Term Definition Reference Allocation Partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product under study and one or more other product systems ISO 14044 Ancillary input Material input that is used by the unit process producing the product, but does not constitute part of the product ISO 14044 Area of protection A cluster of category endpoints of recognisable value to society, viz. human health, natural resources, natural environment and sometimes man-made environment Guinée et al. (2002) Attributional modelling (or descriptive book keeping) LCI modelling frame that inventories the inputs and output flows of all processes of a system as they occur. Modelling process along an existing supply chain is of this type ILCD, LCI By-product See also co-product


Modelling process along an existing supply chain is of this type ILCD, LCI By-product See also co-product. A product from a process that is not the reason why the process is run and that usually has lower value than the main product of the process Own definition Category endpoint Attribute or aspect of natural environment, human health, or resources, identifying an environmental issue giving cause for concern ISO 14044 Category indicator See impact category indicator Cause–effect chain See environmental mechanism Cause–effect network See environmental mechanism Characterisation A step of the impact assessment, in which the environmental interventions assigned qualitatively to a particular impact category (in classification) are quantified in terms of a common unit for that category, allowing aggregation into one figure of the indicator result Guinée et al. (2002) (continued) © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 M.Z. Hauschild et al

Hauschild et al., LCA: Theory and Practice


(2002) (continued) © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 M.Z. Hauschild et al. (eds.), Life Cycle Assessment, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3


(continued) Term Definition Reference Characterisation factor Factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life cycle inventory analysis result to the common unit of the category indicator. Note: The common unit allows calculation of the category indicator result ISO 14044 Characterisation model Reflect the environmental mechanism by describing the relationship between the LCI results, category indicators and, in some cases, category endpoint(s). The characterization model is used to derive the characterization factors ISO 14044 Classification A step of impact assessment, in which environmental interventions are assigned to predefined impact categories on a purely qualitative basis Guinée et al


(2002) Co-function Any of two or more functions provided by the same unit process or system ILCD, LCI Comparative assertion Environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function ISO 14044 Completeness check Process of verifying whether information from the phases of a life cycle assessment is sufficient for reaching conclusions in accordance with the goal and scope definition ISO 14044 Consequential modelling LCI modelling principle that identifies and models all processes in the background system of a system in consequence of decisions made in the foreground system ILCD, LCI Consistency check Process of verifying that the assumptions, methods and data are consistently applied throughout the study and are in accordance with the goal and scope definition performed before conclusions are reached ISO 14044 Co-product Any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system ISO 14044


accordance with the goal and scope definition performed before conclusions are reached ISO 14044 Co-product Any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system ISO 14044 Critical review Process intended to ensure consistency between a life cycle assessment and the principles and requirements of the International Standards on life cycle assessment ISO 14044 Cut-off criteria Specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance associated with unit processes or product system to be excluded from a study ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Damage approach See endpoint method Data quality Characteristics of data that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements ISO 14044 Eco-efficiency Ratio between the value created and the environmental impact caused by an activity Own definition Ecosphere The biosphere of the earth, especially when the interaction between the living and non-living components is emphasised Oxford Dictionary of English Ecosystem quality Area of protection “Ecosystem Quality” that deals with damages on the intrinsic value of natural ecosystems. See also natural environment Verones et al


See also natural environment Verones et al. (2017) Elementary flow/elementary exchange Material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation ISO 14044 Emission See release End-of-life product Product at the end of its useful life that will potentially undergo reuse, recycling, or recovery ILCD, LCI Endpoint See category endpoint Endpoint method/model/indicator The category endpoint is an attribute or aspect of natural environment, human health, or resources, identifying an environmental issue giving cause for concern (ISO 14040)


Hence, endpoint method (or damage approach)/model is a characterisation method/model that provides indicators at the level of Areas of Protection (natural environment's ecosystems, human health, resource availability) or at a level close to the areas of protection level ILCD, LCIA Energy flow Input to or output from a unit process or product system, quantified in energy units. Note: Energy flow that is an input may be called an energy input; energy flow that is an output may be called an energy output ISO 14044 Environmental aspect Element of an organisation's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Environmental impact Potential impact on the natural environment, human health or the depletion of natural resources, caused by the interventions between the technosphere and the ecosphere as covered by LCA (e.g. emissions, resource extraction, land use) ILCD, LCI Environmental indicator An environmental indicator can be a measurable feature or features that provide managerially and scientifically useful evidence of the environment and ecosystem quality or reliable evidence of trends in quality. Thus, environmental indicators must be measurable with available technology, scientifically valid for assessing or documenting ecosystem quality, and useful for providing information for management decision-making


Indicators can be used to: (1) compare current conditions with desired performance; (2) show trends over time, to allow comparisons between different regions; (3) help judge the sustainability of current practices; and (4) define and publicise new standards and measures for assessing progress toward a sustainable future JRC Environmental intervention A human intervention in the environment, either physical, chemical or biological; in particular resource extraction, emissions (incl. noise and heat) and land use; the term is thus broader than “elementary flow” Guinée et al


noise and heat) and land use; the term is thus broader than “elementary flow” Guinée et al. (2002) Environmental mechanism System of physical, chemical and biological processes for a given impact category, linking the life cycle inventory analysis results to category indicators and to category endpoints by means of a characterisation model ISO 14044 Environmental life cycle costing Assessment of all costs associated with the life cycle of a product that are directly covered by any one or more of the actors in the product life cycle with complementary inclusion of externalities that are anticipated to be internalised in the decision-relevant future (Hunkeler et al. 2008). The analysis is performed consistent with the system boundaries of the environmental LCA Hunkeler et al. (2008) Environmental process A physical, chemical or biological process in the environment system that is identified as part of the causal chain linking a Guinée et al. (2002) (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference particular environmental intervention to a particular impact, e.g. pollution leaching or bioaccumulation; for a given impact category, the environmental processes together form the environmental mechanism Environmental (impact) profile The result of the characterisation step showing the indicator results for all the predefined impact categories, supplemented by any other relevant information Guinée et al


(2002) Environmental relevance Degree of linkage between category indicator result and category endpoints ISO 14044 Environmentally extended input–output analysis Linking environmental impacts to economic demand through the use of economic input– output tables originally developed for macroeconomic systems analysis and planning by combining them with tables that describe how much direct environmental impacts each economic sector causes per economic output during a year of production Own definition Evaluation Element within the life cycle interpretation phase intended to establish confidence in the results of the life cycle assessment. Note: Evaluation includes completeness check, sensitivity check, consistency check, and any other validation that may be required according to the goal and scope definition of the study ISO 14044 Extraction Withdrawal of a biotic or abiotic resource from the environment in a unit process, considered as an environmental intervention Guinée et al


(2002) Feedstock energy Heat of combustion of a raw material input that is not used as an energy source to a product system, expressed in terms of higher heating value or lower heating value. Note: Care is necessary to ensure that the energy content of raw materials is not counted twice ISO 14044 Functional unit Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference un ISO 14044 Grouping Sorting and possibly ranking of the impact categories ISO 14044 Impact assessment See life cycle impact assessment Impact category Class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned ISO 14044 Impact category indicator Quantifiable representation of an impact category ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Impact pathway Cause–effect chain of an environmental mechanism linking interventions through midpoint impacts to damages to areas of protection Own definition Impact score See indicator result Indicator result The numerical result of the characterisation step for a particular impact category, e.g. 12 kg CO2-equivalents for climate change Guinée et al. (2002) Input Product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process


12 kg CO2-equivalents for climate change Guinée et al. (2002) Input Product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process. Note: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products and co-products ISO 14044 Interested party Individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a product system, or by the results of the life cycle assessment ISO 14044 Intermediate flow Product, material or energy flow occurring between unit processes of the product system being studied ISO 14044 Intermediate product Output from a unit process that is input to other unit processes that require further transformation within the system ISO 14044 Interpretation See life cycle interpretation Inventory analysis See life cycle inventory analysis Inventory table See life cycle inventory analysis results Land occupation The unavailability of a given plot of land for alternative uses for a certain period of time Guinée et al


(2002) Land transformation The change in the quality of a given plot of land due to a particular mode of human use, measured in terms of changes in biodiversity and life support functions Guinée et al. (2002) Land use The impact category land use reflects the damage to ecosystems due to the effects of occupation and transformation of land. Examples of land use are agricultural production, mineral extraction and human settlement. Occupation of land can be defined as the maintenance of an area in a particular state over a particular time period. Transformation is the conversion of land from one state to another state, e.g. from its original state to an altered state or from an altered state to another altered state ILCD-LCIA LCIA method Collection of individual characterisation models (each addressing their separate impact category) Hauschild et al. (2013) (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Life cycle Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal ISO 14044 Life cycle assessment (LCA) Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle ISO 14044 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product ISO 14044 Life cycle impact category indicator See category indicator Life cycle initiative (UNEP/SETAC LCI) An international partnership to enable users around the world to put life cycle thinking into effective practice. Launched in 2002 by The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) www. lifecycleinitiative


Launched in 2002 by The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) www. lifecycleinitiative. org Life cycle interpretation Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations ISO 14044 Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle ISO 14044 Life cycle inventory analysis result Outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that catalogues the flows crossing the system boundary and provides the starting point for life cycle impact assessment ISO 14044 Life cycle phase Major methodological element of LCA


The four phases of an LCA are: Goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment, life cycle interpretation Own definition based on ISO 14044 Life cycle stage A stage in the life time of the product/service. Defined by the LCA practitioner, but often considered as stages are: raw materials extraction, manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal Own definition based on ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Marginal process Process that is affected (employed or taken out of use) as a response to an increase or decrease in the demand of a product, respectively Own definition Midpoint indicator Impact category indicator located somewhere along the impact pathway between emission and category endpoint Hauschild and Huijbregts (2015) Midpoint method/approach The midpoint method is a characterisation method that provides indicators for comparison of environmental interventions at a level of cause–effect chain between emissions/resource consumption and the endpoint level ILCD, LCIA Multifunctional process Process or system that performs more than one function. Examples: Processes with more than one product as output (e.g. NaOH, Cl2 and H2 from chloralkali electrolysis) or more than one waste treated jointly (e.g. mixed household waste incineration with energy recovery)


NaOH, Cl2 and H2 from chloralkali electrolysis) or more than one waste treated jointly (e.g. mixed household waste incineration with energy recovery). See also: “Allocation” and “System expansion” ILCD, LCI Natural environment Area of protection that addresses impacts to ecosystems and landscapes. See also ecosystem quality ILCD-LCIA Normalisation Calculation of the magnitude of category indicator results relative to some reference information ISO 14044 Normalisation result/factor/reference See normalised environmental profile Normalised environmental profile The result of the normalisation step: a table showing the normalised indicator results for all the selected impact categories, supplemented by any other relevant information Guinée et al. (2002) Normalised indicator result The numerical result of normalisation for a particular impact category, e.g. 0.02 year for climate change Guinée et al


(2002) Normalised indicator result The numerical result of normalisation for a particular impact category, e.g. 0.02 year for climate change Guinée et al. (2002) Obligatory property Feature that the product must possess for any user to perceive it as a product valid for fulfilling the desired function. May also include legally required features. Can usually be expressed in technical terms Own definition Output Product, material or energy flow that leaves a unit process. Note: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-products and releases ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Positioning property Optional feature of a product, which can be used to position it as more attractive to the consumer in the competition with other similar products. In contrast to obligatory properties (see this), positioning properties often vary from consumer to consumer Own definition Potential impact Relative performance indicators which can be the basis of comparisons and optimisation of the system or product Hauschild and Huijbregts (2015) Problem-oriented approach See midpoint approach Process Set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs ISO 14044 Process energy Energy input required for operating the process or equipment within a unit process, excluding energy inputs for production and delivery of the energy itself ISO 14044 Product Any goods or service. Note 1: The product can be categorised as follows: – services (e.g. transport) Note 2: Services have tangible and intangible elements


Note 1: The product can be categorised as follows: – services (e.g. transport) Note 2: Services have tangible and intangible elements. Provision of a service can involve, for example, the following: – an activity performed on a customer-supplied tangible product (e.g. automobile to be repaired) – an activity performed on a customer-supplied intangible product (e.g. the income statement needed to prepare a tax return) – the delivery of an intangible product (e.g. the delivery of information in the context of knowledge transmission) – the creation of ambience for the customer (e.g. in hotels and restaurants) Software consists of information and is generally intangible and can be in the form of approaches, transactions or procedures. Hardware is generally tangible and its amount is a countable characteristic. Processed materials are generally tangible and their amount is a continuous characteristic: – software (e.g. computer program, dictionary) – hardware (e.g


Processed materials are generally tangible and their amount is a continuous characteristic: – software (e.g. computer program, dictionary) – hardware (e.g. engine mechanical part) – processed materials (e.g. lubricant) ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Product category rules Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing type III environmental declarations for one or more product categories ISO 14025 Product environmental footprint Result of a product environmental footprint study based on the product environmental footprint method 2013/179/EU Product environmental footprint method General method to measure and communicate the potential life cycle environmental impact of a product


In EU this methods is detailed in Annex II of COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 9 April 2013 on the use of common methods to measure and communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products and organisations 2013/179/EU Product flow Products entering from or leaving to another product system ISO 14044 Product system Collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions, and which models the life cycle of a product ISO 14044 Raw material Primary or secondary material that is used to produce a product. Note: Secondary material includes recycled material ISO 14044 Recycling, reuse recovery Recovery is any form of recovering value from a waste stream whether in the form of material value (i.e. recycling) or recovery of energy content through incineration. “Recycling” means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes


“Recycling” means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations Reuse is a form of waste prevention since the product re-use avoids the need for the manufacture of a new product. A simple example is the direct re-use of containers, bricks or other materials on site Based on EUR 24916 EN (2011) Reference flow Measure of the outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfil the function expressed by the functional unit' ISO 14044 Releases Emissions to air and discharges to water and soil ISO 14044 (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Scenario Generally, scenarios are different, more or less realistic, descriptions of actions or situations in the future based on certain assumptions and factors Own definition Secondary good Secondary material, recovered energy, reused part or similar as the product of a reuse, recycling, recovery, refurbishing or similar process ILCD, LCI Secondary function Unintended functions that usually have low or no relevance to the users of a product, meaning that they are not contributing to the obligatory or positioning properties Own definition Sensitivity analysis Systematic procedures for estimating the effects of the choices made regarding methods and data on the outcome of a study ISO 14044 Sensitivity check Process of verifying that the information obtained from a sensitivity analysis is relevant for reaching the conclusions and giving recommendations ISO 14044 Subcategory A subdivision of an impact category, e.g


freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity as a subcategory of ecotoxicity Guinée et al. (2002) Substitution Solving multifunctionality of processes and products by expanding the system boundaries and substituting the not required function with an alternative way of providing it, i.e. the process(es) or product (s) that the not required function supersedes. Effectively the life cycle inventory of the superseded process(es) or product(s) is subtracted from that of the analysed system, i.e. it is “credited”. Substitution is a special (subtractive) case of applying the system expansion principle ILCD, LCI System Any good, service, event, basket-of-products, average consumption of a citizen, or similar object that is analysed in the context of the LCA study ILCD, LCI System boundary Set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system ISO 14044 System expansion Adding specific processes or products and the related life cycle inventories to the analysed system


