Part 2b: Operational annex Substance MCPA mecoprop mercury (II) ion meta-Cresol meta-Ethyltoluene metamitron meta-Xylene metazachlor methabenzthiazuron Methane methanethiol Methanol methomyl Methyl Acetate Methyl Acrylate Methyl Chloride methyl dithiomethane Methyl Formate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone methyl methacrylate methyl propionate Methyl propyl Ketone Methyl tert-Butyl Ether Methyl tert-butylketone methyl thiomethane methylbromide Methyl-Isopropylketone methyl-mercury metobromuron metolachlor mevinphos molybdenum Naphtalene Neopentane nickel Nitrate nitric acid nitrogen nitrogen dioxide nitrogen mono oxide nitrogen oxides (as NO2) Nonane Octane ortho-Cresol ortho-Ethyltoluene ortho-Xylene oxamyl oxydemethon-methyl para-Cresol para-Ethyltoluene parathion-ethyl parathion-methyl para-Xylene cas no


94–74–6 7085–19–0 14302–87–5 108–39–4 620–14–4 41394–05–2 108–38–3 67129–08–2 18691–97–9 74–82–8 74–93–1 67–56–1 16752–77–5 79–20–9 96–33–3 74–87–3 ??? 107–31–3 108–10–1 80–62–6 554–12–1 107–87–9 1634–04–4 75–97–8 75–18–3 74–83–9 563–80–4 22967–92–6 3060–89–7 51218–45–2 7786–34–7 7439–98–7 91–20–3 463–82–1 7440–02–0 14797–55–8 7697–37–2 7727–37–9 10102–44–0 10102–43–9 10102–44–0 (as NO2) 111–84–2 111–65–9 95–48–7 611–14–3 95–47–6 23135–22–0 301–12–2 106–44–5 622–96–8 56–38–2 298–00–0 106–42–3 group initial emission unit or extraction pesticide pesticide metal aromatic aromatic pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide nonaromatic (alkane) nonaromatic (alkane) nonaromatic (alcohol) pesticide nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (ester) haloginated nonaromatic nonaromatic (alkane) nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (ketone) nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (ketone) nonaromatic (ether) nonaromatic (ketone) nonaromatic (alkane) pesticide nonaromatic (ketone) metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal

Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002)


nonaromatic (ketone) nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (ketone) nonaromatic (ether) nonaromatic (ketone) nonaromatic (alkane) pesticide nonaromatic (ketone) metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal PAH nonaromatic (alkane) metal inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic nonaromatic (alkane) nonaromatic (alkane) aromatic aromatic aromatic pesticide pesticide aromatic aromatic pesticide pesticide aromatic air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg air


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance pentachlorobenzene pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol Pentanaldehyde Pentane Perfluorobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluoroethane Perfluorohexane Perfluoromethane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane permethrin phenanthrene Phenol phosphate phosphoric acid Phosphorus phosphorus(V) oxide (P2O5) phoxim Phtalic anhydride pirimicarb Plutonium alpha (Pu alpha) Plutonium–238 (Pu–238) Polonium–210 (Po–210) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Carcinogenic- (carcinogenic-PAH) propachlor Propane Propanoic acid Propionaldehyde propoxur Propylene Propylene Glycol Propylene Oxide pyrazophos pyridine Radium–226 (Ra–226) Radon–222 (Rn–222) sec-Butanol sec-ButylAcetate selenium simazine styrene sulphur dioxide Sulphur hexafluoride terephthaloyldichloride tertiary-Butanol tertiary-Butyl Acetate Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane thallium Thiram cas no


608–93–5 82–68–8 87–86–5 ??? 109–66–0 355–25–9 115–25–3 76–16–4 355–42–0 75–73–0 678–26–2 76–19–7 52645–53–1 85–01–8 108–95–2 14265–44–2 7664–38–2 7723–14–0 1314–56–3 14816–18–3 85–44–9 23103–98–2 7440–07–5 13981–16–3 13981–52–7 PAH carc


1918–16–7 74–98–6 79–09–4 123–38–6 114–26–1 115–07–1 57–55–6 75–56–9 13457–18–6 110–86–1 13982–63–3 14859–67–7 78–92–2 105–46–4 7782–49–2 122–34–9 100–42–5 7446–09–5 2551–62–4 100–20–9 75–65–0 540–88–5 127–18–4 56–23–5 7440–28–0 137–26–8 group initial emission unit or extraction haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (aldehyde) nonaromatic (alkane) haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide PAH aromatic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic pesticide aromatic pesticide radioactive radioactive radioactive PAH pesticide nonaromatic (alkane) nonaromatic (carboxylic acid) nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide aromatic radioactive radioactive nonaromatic (alcohol) nonaromatic (ester) metal pesticide aromatic inorganic inorganic haloginated nonaromatic


nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide aromatic radioactive radioactive nonaromatic (alcohol) nonaromatic (ester) metal pesticide aromatic inorganic inorganic haloginated nonaromatic nonaromatic (alcohol) nonaromatic (ester) haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg air


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance Thorium–230 tin tolclophos-methyl Toluene trans–2-Butene trans–2-Hexene trans–2-Pentene trans-dichloroethene tri-allate triazophos tributyltinoxide trichlorfon Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane trifluarin Trimethylamine Uranium–234 (U–234) Uranium–235 (U–235) Uranium–238 (U–238) Valeraldehyde vanadium Vinyl Chloride Xenon–133 zinc (II) ion zineb 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2-dichlorobenzene 1,2-dichloroethane 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3-butadiene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene 1-chloro–4-nitrobenzene 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenol 2-chlorophenol 3,4-dichloroaniline 3-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline acephate cas no


7440–29–1 (radioactive 230) 7440–31–5 57018–04–9 108–88–3 624–64–6 4050–45–7 646–04–8 156–60–5 2303–17–5 24017–47–8 56–35–9 52–68–6 79–01–6 67–66–3 1582–09–8 75–50–3 13966–29–5 7440–61–1 (radioactive 235) 7440–61–1 (radioactive 238) 110–62–3 7440–62–2 75–01–4 7440–63–3 (radioactive 133) 23713–49–7 12122–67–7 71–55–6 634–66–2 634–90–2 87–61–6 95–94–3 120–82–1 95–50–1 107–06–2 108–70–3 106–99–0 541–73–1 106–46–7 100–00–5 58–90–2 1746–01–6 93–76–5 95–95–4 88–06–2 94–75–7 120–83–2 95–57–8 95–76–1 108–42–9 106–47–8 30560–19–1 group radioactive metal pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated nonaromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide nonaromatic (nitrogen compounds) radioactive radioactive radioactive nonaromatic (aldehyde) metal haloginated nonaromatic radioactive metal pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic


radioactive radioactive nonaromatic (aldehyde) metal haloginated nonaromatic radioactive metal pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide initial emission or extraction air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air air fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water


water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water unit KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq KBq kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance Acrolein acrylonitrile Ag–110m aldicarb aldrin ammonia ammonium anilazine anthracene antimony Antimony–124 (Sb–124) arsenic atrazine azinphos-ethyl azinphos-methyl barium benomyl bentazone benzene benzo[a]anthracene benzo[a]pyrene benzo[ghi]perylene benzo[k]fluoranthrene benzylchloride beryllium bifenthrin Butylbenzylphtalate cadmium (II) ion captafol captan carbaryl carbendazim carbofuran carbon disulfide Cesium–134 (Cs–134) Cesium–137 (Cs–137) Chemical oxigen demand (COD) chlordane chlorfenvinphos chloridazon chlorobenzene chlorothalonil chlorpropham chlorpyriphos chromium III chromium VI chrysene cobalt Cobalt–58 (Co–58) Cobalt–60 (Co–60) copper (II) ion coumaphos cyanazine cas no


107–02–8 107–13–1 14391–76–5 116–06–3 309–00–2 7664–41–7 14798–03–9 101–05–3 120–12–7 7440–36–0 14234–35–6 7440–38–2 1912–24–9 2642–71–9 86–50–0 7440–39–3 17804–35–2 25057–89–0 71–43–2 56–55–3 50–32–8 191–24–2 207–08–9 100–44–7 7440–41–7 82657–04–3 85–68–7 22537–48–0 2425–06–1 133–06–2 63–25–2 10605–21–7 1563–66–2 75–15–0 13967–70–9 10045–97–3 COD 57–74–9 470–90–6 1698–60–8 108–90–7 1897–45–6 101–21–3 2921–88–2 16065–83–1 18540–29–9 218–01–9 7440–48–4 13981–38–9 10198–40–0 15158–11–9 56–72–4 21725–46–2 group nonaromatic (aldehyde) nonaromatic (nitrogen compounds) radioactive pesticide pesticide inorganic inorganic pesticide PAH metal radioactive metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide aromatic PAH PAH PAH PAH haloginated aromatic metal pesticide aromatic metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide inorganic radioactive radioactive pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal PAH metal radioactive


pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide inorganic radioactive radioactive pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal PAH metal radioactive radioactive metal pesticide pesticide initial emission or extraction fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water unit kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water unit kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance cypermethrin cyromazine DDT deltamethrin demeton desmetryn Di(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate diazinon Dibutylphtalate Dichloromethane dichlorprop dichlorvos dieldrin Diethylphtalate Dihexylphtalate Diisodecylphtalate Diisooctylphtalate dimethoate Dimethylphtalate dinoseb dinoterb Dioctylphtalate dioxins (TEQ) disulfothon diuron DNOC endosulfan endrin ethoprophos ethylbenzene ethylene ethylene oxide fenitrothion fenthion fentin acetate fentin chloride fentin hydroxide fluoranthrene folpet Formaldehyde glyphosate H–3 heptachlor heptenophos hexachloro–1 ,3-butadiene hexachlorobenzene hydrogen fluoride indeno[1 ,2,3-cd]pyrene Iodine–131 (I–131) iprodione isoproturon lead (II) ion lindane cas no


