex in product_regexes:
            res = regex.search(data)
            if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                t_productname = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", "")
                if t_productname:
                    grains['product'] = t_productname
                    grains['productname'] = t_productname
                    break
    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'AIX':
        cmd = salt.utils.path.which('prtconf')
        if cmd:
            data = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0}'.format(cmd)) + os.linesep
            for dest, regstring in (('serialnumber', r'(?im)^\s*Machine\s+Serial\s+Number:\s+(\S+)'),
                                    ('systemfirmware', r'(?im)^\s*Firmware\s+Version:\s+(.*)')):
                for regex in [re.compile(r) for r in [regstring]]:
                    res = regex.search(data)
                    if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                        grains[dest] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", '')

            product_regexes = [re.compile(r'(?im)^\s*System\s+Model:\s+(\S+)')]
            for regex in product_regexes:
                res = regex.search(data)
                if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                    grains['manufacturer'], grains['productname'] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", "").split(",")
                    break
        else:
            log.error('The \'prtconf\' binary was not found in $PATH.')

    elif osdata['kernel'] == 'AIX':
        cmd = salt.utils.path.which('prtconf')
        if data:
            data = __salt__['cmd.run']('{0}'.format(cmd)) + os.linesep
            for dest, regstring in (('serialnumber', r'(?im)^\s*Machine\s+Serial\s+Number:\s+(\S+)'),
                                    ('systemfirmware', r'(?im)^\s*Firmware\s+Version:\s+(.*)')):
                for regex in [re.compile(r) for r in [regstring]]:
                    res = regex.search(data)
                    if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                        grains[dest] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", '')

            product_regexes = [re.compile(r'(?im)^\s*System\s+Model:\s+(\S+)')]
            for regex in product_regexes:
                res = regex.search(data)
                if res and len(res.groups()) >= 1:
                    grains['manufacturer'], grains['productname'] = res.group(1).strip().replace("'", "").split(",")
                    break
        else:
            log.error('The \'prtconf\' binary was not found in $PATH.')

    return grains


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
shell - out Python 3 for compute reliable hash

Response:
def _get_hash_by_shell():
    '''
    Shell-out Python 3 for compute reliable hash
    :return:
    '''
    id_ = __opts__.get('id', '')
    id_hash = None
    py_ver = sys.version_info[:2]
    if py_ver >= (3, 3):
        # Python 3.3 enabled hash randomization, so we need to shell out to get
        # a reliable hash.
        id_hash = __salt__['cmd.run']([sys.executable, '-c', 'print(hash("{0}"))'.format(id_)],
                                      env={'PYTHONHASHSEED': '0'})
        try:
            id_hash = int(id_hash)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            log.debug('Failed to hash the ID to get the server_id grain. Result of hash command: %s', id_hash)
            id_hash = None
    if id_hash is None:
        # Python < 3.3 or error encountered above
        id_hash = hash(id_)

    return abs(id_hash % (2 ** 31))


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
providing an integer based on the FQDN of a machine.

Response:
def get_server_id():
    '''
    Provides an integer based on the FQDN of a machine.
    Useful as server-id in MySQL replication or anywhere else you'll need an ID
    like this.
    '''
    # Provides:
    #   server_id

    if salt.utils.platform.is_proxy():
        server_id = {}
    else:
        use_crc = __opts__.get('server_id_use_crc')
        if bool(use_crc):
            id_hash = getattr(zlib, use_crc, zlib.adler32)(__opts__.get('id', '').encode()) & 0xffffffff
        else:
            log.debug('This server_id is computed not by Adler32 nor by CRC32. '
                      'Please use "server_id_use_crc" option and define algorithm you '
                      'prefer (default "Adler32"). Starting with Sodium, the '
                      'server_id will be computed with Adler32 by default.')
            id_hash = _get_hash_by_shell()
        server_id = {'server_id': id_hash}

    return server_id


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
return a list of grains which describe whether a server has a default gateway.

Response:
def default_gateway():
    '''
    Populates grains which describe whether a server has a default gateway
    configured or not. Uses `ip -4 route show` and `ip -6 route show` and greps
    for a `default` at the beginning of any line. Assuming the standard
    `default via <ip>` format for default gateways, it will also parse out the
    ip address of the default gateway, and put it in ip4_gw or ip6_gw.

    If the `ip` command is unavailable, no grains will be populated.

    Currently does not support multiple default gateways. The grains will be
    set to the first default gateway found.