Used to make several multifunctional systems with an only partly equivalent set of functions comparable within LCA ILCD, LCI (continued)


(continued) Term Definition Reference Technosphere The sphere or realm of human technological activity; the technologically modified environment Oxford Dictionary of English Transparency Open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information ISO 14044 Uncertainty analysis Systematic procedure to quantify the uncertainty introduced in the results of a life cycle inventory analysis due to the cumulative effects of model imprecision, input uncertainty and data variability. Note: Either ranges or probability distributions are used to determine uncertainty in the results ISO 14044 Unit process Smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for which input and output data are quantified ISO 14044 Waste Substances or objects which the holder intends or is required to dispose of (ISO 14044, 2008) Output with zero or negative value


The moment it gets a value, it turns into a co-product or secondary function and system expansion or allocation become relevant Own definition Weighting Converting and possibly aggregating indicator results across impact categories using numerical factors based on value-choices; data prior to weighting should remain available Guinée et al. (2002) Weighting factor A factor obtained with a weighting method and used to express a particular (normalised) indicator result in terms of the common unit of the weighting result Guinée et al. (2002) Weighting result The numerical part of the result of weighting and aggregation of all (normalised) indicator results, e.g. 0.08 year (Note: the result may be expressed as more than one numerical value) Guinée et al


0.08 year (Note: the result may be expressed as more than one numerical value) Guinée et al. (2002) 2013/179/EU: COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 9 April 2013 on the use of common methods to measure and communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products and organisations (2013/179/EU) EUR 24916 EN Supporting Environmentally Sound Decisions for Waste Management—A Technical Guide to Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Waste Experts and LCA Practitioners (2011)


Guinée, J.B. (ed.), Gorrée, M., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Kleijn, R., de Koning, A., Van Oers, L., Wegener Sleeswijk, A., Suh, S., Udo de Haes, H.A., De Bruijn, J.A., Van Duin, R., Huijbregts, M.A.J.: Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. In: Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht (Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0228-9; Paperback, ISBN 1-4020-0557-1) (2002) Hauschild, M.Z., Goedkoop, M., Guinée, J., et al.: Identifying best existing practice for characterization modeling in life cycle impact assessment. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 18, 683 (2013). doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0489-5 Hauschild, M.Z., Huijbregts, M.A.J. (eds.): Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Springer, Netherlands (2015). doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9744-3 Hunkeler, D.D., Lichtenvort, K., Rebitzer, G., Ciroth, A.: Environmental life cycle costing


(eds.): Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Springer, Netherlands (2015). doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9744-3 Hunkeler, D.D., Lichtenvort, K., Rebitzer, G., Ciroth, A.: Environmental life cycle costing. CRC Press, Pensacola, Florida (2008) ILCD, LCI: ILCD Handbook: Specific guide for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Data Sets, 1st edn. (2010) ILCD, LCIA: ILCD Handbook: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European Context, 1st edn (2011), and ILCD Handbook: Framework and Requirements for Life Cycle Impact Assessment models and Indicators, 1st edn


(2010) ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations—type III environmental declarations— principles and procedures (2010) ISO 14044: Environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines (2008) Verones, F., Bare, J., Bulle, C., Frischknecht, R., Hauschild, M., Hellweg, S., Henderson, A., Jolliet, O., Laurent, A., Liao, X., Lindner, J.P., de Souza, D., Michelsen, O., Patouillard, L., Pfister, S., Posthuma, L., Prado, V., Ridoutt, B., Rosenbaum, R.K., Sala, S., Ugaya, C., Vieira, M., Fantke, P.: LCIA framework and cross-cutting issues guidance within the UNEP-SETAC life cycle initiative (2017) (in review)


A Abiotic resource use, 179, 181, 258 Accounting, 14, 18, 32, 51, 99, 187, 197, 232, 235, 243, 262, 382, 385, 408, 414, 451, 500, 502, 512, 598, 622, 641, 651, 653, 700, 707, 711, 715, 765–767, 803, 804, 807, 855, 889, 895, 905, 936, 967, 969, 972, 994, 998, 1010 Accumulated exceedance, 1075, 1100 Accumulative Structural Path Analysis, 363, Accuracy, 276, 278, 279, 281, 286, 296, 301, 317, 351, 403, 408, 411–413, 415, 416, 451, 597, 601, 656, 697, 719, 806, 978, 979, 984, 992, 996, 1003, 1012, 1015, 1019, 1020, 1024, 1025, 1032, 1043, 1044, 1046 Acidification, 21, 176, 184, 185, 187, 214, 216–218, 538, 641, 644, 646, 647, 654, 686, 727, 731–736, 738–740, 742, 743, 746, 748, 760, 791, 821, 848, 865, 866, 871, 883, 898, 947, 991, 1067, 1075, 1090, 1092, 1100 Acidification potential, 219 Actions, 6, 60, 445, 448, 453, 456, 475, 484, 488, 493, 502, 508, 523, 527, 528, 534, 539, 560, 705, 728, 844–846, 963–965, 967, 1001 Acute toxicity, 233, 871 Aerosol, 207 Africa, 436, 440, 453, 454, 457,


6, 60, 445, 448, 453, 456, 475, 484, 488, 493, 502, 508, 523, 527, 528, 534, 539, 560, 705, 728, 844–846, 963–965, 967, 1001 Acute toxicity, 233, 871 Aerosol, 207 Africa, 436, 440, 453, 454, 457, 468, 469, 590, 844, 897 Aggregated process, 148, 153 Aggregation error, 351, 361, 367, 371 Agriculture, 22, 207, 208, 214, 218, 220, 223, 237, 246, 248, 251, 254, 257, 369, 426, 452, 623, 625, 723, 724, 736, 739, 741, 743, 744, 746–748, 750, 797, 1020 Agri-production, 796, 797 Air pollution, 46, 79, 207, 215, 391, 706, 785, 791, 897 Albedo, 179, 181, 204, 207, 246, 247, 764, 770, 771 Algal bloom, 221 Allocation, 72, 93, 95, 99, 113, 123, 125, 147, 332, 333, 351, 368, 383, 410, 418, 485, 492, 627, 636, 655, 657, 702, 718, 736, 737, 743, 762, 774, 775, 802, 803, 887, 893, 901, 905, 906, 908 Allocation based on energy, 657 Aluminum, 69, 821 Ammonia, 216, 218, 224, 241, 727, 732, 735, 743, 792, 862, 871, 875, 1027, 1091, 1116, 1138 Analytical, 22, 285, 293, 297, 298, 303, 304, 366, 455, 474, 510,


based on energy, 657 Aluminum, 69, 821 Ammonia, 216, 218, 224, 241, 727, 732, 735, 743, 792, 862, 871, 875, 1027, 1091, 1116, 1138 Analytical, 22, 285, 293, 297, 298, 303, 304, 366, 455, 474, 510, 549, 554, 560, 1126, 1138 Anoxia, 220, 224 Antarctic, 204, 209 Aot40, 1151 Application, 4–6, 12, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 32–34, 36, 38, 69, 70, 82, 87, 92, 102, 109, 115, 122, 144, 192, 244, 287, 294, 296–298, 302, 311, 330, 332, 337, 350, 352, 355, 358, 359, 371, 386, 403, 412, 417, 425, 427, 434, 438, 441, 448, 456, 470, 477, 482, 486, 488, 489, 491, 495, 501, 506, 508, 522, 524, 536–538, 541, 543, 560, 571, 588, 613, 633–636, 658, 659, 669, 675, 678, 685, 690, 691, 695, 699, 704, 711–713, 715, 716, 718, 720, 723, 724, 727, 732, 736, 738, 741, 743, 748, 749, 757, 759, 783, 789, 793, 796, 797, 799, 801–803, 811, 817, 818, 821, 842, 861, 864–866, 869, 870, 876, 879, 887, 906, 908, 930, 939, 940, 951, 970, 972, 973, 981, 984, 989, 991, 994, 999, 1011, 1020, 1034, 1044, 1046, 1052 © Springer


799, 801–803, 811, 817, 818, 821, 842, 861, 864–866, 869, 870, 876, 879, 887, 906, 908, 930, 939, 940, 951, 970, 972, 973, 981, 984, 989, 991, 994, 999, 1011, 1020, 1034, 1044, 1046, 1052 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 M.Z


Hauschild et al. (eds.), Life Cycle Assessment, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3


Aquatic ecosystem, 181, 215, 219, 234, 253, 254, 585, 806 Arctic, 201, 204, 210 Area of protection, 186, 197, 286, 404, 414, 1036, 1038, 1039 AS/NZS 4536, 374 Asia and pacific, 435 Assignment of LCI results, 82, 118, 152, 154, Atmosphere, 10, 201, 204, 206, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215–217, 221, 223, 225, 227, 246, 250, 251, 278, 279, 361, 724, 756, 757, 765, 766, 1104 Atmospheric fate, 218 Attributional LCI, 94, 125–127 Average, 13, 14, 20, 52, 69, 70, 81, 94, 96, 98, 125, 126, 135, 147, 148, 155, 160, 185, 187, 189–191, 201, 245, 257, 263, 277, 283, 285, 300, 302, 336, 358, 362, 365, 367, 390, 396, 398, 409, 413, 450, 452, 505, 537, 586, 613, 626, 657, 673, 678, 682, 687, 701, 706, 708, 718, 727, 735, 739, 741, 772, 775, 785, 802, 807, 810, 811, 840, 845, 851, 901, 902, 936, 939, 968, 969, 972, 977, 979, 987, 1005, 1006, 1019, 1020, 1022, 1025, 1027, 1033, 1060, 1067, 1071, 1073, 1084, 1088, 1093, 1107, 1173–1175 Average process, 95, 99, 123, 138, 658, Avoided against induced impacts,


972, 977, 979, 987, 1005, 1006, 1019, 1020, 1022, 1025, 1027, 1033, 1060, 1067, 1071, 1073, 1084, 1088, 1093, 1107, 1173–1175 Average process, 95, 99, 123, 138, 658, Avoided against induced impacts, 861, 872 B Background process, 98, 157, 159, 350, 363, 408, 626, 823, 840, 1060, 1062, 1073, 1075, 1086, 1095 Base cations, 215, 235, 403, 536, 612 Battery system, 93, 669, 677–679, 684, 686, Bern carbon cycle climate model, 202 Best estimate, 13, 14, 189, 811 Bias, 73, 110, 189, 192, 198, 317, 333, 640, 870, 932, 939, 1067 Bioaccumulation, 727, 810 Bioavailability, 230, 232, 626, 827 Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), 867, 870, 877, 883, 1027, 1127, 1139 Biochemicals, 784, 802, 812 Biodegradability, 768, 769 Biodiversity, 11, 179, 184, 220, 230, 246, 249, 251, 363, 391, 467, 469, 611, 617, 623, 625, 708, 741, 742, 744, 749, 750, 764, 770, 807, 922, 949 Bioenergy, 440, 646, 654, 932 Biofuels, 9–12, 34, 87, 426, 439–441, 449, 453–455, 625, 635, 646, 755–761, 764, 769, 776, 1084 Biogas, 646,


625, 708, 741, 742, 744, 749, 750, 764, 770, 807, 922, 949 Bioenergy, 440, 646, 654, 932 Biofuels, 9–12, 34, 87, 426, 439–441, 449, 453–455, 625, 635, 646, 755–761, 764, 769, 776, 1084 Biogas, 646, 730, 731, 768, 777, 862, 863, 919, 932, 946, 1114 Biogenic carbon, 10, 718, 757, 765, 903, 905 Biogenic CO2, 10, 773, 1030 Biological cycle, 609, 610, 616, 621, 624 Biomass, 11, 95, 215, 219, 228, 230, 233, 261, 440, 610, 613, 643, 646, 653, 708, 719, 755–757, 761, 765, 768, 772, 774, 776, 777, 797, 932, 951, 977, 1029, 1030, 1079, 1084, 1092, 1093, 1104 Biomass feedstock, 11, 756, 757, 760, 776, 777, 797 Biomaterials, 121, 123, 426, 625, 718, 755, 757, 759–761, 763–765, 768, 769, 776 Biome, 249, 728 Bio-products, 449, 755–765, 769, 770, 773, 775–778 Biorefinery, 761, 776 Biotope, 179, 181, 202, 230, 232, 246, 251, Blaue engel, 22 Blue water, 36, 253 Bromine, 211, 1117, 1139 Brundtland report, 44, 402 BS 3843, 374 Building design, 699, 700, 702 Buildings, 6, 184, 532, 595, 624, 636,


202, 230, 232, 246, 251, Blaue engel, 22 Blue water, 36, 253 Bromine, 211, 1117, 1139 Brundtland report, 44, 402 BS 3843, 374 Building design, 699, 700, 702 Buildings, 6, 184, 532, 595, 624, 636, 695–700, 702–705, 716, 720, 726, 727, 734, 786, 846, 1014, 1062, 1066, 1073, 1079, 1081 Building scenario evaluation, 703 Building service life, 698, 703 Building system LCA, 835 Building temporal scope, 148 Building types, 24 Built environment, 257, 426, 695–699, 706–713, 716, 718–720 Built form, 258, 712 Burden-shifting, 199, 426, 639, 641, 642, 648, 653, 654, 939 C Cancer effects, 1028, 1060, 1063, 1067, 1075, 1088, 1092, 1093, 1100 Capacity building, 432, 438, 440, 442, 452, 453, 457, 469, 477 Capex, 375, 388 Capital expenditures, 375 Capital goods, 148, 644, 726, 734, 736, 864, 896, 905, 906, 1002, 1008, 1015 Carbon cascading, 768


