Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
parse an RFC 1123 or asctime - like format date string to produce a Python datetime object.

Response:
def parse_date(value):
    """Parse an RFC 1123 or asctime-like format date string to produce
    a Python datetime object (without a timezone).
    """
    # Do the regex magic; also enforces 2 or 4 digit years
    match = Definitions.DATE_RE.match(value) if value else None
    if not match:
        return None
    # We're going to extract and prepare captured data in 'data'.
    data = {}
    captured = match.groupdict()
    fields = ['year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second']
    # If we matched on the RFC 1123 family format
    if captured['year']:
        for field in fields:
            data[field] = captured[field]
    # If we matched on the asctime format, use year2 etc.
    else:
        for field in fields:
            data[field] = captured[field + "2"]
    year = data['year']
    # Interpret lame 2-digit years - base the cutoff on UNIX epoch, in case
    # someone sets a '70' cookie meaning 'distant past'. This won't break for
    # 58 years and people who use 2-digit years are asking for it anyway.
    if len(year) == 2:
        if int(year) < 70:
            year = "20" + year
        else:
            year = "19" + year
    year = int(year)
    # Clamp to [1900, 9999]: strftime has min 1900, datetime has max 9999
    data['year'] = max(1900, min(year, 9999))
    # Other things which are numbers should convert to integer
    for field in ['day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second']:
        if data[field] is None:
            data[field] = 0
        data[field] = int(data[field])
    # Look up the number datetime needs for the named month
    data['month'] = Definitions.month_numbers[data['month'].lower()]
    return datetime.datetime(**data)


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def parse_value(value, allow_spaces=True, unquote=default_unquote):
    "Process a cookie value"
    if value is None:
        return None
    value = strip_spaces_and_quotes(value)
    value = parse_string(value, unquote=unquote)
    if not allow_spaces:
        assert ' ' not in value
    return value

Response: Process a cookie value


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def valid_name(name):
    "Validate a cookie name string"
    if isinstance(name, bytes):
        name = name.decode('ascii')
    if not Definitions.COOKIE_NAME_RE.match(name):
        return False
    # This module doesn't support $identifiers, which are part of an obsolete
    # and highly complex standard which is never used.
    if name[0] == "$":
        return False
    return True

Response: Validate a cookie name string


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def valid_value(value, quote=default_cookie_quote, unquote=default_unquote):
    if value is None:
        return False

    # Put the value through a round trip with the given quote and unquote
    # functions, so we will know whether data will get lost or not in the event
    # that we don't complain.
    encoded = encode_cookie_value(value, quote=quote)
    decoded = parse_string(encoded, unquote=unquote)

    # If the original string made the round trip, this is a valid value for the
    # given quote and unquote functions. Since the round trip can generate
    # different unicode forms, normalize before comparing, so we can ignore
    # trivial inequalities.
    decoded_normalized = (normalize("NFKD", decoded)
                          if not isinstance(decoded, bytes) else decoded)
    value_normalized = (normalize("NFKD", value)
                        if not isinstance(value, bytes) else value)
    if decoded_normalized == value_normalized:
        return True
    return False

Response: Validate a cookie value string.


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def valid_date(date):
    "Validate an expires datetime object"
    # We want something that acts like a datetime. In particular,
    # strings indicate a failure to parse down to an object and ints are
    # nonstandard and ambiguous at best.
    if not hasattr(date, 'tzinfo'):
        return False
    # Relevant RFCs define UTC as 'close enough' to GMT, and the maximum
    # difference between UTC and GMT is often stated to be less than a second.
    if date.tzinfo is None or _total_seconds(date.utcoffset()) < 1.1:
        return True
    return False

Response: Validate an expires datetime object


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function to
validate a cookie domain ASCII string

Response:
def valid_domain(domain):
    "Validate a cookie domain ASCII string"
    # Using encoding on domain would confuse browsers into not sending cookies.
    # Generate UnicodeDecodeError up front if it can't store as ASCII.
    domain.encode('ascii')
    # Domains starting with periods are not RFC-valid, but this is very common
    # in existing cookies, so they should still parse with DOMAIN_AV.
    if Definitions.DOMAIN_RE.match(domain):
        return True
    return False


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def valid_path(value):
    "Validate a cookie path ASCII string"
    # Generate UnicodeDecodeError if path can't store as ASCII.
    value.encode("ascii")
    # Cookies without leading slash will likely be ignored, raise ASAP.
    if not (value and value[0] == "/"):
        return False
    if not Definitions.PATH_RE.match(value):
        return False
    return True

Response: Validate a cookie path ASCII string


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
validating a cookie Max - Age

Response:
def valid_max_age(number):
    "Validate a cookie Max-Age"
    if isinstance(number, basestring):
        try:
            number = long(number)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            return False
    if number >= 0 and number % 1 == 0:
        return True
    return False


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def render_date(date):
    if not date:
        return None
    assert valid_date(date)
    # Avoid %a and %b, which can change with locale, breaking compliance
    weekday = Definitions.weekday_abbr_list[date.weekday()]
    month = Definitions.month_abbr_list[date.month - 1]
    return date.strftime("{day}, %d {month} %Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
                         ).format(day=weekday, month=month)

Response: Render a date in a ISO - 8601 format.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def _parse_request(header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=False):
    cookies_dict = {}
    for line in Definitions.EOL.split(header_data.strip()):
        matches = Definitions.COOKIE_RE.finditer(line)
        matches = [item for item in matches]
        for match in matches:
            invalid = match.group('invalid')
            if invalid:
                if not ignore_bad_cookies:
                    raise InvalidCookieError(data=invalid)
                _report_invalid_cookie(invalid)
                continue
            name = match.group('name')
            values = cookies_dict.get(name)
            value = match.group('value').strip('"')
            if values:
                values.append(value)
            else:
                cookies_dict[name] = [value]
        if not matches:
            if not ignore_bad_cookies:
                raise InvalidCookieError(data=line)
            _report_invalid_cookie(line)
    return cookies_dict

Response: Turn one or more lines of Cookie : header data into a dict mapping cookie names to cookie values.


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
turn one Set - Cookie line into a dict mapping attribute names to attribute values.

Response:
def parse_one_response(line, ignore_bad_cookies=False,
                       ignore_bad_attributes=True):
    """Turn one 'Set-Cookie:' line into a dict mapping attribute names to
    attribute values (raw strings).
    """
    cookie_dict = {}
    # Basic validation, extract name/value/attrs-chunk
    match = Definitions.SET_COOKIE_HEADER_RE.match(line)
    if not match:
        if not ignore_bad_cookies:
            raise InvalidCookieError(data=line)
        _report_invalid_cookie(line)
        return None
    cookie_dict.update({
        'name': match.group('name'),
        'value': match.group('value')})
    # Extract individual attrs from the attrs chunk
    for match in Definitions.ATTR_RE.finditer(match.group('attrs')):
        captured = dict((k, v) for (k, v) in match.groupdict().items() if v)
        unrecognized = captured.get('unrecognized', None)
        if unrecognized:
            if not ignore_bad_attributes:
                raise InvalidCookieAttributeError(None, unrecognized,
                                                  "unrecognized")
            _report_unknown_attribute(unrecognized)
            continue
        # for unary flags
        for key in ('secure', 'httponly'):
            if captured.get(key):
                captured[key] = True
        # ignore subcomponents of expires - they're still there to avoid doing
        # two passes
        timekeys = ('weekday', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second',
                    'year')
        if 'year' in captured:
            for key in timekeys:
                del captured[key]
        elif 'year2' in captured:
            for key in timekeys:
                del captured[key + "2"]
        cookie_dict.update(captured)
    return cookie_dict


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
turn one or more lines of Set - Cookie header data into a list of dicts mapping attribute names to attribute values.

Response:
def _parse_response(header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=False,
                    ignore_bad_attributes=True):
    """Turn one or more lines of 'Set-Cookie:' header data into a list of dicts
    mapping attribute names to attribute values (as plain strings).
    """
    cookie_dicts = []
    for line in Definitions.EOL.split(header_data.strip()):
        if not line:
            break
        cookie_dict = parse_one_response(
            line, ignore_bad_cookies=ignore_bad_cookies,
            ignore_bad_attributes=ignore_bad_attributes)
        if not cookie_dict:
            continue
        cookie_dicts.append(cookie_dict)
    if not cookie_dicts:
        if not ignore_bad_cookies:
            raise InvalidCookieError(data=header_data)
        _report_invalid_cookie(header_data)
    return cookie_dicts


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def from_dict(cls, cookie_dict, ignore_bad_attributes=True):
        name = cookie_dict.get('name', None)
        if not name:
            raise InvalidCookieError("Cookie must have name")
        raw_value = cookie_dict.get('value', '')
        # Absence or failure of parser here is fatal; errors in present name
        # and value should be found by Cookie.__init__.
        value = cls.attribute_parsers['value'](raw_value)
        cookie = cls(name, value)

        # Parse values from serialized formats into objects
        parsed = {}
        for key, value in cookie_dict.items():
            # Don't want to pass name/value to _set_attributes
            if key in ('name', 'value'):
                continue
            parser = cls.attribute_parsers.get(key)
            if not parser:
                # Don't let totally unknown attributes pass silently
                if not ignore_bad_attributes:
                    raise InvalidCookieAttributeError(
                        key, value, "unknown cookie attribute '%s'" % key)
                _report_unknown_attribute(key)
                continue
            try:
                parsed_value = parser(value)
            except Exception as e:
                reason = "did not parse with %r: %r" % (parser, e)
                if not ignore_bad_attributes:
                    raise InvalidCookieAttributeError(
                        key, value, reason)
                _report_invalid_attribute(key, value, reason)
                parsed_value = ''
            parsed[key] = parsed_value

        # Set the parsed objects (does object validation automatically)
        cookie._set_attributes(parsed, ignore_bad_attributes)
        return cookie

Response: Construct a Cookie instance from a dictionary of strings to parse.


