Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def on_button_release(self, event):
        self.queue_draw(self.view)
        x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.x0, self.y0, self.x1, self.y1
        rectangle = (min(x0, x1), min(y0, y1), abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
        selected_items = self.view.get_items_in_rectangle(rectangle, intersect=False)
        self.view.handle_new_selection(selected_items)

        return True

Response: Select or deselect rubber banded groups of items


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
handling button press events.

Response:
def on_button_press(self, event):
        """Handle button press events.

        If the (mouse) button is pressed on top of a Handle (item.Handle), that handle is grabbed and can be
        dragged around.
        """
        if not event.get_button()[1] == 1:  # left mouse button
            return False
        view = self.view

        if isinstance(view.hovered_item, StateView):
            distance = view.hovered_item.border_width / 2.
            item, handle = HandleFinder(view.hovered_item, view).get_handle_at_point((event.x, event.y), distance)
        else:
            item, handle = HandleFinder(view.hovered_item, view).get_handle_at_point((event.x, event.y))

        if not handle:
            return False

        # Only move ports when the MOVE_PORT_MODIFIER key is pressed
        if isinstance(item, (StateView, PortView)) and \
            handle in [port.handle for port in item.get_all_ports()] and \
                not (event.get_state()[1] & constants.MOVE_PORT_MODIFIER):
            return False

        # Do not move from/to handles of connections (only their waypoints)
        if isinstance(item, ConnectionView) and handle in item.end_handles(include_waypoints=True):
            return False

        if handle:
            view.hovered_item = item

            self.motion_handle = None

            self.grab_handle(item, handle)

            return True


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def _set_motion_handle(self, event):
        item = self.grabbed_item
        handle = self.grabbed_handle
        pos = event.x, event.y
        self.motion_handle = HandleInMotion(item, handle, self.view)
        self.motion_handle.GLUE_DISTANCE = self._parent_state_v.border_width
        self.motion_handle.start_move(pos)

Response: Sets the motion handle to currently grabbed handle


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
creating a temporary connection view based on the current state and parent state.

Response:
def _create_temporary_connection(self):
        """Creates a placeholder connection view

        :return: New placeholder connection
        :rtype: rafcon.gui.mygaphas.items.connection.ConnectionPlaceholderView
        """
        if self._is_transition:
            self._connection_v = TransitionPlaceholderView(self._parent_state_v.hierarchy_level)
        else:
            self._connection_v = DataFlowPlaceholderView(self._parent_state_v.hierarchy_level)
        self.view.canvas.add(self._connection_v, self._parent_state_v)


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def _handle_temporary_connection(self, old_sink, new_sink, of_target=True):

        def sink_set_and_differs(sink_a, sink_b):
            if not sink_a:
                return False
            if not sink_b:
                return True
            if sink_a.port != sink_b.port:
                return True
            return False

        if sink_set_and_differs(old_sink, new_sink):
            sink_port_v = old_sink.port.port_v
            self._disconnect_temporarily(sink_port_v, target=of_target)

        if sink_set_and_differs(new_sink, old_sink):
            sink_port_v = new_sink.port.port_v
            self._connect_temporarily(sink_port_v, target=of_target)

Response: Connect connection to new_sink and return the new_sink s entry ID.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def _connect_temporarily(self, port_v, target=True):
        if target:
            handle = self._connection_v.to_handle()
        else:
            handle = self._connection_v.from_handle()
        port_v.add_connected_handle(handle, self._connection_v, moving=True)
        port_v.tmp_connect(handle, self._connection_v)
        self._connection_v.set_port_for_handle(port_v, handle)
        # Redraw state of port to make hover state visible
        self._redraw_port(port_v)

Response: Connect to the current connection and the given port


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
removing a connection between the current connection and the given port

Response:
def _disconnect_temporarily(self, port_v, target=True):
        """Removes a connection between the current connection and the given port

        :param rafcon.gui.mygaphas.items.ports.PortView port_v: The port that was connected
        :param bool target: Whether the connection origin or target should be disconnected
        """
        if target:
            handle = self._connection_v.to_handle()
        else:
            handle = self._connection_v.from_handle()
        port_v.remove_connected_handle(handle)
        port_v.tmp_disconnect()
        self._connection_v.reset_port_for_handle(handle)
        # Redraw state of port to make hover state visible
        self._redraw_port(port_v)


Instruction:
How would you code a function in Python 3 to
handle button press events.

Response:
def on_button_press(self, event):
        """Handle button press events.

        If the (mouse) button is pressed on top of a Handle (item.Handle), that handle is grabbed and can be
        dragged around.
        """
        if not event.get_button()[1] == 1:  # left mouse button
            return False
        view = self.view

        item, handle = HandleFinder(view.hovered_item, view).get_handle_at_point((event.x, event.y))

        if not handle:  # Require a handle
            return False

        # Connection handle must belong to a port and the MOVE_PORT_MODIFIER must not be pressed
        if not isinstance(item, StateView) or handle not in [port.handle for port in item.get_all_ports()] or (
                    event.get_state()[1] & constants.MOVE_PORT_MODIFIER):
            return False

        for port in item.get_all_ports():
            if port.handle is handle:
                self._start_port_v = port
                if port in item.get_logic_ports():
                    self._is_transition = True
                if port is item.income or isinstance(port, InputPortView) or port in item.scoped_variables:
                    self._parent_state_v = port.parent
                elif port.parent.parent:
                    self._parent_state_v = port.parent.parent
                else:  # Outgoing port of the root state was clicked on, no connection can be drawn here
                    self._parent_state_v = None

        return True


Instruction:
Can you generate a brief explanation for the following Python 3 code
def on_button_press(self, event):
        if not event.get_button()[1] == 1:  # left mouse button
            return False
        view = self.view

        item, handle = HandleFinder(view.hovered_item, view).get_handle_at_point((event.x, event.y))

        # Handle must be the end handle of a connection
        if not handle or not isinstance(item, ConnectionView) or handle not in item.end_handles():
            return False

        if handle is item.from_handle():
            self._start_port_v = item.from_port
        else:
            self._start_port_v = item.to_port

        self._parent_state_v = item.parent
        self._end_handle = handle
        if isinstance(item, TransitionView):
            self._is_transition = True
        self._connection_v = item

        return True

Response: Handle button press events.


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def register_view(self, view):
        super(ToolBarController, self).register_view(view)
        self.view['button_new'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_new_clicked)
        self.view['button_open'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_open_clicked)
        self.view['button_save'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_save_clicked)
        self.view['button_refresh'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_refresh_clicked)
        self.view['button_refresh_selected'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_refresh_selected_clicked)
        self.view['button_refresh_libs'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_refresh_libs_clicked)
        self.view['button_bake_state_machine'].connect('clicked', self.on_button_bake_state_machine_clicked)

Response: Called when the View was registered


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
initializes the library manager.

Response:
def initialize(self):
        """Initializes the library manager

        It searches through all library paths given in the config file for libraries, and loads the states.

        This cannot be done in the __init__ function as the library_manager can be compiled and executed by
        singleton.py before the state*.pys are loaded
        """
        logger.debug("Initializing LibraryManager: Loading libraries ... ")
        self._libraries = {}
        self._library_root_paths = {}
        self._replaced_libraries = {}
        self._skipped_states = []
        self._skipped_library_roots = []

        # 1. Load libraries from config.yaml
        for library_root_key, library_root_path in config.global_config.get_config_value("LIBRARY_PATHS").items():
            library_root_path = self._clean_path(library_root_path)
            if os.path.exists(library_root_path):
                logger.debug("Adding library root key '{0}' from path '{1}'".format(
                    library_root_key, library_root_path))
                self._load_libraries_from_root_path(library_root_key, library_root_path)
            else:
                logger.warning("Configured path for library root key '{}' does not exist: {}".format(
                    library_root_key, library_root_path))

        # 2. Load libraries from RAFCON_LIBRARY_PATH
        library_path_env = os.environ.get('RAFCON_LIBRARY_PATH', '')
        library_paths = set(library_path_env.split(os.pathsep))
        for library_root_path in library_paths:
            if not library_root_path:
                continue
            library_root_path = self._clean_path(library_root_path)
            if not os.path.exists(library_root_path):
                logger.warning("The library specified in RAFCON_LIBRARY_PATH does not exist: {}".format(library_root_path))
                continue
            _, library_root_key = os.path.split(library_root_path)
            if library_root_key in self._libraries:
                if os.path.realpath(self._library_root_paths[library_root_key]) == os.path.realpath(library_root_path):
                    logger.info("The library root key '{}' and root path '{}' exists multiple times in your environment"
                                " and will be skipped.".format(library_root_key, library_root_path))
                else:
                    logger.warning("The library '{}' is already existing and will be overridden with '{}'".format(
                        library_root_key, library_root_path))
                    self._load_libraries_from_root_path(library_root_key, library_root_path)
            else:
                self._load_libraries_from_root_path(library_root_key, library_root_path)
            logger.debug("Adding library '{1}' from {0}".format(library_root_path, library_root_key))

        self._libraries = OrderedDict(sorted(self._libraries.items()))
        logger.debug("Initialization of LibraryManager done")


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def _clean_path(path):
        path = path.replace('"', '')
        path = path.replace("'", '')
        # Replace ~ with /home/user
        path = os.path.expanduser(path)
        # Replace environment variables
        path = os.path.expandvars(path)
        # If the path is relative, assume it is relative to the config file directory
        if not os.path.isabs(path):
            path = os.path.join(config.global_config.path, path)
        # Clean path, e.g. replace /./ with /
        path = os.path.abspath(path)
        # Eliminate symbolic links
        path = os.path.realpath(path)
        return path

Response: Create a fully fissile absolute system path with no symbolic links and environment variables


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
finds library_os_path of library This function retrieves the file system library_os_path of a library specified by a library_path and a library_name. In case the library does not exist any more at its original location, the user has to specify an alternative location. :param str library_path: The library_path of the library, that must be relative and within a library_root_path given in the config.yaml by LIBRARY_PATHS :param str library_name: The name of the library :param bool allow_user_interaction: Whether the user may be asked to specify library location :return: library_os_path within filesystem, library_path, library_name :rtype: str, str, str :raises rafcon.core.custom_exceptions.LibraryNotFoundException: if the cannot be found

Response:
def get_os_path_to_library(self, library_path, library_name, allow_user_interaction=True):
        """Find library_os_path of library

        This function retrieves the file system library_os_path of a library specified by a library_path and a
        library_name. In case the library does not exist any more at its original location, the user has to specify
        an alternative location.