Carbon dioxide, 151, 206, 227, 726, 773, 792, 949, 1030, 1117 Carbon footprint, 36, 60, 69, 114, 197, 198, 287, 298, 356, 357, 360–362, 364, 370, 440, 454, 484, 598, 672, 706, 713, 718, 739, 841–843, 966, 968, 984, 989 Carbon monoxide, 225, 228, 244, 1118 Carbon neutrality, 757 Carbon pools, 772 Carbon sequestration, 179, 181, 250, 757, 772, Carbon storage, 110, 757, 765–767, 772, 1046 Carbon tetrachloride, 213, 1118 Carcinoma, 1161 Carmen, 1155, 1167 Carrying capacity, 49, 51, 185, 191, 431, 627, CAS number, 809 Cataract, 210, 214 Causality between products and social impacts, 408, 409, 415 Cause–effect chain, 169, 177–179, 181, 205, 219, 221, 235, 237, 247, 534, 1148, Cause–effect mechanism, 169, 177, 179, 181 Cause–effect pathway, 179 CED, 196–198 CEDA, 367, 369 CFC, 207, 211 CH4, 142, 207, 213, 663, 727, 845, 862, 863, 871, 873, 883 Characterisation factor, 112, 141, 149, 151, 153, 175, 176, 180, 183, 188, 190, 192, 194, 206, 209, 213, 219, 223, 229–231, 234, 237, 238, 242, 245,


207, 213, 663, 727, 845, 862, 863, 871, 873, 883 Characterisation factor, 112, 141, 149, 151, 153, 175, 176, 180, 183, 188, 190, 192, 194, 206, 209, 213, 219, 223, 229–231, 234, 237, 238, 242, 245, 249, 250, 257, 263, 285, 300–302, 312, 314, 318, 325, 327, 341, 371, 705, 716, 731, 734, 804–807, 810, 828, 873, 931, 987, 990, 995, 1037, 1041, 1064, 1067, 1075, 1091, 1092, 1095, 1097, 1174 Characterisation model, 112, 167–169, 171–173, 176, 177, 188, 219, 224, 229, 236, 240, 247, 250, 281, 287, 366, 368, 803, 1174, 1175 Characteristics of LCA, 4, 807 Chemical alternatives assessment, 783, 790, 799, 811 Chemical fate, 809 Chemical footprints, 196, 788 Chemical industry, 365, 756, 776, 784, 785, 793, 803 Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), 867, 870, 875, 883, 1027, 1139 Chemical processing, 122, 792 Chemical risk assessment (RA), 787, 818 Chemicals, 11, 12, 121, 145, 162, 198, 211, 230, 231, 235, 237, 239, 245, 279, 312, 314, 363, 444, 526, 564, 610, 612, 613, 622, 725–728, 730, 755, 757, 783,


Chemical risk assessment (RA), 787, 818 Chemicals, 11, 12, 121, 145, 162, 198, 211, 230, 231, 235, 237, 239, 245, 279, 312, 314, 363, 444, 526, 564, 610, 612, 613, 622, 725–728, 730, 755, 757, 783, 784, 786, 788–794, 796, 797, 801, 805, 806, 809–811, 839, 840, 879, 892, 1067 Chemicals management, 783, 786, 787 Chemical synthesis, 783, 793, 794, 796–798, 801, 802 Chlorine, 150, 211 Chronic toxicity, 233 Circular economy, 367, 435, 448, 452, 540, 571, 601, 605–607, 609, 626, 888, 891, Cities, 12, 79, 225, 526, 696, 706, 708, 713–715, 749, 838 City-scale, 697, 698, 708 Classification, 62, 81, 82, 135, 159, 176, 180, 261, 286, 370, 413, 585, 612, 757, 895, 970, 1035–1037 Cleaner production, 432, 434, 435, 469, 472, 1066, 1084 Climate change, 10, 12, 18, 69, 82, 110, 114, 169, 176, 181, 191, 197–199, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 246, 252, 279, 287, 304, 305, 430, 434, 442, 537, 585, 598, 634, 639–641, 644, 646–649, 654, 659, 669, 688, 727, 728, 743, 757, 760, 766–768, 811, 812, 843, 854, 888,


201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 246, 252, 279, 287, 304, 305, 430, 434, 442, 537, 585, 598, 634, 639–641, 644, 646–649, 654, 659, 669, 688, 727, 728, 743, 757, 760, 766–768, 811, 812, 843, 854, 888, 892, 898, 915, 991, 997, 1060, 1063, 1064, 1075, 1087, 1088, 1091, 1100, 1142, 1143 Climate forcing agent, 772 Climate tipping point, 767 Closed loop, 154, 979, 1009, 1010, 1018 CML2002, 60, 125, 236, 245, 262 CML92, 20 CO2, 10, 141, 142, 144, 150, 168, 176, 184, 203, 206, 217, 259, 358, 535, 624, 660, 669, 670, 674, 686, 726, 732, 735, 740, 842, 878, 882, 938, 948, 951, 1030, Coca cola, 21 Code of practice, 23, 337 Co-generation process, 655 Combined impacts, 4, 13, 48, 90, 103, 125, 134, 169, 184 Commissioner, 67, 68, 73, 80, 112, 113, 144, 304, 308, 309, 327, 341–345, 378, 802, 894, 966, 1040, 1051, 1053, 1065, 1066, 1088, 1098 Communication of results, 72, 311


Company, 26, 35, 36, 38, 103, 125, 132, 142, 144, 307, 308, 336, 343, 385, 387, 389, 404, 407, 409–413, 415, 418, 419, 446, 507, 521, 524, 529–533, 536–542, 547, 548, 553–556, 560, 561, 565, 569–571, 578, 601, 609, 614–616, 618, 802, 1026, 1061, 1067, 1068 Comparative assertion, 61, 114, 193, 339, 451, 688, 973, 990, 994, 996, 1039, 1053, Comparative ecotoxicity, 240 Comparative human toxicity, 240 Comparative studies, 67, 68, 73, 84, 102, 110, 113, 115, 419, 652, 872, 975, 979, 980, 983, 996, 997, 1044, 1047, 1054, 1075 Comparative Toxic Unit(CTU), 1075, 1100, Completeness, 100, 104, 105, 118, 119, 121, 173, 287, 292, 294, 325, 327, 333, 359, 362, 371, 445, 708, 712, 716, 719, 804, 939, 970, 983, 984, 996, 1001, 1019, 1023–1025, 1032, 1033, 1038, 1040–1042, 1057, 1096 Completeness requirements, 76, 100, 103, 104, 118, 119, 121, 981, 1054, 1072 Concentrated solar power, 635 Concentration-response relationship, 232 Conclusion, 22, 38, 59, 63, 93, 108, 114, 115, 155, 173, 177, 199, 273,


76, 100, 103, 104, 118, 119, 121, 981, 1054, 1072 Concentrated solar power, 635 Concentration-response relationship, 232 Conclusion, 22, 38, 59, 63, 93, 108, 114, 115, 155, 173, 177, 199, 273, 279, 290, 300, 301, 303, 305, 306, 309, 315–317, 324, 326, 327, 329, 332, 333, 337, 339, 341, 345, 418, 419, 448, 521, 538, 624, 656, 691, 734, 735, 744–746, 761, 762, 776, 806, 828, 850, 930, 940, 941, 1063, 1093, 1097 Confidence interval, 285, 311, 1089 Consequential LCI, 95, 125–129, 131, 132, 134, 161, 163, 976 Consequential modelling, 75, 94, 96, 978, 982, 985, 987, 1001, 1007, 1008, 1011, 1053 Consistency, 5, 18, 23, 76, 156, 184, 190, 239, 257, 325, 331, 332, 339, 381, 415, 496, 581, 583, 599, 601, 651, 656, 690, 718, 786, 803, 900, 906, 970, 996, 1019, 1021, 1026, 1033, 1040, 1044 Consumption-based inventory, 21 Consumptive use, 252 Contaminated site clean-up, 927, 929, 934, 936, 940, 944 Contaminated site remediation, 927, 929, 941 Contaminated sites, 87, 927, 929, 930, 940 Cookbook, 6,


inventory, 21 Consumptive use, 252 Contaminated site clean-up, 927, 929, 934, 936, 940, 944 Contaminated site remediation, 927, 929, 941 Contaminated sites, 87, 927, 929, 930, 940 Cookbook, 6, 25, 60, 963, 964 Cornerstone, 508, 513 Corporate responsibility reports, 22 Correlation, 149, 273, 297, 302, 303, 316, 359, 411, 828, 931, 1024, 1025, 1033, 1075, Cost, 10, 37, 52, 53, 118, 123, 125, 129, 130, 134, 137, 142, 186, 194, 259, 303, 336, 337, 362, 364, 367, 374–377, 379, 381–389, 391, 395, 396, 418, 450, 466, 470, 474, 501, 504, 520, 522, 524, 533, 539, 540, 546, 553, 556, 557, 570, 599, 600, 623, 670, 684, 728, 731, 741, 776, 777, 888, 932, 986, 987, 993, 1014, 1031, 1042 Costing, 5, 51, 374–376, 379, 381, 388, 473, 526, 932 Covariance, 296, 303 Cradle to Cradle(C2C), 554, 605–607, 612, Credibility, 114, 345, 410, 446, 578, 581, 599–601, 897, 899, 901, 902, 905 Crediting, 91, 123, 154, 273, 654, 766, 901, Critical load, 46, 217, 219 Critical review, 61, 75, 114, 171, 304, 336–346,


Credibility, 114, 345, 410, 446, 578, 581, 599–601, 897, 899, 901, 902, 905 Crediting, 91, 123, 154, 273, 654, 766, 901, Critical load, 46, 217, 219 Critical review, 61, 75, 114, 171, 304, 336–346, 633, 973, 974, 999, 1023, 1053, 1054, 1076 Crops, 11, 220, 251, 724, 726–728, 743, 745, 746, 758, 773, 774, 776, 777, 810, 876 Cultural theory, 716, 796, 808, 1149 Cut-off, 103, 147, 148, 154, 326, 329, 349, 350, 359, 363–365, 371, 382, 388, 702, 821, 983, 984, 989, 993, 995, 1002, 1008, 1033, 1041, 1073, 1096, 1097 Cut-off criterion, 104, 350, 382 Cyanobacteria, 220 D Dairy, 92, 95, 450, 719, 726, 734, 735, 739, Damage factor, 231, 238 Data availability, 69, 122, 175, 371, 412, 438, 445, 449, 451, 456, 457, 556, 655, 711, 719, 735, 790, 802, 811, 855 Databases, 20, 62, 64, 73, 81, 82, 121, 123, 147, 152, 153, 251, 317, 337, 344, 350, 351, 360, 368, 371, 385, 391, 408, 412, 413, 415, 438, 442, 449, 451, 452, 456, 457, 467, 468, 470, 560, 718, 748, 785, 802, 803, 829, 852, 854, 871, 893,


123, 147, 152, 153, 251, 317, 337, 344, 350, 351, 360, 368, 371, 385, 391, 408, 412, 413, 415, 438, 442, 449, 451, 452, 456, 457, 467, 468, 470, 560, 718, 748, 785, 802, 803, 829, 852, 854, 871, 893, 899, 900, 905, 935, 1031, 1032, 1060, 1062, Data collection, 61, 73, 81, 110, 121, 139, 145, 149, 155, 160, 301, 323, 329, 330, 339, 340, 352, 384, 388, 412, 413, 415, 417, 433, 445, 468, 492, 495, 540, 556, 655,


675, 680, 835, 899, 906, 935, 984, 989, 992, 993, 1007, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1041, 1055, 1057, 1077 Data quality, 76, 113, 140, 142, 287, 293, 294, 330–332, 340, 341, 352, 419, 492, 536, 600, 966, 989, 993, 1020, 1023, 1026, 1031, 1041, 1046, 1075, 1097 Data specificity, 139–141, 144, 159 Decision context, 67, 68, 70, 72, 88, 339, 530, 538, 676, 679, 935, 967 Decision-making, 70, 197, 198, 438, 439, 500, 502, 519–521, 523, 533, 534, 538, 547, 553, 841, 889, 969 Decision support, 4, 22, 34, 38, 63, 70, 72, 98, 272, 303, 311, 401, 415, 416, 446, 448, 452, 500, 510, 676, 838, 842, 869, 932, 936, 967–970, 981, 998, 1045, 1061, Decoupling, 432, 439, 443, 453, 624, 849, 888 Default, 105, 125, 129, 147, 155, 190, 314, 364, 491, 568, 644, 769, 989–991, 995, 1013, 1027, 1045, 1083 Degradation, 17, 178, 211, 219, 224, 230, 232, 251, 431, 432, 434, 439, 443, 696, 728, 772, 774, 777, 805, 928 Degradation products (metabolites), 805, 945 Degradative use, 252, 257 Delphi panels, 505, 511 Depletion,


178, 211, 219, 224, 230, 232, 251, 431, 432, 434, 439, 443, 696, 728, 772, 774, 777, 805, 928 Degradation products (metabolites), 805, 945 Degradative use, 252, 257 Delphi panels, 505, 511 Depletion, 12, 184, 210, 259, 261, 264, 359, 363, 367, 434, 546, 634, 641, 644, 646, 647, 650, 654, 687, 726, 738, 777, 786, 791, 821, 853, 863, 867, 868, 883, 991, Desalination, 835, 836, 839–842, 844–846, Design for sustainability, 455 Developing countries, 39, 213, 359, 370, 431–433, 438, 440, 451, 457, 467–471, 473–475, 477, 496, 854 Diabetes, 241 Diet, 252, 723, 731, 739–741 Difference between LCA and s-LCA, 407, 596 Dilution volume, 20, 257, 585 Direct and indirect impacts, 487, 587, 837 Direct emission intensity, 356, 689 Directive, 34, 443, 444, 531, 548, 579, 591, 756, 843, 891 Disability-Adjusted Life Year(DALY), 1036 Discounting, 374, 377, 379–381, 392 Distance to target method, 194, 257, 1148 Distribution, 132, 155, 178, 202, 243, 273, 282, 284–286, 293, 296, 298, 300, 305, 306, 312,


Life Year(DALY), 1036 Discounting, 374, 377, 379–381, 392 Distance to target method, 194, 257, 1148 Distribution, 132, 155, 178, 202, 243, 273, 282, 284–286, 293, 296, 298, 300, 305, 306, 312, 345, 466, 473, 506, 551, 553, 563, 614, 636, 644, 645, 647, 652, 672, 677, 723, 729, 739, 750, 801, 836, 837, 839, 840, 843, 850, 852, 897–899, 1026, 1174 Dose-response, 237, 240, 241, 787, 820 Drinking water, 239, 426, 613, 706, 835, 837, 839, 842–844, 854 Dust, 336, 1119 Dutch LCA handbook, 24, 743 E Ecobalance, 18, 470, 546 Eco-design, 25, 34, 307, 442, 443, 452, 594, 636, 749, 1065, 1068 Ecodesign implementation, 425, 545, 547, 548, 559, 560 Ecodesign methods and tools, 545, 547–549, Eco-effectiveness, 611, 620, 653 Eco-efficiency, 49, 52, 53, 436, 474, 554, 605, 611, 615, 618, 625, 653, 789 Eco-indicator99, 263, 902, 903, 910, 914, 917, 919, 921, 922 Ecoinvent, 5, 125, 147, 287, 293, 294, 448, 450, 452, 454, 636, 642, 644, 656, 682, 748, 829, 852, 871, 899, 908, 935, 1062, 1077 Eco-label,