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
constructing a Cookie object from a line of Set - Cookie header data.

Response:
def from_string(cls, line, ignore_bad_cookies=False,
                    ignore_bad_attributes=True):
        "Construct a Cookie object from a line of Set-Cookie header data."
        cookie_dict = parse_one_response(
            line, ignore_bad_cookies=ignore_bad_cookies,
            ignore_bad_attributes=ignore_bad_attributes)
        if not cookie_dict:
            return None
        return cls.from_dict(
            cookie_dict, ignore_bad_attributes=ignore_bad_attributes)


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
validates a cookie attribute with an appropriate validator.

Response:
def validate(self, name, value):
        """Validate a cookie attribute with an appropriate validator.

        The value comes in already parsed (for example, an expires value
        should be a datetime). Called automatically when an attribute
        value is set.
        """
        validator = self.attribute_validators.get(name, None)
        if validator:
            return True if validator(value) else False
        return True


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
export this cookie s attributes as a dict of encoded values.

Response:
def attributes(self):
        """Export this cookie's attributes as a dict of encoded values.

        This is an important part of the code for rendering attributes, e.g.
        render_response().
        """
        dictionary = {}
        # Only look for attributes registered in attribute_names.
        for python_attr_name, cookie_attr_name in self.attribute_names.items():
            value = getattr(self, python_attr_name)
            renderer = self.attribute_renderers.get(python_attr_name, None)
            if renderer:
                value = renderer(value)
            # If renderer returns None, or it's just natively none, then the
            # value is suppressed entirely - does not appear in any rendering.
            if not value:
                continue
            dictionary[cookie_attr_name] = value
        return dictionary


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
render as a string formatted for HTTP request headers

Response:
def render_request(self):
        """Render as a string formatted for HTTP request headers
        (simple 'Cookie: ' style).
        """
        # Use whatever renderers are defined for name and value.
        name, value = self.name, self.value
        renderer = self.attribute_renderers.get('name', None)
        if renderer:
            name = renderer(name)
        renderer = self.attribute_renderers.get('value', None)
        if renderer:
            value = renderer(value)
        return ''.join((name, "=", value))


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def render_response(self):
        # Use whatever renderers are defined for name and value.
        # (.attributes() is responsible for all other rendering.)
        name, value = self.name, self.value
        renderer = self.attribute_renderers.get('name', None)
        if renderer:
            name = renderer(name)
        renderer = self.attribute_renderers.get('value', None)
        if renderer:
            value = renderer(value)
        return '; '.join(
            ['{0}={1}'.format(name, value)] +
            [key if isinstance(val, bool) else '='.join((key, val))
             for key, val in self.attributes().items()]
        )

Response:
Render as a string formatted for HTTP response headers
       .


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
add Cookie objects by their names or create new ones under the key.

Response:
def add(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Add Cookie objects by their names, or create new ones under
        specified names.

        Any unnamed arguments are interpreted as existing cookies, and
        are added under the value in their .name attribute. With keyword
        arguments, the key is interpreted as the cookie name and the
        value as the UNENCODED value stored in the cookie.
        """
        # Only the first one is accessible through the main interface,
        # others accessible through get_all (all_cookies).
        for cookie in args:
            self.all_cookies.append(cookie)
            if cookie.name in self:
                continue
            self[cookie.name] = cookie
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            cookie = self.cookie_class(key, value)
            self.all_cookies.append(cookie)
            if key in self:
                continue
            self[key] = cookie


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
parsing the request header data into Cookie objects and add them to the Cookies object.

Response:
def parse_request(self, header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=False):
        """Parse 'Cookie' header data into Cookie objects, and add them to
        this Cookies object.

        :arg header_data: string containing only 'Cookie:' request headers or
        header values (as in CGI/WSGI HTTP_COOKIE); if more than one, they must
        be separated by CRLF (\\r\\n).

        :arg ignore_bad_cookies: if set, will log each syntactically invalid
        cookie (at the granularity of semicolon-delimited blocks) rather than
        raising an exception at the first bad cookie.

        :returns: a Cookies instance containing Cookie objects parsed from
        header_data.

        .. note::
        If you want to parse 'Set-Cookie:' response headers, please use
        parse_response instead. parse_request will happily turn 'expires=frob'
        into a separate cookie without complaining, according to the grammar.
        """
        cookies_dict = _parse_request(
            header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=ignore_bad_cookies)
        cookie_objects = []
        for name, values in cookies_dict.items():
            for value in values:
                # Use from_dict to check name and parse value
                cookie_dict = {'name': name, 'value': value}
                try:
                    cookie = self.cookie_class.from_dict(cookie_dict)
                except InvalidCookieError:
                    if not ignore_bad_cookies:
                        raise
                else:
                    cookie_objects.append(cookie)
        try:
            self.add(*cookie_objects)
        except InvalidCookieError:
            if not ignore_bad_cookies:
                raise
            _report_invalid_cookie(header_data)
        return self


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
parse the Set - Cookie header data into Cookie objects and add them to the Cookies object.

Response:
def parse_response(self, header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=False,
                       ignore_bad_attributes=True):
        """Parse 'Set-Cookie' header data into Cookie objects, and add them to
        this Cookies object.

        :arg header_data: string containing only 'Set-Cookie:' request headers
        or their corresponding header values; if more than one, they must be
        separated by CRLF (\\r\\n).

        :arg ignore_bad_cookies: if set, will log each syntactically invalid
        cookie rather than raising an exception at the first bad cookie. (This
        includes cookies which have noncompliant characters in the attribute
        section).

        :arg ignore_bad_attributes: defaults to True, which means to log but
        not raise an error when a particular attribute is unrecognized. (This
        does not necessarily mean that the attribute is invalid, although that
        would often be the case.) if unset, then an error will be raised at the
        first semicolon-delimited block which has an unknown attribute.

        :returns: a Cookies instance containing Cookie objects parsed from
        header_data, each with recognized attributes populated.

        .. note::
        If you want to parse 'Cookie:' headers (i.e., data like what's sent
        with an HTTP request, which has only name=value pairs and no
        attributes), then please use parse_request instead. Such lines often
        contain multiple name=value pairs, and parse_response will throw away
        the pairs after the first one, which will probably generate errors or
        confusing behavior. (Since there's no perfect way to automatically
        determine which kind of parsing to do, you have to tell it manually by
        choosing correctly from parse_request between part_response.)
        """
        cookie_dicts = _parse_response(
            header_data,
            ignore_bad_cookies=ignore_bad_cookies,
            ignore_bad_attributes=ignore_bad_attributes)
        cookie_objects = []
        for cookie_dict in cookie_dicts:
            cookie = self.cookie_class.from_dict(cookie_dict)
            cookie_objects.append(cookie)
        self.add(*cookie_objects)
        return self


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
constructs a Cookies object from request header data.

Response:
def from_request(cls, header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=False):
        "Construct a Cookies object from request header data."
        cookies = cls()
        cookies.parse_request(
            header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=ignore_bad_cookies)
        return cookies


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def from_response(cls, header_data, ignore_bad_cookies=False,
                      ignore_bad_attributes=True):
        "Construct a Cookies object from response header data."
        cookies = cls()
        cookies.parse_response(
            header_data,
            ignore_bad_cookies=ignore_bad_cookies,
            ignore_bad_attributes=ignore_bad_attributes)
        return cookies

Response: Construct a Cookies object from response header data.


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
renders the dict s Cookie objects into a string formatted for HTTP request headers.

Response:
def render_request(self, sort=True):
        """Render the dict's Cookie objects into a string formatted for HTTP
        request headers (simple 'Cookie: ' style).
        """
        if not sort:
            return ("; ".join(
                cookie.render_request() for cookie in self.values()))
        return ("; ".join(sorted(
            cookie.render_request() for cookie in self.values())))


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def render_response(self, sort=True):
        rendered = [cookie.render_response() for cookie in self.values()]
        return rendered if not sort else sorted(rendered)

Response: Render the dict s Cookie objects into a list of strings formatted for HTTP response headers.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def aorb(a, b):
    return matrix(np.logical_or(a, b).astype('float'), a.size)

Response: Return a matrix of logic comparison of A or B


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
return a matrix of logic comparison of A or B

Response:
def aandb(a, b):
    """Return a matrix of logic comparison of A or B"""
    return matrix(np.logical_and(a, b).astype('float'), a.size)


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def not0(a):
    return matrix(list(map(lambda x: 1 if x == 0 else x, a)), a.size)

Response: Return u if u! = 0


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
returns sorted list of objects in order of name

Response:
def sort(m, reverse=False):
    """Return sorted m (default: ascending order)"""
    ty = type(m)
    if ty == matrix:
        m = list(m)
    m = sorted(m, reverse=reverse)
    if ty == matrix:
        m = matrix(m)
    return m


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def sort_idx(m, reverse=False):
    return sorted(range(len(m)), key=lambda k: m[k], reverse=reverse)

Response: Return the indices of m in sorted order ( default : ascending order


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
returning the indices of all the val in m

Response:
def index(m, val):
    """
    Return the indices of all the ``val`` in ``m``
    """
    mm = np.array(m)
    idx_tuple = np.where(mm == val)
    idx = idx_tuple[0].tolist()

    return idx


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def to_number(s):
    ret = s
    # try converting to float
    try:
        ret = float(s)
    except ValueError:
        ret = ret.strip('\'').strip()

    # try converting to uid
    try:
        ret = int(s)
    except ValueError:
        pass

    # try converting to boolean
    if ret == 'True':
        ret = True
    elif ret == 'False':
        ret = False
    elif ret == 'None':
        ret = None
    return ret

Response: Convert a string to a number.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
safing division of two sets of resources.

