{
 "approved_by_author": "\u231b",
 "citation": "McCartney, D. L., et al. \u201cEpigenetic prediction of complex traits and death.\u201d Genome Biology 19, 136 (2018).",
 "citations": 312,
 "citations_date": "2026-10-02",
 "clock_name": "mccartneysmoking",
 "data_type": "DNA methylation",
 "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1514-1",
 "journal": "Genome Biology",
 "last_author": "Riccardo E. Marioni",
 "model_type": "LASSO regression",
 "n_features": 233,
 "notes": "Whole-blood DNAm LASSO score trained on log(smoking pack-years + 1), residualized for age, sex and ten genetic principal components. The returned linear score remains on that adjusted natural-log scale; it is not an absolute exposure in physical units. Evaluated out of sample in LBC1936.",
 "platform": [
  "Illumina EPIC"
 ],
 "population": "adults",
 "predicts": [
  "smoking exposure"
 ],
 "research_only": null,
 "species": "Homo sapiens",
 "tissue": [
  "whole blood"
 ],
 "training_target": [
  "smoking exposure"
 ],
 "unit": [
  "natural-log (pack-years + 1)"
 ],
 "version": "0.5.7",
 "year": 2018
}