263, 902, 903, 910, 914, 917, 919, 921, 922 Ecoinvent, 5, 125, 147, 287, 293, 294, 448, 450, 452, 454, 636, 642, 644, 656, 682, 748, 829, 852, 871, 899, 908, 935, 1062, 1077 Eco-label, 22, 25, 36, 417, 571, 577, 579–582, 584–587, 589, 593, 598, 968, 971, 972, 1067, 1068 Ecolabel standardisation, 22, 36, 38, 60, 417 Economic assessment method, 385, 521 Economic growth, 44, 431, 432, 435, 439, 443, 447, 624, 696, 888 Economic impacts, 63, 350, 624, 699 Ecopoints methodology, 555 Eco-scarcity method, 624, 1148 Ecosphere, 77–79, 100, 101, 141, 247, 259, 261, 622, 623, 747, 748, 750, 981, 982, 991, 1021, 1031 Ecosystem, 20, 46, 78, 176, 178, 181, 186, 210, 217, 219, 220, 230, 232, 234, 250, 251, 254, 258, 259, 279, 396, 402, 484, 546, 585, 610, 622, 627, 633, 770, 785, 788, 791, 803, 806, 811, 991 Ecosystem impacts, 628, 917 Ecosystem productivity, 546, 554, 880 Ecosystem quality, 181, 247, 250, 254, 257–259, 550 Ecosystem scarcity, 749 Ecosystem services, 181, 186, 246, 247, 249, 250,


991 Ecosystem impacts, 628, 917 Ecosystem productivity, 546, 554, 880 Ecosystem quality, 181, 247, 250, 254, 257–259, 550 Ecosystem scarcity, 749 Ecosystem services, 181, 186, 246, 247, 249, 250, 258, 628 Ecosystem vulnerability, 251 Ecotoxicity, 187, 230, 233, 234, 236, 240, 247, 312, 598, 642, 647, 714, 727, 742, 760,


791, 796, 797, 804, 810, 824, 853, 861, 865–868, 871, 872, 1060, 1063, 1067, 1075, 1088, 1097 EDIP 2003, 245, 909, 916 EDIP 97, 731 EEIOA, 20 Effect concentration affecting 50% of individuals over background(EC50), Effective dose affecting 50% of individuals over background(ED50) Effect factor, 224, 230, 234, 236, 238, 240, 243, 257, 559 Effectiveness, 59, 65, 417, 434, 439, 568, 888 Egalitarian, 194 EIO-LCA, 360–362, 367, 370, 520 Electricity, 10, 62, 78, 83, 89, 91, 93, 95–97, 99, 106, 109, 110, 122, 123, 134, 135, 141, 147, 302, 363, 365, 370, 371, 417, 450, 494, 514, 515, 596, 613, 626, 634, 636, 639, 641, 642, 644, 648, 650–654, 656, 657, 671, 685, 686, 688, 691, 703, 709, 714, 729, 735, 738, 762, 845, 849, 851, 852, 854, 855, 865, 892, 901, 933, 986, 1029, 1062, 1071, 1072, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1095, 1106 Electricity generation, 134, 136, 141, 370, 450, 638, 643, 645, 657 Electric Vehicle (EV), 671 Elementary flow, 62, 78, 79, 82, 91, 101, 110–113, 118, 119, 141, 145, 148, 149,


1080, 1084, 1095, 1106 Electricity generation, 134, 136, 141, 370, 450, 638, 643, 645, 657 Electric Vehicle (EV), 671 Elementary flow, 62, 78, 79, 82, 91, 101, 110–113, 118, 119, 141, 145, 148, 149, 151–153, 167, 176, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185, 187, 190, 218, 251, 279, 294, 298, 302, 316, 324, 327, 328, 334, 350, 408, 409, 414, 622, 624, 765, 992, 993, 1000, 1028, 1029, 1036, 1175 Embodied work, 366, 613 EMEP, 1155 Emerging technologies, 511, 656, 658, 790, 812, 895, 931 Emergy, 706 Endocrine disrupters, 240, 873 End-of-life, 149, 213, 237, 369, 378, 379, 384, 390, 484, 491, 525, 526, 530, 551, 650, 675, 681, 684, 695, 759, 762, 783, 791, 796, 889, 896, 977, 978, 988, 1009, 1015–1017, 1031, 1065, 1083 Endpoint, 25, 175, 180–182, 186, 192, 194, 208, 217, 236, 254, 255, 257, 260, 279, 280, 287, 291, 414, 417, 534, 602, 623, 871, 915, 937, 939, 991, 995, 1036, 1147, 1148, 1160, 1173, 1175 Endpoint method, 209, 236 Energy, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 34, 52, 77, 78, 83, 89, 93, 95, 101, 103, 106,


291, 414, 417, 534, 602, 623, 871, 915, 937, 939, 991, 995, 1036, 1147, 1148, 1160, 1173, 1175 Endpoint method, 209, 236 Energy, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 34, 52, 77, 78, 83, 89, 93, 95, 101, 103, 106, 111, 142, 144, 151, 155, 161, 186, 204, 214, 221, 228, 261, 278, 279, 327, 336, 355, 358, 359, 361, 367, 369, 370, 388, 409, 411, 413, 419, 444, 445, 448, 450, 452, 472, 494, 501, 502, 507, 509, 511, 535, 551, 555, 557, 558, 564, 567, 579, 596, 610, 613, 620, 621, 626, 633, 634, 636, 637, 639–641, 643, 645–653, 655–661, 663, 670–672, 674, 676, 679, 681, 683, 685, 688, 690, 696, 698, 699, 701–703, 706, 708, 713, 719, 725, 726, 729, 733, 735, 738, 740, 742, 745, 748, 761, 791, 797, 802, 804, 817, 821, 822, 825, 839, 840, 847, 861, 865, 883, 889, 901, 933, 934, 938, 939, 945, 946, 1004, 1010, 1028, 1078, 1104 Energy Pay Back Time (EPBT), 640, 650 Energy recovery, 35, 640, 648, 768, 863, 890, 902, 1018 Energy Return On Investment (EROI), 650 Energy systems, 6, 22, 426, 508, 514, 633–635, 640,


1078, 1104 Energy Pay Back Time (EPBT), 640, 650 Energy recovery, 35, 640, 648, 768, 863, 890, 902, 1018 Energy Return On Investment (EROI), 650 Energy systems, 6, 22, 426, 508, 514, 633–635, 640, 641, 651, 653, 655, 659, 1055, 1095 Engineered Nano Materials(ENMs), 818 Engineered Nano Particles (ENPs), 818, 821, 823, 825, 827, 829 Environmental certification, 685, 695 Environmental claim, 26, 435, 581, 590, 599, Environmental economics, 500 Environmental hotspots, 35, 417, 484, 485, 495, 548, 633, 644, 645, 647, 731, 736, 744, 1059, 1061, 1065, 1067 Environmental issue, 9, 12, 13, 82, 111, 112, 132, 176, 180, 196, 197, 199, 482, 489, 550, 551, 561, 579, 582, 583, 619, 628, 716, 796, 1173 Environmentally extended input–output analysis, 62, 118, 350, 352 Environmental mechanism, 112, 167, 169, 172, 177, 179–181, 183, 200, 208, 217, 230, 236, 247, 260, 262, 279, 287, 990 Environmental performance of water supply, 844, 845 Environmental Product Declaration (EPDs), 594, 595, 704


167, 169, 172, 177, 179–181, 183, 200, 208, 217, 230, 236, 247, 260, 262, 279, 287, 990 Environmental performance of water supply, 844, 845 Environmental Product Declaration (EPDs), 594, 595, 704 Environmental relevance, 112, 172, 179, 180, 183, 197, 278–280, 286, 287, 292, 293, 587, 749, 809, 1037, 1148, 1173 Environmental trade-offs, 660, 673, 675, 838 EORA, 367, 370, 371


EPS 2000, 263 EPS, 880, 917 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), 1153, Erosion, 179, 181, 246, 249, 473, 727, 728, 777, 1030 Europe, 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, 33, 35, 38, 46, 210, 214, 217, 226, 358, 403, 443, 447, 456, 532, 540, 591, 595, 611, 614, 739, 785, 802, 854, 906, 907, 1067, 1068, 1073, European Commission, 5, 11, 22, 25, 33, 34, 175, 262, 337, 339, 341, 403, 430, 442, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 483, 490, 491, 585, 590, 600, 607, 772, 774, 843, 1075 European union ecolabel, 590, 785, 786, 811, Eutrend, 1100 Eutrophication, 11, 12, 18, 21, 82, 184, 187, 219, 223, 224, 247, 291, 302, 623, 644–647, 649, 654, 704, 724, 727, 732, 735, 736, 738, 742, 743, 747, 760, 791, 796, 840, 854, 861–863, 866, 867, 869, 871, 872, 898, 1060, 1063, 1075, 1089, Evaporation, 144, 202, 207, 251, 568 Exergy, 93, 124, 186, 657, 901 Exiobase, 368 Experience curves, 503, 504, 512 Explorative, 293, 508, 658 Exposure, 170, 175, 178, 210, 216, 217, 227, 230, 234–237, 239–241, 243, 244, 314, 730, 786, 787, 789,


93, 124, 186, 657, 901 Exiobase, 368 Experience curves, 503, 504, 512 Explorative, 293, 508, 658 Exposure, 170, 175, 178, 210, 216, 217, 227, 230, 234–237, 239–241, 243, 244, 314, 730, 786, 787, 789, 796, 803, 806, 812, 829, 866, 927–929, 936, 940, 1174 Ex situ remediation, 928, 930 External costs, 377, 379, 381, 382, 384, 391, 392, 894 Externality, 894 External normalization, 853 Extrapolation techniques, 934 Eye disease, 210 F False claim, 554, 812 Fatalist, 194 Feedback, 59, 64, 203, 351–354, 531, 720 Fertilisers, 198, 223, 251, 724, 726, 727, 743, 762, 764, 785, 796, 804 1st generation of bio-products, 646 Flow, 13, 18, 20, 61, 62, 64, 77, 78, 81, 87, 100, 103, 119, 142, 145, 150, 152, 156, 159, 169, 179, 187, 223, 231, 235, 247, 249, 250, 279, 294, 302, 304, 317, 327, 334, 350, 352, 356, 359–362, 368, 371, 382, 392, 395, 409, 413, 414, 419, 466, 477, 492, 495, 501, 502, 524, 527, 552, 565, 606, 608, 624, 671, 706, 707, 715, 736, 738, 742, 747, 750, 791, 799, 800, 803, 805, 843,


356, 359–362, 368, 371, 382, 392, 395, 409, 413, 414, 419, 466, 477, 492, 495, 501, 502, 524, 527, 552, 565, 606, 608, 624, 671, 706, 707, 715, 736, 738, 742, 747, 750, 791, 799, 800, 803, 805, 843, 846, 896, 1070, 1085 Flow diagram, 1054, 1076 Flow resource, 261 Food, 6, 11, 22, 93, 220, 237, 239, 246, 279, 426, 440, 448, 449, 455, 467, 469, 470, 491, 568, 579, 585, 607, 625, 627, 698, 708, 717–719, 723–726, 729–731, 739, 740, 744–747, 749, 750, 759, 784, 786, 794, 866 Food miles, 745, 784, 786, 788 Food system, 725, 784, 786, 788, 794, 796, 809, 866 Footprint, 36, 172, 196, 198, 200, 287, 298, 351, 356, 358, 360, 361, 363, 365, 367, 370, 371, 445, 448, 563, 590, 601, 707, 714, 739, 788, 839, 842, 855 Forecasting, 504, 506, 511, 512 Foreground process, 80, 120, 148, 158, 287, 350, 362 Foresight, 109, 499, 501–503, 506, 509, 511, 513, 659 Fossil, 10–12, 35, 150, 179, 207, 228, 252, 258, 259, 291, 332, 359, 567, 610, 634, 640, 642, 649, 654, 674, 698, 728, 755, 756, 759, 761, 773, 777,


109, 499, 501–503, 506, 509, 511, 513, 659 Fossil, 10–12, 35, 150, 179, 207, 228, 252, 258, 259, 291, 332, 359, 567, 610, 634, 640, 642, 649, 654, 674, 698, 728, 755, 756, 759, 761, 773, 777, 784, 796, 797, 809, 854, 865, 867, 871, 891, 892, 932, 1073, 1089, 1091, 1092 Fossil water, 252, 647, 784, 797, 868, 883, 892, 1073, 1075, 1089, 1092 Frequency, 39, 201, 202, 232, 282, 905, 934, 1071, 1072 Freshwater, 11–13, 144, 202, 223, 224, 230, 234, 236, 246, 252–254, 261, 312, 623, 642, 644, 647, 735, 788, 803, 806, 807, 817, 824, 826, 840, 843, 849, 853, 867, 871, 1060, 1063, 1075, 1088, 1089, 1093, 1174 Freshwater ecosystem, 11, 233, 234, 1092 Freshwater withdrawal impact, 841 Fruits, 719, 724, 741 Functional unit, 61, 62, 83, 84, 86–88, 90, 95, 101, 113, 152, 154, 188, 232, 276, 286, 300, 304, 317, 324, 350, 374, 379, 382, 407, 409, 416, 500, 501, 552, 562, 596, 598, 623, 629, 651, 653, 679, 713, 733, 743, 746, 762, 763, 783, 786, 799, 807, 817, 820, 823, 844, 850, 855, 861, 870, 895,


304, 317, 324, 350, 374, 379, 382, 407, 409, 416, 500, 501, 552, 562, 596, 598, 623, 629, 651, 653, 679, 713, 733, 743, 746, 762, 763, 783, 786, 799, 807, 817, 820, 823, 844, 850, 855, 861, 870, 895, 896, 927, 930, 934, 974, 1052, 1053, 1059, 1070, 1073 Fund, 433, 474, 537