52315–07–8 66215–27–8 50–29–3 52918–63–5 8065–48–3 1014–69–3 117–81–7 333–41–5 84–74–2 75–09–2 120–36–5 62–73–7 60–57–1 84–66–2 84–75–3 26761–40–0 27554–26–3 60–51–5 133–11–3 88–85–7 1420–07–1 117–84–0 dioxine 298–04–4 330–54–1 534–52–1 115–29–7 72–20–8 13194–48–4 100–41–4 74–85–1 75–21–8 122–14–5 55–38–9 900–95–8 639–58–7 76–87–9 206–44–0 133–07–3 50–00–0 1071–83–6 1333–74–0 (radioactive 3) 76–44–8 23560–59–0 87–68–3 118–74–1 7664–39–3 193–39–5 24267–56–9 36734–19–7 34123–59–6 14280–50–3 58–89–9 group pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic aromatic aromatic aromatic pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide radioactive pesticide pesticide


pesticide pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide radioactive pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic inorganic PAH radioactive pesticide pesticide metal pesticide initial emission or extraction fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance linuron malathion manganese–54 (Mn–54) MCPA mecoprop mercury (II) ion metamitron meta-xylene metazachlor methabenzthiazuron methomyl methylbramide methyl-mercury metobromuron metolachlor mevinphos molybdenum naphtalene nickel Nitrate nitric acid Nitrogen ortho-xylene oxamyl oxydemethon-methyl parathion-ethyl parathion-methyl para-xylene pentachlorobenzene pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol permethrin phenanthrene phenol phosphate phosphoric acid Phosphorus phosphorus(V) oxide (P2O5) phoxim Phtalic anhydride pirimicarb Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Carcinogenic- (carcinogenic-PAH) propachlor propoxur propylene oxide pyrazophos Radium–226 (Ra–226) selenium simazine styrene tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane thallium cas no


330–55–2 121–75–5 18476–92–1 94–74–6 7085–19–0 14302–87–5 41394–05–2 108–38–3 67129–08–2 18691–97–9 16752–77–5 74–83–9 22967–92–6 3060–89–7 51218–45–2 7786–34–7 7439–98–7 91–20–3 7440–02–0 14797–55–8 7697–37–2 7727–37–9 95–47–6 23135–22–0 301–12–2 56–38–2 298–00–0 106–42–3 608–93–5 82–68–8 87–86–5 52645–53–1 85–01–8 108–95–2 14265–44–2 7664–38–2 7723–14–0 1314–56–3 14816–18–3 85–44–9 23103–98–2 PAH carc


1918–16–7 114–26–1 75–56–9 13457–18–6 13982–63–3 7782–49–2 122–34–9 100–42–5 127–18–4 56–23–5 7440–28–0 group pesticide pesticide radioactive pesticide pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal PAH metal inorganic inorganic inorganic aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide PAH aromatic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic pesticide aromatic pesticide PAH pesticide pesticide nonaromatic (ester) pesticide radioactive metal pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic metal initial emission or extraction fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water


water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water unit kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance Thiram tin tolclophos-methyl toluene tri-allate triazophos tributyltinoxide trichlorfon Trichloroethylene (tri) Trichloromethane trifluarin Uranium–234 (U–234) Uranium–235 (U–235) Uranium–238 (U–238) vanadium Vinyl Chloride zinc (II) ion zineb 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2-dichlorobenzene 1,2-dichloroethane 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3-butadiene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene 1 -chloro–4-nitrobenzene 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenol 2-chlorophenol 3,4-dichloroaniline 3-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline acephate Acrolein acrylonitrile aldicarb aldrin Am–241 ammonia ammonium anilazine cas no


137–26–8 7440–31–5 57018–04–9 108–88–3 2303–17–5 24017–47–8 56–35–9 52–68–6 79–01–6 67–66–3 1582–09–8 13966–29–5 7440–61–1 (radioactive 235) 7440–61–1 (radioactive 238) 7440–62–2 75–01–4 23713–49–7 12122–67–7 71–55–6 634–66–2 634–90–2 87–61–6 95–94–3 120–82–1 95–50–1 107–06–2 108–70–3 106–99–0 541–73–1 106–46–7 100–00–5 58–90–2 1746–01–6 93–76–5 95–95–4 88–06–2 94–75–7 120–83–2 95–57–8 95–76–1 108–42–9 106–47–8 30560–19–1 107–02–8 107–13–1 116–06–3 309–00–2 86954–36–1 7664–41–7 14798–03–9 101–05–3 group pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide radioactive radioactive radioactive metal haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated


aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) nonaromatic (nitrogen compounds) pesticide pesticide radioactive inorganic inorganic pesticide initial emission or extraction fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water fresh water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea


water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance anthracene antimony Antimony–125 (Sb–125) arsenic atrazine azinphos-ethyl azinphos-methyl barium benomyl bentazone benzene benzo[a]anthracene benzo[a]pyrene benzo[ghi]perylene benzo[k]fluoranthrene benzylchloride beryllium bifenthrin Butylbenzylphtalate cadmium (II) ion captafol captan carbaryl carbendazim carbofuran carbon disulfide Carbon–14 (C–14) Cesium–134 (Cs–134) Cesium–137 (Cs–137) Chemical oxigen demand (COD) chlordane chlorfenvinphos chloridazon chlorobenzene chlorothalonil chlorpropham chlorpyriphos chromium (III) ion chromium (VI) ion chrysene Cm alpha cobalt Cobalt–60 (Co–60) copper (II) ion coumaphos cyanazine cypermethrin cyromazine DDT deltamethrin demeton desmetryn Di (2-ethylhexyl)phtalate diazinon cas no


120–12–7 7440–36–0 14683–10–4 7440–38–2 1912–24–9 2642–71–9 86–50–0 7440–39–3 17804–35–2 25057–89–0 71–43–2 56–55–3 50–32–8 191–24–2 207–08–9 100–44–7 7440–41–7 82657–04–3 85–68–7 22537–48–0 2425–06–1 133–06–2 63–25–2 10605–21–7 1563–66–2 75–15–0 14762–75–5 13967–70–9 10045–97–3 COD 57–74–9 470–90–6 1698–60–8 108–90–7 1897–45–6 101–21–3 2921–88–2 16065–83–1 18540–29–9 218–01–9 7440–48–4 10198–40–0 15158–11–9 56–72–4 21725–46–2 52315–07–8 66215–27–8 50–29–3 52918–63–5 8065–48–3 1014–69–3 117–81–7 333–41–5 group PAH metal radioactive metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide aromatic PAH PAH PAH PAH haloginated aromatic metal pesticide aromatic metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide inorganic radioactive radioactive radioactive pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal PAH radioactive metal radioactive metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic


haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal PAH radioactive metal radioactive metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide initial emission or extraction sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water unit kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance Dibutylphtalate Dichloromethane dichlorprop dichlorvos dieldrin Diethylphtalate Dihexylphtalate Diisodecylphtalate Diisooctylphtalate dimethoate Dimethylphtalate dinoseb dinoterb Dioctylphtalate disulfothon diuron DNOC endosulfan endrin ethoprophos ethylbenzene ethylene ethylene oxide fenitrothion fenthion fentin acetate fentin chloride fentin hydroxide fluoranthrene folpet Formaldehyde glyphosate H–3 heptachlor heptenophos hexachloro–1,3-butadiene hexachlorobenzene hydrogen fluoride indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene lodine–129 (l–129) iprodione isoproturon lead (II) ion lindane linuron malathion MCPA mecoprop mercury (II) ion metamitron meta-xylene metazachlor methabenzthiazuron cas no


84–74–2 75–09–2 120–36–5 62–73–7 60–57–1 84–66–2 84–75–3 26761–40–0 27554–26–3 60–51–5 133–11–3 88–85–7 1420–07–1 117–84–0 298–04–4 330–54–1 534–52–1 115–29–7 72–20–8 13194–48–4 100–41–4 74–85–1 75–21–8 122–14–5 55–38–9 900–95–8 639–58–7 76–87–9 206–44–0 133–07–3 50–00–0 1071–83–6 1333–74–0 (radioactive 3) 76–44–8 23560–59–0 87–68–3 118–74–1 7664–39–3 193–39–5 10043–66–0 36734–19–7 34123–59–6 14280–50–3 58–89–9 330–55–2 121–75–5 94–74–6 7085–19–0 14302–87–5 41394–05–2 108–38–3 67129–08–2 18691–97–9 group aromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic aromatic aromatic aromatic pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide radioactive pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic inorganic PAH radioactive pesticide pesticide metal


pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide radioactive pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic inorganic PAH radioactive pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide initial emission or extraction sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance methomyl methylbromide methyl-mercury metobromuron metolachlor mevinphos molybdenum naphtalene nickel Nitrate nitric acid Nitrogen ortho-xylene oxamyl oxydemethon-methyl parathion-ethyl parathion-methyl para-xylene pentachlorobenzene pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol permethrin phenanthrene phenol phosphate phosphoric acid Phosphorus phosphorus(V) oxide (P2O5) phoxim Phtalic anhydride pirimicarb Plutonium alpha (Pu alpha) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Carcinogenic- (carcinogenic-PAH) propachlor propoxur propylene oxide pyrazophos Ruthenium–106 selenium simazine Strontium–90 styrene tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane thallium Thiram tin tolclophos-methyl toluene tri-allate triazophos tributyltinoxide trichlorfon cas no