        :param str library_path: The library_path of the library, that must be relative and within a library_root_path
                             given in the config.yaml by LIBRARY_PATHS
        :param str library_name: The name of the library
        :param bool allow_user_interaction: Whether the user may be asked to specify library location
        :return: library_os_path within filesystem, library_path, library_name
        :rtype: str, str, str
        :raises rafcon.core.custom_exceptions.LibraryNotFoundException: if the cannot be found
        """
        original_path_and_name = os.path.join(library_path, library_name)
        library_path_root = library_path.split(os.sep)[0]

        if library_path.split(os.sep) and \
                (library_path.startswith(os.sep) or library_path.endswith(os.sep) or os.sep + os.sep in library_path):
            raise LibraryNotFoundException("A library_path is not considered to start or end with {2} or to have two "
                                           "path separators {2}{2} in a row like '{0}' with library name {1}"
                                           "".format(library_path, library_name, os.sep))

        if not self._library_root_paths:
            raise LibraryNotFoundException("There are no libraries registered")

        # skip already skipped states
        if original_path_and_name in self._skipped_states or library_path_root in self._skipped_library_roots:
            # if an already skipped state shall be loaded again, directly raise the exception to jump over this state
            raise LibraryNotFoundException("Library '{0}' not found in subfolder {1}".format(library_name,
                                                                                library_path))

        # replace already replaced states
        if original_path_and_name in self._replaced_libraries:
            new_library_os_path = self._replaced_libraries[original_path_and_name][0]
            new_library_path = self._replaced_libraries[original_path_and_name][1]

            # only show debug message if a state is automatically replaced by the appropriate library state
            # chosen by the user before
            if not self._replaced_libraries[original_path_and_name][2]:
                logger.debug("The library with library_path \"{0}\" and name \"{1}\" "
                             "is automatically replaced by the library "
                             "with file system library_os_path \"{2}\" and library_path \"{3}\""
                             "".format(library_path, library_name, new_library_os_path, new_library_path))
            return new_library_os_path, new_library_path, library_name

        # a boolean to indicate if a state was regularly found or by the help of the user
        regularly_found = True

        library_os_path = self._get_library_os_path_from_library_dict_tree(library_path, library_name)
        while library_os_path is None:  # until the library is found or the user aborts

            regularly_found = False
            new_library_os_path = None
            if allow_user_interaction:
                notice = "Cannot find library '{0}' in library_path '{1}' in any of the library root paths. " \
                         "Please check your library root paths configuration in config.yaml " \
                         "LIBRARY_PATHS and environment variable RAFCON_LIBRARY_PATH. " \
                         "If your library_path is correct and the library was moved, please " \
                         "select the new root/library_os_path folder of the library which should be situated within a "\
                         "loaded library_root_path. If not, please abort.".format(library_name, library_path)
                interface.show_notice_func(notice)
                new_library_os_path = interface.open_folder_func("Select root folder for library name '{0}'"
                                                                 "".format(original_path_and_name))
            if new_library_os_path is None:
                # User clicked cancel => cancel library search
                # If the library root path is existent (e.g. "generic") and only the specific library state is not (
                # e.g. "generic/wait", then the state is added to the skipped states.
                # If the library root path is not existing, we ignore the whole library, preventing the user from
                # endless dialogs for each missing library state.
                if library_path_root not in self.libraries:
                    self._skipped_library_roots.append(library_path_root)
                else:
                    self._skipped_states.append(original_path_and_name)
                raise LibraryNotFoundException("Library '{0}' not found in sub-folder {1}".format(library_name,
                                                                                library_path))

            if not os.path.exists(new_library_os_path):
                logger.error('Specified library_os_path does not exist')
                continue

            # check if valid library_path and library_name can be created
            library_path, library_name = self.get_library_path_and_name_for_os_path(new_library_os_path)
            if library_path is None:
                logger.error("Specified library_os_path not within loaded library_root_path list or your config.yaml "
                             "file LIBRARY_PATHS or in the list of paths in environment variable RAFCON_LIBRARY_PATH")
                continue  # Allow the user to change the directory

            # verification if library is also in library tree
            library_os_path = self._get_library_os_path_from_library_dict_tree(library_path, library_name)
            if library_os_path is not None:
                assert library_os_path == new_library_os_path

        # save the replacement in order that for a future occurrence the correct library_os_path can be used,
        # without asking the user for the correct library_os_path
        self._replaced_libraries[original_path_and_name] = (library_os_path, library_path, regularly_found)
        return library_os_path, library_path, library_name


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def _get_library_os_path_from_library_dict_tree(self, library_path, library_name):
        if library_path is None or library_name is None:
            return None
        path_list = library_path.split(os.sep)
        target_lib_dict = self.libraries
        # go down the path to the correct library
        for path_element in path_list:
            if path_element not in target_lib_dict:  # Library cannot be found
                target_lib_dict = None
                break
            target_lib_dict = target_lib_dict[path_element]
        return None if target_lib_dict is None or library_name not in target_lib_dict else target_lib_dict[library_name]

Response: Hand verified library os path from libraries dictionary tree.


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def _get_library_root_key_for_os_path(self, path):
        path = os.path.realpath(path)
        library_root_key = None
        for library_root_key, library_root_path in self._library_root_paths.items():
            rel_path = os.path.relpath(path, library_root_path)
            if rel_path.startswith('..'):
                library_root_key = None
                continue
            else:
                break
        return library_root_key

Response: Return library root key if path is within library root paths.


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def get_library_path_and_name_for_os_path(self, path):
        library_path = None
        library_name = None
        library_root_key = self._get_library_root_key_for_os_path(path)
        if library_root_key is not None:
            library_root_path = self._library_root_paths[library_root_key]
            path_elements_without_library_root = path[len(library_root_path)+1:].split(os.sep)
            library_name = path_elements_without_library_root[-1]
            sub_library_path = ''
            if len(path_elements_without_library_root[:-1]):
                sub_library_path = os.sep + os.sep.join(path_elements_without_library_root[:-1])
            library_path = library_root_key + sub_library_path
        return library_path, library_name

Response: Generate valid library_path and library_name for given os path.


Instruction:
Implement a Python 3 function for
generating a Library instance from within libraries dictionary tree.

Response:
def get_library_instance(self, library_path, library_name):
        """Generate a Library instance from within libraries dictionary tree."""
        if self.is_library_in_libraries(library_path, library_name):
            from rafcon.core.states.library_state import LibraryState
            return LibraryState(library_path, library_name, "0.1")
        else:
            logger.warning("Library manager will not create a library instance which is not in the mounted libraries.")


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
removing library from hard disk.

Response:
def remove_library_from_file_system(self, library_path, library_name):
        """Remove library from hard disk."""
        library_file_system_path = self.get_os_path_to_library(library_path, library_name)[0]
        shutil.rmtree(library_file_system_path)
        self.refresh_libraries()


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def buses_of_vlvl(network, voltage_level):

    mask = network.buses.v_nom.isin(voltage_level)
    df = network.buses[mask]

    return df.index

Response: Get bus - ids of given voltage level.


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
returns a list of bus - ids connected to a given voltage level.

Response:
def buses_grid_linked(network, voltage_level):
    """ Get bus-ids of a given voltage level connected to the grid.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    voltage_level: list

    Returns
    -------
    list
        List containing bus-ids.
    """

    mask = ((network.buses.index.isin(network.lines.bus0) |
             (network.buses.index.isin(network.lines.bus1))) &
            (network.buses.v_nom.isin(voltage_level)))

    df = network.buses[mask]

    return df.index


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def geolocation_buses(network, session):
    if geopandas:
        # Start db connetion
        # get renpassG!S scenario data

        RenpassGISRegion = RenpassGisParameterRegion

        # Define regions
        region_id = ['DE', 'DK', 'FR', 'BE', 'LU', 'AT',
                     'NO', 'PL', 'CH', 'CZ', 'SE', 'NL']

        query = session.query(RenpassGISRegion.gid,
                              RenpassGISRegion.u_region_id,
                              RenpassGISRegion.stat_level,
                              RenpassGISRegion.geom,
                              RenpassGISRegion.geom_point)

        # get regions by query and filter
        Regions = [(gid, u_region_id, stat_level, geoalchemy2.shape.to_shape(
                 geom), geoalchemy2.shape.to_shape(geom_point))
                 for gid, u_region_id, stat_level,
                geom, geom_point in query.filter(RenpassGISRegion.u_region_id.
                                                 in_(region_id)).all()]

        crs = {'init': 'epsg:4326'}
        # transform lon lat to shapely Points and create GeoDataFrame
        points = [Point(xy) for xy in zip(network.buses.x,  network.buses.y)]
        bus = gpd.GeoDataFrame(network.buses, crs=crs, geometry=points)
        # Transform Countries Polygons as Regions
        region = pd.DataFrame(
                 Regions, columns=['id', 'country', 'stat_level', 'Polygon',
                                   'Point'])
        re = gpd.GeoDataFrame(region, crs=crs, geometry=region['Polygon'])
        # join regions and buses by geometry which intersects
        busC = gpd.sjoin(bus, re, how='inner', op='intersects')
        # busC
        # Drop non used columns
        busC = busC.drop(['index_right', 'Point', 'id', 'Polygon',
                       'stat_level', 'geometry'], axis=1)
        # add busC to eTraGo.buses
        network.buses['country_code'] = busC['country']
        network.buses.country_code[network.buses.country_code.isnull()] = 'DE'
        # close session
        session.close()

    else:

        buses_by_country(network)

    transborder_lines_0 = network.lines[network.lines['bus0'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code'] != 'DE'])].index
    transborder_lines_1 = network.lines[network.lines['bus1'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code']!= 'DE'])].index

