"""Curated, hand-written species lookup tables. Pure data plus one naming helper — no torch, no model, no I/O. Split out of bird_complete_local.py so the tables can be imported by the Gradio app, the FastAPI service and the test suite without loading a 79 MB checkpoint. Every table is keyed on the raw CUB folder name ("112.Artic_Tern"), never on the display name. See the note above display_name() for why that matters. Coverage is partial by design and the gap is tracked, not hidden: bird_core.py asserts that no key here is unreachable and prints the per-table coverage at startup. """ # ── Species naming ─────────────────────────────────────────── # Every lookup table below is keyed on the raw CUB folder name # ("112.Artic_Tern"), never on the display name. CUB ships several # misspelled folders — keying on the display name is how the old # MIGRATION_MAP["Arctic Tern"] entry became permanently unreachable. def display_name(folder_name): """'112.Artic_Tern' -> 'Artic Tern'. Presentation only, never a key.""" return folder_name.split(".", 1)[-1].replace("_", " ") # ── Habitat (keyed on CUB folder name from the model's class_names) ── # Coverage is partial: 15 CUB species have no entry yet. Keys were # previously written against a DIFFERENT 200-species list, so only # 27/200 lookups ever succeeded. Now matched by species name. HABITAT_MAP = { "001.Black_footed_Albatross": "USA, Japan, Hawaii (North Pacific Ocean — nests on Hawaiian Islands)", "002.Laysan_Albatross": "USA (Hawaii), Japan — breeds on Midway Atoll and Hawaiian Islands", "003.Sooty_Albatross": "South Atlantic & Indian Ocean — Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia", "004.Groove_billed_Ani": "Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela — tropical lowlands", "005.Crested_Auklet": "USA (Alaska), Russia — Bering Sea islands, Aleutian Islands", "006.Least_Auklet": "USA (Alaska), Russia — St. Lawrence Island, Pribilof Islands", "007.Parakeet_Auklet": "USA (Alaska), Russia — Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands", "008.Rhinoceros_Auklet": "USA (California, Oregon, Washington), Canada (British Columbia), Japan", "009.Brewer_Blackbird": "USA (western states), Canada — open farmlands of California, Oregon, Montana", "010.Red_winged_Blackbird": "USA, Canada, Mexico — widespread across North America, wetlands", "011.Rusty_Blackbird": "Canada (boreal forest), USA (eastern states in winter)", "012.Yellow_headed_Blackbird": "USA (western states), Canada (prairies), Mexico — Great Plains marshes", "013.Bobolink": "USA, Canada (breeds), Argentina, Bolivia (winters)", "014.Indigo_Bunting": "USA (eastern & central states), Mexico, Central America — common in Midwest", "015.Lazuli_Bunting": "USA (western states), Mexico — California, Arizona, Colorado shrublands", "016.Painted_Bunting": "USA (southern states — Texas, Florida, Louisiana), Mexico, Central America", "017.Cardinal": "USA (eastern & southern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico — very common", "018.Spotted_Catbird": "Australia (Queensland, New South Wales) — rainforests of northeast Australia", "019.Gray_Catbird": "USA, Canada (breeds), Central America, Caribbean (winters)", "020.Yellow_breasted_Chat": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", "021.Eastern_Towhee": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario) — common from Maine to Florida", "022.Chuck_will_Widow": "USA (southeastern states — Florida, Georgia, Texas), Caribbean (winters)", "023.Brandt_Cormorant": "USA (California, Oregon, Washington) — Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja", "024.Red_faced_Cormorant": "USA (Alaska), Russia — Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island", "025.Pelagic_Cormorant": "USA (Pacific coast), Canada (British Columbia), Russia", "026.Bronzed_Cowbird": "USA (Texas, Arizona), Mexico, Central America", "027.Shiny_Cowbird": "South America (widespread), Caribbean — Argentina, Brazil, Colombia", "028.Brown_Creeper": "USA, Canada — found in mature forests across North America year-round", "029.American_Crow": "USA, Canada — one of the most intelligent and common birds in North America", "030.Fish_Crow": "USA (eastern & southeastern coastal states — New York to Texas)", "031.Black_billed_Cuckoo": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), South America", "033.Yellow_billed_Cuckoo": "USA (widespread), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America", "037.Acadian_Flycatcher": "USA (eastern states — Ohio, Virginia, Georgia, Texas), Central America", "038.Great_Crested_Flycatcher": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America", "039.Least_Flycatcher": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (widespread), Mexico, Central America", "040.Olive_sided_Flycatcher": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada (boreal), South America (winters)", "043.Yellow_bellied_Flycatcher": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Newfoundland), USA (northeastern states)", "046.Gadwall": "USA, Canada (breeds), UK, Europe, Asia", "050.Eared_Grebe": "USA (western states), Canada (prairies), Mexico, Spain, Africa", "051.Horned_Grebe": "USA, Canada (breeds), UK, northern Europe", "052.Pied_billed_Grebe": "USA, Canada — most common grebe in North America", "053.Western_Grebe": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia, prairies)", "058.Pigeon_Guillemot": "USA (Alaska, California), Canada, Russia — North Pacific coastal cliffs", "059.California_Gull": "USA (California, Great Basin states), Canada", "060.Glaucous_winged_Gull": "USA (Alaska, Washington, Oregon), Canada (British Columbia)", "061.Heermann_Gull": "USA (California coast), Mexico (Baja California)", "062.Herring_Gull": "USA, Canada, UK, northern Europe — widespread across North Atlantic", "063.Ivory_Gull": "Canada (Arctic), Russia (Arctic), Norway (Svalbard)", "064.Ring_billed_Gull": "USA, Canada — one of the most common gulls across North America", "065.Slaty_backed_Gull": "Russia (eastern Siberia), Japan, South Korea, China", "066.Western_Gull": "USA (California, Oregon, Washington) — Pacific coast only", "067.Anna_Hummingbird": "USA (California, Arizona, Oregon), Mexico (Baja) — Pacific coast year-round", "068.Ruby_throated_Hummingbird": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America", "069.Rufous_Hummingbird": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia), Mexico", "070.Green_Violetear": "Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia — mountain forests", "071.Long_tailed_Jaeger": "Canada (Arctic), USA (Alaska), winters in South Atlantic", "072.Pomarine_Jaeger": "USA (Alaska), Canada (Arctic tundra)", "073.Blue_Jay": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec)", "074.Florida_Jay": "USA (Florida only) — found exclusively in Florida scrub habitat", "075.Green_Jay": "USA (southern Texas only), Mexico, Central America", "076.Dark_eyed_Junco": "USA, Canada — one of the most common birds in North America", "077.Tropical_Kingbird": "USA (southern Arizona, Texas), Mexico, Central America, South America", "078.Gray_Kingbird": "USA (Florida), Caribbean islands — Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico", "079.Belted_Kingfisher": "USA, Canada — found near rivers and lakes across all of North America", "080.Green_Kingfisher": "USA (southern Texas, Arizona), Mexico, Central America, South America", "081.Pied_Kingfisher": "Africa (sub-Saharan), India, Southeast Asia", "082.Ringed_Kingfisher": "USA (southern Texas), Mexico, Central America, South America", "083.White_breasted_Kingfisher": "India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines)", "084.Red_legged_Kittiwake": "USA (Alaska — Pribilof Islands) — very restricted range", "085.Horned_Lark": "USA, Canada — most widespread lark in North America", "086.Pacific_Loon": "USA (Alaska), Canada (Arctic) — winters along Pacific coast", "087.Mallard": "USA, Canada, UK, Europe, Asia — most widespread duck in the world", "088.Western_Meadowlark": "USA (western & central states), Canada (prairies), Mexico", "089.Hooded_Merganser": "USA, Canada — breeds in forested lakes from Alaska to Florida", "090.Red_breasted_Merganser": "USA, Canada, UK, northern Europe — circumpolar breeding range", "091.Mockingbird": "USA (all states), Canada (southern Ontario), Mexico, Caribbean", "092.Nighthawk": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", "093.Clark_Nutcracker": "USA (western mountain states — Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, California)", "094.White_breasted_Nuthatch": "USA, Canada — common in deciduous forests across North America", "095.Baltimore_Oriole": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America (winters)", "096.Hooded_Oriole": "USA (California, Arizona, Texas), Mexico", "097.Orchard_Oriole": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada, Mexico, Central America (winters)", "098.Scott_Oriole": "USA (Texas, Arizona, California), Mexico", "099.Ovenbird": "USA (eastern states), Canada — breeds from Georgia to Manitoba", "100.Brown_Pelican": "USA (coastal states — California, Florida, Texas), Mexico, Caribbean", "101.White_Pelican": "USA, Canada — breeds on lakes in Great Plains, winters on Gulf Coast", "102.Western_Wood_Pewee": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia), Mexico, South America", "103.Sayornis": "USA, Canada, Mexico — widespread flycatcher across North America", "104.American_Pipit": "USA (Alaska, mountain states), Canada (Arctic)", "105.Whip_poor_Will": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Mexico, Central America", "106.Horned_Puffin": "USA (Alaska), Russia, Canada — North Pacific", "107.Common_Raven": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada, UK, northern Europe, Asia", "108.White_necked_Raven": "USA (Texas, Arizona), Mexico — Chihuahuan and Sonoran Desert", "109.American_Redstart": "USA (eastern states), Canada — breeds from Georgia to Nova Scotia", "110.Geococcyx": "USA (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California), Mexico", "111.Loggerhead_Shrike": "USA, Canada (southern Ontario) — widespread but declining", "112.Great_Grey_Shrike": "Canada (Arctic), Russia, northern Europe (Scandinavia, Finland)", "113.Baird_Sparrow": "USA (Montana, North Dakota), Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan)", "114.Black_throated_Sparrow": "USA (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California), Mexico", "115.Brewer_Sparrow": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia, Alberta), Mexico", "116.Chipping_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — one of the most common sparrows across North America", "117.Clay_colored_Sparrow": "USA (Great Plains states), Canada (prairies)", "118.House_Sparrow": "USA, Canada, UK, Europe, Australia, India — introduced worldwide", "119.Field_Sparrow": "USA (eastern & central states) — common from Texas to New England", "120.Fox_Sparrow": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada", "121.Grasshopper_Sparrow": "USA (central & eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico", "122.Harris_Sparrow": "USA (Great Plains — Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas in winter), Canada", "123.Henslow_Sparrow": "USA (Midwest — Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, New York) — rare and declining", "124.Le_Conte_Sparrow": "USA (Great Plains, Southeast), Canada (prairies)", "125.Lincoln_Sparrow": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", "126.Nelson_Sharp_tailed_Sparrow": "USA (Atlantic coast — Maine to Virginia), Canada (Maritime provinces)", "127.Savannah_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — one of the most widespread sparrows in North America", "128.Seaside_Sparrow": "USA (Atlantic & Gulf coast — Virginia to Texas)", "129.Song_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — extremely common and widespread across North America", "130.Tree_Sparrow": "Canada (Arctic, boreal), USA (northern states in winter)", "131.Vesper_Sparrow": "USA (western & central states), Canada (prairies), Mexico (winters)", "132.White_crowned_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — widespread migrant, breeds in Canada and mountain west", "133.White_throated_Sparrow": "USA (eastern states in winter), Canada (breeds)", "134.Cape_Glossy_Starling": "Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia — East Africa savanna", "135.Bank_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", "136.Barn_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America, Africa (winters)", "137.Cliff_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", "138.Tree_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", "139.Scarlet_Tanager": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), South America (winters)", "140.Summer_Tanager": "USA (southern states — Georgia, Texas, Carolina), Mexico, South America", "141.Artic_Tern": "Canada, USA (Alaska), UK, Norway — longest migration on Earth", "142.Black_Tern": "USA (Midwest lakes), Canada, Europe", "143.Caspian_Tern": "USA (Great Lakes, Gulf Coast), Canada, Europe, Africa, Australia", "144.Common_Tern": "USA, Canada, UK, Europe — widespread across North Atlantic coasts", "145.Elegant_Tern": "USA (California coast), Mexico (Baja California)", "146.Forsters_Tern": "USA, Canada — breeds in Great Plains marshes, winters on both coasts", "147.Least_Tern": "USA (Atlantic & Gulf coast, river valleys), Mexico, Caribbean", "148.Green_tailed_Towhee": "USA (western mountain states — Colorado, Utah, California), Mexico", "149.Brown_Thrasher": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario)", "150.Sage_Thrasher": "USA (Great Basin — Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, Oregon), Mexico (winters)", "151.Black_capped_Vireo": "USA (Texas, Oklahoma only), Mexico (winters) — endangered species", "152.Blue_headed_Vireo": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Central America", "153.Philadelphia_Vireo": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (Ontario to Alberta), Central America", "154.Red_eyed_Vireo": "USA, Canada — one of the most common breeding birds in eastern North America", "155.Warbling_Vireo": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", "156.White_eyed_Vireo": "USA (southeastern & eastern states), Mexico, Central America (winters)", "157.Yellow_throated_Vireo": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), South America (winters)", "158.Bay_breasted_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Newfoundland), USA (eastern states)", "159.Black_and_white_Warbler": "USA (eastern states), Canada", "160.Black_throated_Blue_Warbler": "USA (eastern mountain states — Appalachians), Canada, Caribbean", "161.Blue_winged_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Ohio, Indiana, New York), Mexico, Central America", "162.Canada_Warbler": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (Ontario to Nova Scotia), South America", "163.Cape_May_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba), USA (eastern states)", "164.Cerulean_Warbler": "USA (Appalachians, Midwest), Canada (Ontario), South America (winters)", "165.Chestnut_sided_Warbler": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Central America", "166.Golden_winged_Warbler": "USA (Appalachians, Great Lakes region), Canada, Central America", "167.Hooded_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee), Mexico", "168.Kentucky_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas), Central America", "169.Magnolia_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Nova Scotia), USA (eastern states)", "170.Mourning_Warbler": "Canada (Ontario to Manitoba), USA (northeastern states), Central America", "171.Myrtle_Warbler": "USA, Canada — one of the most common warblers, breeds across Canada", "172.Nashville_Warbler": "USA (northeastern & western states), Canada, Mexico, Central America", "173.Orange_crowned_Warbler": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia, Alberta), Mexico", "174.Palm_Warbler": "Canada (boreal bogs — Ontario to Newfoundland), USA (Florida in winter)", "175.Pine_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Florida, Georgia, Texas, Carolina)", "176.Prairie_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Michigan, Ohio, New Jersey, Florida), Caribbean", "177.Prothonotary_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia)", "178.Swainson_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Arkansas, Louisiana, South