16752–77–5 74–83–9 22967–92–6 3060–89–7 51218–45–2 7786–34–7 7439–98–7 91–20–3 7440–02–0 14797–55–8 7697–37–2 7727–37–9 95–47–6 23135–22–0 301–12–2 56–38–2 298–00–0 106–42–3 608–93–5 82–68–8 87–86–5 52645–53–1 85–01–8 108–95–2 14265–44–2 7664–38–2 7723–14–0 1314–56–3 14816–18–3 85–44–9 23103–98–2 7440–07–5 PAH carc


1918–16–7 114–26–1 75–56–9 13457–18–6 13967–48–1 7782–49–2 122–34–9 10098–97–2 100–42–5 127–18–4 56–23–5 7440–28–0 137–26–8 7440–31–5 57018–04–9 108–88–3 2303–17–5 24017–47–8 56–35–9 52–68–6 group pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal PAH metal inorganic inorganic inorganic aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide PAH aromatic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic pesticide aromatic pesticide radioactive PAH pesticide pesticide nonaromatic (ester) pesticide radioactive metal pesticide radioactive aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide initial emission or extraction sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water


sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water unit kg KBq KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance Trichloroethylene (tri) Trichloromethane trifluarin Uranium–234 (U–234) Uranium–235 (U–235) Uranium–238 (U–238) vanadium Vinyl Chloride zinc (II) ion zineb 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2-dichlorobenzene 1,2-dichloroethane 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3-butadiene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene 1-chloro–4-nitrobenzene 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenol 2-chlorophenol 3,4-dichloroaniline 3-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline acephate Acrolein acrylonitrile aldicarb aldrin ammonia ammonium anilazine anthracene antimony arsenic atrazine azinphos-ethyl azinphos-methyl barium benomyl bentazone cas no


79–01–6 67–66–3 1582–09–8 13966–29–5 7440–61–1 (radioactive 235) 7440–61–1 (radioactive 238) 7440–62–2 75–01–4 23713–49–7 12122–67–7 71–55–6 634–66–2 634–90–2 87–61–6 95–94–3 120–82–1 95–50–1 107–06–2 108–70–3 106–99–0 541–73–1 106–46–7 100–00–5 58–90–2 1746–01–6 93–76–5 95–95–4 88–06–2 94–75–7 120–83–2 95–57–8 95–76–1 108–42–9 106–47–8 30560–19–1 107–02–8 107–13–1 116–06–3 309–00–2 7664–41–7 14798–03–9 101–05–3 120–12–7 7440–36–0 7440–38–2 1912–24–9 2642–71–9 86–50–0 7440–39–3 17804–35–2 25057–89–0 group haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide radioactive radioactive radioactive metal haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated


haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (nitrogen compound) pesticide pesticide inorganic inorganic pesticide PAH metal metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide initial emission or extraction sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water sea water agric


soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil unit kg kg kg KBq KBq KBq kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Substance benzene benzo[a]anthracene benzo[a]pyrene benzo[ghi]perylene benzo[k]fluoranthrene benzylchloride beryllium bifenthrin Butylbenzylphtalate cadmium (II) ion captafol captan carbaryl carbendazim carbofuran carbon disulfide chlordane chlorfenvinphos chloridazon chlorobenzene chlorothalonil chlorpropham chlorpyriphos chromium (III) ion chromium (VI) ion chrysene cobalt copper (II) ion coumaphos cyanazine cypermethrin cyromazine DDT deltamethrin demeton desmetryn Di(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate diazinon Dibutylphtalate Dichloromethane dichlorprop dichlorvos dieldrin Diethylphtalate Dihexylphtalate Diisodecylphtalate Diisooctylphtalate dimethoate Dimethylphtalate dinoseb dinoterb Dioctylphtalate disulfothon diuron cas no


71–43–2 56–55–3 50–32–8 191–24–2 207–08–9 100–44–7 7440–41–7 82657–04–3 85–68–7 22537–48–0 2425–06–1 133–06–2 63–25–2 10605–21–7 1563–66–2 75–15–0 57–74–9 470–90–6 1698–60–8 108–90–7 1897–45–6 101–21–3 2921–88–2 16065–83–1 18540–29–9 218–01–9 7440–48–4 15158–11–9 56–72–4 21725–46–2 52315–07–8 66215–27–8 50–29–3 52918–63–5 8065–48–3 1014–69–3 117–81–7 333–41–5 84–74–2 75–09–2 120–36–5 62–73–7 60–57–1 84–66–2 84–75–3 26761–40–0 27554–26–3 60–51–5 133–11–3 88–85–7 1420–07–1 117–84–0 298–04–4 330–54–1 group aromatic PAH PAH PAH PAH haloginated aromatic metal pesticide aromatic metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide inorganic pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal PAH metal metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic aromatic aromatic aromatic pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide


pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic aromatic aromatic aromatic pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide initial emission or extraction agric


soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg Part 2b: Operational annex


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance DNOC endosulfan endrin ethoprophos ethylbenzene ethylene ethylene oxide fenitrothion fenthion fentin acetate fentin chloride fentin hydroxide fluoranthrene folpet Formaldehyde glyphosate heptachlor heptenophos hexachloro–1,3-butadiene hexachlorobenzene hydrogen fluoride indeno[1 ,2,3-cd]pyrene iprodione isoproturon lead (II) ion lindane linuron malathion MCPA mecoprop mercury (II) ion metamitron meta-xylene metazachlor methabenzthiazuron methomyl methylbromide methyl-mercury metobromuron metolachlor mevinphos molybdenum naphtalene nickel Nitrate nitric acid Nitrogen ortho-xylene oxamyl oxydemethon-methyl parathion-ethyl parathion-methyl para-xylene pentachlorobenzene cas no


534–52–1 115–29–7 72–20–8 13194–48–4 100–41–4 74–85–1 75–21–8 122–14–5 55–38–9 900–95–8 639–58–7 76–87–9 206–44–0 133–07–3 50–00–0 1071–83–6 76–44–8 23560–59–0 87–68–3 118–74–1 7664–39–3 193–39–5 36734–19–7 34123–59–6 14280–50–3 58–89–9 330–55–2 121–75–5 94–74–6 7085–19–0 14302–87–5 41394–05–2 108–38–3 67129–08–2 18691–97–9 16752–77–5 74–83–9 22967–92–6 3060–89–7 51218–45–2 7786–34–7 7439–98–7 91–20–3 7440–02–0 14797–55–8 7697–37–2 7727–37–9 95–47–6 23135–22–0 301–12–2 56–38–2 298–00–0 106–42–3 608–93–5 group pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic inorganic PAH pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal PAH metal inorganic inorganic


metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal PAH metal inorganic inorganic inorganic aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic haloginated aromatic initial emission or extraction agric


soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol permethrin phenanthrene phenol phosphate phosphoric acid Phosphorus phosphorus(V) oxide (P2O5) phoxim Phtalic anhydride pirimicarb Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Carcinogenic- (carcinogenic-PAH) propachlor propoxur propylene oxide pyrazophos selenium simazine styrene tetrachloroethylene (PER) Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride)(HC–10) thallium Thiram tin tolclophos-methyl toluene tri-allate triazophos tributyltinoxide trichlorfon Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane trifluarin vanadium Vinyl Chloride zinc (II) ion zineb 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2-dichlorobenzene 1,2-dichloroethane 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3-butadiene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene 1-chloro–4-nitrobenzene 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol cas no


82–68–8 87–86–5 52645–53–1 85–01–8 108–95–2 14265–44–2 7664–38–2 7723–14–0 1314–56–3 14816–18–3 85–44–9 23103–98–2 PAHcarc


1918–16–7 114–26–1 75–56–9 13457–18–6 7782–49–2 122–34–9 100–42–5 127–18–4 56–23–5 7440–28–0 137–26–8 7440–31–5 57018–04–9 108–88–3 2303–17–5 24017–47–8 56–35–9 52–68–6 79–01–6 67–66–3 1582–09–8 7440–62–2 75–01–4 23713–49–7 12122–67–7 71–55–6 634–66–2 634–90–2 87–61–6 95–94–3 120–82–1 95–50–1 107–06–2 108–70–3 106–99–0 541–73–1 106–46–7 100–00–5 58–90–2 group haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide PAH aromatic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic pesticide aromatic pesticide PAH pesticide pesticide nonaromatic (ester) pesticide metal pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide metal haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated


pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic initial emission or extraction agric


soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil agric. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenol 2-chlorophenol 3,4-dichloroaniline 3-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline acephate Acrolein acrylonitrile aldicarb aldrin ammonia ammonium anilazine anthracene antimony arsenic atrazine azinphos-ethyl azinphos-methyl barium benomyl bentazone benzene benzo[a]anthracene benzo[a]pyrene benzo[ghi]perylene benzo[k]fluoranthrene benzylchloride beryllium bifenthrin Butylbenzylphtalate cadmium (II) ion captafol captan carbaryl carbendazim carbofuran carbon disulfide chlordane chlorfenvinphos chloridazon chlorobenzene chlorothalonil chlorpropham chlorpyriphos chromium (III) ion chromium (VI) ion chrysene cas no