Response:
def sdiv(a, b):
    """Safe division: if a == b == 0, sdiv(a, b) == 1"""
    if len(a) != len(b):
        raise ValueError('Argument a and b does not have the same length')
    idx = 0
    ret = matrix(0, (len(a), 1), 'd')
    for m, n in zip(a, b):
        try:
            ret[idx] = m / n
        except ZeroDivisionError:
            ret[idx] = 1
        finally:
            idx += 1
    return ret


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def get_config_load_path(conf_path=None):

    if conf_path is None:
        # test ./andes.conf
        if os.path.isfile('andes.conf'):
            conf_path = 'andes.conf'
        # test ~/andes.conf
        home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
        if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(home_dir, '.andes', 'andes.conf')):
            conf_path = os.path.join(home_dir, '.andes', 'andes.conf')

    if conf_path is not None:
        logger.debug('Found config file at {}.'.format(conf_path))

    return conf_path

Response: Returns the path to the config file that is loaded by the user.


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
returns a directory where the log files are stored.

Response:
def get_log_dir():
    """
    Get a directory for logging

    On Linux or macOS, '/tmp/andes' is the default. On Windows,
    '%APPDATA%/andes' is the default.

    Returns
    -------
    str
        Path to the logging directory
    """
    PATH = ''
    if platform.system() in ('Linux', 'Darwin'):
        PATH = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='andes-')

    elif platform.system() == 'Windows':
        APPDATA = os.getenv('APPDATA')
        PATH = os.path.join(APPDATA, 'andes')

    if not os.path.exists(PATH):
        os.makedirs(PATH)
    return PATH


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
stores the state and algeb values at time t.

Response:
def store(self, t, step):
        """
        Record the state/algeb values at time t to self.vars
        """
        max_cache = int(self.system.tds.config.max_cache)
        if len(self.vars) >= max_cache > 0:
            self.dump()
            self.vars = list()
            self.t = list()
            self.k = list()
            logger.debug(
                'varout cache cleared at simulation t = {:g}.'.format(
                    self.system.dae.t))
            self._mode = 'a'

        var_data = matrix([self.system.dae.x, self.system.dae.y])

        # ===== This code block is deprecated =====
        self.t.append(t)
        self.k.append(step)
        self.vars.append(var_data)
        # =========================================

        # clear data cache if written to disk
        if self.np_nrows >= max_cache > 0:
            self.dump_np_vars()
            self.np_vars = np.zeros(self._np_block_shape)
            self.np_nrows = 0
            self.np_t = np.zeros((self._np_block_rows,))
            self.np_k = np.zeros((self._np_block_rows,))
            logger.debug(
                'np_vars cache cleared at simulation t = {:g}.'.format(
                    self.system.dae.t))
            self._mode = 'a'

        # initialize before first-time adding data
        if self.np_nrows == 0:
            self.np_ncols = len(var_data)
            self._np_block_shape = (self._np_block_rows, self.np_ncols)
            self.np_vars = np.zeros(self._np_block_shape)
            self.np_t = np.zeros((self._np_block_rows,))
            self.np_k = np.zeros((self._np_block_rows,))

        # adding data to the matrix
        # self.np_vars[self.np_nrows, 0] = t
        self.np_t[self.np_nrows] = t
        self.np_k[self.np_nrows] = step
        self.np_vars[self.np_nrows, :] = np.array(var_data).reshape((-1))
        self.np_nrows += 1

        # check if matrix extension is needed
        if self.np_nrows >= self.np_vars.shape[0]:
            self.np_vars = np.concatenate([self.np_vars, np.zeros(self._np_block_shape)], axis=0)
            self.np_t = np.concatenate([self.np_t, np.zeros((self._np_block_rows,))], axis=0)
            self.np_k = np.concatenate([self.np_k, np.zeros((self._np_block_rows,))], axis=0)

        # remove the post-computed variables from the variable list
        if self.system.tds.config.compute_flows:
            self.system.dae.y = self.system.dae.y[:self.system.dae.m]


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
returning the full result matrix of the object.

Response:
def show(self):
        """
        The representation of an Varout object

        :return: the full result matrix (for use with PyCharm viewer)
        :rtype: np.array
        """
        out = []

        for item in self.vars:
            out.append(list(item))

        return np.array(out)


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def concat_t_vars(self):
        logger.warning('This function is deprecated and replaced by `concat_t_vars_np`.')
        out = np.array([])

        if len(self.t) == 0:
            return out

        out = np.ndarray(shape=(0, self.vars[0].size[0] + 1))

        for t, var in zip(self.t, self.vars):
            line = [[t]]
            line[0].extend(list(var))
            out = np.append(out, line, axis=0)

        return out

Response: Concatenate self. t with self. vars and output a single matrix containing the 0 - th column of the data dump


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function to
concatenate self. np_t with self. np_vars and return a single matrix.

Response:
def concat_t_vars_np(self, vars_idx=None):
        """
        Concatenate `self.np_t` with `self.np_vars` and return a single matrix.
        The first column corresponds to time, and the rest of the matrix is the variables.

        Returns
        -------
        np.array : concatenated matrix

        """
        selected_np_vars = self.np_vars
        if vars_idx is not None:
            selected_np_vars = self.np_vars[:, vars_idx]

        return np.concatenate([self.np_t[:self.np_nrows].reshape((-1, 1)),
                               selected_np_vars[:self.np_nrows, :]], axis=1)


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def get_xy(self, yidx, xidx=0):
        assert isinstance(xidx, int)
        if isinstance(yidx, int):
            yidx = [yidx]

        t_vars = self.concat_t_vars()

        xdata = t_vars[:, xidx]
        ydata = t_vars[:, yidx]

        return xdata.tolist(), ydata.transpose().tolist()

Response: Return the x and y data for the given indices for plot


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def dump_np_vars(self, store_format='csv', delimiter=','):

        ret = False

        if self.system.files.no_output is True:
            logger.debug('no_output is True, thus no TDS dump saved ')
            return True

        if self.write_lst() and self.write_np_dat(store_format=store_format, delimiter=delimiter):
            ret = True

        return ret

Response: Dump the TDS simulation data to files by calling subroutines write_lst and write_np_dat.


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
dump the TDS results to the output lst file

Response:
def dump(self):
        """
        Dump the TDS results to the output `dat` file

        :return: succeed flag
        """
        logger.warn('This function is deprecated and replaced by `dump_np_vars`.')

        ret = False

        if self.system.files.no_output:
            # return ``True`` because it did not fail
            return True

        if self.write_lst() and self.write_dat():
            ret = True

        return ret


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def write_np_dat(self, store_format='csv', delimiter=',', fmt='%.12g'):
        ret = False
        system = self.system

        # compute the total number of columns, excluding time
        if not system.Recorder.n:
            n_vars = system.dae.m + system.dae.n
            # post-computed power flows include:
            #   bus   - (Pi, Qi)
            #   line  - (Pij, Pji, Qij, Qji, Iij_Real, Iij_Imag, Iji_real, Iji_Imag)
            if system.tds.config.compute_flows:
                n_vars += 2 * system.Bus.n + 8 * system.Line.n + 2 * system.Area.n_combination
            idx = list(range(n_vars))

        else:
            n_vars = len(system.Recorder.varout_idx)
            idx = system.Recorder.varout_idx

        # prepare data
        t_vars_concatenated = self.concat_t_vars_np(vars_idx=idx)

        try:
            os.makedirs(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(system.files.dat)), exist_ok=True)
            with open(system.files.dat, self._mode) as f:
                if store_format in ('csv', 'txt'):
                    np.savetxt(f, t_vars_concatenated, fmt=fmt, delimiter=delimiter)
                elif store_format == 'hdf5':
                    pass
                ret = True
                logger.info('TDS data dumped to <{}>'.format(system.files.dat))

        except IOError:
            logger.error('I/O Error while writing the dat file.')

        return ret

Response: Writes TDS data stored in self. np_vars to the output file.


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
writing the data of the current variable set to a. dat file.

Response:
def write_dat(self):
        """
        Write ``system.Varout.vars`` to a ``.dat`` file
        :return:
        """
        logger.warn('This function is deprecated and replaced by `write_np_dat`.')

        ret = False
        system = self.system

        # compute the total number of columns, excluding time
        if not system.Recorder.n:
            n_vars = system.dae.m + system.dae.n
            # post-computed power flows include:
            #   bus   - (Pi, Qi)
            #   line  - (Pij, Pji, Qij, Qji, Iij_Real, Iij_Imag, Iji_real, Iji_Imag)
            if system.tds.config.compute_flows:
                n_vars += 2 * system.Bus.n + 8 * system.Line.n + 2 * system.Area.n_combination
            idx = list(range(n_vars))

        else:
            n_vars = len(system.Recorder.varout_idx)
            idx = system.Recorder.varout_idx

        template = ['{:<8g}'] + ['{:0.10f}'] * n_vars
        template = ' '.join(template)

        # format the output in a string
        out = ''
        for t, line in zip(self.t, self.vars):
            values = [t] + list(line[idx])
            out += template.format(*values) + '\n'

        try:
            os.makedirs(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(system.files.dat)), exist_ok=True)
            with open(system.files.dat, self._mode) as f:
                f.write(out)
            ret = True

        except IOError:
            logger.error('I/O Error while writing the dat file.')

        return ret


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
dump the variable name lst file and return True if it succeed False if it fails

Response:
def write_lst(self):
        """
        Dump the variable name lst file

        :return: succeed flag
        """

        ret = False
        out = ''
        system = self.system
        dae = self.system.dae
        varname = self.system.varname
        template = '{:>6g}, {:>25s}, {:>35s}\n'

        # header line
        out += template.format(0, 'Time [s]', '$Time\\ [s]$')

        # include line flow variables in algebraic variables
        nflows = 0
        if self.system.tds.config.compute_flows:
            nflows = 2 * self.system.Bus.n + \
                     8 * self.system.Line.n + \
                     2 * self.system.Area.n_combination

        # output variable indices
        if system.Recorder.n == 0:
            state_idx = list(range(dae.n))
            algeb_idx = list(range(dae.n, dae.n + dae.m + nflows))
            idx = state_idx + algeb_idx
        else:
            idx = system.Recorder.varout_idx

        # variable names concatenated
        uname = varname.unamex + varname.unamey
        fname = varname.fnamex + varname.fnamey

        for e, i in enumerate(idx):
            out += template.format(e + 1, uname[i], fname[i])

        try:
            with open(self.system.files.lst, 'w') as f:
                f.write(out)
            ret = True
        except IOError:
            logger.error('I/O Error while writing the lst file.')

        return ret


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
convert self. vars to a numpy array

Response:
def vars_to_array(self):
        """
        Convert `self.vars` to a numpy array

        Returns
        -------
        numpy.array
        """

        logger.warn('This function is deprecated. You can inspect `self.np_vars` directly as NumPy arrays '
                    'without conversion.')
        if not self.vars:
            return None

        vars_matrix = matrix(self.vars, size=(self.vars[0].size[0],
                                              len(self.vars))).trans()

        self.vars_array = np.array(vars_matrix)

        return self.vars_array


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
configure a logger for the andes package.

