# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ CropAI Agronomic Knowledge Base - Cereals Module (धान, गेहूं, मक्का) Covers all historical and current diseases, pests, insects, and deficiencies for Rice/Paddy, Wheat, and Maize in Chhattisgarh and India. """ from typing import Dict, Any CEREALS_KNOWLEDGE_BASE: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = { # ========================================================================= # 1. RICE / PADDY (धान) # ========================================================================= "Rice___Blast": { "name": "Rice Blast / Leaf & Neck Blast (धान का झुलसा/गर्दन तोड़)", "scientific_name": "Magnaporthe oryzae", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to October (Kharif); Temp 24-28°C, Relative Humidity > 85%, long dew duration", "economic_injury_level": "2-5% leaf area infected or 1-2 neck lesions per m²", "symptoms": [ "Spindle-shaped elliptical lesions with greyish-white center and dark reddish-brown margins on leaves", "Blackish-brown necrosis at neck node causing panicle to snap and drop grains (Neck Blast / गर्दन तोड़)", "Node blast causing culms to lodge and break at lower joints", "Severe blight burning entire fields in Surguja, Dhamtari, Raipur and Balod belts" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Drain standing water from field for 2-3 days and suspend top-dressing of urea/nitrogen immediately", "Ensure field bunds and alleys are cleared to maximize cross-canopy airflow and reduce humidity" ], "organic_control": [ "Spray Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2.5g/L (40g per 16L tank) or Trichoderma viride @ 5g/L (80g per 16L tank)", "Apply 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) or cold-pressed Neem Oil 10,000 PPM @ 3ml/L (50ml per 16L tank)", "Foliar spray of fresh cow urine solution (1 liter gomutra + 10 liters water + 50g asafoetida)" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Tricyclazole 75% WP (Baan) @ 0.6g/L water (10g per 16L tank; 120g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC (Amistar Top) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)", "Or Isoprothiolane 40% EC (Fuji-One) @ 1.5ml/L water (25ml per 16L tank; 300ml/acre)", "Or Kasugamycin 3% SL @ 2ml/L water (30ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2g/kg seed or Trichoderma viride @ 10g/kg seed", "Avoid late transplanting and excessive split doses of urea beyond 100 kg/ha", "Grow blast-resistant varieties: Pusa 1509, Pusa 1847, IR-64 Drt, Swarna-Sub1, MTU-1010" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Rice___Bacterial_Leaf_Blight": { "name": "Bacterial Leaf Blight / BLB (जीवाणु झुलसा रोग)", "scientific_name": "Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Bacterial", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to September during peak monsoon; Temp 25-30°C, RH > 90%, strong winds and rainstorms", "economic_injury_level": "More than 5% leaves showing tip drying", "symptoms": [ "Water-soaked yellowish-green translucent lesions starting from leaf margins and moving downwards in wavy patterns", "Milky bacterial ooze beads on leaf surface early morning, drying into yellow crusty beads", "Leaves turn straw-yellow, curl, wither, and die (Kresek / Wilting stage in young crops)", "Partial or complete drying of flag leaves causing chaffy panicles" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Drain excess flood water immediately; do not irrigate from infected fields to healthy plots", "Stop all nitrogenous chemical fertilizers (urea/DAP) completely until new green tillers emerge" ], "organic_control": [ "Spray fresh cow dung supernatant (20 kg fresh cow dung stirred in 200L water, filtered through muslin cloth)", "Apply Bacillus subtilis bio-formulation @ 3g/L (50g per 16L tank)", "Foliar spray of fermented sour buttermilk (खट्टी छाछ) @ 50ml/L (800ml per 16L tank)" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Streptocycline 6g + Copper Oxychloride 50% WP 500g in 200L water per acre (0.5g Streptocycline + 40g COC per 16L tank)", "Or Plantomycin 1g/L + Copper Hydroxide 77% WP (Kocide) 2g/L (30g per 16L tank)", "Or Kasugamycin 3% SL @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Hot water seed treatment at 52-54°C for 10 minutes or Streptocycline soak (1g in 10L water for 8 hours)", "Apply split dosage of Potassium (MOP @ 25 kg/acre) to strengthen cell walls", "Plant BLB-resistant varieties: Improved Samba Masoori, Pusa Basmati 1847, Pusa 1885" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Rice___Sheath_Blight": { "name": "Rice Sheath Blight (तनावृंत झुलसा / शीथ ब्लाइट)", "scientific_name": "Rhizoctonia solani", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to October in dense tillering crop; Temp 28-32°C, RH 90-100%, high soil moisture", "economic_injury_level": "5% infected tillers at tillering to panicle initiation stage", "symptoms": [ "Oval or irregular greenish-grey water-soaked snake-skin spots on leaf sheaths near water line", "Lesions enlarge with greyish-white center and defined dark reddish-brown margins", "Mustard-seed-like dark brown sclerotial bodies visible on infected sheaths", "Culm lodging and premature drying of upper canopy in heavy stands" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Create alleyways (skip one row every 2-3 meters) to allow direct sunlight penetration into lower canopy", "Lower standing water depth to 2 cm and avoid excessive stagnant flooding" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of Trichoderma harzianum @ 5g/L (80g per 16L tank) targeting bottom leaf sheaths", "Apply enriched neem cake @ 100 kg/acre to soil to decompose overwintering sclerotia", "Spray Dashparni Ark @ 50ml/L (800ml per 16L tank)" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Validamycin 3% L (Sheathmar) @ 2.5ml/L water (40ml per 16L tank; 500ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Hexaconazole 5% SC (Contaf) @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank; 400ml/acre)", "Or Thifluzamide 24% SC (Pulsor) @ 0.75ml/L water (12ml per 16L tank; 150ml/acre)", "Or Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC (Custodia) @ 1.5ml/L water (25ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Deep summer ploughing to bury sclerotial bodies and remove volunteer weeds", "Optimum plant spacing (20 x 15 cm) and avoid planting more than 2-3 seedlings per hill", "Apply balanced nitrogen:phosphorus:potash (N:P:K 100:50:50 kg/ha)" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___Brown_Spot": { "name": "Brown