Future-oriented, 425, 499, 501, 503, 508, 510, 513, 639, 658 G GABI, 21, 154, 450, 844, 852, 871, 1075, 1085 Gas, 10, 95, 96, 127, 131, 134, 135, 150, 329, 369, 392, 435, 440, 448, 465, 491, 494, 537, 626, 644, 648, 650, 660, 669, 696, 735, 777, 784, 788, 793, 795–797, 802, 811, 812, 891, 901, 1089, 1093 Geographical boundaries, 889, 893, 895, 897, 899, 905, 929, 1073 Geographical scope, 106, 109, 111, 900 Geothermal power, 643, 644, 663 Ghana, 468 GIS, 113, 249 Global burden of disease, 241 Global temperature potential, 205, 537, 1159, Globalisation, 21, 27, 425, 457 Global value chains, 466, 471, 477, 1067, 1071 Global warming, 179, 184, 187, 202, 213, 278, 311, 535, 537, 539, 555, 731, 733, 734, 736, 738, 745, 755, 791, 821, 839, 840, 849, 850, 861, 865, 867, 871, 883, 903, 934, 939 Global warming potential, 184, 205, 213, 278, 538, 685, 740, 745, 849, 852, 854, 862 Goal definition, 61, 63, 67–70, 72, 73, 76, 82, 88, 92, 94, 98, 102, 104, 106, 109, 111, 114, 115, 118, 324, 332,


Global warming potential, 184, 205, 213, 278, 538, 685, 740, 745, 849, 852, 854, 862 Goal definition, 61, 63, 67–70, 72, 73, 76, 82, 88, 92, 94, 98, 102, 104, 106, 109, 111, 114, 115, 118, 324, 332, 339, 402, 655, 675, 894, 965, 970, 981, 989, 999, 1045, 1052, 1066 Google earth, 1082 Green chemistry, 789, 790, 795 Green growth, 434, 435, 783, 786, 789, 793, 798, 855, 972, 1072 Greenhouse effect, 201, 204, 206, 465, 792, 796, 812, 871, 892 Greenhouse gas, 11, 25, 32, 145, 169, 206, 207, 227, 278, 355, 367, 369, 392, 435, 440, 448, 494, 537, 634, 669, 670, 681, 708, 764, 788, 796, 797 Green water, 786, 788, 794, 825–827, 836, 837, 840, 844, 846, 847, 850, 851, 854, 862, 865, 869, 872, 889, 897, 929, 939, 940, 1174 Ground level ozone, 13, 785, 791, 806, 861, 866, 867, 1060, 1075, 1090 Groundwater, 144, 178, 224, 250, 253, 254, 426, 707, 748, 786, 836, 837, 841, 842, 844, 846, 892, 928, 929, 931, 940 Groundwater abstraction, 845, 846, 849, 850 Groundwater contamination, 936 Guidelines for


144, 178, 224, 250, 253, 254, 426, 707, 748, 786, 836, 837, 841, 842, 844, 846, 892, 928, 929, 931, 940 Groundwater abstraction, 845, 846, 849, 850 Groundwater contamination, 936 Guidelines for s-LCA, 403, 405, 417–419 H Halocarbon, 207, 213, 888 Halon, 213 HANPP, 367 HC50, 234, 235 HCFC, 207, 213 Health effects, 185, 241, 243, 244, 1174 Heat, 10, 62, 89, 91, 93, 111, 124, 201, 202, 325, 327, 332, 387, 390, 626, 633–636, 640, 643, 648, 651, 653–655, 657, 688, 768, 892, 901, 1059–1061, 1063, 1066, 1069, 1072, 1079, 1084, 1086, 1089, 1093, 1114 Hierarchist, 194, 870 Housing, 207, 405, 708, 732, 940, 1093 Human exposure, 179, 237, 239, 730, 806, 866 Human health, 12, 20, 34, 78, 79, 169, 178, 179, 181, 182, 194, 196, 205, 208, 210, 214, 225, 237, 243, 247, 254, 259, 279, 287, 318, 436, 449, 474, 484, 633, 724, 750, 784, 791, 807, 853, 869, 891, 932, 1060, 1075, 1090, 1174 Human toxicity, 180, 186, 225, 236–241, 245, 278, 641, 647, 687, 727, 730, 735, 742, 743, 760, 791, 796, 803, 828,


474, 484, 633, 724, 750, 784, 791, 807, 853, 869, 891, 932, 1060, 1075, 1090, 1174 Human toxicity, 180, 186, 225, 236–241, 245, 278, 641, 647, 687, 727, 730, 735, 742, 743, 760, 791, 796, 803, 828, 853, 868, 929, 1063, 1088, 1090 Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), 687, 803 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), 670, 671 Hybrid LCA, 21, 355, 637, 932 Hydropower, 106, 640, 643, 644, 647, 648, 653, 654, 735, 986, 1084 I IEC 60300-3-3, 374 ILCD, 5, 6, 25, 60, 65, 70, 76, 94, 95, 98, 99, 103, 115, 118, 138, 236, 263, 294, 337, 403, 408, 446, 452, 601, 636, 655, 676, 765, 772–774, 871, 893, 894, 903, 935, 939, 963, 989, 1001, 1011, 1054, 1067, 1074, 1173 ILCD LCIA, 25, 69, 83, 110–113, 118, 139, 150, 152, 160, 167–169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 184, 186, 188, 190, 194, 200, 206, 213, 217, 224, 233, 237, 239, 242, 245, 249, 259, 263, 642, 645, 1075 Immaterial cost, 388 Immune system, 210 Impact 2002+, 173, 209, 241, 263, 853


Impact category, 25, 62, 63, 83, 113, 167, 173, 176, 177, 179, 182, 186, 187, 190, 191, 200, 217, 225, 235, 240, 245, 246, 249, 258, 273, 280, 302, 303, 315, 325, 363, 369, 371, 392, 409, 414, 489, 521, 585, 641, 644, 646, 650, 654, 686, 688, 726, 736, 748, 749, 803, 806, 809, 849, 852, 854, 866, 867, 870, 901, 1035, 1038, 1060, 1065, 1091, 1092, 1097, 1173 Impact coverage, 111, 317, 648, 654, 893, 902, Impact indicator, 169, 179–181, 187, 198, 249, Impact pathway, 112, 113, 177, 183, 211, 217, 231, 242, 247, 254, 257, 260, 261, 263, 327, 406, 414, 420, 796, 801, 805, 811 Impact score, 63, 64, 113, 176, 182, 190–192, 198, 273, 285, 287, 301–305, 311, 313, 317, 328, 414, 521, 716, 806, 866, 870, 989, 1037, 1060, 1063, 1067, 1083, 1088, 1095, 1148 Impact world+, 5, 209, 287, 1148 Incineration, 35, 38, 89, 93, 97, 109, 125, 224, 228, 390, 442, 563, 609, 616, 626, 640, 723, 730, 765, 768, 769, 822, 863, 888, 889, 897, 901, 929, 1071 Indicator score, 18, 63, 82, 111, 181, 189, 294,


35, 38, 89, 93, 97, 109, 125, 224, 228, 390, 442, 563, 609, 616, 626, 640, 723, 730, 765, 768, 769, 822, 863, 888, 889, 897, 901, 929, 1071 Indicator score, 18, 63, 82, 111, 181, 189, 294, Indirect costs, 239, 388, 837, 866 Indirect emission intensity, 356, 358, 360, 370 Indirect impacts, 487 Individualist, 194 Industrialising countries, 465 Infectious disease, 202, 706 Inflation, 377, 390, 391, 536 Input/output tables, 793, 932, 935, 1054, 1097 Input–output analysis, 5, 350, 353–355, 367, 483, 932 Input–output modelling, 21, 932 In situ remediation, 953 Intake fraction, 239, 243 Integrated product policy, 22, 25, 34, 442, 443, 445, 446, 864, 888, 1073 Integration into organisations, 900 Intended application, 67, 68, 70, 118, 330, 332, 339, 538, 676, 894, 970, 973, 981, 989, 1045, 1053, 1055, 1066 Intergovernmental panel on climate change, 201, 764 Internal normalization, 853 International level, 431, 452, 455, 457, 786, 844, 870, 1075 International life cycle data system (ILCD), 25,


1066 Intergovernmental panel on climate change, 201, 764 Internal normalization, 853 International level, 431, 452, 455, 457, 786, 844, 870, 1075 International life cycle data system (ILCD), 25, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), 5, 77, 81, 894, 933 Interpretation, 24, 43, 51, 52, 60, 63, 68, 69, 73, 81, 82, 86, 106, 110, 113, 149, 152, 167, 168, 183, 189, 192, 209, 240, 272, 273, 281, 285, 287, 290–292, 300, 303, 307–309, 311, 316, 324, 325, 340, 341, 345, 388, 392, 403, 441, 444, 485, 492, 628, 737, 766, 799, 808, 809, 854, 894, 903, 904, 939, 965, 970, 1039, 1054, 1057, 1075, 1091, 1148, 1173 Interpretation of results, 69, 72, 111, 316, 677, 684, 688, 808 Inventory analysis, 21, 60, 62, 63, 68, 81, 88, 106, 107, 111, 113, 117, 121, 155, 156, 171, 325, 340, 383, 388, 413, 415, 485, 491, 521, 555, 676, 719, 799, 802, 809, 899, 965, 1000, 1011, 1031, 1052, 1076 Inventory model, 76, 77, 81, 100, 108, 149, 154, 341, 627, 1061, 1068 IPAT equation, 48–50, 53 IPP, 22, 34


415, 485, 491, 521, 555, 676, 719, 799, 802, 809, 899, 965, 1000, 1011, 1031, 1052, 1076 Inventory model, 76, 77, 81, 100, 108, 149, 154, 341, 627, 1061, 1068 IPAT equation, 48–50, 53 IPP, 22, 34 Iron, 220, 409, 838, 852, 912, 945, 1076, 1137 ISO/IEC 17025, 588 ISO/IEC 17065, 588 ISO 14006, 25 ISO 14020, 25, 580 ISO 14021, 581 ISO 14024, 581, 588 ISO 14025, 595, 596, 598 ISO 14040, 5, 24, 25, 32, 59, 60, 62, 304, 342, 343, 345, 382, 383, 437, 485, 486, 491, 522, 523, 534, 553 ISO 14041, 24 ISO 14042, 24 ISO 14043, 24 ISO 14044, 5, 6, 24, 82, 89, 111, 171, 172, 236, 333, 337, 339, 343, 485, 553, 601 ISO 14062, 25 ISO 14063, 25 ISO 14064, 25, 196, 483, 601 ISO 14072, 481, 486, 490 ISO 15663, 374 ISO 15686, 374 ISO conformance, 342 ISO conformity, 588 ISO standard, 5, 6, 25, 60, 72, 91, 93, 167, 346, 379, 455, 491, 528, 531, 581, 597, 636, 711, 726 ISO TS 14071, 337, 340–344 Iteration, 64, 105, 111, 118, 139, 148, 151, 155, 295, 296, 298, 303, 316, 325, 329, 339, 364, 964, 1085 Iterative


346, 379, 455, 491, 528, 531, 581, 597, 636, 711, 726 ISO TS 14071, 337, 340–344 Iteration, 64, 105, 111, 118, 139, 148, 151, 155, 295, 296, 298, 303, 316, 325, 329, 339, 364, 964, 1085 Iterative nature of LCA, 59, 68, 314, 316


J Jepix, 174 K Key assumption, 59, 64, 325, 333, 351 Key flow, 1043 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), 441, 535 Key process, 106, 324, 327, 328, 333, 1040, 1041, 1043 L Label, 5, 22, 32, 200, 343, 425, 451, 539, 540, 577–582, 584, 588, 589, 598, 601, 615, Lake, 13, 214, 216, 219, 221, 224, 253, 254 Land, 11, 12, 21, 79, 198, 224, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 259, 291, 355, 368, 369, 473, 484, 516, 623, 644, 663, 672, 706, 725, 726, 728, 744, 748, 759, 760, 769–772, 774–778 Land competition, 84, 130, 254, 259, 758 Landfill, 184, 563, 564, 567, 730, 768, 804, 864, 871, 883, 891, 892, 903, 928 Land occupation, 13, 247, 248, 704 Land quality, 147, 150 Land recovery, 35 Land use, 179, 181, 246–248, 250, 251, 302, 355, 359, 363, 369, 473, 477, 644, 646, 649, 713, 733, 736, 743, 746, 748, 771, 772, 774, 796, 797, 812, 868, 883, 933, 1003, 1030, 1060, 1063, 1088, 1090, Land use change, 656, 658, 659, 708, 725, 759, Large enterprises, 35 Large-scale assessments, 79, 188, 656 Latin America, 436,


774, 796, 797, 812, 868, 883, 933, 1003, 1030, 1060, 1063, 1088, 1090, Land use change, 656, 658, 659, 708, 725, 759, Large enterprises, 35 Large-scale assessments, 79, 188, 656 Latin America, 436, 469, 470, 724 Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), 296 Lethal concentration affecting 50% of individuals over background (LC50), LCA, 4–6, 9–14, 17, 18, 21–27, 31–39, 43, 46, 51, 53, 59–61, 63, 64, 67–69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 81–84, 86, 88, 89, 94–99, 103–106, 108–110, 112–114, 118, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 138, 140, 144, 148, 149, 151–154, 156, 158, 160, 167–169, 171, 173, 176, 184, 187–189, 191, 193, 194, 198, 199, 201, 214, 229, 230, 236, 237, 249, 253, 257–259, 272–274, 276, 278, 281, 282, 285–287, 292, 293, 296–298, 303, 308, 312, 314, 316, 317, 324–326, 331, 337, 341–344, 346, 350, 351, 358, 360, 362, 366, 368, 370, 371, 379, 381, 382, 402, 403, 407, 408, 413, 415, 417, 419, 425, 426, 433, 441, 442, 446, 447, 450, 453, 468, 471, 473, 475, 477, 482, 484–486, 489, 491, 496, 500–503,


358, 360, 362, 366, 368, 370, 371, 379, 381, 382, 402, 403, 407, 408, 413, 415, 417, 419, 425, 426, 433, 441, 442, 446, 447, 450, 453, 468, 471, 473, 475, 477, 482, 484–486, 489, 491, 496, 500–503, 505, 508–511, 513, 514, 519, 521, 522, 527, 529, 534, 535, 549, 553–557, 565, 569, 581, 583, 595, 597, 599, 601, 605, 615, 618, 621–626, 628, 629, 633–635, 639, 643, 647, 650, 651, 655, 659, 674, 676, 677, 679, 681, 688, 690, 691, 695, 698–702, 704, 706, 708, 710, 711, 725–727, 729–736, 738, 739, 743–750, 755, 757, 760, 762–764, 770, 771, 773 LCA framework, 60, 65, 258, 403, 420, 707, 711, 713, 791, 903 LCA mainstreaming, 27 LCA practitioner, 22, 59, 88, 105, 106, 109, 113, 118, 121, 138, 144, 148, 150, 152, 155, 175, 192, 280, 314, 449, 500, 605, 628, 629, 633, 636, 651, 655, 656, 658, 684, 714, 735, 748, 802, 803, 806, 807, 897, 902, 934, 963 LCA roadmap, 443, 447, 448, 453, 506, LCA world map, 32, 688 LCC, 51, 63, 374–378, 380–382, 387, 391, 392, 521, 705, 932 LCI, 20, 75, 78, 81, 82,