Carolina)", "179.Tennessee_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Alberta), USA (eastern states)", "180.Wilson_Warbler": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada (widespread), Mexico", "181.Worm_eating_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Georgia)", "182.Yellow_Warbler": "USA, Canada — most widespread warbler in North America", "183.Northern_Waterthrush": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (widespread boreal), Central America", "184.Louisiana_Waterthrush": "USA (eastern states — Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Kansas)", "185.Bohemian_Waxwing": "Canada (boreal — British Columbia to Manitoba), USA (northern states)", "186.Cedar_Waxwing": "USA, Canada — very common, found across all of North America year-round", "187.American_Three_toed_Woodpecker": "USA (Alaska, mountain west), Canada (boreal)", "188.Pileated_Woodpecker": "USA (eastern states, Pacific Northwest), Canada", "189.Red_bellied_Woodpecker": "USA (eastern states) — very common from Florida to New York to Texas", "190.Red_cockaded_Woodpecker": "USA (southeastern states — North Carolina to Texas) — endangered", "191.Red_headed_Woodpecker": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario, Manitoba)", "192.Downy_Woodpecker": "USA, Canada — smallest and most common woodpecker in North America", "193.Bewick_Wren": "USA (western & southern states — California, Texas, Oregon), Mexico", "194.Cactus_Wren": "USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas), Mexico — Sonoran Desert", "195.Carolina_Wren": "USA (eastern & southeastern states)", "196.House_Wren": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", "197.Marsh_Wren": "USA, Canada — freshwater marshes across North America", "198.Rock_Wren": "USA (western states — Colorado, Utah, California, Arizona), Mexico", "199.Winter_Wren": "USA (Pacific Northwest, Appalachians), Canada, UK, Europe, Asia", "200.Common_Yellowthroat": "USA, Canada — one of the most widespread warblers in North America", } # ── Look-alike species ─────────────────────────────────────── # Partial by design: only visually confusable pairs. SIMILAR_SPECIES = { "001.Black_footed_Albatross": ("Laysan Albatross", "check the face — Black-footed has a dark face, Laysan has a white face"), "002.Laysan_Albatross": ("Black footed Albatross", "check the face — Laysan has a white face, Black-footed has a dark face"), "014.Indigo_Bunting": ("Lazuli Bunting", "check the breast — Indigo is all blue, Lazuli has a rusty-orange breast"), "029.American_Crow": ("Common Raven", "check the size & tail — Crow is smaller with fan tail, Raven has wedge tail"), "062.Herring_Gull": ("Ring billed Gull", "check the bill — Herring Gull has a red spot, Ring-billed has a black ring"), "064.Ring_billed_Gull": ("Herring Gull", "check the bill — Ring-billed has a black ring, Herring has a red spot"), "068.Ruby_throated_Hummingbird": ("Rufous Hummingbird", "check the back — Ruby-throated is green-backed, Rufous has orange-brown back"), "069.Rufous_Hummingbird": ("Ruby throated Hummingbird", "check the back — Rufous is orange-brown, Ruby-throated is metallic green"), "073.Blue_Jay": ("Florida Jay", "check the crest — Blue Jay has a crest, Florida Jay has no crest"), "095.Baltimore_Oriole": ("Orchard Oriole", "check the color — Baltimore is bright orange, Orchard is darker chestnut"), "129.Song_Sparrow": ("Savannah Sparrow", "check the breast — Song Sparrow has a central spot, Savannah has streaks"), "136.Barn_Swallow": ("Cliff Swallow", "check the tail — Barn Swallow has a deep forked tail, Cliff has a square tail"), "137.Cliff_Swallow": ("Barn Swallow", "check the tail — Cliff has a square tail, Barn Swallow has a deep fork"), "139.Scarlet_Tanager": ("Summer Tanager", "check the wings — Scarlet has black wings, Summer Tanager is all red"), "186.Cedar_Waxwing": ("Bohemian Waxwing", "check the belly — Cedar has a yellow belly, Bohemian has rusty undertail"), "192.Downy_Woodpecker": ("Pileated Woodpecker", "check the size — Downy is sparrow-sized, Pileated is crow-sized"), } # ── Migration ──────────────────────────────────────────────── MIGRATION_MAP = { "001.Black_footed_Albatross": "Year-round in North Pacific Ocean. Breeds on Hawaiian Islands (Dec–Jul), roams Pacific rest of year", "002.Laysan_Albatross": "Year-round in North Pacific. Breeds on Midway Atoll & Hawaii (Nov–Jul), roams North Pacific rest of year", "003.Sooty_Albatross": "Year-round in South Atlantic & Indian Ocean. Breeds on Tristan da Cunha & South Georgia islands", "004.Groove_billed_Ani": "Year-round resident in Mexico & Central America. Some move to southern Texas in summer (Apr–Sep)", "005.Crested_Auklet": "Breeds on Aleutian Islands & Bering Sea (May–Aug) → winters in open North Pacific Ocean", "006.Least_Auklet": "Breeds on St. Lawrence & Pribilof Islands Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters in North Pacific", "007.Parakeet_Auklet": "Breeds on Alaskan & Russian islands (May–Aug) → winters in open North Pacific Ocean", "008.Rhinoceros_Auklet": "Breeds on Pacific coast islands (Apr–Aug) → winters offshore in North Pacific", "009.Brewer_Blackbird": "Year-round in western USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south to California & Mexico (Oct–Mar)", "010.Red_winged_Blackbird": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south to southern USA (Oct–Apr)", "011.Rusty_Blackbird": "Breeds in Alaska & boreal Canada (May–Aug) → winters in southeastern USA (Sep–Apr)", "012.Yellow_headed_Blackbird": "Breeds