Spot / Sesame Leaf Spot (भूरा धब्बा रोग)", "scientific_name": "Bipolaris oryzae (Cochliobolus miyabeanus)", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to November; light rain, cloudy sky, dry spells in rainfed nutrient-poor soils", "economic_injury_level": "2-3 brown spots per leaf on flag leaf or top 3 leaves", "symptoms": [ "Circular to oval sesame-seed-sized dark brown spots with yellowish halo on leaves and glumes", "Spots coalesce covering entire leaf blades causing premature drying and scorched appearance", "Dark brown or black discolouration on grains causing poor milling recovery and pecky rice", "Associated with nutrient-starved, zinc/silicon deficient soils (Bengal Famine 1943 pathogen)" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Top-dress Potash (MOP @ 15 kg/acre) and Zinc Sulphate to restore plant nutritional vigor", "Provide life-saving irrigation to relieve water stress in rainfed plots" ], "organic_control": [ "Spray bio-control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5g/L (80g per 16L tank)", "Apply fermented Jeevamrut foliar spray (20L Jeevamrut in 200L water per acre)" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Mancozeb 75% WP (Dithane M-45) @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank; 400-500g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Propiconazole 25% EC (Tilt) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)", "Or Tebuconazole 25.9% EC (Folicur) @ 1.5ml/L water (25ml per 16L tank; 300ml/acre)", "Or Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP (Saaf) @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Seed treatment with Thiram 75% WP @ 2.5g/kg or Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2g/kg seed", "Apply FYM/compost @ 5 tonnes/ha with balanced zinc and silicon fertilization", "Grow resistant varieties: MTU-1001, IR-36, Rajeshwari, Danteshwari" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___False_Smut": { "name": "False Smut / Green Smut / Haldi Rog (हल्दी रोग / झूठा कंडुवा)", "scientific_name": "Ustilaginoidea virens", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "September to November at heading/flowering; Temp 25-30°C, RH > 90%, cloudy overcast days", "economic_injury_level": "1-2 infected smut balls per panicle", "symptoms": [ "Individual rice grains transformed into large velvety greenish-yellow spore masses (smut balls)", "Spore balls burst open turning golden-yellow and finally dark olive-green to black", "Release of yellow chlamydospore dust that stains adjacent healthy grains", "Severe yield and quality loss in hybrid and high-yielding rice varieties in Surguja and Bilaspur" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Manually collect infected smut balls inside polythene bags and burn them outside field", "Avoid spraying during peak noon hours when spores become airborne" ], "organic_control": [ "Spray Copper Soap / Bordeaux mixture 1% at boot leaf stage", "Apply Panchagavya @ 30ml/L (500ml per 16L tank) before flowering" ], "chemical_control": [ "First preventive spray at boot leaf stage: Copper Hydroxide 77% WP (Kocide) @ 2g/L (35g per 16L tank; 400g/acre)", "Or Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% WG (Nativo) @ 0.4g/L water (7g per 16L tank; 80g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Propiconazole 25% EC (Tilt) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Hot water seed treatment at 52°C for 10 minutes", "Avoid high doses of nitrogenous fertilizers at panicle initiation stage", "Early sowing to escape humid late-October spore dispersion windows" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___Khaira_Disease": { "name": "Khaira Disease / Zinc Deficiency (खैरा रोग - जस्ता की कमी)", "scientific_name": "Zinc (Zn) Micronutrient Deficiency", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Deficiency", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "July to August (2 to 3 weeks after transplanting in waterlogged or alkaline soils)", "economic_injury_level": "Yellowing/rusty pigmentation on > 10% of young hills", "symptoms": [ "Chlorosis at the base of young leaves followed by reddish-brown rusty spots coalescing over the blade", "Stunted plant growth, reduced tillering, and roots turn dark brown with brittle root tips", "Irregular patches of stunted rusty vegetation across the field with delayed maturity", "Discovered by Dr. Y.L. Nene; highly prevalent in alkaline, calcareous and continuously submerged soils" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Drain the field for 2-3 days to aerate the root zone and promote aerobic nutrient uptake", "Do not apply phosphatic fertilizers (DAP/SSP) immediately as phosphorus locks up zinc availability" ], "organic_control": [ "Incorporate well-decomposed FYM or vermicompost enriched with Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB @ 2 kg/acre)", "Foliar spray of fermented neem-leaves and cow urine extract" ], "chemical_control": [ "Foliar spray: Zinc Sulphate 21% @ 5g/L + Slaked Lime (चूना) @ 2.5g/L in water (80g Zinc Sulphate + 40g Lime per 16L tank; 1 kg Zinc + 500g Lime per acre in 200L water)", "Or Chelated Zinc (Zn-EDTA 12%) @ 1g/L water (16g per 16L tank; 200g/acre)", "Repeat foliar spray after 10-12 days if new leaves still show bronze/rusty discoloration" ] }, "prevention": [ "Basal soil application of Zinc Sulphate 33% @ 10 kg/acre or Zinc Sulphate 21% @ 20 kg/acre during final puddling", "Green manuring with Dhaincha (Sesbania) or Sunhemp to lower soil pH and enhance micronutrient availability", "Adopt alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___Yellow_Stem_Borer": { "name": "Yellow Stem Borer (पीला तना छेदक / डेड हार्ट / सफेद बाली)", "scientific_name": "Scirpophaga incertulas", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to October (Kharif) and March to April (Rabi); warm humid nights, continuous drizzle", "economic_injury_level": "5% dead hearts at vegetative stage or 1 egg mass per m²", "symptoms": [ "Central vegetative tiller dries up and can be easily pulled out ('Dead Heart' / सूखा कल्ला) with chewed smelly base", "At reproductive heading stage, panicles turn completely erect, white, and empty with zero grain filling ('White Head' / सफेद बाली)", "Small yellow-brown silken egg masses covered with buff-coloured maternal hairs on upper leaf tips", "Caterpillars bore inside the central stem internode, feeding on vascular bundles" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Clip seedling leaf tips before transplanting to