714, 735, 748, 802, 803, 806, 807, 897, 902, 934, 963 LCA roadmap, 443, 447, 448, 453, 506, LCA world map, 32, 688 LCC, 51, 63, 374–378, 380–382, 387, 391, 392, 521, 705, 932 LCI, 20, 75, 78, 81, 82, 88, 94, 97, 99, 105, 106, 117–119, 121, 123, 125, 126, 134, 135, 139, 144, 145, 147–149, 151–153, 155, 156, 159, 161, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 183, 186, 187, 190, 200, 228, 231, 235, 236, 249, 250, 264, 286, 287, 293, 294, 297, 298, 314, 317, 343, 359, 367, 438, 470, 515, 626, 627, 655, 656, 658, 681, 706–708, 710, 715, 718, 719, 747, 748, 801, 804, 805, 808, 823, 828, 852, 854, 871, 901, 935, 969, 971, 974, 976, 984, 988 LCIA, 276, 286, 287, 294, 298, 316, 327, 344, 359, 369, 438, 470, 602, 623, 627, 658, 659, 711, 712, 716, 718, 727, 730, 744, 747, 748, 750, 767, 771, 791, 801, 805, 806, 808, 810, 853, 873, 936, 990, 991, 995, 1148, 1173 LCIA history, 81, 110, 112, 118, 141, 151, 167–169, 171, 173, 183, 187, 190, 200, 207, 214, 224, 236, 238, 240, 244, 250, 262, 861 LCI database, 81,


808, 810, 853, 873, 936, 990, 991, 995, 1148, 1173 LCIA history, 81, 110, 112, 118, 141, 151, 167–169, 171, 173, 183, 187, 190, 200, 207, 214, 224, 236, 238, 240, 244, 250, 262, 861 LCI database, 81, 109, 121, 145, 148, 151, 153, 157, 287, 297, 317, 453, 470, 626, 636, 644, 656, 802, 803, 805, 852, 854, 871, 935, 1032, 1055


LCI modelling framework, 970, 976, 1057, LCSA, 21, 51, 381, 521 Legal requirements, 86, 539, 540 Leontieff, 20 Life cycle impact assessment, 5, 6, 24, 34, 117, 167, 173, 200, 438, 441, 457, 471, 791 Life cycle initiative, 5, 24, 32, 250, 403, 437, 438, 441, 449, 454, 457, 469, 470, 490, 527, 771, 853 Life cycle perspective, 9, 10, 12, 35, 63, 102, 356, 419, 431, 433, 439, 482, 484, 519, 523, 526, 557, 580, 582, 583, 615, 639, 674, 745, 790, 931 Life cycle sustainability assessment, 21, 43, 51, 63, 374, 375, 521 Life cycle thinking, 5, 32, 34, 103, 425, 431, 444, 448, 454, 455, 457, 488, 520, 524, 534, 699, 795, 821, 889 Lightweight electric vehicle, 688, 689 Lignite, 660, 686, 1029 Likelihood, 202, 303, 310, 546, 716 Lime, 175, 209, 221 Limitation, 9, 11, 14, 43, 52, 67, 69, 105, 118, 197, 298, 303, 314, 317, 324, 327, 332, 341, 342, 366, 427, 468, 492, 804, 805, 811, 869, 894, 906 Limitations of LCA, 553, 828, 966 Limiting nutrient, 221 Linear, 138, 188, 194, 297, 298, 313, 351, 387,


298, 303, 314, 317, 324, 327, 332, 341, 342, 366, 427, 468, 492, 804, 805, 811, 869, 894, 906 Limitations of LCA, 553, 828, 966 Limiting nutrient, 221 Linear, 138, 188, 194, 297, 298, 313, 351, 387, 476, 606, 607, 696, 708, 869, 1093 Livestock, 440, 724, 733, 748, 749, 802 Log-normal distribution, 155, 283, 284, 294, 298, 318 Long-term emissions, 93, 97, 99, 148, 646, 765, 900, 903, 905–908, 1036, 1046 Long-term marginal, 99, 135 Lower bound, 284, 296, 512, 538, 590 LU, 875, 878, 910, 912–914, 919, 920 LUC, 759–761, 769–775 Lucas, 174, 1149 Lung cancer, 241 M Macro-level decision support, 99, 895, 968, Mainstreaming, 39, 425, 437, 452, 456, 457, 468, 470, 474, 476, 527 Malaysia, 468, 471, 472 Manipulation, 228, 313, 336, 337, 343 Marginal, 243, 395, 554, 621, 623, 655, 657, 658, 770, 773, 889, 893, 901, 951, 976, 980, 985, 987, 1004–1008, 1011, 1071, Marginal process, 96–99, 106, 137, 658, 986, 987, 1004, 1005, 1007 Marginal technologies, 137, 655, 657–659 Marine ecosystem, 234, 788,


889, 893, 901, 951, 976, 980, 985, 987, 1004–1008, 1011, 1071, Marginal process, 96–99, 106, 137, 658, 986, 987, 1004, 1005, 1007 Marginal technologies, 137, 655, 657–659 Marine ecosystem, 234, 788, 1067, 1092 Marine water, 180, 203, 223, 230, 826, 867, Market constraints, 130, 557, 1006 Market requirements, 539, 540 Mass balance, 13, 142, 150, 151, 809, 1029 Material flow accounting, 18, 106, 150 Matrix inversion, 154, 354 Mean, 10, 13, 14, 45, 70, 78, 92, 95, 105, 130, 141, 154, 180, 184, 187, 190, 194, 201, 226, 233, 250, 254, 279, 282, 284, 286, 296, 311, 514, 519, 520, 527, 532, 535, 539, 548, 563, 578, 584, 600, 606, 609, 615, 618, 621, 623, 625, 626, 634, 639, 699, 703, 710, 711, 715, 718, 724, 738, 766, 773, 1026, 1085 Meat, 38, 89, 92, 93, 124, 162, 252, 719, 723, 726, 731–734, 740, 743, 745, 1006 Median, 283–285, 296, 391, 852 MEEUP, 1148 Membrane filtration, 232, 838, 878 Meso-level decision support, 676 Metals, 12, 125, 129, 214, 216, 259, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359,


740, 743, 745, 1006 Median, 283–285, 296, 391, 852 MEEUP, 1148 Membrane filtration, 232, 838, 878 Meso-level decision support, 676 Metals, 12, 125, 129, 214, 216, 259, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 365, 395, 439, 641, 644, 647, 651, 669, 674, 684, 687, 691, 698, 713, 784, 786, 809, 863, 866, 869, 871, 876, 879, 889, 891, 892, 930, 931, 944, 951, 954, 1026, 1028, 1029, 1073, 1092, 1093, 1097 Methane, 142, 169, 184, 203, 206, 207, 227, 724, 727, 731–735, 768, 792, 838, 865, 882, 883, 888, 892, 1027, 1121 Methodological challenges, 4–6, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 32, 60, 89, 198, 425, 521, 713, 715, 749, 756, 783, 811, 847, 887, 905, 908 Methodological limitations, 966 Methyl bromide, 213, 1121 Methyl chloroform, 1125, 1133 Micro-level decision support, 72, 98, 895, 935, 967, 969, 976 Micro-pollutants, 861–864, 866, 868 Midpoint, 20, 175, 180, 181, 183, 185, 189, 192, 196, 205, 208, 214, 224, 231, 239, 250, 257, 278–281, 287, 291, 368, 392, 414, 534, 853, 871, 915, 917, 922, 937, 939, 947, 991,


861–864, 866, 868 Midpoint, 20, 175, 180, 181, 183, 185, 189, 192, 196, 205, 208, 214, 224, 231, 239, 250, 257, 278–281, 287, 291, 368, 392, 414, 534, 853, 871, 915, 917, 922, 937, 939, 947, 991, 995, 1036, 1038, 1061, 1074, 1147, 1148, 1173, 1175 Midpoint method, 287, 368, 392, 534 Milennium ecosystem assessment, 246, Mineralization, 660


Minerals, 78, 259, 262, 533, 624, 784, 839, 991, 1029, 1064, 1087, 1092, 1142, Minority position, 345 Minority statement, 345 Mips, 196, 197 Missing information, 327, 1041 Mix of long-term marginal, 97 Mobility, 178, 230, 237, 635, 669, 670, 675, 676, 679, 691, 720, 827, 1004 Mode, 283, 626, 670, 729, 735, 741, 745, 985 Model structure uncertainty, 237, 288 Model uncertainty, 180, 287, 292, 293 Monetarisation, 258, 374, 377, 381, 391 Monte carlo simulation, 160, 293, 295–298, 303, 1064, 1085, 1087 Montreal protocol, 52, 213, 786 Multifunctional processes, 88, 94, 95, 99, 120, 125, 148, 154, 326, 329, 651, 655, 743, 893, 901, 967, 970, 975, 976, 1003, 1009, 1011, 1013, 1015 Multimedia, 232, 236 Multiple life cycles, 627 Multiplier effects, 11, 128, 138, 177–179, 202, 209, 217, 227, 232, 237, 240, 242, 246, N N2O, 726, 727, 734, 764, 861, 862, 867, 871, Nanomaterials, 87, 426, 817, 818, 821, 826, 907, 931, 1096 Nanoparticles, 817, 823, 825 Nanoproducts, 817, 818, 821, 824


227, 232, 237, 240, 242, 246, N N2O, 726, 727, 734, 764, 861, 862, 867, 871, Nanomaterials, 87, 426, 817, 818, 821, 826, 907, 931, 1096 Nanoparticles, 817, 823, 825 Nanoproducts, 817, 818, 821, 824 Nano-technology, 818, 824 Neighbourhoods, 595, 698, 855 Net present value, 378, 394 Nitrate, 216, 223, 241, 727, 735, 862, 1027, 1122, 1131, 1140 Nitrogen, 13, 150, 151, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225, 724, 727, 732, 747, 769, 785, 792, 891, 946, 1013, 1027, 1122, 1131, 1140 Nitrogen oxide, 13, 211, 217, 228, 241, 727, 792, 1091, 1122 Nitrous oxide, 206, 207, 213, 726, 727, 732, N-limited, 220, 224 NMVOC, 227, 229, 1027, 1064, 1075, 1087, 1091, 1100, 1122 Non-cancer effects, 240, 1067, 1075, 1092, 1093, 1100 Nordic ecolabel, 22, 579, 582, 586, 590, 1067 Nordic LCA guideline, 24 Normal distribution, 155, 283, 284, 294, 1085 Normalisation, 63, 81, 83, 113, 173, 174, 183, 189–192, 325, 413, 420, 732, 734, 864, 867, 869, 893, 903, 907, 984, 993, 995, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1045, 1056, 1061, 1067,


155, 283, 284, 294, 1085 Normalisation, 63, 81, 83, 113, 173, 174, 183, 189–192, 325, 413, 420, 732, 734, 864, 867, 869, 893, 903, 907, 984, 993, 995, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1045, 1056, 1061, 1067, 1075, 1086, 1092, 1100 Normalisation reference, 190–192, 289, 870, 1061, 1067, 1075 North America, 21, 24, 202, 214, 217, 403, 435, 539, 582, 600 NPP, 214, 224 NPV, 378, 394, 396 Nuclear, 14, 95, 110, 126, 448, 610, 646, 654, 875, 923, 1029 Nuclear power, 106, 110, 126, 526, 634, 642, 643, 646, 649, 735, 1084 Numerical, 83, 175, 182, 287, 290, 293–295, 303, 305, 309, 311 Nutrients, 11, 219, 220, 224, 247, 606, 608–611, 616, 617, 621–624, 696, 724, 725, 727, 730, 741, 744, 746, 747, 750, 769, 861, 862, 867, 876, 931, 946, 1030, 1100 O Obligatory properties, 84, 974, 1069 ODP, 213, 214, 909, 911, 913, 919, 920, 922, ODS, 211, 213 Organisational Environmental Footprint (OEF), 25, 34, 250, 445–447, 490, 491, 601, Oil, 10, 14, 35, 78, 124–127, 130, 161, 162, 178, 329, 383, 441, 468, 526, 628,


913, 919, 920, 922, ODS, 211, 213 Organisational Environmental Footprint (OEF), 25, 34, 250, 445–447, 490, 491, 601, Oil, 10, 14, 35, 78, 124–127, 130, 161, 162, 178, 329, 383, 441, 468, 526, 628, 634, 642, 644, 648, 650, 699, 737, 750, 756, 758, 777, 778, 794, 802, 864, 874, 920, 921, 1019, 1028, 1072 Operational expenditures, 375, 388, 389 OPEX, 375, 388 Ore grade, 95 Organic agriculture, 13, 92, 223, 225, 228, 235, 241, 250, 261, 426, 741 Organisation, 20, 26, 60, 73, 174, 186, 197, 239, 258, 344, 468, 474, 476, 482, 484, 486, 489, 494, 495, 500, 506, 507, 519–521, 523, 525, 527, 529, 531, 535, 537–541, 547, 554, 555, 560, 569, 578, 579, 588, 594, 599, 601, 1051, 1068, Organisational LCA, 25, 425, 482, 484–486, 489, 491, 492, 495–497 Our common future, 43–45 Ozone, 13, 184, 207, 209–211, 213, 224–227, 229, 646, 647, 734, 735, 742, 785, 791, 806, 848, 861, 865, 867, 871, 872, 883,


991, 1060, 1075, 1088, 1091, 1095, 1122, 1142, 1143 Ozone depleting substance, 211, 213, 1095 Ozone depletion, 209, 646, 734, 743, 748, 866, 867, 871, 872, 883, 888, 898, 991, 1063, 1075, 1087–1090, 1095, 1100, 1142, 1143 Ozone depletion potential, 213, 735, 1100 Ozone hole, 209, 211, 213 Ozone layer, 210, 211, 786, 867, 1090 P Packaging studies, 17 Potentially Affected Fraction of species (PAF), 234, 804 Parallel impacts, 20, 36 Parameter uncertainty, 179, 281, 287, 293, 294, 301, 315, 1085 Parsimony, 188, 281, 292, 707, 720 Particle release, 239, 241, 245 Particles, 211, 241, 242, 791, 817, 826, 846, 1028, 1100 Particulate matter formation, 181, 241, 245, 686, 714, 866, 871, 1064, 1087, 1142, Pathogen, 181, 200, 838, 861, 863, 864, 869, Potentially Disappeared Fraction of species (PDF), 224, 282 Pedigree matrix, 160, 293, 294, 1086 Peer review, 21, 144, 336, 893, 894 PEF, 25, 34, 173, 339, 341, 445–447, 483, 490, 600, 601 Percentile, 155, 160, 284, 285 Performance tracking, 35, 36,