in Great Plains marshes USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & southwestern USA", "013.Bobolink": "Breeds in USA & Canada prairies (May–Aug) → migrates 12,000 miles to Argentina & Bolivia (Sep–Apr). One of the longest migrations of any songbird", "014.Indigo_Bunting": "Breeds in eastern & central USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico, Cuba & Central America (Sep–Apr). Navigates by stars at night", "015.Lazuli_Bunting": "Breeds in western USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in western Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "016.Painted_Bunting": "Breeds in southern USA — Texas, Louisiana, Florida (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America", "017.Cardinal": "Year-round resident across eastern & southern USA. Does not migrate", "018.Spotted_Catbird": "Year-round resident in Queensland & New South Wales, Australia. Short local movements only", "019.Gray_Catbird": "Breeds in USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "020.Yellow_breasted_Chat": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "021.Eastern_Towhee": "Year-round in southeastern USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "022.Chuck_will_Widow": "Breeds in southeastern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Mar)", "023.Brandt_Cormorant": "Year-round on Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California. Short local movements", "024.Red_faced_Cormorant": "Year-round resident on Aleutian Islands & Kodiak, Alaska. Does not migrate", "025.Pelagic_Cormorant": "Year-round on Pacific coast. Some northernmost birds move south slightly in winter", "026.Bronzed_Cowbird": "Year-round in Mexico & Central America. Moves into southern Texas & Arizona (Mar–Sep)", "027.Shiny_Cowbird": "Year-round across South America & Caribbean. Expanding northward into USA", "028.Brown_Creeper": "Year-round in mature forests across North America. Mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter", "029.American_Crow": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern birds may move south in harsh winters. Highly intelligent", "030.Fish_Crow": "Year-round on Atlantic & Gulf coasts eastern USA. Short local movements only", "031.Black_billed_Cuckoo": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in South America — Colombia to Bolivia (Sep–Apr)", "033.Yellow_billed_Cuckoo": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in South America (Aug–Apr). Famous for calling just before rainstorms", "037.Acadian_Flycatcher": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Ecuador & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "038.Great_Crested_Flycatcher": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & South America (Sep–Apr)", "039.Least_Flycatcher": "Breeds in northeastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "040.Olive_sided_Flycatcher": "Breeds in western USA, Alaska & boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Andes of South America — Peru, Bolivia (Sep–May). One of the longest Flycatcher migrations", "043.Yellow_bellied_Flycatcher": "Breeds in boreal Canada & northeastern USA (Jun–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–May)", "046.Gadwall": "Breeds in Great Plains USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters across southern USA, Mexico & Caribbean (Oct–Mar)", "050.Eared_Grebe": "Breeds on western USA & Canada lakes (May–Aug) → winters on Pacific coast & Gulf of Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "051.Horned_Grebe": "Breeds in Alaska, Canada & northern Europe (May–Aug) → winters on both USA coasts (Sep–Apr)", "052.Pied_billed_Grebe": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "053.Western_Grebe": "Breeds on inland lakes western USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters on Pacific coast (Sep–Mar)", "058.Pigeon_Guillemot": "Year-round on North Pacific coast. Short offshore movements in winter", "059.California_Gull": "Breeds inland at Great Basin lakes (Apr–Aug) → winters on California & Pacific coast (Sep–Mar)", "060.Glaucous_winged_Gull": "Year-round on Pacific Northwest coast. Some move south to California in winter", "061.Heermann_Gull": "Breeds on Isla Raza Mexico (Jan–Jun) → moves north to California & Oregon coast (Jul–Nov) — reverse migration", "062.Herring_Gull": "Breeds in Canada & northern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters across all USA coasts (Sep–Mar)", "063.Ivory_Gull": "Year-round in high Arctic. Moves south only when sea ice forces it — rarely seen in USA", "064.Ring_billed_Gull": "Breeds in Canada & northern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters across all of USA (Sep–Mar). Very common in parking lots!", "065.Slaty_backed_Gull": "Year-round in eastern Russia & Japan. Rare winter visitor to Alaska & Pacific coast", "066.Western_Gull": "Year-round on California, Oregon & Washington coast. Does not migrate far", "067.Anna_Hummingbird": "Year-round on Pacific coast — one of very few hummingbirds that does not migrate south. Stays in California & Oregon all winter", "068.Ruby_throated_Hummingbird": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → crosses Gulf of Mexico non-stop to winter in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr). Incredible 500-mile non-stop ocean crossing", "069.Rufous_Hummingbird": "Breeds in Pacific Northwest & Alaska (Apr–Jul) → migrates south through Rocky Mountains to winter in Mexico (Aug–Mar). Longest migration