1746–01–6 93–76–5 95–95–4 88–06–2 94–75–7 120–83–2 95–57–8 95–76–1 108–42–9 106–47–8 30560–19–1 107–02–8 107–13–1 116–06–3 309–00–2 7664–41–7 14798–03–9 101–05–3 120–12–7 7440–36–0 7440–38–2 1912–24–9 2642–71–9 86–50–0 7440–39–3 17804–35–2 25057–89–0 71–43–2 56–55–3 50–32–8 191–24–2 207–08–9 100–44–7 7440–41–7 82657–04–3 85–68–7 22537–48–0 2425–06–1 133–06–2 63–25–2 10605–21–7 1563–66–2 75–15–0 57–74–9 470–90–6 1698–60–8 108–90–7 1897–45–6 101–21–3 2921–88–2 16065–83–1 18540–29–9 218–01–9 group haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide nonaromatic (ester) nonaromatic (nitrogen compound) pesticide pesticide inorganic inorganic pesticide PAH metal metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide aromatic PAH PAH PAH PAH haloginated aromatic metal pesticide aromatic metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide


PAH metal metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide aromatic PAH PAH PAH PAH haloginated aromatic metal pesticide aromatic metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide inorganic pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal PAH initial emission or extraction indus


soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance cobalt copper (II) ion coumaphos cyanazine cypermethrin cyromazine DDT deltamethrin demeton desmetryn Di(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate diazinon Dibutylphtalate Dichloromethane dichlorprop dichlorvos dieldrin Diethylphtalate Dihexylphtalate Diisodecylphtalate Diisooctylphtalate dimethoate Dimethylphtalate dinoseb dinoterb Dioctylphtalate disulfothon diuron DNOC endosulfan endrin ethoprophos ethylbenzene ethylene ethylene oxide (ind,) fenitrothion fenthion fentin acetate fentin chloride fentin hydroxide fluoranthrene folpet Formaldehyde glyphosate heptachlor heptenophos hexachloro–1 ,3-butadiene hexachlorobenzene hydrogen fluoride indeno[1 ,2,3-cd]pyrene iprodione isoproturon lead (II) ion lindane cas no


7440–48–4 15158–11–9 56–72–4 21725–46–2 52315–07–8 66215–27–8 50–29–3 52918–63–5 8065–48–3 1014–69–3 117–81–7 333–41–5 84–74–2 75–09–2 120–36–5 62–73–7 60–57–1 84–66–2 84–75–3 26761–40–0 27554–26–3 60–51–5 133–11–3 88–85–7 1420–07–1 117–84–0 298–04–4 330–54–1 534–52–1 115–29–7 72–20–8 13194–48–4 100–41–4 74–85–1 75–21–8 122–14–5 55–38–9 900–95–8 639–58–7 76–87–9 206–44–0 133–07–3 50–00–0 1071–83–6 76–44–8 23560–59–0 87–68–3 118–74–1 7664–39–3 193–39–5 36734–19–7 34123–59–6 14280–50–3 58–89–9 group metal metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic aromatic aromatic aromatic pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide pesticide pesticide


pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic nonaromatic (alkene) nonaromatic (ester) pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide nonaromatic (aldehyde) pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated aromatic inorganic PAH pesticide pesticide metal pesticide initial emission or extraction indus


soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance linuron malathion MCPA mecoprop mercury (II) ion metamitron meta-xylene metazachlor methabenzthiazuron methomyl methylbromide methyl-mercury metobromuron metolachlor mevinphos molybdenum naphtalene nickel Nitrate nitric acid Nitrogen ortho-xylene oxamyl oxydemethon-methyl parathion-ethyl parathion-methyl para-xylene pentachlorobenzene pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol permethrin phenanthrene phenol phosphate phosphoric acid Phosphorus phosphorus(V) oxide (P2O5) phoxim Phtalic anhydride pirimicarb Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Carcinogenic- (carcinogenic-PAH) propachlor propoxur propylene oxide pyrazophos selenium simazine styrene tetrachloroethylene(PER) Tetrachloromethane thallium Thiram tin cas no


330–55–2 121–75–5 94–74–6 7085–19–0 14302–87–5 41394–05–2 108–38–3 67129–08–2 18691–97–9 16752–77–5 74–83–9 22967–92–6 3060–89–7 51218–45–2 7786–34–7 7439–98–7 91–20–3 7440–02–0 14797–55–8 7697–37–2 7727–37–9 95–47–6 23135–22–0 301–12–2 56–38–2 298–00–0 106–42–3 608–93–5 82–68–8 87–86–5 52645–53–1 85–01–8 108–95–2 14265–44–2 7664–38–2 7723–14–0 1314–56–3 14816–18–3 85–44–9 23103–98–2 PAH carc


1918–16–7 114–26–1 75–56–9 13457–18–6 7782–49–2 122–34–9 100–42–5 127–18–4 56–23–5 7440–28–0 137–26–8 7440–31–5 group pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide metal PAH metal inorganic inorganic inorganic aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic haloginated aromatic pesticide PAH aromatic inorganic inorganic inorganic inorganic pesticide aromatic pesticide PAH pesticide pesticide nonaromatic (ester) pesticide metal pesticide aromatic haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide metal initial emission or extraction indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus


soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg


Part 2b: Operational annex Substance tolclophos-methyl toluene tri-allate triazophos tributyltinoxide trichlorfon Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane trifluarin vanadium Vinyl Chloride zinc (II) ion zineb cas no. 57018–04–9 108–88–3 2303–17–5 24017–47–8 56–35–9 52–68–6 79–01–6 67–66–3 1582–09–8 7440–62–2 75–01–4 23713–49–7 12122–67–7 group pesticide aromatic pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide haloginated nonaromatic haloginated nonaromatic pesticide metal haloginated nonaromatic metal pesticide initial emission or extraction indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil indus. soil unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg

Part 2b: Operational annex 4.5 Characterisation For characterisation equations, we refer to the specific equations provided with each table of characteristion factors given in Section 4.3.


Part 2b: Operational annex 4.6 Normalisation Table 4.6.1 : Factors for normalisation with the annual extent of the baseline impact categories and characterisation methods for different reference regions. impact category depletion of abiotic resources effects of land use land competition climate change stratospheric ozone depletion human toxicity ecotoxicity fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity marine ecotoxicity terrestrial ecotoxicity photo-oxidant formation acidification eutrophication Netherlands 1.71E+091 P.M. 2.51 E+11 9.77E+05 1.88E+11 7.54E+09 4.26E+12 9.59E+08 1.82E+08 6.69E+08 5.02E+08 West-Europe, 1.06E+10 P.M. 4.73E+12 8.30E+07 7.57E+12 5.05E+11 1.14E+14 4.73E+10 8.24E+09 2.74E+10 1.25E+10 World, 1.57E+11 P.M. 3.86E+13 5.15E+08 4.98E+13 2.03E+12 5.12E+14 2.68E+11 4.55E+10 2.99E+11 1.29E+11 mid World, 1.58E+11 P.M. 4.45E+13 1.14E+09 5.71 E+1 3 1.98E+12 9.11E+13 2.06E+11 1.07E+11 3.13E+11 1.32E+11 indicator result for impact category cat and reference system ref (i.c. kg


4.45E+13 1.14E+09 5.71 E+1 3 1.98E+12 9.11E+13 2.06E+11 1.07E+11 3.13E+11 1.32E+11 indicator result for impact category cat and reference system ref (i.c. kg. the reciprocal of indicator is here referred to as the normalisation factor for impact category cat and reference system ref magnitude of intervention i (emission, resource extraction or land use) associated with the reference system ref characterisation factor for intervention i and impact category cat (i.c. kg. normalised indicator result for impact category cat (yr); indicator result for impact category cat (i.c. kg). More normalisation data and factors (e.g. for non-baseline alternatives) including underlying interventions can be found in the impact assessment spreadsheet, which can be downloaded from: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/lca2/index.html Means ’ ; Source: Huijbregts et al. (in prep.)


Part 2b: Operational annex Table 4.6.2: Factors for normalisation with the annual per-capita extent of the baseline impact categories and characterisation methods for different reference regions. impact categories depletion of abiotic resources effects of land use land competition climate change stratospheric ozone depletion human toxicity ecotoxicity fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity marine ecotoxicity terrestrial ecotoxicity photo-oxidant formation acidification eutrophication Netherlands , 1997 1.10E+021 P.M. 1.61E+04 6.26E–02 1.21 E+04 4.83E+02 2.73E+05 6.15E+01 1.17E+01 4.29E+01 3.21E+01 WestEurope, 3.26E+01 P.M. 1.46E+04 2.56E–01 2.33E+04 1.55E+03 3.49E+05 1.46E+02 2.54E+01 8.42E+01 3.84E+01 World, 2.77E+01 P.M. 6.83E+03 9.11E–02 8.80E+03 3.59E+02 9.05E+04 4.74E+01 8.04 5.29E+01 2.28E+01 mid World, 1990 3.01E+01 P.M. 8.46E+03 2.17E–01 1.09E+04 3.76E+02 1.73E+04 9.93E+01 2.03E+01 5.95E+01 2.51E+01 P.M. kg (CO2 eq). Source: Huijbregts et al. (in prep.)