Response:
def config_logger(name='andes',
                  log_file='andes.log',
                  log_path='',
                  stream=True,
                  stream_level=logging.INFO
                  ):
    """
    Configure a logger for the andes package with options for a `FileHandler`
    and a `StreamHandler`. This function is called at the beginning of
    ``andes.main.main()``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    name : str, optional
        Base logger name, ``'andes'`` by default. Changing this
        parameter will affect the loggers in modules and
        cause unexpected behaviours.
    log_file : str, optional
        Logg file name for `FileHandler`, ``'andes.log'`` by default.
        If ``None``, the `FileHandler` will not be created.
    log_path : str, optional
        Path to store the log file. By default, the path is generated by
        get_log_dir() in utils.misc.
    stream : bool, optional
        Create a `StreamHandler` for `stdout` if ``True``.
        If ``False``, the handler will not be created.
    stream_level : {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}, optional
        `StreamHandler` verbosity level.

    Returns
    -------
    None

    """
    logger = logging.getLogger(name)
    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

    # file handler for level DEBUG and up
    if log_file is not None:
        log_full_path = os.path.join(log_path, log_file)
        fh_formatter = logging.Formatter(
            '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
        fh = logging.FileHandler(log_full_path)
        fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
        fh.setFormatter(fh_formatter)
        logger.addHandler(fh)
        logger.debug('Writing log to {}'.format(log_full_path))

    if stream is True:
        sh_formatter = logging.Formatter('%(message)s')
        sh = logging.StreamHandler()

        sh.setFormatter(sh_formatter)
        sh.setLevel(stream_level)
        logger.addHandler(sh)

    globals()['logger'] = logger


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
log the Andes command - line preamble at the logging. INFO level Returns ------- None

Response:
def preamble():
    """
    Log the Andes command-line preamble at the `logging.INFO` level

    Returns
    -------
    None
    """
    from . import __version__ as version
    logger.info('ANDES {ver} (Build {b}, Python {p} on {os})'
                .format(ver=version[:5], b=version[-8:],
                        p=platform.python_version(),
                        os=platform.system()))
    try:
        username = os.getlogin() + ', '
    except OSError:
        username = ''

    logger.info('Session: {}{}'.format(username,
                strftime("%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p")))
    logger.info('')


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
construct a CLI argument parser and return the parsed command - line arguments.

Response:
def cli_new():
    """
    Construct a CLI argument parser and return the parsed arguments.

    Returns
    -------
    Namespace
        A namespace object containing the parsed command-line arguments
    """
    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('filename', help='Case file name', nargs='*')

    # general options
    general_group = parser.add_argument_group('General options')
    general_group.add_argument('-r', '--routine', choices=routines.__cli__,
                               help='Routine to run', nargs='*',
                               default=['pflow'], )
    general_group.add_argument('--edit-config', help='Quick edit of the config file',
                               default='', nargs='?', type=str)
    general_group.add_argument('--license', action='store_true', help='Display software license')

    # I/O
    io_group = parser.add_argument_group('I/O options', 'Optional arguments for managing I/Os')
    io_group.add_argument('-p', '--path', help='Path to case files', type=str, default='', dest='input_path')
    io_group.add_argument('-a', '--addfile', help='Additional files used by some formats.')
    io_group.add_argument('-D', '--dynfile', help='Additional dynamic file in dm format.')
    io_group.add_argument('-P', '--pert', help='Perturbation file path', default='')
    io_group.add_argument('-d', '--dump-raw', help='Dump RAW format case file.')
    io_group.add_argument('-n', '--no-output', help='Force no output of any '
                                                    'kind',
                          action='store_true')
    io_group.add_argument('-o', '--output_path', help='Output path prefix', type=str, default='')
    io_group.add_argument('-C', '--clean', help='Clean output files', action='store_true')

    config_exclusive = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    config_exclusive.add_argument('--load-config', help='path to the rc config to load',
                                  dest='config')
    config_exclusive.add_argument('--save-config', help='save configuration to file name',
                                  nargs='?', type=str, default='')

    # helps and documentations
    group_help = parser.add_argument_group('Help and documentation',
                                           'Optional arguments for usage, model and config documentation')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-g', '--group', help='Show the models in the group.')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-q', '--quick-help', help='Show a quick help of model format.')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-c',
        '--category',
        help='Show model names in the given category.')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-l',
        '--model-list',
        help='Show a full list of all models.',
        action='store_true')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-f',
        '--model-format',
        help='Show the format definition of models.', nargs='*', default=[])
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-Q',
        '--model-var',
        help='Show the definition of variables <MODEL.VAR>.')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '--config-option', help='Show a quick help of a config option <CONFIG.OPTION>')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '--help-config',
        help='Show help of the <CONFIG> class. Use ALL for all configs.')
    group_help.add_argument(
        '-s',
        '--search',
        help='Search for models that match the pattern.')

    # simulation control
    sim_options = parser.add_argument_group('Simulation control options',
                                            'Overwrites the simulation configs')
    sim_options.add_argument(
        '--dime', help='Specify DiME streaming server address and port')
    sim_options.add_argument(
        '--tf', help='End time of time-domain simulation', type=float)

    # developer options
    dev_group = parser.add_argument_group('Developer options', 'Options for developer debugging')
    dev_group.add_argument(
        '-v',
        '--verbose',
        help='Program logging level.'
        'Available levels are 10-DEBUG, 20-INFO, 30-WARNING, '
        '40-ERROR or 50-CRITICAL. The default level is 20-INFO',
        type=int, default=20, choices=(10, 20, 30, 40, 50))
    dev_group.add_argument(
        '--profile', action='store_true', help='Enable Python cProfiler')
    dev_group.add_argument(
        '--ncpu', help='Number of parallel processes', type=int, default=0)
    dev_group.add_argument(
        '--show-data', type=str, help='Show model data converted to system base', nargs='*'
    )
    dev_group.add_argument(
        '-x', '--exit', help='Exit before running routine', action='store_true'
    )

    args = parser.parse_args()

    return args


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
printing the requested help and documentation to stdout.

Response:
def andeshelp(group=None,
              category=None,
              model_list=None,
              model_format=None,
              model_var=None,
              quick_help=None,
              help_option=None,
              help_config=None,
              export='plain',
              **kwargs):
    """
    Print the requested help and documentation to stdout.

    Parameters
    ----------
    group : None or str
        Name of a group whose model names will be printed

    category : None or str
        Name of a category whose models will be printed

    model_list : bool
        If ``True``, print the full model list.

    model_format : None or str
        Names of models whose parameter definitions will be printed. Model
        names are separated by comma without space.

    model_var : None or str
        A pair of model name and parameter name separated by dot. For
        example, ``Bus.voltage`` stands for the ``voltage`` parameter of
        ``Bus``.

    quick_help : None or str
        Name of a model to print a quick help of parameter definitions.

    help_option : None or str
        A pair of config name and option name separated by dot. For example,
        ``System.sparselib`` stands for the ``sparselib`` option of
        the ``System`` config.

    help_config : None or str
        Config names whose option definitions will be printed. Configs are
        separated by comma without space. For example, ``System,Pflow``. In
        the naming convention, the first letter is captialized.

    export : None or {'plain', 'latex'}
        Formatting style available in plain text or LaTex format. This option
        has not been implemented.

    kwargs : None or dict
        Other keyword arguments

    Returns
    -------
    bool
        True if any help function is executed.