eliminate over 80% of deposited egg masses", "Install 5-8 Pheromone Traps (Scirpophaga lures) per acre for mass trapping of male moths" ], "organic_control": [ "Release egg parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum @ 40,000 to 50,000 per acre at weekly intervals starting 30 days after transplanting", "Spray Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP @ 5g/L (80g per 16L tank) or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 2g/L", "Spray 5% NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) or 10,000 PPM Azadirachtin @ 2ml/L" ], "chemical_control": [ "Apply Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G (Ferterra) @ 4 kg/acre in 2-3 cm standing water", "Or spray Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Coragen) @ 0.3ml/L water (5ml per 16L tank; 60ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Cartap Hydrochloride 50% SP (Padan) @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank; 400g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Fipronil 5% SC (Regent) @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank; 400ml/acre)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Harvest crops close to ground level and plough paddy stubbles immediately after harvest to kill diapausing larvae", "Avoid excessive use of synthetic pyrethroids which kill natural spider predators", "Plant borer-tolerant varieties like Ratna, Vikas, IR-36" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Rice___Gall_Midge": { "name": "Rice Gall Midge / Silver Shoot / Kando (गाल मिज / सिल्वर शूट / कांदो रोग)", "scientific_name": "Orseolia oryzae", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "July to September (tillering stage); Cloudy weather, continuous drizzle, Temp 24-28°C, RH > 85%", "economic_injury_level": "5% silver shoots at tillering stage", "symptoms": [ "Growing leaf sheath transformed into a hollow, tubular silvery-white gall resembling an onion leaf ('Silver Shoot' or 'Onion Shoot' / कांदो)", "Central growing point suppressed; no panicle or earhead emerges from affected tillers", "Profuse stunted tillering giving the hill a bunched broom-like appearance", "Major historical regional pest across Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Bastar and Surguja divisions in Chhattisgarh" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Drain standing water from infested plots for 48 hours to expose pupae to soil predators", "Remove alternative grassy weed hosts (Paspalum distichum, Leersia hexandra) from bunds" ], "organic_control": [ "Encourage natural parasitoids: Platygaster oryzae (attacks up to 80% gall midge maggots naturally)", "Spray 5% NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) @ 50ml/L or Neem Oil @ 3ml/L water", "Apply fresh cow urine spray (1:10 dilution with neem leaves extract)" ], "chemical_control": [ "Soil application: Fipronil 0.3% G @ 7 kg/acre or Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G @ 7.5 kg/acre in moist soil", "Or foliar spray: Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 2.5ml/L water (40ml per 16L tank; 500ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 0.3g/L water (5g per 16L tank; 60g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Flubendiamide 39.35% SC (Fame) @ 0.25ml/L water (4ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Early planting in June/early July to escape peak gall midge emergence in August", "Seedling root dip in Chlorpyrifos 20% EC (1ml/L water) for 2 hours before transplanting", "Grow gall midge biotype-resistant varieties: Mahamaya, Karma Mahsuri, Danteshwari, Indira Sona, Samleshwari" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Rice___Brown_Plant_Hopper": { "name": "Brown Plant Hopper / BPH / Hopper Burn (भूरा माहू / हॉपर बर्न)", "scientific_name": "Nilaparvata lugens", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Critical", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "September to November (booting, milking & grain maturity); high humidity, dense canopy, overcast skies", "economic_injury_level": "5-10 hoppers per hill at vegetative stage or 15-20 hoppers per hill at heading", "symptoms": [ "Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of rice stems above water line, sucking sap aggressively", "Leaves turn yellow, dry up, and entire circular patches collapse into brown scorched areas ('Hopper Burn' / झुलसा)", "Circular burnt patches spread rapidly outward in concentric rings, destroying entire fields in 3-5 days", "Sooty mould fungus develops on sticky honeydew excretions covering the lower tillers", "Major devastating pest in Arang, Dhamtari, Kurud, Bemetara and Raipur rice bowls" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Drain standing water immediately and practice alternate wetting and drying (AWD) to reduce lower canopy humidity", "Open alleys (30 cm paths every 2-3 meters) to allow direct sunlight to hit the stem base" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae @ 5g/L (80g per 16L tank) directed strictly at the base of stems", "Or Beauveria bassiana @ 5g/L or Verticillium lecanii @ 5g/L", "Spray 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) or Neem Oil 10,000 PPM @ 3ml/L" ], "chemical_control": [ "Direct spray strictly towards the BASE of the hills (not top foliage): Pymetrozine 50% WDG (Chess) @ 0.6g/L water (10g per 16L tank; 120g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Triflumezopyrim 10% SC (Pexalon) @ 0.5ml/L water (8ml per 16L tank; 94ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Dinotefuran 20% SG (Token / Oshin) @ 0.4g/L water (6g per 16L tank; 80g/acre)", "Or Flonicamid 50% WG (Ulala) @ 0.3g/L water (5g per 16L tank; 60g/acre)", "NEVER spray synthetic pyrethroids (Cypermethrin/Deltamethrin) as they cause massive pest resurgence!" ] }, "prevention": [ "Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer (urea); apply potash in 2 split doses", "Maintain wider row spacing (20 x 15 cm) with mandatory skip rows for aeration", "Grow BPH-tolerant varieties: MTU-1010, IR-64, Chapti Gurmatia, Indira Barani Dhan" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Rice___Leaf_Folder": { "name": "Rice Leaf Folder / Leaf Roller (पत्ती लपेटक सूंडी)", "scientific_name": "Cnaphalocrocis medinalis", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to October; high nitrogen application, shaded fields, high humidity and overcast conditions", "economic_injury_level": "1-2 damaged leaves with active larvae per hill", "symptoms": [ "Caterpillar folds leaf margins