8.46E+03 2.17E–01 1.09E+04 3.76E+02 1.73E+04 9.93E+01 2.03E+01 5.95E+01 2.51E+01 P.M. kg (CO2 eq). Source: Huijbregts et al. (in prep.). indicator result for impact category cat and reference system ref (i.c. kg· the reciprocal of indicator is here referred to as the normalisation factor for impact category cat and reference system ref magnitude of intervention i (emission, resource extraction or land use) associated with the reference system ref characterisation factor for intervention i and impact category cat (i.c. kg· normalised indicator result for impact category cat (yr capita); indicator result for impact category cat (i.e. kg). More normalisation data and factors (e.g. for non-baseline alternatives) including underlying interventions can be found in the impact assessment spreadsheet, which can be downloaded from: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/lca2/index.html 1 Means ;


Part 2b: Operational annex 4.7 Grouping To be inserted 4.8 Weighting To be inserted 1 yr when using Table 4.6.1, yr.capita when using Table 4.6.2. 2 “Interventions for which characterisation factors are lacking” and “Economic flows not followed to system boundary” are not normalised.


Part 2b: Operational annex 5


Interpretation 5.1 Procedures To be inserted 5.2 Consistency check Examples of inconsistencies are (ISO 14043, 2000): differences in data sources, e.g., Option A is based on literature data, whereas Option B is based on primary data; differences in data accuracy, e.g., a very detailed modularisation is available for Option A, whereas option B is described as an accumulated black box system; differences in technical level, e.g., data for Option A are based on an experimental process (e.g., a new catalyst with higher process efficiency at pilot plant level), whereas data for Option B are based on existing large-scale technology; temporal differences, e.g., data for Option A describe a recently developed technology, whereas Option B is described by a mixture of technologies, including recently built and old plants; differences in data age, e.g., data for Option A are 5-year-old primary data, whereas data for Option B have been recently collected; differences in geographical


recently built and old plants; differences in data age, e.g., data for Option A are 5-year-old primary data, whereas data for Option B have been recently collected; differences in geographical representation, e.g., data for Option A describe a representative European technology mix, whereas Option B is representative of one EU member country with a high level of environmental protection policy or one single plant; differences in functions performed by the two products or options


5.3 Completeness check To be inserted 5.4 Contribution analysis For further (technical) information on how to conduct a contribution analysis (previously also called “dominance analysis”), see Heijungs et al. (1992) and Heijungs (1994), and/or use the CMLCA software: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/cmlca.html 5.5 Perturbation analysis For further (technical) information on how to conduct a perturbation analysis (previously also called “marginal analysis”), see Heijungs et al. (1992) and Heijungs (1994), and/or use the CMLCA software: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/cmlca.html


Part 2b: Operational annex 5.6 Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis For further (technical) information on how to conduct a sensitivity analysis, please consult and/or use the CMLCA software: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/cmlca.html For further (technical) information on how to conduct uncertainty analyses, please consult Huijbregts (1998a), Huijbregts (1998b) and Huijbregts et al. (2000b). CONDUCTING A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS The effects of altering the choices for these issues on the results of the LCA must be calculated. The results of the study are highly sensitive to changes in economic flows near the FU. Thus, the product system specification probably represents the most important data for the results of the study. These data must therefore be carefully checked and submitted to a sensitivity analysis


These data must therefore be carefully checked and submitted to a sensitivity analysis. With regard to data uncertainties in a simplified LCA, practitioners should focus on those processes and flows found to be the most important in the contribution and/or perturbation analysis. The data for these processes and flows should be checked and a partial sensitivity analysis should be conducted for variations in these data. CHECKLIST OF ISSUES FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR SIMPLIFIED LCA STUDIES: product system specification (composition of the product, trip rates, recycling rates, lifespan etc.); rules for allocation; characterisation method; weighting method, if applied. This checklist includes those model choices known to have a major influence on the results of the study. The checklist does not imply that the practitioner is not obliged to check for other issues of major importance for the specific LCA study in hand


The checklist does not imply that the practitioner is not obliged to check for other issues of major importance for the specific LCA study in hand. CHECKLIST OF ISSUES FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR DETAILED LCA STUDIES: product system specification (composition of the product, trip rates, recycling rates, lifespan etc.); rules for allocation; characterisation method; weighting method and data; cut-off criteria; boundary setting and system definition; data; normalisation data. This checklist includes model choices known to have a significant influence on the results of the study. The checklist does not imply that the practitioner is not obliged to check for other issues of major importance for the specific LCA study in hand. 5.7 Conclusions and recommendations To be inserted


6. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Ayres, R. U., K. Martinàs & L.W. Ayres, 1996. Eco-thermodynamics. Exergy and life cycle analysis. Working Paper (96/04/EPS), INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France. Andersson-Sköld, Y., P. Grennfelt & K. Pleijel, 1992. Photochemical ozone creation potentials: a study of different concepts. J. Air Waste Manage. 42 (9): 1152–1158. Berner, R.A. & A.C. Lasaga, 1989. Modeling the geochemical carbon cycle. Sc. Am. 260 (3): 54– 61. Boustead, I., 1994. Ecoprofiles of the European polymer industry. APME/PWMI, Brussels. Carter, W.P.L., D. Luo & I.L. Malkina, 1997. Environmental chamber studies for development of an updated photochemical mechanism for VOC relativity assessment. Draft, final report to CARB, CRC, NREL. Los Angeles. Christiansen, K., A. de Beaufort-Langeveld, N. van den Berg, R. Haydock, M. ten Houten, S. Kotaji, E. Oerlemans, W.-P. Schmidt, A. Weidenhaupt & R. White, 1997


Los Angeles. Christiansen, K., A. de Beaufort-Langeveld, N. van den Berg, R. Haydock, M. ten Houten, S. Kotaji, E. Oerlemans, W.-P. Schmidt, A. Weidenhaupt & R. White, 1997. Simplifying LCA: Just a cut? Final report SETAC-Europe LCA screening and streamlining working group. SETACEurope, Brussels. Derwent, R.G., M.E. Jenkin & S.M. Saunders, 1996. Photochemical ozone creation potentials for ’a large number of reactive hydrocarbons under European conditions. Atmos. Environ. 30 (2): 181–199. Derwent, R.G., M.E. Jenkin, S.M. Saunders & M.J. Pilling, 1998. Photochemical ozone creation potentials for organic compounds in Northwest Europe calculated with a master chemical mechanism. Atmos. Environ. 32 (14–15): 2429–2441. EC, 1995a. ExternE. Externalities of energy. Vol. 2: Methodology. European Commission, Directorate-General XII: Science, Research and Development. Brussels- Luxembourg. Finnveden, G., 1996b


EC, 1995a. ExternE. Externalities of energy. Vol. 2: Methodology. European Commission, Directorate-General XII: Science, Research and Development. Brussels- Luxembourg. Finnveden, G., 1996b. Life Cycle assessment as an environment systems analysis tool – with a focus on system boundaries. Licentiate Thesis, AFR-Report 137, AFN (Swedish Waste Research Council), Swedish EPA, Stockholm. Frischknecht, R., P. Hofstetter, I. Knoepfel, E. Walder, R. Dones & E. Zollinger, 1993 (+ updates 1995 en 1996). Ökoinventare für Energiesysteme. Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. 0. Auflage. Bundesamt für Energiewirtschaft, Bern. Frischknecht R., A. Braunschweig, P. Hofstetter & P. Suter, 2000. Human health damages due to ionising radiation in life cycle impact assessment. Environ. Impact Assessment Rev. 20: 159– Goedkoop, M. & R. Spriensma, 1999. The Eco-indicator 99


Suter, 2000. Human health damages due to ionising radiation in life cycle impact assessment. Environ. Impact Assessment Rev. 20: 159– Goedkoop, M. & R. Spriensma, 1999. The Eco-indicator 99. A damage oriented method for life cycle Impact assessment. PRé Consultants, Amersfoort. Guinée, J.B., 1995. Development of a methodology for the environmental life-cycle assessment of products; with a case study on margarines. Thesis, Leiden University. Heijungs, R., 1994. A generic method for the identification of options for cleaner products. Ecol. Econ. 10 (1): 69–81. Heijungs, R., J. Guinée, G. Huppes, R.M. Lankreijer, H.A. Udo de Haes, A. Wegener Sleeswijk, A.M.M. Ansems, P.G. Eggels, R. van Duin & H.P. de Goede, 1992. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of products. Guide and Backgrounds. CML, Leiden University, Leiden. Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris & K. Maskell (eds), 1994. Climate change 1994


Guide and Backgrounds. CML, Leiden University, Leiden. Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris & K. Maskell (eds), 1994. Climate change 1994. Radiative forcing of climate change and an evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission scenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg & K. Maskell, 1996. Climate change 1995: the science of climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Huijbregts M.A.J., 1998a. A General Framework for the Analysis of Uncertainty and Variability in Life Cycle Assessment – Part I: A general Framework for the Analysis of Uncertainty and Variability in Life Cycle Assessment. Int. J. LCA. 3 (5): 273–280. Huijbregts M.A.J., 1998b. A General Framework for the Analysis of Uncertainty and Variability in Life Cycle Assessment – Part II: Dealing with Parameter Uncertainty and Uncertainty due to Choices in Life Cycle Assessment. Int. J. LCA