    Notes
    -----
    The outputs can be written to a text file using shell command,
    for example, ::

        andes -q Bus > bus_help.txt

    """
    out = []

    if not (group or category or model_list or model_format
            or model_var or quick_help or help_option or help_config):
        return False

    from .models import all_models_list

    if category:
        raise NotImplementedError

    if model_list:
        raise NotImplementedError

    system = PowerSystem()

    if model_format:
        if model_format.lower() == 'all':
            model_format = all_models_list
        else:
            model_format = model_format.split(',')

        for item in model_format:
            if item not in all_models_list:
                logger.warning('Model <{}> does not exist.'.format(item))
                model_format.remove(item)

        if len(model_format) > 0:
            for item in model_format:
                out.append(system.__dict__[item].doc(export=export))

    if model_var:
        model_var = model_var.split('.')

        if len(model_var) == 1:
            logger.error('Model and parameter not separated by dot.')

        elif len(model_var) > 2:
            logger.error('Model parameter not specified correctly.')

        else:
            dev, var = model_var
            if not hasattr(system, dev):
                logger.error('Model <{}> does not exist.'.format(dev))
            else:
                if var not in system.__dict__[dev]._data.keys():
                    logger.error(
                        'Model <{}> does not have parameter <{}>.'.format(
                            dev, var))
                else:
                    c1 = system.__dict__[dev]._descr.get(var, 'no Description')
                    c2 = system.__dict__[dev]._data.get(var)
                    c3 = system.__dict__[dev]._units.get(var, 'no Unit')
                    out.append('{}: {}, default = {:g} {}'.format(
                        '.'.join(model_var), c1, c2, c3))

    if group:
        group_dict = {}
        match = []

        for model in all_models_list:
            g = system.__dict__[model]._group
            if g not in group_dict:
                group_dict[g] = []
            group_dict[g].append(model)

        if group.lower() == 'all':
            match = sorted(list(group_dict.keys()))

        else:
            group = [group]
            # search for ``group`` in all group names and store in ``match``
            for item in group_dict.keys():
                if group[0].lower() in item.lower():
                    match.append(item)

        # if group name not found
        if len(match) == 0:
            out.append('Group <{:s}> not found.'.format(group[0]))

        for item in match:
            group_models = sorted(list(group_dict[item]))
            out.append('<{:s}>'.format(item))
            out.append(', '.join(group_models))
            out.append('')

    if quick_help:
        if quick_help not in all_models_list:
            out.append('Model <{}> does not exist.'.format(quick_help))
        else:
            out.append(system.__dict__[quick_help].doc(export=export))

    if help_option:
        raise NotImplementedError

    if help_config:

        all_config = ['system', 'pflow', 'tds', 'eig']

        if help_config.lower() == 'all':
            help_config = all_config

        else:
            help_config = help_config.split(',')

            for item in help_config:
                if item.lower() not in all_config:
                    logger.warning('Config <{}> does not exist.'.format(item))
                    help_config.remove(item)

        if len(help_config) > 0:
            for item in help_config:
                if item == 'system':
                    out.append(system.config.doc(export=export))
                else:
                    out.append(system.__dict__[item.lower()].config.doc(
                        export=export))

    print('\n'.join(out))  # NOQA

    return True


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def edit_conf(edit_config=False, load_config=None, **kwargs):
    ret = False

    # no `edit-config` supplied
    if edit_config == '':
        return ret

    conf_path = misc.get_config_load_path(load_config)

    if conf_path is not None:
        logger.info('Editing config file {}'.format(conf_path))

        if edit_config is None:
            # use the following default editors
            if platform.system() == 'Linux':
                editor = os.environ.get('EDITOR', 'gedit')
            elif platform.system() == 'Darwin':
                editor = os.environ.get('EDITOR', 'vim')
            elif platform.system() == 'Windows':
                editor = 'notepad.exe'
        else:
            # use `edit_config` as default editor
            editor = edit_config

        call([editor, conf_path])
        ret = True

    else:
        logger.info('Config file does not exist. Save config with \'andes '
                    '--save-config\'')
        ret = True

    return ret

Response: Edit the Andes config file which occurs first in the search path.


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def remove_output(clean=False, **kwargs):
    if not clean:
        return False

    found = False
    cwd = os.getcwd()

    for file in os.listdir(cwd):
        if file.endswith('_eig.txt') or \
                file.endswith('_out.txt') or \
                file.endswith('_out.lst') or \
                file.endswith('_out.dat') or \
                file.endswith('_prof.txt'):
            found = True
            try:
                os.remove(file)
                logger.info('<{:s}> removed.'.format(file))
            except IOError:
                logger.error('Error removing file <{:s}>.'.format(file))
    if not found:
        logger.info('no output found in the working directory.')

    return True

Response: Removes the output files generated by Andes including power flow reports time - domain list and data.


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def search(search, **kwargs):

    from .models import all_models
    out = []

    if not search:
        return out

    keys = sorted(list(all_models.keys()))

    for key in keys:
        vals = all_models[key]
        val = list(vals.keys())
        val = sorted(val)

        for item in val:
            if search.lower() in item.lower():
                out.append(key + '.' + item)

    if out:
        print('Search result: <file.model> containing <{}>'
              .format(search))
        print(' '.join(out))
    else:
        print('No model containing <{:s}> found'.format(search))

    return out

Response: Search for models whose names match the given pattern.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def save_config(save_config='', **kwargs):
    ret = False
    cf_path = save_config

    # no ``--save-config ``
    if cf_path == '':
        return ret

    if cf_path is None:
        cf_path = 'andes.conf'
        home = str(pathlib.Path.home())

        path = os.path.join(home, '.andes')
        if not os.path.exists(path):
            os.makedirs(path)

        cf_path = os.path.join(path, cf_path)

    ps = PowerSystem()
    ps.dump_config(cf_path)
    ret = True

    return ret

Response: Save the Andes config to a file at the path specified by save_config.


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def main():
    t0, s = elapsed()

    # parser command line arguments
    args = vars(cli_new())

    # configure stream handler verbose level
    config_logger(log_path=misc.get_log_dir(), stream_level=args['verbose'])

    # show preamble
    preamble()

    logger.debug('command line arguments:')
    logger.debug(pprint.pformat(args))

    if andeshelp(**args) or search(**args) or edit_conf(**args) or remove_output(**args) \
            or save_config(**args):
        return

    # process input files
    if len(args['filename']) == 0:
        logger.info('error: no input file. Try \'andes -h\' for help.')

    # preprocess cli args
    path = args.get('input_path', os.getcwd())
    ncpu = args['ncpu']
    if ncpu == 0 or ncpu > os.cpu_count():
        ncpu = os.cpu_count()

    cases = []

    for file in args['filename']:
        # use absolute path for cases which will be respected by FileMan
        full_paths = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(path, file))
        found = glob.glob(full_paths)
        if len(found) == 0:
            logger.info('error: file {} does not exist.'.format(full_paths))
        else:
            cases += found

    # remove folders and make cases unique
    cases = list(set(cases))
    valid_cases = []
    for case in cases:
        if os.path.isfile(case):
            valid_cases.append(case)

    logger.debug('Found files: ' + pprint.pformat(valid_cases))

    if len(valid_cases) <= 0:
        pass
    elif len(valid_cases) == 1:
        run(valid_cases[0], **args)
    else:
        # set verbose level for multi processing
        logger.info('Processing {} jobs on {} CPUs'.format(len(valid_cases), ncpu))
        logger.handlers[1].setLevel(logging.WARNING)

        # start processes
        jobs = []
        for idx, file in enumerate(valid_cases):
            args['pid'] = idx
            job = Process(
                name='Process {0:d}'.format(idx),
                target=run,
                args=(file, ),
                kwargs=args)
            jobs.append(job)
            job.start()

            start_msg = 'Process {:d} <{:s}> started.'.format(idx, file)
            print(start_msg)
            logger.debug(start_msg)

            if (idx % ncpu == ncpu - 1) or (idx == len(valid_cases) - 1):
                sleep(0.1)
                for job in jobs:
                    job.join()
                jobs = []

        # restore command line output when all jobs are done
        logger.handlers[1].setLevel(logging.INFO)

    t0, s0 = elapsed(t0)

    if len(valid_cases) == 1:
        logger.info('-> Single process finished in {:s}.'.format(s0))
    elif len(valid_cases) >= 2:
        logger.info('-> Multiple processes finished in {:s}.'.format(s0))

    return

Response: This function is the main function of the Andes command - line tool. It executes the main function of the Andes command - line tool.


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
builds call validity vector for each device

Response:
def build_vec(self):
        """build call validity vector for each device"""
        for item in all_calls:
            self.__dict__[item] = []

        for dev in self.devices:
            for item in all_calls:
                if self.system.__dict__[dev].n == 0:
                    val = False
                else:
                    val = self.system.__dict__[dev].calls.get(item, False)
                self.__dict__[item].append(val)


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
building call string for each device

Response:
def build_strings(self):
        """build call string for each device"""
        for idx, dev in enumerate(self.devices):
            header = 'system.' + dev
            self.gcalls[idx] = header + '.gcall(system.dae)\n'
            self.fcalls[idx] = header + '.fcall(system.dae)\n'
            self.gycalls[idx] = header + '.gycall(system.dae)\n'
            self.fxcalls[idx] = header + '.fxcall(system.dae)\n'
            self.jac0s[idx] = header + '.jac0(system.dae)\n'


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def _compile_newton(self):
        string = '"""\n'

        # evaluate algebraic equations g and differential equations f
        string += 'system.dae.init_fg()\n'
        for pflow, gcall, call in zip(self.pflow, self.gcall, self.gcalls):
            if pflow and gcall:
                string += call
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'
        string += '\n'
        for pflow, fcall, call in zip(self.pflow, self.fcall, self.fcalls):
            if pflow and fcall:
                string += call
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_f()\n'

        # handle islanded buses in algebraic equations
        string += self.gisland
        string += '\n'

        # rebuild constant Jacobian elements if factorization needed
        string += 'if system.dae.factorize:\n'
        string += '    system.dae.init_jac0()\n'
        for pflow, jac0, call in zip(self.pflow, self.jac0, self.jac0s):
            if pflow and jac0:
                string += '    ' + call
        string += '    system.dae.temp_to_spmatrix(\'jac0\')\n'

        # evaluate Jacobians Gy and Fx
        string += 'system.dae.setup_FxGy()\n'
        for pflow, gycall, call in zip(self.pflow, self.gycall, self.gycalls):
            if pflow and gycall:
                string += call
        for pflow, fxcall, call in zip(self.pflow, self.fxcall, self.fxcalls):
            if pflow and fxcall:
                string += call