    #set country tag for lines
    network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_0, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_0, 'bus0'].\
                          values,'country_code'].values

    network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_1, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_1, 'bus1'].\
                          values,'country_code'].values
    network.lines['country'].fillna('DE', inplace=True)
    doubles = list(set(transborder_lines_0.intersection(transborder_lines_1)))
    for line in doubles:
        c_bus0 = network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[line, 'bus0'],
                                   'country_code']
        c_bus1 = network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[line, 'bus1'],
                                   'country_code']
        network.lines.loc[line, 'country'] = '{}{}'.format(c_bus0, c_bus1)

    transborder_links_0 = network.links[network.links['bus0'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code']!= 'DE'])].index
    transborder_links_1 = network.links[network.links['bus1'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code'] != 'DE'])].index

    #set country tag for links
    network.links.loc[transborder_links_0, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.links.loc[transborder_links_0, 'bus0'].\
                          values, 'country_code'].values

    network.links.loc[transborder_links_1, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.links.loc[transborder_links_1, 'bus1'].\
                          values, 'country_code'].values
    network.links['country'].fillna('DE', inplace=True)
    doubles = list(set(transborder_links_0.intersection(transborder_links_1)))
    for link in doubles:
        c_bus0 = network.buses.loc[
                network.links.loc[link, 'bus0'], 'country_code']
        c_bus1 = network.buses.loc[
                network.links.loc[link, 'bus1'], 'country_code']
        network.links.loc[link, 'country'] = '{}{}'.format(c_bus0, c_bus1)

    return network

Response: Get the list of buses that are located in the OEDB.


Instruction:
How would you implement a function in Python 3 that
finds buses of foreign countries using coordinates and return them as Pandas Series

Response:
def buses_by_country(network):
    """
    Find buses of foreign countries using coordinates
    and return them as Pandas Series

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    Returns
    -------
    foreign_buses: Series containing buses by country
    """

    poland = pd.Series(index=network.
                       buses[(network.buses['x'] > 17)].index,
                       data="PL")
    czech = pd.Series(index=network.
                      buses[(network.buses['x'] < 17) &
                            (network.buses['x'] > 15.1)].index,
                      data="CZ")
    denmark = pd.Series(index=network.
                        buses[((network.buses['y'] < 60) &
                               (network.buses['y'] > 55.2)) |
                              ((network.buses['x'] > 11.95) &
                               (network.buses['x'] < 11.97) &
                               (network.buses['y'] > 54.5))].
                        index,
                        data="DK")
    sweden = pd.Series(index=network.buses[(network.buses['y'] > 60)].index,
                       data="SE")
    austria = pd.Series(index=network.
                        buses[(network.buses['y'] < 47.33) &
                              (network.buses['x'] > 9) |
                              ((network.buses['x'] > 9.65) &
                               (network.buses['x'] < 9.9) &
                               (network.buses['y'] < 47.5) &
                               (network.buses['y'] > 47.3)) |
                              ((network.buses['x'] > 12.14) &
                               (network.buses['x'] < 12.15) &
                               (network.buses['y'] > 47.57) &
                               (network.buses['y'] < 47.58)) |
                              (network.buses['y'] < 47.6) &
                              (network.buses['x'] > 14.1)].index,
                        data="AT")
    switzerland = pd.Series(index=network.
                            buses[((network.buses['x'] > 8.1) &
                                   (network.buses['x'] < 8.3) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] < 46.8)) |
                                  ((network.buses['x'] > 7.82) &
                                   (network.buses['x'] < 7.88) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] > 47.54) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] < 47.57)) |
                                  ((network.buses['x'] > 10.91) &
                                   (network.buses['x'] < 10.92) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] > 49.91) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] < 49.92))].index,
                            data="CH")
    netherlands = pd.Series(index=network.
                            buses[((network.buses['x'] < 6.96) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] < 53.15) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] > 53.1)) |
                                  ((network.buses['x'] < 5.4) &
                                   (network.buses['y'] > 52.1))].index,
                            data="NL")
    luxembourg = pd.Series(index=network.
                           buses[((network.buses['x'] < 6.15) &
                                  (network.buses['y'] < 49.91) &
                                  (network.buses['y'] > 49.65))].index,
                           data="LU")
    france = pd.Series(index=network.
                       buses[(network.buses['x'] < 4.5) |
                             ((network.buses['x'] > 7.507) &
                              (network.buses['x'] < 7.508) &
                              (network.buses['y'] > 47.64) &
                              (network.buses['y'] < 47.65)) |
                             ((network.buses['x'] > 6.2) &
                              (network.buses['x'] < 6.3) &
                              (network.buses['y'] > 49.1) &
                              (network.buses['y'] < 49.2)) |
                             ((network.buses['x'] > 6.7) &
                              (network.buses['x'] < 6.76) &
                              (network.buses['y'] > 49.13) &
                              (network.buses['y'] < 49.16))].index,
                       data="FR")
    foreign_buses = pd.Series()
    foreign_buses = foreign_buses.append([poland, czech, denmark, sweden,
                                          austria, switzerland,
                                          netherlands, luxembourg, france])
    network.buses['country_code'] = foreign_buses[network.buses.index]
    network.buses['country_code'].fillna('DE', inplace=True)

    return foreign_buses


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
clips foreign bus and transborder lines.

Response:
def clip_foreign(network):
    """
    Delete all components and timelines located outside of Germany.
    Add transborder flows divided by country of origin as
    network.foreign_trade.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    Returns
    -------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    """

    # get foreign buses by country

    foreign_buses = network.buses[network.buses.country_code != 'DE']

    network.buses = network.buses.drop(
        network.buses.loc[foreign_buses.index].index)

    # identify transborder lines (one bus foreign, one bus not) and the country
    # it is coming from
    """transborder_lines = pd.DataFrame(index=network.lines[
        ((network.lines['bus0'].isin(network.buses.index) == False) &
         (network.lines['bus1'].isin(network.buses.index) == True)) |
        ((network.lines['bus0'].isin(network.buses.index) == True) &
         (network.lines['bus1'].isin(network.buses.index) == False))].index)
    transborder_lines['bus0'] = network.lines['bus0']
    transborder_lines['bus1'] = network.lines['bus1']
    transborder_lines['country'] = ""
    for i in range(0, len(transborder_lines)):
        if transborder_lines.iloc[i, 0] in foreign_buses.index:
            transborder_lines['country'][i] = foreign_buses[str(
                transborder_lines.iloc[i, 0])]
        else:
            transborder_lines['country'][i] = foreign_buses[str(
                transborder_lines.iloc[i, 1])]

    # identify amount of flows per line and group to get flow per country
    transborder_flows = network.lines_t.p0[transborder_lines.index]
    for i in transborder_flows.columns:
        if network.lines.loc[str(i)]['bus1'] in foreign_buses.index:
            transborder_flows.loc[:, str(
                i)] = transborder_flows.loc[:, str(i)]*-1

    network.foreign_trade = transborder_flows.\
        groupby(transborder_lines['country'], axis=1).sum()"""

    # drop foreign components
    network.lines = network.lines.drop(network.lines[
        (network.lines['bus0'].isin(network.buses.index) == False) |
        (network.lines['bus1'].isin(network.buses.index) == False)].index)

    network.links = network.links.drop(network.links[
        (network.links['bus0'].isin(network.buses.index) == False) |
        (network.links['bus1'].isin(network.buses.index) == False)].index)

    network.transformers = network.transformers.drop(network.transformers[
        (network.transformers['bus0'].isin(network.buses.index) == False) |
        (network.transformers['bus1'].isin(network.
                                           buses.index) == False)].index)
    network.generators = network.generators.drop(network.generators[
        (network.generators['bus'].isin(network.buses.index) == False)].index)
    network.loads = network.loads.drop(network.loads[
        (network.loads['bus'].isin(network.buses.index) == False)].index)
    network.storage_units = network.storage_units.drop(network.storage_units[
        (network.storage_units['bus'].isin(network.
                                           buses.index) == False)].index)

    components = ['loads', 'generators', 'lines', 'buses', 'transformers',
                  'links']
    for g in components:  # loads_t
        h = g + '_t'
        nw = getattr(network, h)  # network.loads_t
        for i in nw.keys():  # network.loads_t.p
            cols = [j for j in getattr(
                nw, i).columns if j not in getattr(network, g).index]
            for k in cols:
                del getattr(nw, i)[k]

    return network


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
changes transmission technology of foreign lines from AC to DC.

Response:
def foreign_links(network):
    """Change transmission technology of foreign lines from AC to DC (links).