Int. J. LCA. 3 (6): 343–351. Huijbregts, M.A.J., 1999a. Priority assessment of toxic substances in LCA. Development and application of the multi-media fate, exposure and effect model USES-LCA. IVAM environmental research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Part 2b: Operational annex


22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Part 2b: Operational annex Huijbregts, M., 1999b. Life cycle Impact assessment of acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants. Calculation of equivalency factors with RAINS-LCA. Interfaculty Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Amsterdam. Huijbregts, M.A.J., 2000. Priority Assessment of Toxic Substances in the frame of LCA. Time horizon dependency of toxicity potentials calculated with the multi-media fate, exposure and effects model USES-LCA. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. (http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/lca2/). Huijbregts, M.A.J., U. Thissen, J.B. Guinée, T. Jager, D. Van de Meent, A.M.J. Ragas, A. Wegener Sleeswijk & L. Reijnders, 2000a


(http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/lca2/). Huijbregts, M.A.J., U. Thissen, J.B. Guinée, T. Jager, D. Van de Meent, A.M.J. Ragas, A. Wegener Sleeswijk & L. Reijnders, 2000a. Priority assessment of toxic substances in life cycle assessment, I: Calculation of toxicity potentials for 181 substances with the nested multi-media fate, exposure and effects model USES-LCA. Chemosphere 41 (4): 541–573. Huijbregts, M.A.J., U. Thissen, T. Jager, D. Van de Meent & A.M.J. Ragas, 2000b. Priority assessment of toxic substances in LCA. II: Assessing parameter uncertainty and human variability in the calculation of toxicity potentials. Chemosphere 41 (4): 575–588. Huijbregts, M.A.J., A. de Koning, L. van Oers, G. Huppes & S. Suh, in prep. Normalisation data for the Netherlands (1997), West-Europe, (1995) and the World (1990). CML, Leiden. ISO International Standard 14043, 2000E. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle Interpretation


CML, Leiden. ISO International Standard 14043, 2000E. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle Interpretation. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneva. Jenkin, M.E. & G.D. Hayman, 1999. Photochemical ozone creation potentials for oxygenated volatile organic compounds: sensitivity to variations in kinetic and mechanistic parameters. Atmos. Environ. 33 (8): 1275–1293. Köllner, T., 2000. Species-pool Effect Potentials (SPEP) as a yardstick to evaluate land-use impacts on biodiversity. J. Cleaner Prod. 8 (4): 293–311. Lindeijer, E., 1998. Kapitaalgoederen in LCA data van bedrijven. IVAM-ER, Amsterdam Lindeijer, E., M. van Kampen, P.J. Fraanje, H.F. van Dobben, G.J. Nabuurs, E.P.A.G. Schouwenberg, A.H. Prins, N. Dankers & M.F. Leopold., 1998. Biodiversity and life support indicators for land use impacts in LCA. Report W-DWW–98–059. Publication series raw materials 1998/07. Ministry of transport, public works and water management, Delft


Biodiversity and life support indicators for land use impacts in LCA. Report W-DWW–98–059. Publication series raw materials 1998/07. Ministry of transport, public works and water management, Delft. Lindfors L-G, Christiansen K., L. Hoffman, Y. Virtanen, V. Juntilla, O-J Hanssen, A. Rønning, T. Ekvall G. Finnveden, 1995a. Nordic Guidelines on Life-Cycle Assessment. Nord 1995:20. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. Lindfors L-G, Christiansen K., L. Hoffman, Y. Virtanen, V. Juntilla, A. Leskinen, O-J Hanssen, A. Rønning, T. Ekvall G. Finnveden, 1995b. LCA-NORDIC Technical reports No 1–9. TemaNord 1995:502. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. Potting, J., W. Schöpp, K. Blok & M. Hauschild, 1998. Site-dependent life-cycle Impact assessment of acidification. J. Ind. Ecol. 2 (2): 63–87. Pré Consultants, 1997. SIMAPRO 4.0, LCA software (www.pre.nl). Amersfoort. Roos, C., 1989. Vooronderzoek financiële consequenties van een geurbelevingsnorm. MT-TNO report no. 88–230, Apeldoorn


Pré Consultants, 1997. SIMAPRO 4.0, LCA software (www.pre.nl). Amersfoort. Roos, C., 1989. Vooronderzoek financiële consequenties van een geurbelevingsnorm. MT-TNO report no. 88–230, Apeldoorn. SAEFL (Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape), 1998. Life cycle inventories for packagings: Volume I and II. SAEFL, Bern. Solberg-Johansen, B., 1998. Environmental life cycle assessment of the nuclear fuel cycle. Thesis, Centre for environmental strategy, school of chemical, civil and environmental engineering, University of Surrey. Solomon, S. & D.L. Albritton, 1992. Time-dependent ozone depletion potentials for short- and long-term forecast. Nature 357: 33–37. Steen, B., 1996. EPS-Default Valuation of Environmental Impacts from Emission and Use of Resources. Version 1996. AFR Report 111. AFN, Swedish EPA, Stockholm, Sweden. Suh, S. and G. Huppes, 2000a. Gearing Input-output model into LCA-Part I: General framework for hybrid approach


Version 1996. AFR Report 111. AFN, Swedish EPA, Stockholm, Sweden. Suh, S. and G. Huppes, 2000a. Gearing Input-output model into LCA-Part I: General framework for hybrid approach. CML working paper 2000.007, Leiden University, Leiden. Suh, S. and G. Huppes, 2000b. Gearing Input-output model into LCA-Part II: Compilation of environmentally extended input-output table of US. CML working paper 2000.007, Leiden University, Leiden. Tol, R.S.J. , 1999. New estimates of the damage costs of climate change, Part 1: Benchmark estimates (draft). Institute for Environmental Studies (IvM), Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Udo de Haes, H.A., 1996 (ed.). Towards a Methodology for Life Cycle Impact assessment. SETAC-Europe, Brussels.


Part 2b: Operational annex 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Udo de Haes, H.A., O. Jolliet, G. Finnveden, M. Hauschild, W. Krewitt & R. Müller-Wenk, 1999; Best available practice regarding impact categories and category indicators in life cycle Impact assessment. Background document for the second working group on life cycle Impact assessment of SETAC-Europe (WIA–2). Int. J. LCA 4 (2): 66–74 & Int. J. LCA 4 (3): 167–174. UNEP, 1999. Towards the global use of life cycle assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Production and Consumption Unit. ISBN 92–807–1740–5. Paris. Weidema, B.P., 1998b. Multi-User Test of the Data Quality Matrix for Product Life Cycle Inventory. Int. J. LCA 3 (5): 259–265. Weidema, B.P., 2000. Avoiding co-product allocation in Life Cycle Assessment. Accepted for publication in the J. Ind. Ecol. 4 (2): in press. WMO (World Meteorological Organisation), 1992. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1991


Accepted for publication in the J. Ind. Ecol. 4 (2): in press. WMO (World Meteorological Organisation), 1992. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1991. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report no. 25. Geneva. WMO (World Meteorological Organisation), 1999. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1998. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report no. 44. Geneva. WRI (World Resources Institute), 1994. World Resources 1994–95, a Guide to the Global Environment. Oxford University Press, New York.


PART 3 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND


Contents of Part 3 Reading guidance 1


General Introduction 1.1 General theoretical foundations of LCA 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 Introduction The purpose of LCA The questions addressed by LCA The methodology of LCA 1.2 Modeling aspects of LCA 1.2.1 1.2.2 Introduction Theoretical modeling aspects 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 The reality behind the model The need for a simple model Main model simplifications Practical modeling aspects Potential versus actual impacts Beyond the default simplifications Spatial differentiation Average and marginalprocesses and average and marginal process data Quantitative and qualitative information and notation Reporting of LCA Software for LCA Management of LCA projects: procedures Introduction Decision-making based on a process approach Designing the decision-making process Implementation of LCA tasks Representation of interests Progress of the decision-making process Process outcome Stepwise structure for Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact


Representation of interests Progress of the decision-making process Process outcome Stepwise structure for Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Further reading guidance Goal and scope definition 2


Introduction Goal definition Scope definition Function, functional unit, alternatives and reference flows Inventoryanalysis General introduction Economy - environment system boundary Flow diagram Format and data categories 1.2.3 1.2.3.1 1.2.3.2 1.2.3.3 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.5 1.2.3.6 1.2.3.7 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4


3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 4. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11 4.3.12 4.3.13 4.3.14 4.3.15 4.3.16 4.3.17 4.3.18 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6


Data quality Data collection and relating data to unit processes Data validation Cut-off and data estimation Multifunctionality and allocation Calculation method Impact assessment General introduction International organisations involved ISO 14042 requirements Relation between ISO and SETAC Working Group on LCIA Selection of impact categories Selection of characterisation methods: category indicators, characterisation models and factors Depletion of abiotic resources Depletion of biotic resources Impacts of land use Land competition Loss of biodiversity and loss of life support functions Desiccation Climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Human toxicity Ecotoxicity Photo-oxidant formation Acidification Eutrophication Waste heat Odour Noise Impacts of ionising radiation Casualties Interventions for which characterisation factors are lacking Economic flows not followed to system boundary Classification Characterisation Normalisation Grouping Weighting Interpretation General