    List of grains:

        ip4_gw: True  # ip/True/False if default ipv4 gateway
        ip6_gw: True  # ip/True/False if default ipv6 gateway
        ip_gw: True   # True if either of the above is True, False otherwise
    '''
    grains = {}
    ip_bin = salt.utils.path.which('ip')
    if not ip_bin:
        return {}
    grains['ip_gw'] = False
    grains['ip4_gw'] = False
    grains['ip6_gw'] = False
    for ip_version in ('4', '6'):
        try:
            out = __salt__['cmd.run']([ip_bin, '-' + ip_version, 'route', 'show'])
            for line in out.splitlines():
                if line.startswith('default'):
                    grains['ip_gw'] = True
                    grains['ip{0}_gw'.format(ip_version)] = True
                    try:
                        via, gw_ip = line.split()[1:3]
                    except ValueError:
                        pass
                    else:
                        if via == 'via':
                            grains['ip{0}_gw'.format(ip_version)] = gw_ip
                    break
        except Exception:
            continue
    return grains


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
returning the kernel boot parameters

Response:
def kernelparams():
    '''
    Return the kernel boot parameters
    '''
    if salt.utils.platform.is_windows():
        # TODO: add grains using `bcdedit /enum {current}`
        return {}
    else:
        try:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen('/proc/cmdline', 'r') as fhr:
                cmdline = fhr.read()
                grains = {'kernelparams': []}
                for data in [item.split('=') for item in salt.utils.args.shlex_split(cmdline)]:
                    value = None
                    if len(data) == 2:
                        value = data[1].strip('"')

                    grains['kernelparams'] += [(data[0], value)]
        except IOError as exc:
            grains = {}
            log.debug('Failed to read /proc/cmdline: %s', exc)

        return grains


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def _osquery_cmd(table, attrs=None, where=None, format='json'):
    '''
    Helper function to run osquery queries
    '''
    ret = {
        'result': True,
    }

    if attrs:
        if isinstance(attrs, list):
            valid_attrs = _table_attrs(table)
            if valid_attrs:
                for a in attrs:
                    if a not in valid_attrs:
                        ret['result'] = False
                        ret['comment'] = '{0} is not a valid attribute for table {1}'.format(a, table)
                        return ret
                _attrs = ','.join(attrs)
            else:
                ret['result'] = False
                ret['comment'] = 'Invalid table {0}.'.format(table)
                return ret
        else:
            ret['comment'] = 'attrs must be specified as a list.'
            ret['result'] = False
            return ret
    else:
        _attrs = '*'

    sql = 'select {0} from {1}'.format(_attrs, table)

    if where:
        sql = '{0} where {1}'.format(sql, where)

    sql = '{0};'.format(sql)

    res = _osquery(sql)
    if res['result']:
        ret['data'] = res['data']
    else:
        ret['comment'] = res['error']
    return ret

Response: Helper function to run osquery queries


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def version():
    '''
    Return version of osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.version
    '''
    _false_return = {'result': False,
                     'comment': 'OSQuery version unavailable.'}
    res = _osquery_cmd(table='osquery_info', attrs=['version'])
    if 'result' in res and res['result']:
        if 'data' in res and isinstance(res['data'], list):
            return res['data'][0].get('version', '') or _false_return
    return _false_return

Response:
Return version of osquery
Taxonomy CLI Example : OSQuery version of OSQuery version available.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def rpm_packages(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return cpuid information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.rpm_packages
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] == 'RedHat':
        return _osquery_cmd(table='rpm_packages', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False,
            'comment': 'Only available on Red Hat based systems.'}

Response:
Return cpuid information from osquery
            CLI Example : osquery
            salt '*' osquery. rpm_packages


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
returns kernel_integrity information from osquery

Response:
def kernel_integrity(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return kernel_integrity information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.kernel_integrity
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] in ['RedHat', 'Debian']:
        return _osquery_cmd(table='kernel_integrity', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Red Hat or Debian based systems.'}


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def kernel_modules(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return kernel_modules information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.kernel_modules
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] in ['RedHat', 'Debian']:
        return _osquery_cmd(table='kernel_modules', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Red Hat or Debian based systems.'}

Response: Return kernel_modules information from osquery


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
returns memory_map information from osquery

Response:
def memory_map(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return memory_map information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.memory_map
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] in ['RedHat', 'Debian']:
        return _osquery_cmd(table='memory_map', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Red Hat or Debian based systems.'}


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def process_memory_map(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return process_memory_map information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.process_memory_map
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] in ['RedHat', 'Debian']:
        return _osquery_cmd(table='process_memory_map', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Red Hat or Debian based systems.'}

Response: Return process_memory_map information from osquery


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
returns the current shared_memory information from osquery

Response:
def shared_memory(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return shared_memory information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.shared_memory
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] in ['RedHat', 'Debian']:
        return _osquery_cmd(table='shared_memory', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Red Hat or Debian based systems.'}


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def apt_sources(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return apt_sources information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.apt_sources
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] == 'Debian':
        return _osquery_cmd(table='apt_sources', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Debian based systems.'}

Response: Return apt_sources information from osquery


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def deb_packages(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return deb_packages information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.deb_packages
    '''
    if __grains__['os_family'] == 'Debian':
        return _osquery_cmd(table='deb_packages', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on Debian based systems.'}

Response: Return deb_packages information from osquery


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
return alf information from osquery

Response:
def alf(attrs=None, where=None):
    '''
    Return alf information from osquery