longitudinally using white silk threads and feeds scraped inside the green tissue", "Longitudinal white transparent streaks on damaged leaves; folded leaves turn scorched and papery white", "Heavily infested fields appear whitish and burnt from a distance, severely reducing photosynthesis", "Presence of golden-brown moths with wavy brown wing margins fluttering above canopy at dusk" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Drag a long coir rope across the top of the canopy back and forth in morning dew to dislodge larvae into water", "Reduce nitrogen top-dressing immediately" ], "organic_control": [ "Release egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis @ 40,000/acre starting at first moth flight", "Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 2g/L (35g per 16L tank) or Beauveria bassiana @ 5g/L", "Spray 5% NSKE or Neem Oil 1500 PPM @ 4ml/L" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Flubendiamide 39.35% SC (Fame) @ 0.25ml/L water (4ml per 16L tank; 50ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Coragen) @ 0.3ml/L water (5ml per 16L tank; 60ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Cartap Hydrochloride 50% SP @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank; 400g/acre)", "Or Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Proclaim) @ 0.4g/L water (7g per 16L tank; 80-100g/acre)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Balanced fertilizer use; avoid excessive urea splits during vegetative phase", "Preserve predatory spiders, dragonflies, and mirid bugs in the paddy ecosystem" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___Hispa": { "name": "Rice Hispa (धान का हिसपा / कांटेदार भृंग)", "scientific_name": "Dicladispa armigera", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "July to August; high relative humidity (80-90%), cloudy weather after heavy monsoon rain", "economic_injury_level": "1-2 adult beetles per hill or 1 damaged leaf per hill", "symptoms": [ "Small shiny black spiny beetles scrape upper leaf epidermis, leaving characteristic parallel white streaks", "Maggots mine between upper and lower epidermal layers, producing irregular blotch-like blisters", "Leaves turn brownish-white, wither and dry from tip downwards, giving a scorched look", "Leaves roll upwards and dry prematurely, reducing grain yield significantly" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Clip leaf tips of seedlings before transplanting to destroy leaf-mining grubs", "Run sweep nets through young paddy canopy to catch and destroy adult beetles" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of Beauveria bassiana @ 5g/L (80g per 16L tank)", "Apply 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) or Neem Oil 1500 PPM @ 4ml/L" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 2.5ml/L water (40ml per 16L tank; 500ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Quinalphos 25% EC @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank; 400ml/acre)", "Or Profenofos 50% EC @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Eradicate grassy weed hosts around irrigation canals and field borders", "Avoid deep transplanting and maintain balanced fertilizer ratios" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___Gundhi_Bug": { "name": "Rice Gundhi Bug / Earhead Bug (गंधी बग / बदबूदार कीड़ा)", "scientific_name": "Leptocorisa acuta", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "September to November (milking stage / दूधिया दाने); warm humid days with light morning breezes", "economic_injury_level": "1-2 bugs per hill during early morning or evening", "symptoms": [ "Adults and nymphs suck milky sap from developing rice grains during early morning and late evening", "Brownish puncture marks on grains with white chalky spots, causing grains to become chaffy and empty", "Pungent foul bedbug-like repulsive odor ('Gundhi') emanating from the rice field", "Severely reduced grain weight, broken grains during milling, and black discolouration" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Dust chemicals or spray during early morning (6:00 to 8:30 AM) or evening when bugs are active on panicles", "Set up light traps or rotting fish / dry fish bait traps in bamboo baskets to attract and destroy bugs" ], "organic_control": [ "Dust wood ash mixed with tobacco dust or dry neem leaf powder over the canopy in early morning", "Spray 5% NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) @ 50ml/L or Neem Oil @ 3ml/L" ], "chemical_control": [ "Dust Malathion 5% D @ 10 kg/acre over the canopy during early morning while dew is present", "Or spray Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank; 400ml/acre)", "Or Deltamethrin 2.8% EC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Clean bunds and remove alternative host grasses (Echinochloa, Panicum) before flowering", "Synchronized community planting so that crops in adjacent fields mature at the same time" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___Tungro": { "name": "Rice Tungro Virus Disease (धान का टुंगरो विषाणु रोग)", "scientific_name": "Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) & Spherical Virus (RTSV)", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Viral", "severity": "Critical", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to October; high Green Leafhopper (GLH) population, warm temperatures (28-32°C)", "economic_injury_level": "Presence of Green Leafhopper vector and yellowing seedlings", "symptoms": [ "Stunting of plants with yellow to orange-yellow leaf discoloration starting from leaf tips downwards", "Young leaves mottled or with pale green stripes; older leaves become bright yellow-orange", "Reduced tillering, delayed flowering, panicles are small, sterile and partially exserted with dark blotches", "Transmitted exclusively in a semi-persistent manner by Green Leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens)" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Rogue out and destroy infected diseased hills immediately to eliminate viral reservoir", "Control the leafhopper vector immediately to prevent disease transmission to adjacent healthy fields" ], "organic_control": [ "Install Yellow Sticky Traps @ 10-12 per acre to trap adult Green Leafhoppers", "Foliar spray of Neem Oil 10,000 PPM @ 3ml/L water to repel leafhoppers" ], "chemical_control": [ "Vector control spray: Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (Confidor) @ 0.3ml/L water (5ml per 16L tank; 50-60ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara) @ 