Interventions for which characterisation factors are lacking Economic flows not followed to system boundary Classification Characterisation Normalisation Grouping Weighting Interpretation General introduction Consistency check Completeness check Contribution analysis Perturbation analysis Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis Conclusions and recommendations References


Annex A: Contributors Appendix B: Areas of application of LCA Appendix C: Partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems


Part 3: Scientific background Reading guidance This is Part 3 of the set of publications entitled ‘Handbook on life cycle assessment: An operational guide to the ISO standards’. Part 1, ‘LCA in perspective’, is a short booklet describing in broad terms the purpose, role, fields of application and limitations of life cycle assessment. It is targeted principally at parties commissioning an LCA and parties using the results of such an analysis. Part 2 consists of two parts: the actual Guide (2a) and an Operational annex (2b). Its target audience is those concerned with actual execution of an LCA. Depending on context and complexity, this may be one person or an entire research team with various backgrounds, such as process technology, product design, abatement technology, ecotoxicology, and so on. The present Part 3, ‘Scientific background’, sets out the foundations and arguments for the methodological choices made, the alternative choices that are available, and much more


The present Part 3, ‘Scientific background’, sets out the foundations and arguments for the methodological choices made, the alternative choices that are available, and much more. It is designed to encourage scientific debate on the progress made to date and as a reference book for those wishing to learn more about the rationale behind the rules presented in the Guide. The presentation of the proposed working method for LCA is structured according to a framework on which there is worldwide consensus and which forms the basis of a series of ISO standards. This framework breaks down the LCA procedure into four distinct phases: – Goal and scope definition ; – Inventory analysis; – Impact assessment; and – Interpretation; each of which comprises a number of distinct steps. The present Part has a chapter devoted to each of these four phases


The present Part has a chapter devoted to each of these four phases. By way of introduction, Chapter 1 discusses the general theoretical foundations and modeling aspects of LCA, considers procedural aspects and outlines the stepwise structure of the present LCA Guide. Chapters 2 to 5 are then devoted to the four phases and constituent steps of an LCA, as specified above, with each step discussed according to a fixed format (as far as is useful): Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive bibliography of all the literature sources cited in the preceding chapters. Appendix A lists all the external contributors to this guide, while Appendices B and C report the results of two desk studies performed as part of the preparatory work for this guide. Appendix B reviews the desk study on the fields of application for LCA, Appendix C that on partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems (allocation)


Appendix B reviews the desk study on the fields of application for LCA, Appendix C that on partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems (allocation). – topic, providing a brief description of the scope and function of the step; – developments in the last decade, providing an as comprehensive as possible description and analysis of relevant developments since 1992; – prospects, describing developments anticipated in the future; – conclusions, presenting conclusions on the best available practice for the step in question, as recommended in this Guide; – research recommendations, outlining suggested topics for further research.


Part 3: Scientific background 1. General Introduction As defined in ISO 14040 (1997E), Life Cycle Assessment is a “compilation and evaluation of the inputs and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system1 throughout its life cycle”. According to ISO 14041 (1998E, p. 2) “A product system is a collection of unit processes connected by flows of intermediate products which perform one or more defined functions. [...] The essential property of a product system is characterised by its function, and cannot be defined solely in terms of the final products”.2 In the present Guide the terms ‘economic process’ or ‘economic activity’ have been used as synonyms alongside ‘unit process’ to refer to any kind of process producing an economically valuable material, component or product, or providing an economically valuable service such as transport or waste management


Economic or unit processes (often abbreviated to ‘processes’) are the smallest portions of a product system for which data are collected during execution of an LCA. They are linked to one another by flows of intermediate products and/or waste for treatment, to other product systems by product flows, and to the environment by elementary flows3 (ISO 14040, 1997E), i.e. inputs from and outputs to the environment, also referred to as environmental interventions4. These environmental interventions may have impacts on the environment by way of environmental processes. LCA takes as its starting point the function fulfilled by a product system


These environmental interventions may have impacts on the environment by way of environmental processes. LCA takes as its starting point the function fulfilled by a product system. In principle, it encompasses all the environmental impacts of resource use, land use and emissions associated with all the processes required by this product system to fulfil this function - from resource extraction, through materials production and processing and use of the product during fulfillment of its function, to waste processing of the discarded product. LCA as defined here deals only with the environmental impacts of a product (system), thus ignoring financial, political, social and other factors (e.g. costs, regulatory matters or Third World issues). This does not, of course, imply that these other aspects are less relevant for the overall evaluation of a product, but merely delimits the scope of the present Guide. The complexity of LCA requires a fixed protocol for performing an LCA study


The complexity of LCA requires a fixed protocol for performing an LCA study. Such a protocol has been established by the International Standards Organisation, ISO and is generally referred to as the methodological framework. ISO distinguishes four phases of an LCA study (see Figure 1.1): – Goal and scope definition; – Inventory analysis; – Impact assessment; – Interpretation. 1 In this Guide, ‘product system’ is synonymous with ‘function system’. 2 We have endeavoured to ensure that the terminology employed in this Guide is mutually consistent as well as consistently used. Thus, the definitions in this Guide are in basic conformity with the intentions, though not necessarily the letter, of the ISO 1404X series of standards. In a limited number of cases the definitions adopted here deviate from those of ISO, for reasons explained in the text. For the definitions employed in this Guide, see the Glossary


In a limited number of cases the definitions adopted here deviate from those of ISO, for reasons explained in the text. For the definitions employed in this Guide, see the Glossary. 3 According to ISO 14040 (1997) ‘elementary flow’ refers to “(1) material or energy entering the system being studied, which has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation; (2) material or energy leaving the system being studied, which is discarded into the environment without subsequent human transformation”. 4 In this Guide ‘environmental interventions’ is the preferred term, this being considered broader than the ISO term ‘elementary flow’. From the ISO definition of the latter (see above) it is unclear whether ‘elementary flow’ also covers land use, while land use is becoming an increasingly important issue under this heading. Environmental interventions thus include both environmental flows and land use.


Part 3 : Scientific background In 1994 ISO established a technical committee (TC 207) charged with standardising a number of environmental management tools, including LCA. To date, four international standards have been published by ISO on the topic of LCA: – ISO 14040 (1997E): ‘Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework’; – ISO 14041 (1998E): ‘Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Goal and scope definition and Inventory analysis’; – ISO 14042 (2000E): ‘Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Life cycle Impact assessment’; – ISO 14043 (2000E): ‘Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Life cycle Interpretation’. These ISO International Standards are important in providing an international reference with respect to principles, framework and terminology for conducting and reporting LCA studies. The ISO standards do not, however, provide a ‘cookbook’ of step-by-step operational guidelines for conducting an LCA study


The ISO standards do not, however, provide a ‘cookbook’ of step-by-step operational guidelines for conducting an LCA study. Although the ISO Standards contain steps that shall or should be considered when conducting an LCA, these are not ordered in stepwise fashion. The general aim of the present Guide is to provide just such a stepwise ‘cookbook’ based on the ISO (International) Standards, as available to the authors at the time of writing (Spring 2000), by operationalising the various elements and requirements of these standards into a ‘best available practice’ (BAP) for each step. This general aim has been achieved by rewriting the guide of Heijungs et al. (1992) to include all the relevant developments - as known to the authors at the time of writing (Summer 2000)1 - that have taken place since publication of that original Guide, proceeding from the ISO standards and with particular reference to the work undertaken within the SETAC LCA community


The original guide has also been revised to cater for a number of user wishes and requirements, an inventory of which was undertaken among Dutch users of the LCA Guide immediately prior to start of work on the present Guide (Van Drunen, 1997). 1 This means that a number of more recent developments have not been considered.


Part 3: Scientific background In order to operationalise the LCA methodology some additions to the ISO Standards have been necessary. On some points it was also necessary to deviate from these standards, but only when the rationale for doing so was particularly significant (for example, with respect to the stepwise structure; see below). All these additions and deviations are comprehensively documented and justified in the present Guide. As far as possible this Guide has been organised in a stepwise manner, reflecting the sequential mode of implementing an LCA study. Although it is recognised that LCA is a highly iterative tool, iteration is not interpreted as a step in its own right as such steps may be required at any point of an LCA study. Hence the Guide has been set up as a ‘rational reconstruction’ of an actual LCA exercise. This document consists of three Parts: 1, 2 (a and b) and 3


Hence the Guide has been set up as a ‘rational reconstruction’ of an actual LCA exercise. This document consists of three Parts: 1, 2 (a and b) and 3. Part 1 - ‘LCA in perspective’ - provides a general introduction to LCA and includes a discussion of the possibilities and limitations of LCA and the organisations involved in LCA. Part 2 - ‘Guide’ - consists of two parts: a (‘Guide’) and b (‘Operational annex’). Part 2a provides an introduction to the procedural design of an LCA project, and guidelines on the best available practice for each of the steps distinguished in actual performance of an LCA study. Guidelines are provided for two levels of LCA sophistication: simplified and detailed. The latter proceeds from a well-defined set of assumptions or simplifications, which are described in Section 1.2.2.3. The simplified level has been introduced to provide a vehicle for performing faster and cheaper LCAs, which may well be sound enough for certain applications