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' osquery.alf
    '''
    if salt.utils.platform.is_darwin():
        return _osquery_cmd(table='alf', attrs=attrs, where=where)
    return {'result': False, 'comment': 'Only available on macOS systems.'}


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def verify_fun(lazy_obj, fun):
    '''
    Check that the function passed really exists
    '''
    if not fun:
        raise salt.exceptions.SaltInvocationError(
            'Must specify a function to run!\n'
            'ex: manage.up'
        )
    if fun not in lazy_obj:
        # If the requested function isn't available, lets say why
        raise salt.exceptions.CommandExecutionError(lazy_obj.missing_fun_string(fun))

Response: Verify that the function passed in is available in the lazy_obj


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
clears the dict of all the keys in the object

Response:
def clear(self):
        '''
        Clear the dict
        '''
        # create a dict to store loaded values in
        self._dict = getattr(self, 'mod_dict_class', dict)()

        # have we already loded everything?
        self.loaded = False


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
checking to see if an instance profile exists.

Response:
def instance_profile_exists(name, region=None, key=None, keyid=None,
                            profile=None):
    '''
    Check to see if an instance profile exists.

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.instance_profile_exists myiprofile
    '''
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)

    try:
        # Boto weirdly returns an exception here if an instance profile doesn't
        # exist.
        conn.get_instance_profile(name)
        return True
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError:
        return False


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def role_exists(name, region=None, key=None, keyid=None, profile=None):
    '''
    Check to see if an IAM role exists.

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.role_exists myirole
    '''
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        conn.get_role(name)
        return True
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError:
        return False

Response: Check to see if an IAM role exists.


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def describe_role(name, region=None, key=None, keyid=None, profile=None):
    '''
    Get information for a role.

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.describe_role myirole
    '''
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        info = conn.get_role(name)
        if not info:
            return False
        role = info.get_role_response.get_role_result.role
        role['assume_role_policy_document'] = salt.utils.json.loads(_unquote(
            role.assume_role_policy_document
        ))
        # If Sid wasn't defined by the user, boto will still return a Sid in
        # each policy. To properly check idempotently, let's remove the Sid
        # from the return if it's not actually set.
        for policy_key, policy in role['assume_role_policy_document'].items():
            if policy_key == 'Statement':
                for val in policy:
                    if 'Sid' in val and not val['Sid']:
                        del val['Sid']
        return role
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
        log.debug(e)
        log.error('Failed to get %s information.', name)
        return False

Response: Get information for a role.


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def create_user(user_name, path=None, region=None, key=None, keyid=None,
                profile=None):
    '''
    Create a user.

    .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.create_user myuser
    '''
    if not path:
        path = '/'
    if get_user(user_name, region, key, keyid, profile):
        return True
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        conn.create_user(user_name, path)
        log.info('Created IAM user : %s.', user_name)
        return True
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
        log.debug(e)
        log.error('Failed to create IAM user %s.', user_name)
        return False

Response:
Create a user.

    .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.create_user myuser


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def get_all_access_keys(user_name, marker=None, max_items=None,
                        region=None, key=None, keyid=None, profile=None):
    '''
    Get all access keys from a user.

    .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.get_all_access_keys myuser
    '''
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        return conn.get_all_access_keys(user_name, marker, max_items)
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
        log.debug(e)
        log.error('Failed to get access keys for IAM user %s.', user_name)
        return six.text_type(e)

Response: Get all access keys for a user.


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
delete a user. .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0 CLI Example: .. code-block:: bash salt myminion boto_iam.delete_user myuser

Response:
def delete_user(user_name, region=None, key=None, keyid=None,
                profile=None):
    '''
    Delete a user.

    .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.delete_user myuser
    '''
    if not get_user(user_name, region, key, keyid, profile):
        return True
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        conn.delete_user(user_name)
        log.info('Deleted IAM user : %s .', user_name)
        return True
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
        log.debug(e)
        log.error('Failed to delete IAM user %s', user_name)
        return six.text_type(e)


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
get user information. .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0 CLI Example: .. code-block:: bash salt myminion boto_iam.get_user myuser

Response:
def get_user(user_name=None, region=None, key=None, keyid=None, profile=None):
    '''
    Get user information.

    .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.get_user myuser
    '''
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        info = conn.get_user(user_name)
        if not info:
            return False
        return info
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
        log.debug(e)
        log.error('Failed to get IAM user %s info.', user_name)
        return False


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function to
get group information. .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0 CLI Example: .. code-block:: bash salt myminion boto_iam.get_group mygroup

Response:
def get_group(group_name, region=None, key=None, keyid=None, profile=None):
    '''
    Get group information.

    .. versionadded:: 2015.8.0

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt myminion boto_iam.get_group mygroup
    '''
    conn = _get_conn(region=region, key=key, keyid=keyid, profile=profile)
    try:
        info = conn.get_group(group_name, max_items=1)
        if not info:
            return False
        return info['get_group_response']['get_group_result']['group']
    except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
        log.debug(e)
        log.error('Failed to get IAM group %s info.', group_name)
        return False