"""Heuristic failure-mode tagging for a run's traces (no gold answers needed). Reads ``runs/traces//*.json`` (schema: gaia_agent/trace.py) plus the run's rows in ``runs/answers.jsonl`` (for questions that timed out before a trace was written), tags each task with observable failure modes, writes ``runs/error_analysis.json`` and prints a table. The tags describe *how the agent behaved*, not whether the answer was right: this runs on the 20 course questions, whose answers we never see. It is the open-coding pass of an error analysis; the counts tell you which tool or prompt fix to try first. Tags ---- hit_max_steps ran out of steps (AgentMaxStepsError / "Reached max steps") tool_error a tool returned or raised an error; also ``tool_error:`` code_execution_error the agent's own Python failed (not inside a tool call) parse_error model output had no parsable code block rate_limited the *model* call hit a 429 / quota (tool-side 429s are tool errors) timeout the question hit the runner's wall-clock limit, or a model timeout empty_or_refusal_answer no answer, or a refusal / "unknown" style answer answer_format_suspicious answer has units, a sentence, "FINAL ANSWER", quotes, or is long blocked_by_guard the answer-leak guard refused a query or URL no_tool_used finished without calling a single tool repeated_identical_tool_call same tool + same arguments 3+ times, or identical code twice in a row paging_loop same tool on the same first argument 4+ times with other args varying vision_used an image / video-frame question went to the vision model no_trace only an answers.jsonl row exists (usually a timeout) Usage: ``python -m analysis.error_analysis [--run-id ID] [--runs-dir runs] [--max-steps 12]`` """ from __future__ import annotations import argparse import json import os import re import sys from collections import Counter from datetime import datetime, timezone from pathlib import Path from typing import Any, Iterable PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent DEFAULT_RUNS_DIR = PROJECT_ROOT / "runs" TAG_DESCRIPTIONS: dict[str, str] = { "hit_max_steps": "Ran out of steps before a final answer", "tool_error": "A tool returned or raised an error", "code_execution_error": "The agent's own Python code failed", "parse_error": "Model output had no parsable code block", "rate_limited": "A model call hit a 429 / quota", "timeout": "Wall-clock or model timeout", "empty_or_refusal_answer": "Empty, refusal or 'unknown' answer", "answer_format_suspicious": "Answer shape likely to fail exact match", "blocked_by_guard": "Answer-leak guard refused a query/URL", "no_tool_used": "Answered without calling any tool", "repeated_identical_tool_call": "Looped on an identical tool call", "paging_loop": "Same tool on the same target 4+ times (paging/re-reading)", "vision_used": "Used the vision model", "no_trace": "No trace file (answers.jsonl row only)", } # Tools the agent may expose (gaia_agent/tools_web.py + tools_media.py). Names seen in a run's # own traces are added at runtime, so a renamed tool is still recognised. DEFAULT_TOOL_NAMES = { "web_search", "visit_webpage", "wikipedia_search", "wikipedia_page", "wikipedia_revision", "wikipedia_page_info", "read_file", "run_python_file", "transcribe_audio", "image_question", "youtube_transcript", "youtube_audio_transcript", "youtube_frames_question", } VISION_TOOLS = {"image_question", "youtube_frames_question"} NON_TOOLS = {"final_answer", "python_interpreter"} # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- patterns GUARD_RE = re.compile(r"BLOCKED by the answer-leak guard|\b(query|URL) refused\b", re.I) # "429" only as a standalone token: a bare substring match also hits UUIDs and byte counts. HTTP_429_RE = re.compile(r"(?.*?)' due to", re.S) TOOL_EXC_RE = re.compile(r"Error (?:when )?executing tool '?(?P[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)'?") TOOL_ERROR_LINE_RE = re.compile(r"^\s*(?:ERROR|Error)\b[:\s]", re.M) MODEL_ERROR_TYPES = {"AgentGenerationError"} # Bare "unknown"/"none" style answers must match the whole answer ("Unknown Pleasures" is a # legitimate album title); refusal phrases only need to open the answer. REFUSAL_FULL_RE = re.compile(r"^(?:unknown|n/?a|none|null|nil|not (?:found|available|known|applicable)|no answer|\?+)$", re.I) REFUSAL_PREFIX_RE = re.compile( r"^(?:cannot (?:be )?determined?