{
 "approved_by_author": "\u231b",
 "citation": "Kuo, C.-L., et al. \"Proteomic aging clock (PAC) predicts age-related outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.\" Aging Cell 23, e14195 (2024).",
 "citations": 68,
 "citations_date": "2026-10-02",
 "clock_name": "pac",
 "data_type": "proteomics",
 "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14195",
 "journal": "Aging Cell",
 "last_author": "Breno S. Diniz",
 "model_type": "Gompertz proportional hazards model",
 "n_features": 129,
 "notes": "Mortality-equivalent proteomic age from the original Kuo et al. R release, using all 128 Olink Explore 3072 plasma protein NPX values plus chronological age in years. Supply original lowercase identifiers, including fut3_fut5 and ntprobnp; there is no sex covariate. NPX is assay-normalized log2 relative abundance, not raw counts, concentrations, linear abundances or z-scores. NPX labeling alone does not establish comparability across panels, batches, plasma and serum. No cohort scaling, normalization, or imputation is applied during scoring. Every predictor column is required; supplied NaNs propagate. The paper used k-nearest-neighbor imputation (k=10) before model fitting; any upstream imputation is a separate caller decision. The full-precision original Gompertz constants are retained, without the later Insilico wrapper's rounding or optional distribution matching. Output is mortality-equivalent age in years, not a clinical diagnosis or an age-acceleration residual. Development cohort: UK Biobank adults aged 39-70. The original repository specifies no code license; the publication is CC BY 4.0. No author approval of this conversion is claimed.",
 "platform": [
  "Olink Explore 3072"
 ],
 "population": "adults",
 "predicts": [
  "biological age"
 ],
 "research_only": true,
 "species": "Homo sapiens",
 "tissue": [
  "plasma"
 ],
 "training_target": [
  "mortality"
 ],
 "unit": [
  "years"
 ],
 "year": 2024
}