of any hummingbird — 3,900 miles", "070.Green_Violetear": "Year-round resident in mountain forests of Mexico & Central America. Short altitudinal movements only", "071.Long_tailed_Jaeger": "Breeds on Arctic tundra Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → migrates over ocean to winter in South Atlantic (Sep–May)", "072.Pomarine_Jaeger": "Breeds on Arctic tundra (Jun–Aug) → winters off coasts of South America & West Africa (Sep–May). Rarely seen inland", "073.Blue_Jay": "Year-round across eastern USA. Some northern birds migrate south in large flocks in autumn — not all individuals migrate", "074.Florida_Jay": "Year-round resident in Florida scrub only. Does not migrate at all — one of the most sedentary birds in North America", "075.Green_Jay": "Year-round resident in southern Texas & Central America. Does not migrate", "076.Dark_eyed_Junco": "Breeds in Canada & mountain USA (May–Aug) → winters across all of USA (Oct–Apr). Called the snowbird — their arrival signals winter coming", "077.Tropical_Kingbird": "Year-round in Mexico & Central America. Moves into southern Arizona & Texas (Apr–Sep)", "078.Gray_Kingbird": "Breeds in Florida & Caribbean (Apr–Aug) → winters in northern South America (Sep–Mar)", "079.Belted_Kingfisher": "Year-round across most of USA near water. Northern Canada birds move south in winter", "080.Green_Kingfisher": "Year-round resident in southern Texas, Mexico & Central America. Does not migrate", "081.Pied_Kingfisher": "Year-round resident across Africa & South Asia. Does not migrate", "082.Ringed_Kingfisher": "Year-round in southern Texas, Mexico & South America. Does not migrate", "083.White_breasted_Kingfisher": "Year-round resident across India & Southeast Asia. Does not migrate", "084.Red_legged_Kittiwake": "Breeds on Pribilof Islands Alaska (May–Aug) → winters in North Pacific Ocean. Rarely seen on land outside breeding season", "085.Horned_Lark": "Year-round across open areas of USA & Canada. Northern birds move south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "086.Pacific_Loon": "Breeds on Arctic lakes Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters along Pacific coast from Alaska to California (Sep–May)", "087.Mallard": "Year-round in most of USA. Northern Canada & Alaska birds migrate south to USA & Mexico in winter (Oct–Mar)", "088.Western_Meadowlark": "Year-round across western & central USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "089.Hooded_Merganser": "Breeds in forested lakes USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Oct–Mar)", "090.Red_breasted_Merganser": "Breeds in Arctic & boreal Canada (May–Aug) → winters on both USA coasts (Sep–Apr)", "091.Mockingbird": "Year-round across USA & Mexico. Northern birds may move slightly south in harsh winters", "092.Nighthawk": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → migrates to South America (Bolivia, Argentina) for winter (Sep–Apr). One of the longest migrations among North American birds", "093.Clark_Nutcracker": "Year-round in western mountain USA. Short altitudinal movements — moves to lower elevations in winter", "094.White_breasted_Nuthatch": "Year-round resident across North America. Does not migrate", "095.Baltimore_Oriole": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", "096.Hooded_Oriole": "Breeds in southwestern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico (Sep–Mar)", "097.Orchard_Oriole": "Breeds in eastern & central USA (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & northern South America (Aug–Apr). Leaves very early — one of first migrants to depart", "098.Scott_Oriole": "Breeds in desert southwest USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico (Sep–Mar)", "099.Ovenbird": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean, Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "100.Brown_Pelican": "Year-round on USA coasts. Some northern birds move south in winter. Florida birds stay year-round", "101.White_Pelican": "Breeds on inland lakes Great Plains (Apr–Aug) → winters on Gulf Coast & Pacific coast (Sep–Mar)", "102.Western_Wood_Pewee": "Breeds in western USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in South America (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador) (Sep–Apr)", "103.Sayornis": "Year-round in southwestern USA & Mexico. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "104.American_Pipit": "Breeds on Arctic tundra & mountain tops (Jun–Aug) → winters across southern USA & Mexico (Sep–May)", "105.Whip_poor_Will": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "106.Horned_Puffin": "Breeds on Alaskan sea cliffs (May–Aug) → winters in open North Pacific Ocean far from shore (Sep–Apr)", "107.Common_Raven": "Year-round resident. Does not migrate. Stays in same territory year-round", "108.White_necked_Raven": "Year-round resident in desert southwest USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", "109.American_Redstart": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean, Mexico & South America (Sep–Apr)", "110.Geococcyx": "Year-round resident in desert southwest USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", "111.Loggerhead_Shrike": "Year-round in southern USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "112.Great_Grey_Shrike": "Year-round in northern Europe & Russia. Irruptive — moves south into Europe in some winters", "113.Baird_Sparrow": "Breeds in Great Plains USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Texas, New Mexico & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "114.Black_throated_Sparrow": "Year-round in desert southwest USA & Mexico. Some move to lower elevations in winter", "115.Brewer_Sparrow": "Breeds in Great Basin USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & southwestern USA (Sep–Apr)", "116.Chipping_Sparrow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "117.Clay_colored_Sparrow": "Breeds in Great Plains Canada & USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "118.House_Sparrow": "Year-round resident worldwide. Does not migrate — introduced species stays put all year", "119.Field_Sparrow": "Year-round in eastern USA. Northern birds move south slightly in winter (Oct–Mar)", "120.Fox_Sparrow": "Breeds in Alaska & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in western & southern USA (Oct–Apr)", "121.Grasshopper_Sparrow": "Breeds in eastern & central USA (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Caribbean & Central America", "122.Harris_Sparrow": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Great Plains USA — Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas (Sep–Apr)", "123.Henslow_Sparrow": "Breeds in Midwest USA (May–Aug) → winters in southeastern USA — Florida, Georgia, Carolina (Sep–Apr)", "124.Le_Conte_Sparrow": "Breeds in northern Great Plains Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in southeastern USA (Sep–Apr)", "125.Lincoln_Sparrow": "Breeds in Canada & mountain USA (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "126.Nelson_Sharp_tailed_Sparrow": "Breeds in Canadian prairies & Atlantic coast marshes (Jun–Aug) → winters on Atlantic & Gulf coast (Sep–Apr)", "127.Savannah_Sparrow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Mexico & Caribbean (Sep–Apr)", "128.Seaside_Sparrow": "Year-round resident in Atlantic & Gulf coast salt marshes. Does not migrate far", "129.Song_Sparrow": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "130.Tree_Sparrow": "Breeds in Arctic Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters across northern USA (Oct–Apr)", "131.Vesper_Sparrow": "Breeds in western & central USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "132.White_crowned_Sparrow": "Breeds in Arctic Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters across southern USA & Mexico (Oct–Apr)", "133.White_throated_Sparrow": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in eastern & southern USA (Oct–Apr). Very common winter bird feeder visitor", "134.Cape_Glossy_Starling": "Year-round resident in East Africa. Short local movements following rainfall & food", "135.Bank_Swallow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → migrates to South America — Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (Sep–Apr)", "136.Barn_Swallow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → migrates to Argentina & southern Brazil (Sep–Mar). One of the most widespread migrants in the world", "137.Cliff_Swallow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in Argentina (Sep–Mar)", "138.Tree_Swallow": "Breeds in USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Gulf Coast & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "139.Scarlet_Tanager": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Ecuador & Peru (Sep–Apr)", "140.Summer_Tanager": "Breeds in southern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico, Central & South America (Sep–Apr)", "141.Artic_Tern": "Breeds in Arctic Canada, Alaska & UK (Jun–Aug) → migrates to Antarctic (Sep–May). Longest migration on Earth — up to 70,000 km per year, seeing more daylight than any other creature", "142.Black_Tern": "Breeds in Midwest freshwater marshes USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters off West Africa & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", "143.Caspian_Tern": "Breeds on Great Lakes & Gulf Coast (Apr–Aug) → winters on Gulf Coast, Caribbean & northern South America (Sep–Mar)", "144.Common_Tern": "Breeds on North Atlantic coasts USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters off West Africa & South America (Sep–Apr)", "145.Elegant_Tern": "Breeds on Isla Raza Mexico (Apr–Jul) → moves north to California coast (Jul–Oct) then winters off Peru & Chile", "146.Forsters_Tern": "Breeds in Great Plains marshes USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters on both USA coasts & Caribbean (Sep–Apr)", "147.Least_Tern": "Breeds on USA beaches & river sandbars (May–Aug) → winters off northern South America (Sep–Apr)", "148.Green_tailed_Towhee": "Breeds in western mountain USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & southwestern USA desert (Sep–Apr)", "149.Brown_Thrasher": "Year-round in southeastern USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "150.Sage_Thrasher": "Breeds in Great Basin USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Chihuahuan Desert (Sep–Mar)", "151.Black_capped_Vireo": "Breeds in Texas & Oklahoma (Apr–Aug) → winters in western Mexico (Sep–Mar). Endangered species", "152.Blue_headed_Vireo": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "153.Philadelphia_Vireo": "Breeds in Canada & northeastern USA (Jun–Aug) → winters in Central America (Sep–May)", "154.Red_eyed_Vireo": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Amazon basin South America (Sep–Apr). Sings more than almost any other bird — up to 20,000 songs per day", "155.Warbling_Vireo": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "156.White_eyed_Vireo": "Breeds in