224, 282 Pedigree matrix, 160, 293, 294, 1086 Peer review, 21, 144, 336, 893, 894 PEF, 25, 34, 173, 339, 341, 445–447, 483, 490, 600, 601 Percentile, 155, 160, 284, 285 Performance tracking, 35, 36, 51, 73, 113, 198, 246, 250, 486, 496, 534 Person-equivalent, 190, 192 Pesticides, 144, 198, 236, 237, 247, 251, 396, 724, 726, 727, 730, 738, 741, 742, 747, 750, 762, 777, 785, 796, 801, 807, 931 Petrochemicals, 121, 784, 785, 812 PH, 826, 827 Pharmaceutical industry, 240 Phosphate, 223, 688, 726, 727, 792, 883, 1131, Phosphorus, 196, 219, 221, 223, 626, 726, 792, 862, 863, 870, 872, 875, 891, 946, 1027, 1092, 1123, 1131, 1136, 1137 Photochemical ozone formation, 180, 187, 225, 227, 235, 646, 865, 867, 1064, 1087, 1091, 1100, 1142, 1143 Photovoltaics, 78, 97, 640, 641, 647 Physico-chemical properties, 144, 825 Phytoplankton, 203, 210, 216, 233 Planetary boundaries, 46, 47, 443, 788 Planning, 35, 76, 97, 111, 121, 139, 350, 352, 375, 382, 439, 454, 476, 500–502, 506, 528, 627, 634, 706,


properties, 144, 825 Phytoplankton, 203, 210, 216, 233 Planetary boundaries, 46, 47, 443, 788 Planning, 35, 76, 97, 111, 121, 139, 350, 352, 375, 382, 439, 454, 476, 500–502, 506, 528, 627, 634, 706, 835, 837, 842, 855, 953, 976, 1001, 1007, 1019 Plant species effect, 224, 227 P-limited, 224 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle phev, 670 PM10, 242, 245, 933, 938, 939 PM2.5, 242, 243, 245, 1064, 1075, 1087, 1100 Polar, 201, 210, 211, 279, 628 Policies, 9, 33, 68, 366, 425, 430, 431, 434, 442, 450, 452–457, 473, 474, 590, 600, 634, 640, 650, 653, 675, 712 Policy, 5, 10, 22, 31–34, 112, 199, 307, 366, 369, 381, 402, 403, 417, 425, 433, 434, 436, 438, 439, 442, 445, 451, 455, 472, 474, 477, 501, 503, 539, 599, 601, 607, 636, 653, 659, 676, 712, 715, 728, 787, 811, 889, 936, 968, 972, 998, 1003, 1148, 1173 Policymaking, 5, 32, 34, 403 Population density, 194, 244, 275, 286, 712, Positioning properties, 84, 88, 974, 1069 Positive impacts, 202, 605, 607, 622, 623, 628 Positive recoupling, 624


1148, 1173 Policymaking, 5, 32, 34, 403 Population density, 194, 244, 275, 286, 712, Positioning properties, 84, 88, 974, 1069 Positive impacts, 202, 605, 607, 622, 623, 628 Positive recoupling, 624 Potable water, 835, 848, 851, 855 Potential impact, 13, 169, 180, 184, 188, 198, 252, 258, 278, 279, 292, 317, 553, 681, 699, 701, 702, 716, 727, 729, 742, 783, 786, 788, 790, 818, 824, 865–867, 869, 870, 941, 991, 1091, 1092, 1173, 1174 Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV), 623, 728 Power plants, 97, 126, 134, 136, 241, 244, 634, 635, 640, 644, 646–648, 653–655, 657, Power production, 134 Power systems, 634, 651, 652 Precision, 64, 273, 276, 278, 279, 317, 330, 371, 965, 984, 992, 994, 1001, 1019, 1020, 1022, 1024, 1026, 1031, 1042–1044, 1046 Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC), Primary function, 88, 92, 97, 444, 591, 639, 746, 896, 997 Primary impacts, 927, 929–931, 933, 935, 936, 939, 944, 955 Primary PM, 241, 245 Primary production, 247, 367, 922, 977, 978, 1010, 1018


Probability, 193, 282, 283, 285, 295, 296, 303, 305, 310, 311, 316, 318, 786, 787, 1063, 1085–1087 Probability density function, 282 Process-LCA, 5, 11, 13, 20, 22, 25, 26, 35, 59, 60, 62, 72, 76, 78–81, 89–91, 93, 106, 110, 118, 121, 124, 125, 145, 149–151, 153, 157, 159, 189, 220, 236, 349, 351, 355, 359, 361, 363, 370, 371, 963 Procurement, 33, 378, 442, 444, 452–454, 472, 526, 591, 601, 968, 971, 972 Product Category Rules (PCR), 173, 350, 595, 597, 600, 718, 873, 968, 971, 997, 1013, 1020, 1022, 1027 Product development, 24, 35, 84, 385, 455, 473, 500, 522, 525, 529, 538, 546–548, 553–556, 560, 561, 563, 565, 567, 569, 570, 597, 790, 1073, 1085 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF), 25, 339, 445, 483, 725 Product intake fraction, 239, 242, 243, 1100 Production-based inventory, 191 Product system, 12–14, 21, 61–64, 68, 72, 79, 80, 83, 88, 89, 94, 95, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 111, 117, 123, 154, 156, 168, 172, 188, 190, 192, 259, 292, 325, 328, 329, 331, 333, 337, 343, 349, 350,


Product system, 12–14, 21, 61–64, 68, 72, 79, 80, 83, 88, 89, 94, 95, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 111, 117, 123, 154, 156, 168, 172, 188, 190, 192, 259, 292, 325, 328, 329, 331, 333, 337, 343, 349, 350, 364, 365, 385, 501, 511, 556, 602, 622, 626, 629, 676, 677, 702, 718, 734, 735, 738, 743, 746, 760, 773, 786, 792, 799–803, 809, 823, 852, 905, 984, 989, 1000, 1035, 1043, 1044, 1053, 1060, 1062, 1065, 1066, 1071, 1072, 1075–1079, 1086, 1091, 1093, 1097, 1099, 1174, Prospective LCA, 109, 500, 511 Provisions, 6, 7, 25, 894, 963, 965, 967, 969, 970, 973–976, 979–982, 986, 989, 993, 996, 998, 1006, 1007, 1010, 1012, 1014–1016, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1028, 1032, 1034, 1036, 1040, 1041, 1043, Proxy method, 108 R Radiation, 46, 181, 204, 206, 210, 213, 610, 642, 646, 771, 866, 871, 991, 1060, 1063, 1075, 1088–1091, 1100, 1142, Radiative forcing, 205, 206, 208, 249, 278, 361, 1100 Random sampling, 296 Reason for the study, 11, 12, 99, 138, 249 Rebound effect, 52 Recipe 2008, 1075, 1148 Recipe, 6,


1088–1091, 1100, 1142, Radiative forcing, 205, 206, 208, 249, 278, 361, 1100 Random sampling, 296 Reason for the study, 11, 12, 99, 138, 249 Rebound effect, 52 Recipe 2008, 1075, 1148 Recipe, 6, 194, 236, 244, 263, 623, 736, 853, 854, 871, 902, 932, 938, 949, 954, 963, Recovery time, 33 Recycling, 12, 34, 38, 120, 129, 147, 357, 369, 375, 385, 390, 491, 553, 563, 568, 584, 607–610, 616, 618, 621, 622, 624, 626, 627, 655, 677, 684, 691, 702, 708, 710, 822, 850, 852, 863, 865, 869, 876, 877, 888–892, 902, 904, 968, 969, 971, 977, 1009, 1010, 1016, 1018, 1046, 1063, 1071, 1082–1084, 1091, 1097 Redfield ratio, 1155, 1167 Reference flow, 61, 62, 87, 88, 101, 102, 119, 121, 143, 148, 152, 158, 159, 170, 409, 799–801, 896, 906, 974, 975, 982, 985, 997, 1000, 1001, 1004, 1012, 1031, 1032, 1034–1036, 1053, 1070 Reference system, 169, 174, 190, 191, 556, 1035, 1037 Reference year, 123, 190, 191, 377, 396, 489, 627, 870, 1075, 1101, 1103 Regionalisation, 184, 302 Regulation, 18, 21, 33, 106,


1053, 1070 Reference system, 169, 174, 190, 191, 556, 1035, 1037 Reference year, 123, 190, 191, 377, 396, 489, 627, 870, 1075, 1101, 1103 Regionalisation, 184, 302 Regulation, 18, 21, 33, 106, 123, 147, 214, 250, 437, 441, 442, 444, 450, 454, 455, 474, 475, 515, 530–532, 581, 585, 591, 595, 684, 730, 785, 810, 820, 879, 888 Remediation technologies, 87, 927–931, 933, 934, 937, 939 Renewable energy, 196, 361, 448, 613, 614, 621, 624, 626, 634, 639, 640, 648, 654, 728, 729, 738, 756, 776, 991, 1029 Renewables, 37, 251, 253, 261, 263, 636, 639, 641, 649, 650, 654, 658 Representativeness, 75, 106, 108–110, 145, 154, 286, 287, 292, 294, 330, 332, 333, 413, 456, 655, 656, 731, 759, 810, 893, 899, 906, 939, 970, 984, 986–989, 1007, 1020, 1022, 1023, 1031, 1040, 1043, 1054, 1073 Representativeness of data, 106 Reserve base, 262, 263 Residence time, 216, 807, 1100 Resource, 12, 14, 18, 37, 62, 78, 88, 101, 118, 177, 186, 197, 247, 252, 258–261, 263, 264, 273, 275, 302, 309, 314, 316, 350, 351,


of data, 106 Reserve base, 262, 263 Residence time, 216, 807, 1100 Resource, 12, 14, 18, 37, 62, 78, 88, 101, 118, 177, 186, 197, 247, 252, 258–261, 263, 264, 273, 275, 302, 309, 314, 316, 350, 351, 367, 368, 387, 430, 432–434, 437, 439, 447, 494, 500, 527, 537, 546, 547, 557, 564, 567, 568, 585, 756, 759, 778, 789, 796, 797, 806, 812, 821, 822, 839, 843, 844, 848, 853, 854, 861–863, 865, 868, 871, 880, 883, 888, 891, 897, 915, 936, 941, 1007, 1021, 1027–1029,


1060, 1075, 1091, 1143, 1148, 1174, Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis (REPA), 18 Resource base, 13, 18, 20, 49, 78, 81, 106, 145, 159, 178, 181, 197, 251, 258–261, 621 Resource efficiency, 431, 434, 443–445, 455, Resources, abiotic, biotic, renewable, nonrenewable, 783, 789, 797, 805, 825, 836, 837, 839, 843, 1174 Resource use, 13, 14, 18, 181, 258, 259, 262, 431, 432, 439, 442, 494, 621, 644, 654, 696, 703, 704, 713, 728, 1174 Respiration, 210, 225, 227, 241, 242 Respiratory effects, 241, 1088, 1091 Respiratory inorganics, 241, 947, 991 Reuse of water, 259, 835, 836, 841 Revenue, 376, 379, 383, 392, 468, 493, 536 Review, 24, 37, 76, 114, 337, 339, 342, 456, 485, 503, 539, 633, 640, 647, 651, 652, 654, 659, 744, 756, 760, 764, 852, 863, 867, 868, 870, 874, 892, 894, 904, 908, 930, 932, 999, 1000, 1022, 1031 Review panel, 144, 342, 343, 345 Review report, 6, 24, 43, 60, 112, 123, 145, 158, 199, 341, 342, 345, 1000 Review statement, 341, 342, 344 Rigour, 345 Risk assessment,


932, 999, 1000, 1022, 1031 Review panel, 144, 342, 343, 345 Review report, 6, 24, 43, 60, 112, 123, 145, 158, 199, 341, 342, 345, 1000 Review statement, 341, 342, 344 Rigour, 345 Risk assessment, 15, 292, 444, 783, 786–788, 791, 818, 932, 941 Robustness, 63, 175, 273, 297, 300, 303, 308, 316, 324, 339, 456, 870, 871, 1026, S Salinisation, 876 Salt water, 202, 221, 883 Scaling issues, 152, 154, 500 Scenario analysis, 68, 132, 138, 160, 190, 244, 300, 309, 474, 501, 506, 712, 904, 1040 Scenarios, 68, 132, 155, 160, 243, 244, 273, 293, 298, 300, 302, 304–306, 312, 315, 328, 445, 499, 501, 503, 506, 508, 511, 513, 539, 554, 636, 639, 652, 653, 656, 658, 674, 685, 703, 715, 716, 736–738, 762, 770, 835, 842, 865, 878, 882, 897, 935, 936, 966, 979, 980, 986, 996, 998, 1001, 1003, 1010, 1026, 1045, 1055, 1084, 1092, 1096 Scientific review, 17, 145, 194, 335 S-curves, 503 Seasonal variation, 187, 251 Secondary function, 83, 88, 89, 91, 92, 123, 976, 977, 997, 1069, 1071 Secondary impacts, 83,


1055, 1084, 1092, 1096 Scientific review, 17, 145, 194, 335 S-curves, 503 Seasonal variation, 187, 251 Secondary function, 83, 88, 89, 91, 92, 123, 976, 977, 997, 1069, 1071 Secondary impacts, 83, 89, 92, 123, 138, 220, 241, 245, 927, 929, 931, 933, 935, 941, 944, 952 Secondary PM, 241, 243, 245 Selection, 6, 34, 35, 81, 112, 171, 172, 175, 305, 307, 309, 344, 426, 451, 516, 548, 582, 612, 618, 651, 655, 685, 725, 731, 790, 811, 841, 853, 854, 891, 893, 902, 907, 932, 963, 995, 998, 1015, 1031, 1036, 1054, 1147 Sensitivity, 5, 59, 64, 69, 105, 113, 124, 155, 156, 160, 234, 272, 274, 276, 297, 299, 301, 324, 325, 328, 332, 387, 395, 511, 658, 703, 811, 824, 854, 855, 865, 870, 871, 893, 904, 907, 964, 970, 979, 1001, 1023, 1026, 1039, 1040, 1043, 1052, 1055, 1056, 1074, 1083–1085, 1092, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1106, 1143 Sensitivity analysis, 5, 63, 65, 105, 118, 148, 155, 156, 160, 274, 297, 300, 324, 325, 329, 369, 381, 508, 656, 658, 703, 854, 904, 970, 1043, 1084, 1095 Serial impacts,