0.3g/L water (5g per 16L tank; 60g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Dinotefuran 20% SG @ 0.4g/L water (6g per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Grow vector-resistant and Tungro-tolerant varieties: IR-36, IR-64, Vikramarya, Pusa-2-21", "Adjust planting dates to escape peak leafhopper vector migration" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Rice___Bakanae": { "name": "Rice Bakanae / Foot Rot / Flag Disease (झंडा रोग / बकाने)", "scientific_name": "Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella fujikuroi)", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "July to August (nursery and early tillering stage); seed and soil-borne", "economic_injury_level": "Abnormally tall thin pale tillers emerging in field", "symptoms": [ "Infected seedlings grow abnormally tall, slender, pale yellowish-green ('Foolish Seedling' / झंडा रोग)", "Tender plants tower above healthy green crop canopy by 15-30 cm", "White or pinkish fungal mycelium visible at the collar region near ground level", "Adventitious roots develop from lower nodes above ground; plants die before panicle emergence" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Rogue out and burn abnormally tall infected plants immediately along with root system", "Never save seed from fields affected by Bakanae" ], "organic_control": [ "Seed soaking in Trichoderma viride @ 10g/L water for 8 hours before nursery sowing", "Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 kg/acre mixed with compost" ], "chemical_control": [ "Seed treatment is the ONLY reliable control: Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2g/kg seed or Thiram @ 2.5g/kg", "Or soak seeds in Carbendazim solution (1g/L) for 24 hours before nursery sowing", "Foliar spray in young crop: Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP (Saaf) @ 2g/L (35g per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Use certified disease-free seed", "Avoid deep transplanting and maintain proper nursery drainage" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Rice___healthy": { "name": "Healthy Rice Crop (स्वस्थ धान फसल)", "scientific_name": "Oryza sativa (Optimal Chloroplast Health)", "crop": "Rice (Paddy)", "category": "Healthy", "severity": "Healthy", "is_healthy": True, "season_and_weather": "All seasons; optimal canopy architecture, balanced nutrition, zero active lesions", "economic_injury_level": "None (Canopy healthy)", "symptoms": [ "Vibrant uniform emerald green foliage with high chlorophyll reflectance (GLI > 0.25)", "Strong, upright tillers with clean leaf sheaths free from fungal lesions or insect puncture marks", "Clean root zone with active white feeder rootlets and no rotting or discoloration", "Healthy panicle initiation and uniform grain filling" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Maintain optimal shallow standing water (2-5 cm) during tillering and panicle development", "No chemical interventions required; keep monitoring weekly" ], "organic_control": [ "Apply periodic preventive bio-tonic: Vermiwash or Jeevamrut @ 10% concentration every 15 days", "Maintain bird perches (T-shaped bamboo sticks @ 15/acre) to encourage insectivorous birds" ], "chemical_control": [ "No chemical spray required. Conserve beneficial insects, spiders, and predatory mirid bugs." ] }, "prevention": [ "Continue balanced fertilization and alternate wetting and drying water regime", "Inspect lower leaf sheaths weekly for early signs of sheath blight or hoppers" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, # ========================================================================= # 2. WHEAT (गेहूं) # ========================================================================= "Wheat___Yellow_Rust": { "name": "Wheat Yellow / Stripe Rust (गेहूं का पीला रतुआ / स्ट्राइप रस्ट)", "scientific_name": "Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Critical", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "December to February; Cool temperatures (10-18°C), high humidity, morning fog and dews", "economic_injury_level": "Appearance of yellow pustule stripes on 1-2 leaves in a patch", "symptoms": [ "Bright lemon-yellow to orange-yellow powdery pustules (uredinia) arranged in narrow, parallel linear stripes along leaf veins", "Pustules rupture releasing masses of yellow dust that stain fingers or white cloth", "Severe infection leads to leaf drying, premature senescence, shrivelled grain, and 40-70% yield loss", "Rapid epidemic spread across North/Central India during prolonged winter cloudiness" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Identify initial focus patches ('focal points') and spray surrounding borders immediately to arrest wind dispersal", "Avoid late evening irrigation which prolongs night dew duration on foliage" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of cow urine + sour buttermilk (खट्टी छाछ) solution @ 50ml/L water", "Apply Trichoderma viride @ 5g/L water as early prophylactic bio-fungicide" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Propiconazole 25% EC (Tilt) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Tebuconazole 25.9% EC (Folicur) @ 1.25ml/L water (20ml per 16L tank; 250ml/acre)", "Or Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank)", "Repeat spray after 15 days if cool humid conditions persist" ] }, "prevention": [ "Sow certified rust-resistant varieties: DBW-187 (Karan Vandana), DBW-303, PBW-725, HD-3086, HD-3226", "Avoid planting highly susceptible older varieties (HD-2967 in stripe rust prone zones)", "Timely sowing in November to escape late season virulent spore showers" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Wheat___Brown_Rust": { "name": "Wheat Brown / Leaf Rust (गेहूं का भूरा रतुआ)", "scientific_name": "Puccinia triticina (Puccinia recondita)", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "January to March; warmer winter temperatures (20-25°C), morning dew, scattered rain", "economic_injury_level": "5-10% leaf area covered with brown pustules on flag leaf", "symptoms": [ "Small circular to oval reddish-brown powdery pustules scattered randomly on upper leaf surface (not in linear stripes)", "Pustules release orange-brown urediniospores leaving leaves chlorotic and withered", "Premature defoliation, reduced 1000-grain weight, and shrivelled poor quality grain" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Spray flag leaves immediately upon appearance of first pustules", "Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer which creates lush susceptible leaf tissue" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) or raw garlic-chilli extract @ 20ml/L", "Spray Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5g/L water" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Propiconazole 25% EC (Tilt) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG (Nativo) @ 0.4g/L water (7g per 16L tank; 80g/acre)", "Or Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Grow brown rust resistant varieties: HD-3226, DBW-187, Shriram Super 111, GW-322, Sujata", "Balanced NPK application (120:60:40 kg/ha) with adequate potassium" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Wheat___Loose_Smut": { "name": "Wheat Loose Smut (गेहूं का खुला कंडुवा रोग)", "scientific_name": "Ustilago tritici", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "February to March (flowering and heading stage); internally seed-borne pathogen", "economic_injury_level": "Presence of black smutted earheads in field", "symptoms": [ "Every spikelet of the infected earhead transformed into a loose, powdery mass of olive-black spores", "Initially covered by a delicate silvery-grey membrane which ruptures quickly, leaving only the bare naked rachis ('Skeleton earhead')", "Smutted heads emerge earlier than healthy heads; spores blown by wind to infect adjacent flowering spikes silently" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Carefully cover infected smutted heads with polythene bags, cut and burn them to prevent spore dispersion to flowering spikes", "Never harvest seeds from smut-infected fields for next year sowing" ], "organic_control": [ "Solar Heat Seed Treatment: Soak seeds in water for 4-5 hours on a bright sunny summer day (May-June), then spread thin on black polythene/tin sheets for 4 hours (internal mycelium killed by 45-50°C solar heat)", "Bio-seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 10g/kg seed" ], "chemical_control": [ "Mandatory preventive seed treatment (no chemical cure once earhead emerges black): Treat seeds before sowing with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS (Vitavax Power) @ 2.5g/kg seed", "Or Tebuconazole 2% DS (Raxil) @ 1g/kg seed" ] }, "prevention": [ "Use certified loose-smut-free seed from NSC or government certified seed depots", "Strict solarization of farm-saved wheat seeds during peak summer months" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Wheat___Karnal_Bunt": { "name": "Wheat Karnal Bunt (गेहूं का करनाल बंट रोग)", "scientific_name": "Tilletia indica (Neovossia indica)", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "February to March (heading & anthesis); light rainfall, high humidity (> 70%), Temp 15-22°C", "economic_injury_level": "0.5% infected grains (Strict quarantine pathogen for export)", "symptoms": [ "Only a few grains per earhead are partially converted into black powdery teliospore masses; whole earhead is not destroyed", "Infected grains emit a foul, nauseating rotten-fish odor due to trimethylamine gas production", "Embryo end of the grain typically destroyed, leaving the hollow pericarp intact", "Severe rejection of wheat consignments for international export and flour quality degradation" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Avoid sprinkler irrigation during flowering/anthesis period as water droplets facilitate sporidial infection", "Do not save seeds from infected plots for sowing" ], "organic_control": [ "Bio-seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/kg seed", "Apply neem cake to soil @ 100 kg/acre to reduce teliospore viability" ], "chemical_control": [ "Single prophylactic spray at earhead emergence (50% flowering): Propiconazole 25% EC (Tilt) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Seed treatment with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% @ 2.5g/kg seed", "Crop rotation with non-cereal crops (Chickpea, Mustard, Berseem) for 2-3 years to break soil-borne teliospore cycle" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Wheat___Powdery_Mildew": { "name": "Wheat Powdery Mildew (गेहूं का चूर्णिल आसिता / सफेद चूर्णी)", "scientific_name": "Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "January to February; cool humid weather (15-20°C), dense canopy, cloudy conditions", "economic_injury_level": "White fungal patches covering > 10% of lower leaves", "symptoms": [ "Fluffy, white, talcum-powder-like fungal patches on upper surface of lower leaves, stems, and sheaths", "White patches turn dull grey to brownish, producing small black specks (cleistothecia)", "Heavily affected leaves turn yellow, senesce, and dry prematurely, reducing grain yield" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Ensure proper field aeration and avoid excessively dense seeding", "Spray lower canopy thoroughly where fungal powder is concentrated" ], "organic_control": [ "Spray wettable sulfur (Sulfex 80% WDG) @ 3g/L water (50g per 16L tank)", "Apply baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate) solution @ 5g/L with 2ml liquid soap" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Propiconazole 25% EC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)", "Or Hexaconazole 5% SC @ 2ml/L water (32ml per 16L tank)", "Or Tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Use recommended seed rate (40 kg/acre for timely sown; do not broadcast thick)", "Grow resistant cultivars: HD-3086, DBW-187, PBW-550" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Wheat___Aphids": { "name": "Wheat Aphid / Mahu (गेहूं का माहू / चेपा)", "scientific_name": "Rhopalosiphum padi & Sitobion avenae", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "January to February; cloudy, overcast skies, high humidity and mild winter temperatures", "economic_injury_level": "10-15 aphids per earhead/tiller at heading stage", "symptoms": [ "Colonies of tiny greenish-black soft-bodied aphids crowding on leaves, tender stems, and young earheads", "Nymphs and adults suck phloem sap, turning leaves yellow, curled, and causing shrivelled, chaffy grains", "Secretion of sticky honeydew resulting in black sooty mould growth that blocks sunlight", "Loss of 10-25% grain weight during ear emergence" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Conserve natural predators: Ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata), hoverfly maggots, and lacewings", "Spray when morning aphid count exceeds 10 per earhead" ], "organic_control": [ "Spray Verticillium lecanii or Beauveria bassiana @ 5g/L water (80g per 