eastern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "157.Yellow_throated_Vireo": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Venezuela & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "158.Bay_breasted_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Panama & northern South America (Sep–May)", "159.Black_and_white_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & South America (Sep–Apr)", "160.Black_throated_Blue_Warbler": "Breeds in Appalachian mountains & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean — Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti (Sep–Apr)", "161.Blue_winged_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Central America (Sep–Apr)", "162.Canada_Warbler": "Breeds in northeastern USA & Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Ecuador & Peru (Sep–May)", "163.Cape_May_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Caribbean islands (Sep–May)", "164.Cerulean_Warbler": "Breeds in Appalachians & Midwest USA (May–Aug) → winters in Andes of Colombia, Ecuador & Peru (Sep–Apr)", "165.Chestnut_sided_Warbler": "Breeds in northeastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Central America (Sep–Apr)", "166.Golden_winged_Warbler": "Breeds in Appalachians & Great Lakes (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & Venezuela (Sep–Apr)", "167.Hooded_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "168.Kentucky_Warbler": "Breeds in southeastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", "169.Magnolia_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Sep–May)", "170.Mourning_Warbler": "Breeds in Canada & northeastern USA (Jun–Aug) → winters in Costa Rica, Colombia & Venezuela (Sep–May)", "171.Myrtle_Warbler": "Breeds across Canada (May–Aug) → winters across all of USA — one of the most widespread warblers in winter (Sep–Apr)", "172.Nashville_Warbler": "Breeds in northeastern & western USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "173.Orange_crowned_Warbler": "Breeds in western USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Mar)", "174.Palm_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal bogs Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Florida & Caribbean (Sep–Apr). Often seen walking on ground wagging its tail", "175.Pine_Warbler": "Year-round in southeastern USA pine forests. Northern birds move to southern USA in winter (Oct–Mar)", "176.Prairie_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "177.Prothonotary_Warbler": "Breeds in southeastern USA swamps (Apr–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Venezuela & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "178.Swainson_Warbler": "Breeds in southeastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Yucatan Mexico (Sep–Apr)", "179.Tennessee_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Costa Rica, Colombia & Venezuela (Sep–May)", "180.Wilson_Warbler": "Breeds in western USA, Alaska & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "181.Worm_eating_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "182.Yellow_Warbler": "Breeds across all of USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico, Central & South America (Sep–Apr). Most widespread warbler in North America", "183.Northern_Waterthrush": "Breeds in boreal Canada & northeastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", "184.Louisiana_Waterthrush": "Breeds in eastern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Aug–Apr). One of earliest spring migrants to arrive", "185.Bohemian_Waxwing": "Breeds in boreal Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → irruptive winter visitor to northern USA (Oct–Mar). Appears in large flocks unpredictably following berry crops", "186.Cedar_Waxwing": "Year-round across USA but nomadic — follows fruit & berry crops. Northern birds move south in winter. Travels in flocks", "187.American_Three_toed_Woodpecker": "Year-round in Rocky Mountains, Cascades & boreal Canada. Short movements to lower elevations in winter", "188.Pileated_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident across eastern USA & Pacific Northwest. Does not migrate", "189.Red_bellied_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident in eastern USA. Does not migrate", "190.Red_cockaded_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident in southeastern USA pine forests. Does not migrate. Endangered species", "191.Red_headed_Woodpecker": "Year-round in eastern USA. Northern birds may move south in winter following acorn crops", "192.Downy_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident across North America. Does not migrate — stays in same territory all year", "193.Bewick_Wren": "Year-round in western & southern USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", "194.Cactus_Wren": "Year-round resident in Sonoran Desert USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", "195.Carolina_Wren": "Year-round resident in eastern USA. Does not migrate — very sensitive to cold winters", "196.House_Wren": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", "197.Marsh_Wren": "Year-round on both coasts USA. Interior birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", "198.Rock_Wren": "Year-round in western USA rocky areas. Mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter", "199.Winter_Wren": "Breeds in Pacific Northwest, Appalachians & boreal Canada (May–Aug) → winters across eastern USA (Oct–Apr)", "200.Common_Yellowthroat": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", }