1093, 1095, 1096, 1106, 1143 Sensitivity analysis, 5, 63, 65, 105, 118, 148, 155, 156, 160, 274, 297, 300, 324, 325, 329, 369, 381, 508, 656, 658, 703, 854, 904, 970, 1043, 1084, 1095 Serial impacts, 189 Severity, 63, 179, 184, 230, 235, 240, 243, 414, 713 Severity factor, 230, 240 Short-term marginal, 135, 163 Significance, 194, 224, 331, 417, 472, 704, 705, 853, 854, 1045, 1047, 1095 Significant issue, 121, 138, 203, 220, 223, 301, 325, 327, 332, 333, 1007, 1023, 1039–1043, 1056, 1089 SimaPro, 21, 152, 293, 363, 368, 642, 900 Simplified LCA, 152, 154, 474, 511, 545, 556, 557, 565, 967, 971 Site-dependency, 46, 263 Situation A, 72, 92, 98, 99, 138, 148, 676, 893, 895, 935, 967–970, 976, 978, 979, 981, 982, 985, 987, 990, 995, 998, 1001, 1011, 1012, 1044, 1052, 1061, 1068, Situation B, 81, 99, 123, 148, 658, 893, 967, 969, 978, 980, 985–987, 995, 999, 1001, 1012, 1044 Situation C, 93, 99, 148, 893, 968, 969, 980–982, 995, 1001, 1012 Skin cancer, 210, 214 S-LCA case studies, 417 S-LCA


99, 123, 148, 658, 893, 967, 969, 978, 980, 985–987, 995, 999, 1001, 1012, 1044 Situation C, 93, 99, 148, 893, 968, 969, 980–982, 995, 1001, 1012 Skin cancer, 210, 214 S-LCA case studies, 417 S-LCA future development, 401, 420 Sludge treatment, 862–864, 867 SMEs, 37, 436, 469, 472, 497, 527, 600 SOC, 1030


Social boundaries, 11, 51, 63, 194 Social impacts, 11, 23, 51, 374, 377, 381, 395, 401, 403–405, 407, 409, 411, 413, 497, 749, 791, 799 Social LCA, 21, 63, 365, 366, 497, 520, 705 Social Life Cycle Assessment (s-LCA), 5, 51 Social sustainability, 4, 21, 33, 43, 45, 46, 51, 53, 197, 258, 352, 366 Social themes, 405, 406 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 5, 59, 236, 437, 457, 469, 470, 501, 508, 527, 853, 469 Soil contamination, 326, 803, 827 Soil exposure, 178, 179, 207, 216, 218 Soil organic carbon, 178, 776, 777, 1030 Soil organic matter, 178, 1101 Solar power, 95, 641, 643, 647, 650, 654 Solid waste, 18, 122, 426, 555, 626, 696, 868, 887–889, 892, 894, 895, 899, 902–904, 906, 907, 1104 SOM, 1101 South countries, 160, 209 Spatial differentiation, 113, 244, 864, 869, Spatial resolution, 185, 369 Species change, 130, 178, 202, 203, 218, 219, 222, 231 Species composition, 219, 220 Species diversity, 623 Species richness, 249, 251, 623 Species Sensitivity


864, 869, Spatial resolution, 185, 369 Species change, 130, 178, 202, 203, 218, 219, 222, 231 Species composition, 219, 220 Species diversity, 623 Species richness, 249, 251, 623 Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD), 234 Stack height, 244 Stakeholder acceptance, 236, 1173 Stakeholder groups, 193, 404, 418, 600 Stakeholders, 5, 32, 37, 72, 193, 199, 307, 337, 345, 383, 401, 404, 406, 411, 417, 432, 433, 438, 441, 476, 497, 506, 519, 529–531, 533, 535, 543, 550, 565, 582, 587, 634, 749, 786, 795, 808, 903, 995, 998, 1054 Standard deviation, 155, 160, 277, 283–286, 290, 293, 296–300, 311, 1026, 1085 Standardisation, 17, 18, 24, 60, 402, 403, 531, 578, 599, 720 Standing capacity, 476 Steady-state, 188, 232, 288, 682, 807, 1100 Stock, 125, 249, 261–264, 272, 387, 388, 470, 471, 624, 634, 698, 707, 733, 1022 Strategic, 35, 36, 436, 438, 468, 495, 500, 506, 511, 540, 547, 554, 607, 676, 842, 936, Stratification, 221 Stratosphere, 209, 211–213 Stratospheric ozone depletion, 180, 210, 212,


707, 733, 1022 Strategic, 35, 36, 436, 438, 468, 495, 500, 506, 511, 540, 547, 554, 607, 676, 842, 936, Stratification, 221 Stratosphere, 209, 211–213 Stratospheric ozone depletion, 180, 210, 212, 646, 743, 760, 866, 867, 871, 872, 888, 898, 1063, 1064, 1087, 1090, 1142 Strengths of LCA, 4, 9, 197, 298, 639 Stressor, 241, 1067 Structural change, 70, 72, 99, 148, 658, 767, 936, 967, 968, 1071 Substance coverage, 92, 176, 178, 179, 185, 187, 219, 223, 227, 229, 231, 234, 235, 241, 243, 805 Sulfur dioxide, 217, 1092 Sulphur oxides, 207, 215, 217, 241 Sunburn, 210, 228 Supply chains, 96, 317, 353, 358, 359, 361, 368, 402, 440, 466, 470, 488, 515, 538, 568, 676, 749, 837, 968, 971, 976, 1052, 1072 Surface temperature, 201, 202 Surplus energy, 216 Sustainability, 4, 14, 25, 37, 43, 44, 46, 51, 53, 198, 262, 350, 354, 359, 365, 366, 370, 371, 378, 381, 388, 402, 404, 419, 439, 444, 497, 510, 520, 521, 524, 527, 530, 537, 539, 541, 578, 598, 628, 699, 711, 723, 759, 768, 784, 795, 797, 808,


53, 198, 262, 350, 354, 359, 365, 366, 370, 371, 378, 381, 388, 402, 404, 419, 439, 444, 497, 510, 520, 521, 524, 527, 530, 537, 539, 541, 578, 598, 628, 699, 711, 723, 759, 768, 784, 795, 797, 808, 811, 855, 862, 875, 931, 954, 1061, 1067, Sustainable chemistry, 236, 783, 786, 789, 811 Sustainable consumer information, 22, 455 Sustainable consumption and production, 22, 25, 430, 431, 433, 436, 437, 443, 455, 457, 469, 471, 579, 582, 591 Sustainable development, 4, 44, 52, 177, 386, 402, 430, 431, 435, 440, 448, 450, 455, 519, 520, 523, 527, 590, 628, 790, 808 Sustainable procurement, 455 Sustainable production and consumption, 33, 448, 472, 477, 593, 812 Swiss ecopoints, 194, 1148 Swiss ecoscarcity (or ecopoints) methodology, 1101, 1148 SWMS, 892, 908 System boundaries, 51, 75, 100–104, 198, 286, 300, 324, 336, 350, 351, 374, 382, 407, 596, 651, 654, 662, 701, 718, 736, 738, 747, 759, 762, 783, 792, 793, 799, 801, 822, 844, 847, 849, 850, 852, 855, 887, 889, 891, 893, 895, 896, 906,


198, 286, 300, 324, 336, 350, 351, 374, 382, 407, 596, 651, 654, 662, 701, 718, 736, 738, 747, 759, 762, 783, 792, 793, 799, 801, 822, 844, 847, 849, 850, 852, 855, 887, 889, 891, 893, 895, 896, 906, 907, 933, 970, 981, 983, 996, 1046, 1054, 1057, 1060, 1071, 1072, 1075 System diagram, 119, 982


System expansion, 91, 92, 95, 98, 101, 123, 126, 154, 383, 627, 638, 655, 731, 800, 802, 892, 901, 976, 978–980, 982, 998, 1008, 1011, 1044, 1071 T Tank to wheel (TTW), 672 Target audience, 67, 72, 113, 307, 309, 388, 392, 591, 894, 906, 966, 994, 1000, 1044, 1047, 1053, 1068 Taylor series expansion, 297 TCO, 379 Technical cycle, 608, 610, 622 Technological scope, 5, 48, 87, 108, 110, 254, Technosphere, 78, 79, 94, 101, 177, 622, 623, 627, 747, 750, 801, 829, 981, 990, 991, Temporal differentiation, 53, 63, 125, 184, 249, Temporal resolution, 786 Temporal scope, 123, 698, 1074 Temporary carbon storage, 110, 757, 765, 767 Terrestrial ecosystem, 46, 181, 253, 254, 770, 1092, 1174 Tertiary impacts, 927, 929, 936, 940 The flower, 417, 418, 590 The international journal of life cycle assessment, 26 The sustainability consortium, 22, 449 The swan, 590 3rd generation of bio-products, 758 Time horizon, 45, 175, 184, 202, 207, 220, 276, 278, 395, 499, 503, 509, 660, 766, 767, 854, 905, 934,


26 The sustainability consortium, 22, 449 The swan, 590 3rd generation of bio-products, 758 Time horizon, 45, 175, 184, 202, 207, 220, 276, 278, 395, 499, 503, 509, 660, 766, 767, 854, 905, 934, 1066, 1073, 1074, 1098, 1174, 1175 Tipping points, 194, 203, 767 Total cost of ownership, 374, 379 Toxicity, 179, 187, 230, 234, 236, 237, 240, 245, 278, 279, 294, 371, 396, 414, 558, 585, 642, 646, 649, 660, 704, 730, 742, 748, 783–785, 789, 793, 796, 797, 803–806, 808–810, 812, 824, 825, 827, 841, 848, 853, 861, 862, 864–866, 868, 871–873, 888, 897, 901, 903, 929, 933, 936, 1060, 1067, 1088, 1089, 1142, 1143, 1175 TRACI, 173, 241, 367, 932 TRACI 2, 175 Traction battery, 675, 684, 686 Trade, 11, 20, 118, 254, 356, 357, 359–361, 363, 376, 437, 466, 473, 531, 613, 708, 711, 718, 918 Transparency, 32, 82, 156, 193, 308, 315, 341, 345, 417, 486, 582, 596, 651, 717, 737, 803, 871, 901, 906, 908, 964, 1066 Transportation, 10, 48, 105, 123, 137, 198, 214, 360, 361, 369, 383, 389, 520, 540, 634, 635,


82, 156, 193, 308, 315, 341, 345, 417, 486, 582, 596, 651, 717, 737, 803, 871, 901, 906, 908, 964, 1066 Transportation, 10, 48, 105, 123, 137, 198, 214, 360, 361, 369, 383, 389, 520, 540, 634, 635, 669, 681, 723, 729, 739, 845, 852, 865, 906, 929, 933, 942, 1060, 1062, 1072, 1083, 1084, 1091, 1093, 1104, 1106 Trends, 109, 135, 443, 466, 507, 511, 550, 642, 746, 888, 904, 930, 931, 1071 Trophic levels, 220, 234 Troposphere, 211, 215, 225, 791 Tropospheric ozone, 209, 210, 225, 1100 U Ultimate reserve, 262, 263 Uncertainty, 5, 47, 63–65, 99, 118, 137, 155, 156, 160, 180, 183, 185–187, 203, 273, 275, 279, 285, 287, 314, 316, 317, 323, 325, 330, 332, 415, 467, 501, 506, 509, 510, 747, 763, 790, 803, 804, 806, 807, 809, 810, 820, 824, 854, 871, 904, 929, 964, 979, 980, 996, 998, 1021, 1026, 1043, 1045, 1056, 1057, 1064, 1075, 1083, 1085, 1086, 1088, 1089, 1092, 1095–1097, 1175 Uncertainty analysis, 64, 132, 155, 276, 297, 303, 305, 307, 308, 317, 333, 503, 854, UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle


1043, 1045, 1056, 1057, 1064, 1075, 1083, 1085, 1086, 1088, 1089, 1092, 1095–1097, 1175 Uncertainty analysis, 64, 132, 155, 276, 297, 303, 305, 307, 308, 317, 333, 503, 854, UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, 250, 258, 314, 469, 771 Unit process, 62, 77–80, 90, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 119, 141, 145, 148, 149, 151, 153, 157, 159, 286, 301, 327, 332, 337, 353, 362, 383, 408, 449, 452, 626, 680 Upcycling, 609 Upper bound, 284 Urban metabolism, 706, 709 Urban morphology, 714 Urban planning, 634, 706 Urban systems, 713 Urban water systems, 835, 837 US EPA, 21, 26, 449 USES-LCA, 236 USEtox, 152, 232, 236, 240, 312, 730, 748 UV, 209–211, 214 UVB, 212 V Validation, 151, 335, 346, 474, 578, 598 Value chain, 23, 103, 375, 379, 410, 451, 482–484, 489, 494, 495, 521


Variability, 138, 184, 185, 201, 239, 272, 275, 276, 287, 293, 300, 302, 315, 316, 387, 510, 646, 650, 676, 733, 747, 762 Variance, 296, 297 Variation, 45, 107, 187, 188, 234, 254, 273, 275, 276, 283, 294, 300, 311, 579, 648, 656, 678, 691, 702, 730, 733, 736, 759, Vascular plant Vegetables, 239, 724, 729, 730, 739, 741 Vehicle, 10, 161, 336, 369, 378, 391, 475, 535, 669–674, 676, 678–682, 685–689, 712 Vietnam, 108, 160, 467 VOC, 207, 226 W Walmart, 22 Wassily Leontieff, 353 Waste hierarchy, 444, 454 Waste management, 6, 12, 18, 34, 38, 81, 120, 134, 198, 426, 441, 445, 454, 455, 617, 626, 706, 723, 734, 738, 739, 750, 768 Waste management system, 22, 651 Wastewater, 142, 143, 160, 252, 426 Wastewater treatment, 224, 730, 739, 740 Water, 11, 13, 103, 111, 142, 144, 151, 176, 178, 198, 202, 205, 211, 215, 216, 219, 221, 224, 250–255, 257, 258, 261, 273, 434, 439, 440, 467, 473, 477, 484, 579, 606, 611, 613, 614, 617, 628, 646, 696, 725, 726, 728, 730, 734, 747, 749 Water availability,