        # handle islanded buses in the Jacobian
        string += self.gyisland
        string += 'system.dae.temp_to_spmatrix(\'jac\')\n'

        string += '"""'
        if SHOW_PF_CALL:
            logger.debug(string)
        self.newton = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')

Response: Compile the Newton power flow execution.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def _compile_fdpf(self):
        string = '"""\n'
        string += 'system.dae.init_g()\n'
        for pflow, gcall, call in zip(self.pflow, self.gcall, self.gcalls):
            if pflow and gcall:
                string += call
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'
        string += '\n'
        string += '"""'
        self.fdpf = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')

Response: Compile the fast decoupled power flow execution


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
compiles the load S_gen - S_line - S_shunt - S_load - S_stagen - S_gen - S_line - S_load - S_gen - S_line - S_shunt - S_load - S_stagen - S_load

Response:
def _compile_pfload(self):
        """Post power flow computation for load
                  S_gen  + S_line + [S_shunt  - S_load] = 0
        """
        string = '"""\n'
        string += 'system.dae.init_g()\n'
        for gcall, pflow, shunt, stagen, call in zip(
                self.gcall, self.pflow, self.shunt, self.stagen, self.gcalls):
            if gcall and pflow and shunt and not stagen:
                string += call
        string += '\n'
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'
        string += '"""'
        self.pfload = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
compile the post power flow computation for PV and SW

Response:
def _compile_pfgen(self):
        """Post power flow computation for PV and SW"""
        string = '"""\n'
        string += 'system.dae.init_g()\n'
        for gcall, pflow, shunt, series, stagen, call in zip(
                self.gcall, self.pflow, self.shunt, self.series, self.stagen,
                self.gcalls):
            if gcall and pflow and (shunt or series) and not stagen:
                string += call
        string += '\n'
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'
        string += '"""'
        self.pfgen = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def _compile_bus_injection(self):
        string = '"""\n'
        for device, series in zip(self.devices, self.series):
            if series:
                string += 'system.' + device + '.gcall(system.dae)\n'
        string += '\n'
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'
        string += self.gisland
        string += '"""'
        self.bus_injection = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')

Response: Compile the bus injections.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
compiling the series flow function for the series device flow

Response:
def _compile_seriesflow(self):
        """Post power flow computation of series device flow"""
        string = '"""\n'
        for device, pflow, series in zip(self.devices, self.pflow,
                                         self.series):
            if pflow and series:
                string += 'system.' + device + '.seriesflow(system.dae)\n'
        string += '\n'
        string += '"""'
        self.seriesflow = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def _compile_int(self):
        string = '"""\n'

        # evaluate the algebraic equations g
        string += 'system.dae.init_fg(resetz=False)\n'
        for gcall, call in zip(self.gcall, self.gcalls):
            if gcall:
                string += call
        string += '\n'
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'

        # handle islands
        string += self.gisland

        # evaluate differential equations f
        for fcall, call in zip(self.fcall, self.fcalls):
            if fcall:
                string += call
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_f()\n'
        string += '\n'

        fg_string = string + '"""'
        self.int_fg = compile(eval(fg_string), '', 'exec')

        # rebuild constant Jacobian elements if needed
        string += 'if system.dae.factorize:\n'
        string += '    system.dae.init_jac0()\n'
        for jac0, call in zip(self.jac0, self.jac0s):
            if jac0:
                string += '    ' + call
        string += '    system.dae.temp_to_spmatrix(\'jac0\')\n'

        # evaluate Jacobians Gy and Fx
        string += 'system.dae.setup_FxGy()\n'
        for gycall, call in zip(self.gycall, self.gycalls):
            if gycall:
                string += call
        string += '\n'
        for fxcall, call in zip(self.fxcall, self.fxcalls):
            if fxcall:
                string += call
        string += self.gyisland
        string += 'system.dae.temp_to_spmatrix(\'jac\')\n'

        string += '"""'
        if SHOW_INT_CALL:
            logger.debug(string)

        self.int = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')

Response: compile the int and int_fg functions


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def _compile_int_f(self):
        string = '"""\n'
        string += 'system.dae.init_f()\n'

        # evaluate differential equations f
        for fcall, call in zip(self.fcall, self.fcalls):
            if fcall:
                string += call
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_f()\n'
        string += '"""'
        self.int_f = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')

Response: Compile the int_f attribute of the object


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
compiling the int_g expression for the time domain simulation.

Response:
def _compile_int_g(self):
        """Time Domain Simulation - update algebraic equations and Jacobian"""
        string = '"""\n'

        # evaluate the algebraic equations g
        string += 'system.dae.init_g()\n'
        for gcall, call in zip(self.gcall, self.gcalls):
            if gcall:
                string += call
        string += '\n'
        string += 'system.dae.reset_small_g()\n'

        # handle islands
        string += self.gisland

        # rebuild constant Jacobian elements if needed
        string += 'if system.dae.factorize:\n'
        string += '    system.dae.init_jac0()\n'
        for jac0, call in zip(self.jac0, self.jac0s):
            if jac0:
                string += '    ' + call
        string += '    system.dae.temp_to_spmatrix(\'jac0\')\n'

        # evaluate Jacobians Gy
        string += 'system.dae.setup_Gy()\n'
        for gycall, call in zip(self.gycall, self.gycalls):
            if gycall:
                string += call
        string += '\n'
        string += self.gyisland
        string += 'system.dae.temp_to_spmatrix(\'jac\')\n'

        string += '"""'
        self.int_g = compile(eval(string), '', 'exec')


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
initializing the object attributes.

Response:
def _init(self):
        """
        Convert model metadata to class attributes.

        This function is called automatically after ``define()`` in new
        versions.

        :return: None
        """
        assert self._name
        assert self._group

        # self.n = 0
        self.u = []
        self.name = []
        self.idx = []
        self.uid = {}

        if not self._unamey:
            self._unamey = self._algebs
        else:
            assert len(self._unamey) == len(self._algebs)

        if not self._unamex:
            self._unamex = self._states
        else:
            assert len(self._unamex) == len(self._states)

        for item in self._data.keys():
            self.__dict__[item] = []

        for bus in self._ac.keys():
            for var in self._ac[bus]:
                self.__dict__[var] = []
        for node in self._dc.keys():
            for var in self._dc[node]:
                self.__dict__[var] = []

        for var in self._states + self._algebs + self._service:
            self.__dict__[var] = []

        self._flags['sysbase'] = False
        self._flags['allocate'] = False
        self._flags['address'] = False


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
defining a parameter in the model :param tomatrix: convert this parameter list to matrix :param param: parameter name :param default: parameter default value :param unit: parameter unit :param descr: description :param nonzero: is non-zero :param mandatory: is mandatory :param power: is a power value in the `self.Sn` base :param voltage: is a voltage value in the `self.Vn` base :param current: is a current value in the device base :param z: is an impedance value in the device base :param y: is an admittance value in the device base :param r: is a dc resistance value in the device base :param g: is a dc conductance value in the device base :param dccurrent: is a dc current value in the device base :param dcvoltage: is a dc votlage value in the device base :param time: is a time value in the device base :param event_time: is a variable for timed event :type param: str :type tomatrix: bool :type default: str, float :type unit: str :type descr: str :type nonzero: bool :type mandatory: bool :type power: bool :type voltage: bool :type current: bool :type z: bool :type y: bool :type r: bool :type g: bool :type dccurrent: bool :type dcvoltage: bool :type time: bool :type event_time: bool

Response:
def param_define(self,
                     param,
                     default,
                     unit='',
                     descr='',
                     tomatrix=True,
                     nonzero=False,
                     mandatory=False,
                     power=False,
                     voltage=False,
                     current=False,
                     z=False,
                     y=False,
                     r=False,
                     g=False,
                     dccurrent=False,
                     dcvoltage=False,
                     time=False,
                     event_time=False,
                     **kwargs):
        """
        Define a parameter in the model

        :param tomatrix: convert this parameter list to matrix
        :param param: parameter name
        :param default: parameter default value
        :param unit: parameter unit
        :param descr: description
        :param nonzero: is non-zero
        :param mandatory: is mandatory
        :param power: is a power value in the `self.Sn` base
        :param voltage: is a voltage value in the `self.Vn` base
        :param current: is a current value in the device base
        :param z: is an impedance value in the device base
        :param y: is an admittance value in the device base
        :param r: is a dc resistance value in the device base
        :param g: is a dc conductance value in the device base
        :param dccurrent: is a dc current value in the device base
        :param dcvoltage: is a dc votlage value in the device base
        :param time: is a time value in the device base
        :param event_time: is a variable for timed event

        :type param: str
        :type tomatrix: bool
        :type default: str, float
        :type unit: str
        :type descr: str
        :type nonzero: bool
        :type mandatory: bool
        :type power: bool
        :type voltage: bool
        :type current: bool
        :type z: bool
        :type y: bool
        :type r: bool
        :type g: bool
        :type dccurrent: bool
        :type dcvoltage: bool
        :type time: bool
        :type event_time: bool
        """
        assert param not in self._data
        assert param not in self._algebs
        assert param not in self._states
        assert param not in self._service

        self._data.update({param: default})
        if unit:
            self._units.update({param: unit})
        if descr:
            self._descr.update({param: descr})
        if tomatrix:
            self._params.append(param)
        if nonzero:
            self._zeros.append(param)
        if mandatory:
            self._mandatory.append(param)
        if power:
            self._powers.append(param)
        if voltage:
            self._voltages.append(param)
        if current:
            self._currents.append(param)
        if z:
            self._z.append(param)
        if y:
            self._y.append(param)
        if r:
            self._r.append(param)
        if g:
            self._g.append(param)
        if dccurrent:
            self._dccurrents.append(param)
        if dcvoltage:
            self._dcvoltages.append(param)
        if time:
            self._times.append(param)
        if event_time:
            self._event_times.append(param)


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
defining a variable in the model.