16L tank)", "Apply 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) or Neem Oil 1500 PPM @ 4ml/L water" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara) @ 0.25g/L water (4g per 16L tank; 50g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Dimethoate 30% EC (Rogor) @ 1.5ml/L water (25ml per 16L tank; 300ml/acre)", "Or Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.3ml/L water (5ml per 16L tank; 60ml/acre)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Timely sowing in November to escape late February aphid population explosion", "Avoid excessive split doses of urea" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Wheat___Termites": { "name": "Wheat Termite / Deemak (गेहूं की दीमक)", "scientific_name": "Odontotermes obesus & Microtermes obesi", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "November to January; sandy, light soils, un-decomposed FYM, dry soil conditions", "economic_injury_level": "Wilting seedling patches in light soils", "symptoms": [ "Worker termites feed on roots and stem base below the soil level, cutting off water supply", "Affected plants dry up, turn yellow, and can be pulled out effortlessly with severed taproots", "Damaged stems are hollowed out and filled with soil gallery lines", "Severe damage occurs under rainfed, moisture-stressed conditions" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Irrigate the field immediately; flooding suppresses subterranean termite activity and collapses tunnels", "Never apply raw or un-decomposed cow dung which attracts subterranean termites" ], "organic_control": [ "Soil application of Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2 kg/acre mixed with 100 kg moist FYM", "Pour neem cake extract along irrigation channels" ], "chemical_control": [ "Seed treatment before sowing: Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 4ml/kg seed or Fipronil 5% SC @ 5ml/kg seed", "Standing crop drenching: Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 1 to 1.5 liters per acre mixed in irrigation water or sand" ] }, "prevention": [ "Use only fully decomposed compost/FYM", "Deep summer ploughing to expose termite mounds to sunlight and birds" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Wheat___healthy": { "name": "Healthy Wheat Crop (स्वस्थ गेहूं फसल)", "scientific_name": "Triticum aestivum (Optimal Vegetative & Earhead Vigor)", "crop": "Wheat (गेहूं)", "category": "Healthy", "severity": "Healthy", "is_healthy": True, "season_and_weather": "Rabi season; clean foliage, strong tillering, optimal flag leaf photosynthetic area", "economic_injury_level": "None", "symptoms": [ "Uniform upright green foliage free from yellow, brown, or black pustule stripes", "Erect, healthy flag leaves and fully developed spikelets with zero smut dust or bunt odour", "Strong root anchorage with healthy crown root development" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Ensure timely irrigation at Critical Root Initiation (CRI - 21 days), Tillering, Booting, and Milking stages", "No pesticide spray needed" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of 19:19:19 NPK or Panchagavya @ 30ml/L at tillering to boost grain weight" ], "chemical_control": [ "No chemical spray required. Conserve beneficial ladybird beetles and spiders." ] }, "prevention": [ "Regular scouting of lower leaf canopies for early yellow rust stripes during cold foggy mornings" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, # ========================================================================= # 3. MAIZE / CORN (मक्का) # ========================================================================= "Corn_(maize)___Fall_Armyworm": { "name": "Maize Fall Armyworm / FAW (मक्के का फॉल आर्मीवॉर्म / सैनिक कीट)", "scientific_name": "Spodoptera frugiperda", "crop": "Corn / Maize (मक्का)", "category": "Insect_Pest", "severity": "Critical", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "Kharif and Rabi seasons; warm weather, intermittent rain, severe in Bastar and Surguja", "economic_injury_level": "10% whorl damage in young crop (up to 30 days) or 20% whorl damage in older crop", "symptoms": [ "Young larvae feed on epidermal tissue of leaves causing characteristic window-pane patches ('Windowing')", "Older larvae bore into central whorl, creating large ragged ragged holes and massive sawdust-like fecal frass", "Central growing point chewed off leading to stunted dead whorls; later larvae attack tassels and ear cobs", "Larva distinguished by 4 dark spots arranged in a square on the 8th abdominal segment and an inverted 'Y' on head" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Hand-pick egg masses and neonate larvae from leaves; drop sand or soil mixed with ash into whorls to suffocate caterpillars", "Apply poison bait: Ferment 10 kg rice bran + 2 kg jaggery in 3L water for 24 hours, mix Thiodicarb 75% WP @ 100g or Chlorpyrifos 250ml, apply small balls in whorls" ], "organic_control": [ "Install 5 Pheromone Traps (Spodoptera frugiperda lure) per acre for monitoring", "Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt kurstaki) @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank) or Metarhizium rileyi @ 5g/L", "Apply Neem formulation (Azadirachtin 1500 PPM @ 5ml/L or 10,000 PPM @ 2ml/L) inside the whorl" ], "chemical_control": [ "Target spray directly into the leaf whorl: Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Coragen) @ 0.4ml/L water (6-7ml per 16L tank; 80ml/acre in 200L water)", "Or Spinetoram 11.7% SC (Delegate) @ 0.5ml/L water (8ml per 16L tank; 100ml/acre)", "Or Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Proclaim) @ 0.4g/L water (7g per 16L tank; 80g/acre)", "Or Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC (Alika) @ 0.5ml/L water (8ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Seed treatment with Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiamethoxam 19.8% FS (Fortenza Duo) @ 6ml/kg seed", "Intercropping with cowpea (Lobia) or pulses in 2:1 or 4:1 ratio to suppress pest buildup", "Deep summer ploughing to expose pupae to birds and scorching sun" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": True }, "Corn_(maize)___Turcicum_Leaf_Blight": { "name": "Maize Turcicum Leaf Blight / Northern Corn Leaf Blight (मक्के का टर्सिकम झुलसा रोग)", "scientific_name": "Exserohilum turcicum (Bipolaris turcica)", "crop": "Corn / Maize (मक्का)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "August to October; Moderate temperature (20-25°C), high relative humidity (90-100%), heavy morning