---
license: other
license_name: mixed
license_link: LICENSE.md
library_name: pytorch
pipeline_tag: image-to-image
tags:
  - materials-science
  - microstructure
  - crystallographic-texture
  - magnesium
  - inverse-design
  - flow-matching
  - diffusion-transformer
  - lora
base_model:
  - stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3.5-medium
  - laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K
---

# Microstructure encoder–decoder (ViT-H/14 + FM-DiT)

Trained weights for the generative encoder–decoder that learns a searchable latent space of **grain morphology and HCP crystallographic texture** in extruded magnesium alloys. A microstructure is represented as an RGB orientation image made by the [orientation codec](https://github.com/mahishguru/orientation-codec). The **encoder** compresses the image into a spatial latent `z ∈ R^(16 × d_z)`, and the **decoder** turns any point of that latent space back into an orientation image. The image can then be converted into a DAMASK-ready RVE.

- **Code:** <https://github.com/mahishguru/microstructure-encoder-decoder>
- **Inverse design with these models (MERIDIAN):** <https://github.com/mahishguru/meridian>
- **Orientation codec (RGB ↔ HCP orientation field):** <https://github.com/mahishguru/orientation-codec>

## Contents

| Path | Model | Latent z | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| `fmdit_512/fmdit_512.pth` | FM-DiT-512 | 16 × 32 = 512 | used for the MERIDIAN design runs |
| `fmdit_768/fmdit_768.pth` | FM-DiT-768 | 16 × 48 = 768 | |
| `fmdit_1024/fmdit_1024.pth` | FM-DiT-1024 | 16 × 64 = 1,024 | |
| `fmdit_1280/fmdit_1280.pth` | FM-DiT-1280 | 16 × 80 = 1,280 | |
| `texture_priors/texture_prior_<variant>/{head.pt,codebook.npy}` | z → ODF-histogram head | — | used by the z-only ODF calibration step |
| `texture_priors/texture_prior/{head.pt,codebook.npy}` | shared default texture prior | — | default codebook of the calibration step |
| `baselines/vitdit.pth` | ViT-H/14 + DiT-XL/2 decoder | 512 (global) | baseline |
| `baselines/vitsdxl.pth` | ViT-H/14 + frozen SDXL UNet | 512 (global) | baseline (trained adapters only) |
| `baselines/vitvqgan.pth` | ViT-VQGAN | none (discrete tokens) | reference without a continuous bottleneck |

The FM-DiT files contain only the **trained** weights: the full encoder (ViT-H/14, attention pooler, projection), the token adapter, the pooled projection, the texture head and the rank-64 LoRA matrices. The frozen Stable Diffusion 3.5 medium backbone and VAE are **not** redistributed. They are downloaded from `stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3.5-medium` when the decoder is built, so you must accept that model's licence on Hugging Face and set `HF_TOKEN`.

## Architecture (FM-DiT)

- **Encoder:** OpenCLIP ViT-H/14 (LAION-2B). The lower 16 blocks are frozen and the upper 16 fine-tuned. A 16-query attention pooler feeds a per-token projection to width `d_z`. Input is the 300 × 300 orientation image, upsampled with nearest-neighbour interpolation to 512 × 512.
- **Decoder:** frozen SD3.5-medium MMDiT (2.5 B parameters), conditioned through:
  - a 5-block token adapter (16 tokens → joint-attention stream);
  - a pooled projection;
  - rank-64 LoRA on the attention and feed-forward projections, enabled from epoch 4.

  Rectified-flow velocity objective, plus reconstruction, spectral, InfoNCE, VICReg, latent-statistics, HCP orientation-distribution and texture-head terms.
- **Training:** 40 epochs, AdamW, effective batch 576 on 4 × H200, CFG dropout 0.1.
- **Sampling (as evaluated):** 25 Euler steps, shift 1.0, noise temperature 0.9, guidance 3.0.