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    Returns
    -------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    """
    foreign_buses = network.buses[network.buses.country_code != 'DE']

    foreign_lines = network.lines[network.lines.bus0.astype(str).isin(
            foreign_buses.index) | network.lines.bus1.astype(str).isin(
            foreign_buses.index)]

    foreign_links = network.links[network.links.bus0.astype(str).isin(
            foreign_buses.index) | network.links.bus1.astype(str).isin(
            foreign_buses.index)]

    network.links = network.links.drop(
            network.links.index[network.links.index.isin(foreign_links.index)
            & network.links.bus0.isin(network.links.bus1) &
            (network.links.bus0 > network.links.bus1)])

    foreign_links = network.links[network.links.bus0.astype(str).isin(
            foreign_buses.index) | network.links.bus1.astype(str).isin(
            foreign_buses.index)]

    network.links.loc[foreign_links.index, 'p_min_pu'] = -1

    network.links.loc[foreign_links.index, 'efficiency'] = 1

    network.import_components_from_dataframe(
        foreign_lines.loc[:, ['bus0', 'bus1', 'capital_cost', 'length']]
        .assign(p_nom=foreign_lines.s_nom).assign(p_min_pu=-1)
        .set_index('N' + foreign_lines.index),
        'Link')

    network.lines = network.lines.drop(foreign_lines.index)

    return network


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def set_q_foreign_loads(network, cos_phi=1):
    foreign_buses = network.buses[network.buses.country_code != 'DE']

    network.loads_t['q_set'][network.loads.index[
        network.loads.bus.astype(str).isin(foreign_buses.index)]] = \
        network.loads_t['p_set'][network.loads.index[
            network.loads.bus.astype(str).isin(
                foreign_buses.index)]] * math.tan(math.acos(cos_phi))

    network.generators.control[network.generators.control == 'PQ'] = 'PV'

    return network

Response: Set reative power timeseries of loads in neighbouring countries.


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def connected_grid_lines(network, busids):

    mask = network.lines.bus1.isin(busids) |\
        network.lines.bus0.isin(busids)

    return network.lines[mask]

Response: Returns a DataFrame containing the grid lines connected to given buses.


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def connected_transformer(network, busids):

    mask = (network.transformers.bus0.isin(busids))

    return network.transformers[mask]

Response: Returns a DataFrame containing the transformer connected to the given buses.


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
implementing load shedding in existing network to identify load shedding problem problem.

Response:
def load_shedding(network, **kwargs):
    """ Implement load shedding in existing network to identify
    feasibility problems

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    marginal_cost : int
        Marginal costs for load shedding
    p_nom : int
        Installed capacity of load shedding generator
    Returns
    -------

    """

    marginal_cost_def = 10000  # network.generators.marginal_cost.max()*2
    p_nom_def = network.loads_t.p_set.max().max()

    marginal_cost = kwargs.get('marginal_cost', marginal_cost_def)
    p_nom = kwargs.get('p_nom', p_nom_def)

    network.add("Carrier", "load")
    start = network.generators.index.to_series().str.rsplit(
        ' ').str[0].astype(int).sort_values().max() + 1
    index = list(range(start, start + len(network.buses.index)))
    network.import_components_from_dataframe(
        pd.DataFrame(
            dict(marginal_cost=marginal_cost,
                 p_nom=p_nom,
                 carrier='load shedding',
                 bus=network.buses.index),
            index=index),
        "Generator"
    )
    return


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
adds missing components to the network with SH scenarios.

Response:
def data_manipulation_sh(network):
    """ Adds missing components to run calculations with SH scenarios.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    """
    from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString, MultiLineString
    from geoalchemy2.shape import from_shape, to_shape

    # add connection from Luebeck to Siems
    new_bus = str(network.buses.index.astype(np.int64).max() + 1)
    new_trafo = str(network.transformers.index.astype(np.int64).max() + 1)
    new_line = str(network.lines.index.astype(np.int64).max() + 1)
    network.add("Bus", new_bus, carrier='AC',
                v_nom=220, x=10.760835, y=53.909745)
    network.add("Transformer", new_trafo, bus0="25536",
                bus1=new_bus, x=1.29960, tap_ratio=1, s_nom=1600)
    network.add("Line", new_line, bus0="26387",
                bus1=new_bus, x=0.0001, s_nom=1600)
    network.lines.loc[new_line, 'cables'] = 3.0

    # bus geom
    point_bus1 = Point(10.760835, 53.909745)
    network.buses.set_value(new_bus, 'geom', from_shape(point_bus1, 4326))

    # line geom/topo
    network.lines.set_value(new_line, 'geom', from_shape(MultiLineString(
        [LineString([to_shape(network.
                              buses.geom['26387']), point_bus1])]), 4326))
    network.lines.set_value(new_line, 'topo', from_shape(LineString(
        [to_shape(network.buses.geom['26387']), point_bus1]), 4326))

    # trafo geom/topo
    network.transformers.set_value(new_trafo,
                                   'geom', from_shape(MultiLineString(
                                       [LineString(
                                           [to_shape(network
                                                     .buses.geom['25536']),
                                            point_bus1])]), 4326))
    network.transformers.set_value(new_trafo, 'topo', from_shape(
        LineString([to_shape(network.buses.geom['25536']), point_bus1]), 4326))

    return


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
def results_to_csv(network, args, pf_solution=None):

    path = args['csv_export']

    if path == False:
        return None

    if not os.path.exists(path):
        os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True)

    network.export_to_csv_folder(path)
    data = pd.read_csv(os.path.join(path, 'network.csv'))
    data['time'] = network.results['Solver'].Time
    data = data.apply(_enumerate_row, axis=1)
    data.to_csv(os.path.join(path, 'network.csv'), index=False)

    with open(os.path.join(path, 'args.json'), 'w') as fp:
        json.dump(args, fp)

    if not isinstance(pf_solution, type(None)):
        pf_solution.to_csv(os.path.join(path, 'pf_solution.csv'), index=True)

    if hasattr(network, 'Z'):
        file = [i for i in os.listdir(
            path.strip('0123456789')) if i == 'Z.csv']
        if file:
            print('Z already calculated')
        else:
            network.Z.to_csv(path.strip('0123456789') + '/Z.csv', index=False)

    return

Response: Function writes the calaculation results to csv - files in the desired directory.


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def parallelisation(network, args, group_size, extra_functionality=None):

    """
    Function that splits problem in selected number of
    snapshot groups and runs optimization successive for each group.

    Not useful for calculations with storage untis or extension.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    args: dict
        Contains calculation settings of appl.py

    Returns
    -------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    """

    print("Performing linear OPF, {} snapshot(s) at a time:".
          format(group_size))
    t = time.time()

    for i in range(int((args['end_snapshot'] - args['start_snapshot'] + 1)
        / group_size)):
        if i > 0:
            network.storage_units.state_of_charge_initial = network.\
                storage_units_t.state_of_charge.loc[
                    network.snapshots[group_size * i - 1]]
        network.lopf(network.snapshots[
                     group_size * i:group_size * i + group_size],
                     solver_name=args['solver_name'],
                     solver_options=args['solver_options'],
                     extra_functionality=extra_functionality)
        network.lines.s_nom = network.lines.s_nom_opt

    print(time.time() - t / 60)
    return

Response:
Function that splits problem in selected number of
    snapshot groups and runs optimization successive for each group.


Instruction:
Given the following Python 3 function, write the documentation
def set_slack(network):

    """ Function that chosses the bus with the maximum installed power as slack

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    Returns
    -------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    """

    old_slack = network.generators.index[network.
                                         generators.control == 'Slack'][0]
    # check if old slack was PV or PQ control:
    if network.generators.p_nom[old_slack] > 50 and network.generators.\
            carrier[old_slack] in ('solar', 'wind'):
        old_control = 'PQ'
    elif network.generators.p_nom[old_slack] > 50 and network.generators.\
            carrier[old_slack] not in ('solar', 'wind'):
        old_control = 'PV'
    elif network.generators.p_nom[old_slack] < 50:
        old_control = 'PQ'

    old_gens = network.generators
    gens_summed = network.generators_t.p.sum()
    old_gens['p_summed'] = gens_summed
    max_gen_buses_index = old_gens.groupby(['bus']).agg(
        {'p_summed': np.sum}).p_summed.sort_values().index

    for bus_iter in range(1, len(max_gen_buses_index) - 1):
        if old_gens[(network.
                     generators['bus'] == max_gen_buses_index[-bus_iter]) &
                    (network.generators['control'] == 'PV')].empty:
            continue
        else:
            new_slack_bus = max_gen_buses_index[-bus_iter]
            break

    network.generators = network.generators.drop('p_summed', 1)
    new_slack_gen = network.generators.\
        p_nom[(network.generators['bus'] == new_slack_bus) & (
            network.generators['control'] == 'PV')].sort_values().index[-1]

    network.generators = network.generators.set_value(
        old_slack, 'control', old_control)
    network.generators = network.generators.set_value(
        new_slack_gen, 'control', 'Slack')

    return network

Response: Function that chosses the bus with the maximum installed power as slack


Instruction:
How would you explain what the following Python 3 function does
def pf_post_lopf(network, args, extra_functionality, add_foreign_lopf):

    """ Function that prepares and runs non-linar load flow using PyPSA pf.

    If network has been extendable, a second lopf with reactances adapted to
    new s_nom is needed.