dews", "economic_injury_level": "Lesions covering > 5% leaf area on lower leaves before silking", "symptoms": [ "Long, elliptical, boat-shaped or spindle-shaped greyish-green to tan lesions (2.5 to 15 cm long) on leaves", "Lesions start from lower leaves and advance upwards, with olive-green or dark velvety fungal sporulation on lesions during humid mornings", "Complete burning and premature death of leaves, resulting in small underdeveloped cobs and poor grain yield" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": [ "Remove and burn severely blighted lower leaves to reduce inoculum load", "Avoid overhead sprinkler irrigation that keeps leaves wet" ], "organic_control": [ "Foliar spray of Trichoderma viride @ 5g/L water (80g per 16L tank)", "Spray 5% NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) or raw cow urine solution (1:10)" ], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Mancozeb 75% WP (Dithane M-45) @ 2.5g/L water (40g per 16L tank; 500g/acre in 200L water)", "Or Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC (Amistar Top) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)", "Or Propiconazole 25% EC (Tilt) @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)", "Or Tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 1.25ml/L water (20ml per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": [ "Seed treatment with Thiram 75% WP @ 2.5g/kg seed or Carbendazim @ 2g/kg", "Plant resistant hybrids: HQPM-1, PMH-1, Bio-9681, Shaktiman-1" ], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Corn_(maize)___Common_rust_": { "name": "Maize Common Rust (मक्के का सामान्य रतुआ)", "scientific_name": "Puccinia sorghi", "crop": "Corn / Maize (मक्का)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "Cool, moist weather (Temp 16-25°C, high humidity > 90%); common in winter/Rabi maize", "economic_injury_level": "Brown pustules scattered over 10% leaf area", "symptoms": [ "Golden-brown to cinnamon-brown powdery pustules (uredinia) scattered across both upper and lower leaf surfaces", "Pustules rupture releasing rusty spores, turning brownish-black late in the season (teliospores)", "Leaves turn chlorotic, dry prematurely, and plants suffer lodging" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": ["Inspect lower and middle canopy leaves in morning dew", "Avoid excess irrigation"], "organic_control": ["Spray wettable sulfur @ 3g/L (50g per 16L tank)", "Apply fermented cow urine solution (1:10)"], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank; 400-500g/acre)", "Or Propiconazole 25% EC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank; 200ml/acre)", "Or Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 1ml/L water" ] }, "prevention": ["Grow rust-resistant maize hybrids", "Early sowing of winter maize in October to escape peak humidity"], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Corn_(maize)___Cercospora_leaf_spot Gray_leaf_spot": { "name": "Maize Gray Leaf Spot / Cercospora (मक्के का धूसर पत्ती धब्बा)", "scientific_name": "Cercospora zeae-maydis", "crop": "Corn / Maize (मक्का)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Moderate", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "Warm humid conditions with prolonged dew and overcast skies", "economic_injury_level": "Rectangular grey spots coalescing on lower canopy", "symptoms": [ "Small, tan spots with chlorotic haloes that elongate into narrow rectangular grey lesions delimited by veins", "Lesions coalesce blighting entire leaf blades, resulting in premature stalk dieback and lodging", "Severe reduction in photosynthetic surface during ear fill" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": ["Avoid sprinkler irrigation; facilitate good air circulation"], "organic_control": ["Spray Trichoderma harzianum @ 5g/L water", "Apply fermented buttermilk spray @ 50ml/L"], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank)", "Or Pyraclostrobin 20% WG @ 1g/L water (16g per 16L tank)", "Or Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2g/L water (35g per 16L tank)" ] }, "prevention": ["Crop rotation with soybean or pulses", "Tillage to bury crop debris containing overwintering mycelium"], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Corn_(maize)___Northern_Leaf_Blight": { "name": "Maize Northern Leaf Blight (मक्के का उत्तरी पत्ती झुलसा)", "scientific_name": "Setosphaeria turcica (Helminthosporium turcicum)", "crop": "Corn / Maize (मक्का)", "category": "Fungal", "severity": "Severe", "is_healthy": False, "season_and_weather": "High humidity, frequent rain, Temp 18-27°C", "economic_injury_level": "Long boat-shaped lesions spreading to ear leaves", "symptoms": [ "Long, cigar-shaped, elliptical greyish-green to tan lesions", "Lesions merge causing extensive foliage burning and premature death of plants", "Stalks become weak and prone to lodging" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": ["Spray at first sign of disease on lower leaves before tassel emergence"], "organic_control": ["Spray Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5g/L water"], "chemical_control": [ "Spray Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2.5g/L water (40g per 16L tank)", "Or Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 1ml/L water (16ml per 16L tank)", "Or Propiconazole 25% EC @ 1ml/L water" ] }, "prevention": ["Plant certified resistant hybrids", "Deep ploughing of stubbles"], "expert_consultation_recommended": False }, "Corn_(maize)___healthy": { "name": "Healthy Corn / Maize (स्वस्थ मक्का फसल)", "scientific_name": "Zea mays (Optimal Photosynthetic Vigor)", "crop": "Corn / Maize (मक्का)", "category": "Healthy", "severity": "Healthy", "is_healthy": True, "season_and_weather": "All seasons; broad glossy green leaves, clean whorl, vigorous tassel and cob emergence", "economic_injury_level": "None", "symptoms": [ "Broad emerald-green leaves free from caterpillar windowing holes or fungal blight spots", "Clean central whorls free from sawdust-like frass or armyworm larvae", "Robust brace roots and well-developed silking ear cobs" ], "treatment": { "immediate_action": ["Maintain optimal moisture at knee-high, tasseling, and grain-filling stages"], "organic_control": ["Apply vermicompost or Jeevamrut @ 10% foliar spray at knee-high stage"], "chemical_control": ["No pesticide application needed. Conserve predatory ground beetles and earwigs."] }, "prevention": ["Scout central whorls weekly for early Fall Armyworm egg masses"], "expert_consultation_recommended": False } }