Response:
def var_define(self, variable, ty, fname, descr='', uname=''):
        """
        Define a variable in the model

        :param fname: LaTex formatted variable name string
        :param uname: unformatted variable name string, `variable` as default
        :param variable: variable name
        :param ty: type code in ``('x', 'y')``
        :param descr: variable description

        :type variable: str
        :type ty: str
        :type descr: str
        :return:
        """
        assert ty in ('x', 'y')
        if not uname:
            uname = variable

        if ty == 'x':
            self._states.append(variable)
            self._fnamex.append(fname)
            self._unamex.append(uname)
            if descr:
                self._states_descr.update({variable: descr})
        elif ty == 'y':
            self._algebs.append(variable)
            self._fnamey.append(fname)
            self._unamey.append(uname)
            if descr:
                self._algebs_descr.update({variable: descr})


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
adding a service variable of type ty to this model

Response:
def service_define(self, service, ty):
        """
        Add a service variable of type ``ty`` to this model

        :param str service: variable name
        :param type ty: variable type
        :return: None
        """

        assert service not in self._data
        assert service not in self._algebs + self._states

        self._service.append(service)
        self._service_ty.append(ty)


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
returning the uid of the elements with the given idx

Response:
def get_uid(self, idx):
        """
        Return the `uid` of the elements with the given `idx`

        :param list, matrix idx: external indices
        :type idx: list, matrix
        :return: a matrix of uid
        """
        assert idx is not None

        if isinstance(idx, (int, float, str)):
            return self.uid[idx]

        ret = []
        for i in idx:
            tmp = self.uid.get(i, None)
            assert tmp is not None, (
                'Model <{}> does not have element <{}>'.format(self._name, i))
            ret.append(self.uid[i])

        return ret


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
returning the value of the field with the specified index.

Response:
def get_field(self, field, idx=None, astype=None):
        """
        Return `self.field` for the elements labeled by `idx`

        :param astype: type cast of the return value
        :param field: field name of this model
        :param idx: element indices, will be the whole list if not specified
        :return: field values
        """
        assert astype in (None, list, matrix)
        ret = None

        if idx is None:
            idx = self.idx

        # ===================disable warning ==============================
        # if field in self._service:
        # logger.warning(
        #     'Reading service variable <{model}.{field}> could be unsafe.'
        #         .format(field=field, model=self._name)
        # )
        # =================================================================

        uid = self.get_uid(idx)

        field_data = self.__dict__[field]

        if isinstance(field_data, matrix):
            ret = field_data[uid]
        elif isinstance(field_data, list):
            if isinstance(idx, (float, int, str)):
                ret = field_data[uid]
            else:
                ret = [field_data[x] for x in uid]

        if astype is not None:
            ret = astype(ret)

        return ret


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script to
allocate empty memory for dae variable indices.

Response:
def _alloc(self):
        """
        Allocate empty memory for dae variable indices.
        Called in device setup phase.

        :return: None
        """
        nzeros = [0] * self.n
        for var in self._states:
            self.__dict__[var] = nzeros[:]
        for var in self._algebs:
            self.__dict__[var] = nzeros[:]


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def data_to_dict(self, sysbase=False):
        assert isinstance(sysbase, bool)

        ret = {}

        for key in self.data_keys:
            if (not sysbase) and (key in self._store):
                val = self._store[key]
            else:
                val = self.__dict__[key]

            ret[key] = val

        return ret

Response: Return the loaded model parameters as one dictionary.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def data_to_list(self, sysbase=False):
        ret = list()

        # for each element
        for i in range(self.n):
            # read the parameter values and put in the temp dict ``e``
            e = {}
            for key in self.data_keys:
                if sysbase and (key in self._store):
                    val = self._store[key][i]
                else:
                    val = self.__dict__[key][i]
                e[key] = val

            ret.append(e)

        return ret

Response: Return the loaded model data as a list of dictionaries.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
populating the model parameters from a dictionary of parameters

Response:
def data_from_dict(self, data):
        """
        Populate model parameters from a dictionary of parameters

        Parameters
        ----------
        data : dict
            List of parameter dictionaries

        Returns
        -------
        None
        """

        nvars = []
        for key, val in data.items():
            self.__dict__[key].extend(val)

            # assure the same parameter matrix size
            if len(nvars) > 1 and len(val) != nvars[-1]:
                raise IndexError(
                    'Model <{}> parameter <{}> must have the same length'.
                    format(self._name, key))
            nvars.append(len(val))

        # assign idx-uid mapping
        for i, idx in zip(range(self.n), self.idx):
            self.uid[idx] = i


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def data_to_df(self, sysbase=False):

        p_dict_comp = self.data_to_dict(sysbase=sysbase)
        self._check_pd()

        self.param_df = pd.DataFrame(data=p_dict_comp).set_index('idx')

        return self.param_df

Response: Return a pandas. DataFrame of device parameters.


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
returning the current var_to_df of variables

Response:
def var_to_df(self):
        """
        Return the current var_to_df of variables

        :return: pandas.DataFrame
        """
        ret = {}
        self._check_pd()

        if self._flags['address'] is False:
            return pd.DataFrame.from_dict(ret)

        ret.update({'name': self.name})
        ret.update({'idx': self.idx})

        for x in self._states:
            idx = self.__dict__[x]
            ret.update({x: self.system.dae.x[idx]})
        for y in self._algebs:
            idx = self.__dict__[y]
            ret.update({y: self.system.dae.y[idx]})

        var_df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(ret).set_index('idx')

        return var_df


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
removes a parameter from this model

Response:
def param_remove(self, param: 'str') -> None:
        """
        Remove a param from this model

        :param param: name of the parameter to be removed
        :type param: str
        """
        for attr in self._param_attr_dicts:
            if param in self.__dict__[attr]:
                self.__dict__[attr].pop(param)

        for attr in self._param_attr_lists:
            if param in self.__dict__[attr]:
                self.__dict__[attr].remove(param)


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def param_alter(self,
                    param,
                    default=None,
                    unit=None,
                    descr=None,
                    tomatrix=None,
                    nonzero=None,
                    mandatory=None,
                    power=None,
                    voltage=None,
                    current=None,
                    z=None,
                    y=None,
                    r=None,
                    g=None,
                    dccurrent=None,
                    dcvoltage=None,
                    time=None,
                    **kwargs):
        """
        Set attribute of an existing parameter.
        To be used to alter an attribute inherited from parent models.

        See .. self.param_define for argument descriptions.
        """
        assert param in self._data, \
            'parameter <{}> does not exist in {}'.format(param, self._name)

        def alter_attr(p, attr, value):
            """Set self.__dict__[attr] for param based on value
            """
            if value is None:
                return
            elif (value is True) and (p not in self.__dict__[attr]):
                self.__dict__[attr].append(p)
            elif (value is False) and (p in self.__dict__[attr]):
                self.__dict__[attr].remove(p)
            else:
                self.log('No need to alter {} for {}'.format(attr, p))

        if default is not None:
            self._data.update({param: default})
        if unit is not None:
            self._units.update({param: unit})
        if descr is not None:
            self._descr.update({param: descr})

        alter_attr(param, '_params', tomatrix)
        alter_attr(param, '_zeros', nonzero)
        alter_attr(param, '_mandatory', mandatory)
        alter_attr(param, '_powers', power)
        alter_attr(param, '_voltages', voltage)
        alter_attr(param, '_currents', current)
        alter_attr(param, '_z', z)
        alter_attr(param, '_y', y)
        alter_attr(param, '_r', r)
        alter_attr(param, '_g', g)
        alter_attr(param, '_dcvoltages', dcvoltage)
        alter_attr(param, '_dccurrents', dccurrent)
        alter_attr(param, '_times', time)

Response: Modify an existing parameter in the object.


Instruction:
Implement a function in Python 3 to
add an equation to the model.

Response:
def eq_add(self, expr, var, intf=False):
        """
        Add an equation to this model.

        An equation is associated with the addresses of a variable.  The
        number of equations must equal that of variables.

        Stored to ``self._equations`` is a tuple of ``(expr, var, intf,
        ty)`` where ``ty`` is in ('f', 'g')

        :param str expr: equation expression
        :param str var: variable name to be associated with
        :param bool intf: if this equation is added to an interface equation,
            namely, an equation outside this model

        :return: None

        """

        # determine the type of the equation, ('f', 'g') based on var

        # We assume that all differential equations are only modifiable by
        #   the model itself
        # Only interface to algebraic varbailes of external models

        ty = ''
        if var in self._algebs:
            ty = 'g'
        elif var in self._states:
            ty = 'f'
        else:
            for _, item in self._ac:
                if var in item:
                    ty = 'g'
                    if intf is False:
                        intf = True
            for _, item in self._dc:
                if var == item:
                    ty = 'g'
                    if intf is False:
                        intf = True
        if ty == '':
            self.log(
                'Equation associated with interface variable {var} '
                'assumed as algeb'.
                format(var=var),
                DEBUG)
            ty = 'g'

        self._equations.append((expr, var, intf, ty))


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def read_data_ext(self, model: str, field: str, idx=None, astype=None):
        ret = list()

        if model in self.system.devman.devices:
            ret = self.system.__dict__[model].get_field(field, idx)

        elif model in self.system.devman.group.keys():
            # ===============================================================
            # Since ``self.system.devman.group`` is an unordered dictionary,
            #   ``idx`` must be given to retrieve ``field`` across models.
            #
            # Returns a matrix by default
            # ===============================================================
            assert idx is not None, \
                'idx must be specified when accessing group fields'
            astype = matrix

            for item in idx:
                dev_name = self.system.devman.group[model].get(item, None)
                ret.append(self.read_data_ext(dev_name, field, idx=item))

        else:
            raise NameError(
                'Model or Group <{0}> does not exist.'.format(model))

        if (ret is None) or isinstance(ret, (int, float, str)):
            return ret
        elif astype is None:
            return ret
        else:
            return astype(ret)

Response: Reads a field of a given model or group.