    If crossborder lines are DC-links, pf is only applied on german network.
    Crossborder flows are still considerd due to the active behavior of links.
    To return a network containing the whole grid, the optimised solution of the
    foreign components can be added afterwards.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    args: dict
        Contains calculation settings of appl.py
    extra_fuctionality: function or NoneType
        Adds constraint to optimization (e.g. when applied snapshot clustering)
    add_foreign_lopf: boolean
        Choose if foreign results of lopf should be added to the network when
        foreign lines are DC

    Returns
    -------
    pf_solve: pandas.Dataframe
        Contains information about convergency and calculation time of pf

    """
    network_pf = network

    # Update x of extended lines and transformers
    if network_pf.lines.s_nom_extendable.any() or \
            network_pf.transformers.s_nom_extendable.any():

        storages_extendable = network_pf.storage_units.p_nom_extendable.copy()
        lines_extendable = network_pf.lines.s_nom_extendable.copy()
        links_extendable = network_pf.links.p_nom_extendable.copy()
        trafos_extendable = network_pf.transformers.s_nom_extendable.copy()

        storages_p_nom =  network_pf.storage_units.p_nom.copy()
        lines_s_nom=  network_pf.lines.s_nom.copy()
        links_p_nom =  network_pf.links.p_nom.copy()
        trafos_s_nom =  network_pf.transformers.s_nom.copy()

        network_pf.lines.x[network.lines.s_nom_extendable] = \
            network_pf.lines.x * network.lines.s_nom /\
            network_pf.lines.s_nom_opt

        network_pf.lines.r[network.lines.s_nom_extendable] = \
            network_pf.lines.r * network.lines.s_nom /\
            network_pf.lines.s_nom_opt

        network_pf.lines.b[network.lines.s_nom_extendable] = \
            network_pf.lines.b * network.lines.s_nom_opt /\
            network_pf.lines.s_nom

        network_pf.lines.g[network.lines.s_nom_extendable] = \
            network_pf.lines.g * network.lines.s_nom_opt /\
            network_pf.lines.s_nom

        network_pf.transformers.x[network.transformers.s_nom_extendable] = \
            network_pf.transformers.x * network.transformers.s_nom / \
            network_pf.transformers.s_nom_opt

        network_pf.lines.s_nom_extendable = False
        network_pf.transformers.s_nom_extendable = False
        network_pf.storage_units.p_nom_extendable = False
        network_pf.links.p_nom_extendable = False
        network_pf.lines.s_nom = network.lines.s_nom_opt
        network_pf.transformers.s_nom = network.transformers.s_nom_opt
        network_pf.storage_units.p_nom = network_pf.storage_units.p_nom_opt
        network_pf.links.p_nom = network_pf.links.p_nom_opt

        network_pf.lopf(network.snapshots,
            solver_name=args['solver'],
            solver_options=args['solver_options'],
            extra_functionality=extra_functionality)

        network_pf.storage_units.p_nom_extendable = storages_extendable
        network_pf.lines.s_nom_extendable = lines_extendable
        network_pf.links.p_nom_extendable = links_extendable
        network_pf.transformers.s_nom_extendable = trafos_extendable

        network_pf.storage_units.p_nom = storages_p_nom
        network_pf.lines.s_nom = lines_s_nom
        network_pf.links.p_nom = links_p_nom
        network_pf.transformers.s_nom = trafos_s_nom

    # For the PF, set the P to the optimised P
    network_pf.generators_t.p_set = network_pf.generators_t.p_set.reindex(
        columns=network_pf.generators.index)
    network_pf.generators_t.p_set = network_pf.generators_t.p

    network_pf.storage_units_t.p_set = network_pf.storage_units_t.p_set\
        .reindex(columns=network_pf.storage_units.index)
    network_pf.storage_units_t.p_set = network_pf.storage_units_t.p

    network_pf.links_t.p_set = network_pf.links_t.p_set.reindex(
        columns=network_pf.links.index)
    network_pf.links_t.p_set = network_pf.links_t.p0

    # if foreign lines are DC, execute pf only on sub_network in Germany
    if (args['foreign_lines']['carrier'] == 'DC') or ((args['scn_extension']!=
       None) and ('BE_NO_NEP 2035' in args['scn_extension'])):
        n_bus = pd.Series(index=network.sub_networks.index)

        for i in range(0, len(network.sub_networks.index)-1):
            n_bus[i] = len(network.buses.index[
                    network.buses.sub_network.astype(int) == i])

        sub_network_DE = n_bus.index[n_bus == n_bus.max()]

        foreign_bus = network.buses[network.buses.sub_network !=
                                    sub_network_DE.values[0]]

        foreign_comp = {'Bus': network.buses[
                                    network.buses.sub_network !=
                                    sub_network_DE.values[0]],
                        'Generator': network.generators[
                                network.generators.bus.isin(
                                        foreign_bus.index)],
                        'Load': network.loads[
                                network.loads.bus.isin(foreign_bus.index)],
                        'Transformer': network.transformers[
                                network.transformers.bus0.isin(
                                        foreign_bus.index)],
                        'StorageUnit': network.storage_units[
                                network.storage_units.bus.isin(
                                        foreign_bus.index)]}

        foreign_series = {'Bus': network.buses_t.copy(),
                          'Generator': network.generators_t.copy(),
                          'Load': network.loads_t.copy(),
                          'Transformer':  network.transformers_t.copy(),
                          'StorageUnit': network.storage_units_t.copy()}

        for comp in sorted(foreign_series):
            attr = sorted(foreign_series[comp])
            for a in attr:
                if not foreign_series[comp][a].empty:
                    if a != 'p_max_pu':
                        foreign_series[comp][a] = foreign_series[comp][a][
                               foreign_comp[comp].index]

                    else:
                        foreign_series[comp][a] = foreign_series[comp][a][
                               foreign_comp[comp][foreign_comp[
                                       comp]['carrier'].isin(
                                                ['solar', 'wind_onshore',
                                                 'wind_offshore',
                                                 'run_of_river'])].index]

        network.buses = network.buses.drop(foreign_bus.index)
        network.generators = network.generators[
                network.generators.bus.isin(network.buses.index)]
        network.loads = network.loads[
                network.loads.bus.isin(network.buses.index)]
        network.transformers = network.transformers[
                 network.transformers.bus0.isin(network.buses.index)]
        network.storage_units = network.storage_units[
                network.storage_units.bus.isin(network.buses.index)]

    # Set slack bus
    network = set_slack(network)

    # execute non-linear pf
    pf_solution = network_pf.pf(network.snapshots, use_seed=True)

    # if selected, copy lopf results of neighboring countries to network
    if ((args['foreign_lines']['carrier'] == 'DC') or ((args['scn_extension']!=
       None) and ('BE_NO_NEP 2035' in args['scn_extension']))) and add_foreign_lopf:
        for comp in sorted(foreign_series):
            network.import_components_from_dataframe(foreign_comp[comp], comp)

            for attr in sorted(foreign_series[comp]):
                network.import_series_from_dataframe(foreign_series
                                                     [comp][attr], comp, attr)

    pf_solve = pd.DataFrame(index=pf_solution['converged'].index)
    pf_solve['converged'] = pf_solution['converged'].values
    pf_solve['error'] = pf_solution['error'].values
    pf_solve['n_iter'] = pf_solution['n_iter'].values

    if not pf_solve[~pf_solve.converged].count().max() == 0:
        logger.warning("PF of %d snapshots not converged.",
                       pf_solve[~pf_solve.converged].count().max())

    return pf_solve

Response: Function that prepares and runs a non - linar load flow using PyPSA.


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def distribute_q(network, allocation='p_nom'):

    """ Function that distributes reactive power at bus to all installed
    generators and storages.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    allocation: str
        Choose key to distribute reactive power:
        'p_nom' to dirstribute via p_nom
        'p' to distribute via p_set

    Returns
    -------

    """
    network.allocation = allocation
    if allocation == 'p':
        p_sum = network.generators_t['p'].\
            groupby(network.generators.bus, axis=1).sum().\
            add(network.storage_units_t['p'].abs().groupby(
                network.storage_units.bus, axis=1).sum(), fill_value=0)
        q_sum = network.generators_t['q'].\
            groupby(network.generators.bus, axis=1).sum()

        q_distributed = network.generators_t.p / \
            p_sum[network.generators.bus.sort_index()].values * \
            q_sum[network.generators.bus.sort_index()].values

        q_storages = network.storage_units_t.p / \
            p_sum[network.storage_units.bus.sort_index()].values *\
            q_sum[network.storage_units.bus.sort_index()].values

    if allocation == 'p_nom':

        q_bus = network.generators_t['q'].\
            groupby(network.generators.bus, axis=1).sum().add(
                network.storage_units_t.q.groupby(
                network.storage_units.bus, axis = 1).sum(), fill_value=0)

        p_nom_dist = network.generators.p_nom_opt.sort_index()
        p_nom_dist[p_nom_dist.index.isin(network.generators.index
                                         [network.generators.carrier ==
                                          'load shedding'])] = 0

        q_distributed = q_bus[
            network.generators.bus].multiply(p_nom_dist.values) /\
            (network.generators.p_nom_opt[network.generators.carrier !=
                                          'load shedding'].groupby(
                network.generators.bus).sum().add(
                network.storage_units.p_nom_opt.groupby
                (network.storage_units.bus).sum(), fill_value=0))[
            network.generators.bus.sort_index()].values

        q_distributed.columns = network.generators.index

        q_storages = q_bus[network.storage_units.bus]\
            .multiply(network.storage_units.p_nom_opt.values) / \
            ((network.generators.p_nom_opt[network.generators.carrier !=
                                          'load shedding'].groupby(
                network.generators.bus).sum().add(
                network.storage_units.p_nom_opt.
                groupby(network.storage_units.bus).sum(), fill_value=0))[
            network.storage_units.bus].values)

        q_storages.columns = network.storage_units.index

    q_distributed[q_distributed.isnull()] = 0
    q_distributed[q_distributed.abs() == np.inf] = 0
    q_storages[q_storages.isnull()] = 0
    q_storages[q_storages.abs() == np.inf] = 0
    network.generators_t.q = q_distributed
    network.storage_units_t.q = q_storages

    return network

Response: Function that distributes reactive power at bus to all installed modules and storages.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function for
calculating the losses per line with PF result data and returns the resulting data.