The simplified level has been introduced to provide a vehicle for performing faster and cheaper LCAs, which may well be sound enough for certain applications. Thus, the two levels of sophistication relate to different decision situations linked to different methodological choices. On certain points of detail there may often be good reason for undertaking more in-depth analysis than can be provided even by the ‘standard’ detailed LCA. This kind of in-depth analysis has not been specified here as a separate method but as options for extension. It is important to note that if such options are employed this means a deviation from the assumptions and simplifications described in Section 1.2.2.3 and from the practical points of departure of each LCA phase as described in Part 2a. Both types of decision situation and the methodological choices involved are elaborated in the present Guide. The guidelines for simplified LCA are largely in line with the ISO standards, but not entirely


The guidelines for simplified LCA are largely in line with the ISO standards, but not entirely. For example, the allocation procedure recommended for simplified LCA does not comply with the stepwise ISO procedure described in ISO 14041 (1998E). The guidelines given for detailed LCA comply fully with the various ISO Standards mentioned, however, although they are elaborated here at a more operational level. Many of the optional extensions do not fit into the ISO framework. An example is the partial introduction of market mechanisms (lacking in the inventory of detailed LCA), which lead to a type of substitution very different from that described in ISO 14041. In Part 2b the most up-to-date operational models and data associated with the best available practice for these two levels of sophistication are provided as a separate document. This has been done to facilitate updating of these operational elements, most of which are likely to change regularly1


This has been done to facilitate updating of these operational elements, most of which are likely to change regularly1. Part 2b thus operationalises the guidelines of Part 2a. Part 3 provides the scientific background to the study as well as a reasoned justification of all the choices made in designing a best available practice for each individual step of the four phases of an LCA. Below, the general theoretical foundations and modeling aspects of LCA are first discussed. Procedural aspects are then considered and the stepwise structure of the present LCA Guide outlined. Finally, further reading guidance is provided for the remaining chapters of this Part of the Guide. 1 Whether such updates will actually take place on a regular basis is still uncertain. This would require time and funding and no appropriate arrangements have yet been made.


Part 3 : Scientific background 1.1 General theoretical foundations of LCA 1.1.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to explore the scientific basis of life cycle assessment. The argumentation is grounded in several disciplines, including philosophy of science, systems analysis, logic and mathematics. There are various reasons for including a chapter on this subject in the present Guide. Most importantly, it provides the ultimate foundational basis of the entire LCA method as described and developed in this Guide. As such, it can be seen as contributing to the methodology of developing an operational method for LCA. The foundational issue has been raised a number of times in the last few years, especially through the explicit recognition by a number of authors that value judgements are, ought to be, or ought not to be part of the LCA method


In this respect we would mention the ‘values debate’ around the conception of the ISO standard (Owens, 1997a; Hertwich & Pease, 1998; Marsmann et al., 1999), the incorporation of cultural perspectives in Impact assessment (Hofstetter, 1998; Goedkoop & Spriensma, 1999), the participation of stakeholders when making choices (Tukker, 1998; Bras-Klapwijk, 1999; Lundie, 1999) and, in a quite different direction, attempts to develop inductive approaches to LCA (Heijungs,1998). Several of these developments refer to or build on post-modern (or post-structuralist) movements that have migrated from the humanities to the harder sciences. It should be noted that these developments are not universally welcomed in the humanities or in the social sciences either and that their inclusion in the field comes in many shades, from mere acknowledgement through to radical surrender


In LCA, the debate is not essentially different from that in other fields of study; see, for example, Sokal & Bricmont (1997). There are other important reasons for including the present chapter. The foundational issue is one that will inevitably be raised whenever there is disagreement among parties: between industry and the environmental movement, for example, between individual industrial sectors or companies, between consumer organisations and government, and so on. While earlier guides to LCA focused on unambiguous and transparent reporting of data, assumptions and methods, it is now clear that this does not suffice. Some differences in data may be caused by differences in the scope, geographical boundaries and so on, of the LCA under review. There are also differences that may be argued to originate from differences in attitude, however


There are also differences that may be argued to originate from differences in attitude, however. Trip rates of returnable bottles, for instance, can be estimated pessimistically or optimistically, and may therefore differ between technophobes and technocrats. The use of quantitative safety factors for toxic mechanisms that are poorly understood provides another instance where diverging frames of the various parties may lead to disagreement on the findings of an LCA. This brings us back to the topic raised above. At the same time, though, it also points the way to the idea of validating the results of an LCA. Bringing cases to a hypothetical court then lead us to consider a series of crucial questions


At the same time, though, it also points the way to the idea of validating the results of an LCA. Bringing cases to a hypothetical court then lead us to consider a series of crucial questions. The first is: does LCA speak the truth and nothing but the truth? Or does an LCA only provide a certain measure of evidence? How can we ensure that assertions made by or with an LCA have a certain truth content? Can we develop an idea, be it only conceptual, of this content? A final reason is that an obvious need for such a chapter emerged during the planning and writing of the other parts of the Guide. There are certain topics such as the marginal-average debate, for instance, that exert an influence at so many separate places that dedicated discussion of these topics is a more elegant form of treatment than incomplete references on many different occasions, with excessive repetition. Moreover, many of these recurring themes are closely related


Moreover, many of these recurring themes are closely related. The purposes of LCA, the questions posed in an LCA, the methodological means of achieving answers to these questions, the principles that underlie the modeling of the economy-environment interaction: these are all logically related and deserve coherent treatment. The structure of the present chapter on foundational issues is as follows. We first discuss the purpose of LCA, in operational terms (Section 1.1.2). As the substance of an LCA is closely related to its purpose, the issues involved are examined in relation to the main types of questions addressed by LCA (Section 1.1.3). In this Guide we focus primarily on the use of LCA for answering structural questions. Next, the methodology of LCA is discussed (Section 1.1.4). This leads us, in subsequent sections, to an extensive treatise on the LCA model developed in this Guide.


Part 3: Scientific background 1.1.2 The purpose of LCA By way of an initial reconnaissance of the field considered in this chapter we first discuss the exact purpose of LCA. It should be clear from the outset that what we record here is not the ‘one and only’ purpose of LCA, but what we propose to be the purpose. Some may be disappointed by what they regard as excessively modest aims, while others will hold that LCA will never fulfil the stated purpose. Although we agree that the purpose elaborated here is to be viewed as an ideal that will never be fully achieved, we see it as guiding LCA in a certain direction. The purpose of LCA is to compile and evaluate the environmental consequences of different options for fulfilling a certain function. A priori, we thus restrict LCA to environmental consequences. Nonetheless, the exact meaning of this term may still be subject to debate


A priori, we thus restrict LCA to environmental consequences. Nonetheless, the exact meaning of this term may still be subject to debate. For instance, inclusion of resource depletion may be controversial, as some see this as an economic problem only. However, we exclude economic consequences, such as cost effects or unemployment, social consequences, such as violation of human rights, and many other types of consequences. We do so not because they are unimportant, but because we wish to focus analysis solely on the environment. As real life decisions are ultimately made on the broader basis, it is important that LCA remain comparable to allies types of analysis in other fields as far as is reasonably possible. The next item to be noted is that ‘purpose’ relates to the fulfilment of a function. Thus, plastic and paper are not compared on a per kilogram basis, since this bears no relationship to ‘function’


The next item to be noted is that ‘purpose’ relates to the fulfilment of a function. Thus, plastic and paper are not compared on a per kilogram basis, since this bears no relationship to ‘function’. For the same reason, alkyd and acrylic paints are not compared on a per litre basis. Functions are services that are embodied in material objects, often referred to as goods or products1. Certain functions involve material products that are intimately related to the potential function they fulfil. For example, the product ‘beer’ is virtually congruent with the function ‘having the pleasure of drinking a beer’. However, it embodies only part of that potential function, because other products (like a glass) may also be required. In the case of other functions the relationship with a (set of) products is rather less direct. For example, the products ‘paper’, ‘pen’, ‘envelope’, ‘stamp’, ‘desk’ and ‘lamp’ are together required for the function ‘writing and sending a letter’


For example, the products ‘paper’, ‘pen’, ‘envelope’, ‘stamp’, ‘desk’ and ‘lamp’ are together required for the function ‘writing and sending a letter’. In all cases, however, there are products involved that play a very indirect role, in the past, in the future, or in a different part of the world. Beer is produced using ingredients (water, barley, etc.) as well as ancillary goods (electricity, etc.) and also requires capital goods (breweries, etc.). These ‘second-order products’ are themselves also produced, requiring a third-order level of products. A comparative analysis of the environmental consequences of different methods of beer production should naturally include relevant environmental impacts for at least several orders of these ‘upstream’ products and production operations


The same applies to the ‘downstream’ side, which in the example of beer would cover flushing the toilet and cleaning the glass, as well as the operation of the entire waste water treatment system, its construction and its demolition. We see how naturally the focus on a function opens the door to a comprehensive analysis of the entire life cycle of the function. Observe the phraseology ‘life cycle of the function’ rather than the more colloquial ‘life cycle of the product’, to signal the fact that the pivot of the analysis is the function, not the material product that is colloquially associated with it. We also see how naturally the concept of a ‘product system’, consisting of the several life cycle stages, enters the arena. This will be elaborated further in the subsequent chapters on Goal and scope definition and Inventory analysis. When speaking of a function, one may indeed have in mind minor functions in the private sphere, like ‘writing and sending a letter’