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def copy_data_ext(self, model, field, dest=None, idx=None, astype=None):
        # use default destination

        if not dest:
            dest = field
        assert dest not in self._states + self._algebs

        self.__dict__[dest] = self.read_data_ext(
            model, field, idx, astype=astype)

        if idx is not None:
            if len(idx) == self.n:
                self.link_to(model, idx, self.idx)

Response: Copy the data of another model to another model.


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
adds an element of this model to the internal list of elements.

Response:
def elem_add(self, idx=None, name=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Add an element of this model

        :param idx: element idx
        :param name: element name
        :param kwargs: keyword arguments of the parameters
        :return: allocated idx
        """

        idx = self.system.devman.register_element(dev_name=self._name, idx=idx)
        self.system.__dict__[self._group].register_element(self._name, idx)

        self.uid[idx] = self.n
        self.idx.append(idx)

        self.mdl_to.append(list())
        self.mdl_from.append(list())

        # self.n += 1

        if name is None:
            self.name.append(self._name + ' ' + str(self.n))
        else:
            self.name.append(name)

        # check mandatory parameters
        for key in self._mandatory:
            if key not in kwargs.keys():
                self.log(
                    'Mandatory parameter <{:s}.{:s}> missing'.format(
                        self.name[-1], key), ERROR)
                sys.exit(1)

        # set default values
        for key, value in self._data.items():
            self.__dict__[key].append(value)

        # overwrite custom values
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            if key not in self._data:
                self.log(
                    'Parameter <{:s}.{:s}> is not used.'.format(
                        self.name[-1], key), WARNING)
                continue
            self.__dict__[key][-1] = value

            # check data consistency
            if not value and key in self._zeros:
                if key == 'Sn':
                    default = self.system.mva
                elif key == 'fn':
                    default = self.system.config.freq
                else:
                    default = self._data[key]
                self.__dict__[key][-1] = default
                self.log(
                    'Using default value for <{:s}.{:s}>'.format(
                        self.name[-1], key), WARNING)

        return idx


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def elem_remove(self, idx=None):
        if idx is not None:
            if idx in self.uid:
                key = idx
                item = self.uid[idx]
            else:
                self.log('The item <{:s}> does not exist.'.format(idx), ERROR)
                return None
        else:
            return None

        convert = False
        if isinstance(self.__dict__[self._params[0]], matrix):
            self._param_to_list()
            convert = True

        # self.n -= 1
        self.uid.pop(key, '')
        self.idx.pop(item)
        self.mdl_from.pop(item)
        self.mdl_to.pop(item)

        for x, y in self.uid.items():
            if y > item:
                self.uid[x] = y - 1

        for param in self._data:
            self.__dict__[param].pop(item)

        for param in self._service:
            if len(self.__dict__[param]) == (self.n + 1):
                if isinstance(self.__dict__[param], list):
                    self.__dict__[param].pop(item)
                elif isinstance(self.__dict__[param], matrix):
                    service = list(self.__dict__[param])
                    service.pop(item)
                    self.__dict__[param] = matrix(service)

        for x in self._states:
            if len(self.__dict__[x]):
                self.__dict__[x].pop(item)

        for y in self._algebs:
            if self.__dict__[y]:
                self.__dict__[y].pop(item)

        for key, param in self._ac.items():
            if isinstance(param, list):
                for subparam in param:
                    if len(self.__dict__[subparam]):
                        self.__dict__[subparam].pop(item)
            else:
                self.__dict__[param].pop(item)

        for key, param in self._dc.items():
            self.__dict__[param].pop(item)

        self.name.pop(item)
        if convert and self.n:
            self._param_to_matrix()

Response: Removes elements labeled by idx from this model instance.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def data_to_sys_base(self):
        if (not self.n) or self._flags['sysbase']:
            return
        Sb = self.system.mva
        Vb = matrix([])
        if 'bus' in self._ac.keys():
            Vb = self.read_data_ext('Bus', 'Vn', idx=self.bus)
        elif 'bus1' in self._ac.keys():
            Vb = self.read_data_ext('Bus', 'Vn', idx=self.bus1)

        for var in self._voltages:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], self.Vn)
            self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Vb)
        for var in self._powers:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], self.Sn)
            self.__dict__[var] /= Sb
        for var in self._currents:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], self.Sn)
            self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], self.Vn)
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], Vb)
            self.__dict__[var] /= Sb
        if len(self._z) or len(self._y):
            Zn = div(self.Vn**2, self.Sn)
            Zb = (Vb**2) / Sb
            for var in self._z:
                self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
                self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], Zn)
                self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Zb)
            for var in self._y:
                self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
                if self.__dict__[var].typecode == 'd':
                    self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Zn)
                    self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], Zb)
                elif self.__dict__[var].typecode == 'z':
                    self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Zn + 0j)
                    self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], Zb + 0j)

        if len(self._dcvoltages) or len(self._dccurrents) or len(
                self._r) or len(self._g):
            dckey = sorted(self._dc.keys())[0]
            Vbdc = self.read_data_ext('Node', 'Vdcn', self.__dict__[dckey])
            Ib = div(Sb, Vbdc)
            Rb = div(Vbdc, Ib)

        for var in self._dcvoltages:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], self.Vdcn)
            self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Vbdc)

        for var in self._dccurrents:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], self.Idcn)
            self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Ib)

        for var in self._r:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = div(self.__dict__[var], Rb)

        for var in self._g:
            self._store[var] = self.__dict__[var]
            self.__dict__[var] = mul(self.__dict__[var], Rb)

        self._flags['sysbase'] = True

Response: Converts the data to system base.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def data_to_elem_base(self):
        if self._flags['sysbase'] is False:
            return

        for key, val in self._store.items():
            self.__dict__[key] = val

        self._flags['sysbase'] = False

Response: Convert parameter data to element base


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
retrieve the ac and dc network interface variable indices.

Response:
def _intf_network(self):
        """
        Retrieve the ac and dc network interface variable indices.

        :Example:

            ``self._ac = {'bus1': (a1, v1)}`` gives
             - indices: self.bus1
             - system.Bus.a -> self.a1
             - system.Bus.v -> self.v1

            ``self._dc = {'node1': v1}`` gives
              - indices: self.node1
              - system.Node.v-> self.v1

        :return: None
        """

        for key, val in self._ac.items():
            self.copy_data_ext(
                model='Bus', field='a', dest=val[0], idx=self.__dict__[key])
            self.copy_data_ext(
                model='Bus', field='v', dest=val[1], idx=self.__dict__[key])

        for key, val in self._dc.items():
            self.copy_data_ext(
                model='Node', field='v', dest=val, idx=self.__dict__[key])

        # check for interface voltage differences
        self._check_Vn()


Instruction:
Can you implement a function in Python 3 that
retrieves variable indices of controlled models.

Response:
def _intf_ctrl(self):
        """
        Retrieve variable indices of controlled models.

        Control interfaces are specified in ``self._ctrl``.
        Each ``key:value`` pair has ``key`` being the variable names
        for the reference idx and ``value`` being a tuple of
        ``(model name, field to read, destination field, return type)``.

        :Example:

            ``self._ctrl = {'syn', ('Synchronous', 'omega', 'w', list)}``
             - indices: self.syn
             - self.w = list(system.Synchronous.omega)

        :return: None
        """

        for key, val in self._ctrl.items():
            model, field, dest, astype = val
            self.copy_data_ext(
                model, field, dest=dest, idx=self.__dict__[key], astype=astype)


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def _addr(self):
        group_by = self._config['address_group_by']

        assert not self._flags['address'], "{} address already assigned".format(self._name)
        assert group_by in ('element', 'variable')

        m0 = self.system.dae.m
        n0 = self.system.dae.n
        mend = m0 + len(self._algebs) * self.n
        nend = n0 + len(self._states) * self.n

        if group_by == 'variable':
            for idx, item in enumerate(self._algebs):
                self.__dict__[item] = list(
                    range(m0 + idx * self.n, m0 + (idx + 1) * self.n))
            for idx, item in enumerate(self._states):
                self.__dict__[item] = list(
                    range(n0 + idx * self.n, n0 + (idx + 1) * self.n))
        elif group_by == 'element':
            for idx, item in enumerate(self._algebs):
                self.__dict__[item] = list(
                    range(m0 + idx, mend, len(self._algebs)))
            for idx, item in enumerate(self._states):
                self.__dict__[item] = list(
                    range(n0 + idx, nend, len(self._states)))

        self.system.dae.m = mend
        self.system.dae.n = nend

        self._flags['address'] = True

Response: Assign dae addresses for algebraic and state variables.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def _varname(self):
        if not self._flags['address']:
            self.log('Unable to assign Varname before allocating address',
                     ERROR)
            return

        varname = self.system.varname
        for i in range(self.n):
            iname = str(self.name[i])

            for e, var in enumerate(self._states):
                unamex = self._unamex[e]
                fnamex = self._fnamex[e]
                idx = self.__dict__[var][i]

                varname.unamex[idx] = '{} {}'.format(unamex, iname)[:33]
                varname.fnamex[idx] = '$' + '{}\\ {}'.format(
                    fnamex, iname.replace(' ', '\\ '))[:33] + '$'

            for e, var in enumerate(self._algebs):
                unamey = self._unamey[e]
                fnamey = self._fnamey[e]
                idx = self.__dict__[var][i]

                varname.unamey[idx] = '{} {}'.format(unamey, iname)[:33]
                varname.fnamey[idx] = '$' + '{}\\ {}'.format(
                    fnamey, iname.replace(' ', '\\ '))[:33] + '$'

Response: Set up variable names in self. system. varname.