Response:
def calc_line_losses(network):
    """ Calculate losses per line with PF result data

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    s0 : series
        apparent power of line
    i0 : series
        current of line
    -------

    """

    # Line losses
    # calculate apparent power S = sqrt(p² + q²) [in MW]
    s0_lines = ((network.lines_t.p0**2 + network.lines_t.q0**2).
                apply(np.sqrt))
    # calculate current I = S / U [in A]
    i0_lines = np.multiply(s0_lines, 1000000) / \
        np.multiply(network.lines.v_nom, 1000)
    # calculate losses per line and timestep network.\
    # lines_t.line_losses = I² * R [in MW]
    network.lines_t.losses = np.divide(i0_lines**2 * network.lines.r, 1000000)
    # calculate total losses per line [in MW]
    network.lines = network.lines.assign(
        losses=np.sum(network.lines_t.losses).values)

    # Transformer losses
    # https://books.google.de/books?id=0glcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=
    # wirkungsgrad+transformator+1000+mva&source=bl&ots=a6TKhNfwrJ&sig=
    # r2HCpHczRRqdgzX_JDdlJo4hj-k&hl=de&sa=X&ved=
    # 0ahUKEwib5JTFs6fWAhVJY1AKHa1cAeAQ6AEIXjAI#v=onepage&q=
    # wirkungsgrad%20transformator%201000%20mva&f=false
    # Crastan, Elektrische Energieversorgung, p.151
    # trafo 1000 MVA: 99.8 %
    network.transformers = network.transformers.assign(
        losses=np.multiply(network.transformers.s_nom, (1 - 0.998)).values)

    # calculate total losses (possibly enhance with adding these values
    # to network container)
    losses_total = sum(network.lines.losses) + sum(network.transformers.losses)
    print("Total lines losses for all snapshots [MW]:", round(losses_total, 2))
    losses_costs = losses_total * np.average(network.buses_t.marginal_price)
    print("Total costs for these losses [EUR]:", round(losses_costs, 2))

    return


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
sets capital costs for extendable lines in respect to PyPSA.

Response:
def set_line_costs(network, args,
                   cost110=230, cost220=290, cost380=85, costDC=375):
    """ Set capital costs for extendable lines in respect to PyPSA [€/MVA]

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    args: dict containing settings from appl.py
    cost110 : capital costs per km for 110kV lines and cables
                default: 230€/MVA/km, source: costs for extra circuit in
                dena Verteilnetzstudie, p. 146)
    cost220 : capital costs per km for 220kV lines and cables
                default: 280€/MVA/km, source: costs for extra circuit in
                NEP 2025, capactity from most used 220 kV lines in model
    cost380 : capital costs per km for 380kV lines and cables
                default: 85€/MVA/km, source: costs for extra circuit in
                NEP 2025, capactity from most used 380 kV lines in NEP
    costDC : capital costs per km for DC-lines
                default: 375€/MVA/km, source: costs for DC transmission line
                in NEP 2035
    -------

    """
    network.lines["v_nom"] = network.lines.bus0.map(network.buses.v_nom)

    network.lines.loc[(network.lines.v_nom == 110),
                      'capital_cost'] = cost110 * network.lines.length /\
                          args['branch_capacity_factor']['HV']

    network.lines.loc[(network.lines.v_nom == 220),
                      'capital_cost'] = cost220 * network.lines.length/\
                      args['branch_capacity_factor']['eHV']

    network.lines.loc[(network.lines.v_nom == 380),
                      'capital_cost'] = cost380 * network.lines.length/\
                      args['branch_capacity_factor']['eHV']

    network.links.loc[network.links.p_nom_extendable,
                      'capital_cost'] = costDC * network.links.length

    return network


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function that can
set capital costs for extendable transformers in respect to PyPSA network.

Response:
def set_trafo_costs(network, args,  cost110_220=7500, cost110_380=17333,
                    cost220_380=14166):
    """ Set capital costs for extendable transformers in respect
    to PyPSA [€/MVA]

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    cost110_220 : capital costs for 110/220kV transformer
                    default: 7500€/MVA, source: costs for extra trafo in
                    dena Verteilnetzstudie, p. 146; S of trafo used in osmTGmod
    cost110_380 : capital costs for 110/380kV transformer
                default: 17333€/MVA, source: NEP 2025
    cost220_380 : capital costs for 220/380kV transformer
                default: 14166€/MVA, source: NEP 2025

    """
    network.transformers["v_nom0"] = network.transformers.bus0.map(
        network.buses.v_nom)
    network.transformers["v_nom1"] = network.transformers.bus1.map(
        network.buses.v_nom)

    network.transformers.loc[(network.transformers.v_nom0 == 110) & (
        network.transformers.v_nom1 == 220), 'capital_cost'] = cost110_220/\
        args['branch_capacity_factor']['HV']
    network.transformers.loc[(network.transformers.v_nom0 == 110) & (
        network.transformers.v_nom1 == 380), 'capital_cost'] = cost110_380/\
        args['branch_capacity_factor']['HV']
    network.transformers.loc[(network.transformers.v_nom0 == 220) & (
        network.transformers.v_nom1 == 380), 'capital_cost'] = cost220_380/\
        args['branch_capacity_factor']['eHV']

    return network


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
adds missing components at Heizkraftwerk Nord in Munich and missing transformer in Stuttgart

Response:
def add_missing_components(network):
    # Munich
    """Add missing transformer at Heizkraftwerk Nord in Munich and missing
    transformer in Stuttgart

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    Returns
    -------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    """

    """https://www.swm.de/privatkunden/unternehmen/energieerzeugung/heizkraftwerke.html?utm_medium=301

     to bus 25096:
     25369 (86)
     28232 (24)
     25353 to 25356 (79)
     to bus 23822: (110kV bus  of 380/110-kV-transformer)
     25355 (90)
     28212 (98)

     25357 to 665 (85)
     25354 to 27414 (30)
     27414 to 28212 (33)
     25354 to 28294 (32/63)
     28335 to 28294 (64)
     28335 to 28139 (28)
     Overhead lines:
     16573 to 24182 (part of 4)
     """
    """
     Installierte Leistung der Umspannungsebene Höchst- zu Hochspannung
     (380 kV / 110 kV): 2.750.000 kVA
     https://www.swm-infrastruktur.de/strom/netzstrukturdaten/strukturmerkmale.html
    """
    new_trafo = str(network.transformers.index.astype(int).max() + 1)

    network.add("Transformer", new_trafo, bus0="16573", bus1="23648",
                x=0.135 / (2750 / 2),
                r=0.0, tap_ratio=1, s_nom=2750 / 2)

    def add_110kv_line(bus0, bus1, overhead=False):
        new_line = str(network.lines.index.astype(int).max() + 1)
        if not overhead:
            network.add("Line", new_line, bus0=bus0, bus1=bus1, s_nom=280)
        else:
            network.add("Line", new_line, bus0=bus0, bus1=bus1, s_nom=260)
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "scn_name"] = "Status Quo"
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "v_nom"] = 110
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "version"] = "added_manually"
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "frequency"] = 50
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "cables"] = 3.0
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "country"] = 'DE'
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "length"] = (
            pypsa.geo.haversine(network.buses.loc[bus0, ["x", "y"]],
                                network.buses.loc[bus1, ["x", "y"]])
            [0][0] * 1.2)
        if not overhead:
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "r"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                0.0177)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "g"] = 0
            # or: (network.lines.loc[new_line, "length"]*78e-9)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "x"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                0.3e-3)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "b"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                250e-9)

        elif overhead:
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "r"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                0.05475)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "g"] = 0
            # or: (network.lines.loc[new_line, "length"]*40e-9)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "x"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                1.2e-3)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "b"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                9.5e-9)

    add_110kv_line("16573", "28353")
    add_110kv_line("16573", "28092")
    add_110kv_line("25096", "25369")
    add_110kv_line("25096", "28232")
    add_110kv_line("25353", "25356")
    add_110kv_line("23822", "25355")
    add_110kv_line("23822", "28212")
    add_110kv_line("25357", "665")
    add_110kv_line("25354", "27414")
    add_110kv_line("27414", "28212")
    add_110kv_line("25354", "28294")
    add_110kv_line("28335", "28294")
    add_110kv_line("28335", "28139")
    add_110kv_line("16573", "24182", overhead=True)

    # Stuttgart
    """
         Stuttgart:
         Missing transformer, because 110-kV-bus is situated outside
         Heizkraftwerk Heilbronn:
    """
    # new_trafo = str(network.transformers.index.astype(int).max()1)
    network.add("Transformer", '99999', bus0="18967", bus1="25766",
                x=0.135 / 300, r=0.0, tap_ratio=1, s_nom=300)
    """
    According to:
    https://assets.ctfassets.net/xytfb1vrn7of/NZO8x4rKesAcYGGcG4SQg/b780d6a3ca4c2600ab51a30b70950bb1/netzschemaplan-110-kv.pdf
    the following lines are missing:
    """
    add_110kv_line("18967", "22449", overhead=True)  # visible in OSM & DSO map
    add_110kv_line("21165", "24068", overhead=True)  # visible in OSM & DSO map
    add_110kv_line("23782", "24089", overhead=True)
    # visible in DSO map & OSM till 1 km from bus1
    """
    Umspannwerk Möhringen (bus 23697)
    https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umspannwerk_M%C3%B6hringen
    there should be two connections:
    to Sindelfingen (2*110kV)
    to Wendingen (former 220kV, now 2*110kV)
    the line to Sindelfingen is connected, but the connection of Sindelfingen
    itself to 380kV is missing:
    """
    add_110kv_line("19962", "27671", overhead=True)  # visible in OSM & DSO map
    add_110kv_line("19962", "27671", overhead=True)
    """
    line to Wendingen is missing, probably because it ends shortly before the
    way of the substation and is connected via cables:
    """
    add_110kv_line("23697", "24090", overhead=True)  # visible in OSM & DSO map
    add_110kv_line("23697", "24090", overhead=True)

