---
title: 'The Synthetic Data Playbook:<br/> Generating Trillions of the Finest Tokens'
subtitle: >-
  How to turn noisy web text into state-of-the-art pretraining data with the
  right prompts, models, and infrastructure
description: 'The Synthetic Data Playbook: Generating Trillions of the Finest Tokens'
authors:
  - name: Joel Niklaus

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/joelniklaus'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Guilherme Penedo

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/guipenedo'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Hynek Kydlicek

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/hynky'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Elie Bakouch

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/eliebak'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Lewis Tunstall

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/lewtun'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Ed Beeching

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/edbeeching'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Thibaud Frere

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/tfrere'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Colin Raffel

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/craffel'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Leandro von Werra

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/lvwerra'
    affiliations:
      - 1
  - name: Thomas Wolf

    url: 'https://huggingface.co/thomwolf'
    affiliations:
      - 1

affiliations:
  - name: Hugging Face

    url: 'https://huggingface.co'
published: 'Mar. 8, 2026'
tags:
  - research-article-template
  - scientific paper
  - data visualization

tableOfContentsAutoCollapse: true
seoThumbImage: /thumb.png
pdfProOnly: false
---

import Introduction from "./chapters/1-introduction.mdx";
import Setup from "./chapters/2-setup.mdx";
import Experiments from "./chapters/3-experiments.mdx";
import Analyses from "./chapters/4-analyses.mdx";
import Infrastructure from "./chapters/5-infrastructure.mdx";
import Finephrase from "./chapters/6-finephrase.mdx";
import Conclusions from "./chapters/7-conclusions.mdx";
import Appendix from "./chapters/8-appendix.mdx";

<Introduction />

<Setup />

<Experiments />

<Analyses />

<Infrastructure />

<Finephrase />

<Conclusions />

<Appendix />