|unable to (?:determine|find|answer)" r"|i(?: can ?not| cannot| can't| am unable|'m unable| do not know| don't know| could not| couldn't)" r"|i'?m sorry|sorry\b|insufficient (?:information|data)|it is not possible|there is no (?:way|information))", re.I, ) UNIT_RE = re.compile( r"(?:^[$€£¥])|(?:\d\s*%$)|(?:\b\d[\d.,]*\s*(?:km|kg|mg|g|m|cm|mm|mi|miles?|lbs?|pounds?|ft|feet|inch(?:es)?|" r"meters?|metres?|seconds?|sec|s|minutes?|mins?|hours?|hrs?|h|days?|years?|yrs?|usd|eur|dollars?|euros?|" r"percent|°c|°f|k?w|mph|kph)\b)", re.I, ) THOUSANDS_RE = re.compile(r"^\d{1,3}(?:,\d{3})+(?:\.\d+)?$") SENTENCE_VERB_RE = re.compile(r"\b(?:is|are|was|were|has|have|had|the answer|answer is|would be|equals)\b", re.I) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- helpers def _walk(steps: Iterable[dict]) -> Iterable[dict]: """Every step, including steps of sub-agents nested under an action step.""" for s in steps or []: yield s for run in s.get("sub_agents") or []: yield from _walk(run.get("steps") or []) def _short(text: Any, n: int = 140) -> str: s = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", str(text or "")).strip() return s if len(s) <= n else s[: n - 1] + "…" def _tool_names_in_code(code: str | None, known: set[str]) -> list[str]: if not code: return [] return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"\b([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\s*\(", code) if m.group(1) in known] def _calls_in_code(code: str | None, known: set[str]) -> list[dict]: """Calls to known tools in a code block, with their argument source text as the key. Uses ``ast`` so ``visit_webpage(url_a)`` and ``visit_webpage(url_b)`` stay distinct; if the code does not parse, falls back to bare names with ``arguments=None`` (never counted as repeats, since identical names alone prove nothing). """ if not code: return [] import ast try: tree = ast.parse(code) except SyntaxError: return [{"name": n, "arguments": None} for n in _tool_names_in_code(code, known)] calls = [] for node in ast.walk(tree): if isinstance(node, ast.Call) and isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in known: args = [ast.unparse(a) for a in node.args] + [f"{k.arg}={ast.unparse(k.value)}" for k in node.keywords] first = args[0].split("=", 1)[-1] if args else None calls.append({"name": node.func.id, "arguments": ", ".join(args), "first": first, "_lineno": node.lineno}) calls.sort(key=lambda c: c.pop("_lineno")) return calls def _step_tools(step: dict, known: set[str]) -> list[dict]: """Tool calls of one step: the trace's recovered calls, else calls parsed from the code.""" calls = [c for c in step.get("tool_calls") or [] if c.get("name") and c["name"] not in NON_TOOLS] if calls: return calls return _calls_in_code(step.get("code"), known) def _is_vision_tool(name: str) -> bool: # Token match, not substring: "wikipedia_revision" contains "vision". return name in VISION_TOOLS or bool(re.search(r"(?:^|_)(?:vision|vlm)(?:_|$)", name)) def _first_arg(call: dict) -> str | None: if call.get("first") is not None: return str(call["first"]) args = call.get("arguments") if isinstance(args, dict) and args: return str(next(iter(args.values()))) if isinstance(args, (list, tuple)) and args: return str(args[0]) return None def _args_key(args: Any) -> str: try: return json.dumps(args, sort_keys=True, default=str) except Exception: return str(args) def format_issues(answer: Any) -> list[str]: """Reasons an answer string looks wrong for GAIA's exact-match grader (empty list = fine).""" if answer is None: return [] a = str(answer).strip() if not a: return [] reasons = [] if re.search(r"final\s*answer", a, re.I): reasons.append('contains "FINAL ANSWER"') if "\n" in a: reasons.append("multi-line") items = [x.strip() for x in a.split(",")] if "," in a and not THOUSANDS_RE.match(a) else [a] longest_item_words = max(len(x.split()) for x in items) if len(a) > 200 or longest_item_words > 12: reasons.append(f"very long ({len(a)} chars)") if any(UNIT_RE.search(x) for x in items): reasons.append("has units/currency/percent") if THOUSANDS_RE.match(a): reasons.append("thousands separator") words = a.split() if (a.endswith(".") and len(words) >= 4) or (len(words) >= 6 and SENTENCE_VERB_RE.search(a) and "," not in a): reasons.append("reads like a sentence") if