## Usage

```bash
git clone https://github.com/mahishguru/microstructure-encoder-decoder.git
cd microstructure-encoder-decoder && pip install -e ".[eval]"
export HF_TOKEN=...            # with access to stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3.5-medium
```

```python
import os, torch
os.environ.update(FMDIT_LORA_RANK_OVERRIDE="64", FMDIT_LORA_ALPHA_OVERRIDE="64",
                  FMDIT_LORA_FFN="1", FMDIT_TEXHEAD="1")      # FM-DiT v4 architecture
from microstructure_ed.checkpoints import download, load_encoder_decoder
from microstructure_ed.encoder_arch_pretrained import Compressor
from microstructure_ed.fmdit.decoder_arch_pretrained import FlowMatchingDiTDecoder, SD35VAE

W = 512
encoder = Compressor(use_gradient_checkpointing=False, trainable_blocks=0, target_dim=W, spatial_tokens=16)
decoder = FlowMatchingDiTDecoder(target_dim=W)
load_encoder_decoder(encoder, decoder, download("vitfmdit"))  # "vitfmdit_768", "vitfmdit_1024", "vitfmdit_1280"
vae = SD35VAE(token=os.environ["HF_TOKEN"])
encoder, decoder, vae = encoder.cuda().eval(), decoder.cuda().eval(), vae.to("cuda")

x = ...                                   # (B, 3, 512, 512) orientation image in [-1, 1]
with torch.no_grad(), torch.amp.autocast("cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16):
    z = encoder(x)                        # (B, 512)
    lat = decoder.sample(z, num_steps=25, noise_temp=0.9, shift=1.0, guidance_scale=3.0)
    img = vae.decode(lat)                 # (B, 3, 512, 512) in [-1, 1]
```

Resize the output to 300 × 300 with nearest-neighbour interpolation, then convert it into a DREAM.3D RVE with the orientation codec. The code repository covers the full evaluation and calibration pipeline.

## Reconstruction fidelity

Held-out test set (n = 10,100 RVEs), at the 300 × 300 resolution used by the crystal-plasticity oracle. Grains are segmented identically on originals and reconstructions (Segment Anything, ViT-B). Values are mean ± standard deviation over samples; FID is a single distribution-level value.

| Model | FID ↓ | MS-SSIM ↑ | LPIPS ↓ | Grain size rel. error ↓ | Orientation EMD (°) ↓ | Mean disorientation (°) ↓ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM-DiT-512 | 26.63 | 0.065 ± 0.040 | 0.576 ± 0.023 | 0.131 ± 0.120 | 8.606 ± 1.372 | 4.057 ± 2.086 |
| FM-DiT-768 | 27.24 | 0.065 ± 0.038 | 0.575 ± 0.024 | 0.122 ± 0.115 | 8.515 ± 1.383 | 3.993 ± 2.041 |
| FM-DiT-1024 | 25.37 | 0.064 ± 0.037 | 0.573 ± 0.023 | 0.101 ± 0.083 | 8.451 ± 1.329 | 3.938 ± 2.025 |
| FM-DiT-1280 | 25.00 | 0.065 ± 0.039 | 0.574 ± 0.024 | 0.112 ± 0.107 | 8.398 ± 1.346 | 3.907 ± 1.973 |

## Intended use and limitations

- **Intended use:** research on generative modelling and inverse design of polycrystalline microstructure and texture, in particular latent-space optimisation against a crystal-plasticity oracle.
- **Statistical, not literal, reconstruction:** decodes reproduce grain-size, grain-shape and texture statistics of the input, not the position of individual grains. Per-pixel image metrics therefore look weak.
- **Domain:** 2D RVEs of extruded, single-phase HCP Mg alloys encoded with the bundled class-mean quaternions (`class_means.json`). Other materials, crystal systems or encodings are out of distribution.
- **Texture sharpness:** the basal fibre is reproduced in the right place but somewhat under-sharpened. The texture-prior calibration step partly compensates for this.

## Licences

The weights in this repository build on third-party models, and each file inherits the terms of the model it was fine-tuned from:

| Files | Terms |
|---|---|
| `fmdit_*/*.pth` (encoder, adapters, LoRA on SD3.5) | [Stability AI Community License](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3.5-medium/blob/main/LICENSE.md) for the parts derived from Stable Diffusion 3.5 (**Powered by Stability AI**); OpenCLIP ViT-H/14 encoder weights: MIT |
| `baselines/vitdit.pth` (fine-tuned DiT-XL/2) | [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), as the DiT-XL/2 weights (`facebook/DiT-XL-2-256`); **non-commercial use only** |
| `baselines/vitsdxl.pth` (adapters for SDXL) | MIT for the released adapter weights; use with SDXL-base-1.0 is subject to the [CreativeML Open RAIL++-M License](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0/blob/main/LICENSE.md) |
| `baselines/vitvqgan.pth` (fine-tuned PaintMind ViT-VQGAN) | [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/Qiyuan-Ge/PaintMind/blob/main/LICENSE), as PaintMind |
| `texture_priors/*` | MIT |

## Acknowledgements

Developed at the Institute of Material and Process Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany. The ViT-VQGAN baseline builds on [PaintMind](https://github.com/Qiyuan-Ge/PaintMind) by Qiyuan Ge.