    # Lehrte
    """
    Lehrte: 220kV Bus located outsinde way of Betriebszentrtum Lehrte and
    therefore not connected:
    """

    def add_220kv_line(bus0, bus1, overhead=False):
        new_line = str(network.lines.index.astype(int).max() + 1)
        if not overhead:
            network.add("Line", new_line, bus0=bus0, bus1=bus1, s_nom=550)
        else:
            network.add("Line", new_line, bus0=bus0, bus1=bus1, s_nom=520)
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "scn_name"] = "Status Quo"
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "v_nom"] = 220
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "version"] = "added_manually"
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "frequency"] = 50
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "cables"] = 3.0
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "country"] = 'DE'
        network.lines.loc[new_line, "length"] = (
            pypsa.geo.haversine(network.buses.loc[bus0, ["x", "y"]],
                                network.buses.loc[bus1, ["x", "y"]])[0][0] *
            1.2)
        if not overhead:
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "r"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                0.0176)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "g"] = 0
            # or: (network.lines.loc[new_line, "length"]*67e-9)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "x"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                0.3e-3)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "b"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                210e-9)

        elif overhead:
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "r"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] *
                                                0.05475)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "g"] = 0
            # or: (network.lines.loc[new_line, "length"]*30e-9)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "x"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] * 1e-3)
            network.lines.loc[new_line, "b"] = (network.lines.
                                                loc[new_line, "length"] * 11e-9
                                                )

    add_220kv_line("266", "24633", overhead=True)

    # temporary turn buses of transformers
    network.transformers["v_nom0"] = network.transformers.bus0.map(
        network.buses.v_nom)
    network.transformers["v_nom1"] = network.transformers.bus1.map(
        network.buses.v_nom)
    new_bus0 = network.transformers.bus1[network.transformers.v_nom0>network.transformers.v_nom1]
    new_bus1 = network.transformers.bus0[network.transformers.v_nom0>network.transformers.v_nom1]
    network.transformers.bus0[network.transformers.v_nom0>network.transformers.v_nom1] = new_bus0.values
    network.transformers.bus1[network.transformers.v_nom0>network.transformers.v_nom1] = new_bus1.values

    return network


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function that can
convert capital_costs to fit to pypsa and caluculated time

Response:
def convert_capital_costs(network, start_snapshot, end_snapshot, p=0.05, T=40):
    """ Convert capital_costs to fit to pypsa and caluculated time

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    p : interest rate, default 0.05
    T : number of periods, default 40 years (source: StromNEV Anlage 1)
    -------

    """
    # Add costs for DC-converter
    network.links.capital_cost = network.links.capital_cost + 400000

    # Calculate present value of an annuity (PVA)
    PVA = (1 / p) - (1 / (p * (1 + p) ** T))

    # Apply function on lines, links, trafos and storages
    # Storage costs are already annuized yearly
    network.lines.loc[network.lines.s_nom_extendable == True,
                      'capital_cost'] = (network.lines.capital_cost /
                      (PVA * (8760 / (end_snapshot - start_snapshot + 1))))
    network.links.loc[network.links.p_nom_extendable == True,
                      'capital_cost'] = network. links.capital_cost /\
                      (PVA * (8760 / (end_snapshot - start_snapshot + 1)))
    network.transformers.loc[network.transformers.s_nom_extendable == True,
                     'capital_cost'] = network.transformers.capital_cost / \
                      (PVA * (8760 / (end_snapshot - start_snapshot + 1)))
    network.storage_units.loc[network.storage_units.p_nom_extendable == True,
                      'capital_cost'] = network.storage_units.capital_cost / \
                              (8760 / (end_snapshot - start_snapshot + 1))

    return network


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def find_snapshots(network, carrier, maximum = True, minimum = True, n = 3):

    """
    Function that returns snapshots with maximum and/or minimum feed-in of
    selected carrier.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    carrier: str
        Selected carrier of generators
    maximum: bool
        Choose if timestep of maximal feed-in is returned.
    minimum: bool
        Choose if timestep of minimal feed-in is returned.
    n: int
        Number of maximal/minimal snapshots

    Returns
    -------
    calc_snapshots : 'pandas.core.indexes.datetimes.DatetimeIndex'
        List containing snapshots
    """

    if carrier == 'residual load':
        power_plants = network.generators[network.generators.carrier.
                                    isin(['solar', 'wind', 'wind_onshore'])]
        power_plants_t = network.generators.p_nom[power_plants.index] * \
                        network.generators_t.p_max_pu[power_plants.index]
        load = network.loads_t.p_set.sum(axis=1)
        all_renew = power_plants_t.sum(axis=1)
        all_carrier = load - all_renew

    if carrier in ('solar', 'wind', 'wind_onshore',
                   'wind_offshore', 'run_of_river'):
        power_plants = network.generators[network.generators.carrier
                                          == carrier]

        power_plants_t = network.generators.p_nom[power_plants.index] * \
                        network.generators_t.p_max_pu[power_plants.index]
        all_carrier = power_plants_t.sum(axis=1)

    if maximum and not minimum:
       times = all_carrier.sort_values().head(n=n)

    if minimum and not maximum:
       times = all_carrier.sort_values().tail(n=n)

    if maximum and minimum:
        times = all_carrier.sort_values().head(n=n)
        times = times.append(all_carrier.sort_values().tail(n=n))

    calc_snapshots = all_carrier.index[all_carrier.index.isin(times.index)]

    return calc_snapshots

Response:
Function that returns snapshots with maximum and minimum feed - in of
    selected carrier.


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 function that can
add ramping constraints to thermal power plants.

Response:
def ramp_limits(network):
    """ Add ramping constraints to thermal power plants.

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA

    Returns
    -------

    """
    carrier = ['coal', 'biomass', 'gas', 'oil', 'waste', 'lignite',
                       'uranium', 'geothermal']
    data = {'start_up_cost':[77, 57, 42, 57, 57, 77, 50, 57], #€/MW
            'start_up_fuel':[4.3, 2.8, 1.45, 2.8, 2.8, 4.3, 16.7, 2.8], #MWh/MW
            'min_up_time':[5, 2, 3, 2, 2, 5, 12, 2],
            'min_down_time':[7, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 17, 2],
# =============================================================================
#             'ramp_limit_start_up':[0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4],
#             'ramp_limit_shut_down':[0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4]
# =============================================================================
            'p_min_pu':[0.33, 0.38, 0.4, 0.38, 0.38, 0.5, 0.45, 0.38]
            }
    df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=carrier)
    fuel_costs = network.generators.marginal_cost.groupby(
            network.generators.carrier).mean()[carrier]
    df['start_up_fuel'] = df['start_up_fuel'] * fuel_costs
    df['start_up_cost'] = df['start_up_cost'] + df['start_up_fuel']
    df.drop('start_up_fuel', axis=1, inplace=True)
    for tech in df.index:
        for limit in df.columns:
            network.generators.loc[network.generators.carrier == tech,
                                   limit] = df.loc[tech, limit]
    network.generators.start_up_cost = network.generators.start_up_cost\
                                        *network.generators.p_nom
    network.generators.committable = True


Instruction:
Can you write a function in Python 3 where it
gets and open json file with scenaio settings of arguments and eTraGo parameters.

Response:
def get_args_setting(args, jsonpath='scenario_setting.json'):
    """
    Get and open json file with scenaio settings of eTraGo ``args``.
    The settings incluedes all eTraGo specific settings of arguments and
    parameters for a reproducible calculation.

    Parameters
    ----------
    json_file : str
        Default: ``scenario_setting.json``
        Name of scenario setting json file

    Returns
    -------
    args : dict
        Dictionary of json file
    """

    if not jsonpath == None:
        with open(jsonpath) as f:
            args = json.load(f)

    return args


Instruction:
Here you have a function in Python 3, explain what it does
def set_line_country_tags(network):

    transborder_lines_0 = network.lines[network.lines['bus0'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code'] != 'DE'])].index
    transborder_lines_1 = network.lines[network.lines['bus1'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code']!= 'DE'])].index
    #set country tag for lines
    network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_0, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_0, 'bus0']\
                          .values, 'country_code'].values

    network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_1, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[transborder_lines_1, 'bus1']\
                          .values, 'country_code'].values
    network.lines['country'].fillna('DE', inplace=True)
    doubles = list(set(transborder_lines_0.intersection(transborder_lines_1)))
    for line in doubles:
        c_bus0 = network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[line, 'bus0'], 'country']
        c_bus1 = network.buses.loc[network.lines.loc[line, 'bus1'], 'country']
        network.lines.loc[line, 'country'] = '{}{}'.format(c_bus0, c_bus1)

    transborder_links_0 = network.links[network.links['bus0'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code']!= 'DE'])].index
    transborder_links_1 = network.links[network.links['bus1'].isin(
            network.buses.index[network.buses['country_code'] != 'DE'])].index

    #set country tag for links
    network.links.loc[transborder_links_0, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.links.loc[transborder_links_0, 'bus0']\
                          .values, 'country_code'].values

    network.links.loc[transborder_links_1, 'country'] = \
        network.buses.loc[network.links.loc[transborder_links_1, 'bus1']\
                          .values, 'country_code'].values
    network.links['country'].fillna('DE', inplace=True)
    doubles = list(set(transborder_links_0.intersection(transborder_links_1)))
    for link in doubles:
        c_bus0 = network.buses.loc[network.links.loc[link, 'bus0'], 'country']
        c_bus1 = network.buses.loc[network.links.loc[link, 'bus1'], 'country']
        network.links.loc[link, 'country'] = '{}{}'.format(c_bus0, c_bus1)

Response: Sets the country tags for the lines in the current language.