len(a) >= 2 and a[0] in "\"'“‘`" and a[-1] in "\"'”’`": reasons.append("wrapped in quotes") if a.startswith(("**", "__")) or a.startswith("```"): reasons.append("markdown formatting") return reasons def is_empty_or_refusal(answer: Any) -> str | None: if answer is None: return "no final answer" a = str(answer).strip().strip(".").strip() if not a: return "empty answer" if REFUSAL_FULL_RE.match(a) or REFUSAL_PREFIX_RE.match(a): return f"refusal-like answer {_short(a, 60)!r}" return None # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- core def analyze_trace( trace: dict, *, max_steps: int | None = None, answer_row: dict | None = None, known_tools: set[str] | None = None, ) -> dict: """Tag one trace. Returns {task_id, tags, evidence, details}.""" known = set(DEFAULT_TOOL_NAMES) | set(known_tools or ()) for name in (trace.get("totals") or {}).get("tool_calls_by_name", {}) or {}: if name not in NON_TOOLS: known.add(name) details: dict[str, list[str]] = {} def tag(name: str, ev: str) -> None: lst = details.setdefault(name, []) if ev not in lst and len(lst) < 4: lst.append(ev) steps = list(_walk(trace.get("steps") or [])) top_actions = [s for s in (trace.get("steps") or []) if s.get("type") == "action"] run_error = trace.get("error") or (answer_row or {}).get("error") run_error_type = trace.get("error_type") # ---- run-level errors if run_error: if TIMEOUT_RE.search(str(run_error)) or (run_error_type or "").lower().endswith("timeouterror"): tag("timeout", f"run error: {_short(run_error, 100)}") if HTTP_429_RE.search(str(run_error)) or RATE_RE.search(str(run_error)) or ( run_error_type in ("BudgetExceeded", "RemoteQuotaExhausted") ): tag("rate_limited", f"run error: {_short(run_error, 100)}") if MAX_STEPS_RE.search(str(run_error)) or run_error_type == "AgentMaxStepsError": tag("hit_max_steps", f"run error: {_short(run_error, 80)}") # ---- per-step call_counter: Counter = Counter() target_counter: Counter = Counter() call_first_step: dict[str, Any] = {} prev_code = None vision_steps: list[str] = [] any_tool = False for s in steps: idx = s.get("index") where = f"step {idx}" + (f" ({s['agent']})" if s.get("agent") else "") err = s.get("error") or "" etype = s.get("error_type") or "" obs = s.get("observation") or "" tools = _step_tools(s, known) if s.get("type") == "action" else [] tool_names = [t["name"] for t in tools] if tools: any_tool = True if etype == "AgentMaxStepsError" or (err and MAX_STEPS_RE.search(err)): tag("hit_max_steps", f"{where}: {_short(err, 80)}") if err: model_side = etype in MODEL_ERROR_TYPES or err.startswith("Error in generating model output") if model_side and (HTTP_429_RE.search(err) or RATE_RE.search(err)): tag("rate_limited", f"{where}: {_short(err, 100)}") if model_side and TIMEOUT_RE.search(err): tag("timeout", f"{where}: model call timed out") if etype == "AgentParsingError" or PARSE_RE.search(err): tag("parse_error", f"{where}: {_short(err, 90)}") elif etype in ("AgentToolExecutionError", "AgentToolCallError") or TOOL_EXC_RE.search(err): m = TOOL_EXC_RE.search(err) name = m.group("tool") if m else (tool_names[0] if len(set(tool_names)) == 1 else "unattributed") tag(f"tool_error:{name}", f"{where}: {_short(err, 110)}") elif etype == "AgentExecutionError" or EXEC_RE.search(err): failing = FAILED_LINE_RE.search(err) in_tool = [n for n in _tool_names_in_code(failing.group("line"), known)] if failing else [] if GUARD_RE.search(err): tag("blocked_by_guard", f"{where}: {_short(err, 90)}") elif in_tool: tag(f"tool_error:{in_tool[0]}", f"{where}: raised in {in_tool[0]}(): {_short(err, 90)}") elif not model_side: tag("code_execution_error", f"{where}: {_short(err, 110)}") if GUARD_RE.search(obs) or GUARD_RE.search(err): tag("blocked_by_guard", f"{where}: guard refused a {'query' if 'query refused' in (obs + err) else 'URL/result'}") # Tools in this codebase report failures as returned strings starting with "ERROR". for m in TOOL_ERROR_LINE_RE.finditer(obs): line = obs[m.start() : obs.find("\n", m.start()) if obs.find("\n", m.start()) != -1 else len(obs)] if GUARD_RE.search(line): continue named = [n for n in set(tool_names) if n in line] if named: name = named[0] elif len(set(tool_names)) == 1: name = tool_names[0] else: name = "unattributed" tag(f"tool_error:{name}", f"{where}: {_short(line, 110)}") for t in tools: first = _first_arg(t) if first is not None: target_counter[f"{t['name']}|{first}"] += 1 if t.get("arguments") is not None: key = f"{t['name']}({_args_key(t.get('arguments'))})" call_counter[key] += 1 call_first_step.setdefault(key, idx) if _is_vision_tool(t["name"]): vision_steps.append(f"{where}: {t['name']}") code = (s.get("code") or "").strip() if s.get("type") == "action" and code and prev_code is not None and code == prev_code and tools: tag("repeated_identical_tool_call", f"{where}: identical code to the previous step") if s.get("type") == "action": prev_code = code or None for key, n in call_counter.items(): if n >= 3: tag("repeated_identical_tool_call", f"{_short(key, 100)} x{n}") for key, n in target_counter.items(): if n >= 4 and not any(k.startswith(key.split("|", 1)[0] + "(") and c >= 3 for k, c in call_counter.items()): name, target = key.split("|", 1) tag("paging_loop", f"{name} on {_short(target, 80)} x{n}") for v in vision_steps: tag("vision_used", v) ran_code = [s for s in top_actions if (s.get("code") or "").strip()] # Reading an attachment directly in code (pandas, open()) is real work, not "answered from memory". read_direct = any(re.search(r"\b(read_csv|read_excel|read_json|open\()", s.get("code") or "") for s in ran_code) if ran_code and not any_tool and not read_direct: # parse failures that never ran code are not "answered without tools" tag("no_tool_used", f"{len(ran_code)} code step(s), no tool calls") if max_steps is not None and len(top_actions) >= max_steps and "hit_max_steps" not in details: if not any(s.get("is_final_answer") for s in top_actions): tag("hit_max_steps", f"{len(top_actions)} action steps >= max_steps {max_steps} without final_answer") # ---- the answer final = trace.get("final_answer") if final is None and answer_row is not None: final = answer_row.get("answer") empty = is_empty_or_refusal(final) if empty: tag("empty_or_refusal_answer", empty) else: issues = format_issues(final) raw = (answer_row or {}).get("raw") if not issues and raw is not None and raw != final: raw_issues = format_issues(raw) if raw_issues: # the normalizer cleaned it, but the model's habit is worth knowing details.setdefault("_notes", []).append(f"raw answer had: {', '.join(raw_issues)}") if issues: tag("answer_format_suspicious", f"{', '.join(issues)}: {_short(final, 70)!r}") # Collapse tool_error: into the generic tag as well. tool_tags = sorted(k for k in details if k.startswith("tool_error:")) if tool_tags: details["tool_error"] = [k.split(":", 1)[1] for k in tool_tags] ordered = [t for t in TAG_DESCRIPTIONS if t in details] + tool_tags evidence = "; ".join(f"{t}: {details[t][0]}" for t in ordered if t != "tool_error") return { "task_id": trace.get("task_id"), "tags": ordered, "evidence": evidence, "details": {k: v for k, v in details.items()}, "final_answer": None if final is None else _short(final, 120), "steps": len(top_actions), "seconds": trace.get("seconds"), } def analyze_answer_row(row: dict) -> dict: """Tag a task that has no trace file, from its answers.jsonl row alone.""" pseudo = { "task_id": row.get("task_id"), "steps": [], "final_answer": row.get("answer"), "error": row.get("error"), "seconds": row.get("seconds"), } item = analyze_trace(pseudo, answer_row=row) item["tags"] = ["no_trace"] + item["tags"] item["details"]["no_trace"] = ["only an answers.jsonl row"] item["evidence"] = ("no_trace: answers.jsonl row only; " + item["evidence"]).rstrip("; ") item["steps"] = row.get("steps") return item # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- run level def load_run_traces(run_id: str, runs_dir: Path) -> list[dict]: folder = Path(runs_dir) / "traces" / run_id traces = [] if not folder.is_dir(): return traces for p in sorted(folder.glob("*.json")): if p.name.startswith("."): continue try: traces.append(json.loads(p.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))) except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as e: print(f"warning: skipping unreadable trace {p.name}: {e}", file=sys.stderr) return traces def load_answer_rows(run_id: str, runs_dir: Path) -> dict[str, dict]: """Latest answers.jsonl row per task for this run (rows without run_id are ignored).""" path = Path(runs_dir) / "answers.jsonl" rows: dict[str, dict] = {} if not path.is_file(): return rows for line in path.