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def crossborder_capacity(network, method, capacity_factor):
    if method == 'ntc_acer':
        cap_per_country = {'AT': 4900,
                           'CH': 2695,
                           'CZ': 1301,
                           'DK': 913,
                           'FR': 3593,
                           'LU': 2912,
                           'NL': 2811,
                           'PL': 280,
                           'SE': 217,
                           'CZAT': 574,
                           'ATCZ': 574,
                           'CZPL': 312,
                           'PLCZ': 312,
                           'ATCH': 979,
                           'CHAT': 979,
                           'CHFR': 2087,
                           'FRCH': 2087,
                           'FRLU': 364,
                           'LUFR': 364,
                           'SEDK': 1928,
                           'DKSE': 1928}

    elif method == 'thermal_acer':
        cap_per_country = {'CH': 12000,
                            'DK': 4000,
                            'SEDK': 3500,
                            'DKSE': 3500}
        capacity_factor = {'HV': 1, 'eHV':1}
    if not network.lines[network.lines.country != 'DE'].empty:
        weighting = network.lines.loc[network.lines.country!='DE', 's_nom'].\
                groupby(network.lines.country).transform(lambda x: x/x.sum())

    weighting_links = network.links.loc[network.links.country!='DE', 'p_nom'].\
                groupby(network.links.country).transform(lambda x: x/x.sum())
    network.lines["v_nom"] = network.lines.bus0.map(network.buses.v_nom)
    for country in cap_per_country:

        index_HV = network.lines[(network.lines.country == country) &(
                network.lines.v_nom == 110)].index
        index_eHV = network.lines[(network.lines.country == country) &(
                network.lines.v_nom > 110)].index
        index_links = network.links[network.links.country == country].index

        if not network.lines[network.lines.country == country].empty:
                network.lines.loc[index_HV, 's_nom'] = weighting[index_HV] * \
                    cap_per_country[country] / capacity_factor['HV']

                network.lines.loc[index_eHV, 's_nom'] = \
                    weighting[index_eHV] * cap_per_country[country] /\
                                capacity_factor['eHV']

        if not network.links[network.links.country == country].empty:
                network.links.loc[index_links, 'p_nom'] = \
                                weighting_links[index_links] * cap_per_country\
                                [country]
        if country == 'SE':
                network.links.loc[network.links.country == country, 'p_nom'] =\
                cap_per_country[country]

        if not network.lines[network.lines.country == (country+country)].empty:
            i_HV =  network.lines[(network.lines.v_nom == 110)&(
                    network.lines.country ==country+country)].index

            i_eHV =  network.lines[(network.lines.v_nom == 110)&(
                    network.lines.country ==country+country)].index

            network.lines.loc[i_HV, 's_nom'] = \
                                weighting[i_HV] * cap_per_country[country]/\
                                capacity_factor['HV']
            network.lines.loc[i_eHV, 's_nom'] = \
                                weighting[i_eHV] * cap_per_country[country]/\
                                capacity_factor['eHV']

        if not network.links[network.links.country == (country+country)].empty:
            i_links =  network.links[network.links.country ==
                                     (country+country)].index
            network.links.loc[i_links, 'p_nom'] = \
                weighting_links[i_links] * cap_per_country\
                [country]*capacity_factor

Response: Adjust interconnector capacties for a given set of interconnector nodes.


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
def set_branch_capacity(network, args):

    """
    Set branch capacity factor of lines and transformers, different factors for
    HV (110kV) and eHV (220kV, 380kV).

    Parameters
    ----------
    network : :class:`pypsa.Network
        Overall container of PyPSA
    args: dict
        Settings in appl.py

    """

    network.lines["s_nom_total"] = network.lines.s_nom.copy()

    network.transformers["s_nom_total"] = network.transformers.s_nom.copy()

    network.lines["v_nom"] = network.lines.bus0.map(
        network.buses.v_nom)
    network.transformers["v_nom0"] = network.transformers.bus0.map(
        network.buses.v_nom)

    network.lines.s_nom[network.lines.v_nom == 110] = \
        network.lines.s_nom * args['branch_capacity_factor']['HV']

    network.lines.s_nom[network.lines.v_nom > 110] = \
        network.lines.s_nom * args['branch_capacity_factor']['eHV']

    network.transformers.s_nom[network.transformers.v_nom0 == 110]\
        = network.transformers.s_nom * args['branch_capacity_factor']['HV']

    network.transformers.s_nom[network.transformers.v_nom0 > 110]\
        = network.transformers.s_nom * args['branch_capacity_factor']['eHV']

Response: Sets the branch capacity factor of lines and transformers for the current language.


Instruction:
Can you tell what is the following Python 3 function doing
def max_line_ext(network, snapshots, share=1.01):

    """
    Sets maximal share of overall network extension
    as extra functionality in LOPF

    Parameters
    ----------
    share: float
        Maximal share of network extension in p.u.
    """

    lines_snom = network.lines.s_nom.sum()
    links_pnom = network.links.p_nom.sum()

    def _rule(m):

        lines_opt = sum(m.passive_branch_s_nom[index]
                        for index
                        in m.passive_branch_s_nom_index)

        links_opt = sum(m.link_p_nom[index]
                        for index
                        in m.link_p_nom_index)

        return (lines_opt + links_opt) <= (lines_snom + links_pnom) * share
    network.model.max_line_ext = Constraint(rule=_rule)

Response: Sets maximal share of overall network extension in LOPF


Instruction:
Write a Python 3 script for
setting the minimum renewable share of generation in LOPF

Response:
def min_renewable_share(network, snapshots, share=0.72):
    """
    Sets minimal renewable share of generation as extra functionality in LOPF

    Parameters
    ----------
    share: float
        Minimal share of renewable generation in p.u.
    """
    renewables = ['wind_onshore', 'wind_offshore',
                  'biomass', 'solar', 'run_of_river']

    res = list(network.generators.index[
            network.generators.carrier.isin(renewables)])

    total = list(network.generators.index)
    snapshots = network.snapshots

    def _rule(m):
        """
        """
        renewable_production = sum(m.generator_p[gen, sn]
                                      for gen
                                      in res
                                      for sn in snapshots)
        total_production = sum(m.generator_p[gen, sn]
                               for gen in total
                               for sn in snapshots)

        return (renewable_production >= total_production * share)
    network.model.min_renewable_share = Constraint(rule=_rule)


Instruction:
Explain what the following Python 3 code does
def max_curtailment(network, snapshots, curtail_max=0.03):

    """
    each RE can only be curtailed (over all snapshots)
    with respect to curtail_max

    Parameters
    ----------
    curtail_max: float
        maximal curtailment per power plant in p.u.
    """
    renewables = ['wind_onshore', 'wind_offshore',
                  'solar']

    res = list(network.generators.index[
        (network.generators.carrier.isin(renewables))
        & (network.generators.bus.astype(str).isin(network.buses.index[network.buses.country_code == 'DE']))])

#    network.import_series_from_dataframe(pd.DataFrame(
#                index=network.generators_t.p_set.index,
#                columns=network.generators.index[
#                        network.generators.carrier=='biomass'],
#                data=1), "Generator", "p_max_pu")

    res_potential = (network.generators.p_nom[res]*network.generators_t.p_max_pu[res]).sum()

    snapshots = network.snapshots

    for gen in res:

        def _rule(m, gen):
            """
            """
            #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
            re_n = sum(m.generator_p[gen, sn]
                                      for sn in snapshots)
            potential_n = res_potential[gen]

            return (re_n >= (1-curtail_max) * potential_n)
        setattr(network.model, "max_curtailment"+gen, Constraint(res, rule=_rule))

Response: This function determines the maximum curtailed power plant in a single resource.


Instruction:
Can you create a Python 3 function that
gets a node based on a guild ID useful for noding separation.

Response:
def get_node(guild_id: int, ignore_ready_status: bool = False) -> Node:
    """
    Gets a node based on a guild ID, useful for noding separation. If the
    guild ID does not already have a node association, the least used
    node is returned. Skips over nodes that are not yet ready.

    Parameters
    ----------
    guild_id : int
    ignore_ready_status : bool

    Returns
    -------
    Node
    """
    guild_count = 1e10
    least_used = None

    for node in _nodes:
        guild_ids = node.player_manager.guild_ids

        if ignore_ready_status is False and not node.ready.is_set():
            continue
        elif len(guild_ids) < guild_count:
            guild_count = len(guild_ids)
            least_used = node

        if guild_id in guild_ids:
            return node

    if least_used is None:
        raise IndexError("No nodes found.")

    return least_used


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function to
join a voice channel by ID s.

Response:
async def join_voice(guild_id: int, channel_id: int):
    """
    Joins a voice channel by ID's.

    Parameters
    ----------
    guild_id : int
    channel_id : int
    """
    node = get_node(guild_id)
    voice_ws = node.get_voice_ws(guild_id)
    await voice_ws.voice_state(guild_id, channel_id)


Instruction:
Can you generate the documentation for the following Python 3 function
async def connect(self, timeout=None):
        self._is_shutdown = False

        combo_uri = "ws://{}:{}".format(self.host, self.rest)
        uri = "ws://{}:{}".format(self.host, self.port)

        log.debug(
            "Lavalink WS connecting to %s or %s with headers %s", combo_uri, uri, self.headers
        )

        tasks = tuple({self._multi_try_connect(u) for u in (combo_uri, uri)})

        for task in asyncio.as_completed(tasks, timeout=timeout):
            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
                if await cast(Awaitable[Optional[websockets.WebSocketClientProtocol]], task):
                    break
        else:
            raise asyncio.TimeoutError

        log.debug("Creating Lavalink WS listener.")
        self._listener_task = self.loop.create_task(self.listener())

        for data in self._queue:
            await self.send(data)

        self.ready.set()
        self.update_state(NodeState.READY)

Response: Connects to the Lavalink WS.


Instruction:
Create a Python 3 function for
joining a voice channel.

Response:
async def join_voice_channel(self, guild_id, channel_id):
        """
        Alternative way to join a voice channel if node is known.
        """
        voice_ws = self.get_voice_ws(guild_id)
        await voice_ws.voice_state(guild_id, channel_id)


Instruction:
Make a summary of the following Python 3 code
async def disconnect(self):
        self._is_shutdown = True
        self.ready.clear()

        self.update_state(NodeState.DISCONNECTING)

        await self.player_manager.disconnect()

        if self._ws is not None and self._ws.open:
            await self._ws.close()

        if self._listener_task is not None and not self.loop.is_closed():
            self._listener_task.cancel()

        self._state_handlers = []

        _nodes.remove(self)
        log.debug("Shutdown Lavalink WS.")

Response: Shuts down and disconnects the websocket.