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines(): try: r = json.loads(line) except json.JSONDecodeError: continue if r.get("run_id") == run_id and r.get("task_id"): rows[r["task_id"]] = r return rows def latest_run_id(runs_dir: Path) -> str | None: folder = Path(runs_dir) / "traces" if not folder.is_dir(): return None dirs = [d for d in folder.iterdir() if d.is_dir() and any(d.glob("*.json"))] return max(dirs, key=lambda d: d.stat().st_mtime).name if dirs else None def analyze_run(run_id: str, runs_dir: Path | str = DEFAULT_RUNS_DIR, max_steps: int | None = None) -> dict: runs_dir = Path(runs_dir) traces = load_run_traces(run_id, runs_dir) rows = load_answer_rows(run_id, runs_dir) known: set[str] = set() for t in traces: known.update(k for k in ((t.get("totals") or {}).get("tool_calls_by_name") or {}) if k not in NON_TOOLS) items = [] seen = set() for t in traces: tid = t.get("task_id") seen.add(tid) items.append(analyze_trace(t, max_steps=max_steps, answer_row=rows.get(tid), known_tools=known)) for tid, row in rows.items(): if tid not in seen: items.append(analyze_answer_row(row)) counts: Counter = Counter() for it in items: counts.update(it["tags"]) return { "run_id": run_id, "generated_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(timespec="seconds"), "n_tasks": len(items), "max_steps": max_steps, "items": items, "counts": dict(sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda kv: (-kv[1], kv[0]))), "clean_tasks": [it["task_id"] for it in items if not [t for t in it["tags"] if t != "vision_used"]], "tag_descriptions": TAG_DESCRIPTIONS, "note": "Heuristic behaviour tags from traces; no gold answers are used.", } def write_report(report: dict, out: Path) -> Path: out.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) tmp = out.with_name(f".{out.name}.tmp") tmp.write_text(json.dumps(report, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n", encoding="utf-8") os.replace(tmp, out) return out _UUID_RE = re.compile(r"^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-", re.I) def _short_id(tid: Any) -> str: s = str(tid) return s[:8] if _UUID_RE.match(s) else s[:24] def format_table(report: dict) -> str: n = report["n_tasks"] or 1 lines = [f"Error analysis: run {report['run_id']} ({report['n_tasks']} tasks)", ""] header = f"{'tag':38s} {'n':>3s} {'%':>5s} examples" lines += [header, "-" * len(header)] examples: dict[str, list[str]] = {} for it in report["items"]: for t in it["tags"]: examples.setdefault(t, []).append(_short_id(it["task_id"])) for tag, c in report["counts"].items(): ex = ", ".join(examples.get(tag, [])[:3]) + (" …" if len(examples.get(tag, [])) > 3 else "") lines.append(f"{tag:38s} {c:3d} {100 * c / n:4.0f}% {ex}") if not report["counts"]: lines.append("(no failure tags)") lines += ["", f"clean (no failure tag): {len(report['clean_tasks'])}/{report['n_tasks']}", ""] lines.append(f"{'task':24s} {'steps':>5s} tags") for it in report["items"]: tags = ", ".join(it["tags"]) or "-" lines.append(f"{_short_id(it['task_id']):24s} {str(it.get('steps') or '-'):>5s} {tags}") return "\n".join(lines) def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int: ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Tag failure modes in a run's traces (no gold needed).") ap.add_argument("--run-id", default=os.environ.get("GAIA_RUN_ID")) ap.add_argument("--runs-dir", default=str(DEFAULT_RUNS_DIR)) ap.add_argument("--max-steps", type=int, default=None, help="agent max_steps, to infer hit_max_steps") ap.add_argument("--out", default=None, help="output path (default /error_analysis.json)") ap.add_argument("--json", action="store_true", help="print the JSON instead of the table") args = ap.parse_args(argv) runs_dir = Path(args.runs_dir) run_id = args.run_id or latest_run_id(runs_dir) if not run_id: print(f"No traces found under {runs_dir / 'traces'}; pass --run-id.", file=sys.stderr) return 2 report = analyze_run(run_id, runs_dir, args.max_steps) if not report["items"]: print(f"No traces or answers for run {run_id!r} under {runs_dir}.", file=sys.stderr) return 2 out = write_report(report, Path(args.out) if args.out else runs_dir / "error_analysis.json") print(json.dumps(report, indent=2) if args.json else format_table(report)) print(f"\nwrote {out}") return 0 if __name__ == "__main__": raise SystemExit(main())